[The reproducibility of bite registrations]. The results indicate that the reproducibility of the hinge axis of mandibular movement with an accuracy of less than a few millimeters is almost impossible. The results also show that a facebow constructed on the basis of the average measurements is adequate for the general dental practice.


[Relationship between pathological changes in the lipid and protein metabolism and the occurrence of odontogenic jaw cysts]. Compared with a control group, cholesterol and triglyceride values are significantly elevated (chi2 = 14.52 and 21.65) in patients with odontogenous cysts. No statistically significant difference could be established in terms of the enzyme work-up (lipase). No statistically significant differences could be established in fractions of protein metabolism via electrophoresis.


[Disorders of the coordination of masticatory muscles in lesions of the brain stem]. Observations of 10 patients were reported. In addition to other neurologic deficits, coordination of the trigeminus, a motor nerve, may also be disturbed with brain lesions. Disturbance of bilateral synergism can be demonstrated with the EMG. The muscles closing the jaw on the affected side are paradoxically innervated when the jaw is opened, i.e., they function like antagonists to the muscles responsible for jaw closure on the opposite side. This condition may produce trismus. Similar central disturbances in bilateral coordination of the ocular muscles have also been established. Bilateral synergism of the trigeminus is also controlled via a center in the brain stem.


[Data on the preventive removal of wisdom tooth germs]. Prophylactic removal of wisdom teeth was carried out in 559 children during a five-year period in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Orthodontic indications were present in 525 of the children (94%). The number of removed teeth, the operative procedure, the anesthesia, the medication, and the postoperative complications were discussed. The survey points out the focal points of operative prophylaxis in adolescents between the ages of 14 and 16.


[Preventive removal of displaced teeth]. Using the data acquired from our catamnestic survey, we were able to establish a broad catalogue of complications involved with impacted and displaced teeth. Given these complications, it is not medically responsible to leave impacted and displaced teeth in the jaw, even if they are asymptomatic. The risks increase considerably with age. Late operative removal of such teeth can be a dangerous intervention due to local complications such as abscesses, cysts, osteomyelitis, tumors, systemic diseases, and age-related changes in the cardiovascular system.


[Postoperative complications after Caldwell-Luc radical surgery and possibilities of surgical therapy]. The causes for and the avoidance of postoperative complaints following operations on the maxillary sinus were discussed. Additional surgery following the Caldwell-Luc operation is meaningful only in connection with the secondary coverage of defects of the facial wall of the maxillary sinus. Dura is used for coverage. Mucosa from the palate, which is positioned with a new balloon tamponade, is used for larger defects.


[Acute necrotizing-ulcerative gingivitis in young men]. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is a disease in which the bacilli of the flora normally found in the buccal cavity (fusiform bacilli and spirochetae) play a role. This type of gingivitis occurs relatively frequently in young men. The frequency of the disease tends to peak in the winter. We examined 72 young men between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, fever and swelling of the regional lymph nodes for possible noxas. All of the individuals were smokers: approximately 3/4s of the group smoked more than 60 cigarettes per day. Roughly half of the individuals examined showed extremely poor oral hygiene or underlying psychological or physical stress at the onset of the disease. Dentitio difficilis and alcohol abuse however appeared to be less important factors. Symptomatic measures, such as mouthwash and oral hygiene, proved to be effective therapy. Diseases and disorders of internal structures of the body could not be diagnosed in any of these individuals.


[The routine use of the orthopantomograph as a diagnostic aid in dental practice]. An amount of 667 radiographs, taken by the Orthopantomograph (OPG) has been examined concerning their pathological statements--as there are restrained and displaced wisdom-teeth, apical granuloma, radices relictae, displaced dentes canini and premolars. The Orthopantomograph, by it's clear graph of maxilla and jaw, turns out to be a diagnostic means of high value. The high amount of pathological statements makes the routine use of the apparatus for the first examination of new patients in the dental praxis an indispensable necessity.


[Tasks of pedodontics from the viewpoint of maxillofacial development]. Out of every 100 children, only two to four develop a set of teeth which is free of disturbances. Eugnathia is common, but the condition does not require orthodontic treatment. The beginning stages of maldevelopment may be overlooked if the parents do not take their children to the dentist regularly. The consequences of premature teeth loss for the first and particularly the second dentition may be considerable; the sensitive development of dentition may be disturbed. Maldevelopment in the mixed dentition period however may be the cause of early space loss. If lack of space is severe, the neighboring deciduous teeth are also forced out by the cause of early space loss. If lack of space is severe, the neighboring deciduous teeth are also forced out by the erupting teeth. On the one hand, this loss tends to increase the lack of space and therefore all the detrimental consequences. Dental care of children requires the knowledge necessary to directly establish and immediately correct incipient disturbances in development in addition to the recognition and treatment of diseases of the teeth and the periodontium.


Human biochemical genetics of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and erythrocyte catechol-o-methyltransferase. The purpose of the studies reviewed here was to investigate the role of inheritance in the regulation of human plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and human erythrocyte (RBC) catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activities. DBH is a catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme and COMT is catecholamine metabolic enzyme. It has been suggested that the level of the activities of these enzymes in human blood might reflect the function or status of the adrenergic nervous system. Both enzyme activities were measured in blood samples from large, randomly selected populations of children, adolescents, and adults, and in the blood of first-degree relatives of subjects with either very low plasma DBH activity (less than 50 U/ml) or very low RBC COMT activity (less than 8U/ml). A radioimmunoassay for human plasma DBH was also used in these studies. The results of sibship and pedigree analyses of data from families of probands with very low enzyme activities were compatible with the autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for very low plasma DBH activity that results in a decrease in DBH protein in plasma, and the autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for low erythrocyte COMT activity.


Genetic aspects of induced mutation.

Genetic aspects of induced mutation. Genetic variability within the human species as well as within animal species used for mutagenicity testing may lead to misclassification of potentially mutagenic agents. Such genetic variability should be considered on three levels: uptake of the agent, its metabolism, and its action on the DNA. Testing of a possibly mutagenic agent in vitro on cells of the individuals to whom the agent is to be administered would help to avoid part of the hazard.


Bioethical problems in pharmacogenetics and ecogenetics. Many societal and bioethical problems are raised when our knowledge of genetic variation is translated into public policy. The various dilemmas faced by imperfect knowledge are discussed. The difficulties of issuing regulations in the face of uncertain scientific knowledge are considerable. Potential variation in nutritional requirements due to biochemical variation needs to be faced by nutritional scientists and policy makers. The problems of discrimination against carriers of the currently testable genetic traits are discussed. Screening of workers susceptible to industrial injury for genetic reasons is being started. However, industry may escape its responsibilities for industrial hygiene by concentrating on susceptibility testing--often in the face of poor data. A variety of other issues such as the "false positive" test and genetic identity cards are discussed. Public policy dealing with human genetic variation must be based on accurate genetic data. At that point, careful assessment of the societal impact of the policy needs to be considered before implementation. Problems of coping with human genetic variation are of increasing importance for developed societies but remain a low priority item for developing societies that face current problems of malnutrition and infectious disease.


Results of the therapy of acute leukemia. A cooperative trial by the Italian Association Against Leukemias. Protocol 7401 for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia was carried out by the study group of the Italian Association Against Leukemias. The 157 patients studied were divided into two groups--over and under 20 years of age. Patients reaching complete remission were then randomized into one of the two maintenance chemotherapy regimens (A or B). Complete remission was attained in 92.3% of 117 evaluated patients. Ninety-five patients aged under 20 years entered the maintenance regimen; 60% were in complete remission after three years. Computer processing and multiple regression analysis have shown that age, lymph node involvement and the percentage of periodic acid-Schiff-positive blast cells may have prognostic value. However, with the Logrank test it was possible to compare the two maintenance regimens in each group for each prognostic factor. Patients aged between 2 and 10 years responded better to regimen A than to regimen B, as did patients with mild lymph node enlargement. Since some of the host-related factors studied emerged as significant for remission duration, three new protocols taking these prognostic factors into account were started. After one year, actuarial curves showed that 91% of 80 patients in Protocol 7601, 70% of 32 patients in Protocol 7602, and 82% of 33 patients in Protocol 7603 were in complete remission.


In vitro growth of human myeloid leukemia bone marrow cells in liquid culture. The myelopoietic cell growth, proliferation and differentiation of human bone marrow cells from 20 acute leukemia patients and 12 control subjects were studied by the diffusion chamber technique. The differences in proliferation patterns between normal and leukemic marrow cells are reported. Acute nonlymphatic leukemia cells do not differentiate in vitro, and retain the cytochemical characteristics of the inoculated cells. Leukemic blasts grow to form agglomerates while normal or more differentiated cells produce a population diffused over the membrane. No colony-stimulating factor is necessary for growth to occur, even for the leukemic population, which is unable to produce colony-stimulating activity.


A retrospective study of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia diagnosed and treated at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center during the years 1966-76. Forty patients with chronic myeloid leukemia diagnosed and treated at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, during the period 1966-76 were reviewed. All the patients were treated initially with busulfan (MYLERAN). Asymptomatic patients or those whose blood counts were stable and remained below 50,000/microliter were not treated. Maintenance therapy was not prescribed as a routine. The median survival time of all the patients was over 60 months--longer than reported in the literature. Prognostic parameters for longer survival were found to be Hb level greater than 10 g/dl at the time of diagnosis (P = 0.04) and duration of first remission in the chronic stage more than six months (P = 0.03). A borderline trend for better survival was found in patients with initial platelet counts above 100,000/microliter (P = 0.07).


[Alveolysis in adolescents: prevalence and correlation with the DMF index, the OHI-S index and the PM index according to sex, age and occupation (Geneva 1970-1972)]. A randomized sample of 1392 girls and boys, 16 to 20 years old and living in the canton of Geneva have been studied through their own history, clinically and radiologically in 1970-72 during an epidemiological and socio-economical study. The rate of alveolar bone resorption (radiographic method of Marshall-Day and Shourie, with Schei grid), the degree of gingival inflammation (PM index), the oral health (OHI-S index) and the carious frequency (DMFS index) have been determined. For the same sample, an indication of the duration of caries prevention through fluoride tablets, the frequency of daily toothbrushing and the dento-facial anomalies (Angle classes) were known. Through statistical analysis, it was shown that the mean rate of alveolar resorption was 0.85 (standard deviation 1,99) for the whole sample, that 24,16% of the subjects had a zero rate, 90% of the children having a rate of no more than 3,74 and that the maximum observed rate was 20. On the other hand, this bone resorption rate was statistically significantly correlated with the PM index and the OHI-S index. However no significant correlation has been shown between alveolar resorption and the other oral characteristics such as carious attack, toothbrushing, duration of caries prevention, dento-facial anomalies.


Radioautographic studies on amelogenesis. Radioautography has been used to visualize various aspects of morphogenesis and differentiation in the continuously erupting rat incisor. Formation of the entire incisor involves continuous production of "tooth segments" at the growing end of the tooth, each of which undergoes a similar history of development as it is carried by eruption towards the oral cavity. The sequence of differentiation which characterizes the life cycle of the ameloblasts was timed using 3H-thymidine, a precursor of DNA. The cells pass through presecretory, secretory and maturative stages whose collective activity results in the layer of mature enamel. 3H-Amino acids, as precursors of proteins were used to evaluate the protein synthetic activity of ameloblasts, before, during and after they produced the layer of enamel. Quantitative analysis (grain counts) of the differential utilization of 3H-proline and 3H-tyrosine by the various types of ameloblasts suggests that the cells produce structural proteins throughout their life cycle, but they produce enamel proteins only in the zone of secretion. The data further suggest that near the end of the presecretory zone structural proteins are used in the formation of Tomes' processes and that during secretion structural proteins contribute to the persistent growth of those processes as the rods are lengthening. Sugars such as 3H-N-acetylmannosamine and 3H-fucose were used to examine glycoprotein formation by ameloblasts. In the secretion zone labeled glycoproteins were not present in the enamel layer, but were confined to the cell bodies and Tomes' processes of ameloblasts at time intervals up to 4 hours after injection. This was contrary to the behaviour of extracellular proteins labeled with 3H-amino acids which left the cell and were present in the enamel at similar time intervals. The distribution of labeled sugars was indicative of turnover of membrane-associated glycoprotein possibly related to growth. This was interpreted as further support for the concept of a lengthening Tomes' process which remains embedded in the enamel until it is obliterated by the forming rod. Preliminary attempts were made to define the role of hormones in tooth development. Specific receptor sites for 125I-insulin were localized to the endothelial lining of capillaries in the papillary layer during maturation. Although the significance is unclear, the potential of this tool in studying dental morphogenesis is considerable.


Correlation between calculus index and acid and alkaline pyrophosphatases activities of dental plaque and saliva. The activities of acid and alkaline pyrophosphatases were measured in human plaque of thirty subjects and saliva of twenty-two subjects. A study of correlation and analysis of variance were done between the pyrophosphatasic activity and the calculus index. A significant positive relationship has been established.


Distribution patterns of DNA template activity in the embryonic tooth organ: an acridine orange ultracytochemical study. The ultracytochemical acridine orange (AO) method has been employed to demonstrate DNA template activity within embryonic incisor tooth organs excised from New Zealand White rabbits during the 25th day of gestation. Survey ultrastructural examination revealed characteristic distribution patterns of AO positive cell populations in the inner and outer enamel epithelium and the adjacent ectomesenchyme of the cervical loop region and in populations of fibroblast-like cells connecting as a band the outer AO positive cell groups. With increasing differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts the number of AO positive cells as well as the number of AO chromatin interaction products per single cell nucleus decreased. Treatment with RNase prior to incubation with AO did not result in a noticeable loss of AO chromatin interaction products suggesting that RNA is negligible as a target for AO. The present results and comparison with other biological system indicated that interaction of AO with DNA sites coding for RNA appears to be restricted to specific templates in particular physiological conditions, e.g., stimulation of cells prior to differentiation by extracellular factors.


Tooth morphogenesis: the role of the innervation during induction and pattern formation. The hypothesis is discussed that the innervation of the early mandibular and maxillary processes influences the initiation and patterning of tooth germs. Silver staining of embryonic mouse tissue supports the notion that the innervation is present before tooth buds appear. Data from other experimental studies is discussed in support of this hypothesis. The importance of the early events of tooth morphogenesis in initiating and patterning the dentition is discussed in the context of tooth morphogenesis as a whole. The processes involved in odontogenesis are categorized as Phase I: Initiating events; Phase II: Histogenetic events; and Phase III: Cytodifferentiative events. The complications of the interrelationship of these three seemingly discrete segments of tooth development are discussed in the context of inductive tissue interaction.


Buccal organogenesis in Pleurodeles waltlii Michah (urodele amphibian). Study by intrablastocelic transplantation and in vitro culture. Various embryonic areas liable to take part in the mouth's formation are extirpated from neurulae of Pleurodeles at stages 15 and 18 and tested either separately or in association with others. The comparison of the results obtained by the transplantation into the gastrula blastocele of the same species and in vitro culture allows us to define the conditions for organogenesis of buccal structures. The formation of complete mouths can be obtained by association of the stomodeal area with neural fold, precordal mesoderm and lateral cephalic mesoderm. The formation of opening alone can only be obtained in transplantation through interaction of stomodeum with lateral mesoderm of the host. The mouth opening and complete mouth formation therefore can be dissociated and seem to be two different steps. The buccal structures (bones, cartilages and teeth) were never produced separately. Their differentiation depends on interactions of the stomodeal endoderm together with the neural fold. The neural crest is the source of the one hand of mesenchyme operating in the formation of the buccal opening and on the other hand of cells predetermined to provide chondroblasts and odontoblasts. The differentiation of chondroblasts and odontoblasts is dependent on the stomodeal endoderm. The latter also induces the ectoderm to form a buccal opening. The schema of the Pleurodeles buccal organogenesis we propose is compared to that of Cusimano (1972) for Discoglossus.


Pattern formation in the molar dentition of the mouse. The developing molar tissues of 10 to 16 day mouse embryos have been dissected from the lower jaws and cultured for periods of up to four weeks in the anterior eye chambers of homologous adult hosts. Grafts of 10 and 11 day presumptive molar tissues developed two complete tooth crowns identifiable as M1 and M2. Grafts of 12 day (dental lamina) and later stages produced similar results but in many cases all three molar teeth were developed, in their normal sequence and with normal crown shapes and proportions. From 12 days and probably earlier the complete molar dentition is represented by a discrete group of cells whose later growth and differentiation are already determined. The fact that individual primordia for the second and third molars are not yet present at this stage suggests that neither their appearance nor their normal differentiation in the jaws requires a morphogenetic gradient field, an extrinsic control which has been proposed and is often assumed to exist. The results are consistent with developmental theories which propose that gradations of shape and size in the individual sequentially initiated elements of a series are expressions of intrinsic time-dependent alterations in the growing cell population which forms them.


Human deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Purification and characterization of the deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase from acute lymphocytic leukemia. A new fast assay procedure for increasing deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase activity was developed. With this assay procedure, this enzyme derived from blast cells of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia was purified at least 1218-fold. The molecular weight was estimated by gel filtration to be 43,000. The enzyme exhibited optimal activity over a pH range of 7 to 8 and the activation energy was estimated to be 6.5 kcal/mol at pH 7.5. While the enzyme had activity in the absence of added divalent cations, the activity could be inhibited by EDTA but not by phenanthroline. The inhibition caused by EDTA could be reversed by Mg2+ or Zn2+. The enzyme had maximal activity in the presence of Mg2+ (40 muM) and Mg2+ (4 mM) stabilized the enzyme at 37 degrees C. Cupric ion (0.5 mM) inhibited (50%) enzyme activity in the presence or absence of Mg2+. The substrate for the enzyme was dUTP and the apparent Km was 1 muM. No other deoxyribonucleoside or ribonucleoside triphosphate served as a substrate for the enzyme.


Mucogingival surgery. The subperiosteal vestibule extension. Clinical results 2 years after surgery. A surgical technique to establish wide zones of attached mucosa was performed in 28 patients presenting with inadequate amounts of attached gingiva. The clinical results of the procedure were monitored over a period of 2 years. Biometric assessment of 112 mucogingival units immediately before and at 1, 3, 6, and 24 months after surgery revealed that the mean width of attached gingiva changed from 1.1 mm to 5.3 mm of attached tissue (gingiva plus vestibular mucosa). A surgically produced increase of 4.9 mm in width (P less than 0.001) and subsequent shrinkage of 0.7 mm or 14% (P less than 0.001) resulted in a total average gain of 4.2 mm of attached mucosa 2 years after surgery (P less than 0.001). A begin/end analysis of the coronal level of clinical periodontal attachment and the extent of gingival recession showed no clinically significant changes. The mean width of keratinized gingiva increased 0.8 mm during the 2-year postoperative period. The subperiosteal vestibule extension is recommended as an alternative to the free autogenous mucosa graft for establishing wide bands of attached mucosa in areas where loss of attached gingiva is associated with mechanical or microbial irritation of the marginal periodontium.


Experimental transient bacteraemias in human subjects with clinically healthy gingivae. Thirty-six subjects with no evidence of clinical gingival inflammation underwent a standardized toothbrushing procedure. Blood specimens, obtained from a vein in the antecubital fossa during the last 30 seconds of brushing, were cultured under aerobic and stringent anaerobic conditions. Three subjects exhibited detectable bacteraemias, Propionibacterium sp. being isolated from two of the subjects, while Actinomyces sp., Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis were isolated from the third. The implications of these results are discussed.


The effect of splinting on tooth mobility. I. During initial therapy. The purpose of this study was to assess whether fixed splinting aided in the reduction of posterior tooth mobility during initial therapy. A "split-mouth" approach was used in order to compare splinted segments with similar unsplinted segments. Seven patients were selected, all of whom demonstrated chronic destructive periodontitis and mobile teeth. Initial therapy, consisting of oral hygiene instruction, root curettage and occlusal adjustment, was performed over a 2-week period. At the time of initial therapy, teeth in contralateral segments were splinted with an intracoronal wire-and-acrylic splint. Tooth mobility and gingival inflammation were recorded in all four segments every 3 weeks for a 15-week monitoring period following initial therapy. The splints were removed before each data recording session and then replaced and the occlusion refined. Prophylaxis and oral hygiene instruction were repeated every second week throughout the monitoring period. The reduction in the mobility of teeth splinted during the entire therapy period did not differ from the reduction observed in the unsplinted segments. The reduction in tooth mobility observed in both the splinted and unsplinted segments over the 17-week period can be attributed to the improved occlusal relationships and reduction in inflammation.


Radiographic features of granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma). The computed tomographic (CT) findings in two patients in whom intracranial granulocytic sarcomas preceded the onset of systemic myelogenous leukemia are presented. On CT, granulocytic sarcomas may be indistinguishable from meningiomas and difficult to differentiate from primary central nervous system malignant lymphoma and eosinophilic granuloma.


Evaluation of commercial and newly-synthesized amine accelerators for dental composites. The characteristics of newly synthesized tertiary aromatic amines as accelerators for restorative resins have been evaluated. Comparison of the composites prepared with these and presently used accelerators indicate that resins formulated with 4-N,N-dimethylaminophenylacetic acid, its methyl ester or N,N-dimethylaminoglutethimide have properties generally better than comparable resins prepared with commercially used amines.


Suppression of Streptococcus mutans in the mouths of humans by a dental prophylaxis and topically-applied iodine. A prophylaxis followed by three topical applications of an iodine-potassium iodide solution significantly reduced the levels of Streptococcus mutans in fissure and approximal plaques and in saliva. Reductions persisted 20--24 weeks after treatment in salivary and approximal samples. A prophylaxis alone exerted a small and temporary reduction of S. mutans in occlusal fissure plaque, but did not reduce the levels of this organism in approximal plaque or in saliva. A significant relationship existed between the levels of S. mutans in saliva and the proportions of this organism in plaque. The dorsum of the tongue does not appear to constitute a significant reservoir for S. mutans following disinfecting procedures.


Sucrose taste functions and dental caries in children. Sweetness detection threshold, suprathreshold estimation, and preference were evaluated in caries-free and caries-susceptible children aged 7 to 15 years. The two caries groups appeared similar on all measures. This report contrasts with previous adult studies indicating a relationship between sweet taste sensitivity and caries status.


Predictability of treatment outcome in patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome. Responses to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were used to develop a 29-item scale designed to predict the treatment outcome of 135 patients with Myofascial Pain-Dysfunction (MPD) Syndrome. The results suggested that a single scale to predict treatment outcome would be ineffective due to the absence of consistent personality differences in MPD patients.


Evaluating dimensional accuracy of stone models. An optical feeler measuring technique was introduced for evaluating the dimensional accuracy of indirect stone models. It presents the following advantages being able to measure the diameter of specimens in detail at various heights, indicating good reproducibility of the data; and hardly injuring the surface of the stone casts.


A crevice corrosion cell configuration.

A crevice corrosion cell configuration. An occluded corrosion cell configuration and polarization program were developed in order to measure the crevice corrosion resistance of implant alloys. 316 L stainless steel was used in establishing that the crevice cell configuration was convenient, reproducible, free of unwanted crevices, and suitable for laboratory measurements requiring relatively short times.


Modifying the setting rate of an addition-type silicone impression material. Two methods for controlling the working time of an addition-type silicone impression material are presented. The progress of the polymerization reaction of this modified system was studied using viscosity and a new "compression set" technique. The physical properties are presented and compared to those typical of condensation silicones, and a method of clinical use is suggested.


Analysis and purification of eugenol.

Analysis and purification of eugenol. The purity of several brands of eugenol was compared by using high performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector. Greater than 95% of the impurities seen in the USP eugenols were removed by preparative liquid chromatography. NMR spectroscopy suggests that there may be a difference in chemical reactivity between purified and stock eugenol.


Cariostatic activity of (1,6-bis-[2-ethylhexylbiguanido]-hexane) in conventional rats. The antimicrobial and cariostatic activities of the dihydrochloride and dihydrofluoride salts of alexidine (1,6-bis-[2-ethylhexylbiguanido]hexane) were compared to those of chlorhexidine acetate and sodium fluoride in rats implanted orally with Streptococcus mutans 6715 and fed a cariogenic diet. Experimental caries was significantly reduced by the continuous administration of low concentrations of biguanides via the drinking water, but this was accompanied by increased staining of the molars. Very high biguanide concentrations, applied infrequently, directly to the molars, effectively reduced caries and resulted in less staining. A combination of alexidine dihydrochloride and sodium fluoride offered no advantage over either drug alone. Alexidine salts prevented the progressive increase in implanted S. mutans, whereas chlorhexidine acetate practically eliminated the micro-organism from the oral cavity. Sodium fluoride had no effect on the implanted flora. It was concluded that alexidine salts are comparable in cariostatic activity to chlorhexidine. The tooth staining accompanying the use of bisbiguanides can be reduced by adjusting the concentration of the drug and its frequency of application.


Cell-to-cell communication of osteoblasts. Osteoblasts were investigated by two methods, electrical conductance and dye injection. Current injection into one cell caused a change in the recorded transmembrane potential of a second cell, indicating high conductance pathways between the two cells. Dyes injected into a single osteoblast were transmitted to numerous surrounding cells.


A study of the impact of Project ACORDE on dental education in the United States. As part of an evaluation of Project ACCORDE a questionnaire survey was conducted of all U.S. dental school deans, heads, and selected faculty of operative dentistry departments, and selected directors and key faculty of dental hygiene and assisting programs. The survey was supplemented by on-site visits to four dental school operative dentistry departments and five dental auxiliary training programs where the Restoration of Cavity Preparations with Amalgam and Tooth-Colored Materials package was used. The visits included observation of instruction and interviews with faculty and students. This paper summarizes the results including: the extent to which the materials have been adopted, user and nonuser reactions, perceived costs and benefits, and implications for the future of Project ACORDE.


Oral histology and embryology: an integrated educational program. Since 1976 dental students in The University of Western Australia have undertaken a revised course in oral histology and embryology taught within the framework of an oral biology program. The new course includes clinic sessions, which are presented prior to scheduled lecture and laboratory instruction on a particular tissue, and are intended to familiarize students with the clinical appearance of that tissue. Participating staff include members from the divisions of oral biology, oral pathology, periodontics, pedodontics, and preventive dentistry, Examination of histologic slides during laboratory sessions is supplemented by use of dental radiographs in order to achieve a close correlation between histologic structure and radiographic appearance. The use of the dental clinic environment to teach basic and applied microanatomy, and inclusion of clinical data such as radiographs, has strengthened the link between basic biological science and clinical dentistry.


An admissions interview to measure "good" dentist attributes. This study reports on the validity of a structured, standardized interview designed for selecting applicants for dental schools. The interview provides a score on nongrade attributes in 14 dimensions and was based on characteristics of successful dentists. A class of 86 fourth-year dental students at the University of Iowa was interviewed. Sufficient validity was found to justify the use of the interview for admissions purposes for the 1978 class.


Absorbed bone marrow dose in certain dental radiographic techniques. Dosages of radiation absorbed in the bone marrow of the calvaria, mandible, and cervical spine were measured during dental diagnostic exposures using intraoral, panoramic, and cephalometric radiographic techniques. The use of rectangular collimation in intraoral radiography reduced the total absorbed dose to the bone marrow of the mandible and cervical spine. Doses from the dental radiographic techniques are compared with environmental levels of background irradiation.


The Revenue Act of 1978: tax reform legislation continues. The Revenue Act of 1978 contains several changes in the federal tax laws that affect the business aspects of dental practice as well as the dentist as a individual taxpayer. The dentist as a business person should be aware of the provisions affecting the investment credit, simplified pensions plans, the corporate tax rates, the jobs tax credit, and subchapter S corporations. The dentist as an individual taxpayer should be aware of the new individual tax rates, the general tax credit, changes in the itemized deductions, and the capital gains tax. In addition, all dentists must be aware of the changes in the social security laws. The provisions of the Revenue Act of 1978 presented do not represent every new provision, only those that most directly affect the dentist. Several other provisions of the act must not be overlooked in tax planning or tax preparation. With the changes in the tax laws in mind, the dentist, working with an attornye, accountant, or business advisor, could plan the advantageous ways to expand the practice, purchase new equipment, or shorten the time of tax return preparation.


A clinical evaluation of a radiopaque material in the restoration of anterior and posterior teeth. The clinical performances of Adaptic and Radiopaque Adaptic restorative materials are compared according to their properties of retention, marginal integrity, and color change. The advantage of radiopacity in Class I and Class IV restorations of anterior and posterior teeth is discussed.


Production-economic effects of delegation and practice size in a private dental office. Practicing dentists, researchers, and a computer analyzed data from phases of use of expanded function dental auxiliaries in a private dental office. Increases in production and net income were related to the delegation of more complex functions in the expanded practice.


Root-end induction.

Root-end induction. A root-end induction procedure was used to treat a nonvital tooth with an open apex. This procedure was relatively fast and simple and did not require special instruments or medicaments. The procedure improved the prognosis of the involved tooth and reduced the trauma associated with surgical endodontic treatment.


Malignant hyperthermia.

Malignant hyperthermia. A case has been presented that illustrates successful managment of a patient with suspected malignant hyperthermia. The causes of this disorder are uncertain. If screening procedures identify a patient as susceptible to this disorder, careful planning in the preoperative stage is indicated. Preparedness during the operative procedure for any emergency is mandatory. Early and effective treatment seems to be the only method of preventing mortality with patients experiencing malignant hyperthermia.


Intraoral leukoplakia, abrasion, periodontal breakdown, and tooth loss in a snuff dipper. Dentists should be aware that snuff dipping or chewing is increasing in southern states and perhaps in other sections of the United States. These habits can lead to clinical leukoplakia, gingival recession, tooth abrasion, and periodontal bone destruction. The possibility also exists that a malignant transformation of leukoplakia can develop in persons who use snuff and other forms of tobacco.


Subacromial bursography.

Subacromial bursography. Subacromial bursography was performed on 250 patients with following results. Bursographically, the subacromial bursa was found to have three intercommunicating portions with various frequency; subacromial, subdeltoid and subcoracoid. In complete rotator cuff ruptures, the contrast medium leaked into the shoulder joint. In 'frozen shoulder' the subacromial bursa is reduced in size according to the degree of contracture. The intrabursal injections of steroid hormone and Lidocaine proved to have definite therapeutic and pain alleviating effects.


Cellular regulation in Friend virus induced erythroleukemia. Studies with anemic mice of genotype Sl/Sld. Genetically anemic SI/SI(d) mice have been shown previously to have a defective hematopoietic environment which prevents extensive erythroid differentiation of normal hematopoietic stem cells and also confers resistance to the erythroleukemia-inducing virus, Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV). In this study, we show that the relative resistance of SI/SI(d) mice to transformation by SFFV is not due to the inability of SFFV to replicate, nor is it because SFFV cannot transform erythroid cells, in the spleens of these mice. Injection of syngeneic +/+ mouse spleen cells, previously infected in vivo with SFFV, into secondary SI/SI(d) recipients resulted in marked splenic enlargement, and the appearance of large numbers of erythropoietin (Epo)-independent erythroid colonies in plasma clot culture. The cellular proliferation observed in these SI/SI(d) secondary recipients appeared to be due to infection and transformation of host SI/SI(d) cells rather than the growth of possible tumor colony-forming units (TCFU) present in the infected +/+ spleens, because preirradiation of the SI/SI(d) recipients abolished the splenomegaly and appearance of Epo- independent erythroid colonies. Furthermore, prior irradiation (1,200 rads) of donor spleen cells from SFFV-infected +/+ mice only slightly reduced spleen focus formation in unirradiated SI/SI(d) recipients. The conclusion that SI/SI(d) target cells could be infected and transformed by SFFV was confirmed directly by injecting a high titered preparation of SFFV into SI/SI(d) mice. SI/SI(d) mice were not absolutely resistant to infection or transformation by SFFV. Nevertheless, cells from the spleens of SFFV-infected mice were unable to form tumor colonies (TCFU) in irradiated SI/SI(d) recipients, suggesting that TCFU are either present at an undetectably low frequency in these spleens, or that they are still subject to the regulatory influences of the Steel locus.


The effects of local hypothermia on odontogenesis. Cryosurgery, with temperatures ranging from -40 C to -140 C, was performed on 32 developing mandibular third and fourth premolar buds of dogs. Evaluations were made on clinical, radiographic, and histologic bases at prescribed time intervals. There was complete inhibition of odontogenesis in 62.5% of third premolars and 25% of fourth premolars. There was 25% partial inhibition of third premolars and a 56.25% inhibition of fourth premolars. The adjacent developing tooth buds and bone were not affected.


Substitution of a muscle of the leg for a suprahyoid muscle in rats. Free muscle grafts were used in this investigation as an alternative approach to the treatment of injuries to muscles in the oral region. The grafted muscles regenerated fully. Histochemical and histological examination disclosed that the grafted muscles closely resembled those of normal control muscles. Evidence is presented to show the potential use of this technique in the treatment of injuries to oral muscles.


Mouthwash and oral cancer: carcinogen or coincidence? Among 200 patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, 11 persons abstained from all alcoholic beverages and tobacco. All but one of these 11 patients had used mouthwash many times daily for more than 20 years. Most of them used a brand of mouthwash that contained 25% alcohol. This evidence, along with information from other patients, may be used to confirm or refute the theory that mouthwash may be carcinogenic for susceptible persons.


Technetium 99m bone imaging in the evaluation of cancer of the maxillofacial region. Technetium 99m bone images were obtained from five patients with mandibular gingival carcinoma and six patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma. Ten to 15 mCi of 99mTc-polyphosphate was administered intravenously, and imaging was performed three hours after injection. The anterior and lateral views of the maxillofacial skeleton were obtained with a gamma camera. Resultant gamma camera images were compared with the radiographic skeletal survey. 99mTc bone survey is a safe and simple diagnostic technique that can demonstrate abnormality of the bone with greater sensitivity than routine radiographs.


An evaluation of enflurane combined with nitrous oxide as an amnesic agent for outpatient oral surgery. Nitrous oxide has been added to a technique for anesthesia, allowing the concentration of enflurane to be reduced by a third while retaining the amnesic properties, stable physiologic parameters, rapid recovery, and excellent acceptance by the patient.


Epidermoid cyst of the floor of the mouth. The characteristics and incidence of dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth are reviewed. The epidermoid cyst in the sublingual (genioglossal) position is unique because of its size and the advanced age of presentation. The use of preoperative lateral xerography was beneficial in determining the extent of the lesion and in visualizing the partial obstruction of the upper airway. An intraoral surgical technique was used to treat the cyst.


The reduction of zygomatic fractures using a straight mouth gag. A technique is described for the elevation of depressed fractures of the zygoma using the straight mouth gag of Terrier, which is especially suitable for treatment of partly healed fractures.


Treatment of initially infected mandibular fractures with bone plates. Use of the self-compression plate has proved to be a reliable method for treatment of various mandibular fractures. It has been uncommon, however, to use the plates in preoperatively infected mandibular fractures. Based on acceptable results in general traumatology for cases with open-wound fractures, I inserted bone plates into initially infected mandibular fracture sites. The purpose of this paper is to report the results.


Combined adenosquamous carcinoma and ductal adenoma of the hard and soft palate: report of case. Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare pathologic entity of the head and neck; only ten cases have been documented. In combination with a benign ductal adenoma, it produced an interesting and difficult case from both diagnostic and surgical aspects.


Benign (true) cementoblastoma: report of cases. Two cases of benign cementoblastoma are presented. A pathological fracture resulted in the removal of the very large lesion. Results of complete histological examination are presented.


Primary malignant melanoma of the mouth. This report described primary malignant melanoma of the maxilla in the region of the palate and gingiva, the two most common locations of oral melanoma. It fulfilled the three criteria for a primary lesion as described by Greene and others, that is, malignant melanoma was demonstrated in the oral mucosa by biopsy examination, intraepidermal activity was present, and melanoma was not present at any other site. Treatment consisted of partial maxillectomy and the immediate use of maxillofacial prosthetics to offer the patient the maximum comfort in early rehabilitation.


Necrotizing sialometaplasia.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia. Three additional cases of necrotizing sialometaplasia are discussed. Clinical appearance of the lesion is not diagnostic. Microscopy shows pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and acinar necrosis. No atypia is seen. Mucoepidermoid and squamous cell carcinoma are frequent wrong diagnoses. All reported lesions have healed without recurrence regardless of therapy.


Removal of a medially attached, fractured condyle via an intraoral approach: report of case. A case of a medially displaced, fractured condyle is presented; closed reduction was the initial treatment. Fifteen years later, radiographs showed a "double condyle"; there were pain and limitation of motion of the mandible. The displaced fragment was removed via an intraoral approach with resulting improvement in function and complete elimination of pain.


Use of lateral alotomy to facilitate closure of an anterior oronasal fistula. Surgical treatment of a large anterior oronasal fistula is reported. The advantages of a lateral alotomy are discussed. Functional and esthetic results and ease of closure justify the use of this approach.


The infraorbital rim staple--a new method of treating displaced and comminuted trimalar fractures. This report describes a simple, effective technique that has been used on 12 patients to correct unstable rotated trimalar fractures, with or without comminution of the infraorbital rim. Eleven of the patients were followed up to 46 months, and all showed satisfactory results.


Oral surgeons in full-time private practice. The most prevalent type of practice of oral surgeons is full-time private practice. Its characteristics as obtained from data of The Manpower Survey of Oral Surgery in 1974 are described in this article. The number of offices or type of practice (solo or group) was not correlated significantly with the age of oral surgeons. The factor of reason for practice location had no influence on the factors of size of population where the practice was located, size of the trade area where practice was located, or annual income. The factor of average annual income indicated that the greatest income was earned by oral surgeons who were between the ages of 40 and 50 and whose practice was located in a population area of between 250,000 and 500,000. Annual income was also influenced by number of years in a practice location up to about five years. After that, years in a location had little influence. The question of adding a partner influenced younger oral surgeons more than older ones. More oral surgeons in solo practice intended to add a partner than oral surgeons in group practice. Neither the population of the city where a practice was located nor the waiting period for admission to a hospital for patients who needed elective surgery influenced significantly the plans of oral surgeons in full-time private practice with regard to the addition of an associate. The opinion of oral surgeons in full-time private practice with regard to methods of increasing the effectiveness of practice also was reviewed. A large proportion of oral surgeons in full-time private practice believed that they needed more training in outpatient ambulatory general anesthesia and more time rotating in internal medicine and general surgery. They stated that, in general, their preparation in activities of a professional nature was adequate but that their preparation in activities of an administrative nature was inadequate. Attendance of oral surgeons at professional meetings was not influenced by age, population of the city where their practice was located, population of trade area where their practice was located, or professional income. The majority of oral surgeons thought that there was enough dental manpower to meet the demand for oral surgery service. Age had no significant influence on this opinion. Oral surgeons in population areas of less than 150,000 were less inclined to think there was excessive manpower in the dental specialties than those in population areas of more than 150,000.


Oral surgeons in full-time teaching.

Oral surgeons in full-time teaching. The average income of full-time teachers of oral surgery was summarized in this article of The Manpower Survey of Oral Surgery in 1974 and can be compared to that of the general membership as described in the third article (JOURNAL OF ORAL SURGERY 35: Special Issue A, August 1977). The attitudes of 157 full-time teachers toward the time they spent in training are noted. Although 68.1% stated it was good, 26.6% thought it was too short or that the emphasis was wrong. Thus a substantial number of teachers expressed a need for improvement in their training. Concern also was evident about the time spent on rotations. More time was considered necessary in internal medicine, general surgery, outpatient anesthesiology, surgery in the operating room, research, and neurosurgery. Concern was expressed in another way in that 29.8% of the oral surgery teachers thought that their training was only adequate or poor in surgical skills and 27.3% thought it was adequate or poor in diagnostic skills.


Oral surgeons in geographic regions and selected metropolitan areas. Region of practice location and size of the metropolitan area where a practice is located have been considered important manpower variables. This report of The Manpower Survey of Oral Surgery in 1974 described the relationship of these two variables to various other characteristics of the practice of oral surgery. Geographic region of the respondents and population of the practice location appeared to influence each other to some extent. There was a small but significant relationship between geographic region and age for 2,251 oral surgeons as well as for the 1,584 in full-time private practice. A similar relationship was observed between population of trade area and age. In each situation, the relationship was not consistent enough to describe a definite trend in the relationship. Both geographic region and population of trade area were associated to a small extent with variations in the professional income of oral surgeons. In New England oral surgeons seemed to earn less than expected whereas in the East North Central states they earned more than expected. There was a significant relationship between geographic region, population of trade area, and type of practice. In the eastern part of the United States, there was a tendency for fewer oral surgeons than statistically expected to establish a solo practice. There was some relationship between geographic region and hours devoted to practice for all oral surgeons as well as for those in full-time private practice. Three regions, West North Central, West South Central, and South Atlantic, had significantly more oral surgeons than statistically expected working more than 50 hours/week, whereas three other regions, East North Central, Mountain, and Pacific, had significantly fewer than statistically expected working more than 50 hours/week. In most areas except New England and the West North Central states, geographic region had no association with the average amount of inpatient or outpatient services the respondents provided. Geographic region appeared to influence the average number of surgical procedures performed. It also had some relationship to the incorporation of dental practice and the distribution of dental staff at the principle hospital used by the respondents. According to the 1974 estimated population for calculating the expected frequencies, there were more active members than expected in the American Society of Oral Surgeons in the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific states and fewer than expected in the West North Central, East South Central, and Mountain states. More respondents than expected on the west coast took two weeks or less of vacation whereas more respondents than statistically expected on the east coast took more than three weeks of vacation.


Comparisons of solo practices and group practices. This report of The Manpower Survey of Oral Surgery in 1974 showed that the type of practice, namely solo practice or group practice, had many effects on the characteristics of the practice of oral surgery. It affected significantly the number of offices an oral surgeon had. More oral surgeons in solo practice tended to have a single office than those in group practice. Oral surgeons over 35 years of age and in group practice tended, in general, to have a higher income than those in solo practice. There was a slight tendency for group practices to increase with the size of trade area served. Oral surgeons in group practices reported that they employed more full-time equivalent staff, but there were proportionately fewer full-time equivalent staff members per oral surgeon. Group practices tended to be located in metropolitan areas. Oral surgeons in group practice seemed to perform a larger number of surgical procedures than those in solo practice. They also seemed to spend more time in travel between home and place of work. More oral surgeons under 40 years of age in solo practice indicated that they planned to add an associate or partner in the next five years than those over 40 years of age or those in group practice.


Effect of carrageenan-induced inflammation on the binucleate keratinocytes of guinea pig palatal mucosa. A 1% carrageenan solution was injected into the palatal mucosa of male guinea pigs between the two first molars. Biopsy specimens were taken 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the injection. Control specimens with healthy mucosa and tyrode injected mucosa were used in order to evaluate the carrageenan-induced inflammation. An intense inflammatory reaction occurred within hours after the carrageenan solution injection. The palatal epithelium exhibited a considerable increase in the number of binucleate cells (P less than 0.001). As proposed by several authors, the inflammation of the underlying connective tissue might explain this phenomenon. The presence of binucleate cells would be an indication that the migration of epidermal cells from the basal to the horny layer proceeds in a hasty and immature fashion.


The relationship between the mobility of human teeth and their supracrestal fiber support. A method to study the relationship between the mobility of human teeth and their supracrestal fiber support was developed. The results of this study would indicate that: (1) The supracrestal fibers do not contribute significantly to the support of a normal premolar tooth. (2) As a human premolar tooth develops moderate to severe loss of osseous support, the relative contribution of the supracrestal fibers to the support of the tooth increases significantly.


The hypermineralization of diseased root surfaces. Root surfaces which have lost their attachment due to chronic inflammatory periodontal disease present significant increases in calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and fluoride. The clinical significance of this effect is not known in regards to wound healing, but it may be helpful in control of cervical sensitivity.


The healing extraction site: a donor area for periodontal grafting material. In cases of advanced periodontal disease, it is likely that vertical osseous defects will be present and that selected teeth will require extraction. The healing extraction site provides a source of vital osseous grafting material for the treatment of these infrabony defects. The preparation and grafting of the recipient site, as well as the management of the donor area, are described in detail. Three cases are presented which illustrate the efficacy of this type of therapy.


The effect of cigarette smoking on plaque formation. A total of 495 patients, including 237 smokers, participated in this controlled study of the effect of cigarette smoking on plaque accumulation. Clinical examination revealed no significant differences in plaque formation whether the subjects were nonsmokers or smoked an average of 10, 20, 30 or 40 or more cigarettes daily.


A laboratory technique for teaching root resection. A simple inexpensive method of making a laboratory model for the teaching of root resection has been presented. The technique of fabrication of the models requires only a rubber dental model mold, extracted or dentiform teeth, laboratory wax, and laboratory stone or plaster. This is one attempt to fulfill the need for developing laboratory exercises for the teaching of the various periodontal procedures.


Effect of dose on urinary bladder carcinogenesis induced in F344 rats by N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide. Because of the utility of the N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) rat model in the study of bladder cancer, the effect of dose on FANFT-induced bladder carcinogenesis was evaluated. Weaning male F344 rats were given FANFT in the diet at doses of 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, and 0.0005% for 30 weeks and then a control diet for 22 weeks. A control group received only the control diet throughout the experiment. Papillary tumors were present at the higher doses, hyperplasia of various degrees of severly was present at the intermediate doses, and minimal hyperplasia was observed in 4 of 16 rats at the 0.005% dose; no mucosal abnormalities were observed at the two lower doses or in the control group. Bladder epithelium from selected animals was also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after 10 weeks and again at the end of the experiment. Hyperplastic mucosa with pleomorphic microvilli similar to that previously demonstrated for 0.2% FANFT was observed at 10 weeks in rats fed 0.1% FANFT. Hyperplastic mucosa with pleomorphic microvilli was also observed at 52 weeks in rats fed 0.1% and 0.05% FANFT. Hyperplastic mucosa without pleomorphic microvilli was observed in rats fed 0.01 and 0.005% FANFT. The bladder appeared normal by light microscopy and SEM at the two lower doses and in the control group at both the 10- and 52-week intervals. A dose relationship was thus demonstrated for FANFT-induced bladder carcinogenesis in male F344 rats, and more severe surface changes were observed by SEM as the dose increased.


Effect of acrylonitrile on primary Syrian golden hamster embryo cells in culture: transformation and DNA fragmentation. Application of acrylonitrile to primary Syrian golden hamster embryo cells (HEC) in culture produced foci of morphologically transformed cells. When similar cells were pretreated with simian adenovirus (SA7) and subsequently treated with acrylonitrile, up to an 8.9-fold increase in frequency of virus-transformed foci was noted over frequency noted for cultures treated only with SA7. When [3H]thymidine-labeled primary Syrian golden HEC were treated with acrylonitrile and cellular DNA was subsequently subjected to alkaline sucrose gradients, a shift in the sedimentation pattern reminiscent of that observed for chemical carcinogens was noted. These observations added support to recent studies indicating that acrylonitrile may be carcinogenic.


Peroxidase activity and iodide uptake in hormone-responsive and hormone-independent GR mouse mammary tumors. Transplanted mammary tumors growing in the inbred GR/AFib mouse were assayed for peroxidase activity and ability to concentrate injected 125I. Both tumor peroxidase activity and iodide uptake were about ten times greater in the hormone-resonsive (HR) tumors than in the hormone-independent tumors. However, although peroxidases are known for their ability to participate in the iodination of proteins, over 90% of the radioactive iodine found in the tumors was shown to be free iodide. This finding suggests that these two parameters may be independent of each other, but both are higher in HR tumors.


Association of malignancy with rapid growth in early lesions induced by irradiation of rat skin. Epithelial lesions induced by irradiation of rat skin were studied to determine a) the relationship of malignancy to dose, b) the types of lesions and circumstances leading to overt malignancy, and c) the growth rates of lesions progressing to malignancy versus those of lesions remaining benign. High doses of radiation were shown to be associated with the production of epidermal cancers, the maximum yield being obtained at 6,400 rads. Conversely, a peak yield of noncancerous lesions was obtained at 1,600 rads. This association between malignancy and high dose was consistent for cancers evolving from warts, cysts, and chrnoic ulcers. Although the proportion of warts among the induced lesions was much higher than that of the cysts or chronic ulcers (76, 14, and 10%, respectively), the likelihood of warts becoming cancerous was substantially lower (14, 23, and 21%). The combined data for all doses showed that the latency period of the epidermal cancers was significantly (P = 0.015) shorter than that of the benign tumors. Rapid growth rates were observed for warts, cysts, and chronic ulcers progressing to overt cancer, and these did not overlap at any point on the growth scale with rates for benign tumors. This finding suggested that the potential for malignant development had been established early in the carcinogenic process, very likely at induction.


Chromosome studies of two transplantable leukemias of BN mice. Karyotypes of two transplantable murine ascites leukemias, LBN/a2 and LBN/b3, were studied with the use of the trypsin-Giemsa technique. The original tumors arose in adult female mice of strains BN/a and BN/b after prolonged antilymphocyte globulin administration. The karyotypes of both leukemias showed similar patterns. Both were hyperdiploid with modal chromosome numbers of 41 and 42 in LBN/a2 and LBN/b3, respectively. The cells consisted of an average of 37 normal chromosomes and 4--5 abnormal chromosomes. The most consistent karyotype deviation was monosomy of the X-chromosome and of several autosomes:  no. 9, 14, and 7 in the LBN/a2 line and  no. 7, 12, 14, and 9 in the LBN/b3 line. In most LBN/b3 cells and in a lower proportion of LBN/a2 cells, trisomy of chromosome  no. 15 was found. With regard to the occurrence of abnormal marker chromosomes, both tumors exhibited great cell-to-cell variation. Two of the markers were common to both leukemia lines.


Neoplasms and pigmentation of thyroid glands in F344 rats exposed to 2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate, a hair dye component. 2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate was fed at dietary levels of 0.12% (low dose) or 0.5% (high dose) to groups of 50 male and 50 female inbred F344 rats for 78 weeks. By 107 weeks after the initial exposure, 58% of the male rats and 42% of the female rats administered the high dose had thyroid neoplasms, whereas only 7--8% of the controls developed them. Follicular cell carcinomas were the primary type of neoplasm induced. None of the controls had these tumors. The carcinomas, which were papillary, cystic, or solid, were highly invasive but did not metastasize. A brown pigment was present as granules primarily in thyroid follicular cells in all exposed rats. The amount of pigment as determined by an image-analyzing computer revealed that the cross-sectional area occupied by the pigment granules and the optical density of the granules were dose related.


Skin cancer development in mice exposed chronically to immunosuppressive agents. Inbred female C3Hf/HeN, murine mammary tumor virus-negative mice exposed to either UV light or benzo[a]pyrene (BP), were subjected to four different chronic immunosuppressive regimens to determine their effect on skin cancer development. The immunosuppressive agents were cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, cortisone, and heterologous antilymphocyte globulin. Because of an unexpectedly high morbidity and mortality of mice exposed to chronic immunosuppressive measures, the dosages were kept at a level that permitted them to survive but did not prolong allogeneic skin graft survival and lower antibody titers, nor did this level diminish proliferative responses of lymphocytes to mitogens or allogeneic lymphocytes. Nevertheless, the latency periods (time interval between beginning of medication and appearance of skin tumors) of tumors in mice exposed to immunosuppressant measures were significantly shortened in several groups of mice exposed to UV and subjected to cyclophosphamide, cortisone, or antilymphocyte globulin and mice exposed to BP and subjected to cortisone acetate. In 3 groups, spindle cell tumors (fibrosarcomas) shifted to squamous cell carcinomas. A suppressed immune function would not be regarded as the mechanism for the observed responses because immunosuppression was not detected in the experimental mice.


Carcinogenic effects of diethylstilbestrol in male Syrian golden hamsters and European hamsters. The tumorigenic effects of sc-implanted diethylstilbestrol (DES) on male Syrian golden hamsters and European hamsters were compared. The adenohypophyses, kidneys, and testes of both species showed neoplastic responses to DES treatment. European hamsters were more sensitive than were Syrian hamsters, inasmuch as the European hamsters had a higher tumor incidence. The testicular tumors were all Leydig cell adenomas and seemed to depend on the coincident occurrence of hypophyseal neoplasms (all composed of gonadotropic cells). Of the European hamsters tested, 29% also developed liver tumors (hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, and cholangiocarcinomas.


Effect of dietary fiber on azoxymethane-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in rats. The effect of alfalfa, bran, and cellulose on intestinal tumor formation and fecal billary steroid levels was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats given injections of azoxymethane (AOM). Animals received weekly injections of 8 mg AOM/kg and were fed diets containing 10% fiber (wt/wt) and 35% beef fat or 20 or 30% fiber and about 6% beef fat. Control animals in each instance were fed fiber-free diets. The addition of 10% fiber to the high-fat diet did not significantly reduce the intestinal tumor frequency (average No. of tumors/rat). However, addition of 20 or 30% fiber to the 6% fat diet significantly reduced the intestinal tumor frequency. The concentration of fecal biliary steroids (mg/g dry feces) was significantly lowered in the groups with reduced tumor frequencies, whereas the total excretion of fecal biliary steroids (mg/day) did not show a similar correlation. These observations suggest that intestinal tumor frequency can be reduced by increased dietary fiber only when fat intake is not at a high level. The effect of fiber may be due to dilution of promoters and/or carcinogens in the intestinal tract.


Neoplastic effects of oral administration of (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene and their inhibition by butylated hydroxyanisole. The neoplastic effects of administration of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-dihydrodiol) by oral intubation to noninbred female Ha:ICR mice have been determined. Under the experimental conditions, BP induced papillomas of the forestomach. BP 7,8-dihydrodiol also induced papillomas of the forestomach and was more potent than BP. In addition, administration of BP 7,8-dihydrodiol caused a large number of pulmonary adenomas and lymphomas. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) added to the diet at a concentration of 5 mg/g inhibited BP-induced neoplasia of the forestomach. BHA also inhibited neoplasia of the forestomach, lungs, and lymphoid tissues that was caused by administration of BP 7,8-dihydrodiol. These data suggest that the inhibitory effect of BHA on BP carcinogenesis may entail events that occur subsequent to the formation of BP 7,8-dihydrodiol.


Carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of 2,4-toluenediamine in F344 rats. The aromatic amine 2,4-toluenediamine was fed at levels of 50 and 100 ppm to inbred, barrier-raised F344 rats for 2 years. The high dose induced a statistically significant increase in the incidence of hepatic neoplasia in males, and it induced a significant dose-related positive trend in the incidence of liver neoplasms in both sexes. Hepatocellular changes considered to be associated with neoplasia were increased at a high level of statistical significance in both sexes. In addition, the compound caused statistically significant increases in the incidence of mammary tumors in females and an increase of mammary tumors in males which, although not significant statistically, was nevertheless considered to be related to the chemical. The compound was hepatotoxic and accelerated the development of chronic renal disease in this strain, an effect that contributed to a marked decrease in the survival of dosed animals.


Circulating immune complexes in human osteosarcoma. Sera from 8 patients with osteosarcoma and 64 normal individuals were examined by C1q and Raji cell radioimmunoassays for the presence of circulating immune complexes. Of the 8 patients with osteosarcoma, 6 had elevated levels of immune complexes in their sera. The elevated levels of immune complexes were demonstrated by both the C1q radioimmunoassay and the Raji cell radioimmunoassay. The amount of immune complexes was quantitated by Raji cell radioimmunoassay; the mean plus or minus the standard error of the amount of aggregated human IgG equivalent per milliliter of serum was 80.12+/-72.64 micrograms for patients with osteosarcoma and 23.07+/-6.2 micrograms for normal individuals. The blocking effect of sera from patients with osteosarcoma on lymphocyte cytotoxicity against cultured osteosarcoma cells (TE-85) was examined. The result indicated that sera with elevated amounts of immune complexes also had increased levels of blocking activity. Sera were fractionated to separate immune complexes from gamma-globulins. No free tumor-specific antibody could be detected in fractionated gamma-globulin fractions from 2 patients with osteosarcoma. The sera of these patients had high amounts of immune complexes and high blocking activities.


Rising lung cancer mortality among nonsmokers. On the basis of data available from two representative samples of lung cancer deaths in the United States as well as national mortality statistics and other epidemiologic studies, the lung cancer mortality rate has risen substantially between 1914 and 1968 among persons who never smoked cigarettes. For white males the relative increase for ages 35--84 years has been about 15-fold; the relative increase for ages 65--84 years has been about 30-fold. For white females the relative increase for ages 35--84 years has been about sevenfold. Most of the relative increase occurred before 1935 and was probably due to changes in diagnostic criteria. However, increases have continued up to the present for male nonsmokers, who now apparently have an annual age-adjusted lung cancer death rate of about 25 per 100,000 persons between the ages 35--84 years. The rising lung cancer rate among nonsmokers indicates that factors in addition to personal cigarette smoking have had a significant effect on the mortality rate from this disease. In spite of the limited quality of these data, they suggest that a more complete understanding of lung cancer etiology is needed.


Growth and metastasis of human melanoma xenografts in the hamster host. Cells from three human melanoma cell culture lines (UCLASO-M-12, UCLASO-M-7, and WEG-1) were transplanted into the cheek pouches of immunosuppressed hamsters. Tumor nodules were found in the cheek pouches of hamsters receiving any one of these lines, and by 90--100 days after transplantation, nearly all hamsters had grossly visible lung metastases. Metastases were noted only in hamsters receiving continuous immunosuppression during the transplant period.


Natural cytotoxicity of mouse, rat, and human lymphocytes against heterologous target cells. Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity by a particular subpopulation of lymphocytes [designated natural killer (NK) cells] in NIH Swiss nude and CBA/N mice, WF rats, and humans was demonstrated against tumor cells in 4-hour 51Cr release assays. In most studies, only reactivity against target cells of the homologous species was examined. In the present studies, mouse NK activity also was found against a rat lymphoma tissue culture cell line and against human tissue culture lines. Rat NK cells reacted not only against syngeneic tumor cells but also against heterologous tumor cell lines. In contrast to the heterologous NK activity in rodents, no significant NK activity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes against heterologous targets was found in the present studies. In mice and rats the effector cells that mediated the cytotoxicity against heterologous target cells were indistinguishable from NK cells, the effector cells being nonadherent and nonphagocytic. In addition, the mouse effector cells for heterologous activity as well as mouse NK cells were sensitive to repeated treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum plus complement. The specificities of these reactions were indicated by a cold target inhibition assay. The results indicated a sharing of specificities between homologous and heterologous tumor cells recognized by mouse and rat NK cells. In contrast, only the human cell lines were able to appreciably inhibit the cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.


Comparison of procoagulant activities in extracts of normal and malignant human tissue. Cancer procoagulant A (CPA) was originally described in extracts of tumor tissue, but whether this represented a quantitative and/or a qualitative difference from procoagulant activity in normal tissue extracts was not clear. Procoagulant activity was quantitated in extracts of 12 matched normal and malignant human tissue samples from the large intestine, breast, lung, and kidney. The specific activity of procoagulants in the tumor extracts was not greater than that in the extracts of normal tissue. Two enzymatic characteristics of CPA that distinguish it from tissue thromboplastin are its inhibition by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and its lack of dependence on factor VII. These specific tests were used to evaluate qualitative differences between procoagulants from normal and malignant intestinal tissues. In the paired normal and malignant tissue extracts, all tumor samples were inhibited by DFP and were active in factor VII-depleted bovine plasma (F7D-BP). In contrast, the extracts of normal tissue were insensitive to DFP and, except for one extract, were inactive in F7D-BP. Four of 9 other tumor extracts (44%) were positive for both of these tests for CPA, whereas the other 5 extracts were positive for only one of the two tests. The results suggest that extracts of normal and malignant tissues contained similar levels of procoagulant. However, malignant tissue contained a procoagulant enzymatically different from normal tissue thromboplastin. Furthermore, most of the malignant tissue extracts seemed to contain little or no thromboplastin.


Efficiency of single-view mammography: rate of interval cancer cases. A nonselected population of women screened by single-view mammography was followed up to 2 years after screening, and breast carcinoma cases diagnosed were registered; 28,350 women were followed for 1 year. At screening, 132 invasive carcinoma cases were detected, and during the first year after screening, 10 cases were detected. According to an efficiency index, which takes into consideration both detections at screening and interval cases, the 1-year efficiency was 93%. The efficiency of single-view mammography for breast cancer screening was found to be satisfactory.


Bioassay procedure for the detection of mutagenic metabolites in human urine with the use of sister chromatid exchange analysis. A short-term bioassay system for the detection of activated mutagenic metabolites in urine from humans exposed to promutagens was described. Human diploid fibroblasts were grown in medium containing 5--20% urine from smokers, from nonsmokers, and from individuals undergoing cyclophosphamide (Cp) chemotherapy for treatment of cancer. The cells were then subjected to sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analysis. Activated Cp metabolic products in urine specimens produced up to a ten-fold increase in SCE's over preinjection SCE levels for the same individuals. Linear dose-response curves over a urine concentration range from 5 to 20% in culture medium were obtained from cells grown in urine specimens from 7 nonsmokers and 8 cigarette smokers. This test system proved to be sensitive to ambient exposure levels of environmental mutagens and demonstrated that urine from smokers was significantly more mutagenic than was urine from nonsmokers. Replicate experiments showed highly reproducible SCE values for each individual as well as for average SCE values for each group of subjects. The ability of this bioassay system to detect trace mutagenic activity in human urine reproducibly makes it an attractive choice for the monitoring of humans who have been exposed to environmental and/or industrial mutagens.


Nonproliferating neoplastic cells in culture: behavior of the adenine nucleotides. The intracellular concentrations of the adenine nucleotides were determined in suspension cultures of WRL-10A cells, a subline of the L-929 mouse fibroblasts, during the progression of the cells from exponential growth to high-density, nonproliferating populations. The development of the nonproliferating state was associated with a 50% reduction of the adenine nucleotide pool, whereas the energy charge remained at values above 0.90. This change was also observed in the early phase of starvation of low-density cultures and could be reproduced by selective simultaneous withdrawal of glucose and glutamine, which indicated interference with the de novo synthesis of purines. In this respect, therefore, nonproliferating populations of WRL-10A cells resemble purine-limited bacterial systems but not density-inhibited normal fibroblasts in which the size of the adenine nucleotide pool is known to remain unchanged. This difference in the physiologic state of nonproliferating normal and neoplastic cells is potentially significant for tumor chemotherapy.


Blood flow and heat transfer in Walker 256 mammary carcinoma. True thermal conductivity of 13 Walker 256 mammary carcinomas in noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats averaged 3.2+/-0.9 mW/cm/degrees C under physiologic conditions. A comparison of the effective thermal conductivity in 4 tumors with and without blood flow revealed large differences ranging from 14 to 132%. When the blood supply to the tumor was doubled or reduced to one-half, the effective thermal conductivity varied proportionally to the square root of the perfusion rate. The values of thermal conductivity were obtained from a tumor preparation in which blood flow was monitored continuously during temperature changes. These changes were measured by thermistors and produced by thermal probes incorporated by the growing tumor, not surgically inserted within the tissue at the time of measurement. Inasmuch as tissue necrosis was not a dominant factor, the data are interpreted to reflect the degree of difference in local perfusion of the neoplastic tissue.


Statistical issues in interpretation of chronic bioassay tests for carcinogenicity. The interpretation of chronic bioassay tests for carcinogenicity requires that the data be appropriately recorded. A "case history" for each animal links the pathology data for each organ of each animal to the length of its life. This information can be used in interpretation of the tumor incidences in light of the survival information. The role of historical controls was discussed, and the use of significance tests in a multidisciplinary approach to the assessment of the pattern of tumor response was suggested. Multiple comparison methods valid for the interpretation of continuous (or measurement) data do not apply to the discrete data analyses used in these studies. The ideas and methods of these studies were applied to an animal study of chloroform.


Comparative effects of cyclophosphamide, isophosphamide, 4-methylcyclophosphamide, and phosphoramide mustard on murine hematopoietic and immunocompetent cells. The effects of equimolal doses of cyclophosphamide (CY), isophosphamide (IP), 4-methylcyclophosphamide (4-MCY), and phosphoramide mustard (PM) on murine hematopoietic spleen colonies and adoptively transferred antibody-forming cells in vivo were compared. Equimolal doses of the drugs produced significantly different effects. All the drugs exerted an increasing effect against the ability of adoptively transferred immunocompetent cells to produce a significant anti-sheep red blood cell titer as the length of time between cell transfer and drug administration was increased. The maximum effect was seen when a drug was given 48--72 hours after antigen and spleen cell transfer. CY and IP produced significantly greater immunosuppressive effects than did the other drugs at all times after cell transfer and at all doses administered. PM had the least immunosuppressive effect at each dose evaluated. Against hematopoietic spleen colonies, the cytotoxic effects of 4-MCY and PM were similar and, at most doses studied, significantly greater than the effect of either CY or IP. Inasmuch as PM is an active metabolite of CY, it appeared either that one of the prior metabolites of CY was responsible for this marked immunosuppressive effect or that due to differences in polarity, PM was differentially distributed within the two cell systems as compared to CY. The differences in hematopoietic effects among all drugs were much less than those seen against immunocompetent cells and were not dependent on time of drug administration.


Suppressive effect of 3-methylcholanthrene on phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages for Torulopsis glabrata. The effect of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) on the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages for Torulopsis glabrata was investigated. Macrophages were maintained in glass scintillation vials or on cover slips in Leighton tubes with the use of Hanks' balanced salt solution plus 30% horse serum. Graded amounts of MCA were incorporated into the medium and the macrophages were parasitized with viable cells of T. glabrata. Macrophages from C3H mice, a strain highly susceptible to MCA carcinogenesis, were more prone to the suppressive effect of MCA than were the macrophages from CFW mice, a relatively resistant strain. Significant suppressive effect on phagocytosis of macrophages from C3H mice was observed with 5 micrograms MCA/ml, whereas up to 50 micrograms MCA/ml did not alter the phagocytic activity of CFW macrophages. However, 100 micrograms MCA/ml also suppressed the phagocytosis of CFW macrophages. Suppression in phagocytosis of C3H macrophages was observed after 6 hours' exposure to MCA, whereas a similar effect on CFW macrophages was seen after 12 hours. Treatment with 100 micrograms MCA/ml imparied the fungicidal activity of both C3H and CFW macrophages. These results indicate a correlation between the suppressive effect of MCA on macrophage activity and the strain susceptibility of mice to chemical carcinogenesis.


The respiratory epithelium. VII. Epidermoid metaplasia of hamster tracheal epithelium during regeneration following mechanical injury. Regeneration was studied in female Syrian golden hamster tracheal epithelium. The epithelium was focally removed in vivo by scraping it with a blunt probe. At 2 hours, virtually all cells had sloughed from the injured area leaving a bare basal lamina. At 6 and 12 hours, flattened cells that migrated from adjacent uninjured epithelium partially covered the denuded basal lamina. Increased cell division did not occur at these times. Many of the simple squamous cells contained well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mucous granules. Other cells resembled basal cells. At 24 hours the defect was covered by one or two layers of simple squamous cells. At that time, many of those cells were in division, and cell division was also greatly increased in mucous cells and basal cells in the uninjured epithelium distant from the defect. At 48 hours the epithelium was stratified, composed of four or five layers of polygonal to flattened cells, typical of nonkeratinizing epidermoid metaplasia. The cells contained many tonofilament bundles, a large Golgi apparatus, and many tiny mucous granules. Mitoses were seen in all cell layers. At 72 hours, the surface layer of cells was undifferentiated (indifferent cells) overlying an epithelium that otherwise retained its epidermoid character. Indifferent cells were characterized by an electron-lucent cytoplasm and a lack of tonofilament bundles, mucous granules, or cilla. Cells similar in other respects to indifferent cells were seen that possessed mucous granules or early signs of cilla formation. Some cells showed mucous granules and cilla developing in the same cell. By 96 hours, the regenerated epithelium was fully differentiated and was indistinguishable from the normal epithelium. These observations show that mucous cells have a significant role in the regenerative response. Mucous cells have a dual potential; they can undergo epidermoid metaplasia and still retain the ability to secrete mucus. The study explains the universal occurrence of mucosubstances in areas of epidermoid metaplasia and makes more understandable the previously reported fact that many bronchogenic carcinomas are combined epidermoid and adenocarcinomas. In the presence of a carcinogen, the hypothesis has been forwarded that initiation of mucous cells and basal cells occurs, which leads to malignant transformation and produces tumors that show active secretory activity and keratinization, often in the same cell.


Terminal Ph1-positive monocytic crisis in chronic myeloid leukemia providing evidence for the promyelocytic origin of monocytes. A case of Ph1-positive chronic granulocytic leukemia in described in which a terminal monocytic crisis developed. The case still was Ph1-positive at the time of the monocyte crisis. Bone marrow smears contained promyelocytes  and early granulocytes, but most of the cells belonged to the monocyte series as cytochemistry disclosed. No blast cells could be detected. Cytochemically, transitions between promyelocytes and promonocytes could be demonstrated. From these findings and those from the literature it is concluded that the monocytes of the terminal crisis in our case belonged to the leukemic cell strain and that these monocytes developed from non-specific promyelocytes like granulocytes. Our observation does not provide evidence for the existence of a separate monoblast which would implicate disparity of granulocytopoiesis and monocytopoiesis already at the level of undifferentiated blast cells. This, in turn, would be equal to a re-introduction of a modified polyphyletic theory of white blood cell formation.


Detection of cancer-associated antigen(s) in urine of sarcoma patients. Tumor-associated antigens were demonstrated in concentrated and dialyzed urine of several sarcoma patients with large tumor burden. The antigens were detected by complement fixation using autologous and allogeneic sera from sarcoma patients. The antigenic activity in three patients who were studied sequentially disappeared after surgical ablation of tumor. In two of these three patients, the antigenic activity reappeared before tumor recurrence. The reactivity of the sarcoma sera to the urine could be abolished by absorption of the sera with human sarcoma cells but not by normal human liver cells, which indicates that the same antigen was present in the urine and on biopsy-obtained sarcoma cells. Urine from cancer patients with high tumor burden may be useful as a source of tumor-associated antigen. Further studies on the presence of these antigens in urine of sarcoma patients may lead to a method for detecting subclinical tumor recurrence.


Multiple integration sites for the lactose transposon Tn 951 on plasmid RP 1 and establishment of a coordinate system for Tn 951. Various molecules generated by transposition of the lactose transposon Tn 951 from plasmid pGC1 to plasmid RP1 were examined by DNA heteroduplex and restriction endonuclease analysis. Tn 951 was found to transpose to at least eight different sites on RP 1 in both possible orientations. A coordinate system for the lactose transposon Tn 951 is constructed.


An endonuclease cleavage map of the plasmid pWWO-8, a derivative of the TOL plasmid of Pseudomonas putida mt-2. Cleavage sites on the pWWO-8 plasmid were determined for the restriction endonucleases HindIII and XhoI. Terminal labelling using DNA polymerase I was particularly useful both for the characterisation of the smaller cleavage products and for confirmation of the order of fragments in the intact plasmid.


Altered chloroplast ribosomal proteins in a yellow mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Ribosomes and ribosomal proteins from wild-type and a yellow mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardii were analysed and compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Mixothrophycally grown yellow-27 mutant differs from wild-type cells in lowered chlorophyll content and grana formation of the chloroplast. Analytical ultracentrifuge analyses of cell extracts show a reduced amount of free 70S ribosomes and increased level of 50S subunits in the mutant cells. Similar results were obtained by electronmicroscopical method. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis shows alterations in protein composition of 70S ribosomes of the mutant. Two proteins of 70S ribosomes have been altered. One of them with high molecular weight is practically absent while there is an additional, intensively stained spot in the mutant. Since the mutation is inherited in a non-Mendelian manner it is possible that the protein alterations in 70S ribosome are localized in the chloroplast DNA.


Calcitonin therapy in Paget's sarcoma.

Calcitonin therapy in Paget's sarcoma. A 68-year-old white male patient suffering from Paget's disease of bone developed a sarcoma in the sacroiliac region during treatment with calcitonin. There was no evidence of its presence before treatment. Progression of the sarcoma did not appear to be influenced by calcitonin therapy.


[Inherited hemolytic anemia due to pyruvate kinase deficiency: II. Density-layer centrifugation of erythrocytes (author's transl)]. Heterogeneous clinical features of inherited hemolytic anemia due to pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency were observed in three related homozygous patients. Erythrocytes were separated into old and young cells by means of density-layer centrifugation using a new supporting medium: Stractan-Urografin gradients. Those fractions containing older RBC disclosed defective PK which resulted in an impaired metabolism. Following an intake of chloramphenicol the clinical course of one female family member converted to acute monocytic leukemia. Thus, the report of a PK instability trait, in one family member associated with pancytopenia which converted in leukemia, suggests that inherited red cell enzyme deficiency might be also an expression of the vulnerability of the hematopoietic stem cells.


[Clinical trial of an amoxicillin and a tetracycline in dental infections]. Student's test was used to show that the symptomatological improvement obtained with amoxycillin (Velamox, Zambelletti) in 64% of patients with dental infection was significantly greater (p 0.05) than the 28% improvement given by a tetracycline (Ambramicina P vitaminica, Lepetit) in another group. Attention is also drawn to the fact that all forms of medical management in such cases must be regarded as coadjuvant to the treatment given by the dentist.


[Clinical studies of the therapeutic effect of the combination of spiramycin and metronidazole in dental and stomatological diseases]. The therapeutic effect and clinical tolerance of an association of spiramycin and metronidazole were assessed in 20 patients with odontostomatological inflammation. The results were regarded as satisfactory with regard to the length of treatment and the progression of the clinical picture in 90% of the cases treated. Unwanted side-effects, not sufficiently severe to stop the treatment, were noted in only 2 cases. Comparison with the results obtained in a control series treated with spiramycin only showed that the combination was more effective, though the difference was not significant, and letter tolerated.


Nonmetastatic superior sagittal sinus thrombosis complicating systemic cancer. Seven patients with cancer complicated by nonmetastatic sagittal sinus thrombosis were encountered in a 7-year period. Five had hematologic malignancies and two had solid tumors. There were two different presentations. In the first, neurologic signs and symptoms (e.g., headaches, seizures, hemiparesis, lethargy) occurred suddenly in five patients shortly after initiation of cancer therapy. Four of these five patients recovered with minimal residua; the fifth died as a direct result of the sinus thrombosis. The second presentation occurred in the two patients with terminal cancer who declined gradually without focal signs; both patients died. Only arteriography can reliably establish the diagnosis of sagittal sinus occlusion. In patients with cancer, sagittal sinus occlusion probably results from a "hypercoagulable state" associated with the systemic neoplasm.


McArdle disease: phosphorylase activity in regenerating muscle fibers. Phosphorylase activity was found histochemically in regenerating muscle fibers in biopsied muscle from a patient with otherwise typical McArdle disease. Phosphorylase activity, shortly after episodes of muscle necrosis, was identified in this patient and in others reported in the literature. Detection of phosphorylase activity accompanied histologic evidence of regenerating muscle fibers and excessive glycogen accumulation. The biopsied muscle had virtually no biochemical enzyme activity. The present study supports a recently introduced hypothesis stating that in McArdle disease there is a lack of "mature" phosphorylase, but skeletal muscle cells are able to manufacture "fetal" phosphorylase isoenzyme during muscle regeneration.


Prospective study of convulsions in childhood. One hundred and five children admitted to hospital with convulsions were studied prospectively. A convulsion was designated febrile if an axillary temperature of 38 degrees C or more occurred after the fit. Twenty-two children had an initial non-febrile convulsion and five of them (22.7 percent) have developed recurrent nonfebrile seizures. In the febrile group of 83 only two children (2.4 percent) have so far had non-febrile convulsions. Both their initial convulsions were uncomplicated. There was no difference between the groups of convulsion or EEG result. Investigations in hospital, including lumbar puncture, rarely revealed a diagnosis not clinically suspected. In previously healthy children with convulsions that are not prolonged, pyrexia is the only factor of prognostic significance by 12 months follow up.


Urinary arsenic levels in timber treatment operators. An investigation was carried out into arsenic levels in urine of timber treatment operators at six treatment plants in the Waikato-Rotorua area. The mean arsenic level for treatment operators was 222 migrograms/l compared with the normal range of 5-40 micrograms/l. In order to reduce the present significant exposure to treatment chemicals such as arsenic and chromium, it is recommended that the wood preservation industry take engineering measures to reduce the present air emissions and adopt strict work practices in hygiene and protective clothing in similar manner to those handling mercury and lead.


Adjunctive trance and family therapy for terminal cancer. The combined use of trance (hypnosis) and conjoint family therapy to meet certain needs of a patient with terminal cancer and her family is described. The potential value of these two approaches used in conjunction with normal medical management is shown.


Survey into the eating and exercise habits of New Zealand pre-adolescents in relation to overweight and obesity. Over one quarter of boys and girls were more than 20 percent heavier than British children of the same height; 17 percent of girls and 10 percent of boys were found to be obese in a sample of 334 children from an intermediate school in Dunedin. Increased exercise and a change from high to low energy density foods sold at school tuckshops are offered as some of the solutions to the problem.