Chlorhexidine feeding and its effect on growth and intestinal microflora in rats. Chlorhexidine digluconate was administered to rats by incorporating the drug in drinking water and by regular gastric intubation. Incorporating the drug in the drinking water resulted in feed and water rejection. Relatively high doses (30 mg/day) could be administered over a period of 30 to 45 days without apparent effect on feed and water intake and growth. The total number of bacteria as well as the number of colony-forming units from cecal samples were determined. Chlorhexidine intake did not reduce the cultivable or total intestinal flora.


Caries prediction from initial measurements in clinical trial subjects. The correlation between future caries activity and predictor variables of initial caries experience and surfaces at risk was examined in control-group adolescents in two clinical trials conducted over three years. By modifying and combining the predictors in accordance with clinical observation, 25% of the variance of the DMFS increment was explained compared with the 13% attributable to initial DMFS alone. Seventy percent of the variability in DMFS experience at 14 to 15 years of age was accounted for by caries experience two years earlier.


Sucrose and sucrose substitutes. Industrial considerations. The problem of reducing the sugar content of sugary foods is presented from the food manufacturer's point of view. The distinction is made between the need for artificial sweeteners and the more pressing need for bulking agents with at least some of the technological properties of sugar. In view of the considerable sales success of sugarless confections, accounting for over an estimated 30,000,000 lbs. of sorbitol per annum, the clouded prospect for more general sugar substitution in other food categories is discussed with especial reference to the consequent problems in product claims and nomenclature, and the enormous expense of proving safety and dental claims. Finally, an overview of the competitive consumer and regulatory pressures is given, with an urgent appeal to the dental profession to take the initiative for guiding the food processor to dentally improved foods.


Biochemical effects of and bacteriological response to sugar substitutes in the oral environment. The problems of the biochemical effects of sugar substitutes and bacteriologic response to such substitutes in the oral cavity may fill a whole book. Therefore, considerable restrictions in the presentation are necessary. Noncaloric sweeteners and additives are not utilized by the oral microorganisms for metabolism and acid production and are therefore of minor interest in this connection. This presentation mainly concerns sugar alcohols and related substances, primarily sorbitol, xylitol and Lycasin. Monosaccharides and other saccharides are not dealt with in this presentation even if some of them are of considerable interest; for example fructose, invert sugar and others. Sugar alcohols are used as substitutes because they cannot be utilized by the vast majority of oral organisms for fermentation, acid production or production of polysaccharides. There is a risk that the oral flora will adapt to these products and that such a substitute, which is originally nonacidogenic, may subsequently be utilized for fermentation and may even induce dental caries.


Sugar substitutes in relation to the incidence of clinical and experimental caries. Examination of several human studies shows the relationship between sugar intake and dental caries to be complex and partly independent of dosage. Under certain conditions frequent consumption, even in combination with surprisingly low dosage, may lead to high caries incidence. The potential use of sugar substitutes may be based on the concept of replacing sucrose particularly in foodstuffs proven to be highly cariogenic. So far, the evaluation of the cariogenicity of specific sugar substitutes has usually been carried out in comparison to sucrose. Glucose and fructose have thus been found somewhat less cariogenic than sucrose. Some polyols, however, may be considered virtually or completely noncariogenic in man. The low caries incidence observed in the clinical trials and most of the experimental studies have to be viewed as a natural consequence of the microbiological and biochemical behavior of these substances. As an entity, perorally administered polyols should be considered to stimulate a number of existing defense mechanisms to caries.


Computed tomography of long-bone osteosarcoma. Six cases of osteosarcoma, including medullary, parosteal, periosteal, and intracortical types, were studied by computed tomography (CT). In selected cases, CT provided additional preoperative information as to osseous size and soft-tissue extent. CT helped determine intramedullary involvement and specific sites of cortical destruction and thereby helped to plan the surgical approach to biopsy and the definitive excision.


Lymphographic patterns in systemic mastocytosis with diffuse bone involvement and hematological signs. Lymphography revealed the nature of diffuse lymph node involvement in systemic mastocytosis with diffuse bone involvement and hematological signs, similar to that seen in some malignant hematological diseases or in osteomyelosclerosis. The final stages of transformation into acute lymphoblastic leukemia must also be considered.


[Induced malignant hemopathies. 6 new cases with 1 patient surviving 45 months]. Among 246 patients (49 with Hodgkin's disease, 29 with multiple myeloma, 75 with other lympho- and immunoproliferative syndromes, 70 with carcinomas and 23 with non-malignant affections) treated by cytostatic or immunosuppressive chemotherapy, 6 developed malignant hemopathy (acute myeloblastic leukemia, erythroleukemia and erythremia) apparently induced during the last 7 1/2 years. In addition, 2 carcinomas have been noted. All have received melphalan or chlorambucil, alone or associated with other cytostatic drugs. 5 out of these 6 patients also underwent radiotherapy. The lenght of chemotherapy ranged between 7 and 110 months and the latency between 45 and 110 months. A "preleukemic" cytopenia phase was observed in 4 out of 6 cases. An exceptional 45-month survival was secured in case 1 (acute myeloblastic leukemia in a patient probably cured of Hodgkin's disease IIIB). Observation 2 is the 3rd case ever published of induced acute leukemia in disseminated lupus erythematosus. All these observations are compared with the latest findings in the literature. To the very extent that the utilization of cytostatic drugs produces improvement in the prognosis of very serious diseases, their leukemogenic potential becomes more dangerous and demands limitation of their use.


Induction of differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemia cells by tumor promoters. Phorbol diester tumor promoters and the promoter mezerein convert human promyelocytic leukemia cells in culture into adherent, nonproliferating cells with many of the characteristics of macrophages. Other types of promoters such as anthralin, phenobarbital, and saccharin do not have this effect. Various compounds that can inhibit some of the biological and biochemical effects of tumor promoters do not interfere with the induction of cell adherence and differentiation by the effective promoters.


Complications of optic disc pits.

Complications of optic disc pits. Sixteen cases of optic disc pits have been examined during the past eight years at the Birmingham and Midland Eye Hospital. All but one had visual loss because of macular involvement, ranging from shallow serous detachment to macular hole. The pit was found to be only a part of the optic disc abnormalities and its direct role as a channel for accumulating retinal and subretinal extracellular fluid is being questioned.


Postoperative pain in ophthalmology.

Postoperative pain in ophthalmology. A survey of 100 consecutive patients suggests that, overall, ophthalmic surgery is not as painful postoperatively as general surgery. Cataracts are largely painless. Retinal detachments may sometimes give rise to postoperative pain like that in general surgery, but the numbers available are not yet sufficient for statistical analysis. Routine postoperative analgesia for encirclement procedures in retinal detachment patients should be considered for at least the first 18 hours after operation.


New hypothesis of developmental anomalies of the anterior chamber associated with glaucoma. The group of congenital and developmental anomalies of the anterior chamber associated with increased intraocular pressure has been difficult to interpret from an embryologic perspective which would take into account the ocular defects as well as associated systemic abnormalities. A new hypothesis is presented which suggests that the ocular and systemic defects can be explained by abnormalities in migration or terminal induction of neural-crest cells. These cells represent the initial population which differentiates into the diversity of cell types that appear to be involved in both the ocular and systemic manifestation of this group of anterior chamber anomalies.


Histological changes in the internal retinal layers produced by concussive injuries to the globe. An experimental study. The level of lesions within the human retina causing transient post-concussive retinal opacification (Berlin's oedema) remains unclear, as histological examination of this tissue is rarely  possible before the ophthalmoscopic changes resolve. Studies in vivo of retinae in man and experimental animals previously subjected to blunt, nonperforating mechanical injuries suggest that the development of intracellular oedema may be the principal reason why the retina becomes opaque. The retinae of experimental animals (pigs), whose eyes had been subjected to concussive injuries, were examined histologically after the removal and fixation of the globes, at periods ranging from a few minutes to 7 days after trauma. Disturbances were noted in the inner retinal layers immediately after trauma, which included transient swelling of the mitochondria in the nerve fibres lasting for only a few hours, and marked intracellular oedema of the glial elements which took 2 to 3 days to resolve.


The solution of the problem.

The solution of the problem. Diabetic retinopathy is now a treatable condition, in which blindness can be prevented in a large number of patients. To achieve this, physicians have to screen patients for retinopathy and control diabetes adequately. Ophthalmologists should acquire the expertise of photocoagulation and instruct others in the assessment of retinopathy. Regional centres (one or more per Region) should be set up around interested individuals. These centres' main function is to give prompt treatment facilities to patients and to educate ophthalmologists and physicians in the management of retinopathy. They should also be the centres of advances in treatment. If physicians and ophthalmologists work together, blindness may indeed be prevented in diabetic patients.


Prevention of blindness from retinitis pigmentosa. Prevention of blindness from retinitis pigmentosa is considered in three stages: what can be done at present; what is likely to be achieved within the next few years; and what can be envisaged for the more distant future.


In vitro function of chronic myelocytic leukemia granulocytes. Effects of irradiation and storage. Granulocyte function was studied in 9 patients with untreated, Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). The nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by stimulated granulocytes was impaired in all patients; 4 patients also had diminished phagocytosis and 2 others defective chemotaxis. In spite of this variety of polymorphonuclear (PMN) functional impairments, there is little evidence of increased susceptibility to infections in CML patients. This suggests that CML-PMN leucocytes (PMNs) may be successfully used for transfusion into neutropenic recipients, as previously reported. To evaluate the effects of irradiation and liquid storage on CML-PMNs, 5 of our patients were subjected to leukapheresis by continuous-flow centrifugation in the Aminco Celltrifuge, and granulocyte functional capacities were also evaluated on the cell-rich plasma immediately after collection and after short-term storage at 4 degrees C with or without irradiation (1500 rads). As evaluated by in vitro studies, granulocytes maintained, even after irradiation, functional activities similar to those found immediately after collection up to 24 h of storage at 4 degrees C and presented a moderate loss of function after 48 h. Chemotaxis appeared to be the most sensitive detector for cellular damage of stored leucocytes, irradiated and non-irradiated, so that it might be used for assessment of leucocyte function before transfusion.


Acute monocytic leukemia in an irradiated Beagle. A purebred female Beagle dog that had received 2,000 R of protracted wholebody gamma-irradiation from 60Co when 14 months old had hematologic changes consistent with a myeloproliferative disorder 3 years after the termination of radiation exposure. Peripheral blood and bone marrow findings during the 7-month period before death showed progressive anemia with increased numbers of platelets; immature granulocytes, monocytes and promonocytes. A period of partial remission occurred during which time the peripheral blood was aleukemic, although there was marked thrombocytosis and abnormal erythropoiesis which was evidenced by bizarre circulating nucleated red cells, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis and Howell-Jolly bodies. The dog had a terminal crisis with marked leukocytosis, most cells in the peripheral blood being bizarre monocytes and promonocytes. Tissues obtained at necropsy showed diffuse as well as focal infiltration of the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, heart, kidney and gastrointestinal wall with immature neoplastic cells resembling monocytes and monocytic precursors. The monocytic differentiation of the invasive cell population was confirmed by morphological, cytochemical, histological, ultrastructural and in vitro cell culture studies.


Amyloid fibril proteins found in Papua New Guinean and other amyloidoses. Recent studies have established that amyloid fibrils found in different clinical conditions differ in the nature of their constituent proteins. In primary amyloidosis and in amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma or macroglobulinaemia the amyloid fibrils are usually largely composed of fragments of immunoglobulin light chains. In secondary amyloidosis, protein AA, a unique protein unrelated to immunoglobulins, is the major component of the fibrils. Other chemical types of amyloid have been described in primary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and in senile cardiac amyloidosis. In Papua New Guinea amyloidosis is seen secondary to chronic infections such as leprosy and tuberculosis as well as in patients without an apparent predisposing disease. The amyloid proteins obtained from a representative range of Papua New Guinean patients have been characterised and in all cases examined the amyloid was found to be of the protein AA or secondary type. Current research into the pathogenesis of secondary amyloidosis centres on the mechanisms whereby protein AA is derived from the presumed precursor molecule, protein SAA, which is a normal acute-phase reactant.


The conflicting role of parasitic infections in modulating the prevalence of asthma. Nothwithstanding difficulties associated with the limitations of survey techniques and methodology employed to define asthma, the evidence accumulated to date suggests that the reported differences in the prevalence rates of this disease from country to country and within local populations of the one country are real. It is accepted that allergy is not the sole cause of asthma but nonetheless hypersensitivity to environmental allergens is a significant triggering factor in most countries of the world. Comparisons between countries might therefore be influenced by the time of the year when the survey is taken since the prevalence of seasonal asthma would be higher in the period of pollinosis. Environmental factors, and in particular the relative atmospheric concentrations of pollens and the density of house dust mite (D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae) in dwellings, must therefore be considered when accumulating prevalence data. The prevalence rate for childhood asthma is high in Australia, United Kingdom, United States of America and New Zealand, and medium to low in the Scandinavian countries and Switzerland. It is not clear what factors contribute toward these differences since several studies indicate that racial characteristics per se are not pre-eminent in defining susceptibility to asthma. Most surveys indicate that the prevalence of childhood asthma is low to very low among low-income populations living in tropical areas. While it is possible to implicate inadequate diagnosis, genetic factors, nutritional status and allergen exposure as factors contributing towards the low prevalence, it has become fashionable to attribute this observation to the influence of certain helminthic infections. Parasites stimulate the production of high levels of serum IgE, the bulk of which has as yet an undetermined specificity. The suggestion that this IgE blocks mast cell receptors leaving insufficient sites available for sensitization by allergen-specific IgE antibody is attractive. However, since the kinetics of binding to mast cell receptors is unlikely to be the same for all IgE molecules, irrespective of their specificity, this hypothesis appears to be an oversimplification of the problem. It is more likely that parasitic infections repress the synthesis of IgE antibody to environmental allergens, although the mechanism for this is unclear. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the time course of exposure to parasites versus sensitization by environmental allergens may be critical. Another possibility is that parasitic infections in some way nullify the effect of allergens at the level of the target organ, perhaps through the modulating role of eosinophils. If it is established that parasitic infections, particularly in early childhood, suppress the capacity of potentially atopic children to develop asthma and other allergic disorders, there would be some justification in attempting to circumvent allergic disorders in susceptible individuals by a harmless preparation of parasite antigens.


Progeny of survivors of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Eight successful pregnancies and one spontaneous abortion have been observed in 5 women belonging to a group of 212 Nordic children who had their antileukemic therapy discontinued before January 1, 1978. Furthermore a young leukemic man was the father of a healthy child after 4 years of intensive cytostatic therapy. No malformations have been observed in the progeny of these treated individuals.


Cross-sectional echocardiographic assessment of aortic obstruction. Cross-sectional echocardiographic features of aortic obstruction occurring at multiple levels of the left ventricular outflow tract are discribed. Specific pathologic entities considered include coarctation of the aorta, supravalvular, valvular, and discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis, as well as functional or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. At each of these levels the cross-sectional method permits direct visualization of the obstructing lesion, it's morphologic characteristics, and extent. In addition the relationship of the area of obstruction to more normal surrounding areas of the outflow tract can be assessed. Studies at the supravalvular and valvular levels indicate the direct imaging of the stenotic area may permit estimation of severity. At the subvalvular level the patterns of development of functional obstruction can be examined and the mechanisms of this type of obstruction further illucidated. Finally in addition to direct visualization of individual areas of obstruction it is possible to detect or exclude areas of concommittant obstruction at other levels of the outflow tract. Cross-sectional echocardiography therefore represents a rapid, non-invasive method for visualizing the location, extent, severity, and dynamic nature of lesions producing obstruction to left ventricular outflow.


Accuracy and usefulness of echoventriculography in acute myocardial infarction. Echoventriculography is a noninvasive and three-dimensional ultrasonic technique capable to assess in detail the regional performance of the left ventricle. Therefore the mechanical performance of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction is informatively assessed by the composite contributions made by infarcted and noninfarcted segments. Its reliability has been confirmed by direct cineangiographic and autopsy correlations. In clinical decision making such direct information is of great value both for diagnosis and therapeutic selection. In the coronary care unit echoventriculography provides most information obtained by the less feasible invasive cineangiographic examinations.


Pulmonary valve motion in valvular pulmonary stenosis in childhood. Echocardiography tracings of the pulmonary valve was recorded in 16 patients with pulmonic stenosis (PS) ranging in ages from 6 to 14 years (average 10 years). 11 patients had an isolated PS and 5 had a PS associated with atrial septal defect. In 2 patients with mild PS (gradient 15 mm Hg) the depth of the "a" wave  was normal: 3 and 4 mm. In 14 patients with moderate or severe PS (gradient 40 mm to 200 mm Hg), the maximal depth of the "a" wave was less than 6 mm in 2 patients, and more than 6 mm in 12 patients (range 7 to 15 mm, average 10 mm). The motion of both anterior and posterior pulmonary valve leaflets was well recorded in 3 patients with severe PS. The "a" wave showed a posterior motion of the posterior leaflets and an anterior motion of the anterior leaflet. This motion is due to the premature pulmonary valve opening.


Two-dimensional echocardiography in atrioventricular canal malformation: a diagnostic approach. Two-dimensional echocardiographic studies were performed in 20 children with various forms of atrio-ventricular canal malformation. Both sagittal and transverse cross-sections were evaluated. The most typical finding in all patients was the visualization of the cleft anterior mitral leaflet (AML) represented by a diastolic break of AML echoes in the sagittal cross-section. - In cases where the AML is attached to the interventricular septum, varying degrees of left ventricular outflow tract narrowing and elongation were observed. In the transverse cross-section mitral-tricuspid alignment could be observed at the level of the aortic root. The ventricular septal defect in complete AVC was visualized as an echo-free space between the common anterior leaflet and the interventricular septum.


Echocardiographic findings in ventricular septal rupture and anterior wall aneurysm complicating myocardial infarction. Echocardiographic findings in a patient with ventricular septal rupture and anterolateral wall aneurysm complicating myocardial infarction are presented. The findings were confirmed by cardiac catheterization and surgery. Using M-mode ultrasonocardiography one was able to demonstrate and localize the aneurysm as well as the ventricular septal defect which presented as an oblique interventricular communication appearing only during systole. Thus echocardiography supplemented the invasive examinations in exactly revealing the site of ventricular septal rupture. Other echocardiographic features of ventricular septal rupture were right ventricular dilatation, pathological septal motion and abnormal tricuspid valve motion as recently reported by other authors.


Ultrasound fluoroscopy--what is it, and our approach to your requirements. A discussion on Ultrasound Fluoroscopy and how it relates to the traditional Real Time Instrumentation. This paper covers the various types of Ultrasound Fluoroscopy Instrumentation, a few of the advantages and disadvantages of each and Unirad Corporation's approach to Ultrasound Fluoroscopy. Also detailed discussions on the technical differences between their approach and the traditional Real Time Instrumentation itemizing electronic beam resolution control in some detail as to its advantages, complexity and comparison to Real Time (Non-focused) and the traditional single element Ultrasound Instruments.


Phased array cardiac imaging: system operation, results and clinical role. Proper clinical use of real-time, two-dimensional echocardiography depends upon three major factors: the clinical questions posed of these imaging devices, the interrelationship of this technique with other imaging techniques and the quality of the ultrasonic image. The Duke experience with this technique has been primarily based on results obtained with a focused, phased array imaging system over the last three years. During this period of time we have observed that high-resolution, cross-sectional ultrasonic images of cardiac structures provide unique diagnostic information that is not possible by any other method. Similarly, this type of information allows the clinician to pose new questions concerning the use of diagnostic ultrasound in patient care. Improvements in image quality that have accompanied the addition of new scan formats and a broad-band transducer have enhanced the clinical reliability of diagnostic information.


Technical aspects of single transducer echocardiography. In echocardiographic recordings optimal amplification and A-mode control should be used. In wall motion analysis greater accuracy is obtained by utilization of enlarged display scale. When these technical aspects are taken into consideration accurate and reproducible recordings are obtained.


Iris involvement in granulocytic sarcoma. A 6-year-old boy with a diagnosis of acute myeoblastic leukemia in remission developed iris infiltration accompanied by uveitis, hypopyon, and vitreous hemorrhage, which was initially unilateral, later becoming bilateral. Pathologically, the eyes showed leukemic infiltrates in the conjunctiva, episclera, sclera, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, canal of Schlemm, choroid, vitreous, and the iris. Leder stain studies showed positive esterase activity, indicating granulocytic sarcoma. Granulocytic sarcoma may appear intraocularly as iris nodules. These iris nodules may be the initial manifestation of granulocytic leukemia.


Second tumors in nonirradiated bilateral retinoblastoma. We reviewed the records of 1,323 patients with retinoblastoma treated here between 1922 and 1978. Twenty-eight patients underwent bilateral enucleation alone and received no additional treatment for their advanced tumors. Of the 28 patients, 22 (92%) survived. Four patients were lost to follow-up, and two died of metastatic retinoblastoma. Of 22 survivors of bilateral retinoblastoma treated with enucleation alone, three developed second tumors at a mean of 15.3 years after bilateral enucleation. One patient developed a rhabdomyosarcoma in the left temple region, the second patient developed an osteogenic sarcoma of the right femur, and the third developed a malignant melanoma of the left thigh. All three patients died of their disease. The incidence of second tumors in patients who survived bilateral retinoblastoma treated without radiation was 14% (three patients), which is comparable to a series previously reported in which patients were treated with enucleation and irradiation.


Combined orthodontic-surgical correction of moderate mandibular deficiency. Carefully planned, coordinated, and executed orthodontic and surgical treatment is a viable alternative to traditional orthodontic treatment of patients with moderate mandibular deficiency. Recognition of their clinical manifestations is essential to distinguish between relative and absolute mandibular deficiency. If after clinical analysis of the Class II patient, esthetic priorities are established to maintain a balanced relationship between the upper lip and nose and not reduce the prominence of the upper lip, mandibular deficiency must be treated by surgical advancement of the mandible, superior repositioning of the maxilla, and consequent autorotational movement of the mandible forward and upward, or a combination of these procedures. The common denominator of successful therapy of absolute mandibular deficiency involves surgery to advance the mandible; relative mandibular deficiency, on the other hand, is treated by maxillary surgery to reposition the maxilla superiorly to allow forward and upward movement of the retropositioned mandible (autorotation). In actual clinical practice many patients manifest a combination of absolute and relative mandibular deficiency and are treated by maxillary and mandibular surgery. Lateral maxillary osteotomies, in concert with rapid maxillary expansion and genioplasty to alter the dimensions of the chin, are essential adjunctive surgical procedures to achieve three-dimensional esthetic and occlusal balance.


Body image, self-concept, and the orthodontic patient. Four major criterion groups--orthodontic retention patients, prospective orthodontic patients, a population sample, and mothers of prospective patients--were established. Appropriate relationships between groups and subgroups were studied with regard to body-image and self-concept satisfaction, to body-image and self-concept importance, and other factors. The findings include the following: 1. There was no significant difference in body-image and self-concept satisfaction of importance between prospective orthodontic patients and the population sample. 2. There was no significant difference in body-image and self-concept satisfaction or importance between prospective orthodontic patients and orthodontic patients in retention. 3. There was a significant difference between prospective orthodontic patients' self-concept importance and their mother's perception of self-concept importance. There teen-agers placed more emphasis on their self-concept than did their mothers. 4. There was no significant difference between any of the groups in body-image and self-concept satisfaction or importance with change in age (11 to 16 years). 5. Girls scored significantly lower in both body-image and self-concept satisfaction than did the boys at these ages (11 to 16 years). 6. Patients with Class III malocclusion scored significantly lower than the other malocclusion groups in all categories of body-image and self-concept satisfaction and importance.


Patient cooperation in wearing orthodontic headgear. Since successful orthodontic treatment depends upon patient cooperation, it would be useful to assess variables associated with cooperation so that the orthodontist might engender cooperation based on that understanding. Headgear wear was timed for twenty adolescent patients. The variables included overt measures, ratings of cooperation and malocclusion, various patient attitudes, and locus of control. Principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed four meaningful factors. Of greatest salience to encouraging headgear wear were sex differences and the interrelationship of malocclusion and patient attitudes. Patients who most needed to wear their headgear had a greater potential for troublesome attitudes. Girls were more cooperative in wearing headgear, which was related to their more general attitude of cooperation. Girls were motivated by dentofacial esthetics more than boys, who were more inclined to perceive the consequences of their actions as their personal responsibility. Orthodontists can promote headgear wear by taking sex differences into account, by sensitizing patients to their malocclusions, and by increasing their appreciation for treatment.


Orthodontic relapse in subjects with varying degrees of anteroposterior and vertical dysplasia. Fifty seemingly well-treated orthodontic cases were studied by means of pretreatment, posttreatment, and postretention dental casts, lateral cephalograms, and other orthodontic records. The sample was restricted to cases exhibiting anteroposterior and/or vertical dysplasia as revealed by pretreatment dental casts. The sample was divided into a stable group and a relapse group. Each group contained twenty-five cases. A double-blind design was used. The raw data were analyzed by the stepwise discriminant analysis and by the multivariate analysis of variance. On the basis of the results obtained from this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. In seemingly well-treated orthodontic cases, relapse or stability can neither be predicted nor judged from one set of records alone. 2. Relapse or stability of an orthodontic case can be predicted by comparing the posttreatment variables with the pretreatment variables. 3. Relapse or stability of an orthodontic case can be judged by comparing the postretention variables to the posttreatment variables. 4. The PP-GoGn angle and the mandibular intercanine width are the two most important variables associated with orthodontic relapse. 5. Changing the PP-GoGn angle, either by treatment or by growth, was associated with relapse. In other words, changes in the PP-GoGn angle tended to be unstable. This suggests that decreasing the PP-GoGn angle should be avoided. 6. In both the stable and the relapse groups, the mandibular intercanine width decreased postretention. This decrease was associated more with the relapse group than with the stable group. 7. The mandibular intercanine width tended to relapse toward its original pretreatment value. This suggests that, at the end of active treatment, the mandibular intercanine width should be maintained as originally presented. 8. There was no significant interaction between orthodontic relapse (or stability) and Angle Class I and II cases. 9. There was no significant interaction between relapse (or stability), of an orthodontic case, and the sex of the patient. 10. There was no significant interaction between orthodontic relapse (or stability) and whether or not extraction was included as a part of the mechanotherapy. Thus, the pretreatment deep overbite is not necessarily a contraindication to extraction.


Orthodontic attitudes toward national health insurance. Data were obtained by surveying North Carolina orthodontists by means of a mailed questionnaire. Their responses were coded to make possible analysis by computer and were compared to responses from a national sample of dentists in the 1975 Survey of Dentists. Both North Carolina orthodontists and dentists nationwide agreed that some form of dental care should be provided if a national health insurance system were established. Compared to the dentists surveyed nationwide, the orthodontists favored a wider range of coverages but advocated providing a narrower scope of dental services. They indicated more strongly their general belief that a government health program would lead to regulation outside the private sector. The orthodontists disagreed more strongly with the claim that government health programs could provide more people with high-quality dental care. Both groups anticipated that comprehensive dental care in a national health insurance system would result in fixed fees set by the government. Only 62 percent of the orthodontists polled were familiar with HMOs. Of this group, nearly 90 percent chose not to contract with these organizations.


Inspired oxygen and Cape Bristol ventilators. The Cape Bristol ventilator is a volume-preset machine which utilises oxygen from a flowmeter and air-entrainment attachment to provide a known inspired oxygen level. The level can be calculated from the oxygen flow rate and the patient's minute ventilation using a nomogram supplied by the manufacturers. Serious discrepancies between predicted and measured inspired oxygen levels delivered by these machines can occur and the advisability of using air entrainment devices in high oxygen dependent patients is questioned. Modification to the Cape Bristol ventilator to limit these errors are discussed and the more frequent use of oxygen monitors recommended.


The influence of preloading on stress relaxation of orthodontic elastic polymers. The main objective of the investigation was the determination of whether prestretching would decrease the rapid force loss of the elastic polymers. The results indicated that Alastik CK chains showed a significant decrease in force loss whereas the C2 chains were unaffected. Since overextending the chain to compensate for force loss during clinical placement could result in capillary bed ischemia, increasing the force loss of the CK chains must be done before application. To accomplish this the chains should be prestretched by the manufacturer or operator. An improvement in the material component or manufacturing process would provide a more lasting solution to a material for which orthodontists have found increasing use.


Analysis of panoramic cephalometrics using s skeletal cephalostat. A panoramic head positioning device, the S.C., was tested for magnification production of radiographs and for repositioning. Ten skeletal Class I dentulous skulls with uniform metal markers were examined. The purpose was to see if a skeletal analysis could be obtained from panoramic radiographs. Basal skeletal magnification varied anatomically both vertically and horizontally, but the magnification percentages and their ranges, for the most part, were calculable. The few exceptions were believed due to lack of proper alignment of the S.C. and the General Electric Panelipse. Proper alignment could also correct the right to left asymmetrical magnification differences. Means and standard errors from 290 skeletal measurements were calculated and could serve as standards for skeletal analysis using panoramic cephalometrics.


A comparative cephalometric study of Class II, Division 1 nonextraction and extraction cases. 1. Cephalometric tracings of thirty Class II, Division 1 cases without extraction and twenty-five Class II, Division 1 cases with extraction were evaluated and statistically compared by means of the overbite depth indicator (ODI) and the anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI). 2. The mean ODI in the nonextraction group, in particular, was significantly higher than that of the extraction group. 3. Three clinical examples were presented to demonstrate the values of ODI and APDI as adjuncts to cephalometric differential diagnosis. 4. With respect to the vertical component it may be concluded that the lower the ODI value from the normal mean a case presents, the greater the incidence of an extraction procedure as a compromise for the poor skeletal pattern. 5. With respect to the horizontal component the initial APDI reading indicates the severity of skeletal discrepancy. When the posttreatment APDI reading falls below the normal mean, a relapse is probable: the lower the figure a case possesses, the greater the chance of relapse. In such incidences an extraction procedure must be provided to ensure the stability of occlusion.


Resting tongue pressures.

Resting tongue pressures. A specially-designed force transducer was used to measure lateral resting-tongue pressure in 23 subjects. Seventeen subjects had normal occlusion and six had dental open-bite conditions. Three sensing tips with different contact areas were used to study the relationship between sensor area and measured force. The average force of the resting tongue was 0.8 g when measured with a 4.9 mm diameter sensor (pressure = 0.039 g/mm2). When the size of the sensor tip was increased, the force of the tongue increased in a nonlinear manner. Controlled incremental lingual constrictions of 6 mm resulted in an average increase in lingual force of 230 percent. The mean rate of change, measured in deflection gradient, was 0.34 g/mm. The mean stiffness of the lingual musculature was 2.30 g/mm. A correlation of r = --0.4 was found between resting-tongue pressure and mandibular intercanine width.


Facial deformity: a preventable disease? By training, the orthodontist is uniquely qualified to be the primary monitor of facial growth. He should assess the mode of respiration at approximately two years of age and confer with the pediatrician, allergist and otolaryngologist to institute appropriate medical management of any developing problems. He must educate his colleagues in medicine and dentistry to recognize those conditions that can produce facial deformity. The primary care physician should appreciate that obstruction of the nasal airway is an important dysfunction. Medical and surgical intervention and, above all, good preventive management must be instituted to promote patency of the nasal airway. Allergy is a disease of modern man. It is possible that better prenatal care, breastfeeding, the avoidance of common allergens, and appropriate surgical and medical management to reduce the incidence of respiratory obstruction in growing children will result in fewer cases of cleft lip and palate and other craniofacial anomalies.


Beneficial effects of hepatitis in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Of 50 consecutive patients admitted with acute myelogenous leukemia, 30 developed complete remissions on antileukemic therapy. Nineteen of the 30 repeatedly had elevated serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) concentrations 3 to 14 weeks after the start of therapy. Patients with SGOT elevations had a significantly greater chance of remission and a longer survival (76 +/- 11 weeks) than those with normal SGOT levels (39 +/- 5 weeks), suggesting that hepatitis may have a beneficial effect in acute myelogenous leukemia. The hepatitis was mild in all patients. Review of patients at this institution alive 2 years after the diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia showed that they repeatedly had elevated SGOT levels. We believe that most had non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis, which may have a beneficial effect on the leukemia or serve as an indicator of patients who have greater immunocompetence and thus a better prognosis.


Increased excretion of dimethyltryptamine and certain features of psychosis: a possible association. The excretion of the hallucinogen dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its precursor N-methyltryptamine (NMT) was studied among 74 recently admitted psychiatric patients and 19 normal persons. Both compounds were detected in 24-hour urine samples from all subjects. Dimethyltryptamine excretion was greatest in schizophrenia, mania, and "other psychosis" and tended to decline as clinical state improved. Psychotic depressives excreted smaller amounts of DMT more akin to those excreted by neurotic and normal subjects. Urinary NMT excretion was unrelated to psychiatric diagnosis. Ratings on the Present State Examination (PSE) also indicated that increased excretion of DMT was associated with psychotic rather than neurotic psychopathology. Forty-three percent of the variance in urinary DMT levels could be explained in terms of six of the 38 PSE syndromes. Syndromes suggesting elation, perceptual abnormalities, and difficulty in thinking and communicating were most correlated with raised urinary DMT excretion.


Radiolucent and radio-opaque images of the jaws. A discussion of the value of radiography as an aid in the field of oral diagnosis, based upon an accurate radiographic technique and a sound knowledge of normal anatomy and of pathology in the interpretation of the resulting radiographic image.


A survey of the elemental composition of alloy for dental amalgam. Analyses of 51 alloys (conventional, 41, and high-copper, 10) currently available in Australia were made. A rapid and precise procedure was developed that relied on wet-way methods for silver and tin while copper, zinc, mercury, indium and low-level constituents, such as lead, cadmium and antimony, were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The conventional alloys, with two minor exceptions, all complied with the compositional requirements of modern standards and little quantitative variations was noted when the range of the major component was compared with the values obtained in two surveys made over thirty years ago. The high-copper contained, among other factors, an average copper concentration about four times that of conventional alloys. Rather surprising were the contents of mercury, indium, and cadmium found in some of the alloys as well as the low-level concentration of lead, and in a few cases antimony. Other elements were not detected by the sensitive technique used. It is justifiable to recommend that the maximum zinc content to be permitted in zinc-free type alloys should not be greater than 0.01%, and this value was subsequently incorporated in the revised Australian standard 2110-1977: Alloy for Dental Amalgam.


Upper airway problems associated with facio-maxillary trauma. Traumatic intermaxillary fixation. Case report. An unusual case of facio-maxillary trauma is presented. Its management is outlined and discussed. The experience of the Royal Newcastle Hospital Dental Department with facial trauma as it effects airway patency is examined in order to find indications for tracheostomy in facio-maxillary trauma.


Preparation of uniform cylindrical amalgam test pieces. A simple die made from inexpensive materials for use in the preparation of uniform test pieces of amalgam is described.


Incisor caries in Western Australian children. In a comparison of caries of the incisor teeth of ten year old children living in a fluoridated area and those living in a non-fluoridated area, the prevalence of proximal lesions was found to be low (three teeth per 100 children) in the fluoridated area.


Dental health in Australian society. A first-year elective subject in the undergraduate curriculum. Because a percentage of undergraduate students in their clinical years were dissatisfied or undecided with their career choice, a first-year elective subject was introduced to increase their sociodental awareness at the earliest opportunity. The course content, student reaction over a four-year period, and a profile of the attitudes and aspirations of first-year students are described.


The inapplicability of formulae to determine vertical dimension. The accuracy and precision of certain external cephalometric measurements were investigated on a subject presenting optimal conditions, using ten operators. Due to difficulties in identifying landmarks and tissue compressibility, the standard deviation of a measurement for ten replications ranged from 0 . 3 to 1 . 7 mm, while the "between operators" standard deviation was no better than 2 . 0 mm. Measurement accuracy was also poor: that of primary interest, subnasale-gnathion, had a bias of the order of 7 mm, judged by a radiographic determination. A minimum denture success rate of 97% is equated with a standard deviation of 1 mm in the design freeway space. A recently published regression equation for predicting occlusal vertical dimension has a minimum error of prediction of 5 . 8 mm and thus is considered an inadequate predictive tool. The errors demonstrated in facial measurements suggest that using formulae to predict occlusal vertical dimension is unlikely to produce clinically acceptable results.


Inhibition of Friend erythroleukaemia-cell tumours in vivo by a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2. The effect of 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2-methyl ester (di-M-PGE2), a long-acting synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, on the replication of Friend erythroleukaemia cells (FLC) in vivo has been studied. Pre-treatment in vitro of both undifferentiated and differentiated FLC with di-M-PGE2 (1 microgram/ml) did not alter rates of tumour appearance or growth, but increased the median survival of DBA/2J mice. Systemic administration of di-M-PGE2 (10 microgram/mouse/day) was not toxic to the mice, but significantly inhibited tumour growth and increased median survival in mice injected s.c. with undifferentiated FLC. These effects of di-M-PGE2 were much more pronounced in mice receiving differentiated (DMSO-treated) FLC. In this latter group, the appearance of tumour was also significantly delayed by di-M-PGE2. The different effects of di-M-PGE2 treatment on tumours derived from undifferentiated and differentiated cells suggest that the analogue is acting directly on tumour-cell replication rather than on factors related to the host response.


Tn polyagglutination preceding acute leukemia. Tn polyagglutination (persistent mixed-field polyagglutination) was detected in the blood of a 66-yr-old male laborer at the time of a splenectomy for life-threatening thrombocytopenia. Confirmation that the polyagglutination was caused by Tn activation was established by the use of lectins, by failure of the patient's red cells to react with sera from other patients with Tn polyagglutination, by weak aggregation with polybrene, by low red cell sialic acid levels, and by the persistence of polyagglutination over several years of testing. Two years after the discovery of the Tn polyagglutination, the patient developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Vigorous chemotherapy regimens resulted in clinical remission of the leukemia and the Tn polyagglutination. This report describes the first known case of Tn polyagglutination preceding the development of acute myelogenous leukemia.


Shifts in expression of cell membrane phenotypes in childhood lymphoid malignancies at relapse. To determine if cell membrane phenotypes change under the selective pressures of therapy we have conducted a prospective study of 54 children with lymphoid malignancies of T-like, B-like, common, and null cell types. Membrane phenotypes were determined at diagnosis in all patients and again 1-24 mo later in 18 children who either failed induction therapy or had one or more relapses. In 7 patients the cells tested were from relapse sites different than those of the original diagnoses. The data indicate that at relapse most children with lymphoid neoplasias had the same cell membrane phenotype as established at diagnosis, and suggest that the site of relapse did not affect the expression of cell surface markers. However, there were three exceptions: (1) a child initially diagnosed as having null cell acute lymphocytic leukemia had 90% T-antigen-positive blasts in her second-relapse bone marrow; (2) only membrane IgM was present on relapse blasts from a B-cell lymphoma that had both membrane IgM and IgD before initiation of treatment; (3) at diagnosis, bone marrow blasts from a child with T-like leukemia expressed both T antigen and E receptors, but at relapse, bone marrow and pleural fluid cells expressed only T antigens. We postulate that these phenotype shifts may be due to selective effects of therapy on cells at different stages of differentiattion.


Self-renewal in culture of proliferative blast progenitor cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia. We have proposed that colonies of cells with blastlike morphology growing in culture are derived from a blast subpopulation with high proliferative potential. To test whether or not these blast progenitors have the capacity for self-renewal, blast colonies grown from the peripheral blood of the 21 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia were replated; secondary colonies were observed in 17 instances, and these were similar  to primary colonies in size, morphology, and culture requirements. Great patient-to-patient variation was observed in the frequency of secondary colonies, but low secondary plating efficiency was significantly correlated with successful remission induction. We conclude that the blast progenitors detected in the assay have at least limited self-renewal capacity and that this capacity may, along with other risk factors, contribute to clinical outcome.


[Normal and modified nucleobases excreted in urine of patients with chronic nyeloproliferative disorders (author's transl)]. The qualitative and quantitative analysis by high performance liquid chromatography of the normal and modiefied nucleobases excreted in urine represents a new and versatile tool, especially in oncology. The excretion of 2 normal (adenine, guanine) and 4 modified nucleobases (methylated guanine derivatives) in urine was measured by cation exchange LC. All chronic myeloproliferative syndromes showed highly elevated total excretion values of all determined nucleobases, the "pattern" being characteristic with N2, N2-dimethylguanine most prominent (up to 29.8 S.D. above the pertinent normal value). A follow-up study of a case of CML with two episodes of extreme leukocytosis showed a correlation of the nucleobases excretion with the number of leukocytes. Thus, a method has been established which permits the assessment of myeloproliferation and probably therapy effects.


Cryopreserved peripheral blood cells functioning as autografts in patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia in transformation. Six patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) in transformation were treated with cytotoxic drugs or cytotoxic drugs plus total body irradiation, followed by infusion of reconstituted autologous peripheral blood cells that had been collected from them at diagnosis and stored in liquid nitrogen for up to 58 months. In four cases the blood and bone-marrow appearances were rapidly restored to those of typical chronic-phase disease. In three of these patients transformation recurred at 74, 32, and 26 weeks respectively. One patient was still in second chronic phase at eight weeks. One of the patients who entered a second transformation was restored to a third chronic phase by further treatment with cytotoxic drugs and a second autograft. Cryopreserved autologous blood cells may thus restore some patients with CGL in transformation to chronic-phase disease and so may help to prolong life.


Systolic time interval as index of schedule--dependent doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia. The ratio of the pre-ejection period to the left ventricular ejection time (PEP:LVET) was measured in two groups of patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) receiving the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin (DXR). Patients receiving high doses of DXR per course (about 90 mg/m2) showed a significant increase in the PEP:LVET ratio irrespective of the total cumulative dose. At a lower dose per course (less than 50mg/m2) only patients who had a total cumulative dose of over 450 mg/m2 showed significant increases in ratio. ECG changes were seen in both groups of patients but did not correlate significantly with the dosage. These findings, which suggest that DXR cardiotoxicity is schedule dependent, are important in the design of schedules of DXR for treating cancer and in interpreting the changes in systolic time intervals (STIs) observed with different schedules. Measurement of the STI is a simple and convenient method of assessing DXR cardiotoxicity. While a total DXR dose of 550 mg/m2 should not normally be exceeded, by carefully monitoring the STI the recommended total dose may be exceeded safely in selected patients.


Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia developing in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in remission for over five years and with no systemic chemotherapy for over two years developed a peripheral blood and bone marrow granulocytosis. While in remission from the ALL, cytogenetic studies revealed a normal karyotype. With the development of peripheral and marrow granulocytosis, repeat cytogenetic preparations demonstrated the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome. The long interval between the onset of ALL and GML, as well as the normal karyotype during remission from the ALL, causes us to favor the hypothesis that two separate diseases are present.


Polycythemia vera in a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia. A 10-year-old boy, who had been in an uninterrupted remission of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) for six years, developed polycythemia vera (PV). One and a half months after detection of PV, he was found to have active leukemia. Both the polycythemia and leukemia receded with anti-leukemia therapy. Three possible explanations for the development of PV in a child with ALL are discussed: 1) PV was a part of his original ALL and recurred whtn patient relapsed. The PV phase was detected only during relapse because the patient was under close observation. 2) PV was a second neoplasm independent of ALL. 3) PV was part of a second leukemia which was different from the original leukemia; this new ALL was derived from a pluripotential cell line involving both erythroid and lymphoid elements. A precedent for this explanation has been observed in chronic myelogenous leukemia.


Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria terminating as erythroleukemia. A case of a patient who developed erythroleukemia 3 years into the course of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is presented. A case of erythroleukemia with a positive sucrose lysis test has been reported, but our case appears to be the first with a long clinical course of PNH evolving into erythroleukemia. The association between these two diseases, their possible clonal origin, and how they fit into the myelodysplastic syndromes are discussed.


Psychological aspects of anorexia: areas for study. Anorexia and weight loss are frequently the first manifestations of cancer. Although psychological reasons are frequently included as a partial explanation for loss of appetite and weight in the cancer patient, there have been no systematic studies which establish the nature of this relationship. It is proposed that anorexia and cachexia are at times somatic consequences of the cancer patient's beliefs and attitudes about their disease and its treatments. The inability to overcome a sense of hopelessness leads to an adaptive biological reaction called conservation-withdrawal. The effects of the reaction of disengagement and inactivity in relation to the external world which includes external nutriment may be constructive or destructive depending on when it is experienced and the length of time the reaction continues. How this reaction is initiated and mediated biologically and how it may be related to and can be reversed by a shift in motivation are questions of great importance.


Detection of sequences in human leukemic cell DNA homologous with moloney mouse leukemia viral RNA. DNA complementary to Moloney murine leukemia viral RNA was annealed with DNA isolated from peripheral leukocytes of twelve patients with leukemia. Six to 10% of the complementary DNA annealed to the DNA of one patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. The level of annealing of the complementary DNA to the other leukemic DNA's did not differ significantly from that to normal human spleen DNA. This result is consistent with reports of occasional positive results from other laboratories, but the significance, especially in reference to a causal role for RNA tumor viruses in human leukemia, remains unclear.


Circulating colony-forming cells in different stages of chronic myelocytic leukemia. The incidence of circulating granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFU-c) was determined in 60 patients in different stages of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Like others, we found uniformly increased circulating CFU-c during the uncontrolled chronic stage, decreasing to values indistinguishable from those of healthy controls during remission. Unlike some investigators who described grossly deficient colony formation during the blastic stage of CML, we found normal to greatly increased colony formation in the accelerated-resistant and blastic stages. The fact that laboratories using somewhat different culture techniques obtain similar results with specimens from the chronic stage of CML but divergent results with specimens from terminal stage disease suggests that CFU-c from blastic disease have more fastidious growth requirements than do those from chronic stage disease or from normal subjects. In contrast to the correlation between CFU-c and disease status in the chronic stage of CML, CFU-c incidence in the accelerated-resistant and blastic stages of the disease did not correlate with white blood cell count, percentage of immature cells, clinical status, or survival. There was no correlation between the percentage of myeloblasts and promyelocytes in circulating blood and the incidence of CFU-c in any stage of CML, which suggests that no direct relationship exists between clonogenic units and the number of identifiable proliferating cells.


Acute leukemia as a complication of long-term treatment of advanced breast cancer. Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia occurred in four women after long-term therapy for advanced breast cancer. The patients had inoperable/metastatic breast cancer that had been well-controlled with chemotherapy for many years (7 years and 4 months, 7 years and 1 month, 6 years and 3 months, and 4 years and 7 months, respectively). Two of the patients had also received extensive radiotherapy. The chemotherapeutic agent that all four patients had received in common was cyclophosphamide.


Study on incorporation of homologous serum albumin into the developing rabbit incisor. The incorporation pattern of the rabbit albumin labelled with Lissamine Rhodamine B200 or 125I into the rabbit dentine and the enamel matrices was studied by fluorescence microscopy and/or autoradiography. The fluorescence of the fluorochrome-labelled albumin was observed in the dentine at 6 hours and 3 days. Autoradiographic silver grains were observed over the predentine at 1 hour after the injection. They were found over the dentine matrix adjacent to the predentine-dentine junction at 6 hours. The silver grain band was concentrated over the internal dentine matrix at 3 days. However, an appreciable amount of the fluorescence could not be seen in the enamel at any time after the injection. Also, no significant differences in the number of autoradiographic silver grains were found over the enamel matrix between the experimental groups and the background at any time after the injection. These results suggested that albumin was incorporated into the developing dentine matrix but not into the developing enamel matrix.


Studies on medically important flies in Thailand. VI. Reports on 48 species of sarcophagid flies, including the taxonomic keys (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Flies from different geographical parts of Thailand were collected to study their medical importance as well as to make a zoogeographical study. After examination, 48 species of 19 genera, Kanomyia, Hosarcophaga, Blaesoxipha, Bercaea, Boettcherisca, Fengia, Lioproctia, Parasarcophaga, Phallosphaera, Rosellea, Sarcorohdendorfia, Sarcosolomonia, Sinonipponia, Pierretia, Thyrsocnema, Phytosarcophaga, Harpagophalla, Seniorwhitea, and Leucomyia belonging to Sarcophagidae were identified and those are reported in this paper. This study is based on the specimens available in the authors' collection.


Biological activity of secretory IgA--comparison of agglutinating specificity with SIgA and Ca++-dependent agglutinin--. Ca++-dependent bacterial agglutinin was isolated from the human parotid saliva by gel filtration of Sepharose 2B. The agglutinin appeared in the void volume fractions. Treatment of this agglutinin with EDTA resulted in the loss of its ability to agglutinate the bacteria. Standardized solutions of the agglutinin were tested for the agglutinating activity against 18 strains of oral indigenous bacteria. It was found that the agglutinin exhibited varying degrees of activity to all the test strains and the activity was generally higher than that of secretory IgA. It was also found that the receptor sites of the Ca++-dependent agglutinin for Str. sanguis and Str. mitis were identical whereas SIgA contained a number of available binding sites, for different bacterial species.


Growth behaviour of condylar cartilage and epiphyseal cartilage on the different medium of the organ culture. In order to compare histological differences between the condylar and epiphyseal cartilages, an organ culture system was employed. Materials from 36 neonatal rabbits were cultured for 7 days on three different, chemically defined media (Ham F12, Medium 199, and Eagle's minimum essential medium) with the addition of various concentrations of ascorbic acid, fetal calf serum and NaHCO3. The epiphyseal cartilage was maintained in situ histological and biochemical features better than the condylar cartilage on any of the medium used. The maximum sensitivity to Toluidine Blue staining of the cultured condylar cartilage was observed on Ham F12. For both the condylar and epiphyseal cartilages, Ham F12 with the addition of 50 microgram/ml ascorbic acid and higher concentration of NaHCO3 was more effective on the maintenance of cell organization. However, effect of the addition of fetal calf serum to the medium was quite different between the condylar and epiphyseal cartilages, that is, the former showed better histological features without the addition, but the latter showed features similar to that in situ with 20% addition of fetal calf serum.


Effects of diazepam (cercine) on the somatosensory evoked responses following tooth pulp stimulation in rat. Effect of diazepam on the somatosensory evoked responses (SER) following tooth pulp stimulation was investigated in Wistar albino rats. The SERs were recorded from the contralateral surface of the skull with a silver ball electrode and 200 responses were averaged with a medical computer. Generally, SERs were found to be composed of a sequence of four components named P1 (first positive wave), N1 (first negative wave), P2 (second positive wave), and N2 (second negative wave) in a 100 msec analysis time. Diazepam enhanced only the amplitude of the P1 component to about 500% of the control, while it suppressed other N1, P2, and N2 components to about 30, 40, and 20% of the control, respectively. The maximum suppressed effect appeared about 30 min after the diazepam injection and the effect was maintained for about 150 min. One possible explanation for the present result is that the activities of the synapses mostly in cortical layter IV evoked by tooth pulp stimulation may be enhanced but the activities of the cortical cells may be suppressed by diazepam injection.


Cerebral vascular changes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cerebral vascular lesions of 26 cases in systemic lupus erythematosus during a period from 1963 to 1978 were examined histologically and the following conclusions were made: 1. The prominent vascular changes of the brain were thrombosis, fibrinoid degeneration, endothelial swelling and proliferation, arteriolosclerosis, and perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells. 2. From clinico-pathological viewpoints, thrombosis seemed to play an important role in the development of neurological signs. In five cases, characteristic granular or homogeneous thrombi were observed in the small blood vessels including venule. Infarct without proved vascular obstruction but probably due to thrombosis was seen in four cases. The true character of the granular thrombi was not determined, either electronmicroscopically or immunohistochemically. These suggested the presence of a tendency for in situ formation of thrombus. 3. Fibrinoid degeneration seen in four cases mainly affected arterile of less than 50 micrometer in diameter in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and brain stem. This change of arteriole did not play a significant role in neurological signs. 4. Endothelial swelling and proliferation of the small blood vessels were prominent in the cases with thrombosis and fibrinoid degeneration. 5. Perivascular infiltration of the inflammatory cells was observed in about one-half of the cases but its significance was not clear.


Possible role of glucocorticoid receptors in globin gene expression in differentiating Friend cells. Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that the expression of globin genes during the dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation of T3C12 Friend erythroleukemia cells in inhibited by dexamethasone and related glucocorticoids. The present report shows that dexamethasone exerts a similar effect on the accumulation of globin mRNA and hemoglobin in differentiating GM86 Friend cells, but that these cells are less sensitive to this hormone. The higher sensitivity of T3C12 cells has been correlated with the presence of 6 times as many cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors as in the GM86 cells. The receptors of T3C12 cells have been shown to have properties in common with glucocorticoid receptors found in other tissues. It is proposed that these receptors may be responsible for the steroid control of the globin genes in Friend cells.


Inhibition of functional and morphological differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells by tumor promoters. Addition of a potent tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), to mouse myeloid leukemia line cells (Ml) in suspension cultures inhibited both functional and morphological differentiation of the cells induced by dexamethasone or protein inducer. A positive correlation was found between the tumor-promoting activities of several plant diterpenes and their inhibition of cell differentiation. The inhibition of cell differentiation by TPA was reversible and was unrelated to its cytotoxic action.


Overshoot phenomenon of phytohemagglutinin response after chemotherapy and its relationship to remission in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. To define the relationship between cell-mediated immunity and responses to chemotherapy or prognosis, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, E- and active E-rosette tests, and mitogenic responses of lymphocytes were examined in 15 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Its results indicated that cell-mediated immunity before remission induction chemotherapy did not correlate with the outcome of treatment. In contrast, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and mitogenic response tested after remission induction correlated with therepeutic effect. Further a "rebound" or overshoot of phytohemagglutinin responsiveness was observed in patients achieving remission. Serial studies on cell-mediated immunity may be useful for predicting therapuetic efficacy and prognosis in patients with acute leukemia.


Thiamin deprivation in ventromedial hypothalamic hyperphagic rats: anorexia, specificity of food aversion, and a dietary consideration. The anorexic consequence of thiamin deprivation was investigated in ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) hyperphagic rats under either high-fat or low-fat thiamin-free diet conditions. The low-fat diet maintained feeding significantly longer in thiamin-deprived VMH rats than in intact rats, whereas the hig-fat diet sustained feeding in thiamin-deficient intact rats and accelerated anorexia onset in vitamin B1 deprived VMH rats. This effect was noted under both ad lib and pair-feeding conditions. Thiamin-deprived VMH rats subjected to weight control developed anorexia sooner than intact subjects regardless of the diet employed. The VMH rats fed a high-fat diet failed to resume feeding after thiamin readministration, which was interpreted as a permanent aversion to this diet. The relation between dietary intake and conditioned taste aversion is discussed with reference to the VMH and intact rat.


The quantitative measurement of the opacity of aesthetic dental filling materials. A method is described for measuring the opacity of anesthetic dental filling materials using a goniophotometer. Procedures are given for converting measured opacity values to those referred to a 70% reflectance background (C0.7 values) as required by existing specifications. The conversion is involved, and, since most available white surfaces have reflectance of about 80%, it is recommended that in future specifications opacity be recorded as C0.8 values. Opacity values for 28 materials are reported. It was found that the opacity of dental cement decreases for several days following preparation and that powder/liquid ratio has little effect, while pigmentation has a marked effect on opacity.


Glass ionomer cement formulations: I. The preparation of novel fluoroaluminosilicate glasses high in fluorine. The preparation of a large number of novel fluorine-containing aluminosilicate glasses is reported along with the properties of cements formed by their reaction to aqueous solutions of poly- (acrylic acid) (PAA).


The concentrations of free fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids in submandibular salivary glands of rats in essential fatty acid deficiency. EFA deficiency was created in young weanling rats by feeding for 16 weeks purified diets containing 0% fat or 7% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). Control rats were fed similar diets which contained 7% corn oil or 5% HCO + 2% corn oil. Submandibular salivary gland (SMSG) lipids were extracted and analyzed for the concentration of the free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), total lipid P and the proportions of various phospholipids. In EFA-deficient SMSG, the concentrations of FFA and TG fractions were lower compared to those of the controls. Total lipid P was either unaffected or slightly increased; the proportion of phospholipids was not changed. Possible reasons for these changes in SMSG lipids are discussed.


Polyamine metabolism in isoproterenol-stimulated mouse salivary glands. Isoproterenol (0.3 micronmole/gm body weight) was injected intraperitoneally every 24 h for three days. The synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, the concentration of putrescine, spermidine and spermine and the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase were measured in parotid and submandibular glands at 4 to 8 h after each injection. The parotid glands responded with peaks of DNA synthesis at 24 and 72 h and peaks of putrescine content and decarboxylase activities 8 to 12 h after each injection. Spermidine increased steadily in the parotid, whereas there was little change in the spermine concentration throughout the 72 h. Polyamine metabolism showed much less response in the submandibular gland, and little or no increase in spermidine or spermine levels or in DNA synthesis was observed.


Studies of prophylaxis pastes containing sodium-potassium aluminum silicate and fluoride. A sodium-potassium aluminum silicate cleaning and polishing agent was compared with conventional prophylaxis abrasives and was found to be highly compatible with fluoride. When formulated into a fluoride prophylaxis paste, especially with stannous fluoride, a larger reduction in enamel solubility and greater fluoride uptake were obtained with representative commercial prophylaxis pastes.


Behaviorally based measures for assessing the non-clinical performance of expanded function dental auxiliaries in team settings. Retranslation of expectations technique was used to develop behaviorally-anchored scales for evaluating the performance effectiveness of expanded function dental auxiliaries (EFDAs) working in extended dental health teams. The resulting instrument focuses on the evaluator's judgment of specific acts in eight dimensions of performance.


Extrusion of rheometry of fluid materials. A capillary extrusion rheometer was developed and tested using Newtonian oils of known viscosity and seven endodontic sealers. The described apparatus and technique appear appropriate for comparative assessment of the rheological characteristics of a variety of fluid dental materials.


Measurement of bending deformation for small diameter orthodontic wires. The stiffness tester and torque meter were found to yield nearly the same measurements of bending deformation for orthodontic wires as small as .007 inch diameter, provided the different bending apparatus are calibrated to each other. Although frictional losses in the test apparatus did not appear to be significant, the test span length does significantly affect measured values of Young's modulus and flexural yield strength, in a manner similar to that previously found for larger-diameter wires.


IgG subclasses in human periodontal disease: III. Serum concentrations of IgG subclass immunoglobulins and circulating immune complexes. No quantitative changes in serum IgG subclass concentrations could be correlated clinically with periodontal disease, despite evidence of restrictive IgG sublcass antibody responses in inflamed gingiva. Serum from periodontal patients also lacked circulating immune complexes.


Alkaline phosphatase activity in a strain of Bacterionema matruchotii. Protein from the soluble fraction of Bacterium matruchotii cells propagated in a medium containing no added inorganic phosphate was fractionated by gel permeation chromatography. The bulk of phosphatase activity assayed at pH 8.0 was found in fractions equivalent to a molecular weight of 6 x 10(5) daltons. Substrate saturation kinetics indicate at Km of 0.75 mM for p-nitrophenylphosphate. Activity was stimulated more than two-fold by Zn++ at 1 mM, but was significantly reduced by EDTA, Ca++ and inorganic phosphate. The enzyme(s) shows negligible activity at pH below 6.0 and has a narrow optimum between 7.5 and 8.5.


Formation of Bacterionema matruchotii protoplast. Protoplast formation with Bacterionema matruchotii was studied turbidimetrically and microscopically. The protoplasts were inducible during culture by addition of glycine, lysozyme and Ficoll to a medium containing Tween-80 and polyethylene glycol.


Antibacterial susceptibility of plaque bacteria. Selected anaerobic, capnophilic and facultative bacteria isolated from patients with various forms of periodontal health and disease were tested for their susceptibility to antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. Specific bactericidal and minimum inhibitory concentrations were compared to disc zone diameters, thereby generating new standards for the potential selection of antimicrobial agents.


Palate morphology and fetal movements in mice after DPH. Effects of DPH on fetal development were studied using a dose which produced 65% cleft palate in the CD-1 strain. Generalized developmental retardation and diminution of fetal muscular movements occurred at the early fetal stage. Intermediate stages of palate closure persisted to term, indicating interference with palatine shelf rotation.


Responsibility quotient: a method for the quantification of actual teaching loads. Dental school administrators must make judgements concerning the relative teaching load of each department as they attempt to distribute scarce institutional resources in an equitable manner across departmental lines. A formula is offered that allows for quantification and direct comparison of relative teaching loads of faculty.


Teaching clinical problem solving in preclinical occlusion courses. The teaching of the basic principles and concepts of occlusion can be enhanced. Preclinical occlusion courses are made relevant to the clinical experience by introducing clinically related problem-solving exercises. These exercises develop a student's clinical problem-solving skill and create an excitement for active learning in the preclinical laboratory. Examples of these exercises are presented.


Bacterial polysaccharide synthesis: an experiment for the dental biochemistry laboratory. A simple experiment is described for demonstrating the formation of a high molecular-weight polysaccharide from sucrose by a bacterial enzyme. The polysaccharide confers high viscosity on solutions. Dental students are encouraged to consider this as a component of the system leading to the formation of dental plaque and the initiation of carious lesions.


[Oxygen contents and casting porosities in Ag alloys (author's transl)]. Although pure Ag has a large casting porosity near the sprue attachment, Ag-Zn and Ag-Cu alloys have small or no porosities. The casting porosities of Ag-Au alloys are similar to that of pure Ag. These experimental results were discussed using the calculated oxygen contents in molten state and the measured oxygen contents of castings, and related to the capacity for deoxidization of additive elements. In the present study the casting porosities in pure Ag and Ag-Au alloys are considered to be not shrinkage porosities, but porosities due to discharged oxygen gas. In spite of high oxygen contents of molten state and castings, the casting porosity was not observed in pure Cu. This may be due to the fact that the occluded oxygen atoms exist as copper oxide (Cu2O) in solid Cu.


[Studies on the cytotoxic action of new restorative resins (in vitro) (author's transl)]. Biocompatibility of restorative resins, i.e., Isopast, Clearfil bond system F, Compodent II and Adaptic, was investigated by using cell nuclei counting and agar diffusion method of L cells. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Isopast showed moderate cytotoxicity immediately after mixing, followed by marked decrease of cytotoxicity during setting process. Cytotoxicity as a whole was the least as compared to the other tested. 2) Clearfil restorative resin showed severe cytotoxicity immediately after mixing. Decrease of cytotoxicity similar to Compodent II was found. However, it was found that set material had mild cytotoxicity even after three exchanges of the extract. 3) Bonding agent and catalyst of Clearfil bond system F showed severe cytotoxicity. 4) Change of cytotoxicity of Compodent II and Adaptic was reconfirmed.


[Study of gold-nickel alloy. (Part 1) The properties of gold-nickel binary alloys (author's transl)]. To research the possibility of a new dental Au base alloy, Au-Ni alloys were examined. Comospitions were 82.5% Au-17.5% Ni alloy, 77% Au-23% Ni alloy and 70% Au-30% Ni alloy. Mechanical properties of these alloys were equal to those of hardened Au added Pt alloy or type IV Au alloy. And these alloys have shown no tarnish and corrosion in 0.1% NaS solution, 0.05% HC1 solution or 1% Lactic acid solution after 21 days. Especially 77% Au-23% Ni alloy was the best among them.


[Physical properties of resins for veneer crown. (Part 1) Bending strength of thermosetting methacrylic resins (author's transl)]. The physical properties of thermosetting methacrylic resins contain a kind or more than two kinds of cross linking agents were investigated. Knoop hardness and bending strength after drying, water sorption and thermal cycling were listed in table 4 and 5. Hydrophilic resins absorbed water about 3 times as much as hydrophobic resins. The materials contain a small amount of hydrophobic cross linking agents in MMA indicate comparatively excellent properties after drying, water sorption and thermal cycling. Knoop hardness of resins generally reduced by water sorption, especially in the case of the resin contains a large amount of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate.


Anti-Friend virus antibody is associated with recovery from viremia and loss of viral leukemia cell-surface antigens in leukemic mice. Identification of Rfv-3 as a gene locus influencing antibody production. A single genetic locus, Rfv-3, influenced Friend virus (FV) viremia, loss of FV-induced cell-surface antigens from leukemia cells, and generation of anti-FV antibodies. 30--90 d after FV infection leukemic spleen cells from (B10.A X A)F1 and (B10.A X A.BY)F1 mice (Rfv-3r/s) were found to have low FV-induced cell-surface antigen expression compared to leukemic spleen cells from A and A.BY mice (Rfv-3s/s). In addition, these F1 mice recovered from viremia and generated cytotoxic anti-FV antibodies. A and A.BY mice did not recover from viremia and failed to generate anti-FV antibodies. Anti-FV leukemia cell antibody appeared to mediate FV-antigen loss because decrease of FV cell-surface antigens occurred at the same time as anti-FV antibody appeared in the plasma of F1 mice, and passive transfer of anti-FV antisera induced modulation of FV cell-surface antigens. Rfv-3 did not influence an intrinsic ability of FV antigens to be modulated from Rfv-3s/s leukemia cells because FV antigen loss from Rfv-3s/s spleen cells occurred after transfer of cells to an immune environment.


Local reaction to gingival injections of MER/BCG in guinea pigs. The local reaction to gingival injections of methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER/BCG) was investigated in guinea pigs to help determine the potential of this agent in treating oral carcinoma. The drug was used in a standard and diluted form. Both concentrations were well tolerated and caused no ulceration or necrosis. Histological examinations performed at predetermined intervals showed an inflammatory response to the standard and the diluted solution. This reaction was more pronounced when the higher concentration was used. No changes in the alveolar bone were found in either of the groups. Complete healing with scar formation was evident four to six weeks later. The absence of severe reactions after injections of MER should encourage further investigations of this agent in the local treatment of neoplastic processes in the oral cavity.


Postinjection infection-two unusual cases. Two unusual forms of infection after local anesthesia have been presented. The first, a case of cellulitis, was thought initially to be a hypersensitivity reaction. The second, a case of impetigo, might prove difficult to diagnose because of its relative rarity.


Treatment of osteoradionecrosis by transoral hemimandibulectomy: report of case. A case of progressive osteoradionecrosis after cobalt-60 radiation has been presented. A rational, but aggressive, treatment has been described. The morbidity of the procedure is minimal when proper instrumentation is available. The postoperative results are esthetically pleasing because, with radiation, there is so much fibrosis that facial contour is satisfactory even after a hemimandibulectomy.


Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis accompanying lesions on fingers: report of case. A case is presented of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis with herpes simplex virus infection involving the right thumb and little finger of an 18-year-old white man. The lesions all started at the same time. The disease was allowed to run its course except for symptomatic treatment. The diagnosis was made both from clinical signs and laboratory isolation of the virus.


Repair of oronasal fistula with mucoperiosteal island flap: report of case. This is a report of a little-known technique of closing an oral nasal fistula and an unusual case of anosmia which resolved after the palatal closure.


Hemarthrosis of the temporomandibular joint in a patient with hemophilia B: report of case. A case of hemophilia B with hemarthrosis in the TMJ, which led to pain and limitation of jaw movement, was successfully controlled by transfusion of Konyne.


False aneurysm of the cheek: report of two cases. Two cases of false aneurysm that occurred in the cheek are described. The clinical and histological findings indicated the lesions were due to hemorrhage caused by blunt and iatrogenic trauma. In addition, a continuous supply of blood into the cystic spaces through small veins or dilated capillaries in the wall was possibly a contributing factor to their pathogenesis. The lesions were successfully treated by surgical excision.


Congenital monostotic fibrous dysplasia--a new possibly autosomal recessive disorder. Two siblings, a 3-month-old white male infant and a 12-day-old female infant, had an anterior mandibular bony lesion that, in both cases, had been present at birth. After evaluation of clinical, physical, radiographic, laboratory, and histologic findings, a diagnosis of congenital monostotic fibrous dysplasia was made. Thorough review of the literature on fibrous dysplasia yielded no similar cases. The two cases presented appear to be the first reported examples of congenital monostotic fibrous dysplasia in siblings. The parents said there was no consanguinity. The possibility of a new autosomal-recessive disorder is likely.


Respiratory effects of fentanyl, diazepam, and methohexital sedation. The respiratory depressant effects of fentanyl, diazepam, and methohexital were studied in 18 patients who were breathing room air. Two patients had 70% oxygen supplementation administered by a nasal inhaler. Varying degrees of hypoxia occurred when the narcotic was given but hypoxia was not seen in patients who received diazepam alone. The hypoxic changes may be attributed to various physiological responses and can probably be prevented with administration of adequate oxygen.


Human bites of the face.

Human bites of the face. A series of 25 cases of human bites of the facial region has been presented. Treatment procedure has been outlined for use in both infected and noninfected cases. Three case histories have been outlined.


Treatment of the fractured edentulous mandible. Fifty-three cases of fractures of edentulous mandibles were reviewed and analyzed. Thirty-three cases were sufficiently documented to assess the entire treatment course. Two nonunions were identified. Major factors contributing to the difficulty of repair of fractures include the location of the fracture, the height of the horizontal ramus, and the patient's systemic condition. Closed reduction of fractures of atrophic mandibular bodies is advocated. Although anatomical alignment may not be achieved by this approach, it may preclude nonunion and a prolonged clinical course.


Gingival involvement in mycosis fungoides: report of case. A case of mycosis fungoides of the gingiva is reported. Mycosis fungoides is a lymphoproliferative disease that primarily affects the skin. Systemic dissemination is a distinct aspect of the natural course of mycosis fungoides and usually involves the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. The diagnosis of mycosis fungoides depends on the presence of a variety of atypical cells, including small and large variants of the mycosis cell with an infiltrate of polymorphous inflammatory cells in both the dermis and epidermis. Various modes of treatment have been used. In the current case, remission was achieved with radiation therapy.


Necrotizing sialometaplasia: review of the literature and report of nonulcerative case. A review of the literature and a report of a case of necrotizing sialometaplasia of the hard palate is presented. Because necrotizing sialometaplasia may be misdiagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma or mucoepidermoid carcinoma, it is important that the clinician and pathologist take the necessary precautions to prevent any further mutilative surgery for this benign disease entity.


Intraosseous liposarcoma of the maxilla and mandible: report of two cases. Two cases of liposarcoma of the jaws were reported. These appear to be the first cases of their kind in the literature. Pathological and clinical features were discussed. Early diagnosis and radical treatment after accurate histological typing were stressed.


Delayed rupture of the spleen in a patient with mandibular fracture. A case of blunt abdominal trauma with subsequent damage to and rupture of the spleen is presented. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and sequelae and complications of injury are discussed. This case report demonstrates the insidious nature of trauma to the spleen and the ultimate dangers of delayed rupture. Treatment and disposition of the case are discussed and recommendations for physical examination of the patient who has suffered trauma to the abdomen are outlined.


Diagnosis and treatment of pansinusitis: report of case. A case of acute pansinusitis with the complication of orbital cellulitis has been described. The patient initially had pain around the maxillary right first molar. Accurate diagnosis allowed for prompt, vigorous treatment, culminating in surgical intervention. The need for dental and oral surgical practitioners to be thoroughly familiar with all of the manifestations of paranasal sinus disease cannot be overemphasized.


Multiple melanomas in the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum. Multiple melanophoromas in the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum were characterized by cell anaplasia and polymorphism. Pigment spots may be the first stage of tumor development.


Philadelphia chromosome in human multiple myeloma. Four patients with multiple myeloma in whom a Ph1 chromosome was found were described; 1 patient had a (9;22) translocation, 2 had no evidence of a translocation, and 1 had a complex translocation (3;8;22). Ph1 chromosomes with standard (9;22) or with unusual translocations were recently found in various myeloproliferative disorders (other than chronic myelogenous leukemia) and in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These findings point to the genesis of a Ph1 chromosome in diseases other than chronic myelogenous leukemia and other myeloproliferative disorders.


Histopathology of neoplastic and nonneoplastic hepatic lesions in mice fed diets containing tetrachlorvinphos. Tetrachlorvinphos was fed at 8,000 or 16,000 ppm in diets to male and female (C57BL/6N X C3H/HeN)F1 mice for 80 weeks. Surviving mice were killed at 92 weeks, and all mice were completely necropsied. A high incidence of unusual nonneoplastic hepatic lesions in treated mice was present and characterized by pericellular fibrosis, hepatocyte nuclear pleomorphism, and intrasinusoidal foci of macrophages with intracytoplasmic crystalline structures. From 84 to 94% of the treated male mice and from 21 to 23% of the treated females had hepatocellular neoplasms. Only 17% of the control males and 7% of the control females had liver tumors. The induced tumors were frequently multiple in the liver, whereas the tumors in the controls were usually singular. The morphology of 241 liver tumors in 110 treated mice was different from that of tumors in controls. Liver tumors in control mice were generally composed of small basophillic hepatocytes. In treated mice, tumors were hepatocellular carcinomas composed of solid sheets of large basophilic or eosinophilic hepatocytes. Foci of prominent trabecular formation were seen in 51 tumors. Fifteen tumors were composed of small basophilic hepatocytes with oval cells interposed among them. Foci of capillary formation were noted in 3 of these tumors. In addition, 7 more typical hemangiosarcomas forming sinusoids and with thrombosis were observed.


Nasal carcinomas in beagles after inhalation of relatively soluble forms of beta-emitting radionuclides. Beagles were exposed by inhalation to relatively soluble forms of single beta-emitting radionuclides and are being held for life-span observation to evaluate biologic hazards associated with nuclear power production. The dogs were exposed to graded activity levels of 91YCl3, 144CeCl3, or 90SrCl2. With 91YCl3 and 144CeCl3, a significant radiation dose was delivered to the respiratory tract, liver, and skeleton. With 90SrCl2, the dose was almost totally to the skeleton. Squamous cell carcinomas associated with the nasal cavity have been the most frequently observed neoplasms in the 91YCl3 study and one of the most frequent in the 144CeCl3 study, whereas few squamous cell carcainomas have been seen in the 90SrCl2 study. One hemanglosarcoma in the nasal cavity was also seen in the 144Ce study. The incidence of nasal carcinomas may be related to higher relative concentrations of the radionuclides 91Y and 144Ce associated with the nasal turbinates. This relatively high risk of nasal cavity neoplasms suggests that standards for human exposure to these radionuclides should included a consideration of the nasal cavity epithelium as a major target tissue.


Effect of dietary alfalfa, pectin, and wheat bran on azoxymethane-or methylnitrosourea-induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats. The effect of dietary alfalfa, pectin, and wheat bran on colon carcinogenesis was studied in female inbred F344 rats. Weanling rats were fed semipurified diets containing 0 or 15% alfalfa, pectin, or wheat bran. At 7 weeks of age, all animals except controls were given azoxymethane (AOM) sc at a dose rate of 8 mg/kg body weight/week for 10 weeks or methylnitrosourea (MNU) intrarectally at a dose rate of 2 mg/rat twice a week for 3 weeks. The AOM-treated group was autopsied 40 weeks and the MNU-treated group 30 weeks after the first injection of the carcinogen. No tumors were observed in the colon or other organs of untreated rats fed the various diets. The animals fed the alfalfa diet and treated with MNU had a higher incidence of colon tumors than did those fed the control diet or the diets containing pectin or wheat bran. The incidence of MNU-induced colon tumors did not differ between the animals fed the control diet or the diets containing pectin or wheat bran. However, the incidence of AOM-induced colon tumors in rats fed diets containing pectin or wheat bran was lower than that in rats fed the control diet or the alfalfa diet. These results thus indicate that the effect of fiber in colon carcinogenesis depends on the type of fiber and, possibly, the fiber's mode of action.


Isolation and partial characterization of an epiglycanin-like glycoprotein from a new non-strain-specific subline of TA3 murine mammary adenocarcinoma. A new non-strain-specific ascites subline of the TA3 mammary adenocarcinoma TA3-MM, which arose in vivo from the strain-specific TA3-St subline during an acute respiratory illness of the syngeneic mouse strain A/HeHa hosts, possessed at its surface a glycoprotein not found on the parent TA3-St cell. This glycoprotein, termed TA3-MM epiglycanin, was characterized by a high molecular weight (500,000), by potent inhibition of hemagglutination by the Vicia gramines lectin, and by carbohydrate and amino acid compositions nearly identical to those of the glycoprotein epiglycanin present at the surface of the allotransplantable TA3-Ha ascites cell. By electron microscopic examination, TA3-MM epiglycanin appeared as long extended rods with widths (2.5 nm) and lengths (450--500 nm) similar to those of TA3-Ha epiglycanin. Incubation of each of two sublines of the TA3-MM ascites cell, TA3-MM/1 and TA3-MM/2, with a modified trypsin followed by column chromatography produced approximately 1.0- and 0.2-fold as much epiglycanin-like material, respectively, as was obtained from the TA3--a ascites cell. Continuous growth of the TA3-MM cell in suspension culture resulted in an almost complete disappearance of epiglycanin in a manner demonstrated earlier for the TA3-Ha cell grown under similar conditions. Allotransplantability in the TA3-MM cell may be due, at least in part, to masking a histocompatibility antigens by epiglycanin-like molecules.