Experimentally induced Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis infections in young swine. Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis strain 621 was proven to be infective for swine by intranasal and ocular inoculation and by contact exposure. The course of the disease was that of a chronic asymptomatic infection. Throughout the experiment, leptospires were observed in all tissues examined by darkfield microscopy of 10% tissue suspensions and examination by indirect fluorescent antibody technique of frozen tissue sections. Infected pigs had increasing antibody titers, as determined by the microscopic agglutination test. The organism spread from intranasally inoculated pigs to contact controls.


Experimental lead toxicosis in swine.

Experimental lead toxicosis in swine. Thirty pigs, weighing 17 to 24 kg, were exposed to lead or sodium acetate orally or intraperitoneally (IP) 6 days each week for 13 weeks. These pigs were extremely tolerant of lead. Only mild clinical signs of lead toxicosis were observed in orally lead-exposed pigs despite blood lead concentrations of up to 290 micrograms/dl. Four IP lead-exposed pigs died, but eight other IP lead-exposed pigs survived the exposure period despite blood lead concentrations up to 14,300 micrograms/dl. Lead exposure caused marked decreases in blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activities of all pigs and moderate decreases of blood hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit percentages, mean corpuscular volumes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations, and mean corpuscular hemoglobins in IP lead-exposed, but not in orally lead-exposed pigs. Basophilic stippling was observed in erythrocytes of lead-exposed pigs, but not in those of control pigs.


Lesions of ovine progressive pneumonia: interstitial pneumonitis and encephalitis. Lesions in sheep with ovine progressive pneumonia are described. Lungs were mottled grayish-pink, firm, and large (two to three times normal weight). There was chronic diffuse interstitial pneumonitis characterized by extensive hyperplasia of lymphoid cells around airways and blood vessels and by accumulation of mononuclear cells in the interstitium. In some lungs, this reaction was accompanied by excessive fibrous tissue and smooth muscle and less frequently by hyperplastic epithelium of terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Secondary bronchopneumonia was common. Lymphocytic meningitis, choroiditis, and leukoencephalitis were seen in a few sheep. Meninges and choroid plexuses were infiltrated with lymphoid cells, and subependymal blood vessels were cuffed with lymphoid cells. Much subependymal white matter was demyelinated and had foci of necrosis and gliosis.


Effects of Mn-deficit feeding to ewes on certain amino acids and sugars in cartilage of their newborn lambs. The distribution of amino acid, amino sugar, and uronic acid in the epiphyseal cartilage of newborn lambs were examined to determine the influence of manganese (Mn) deficiency. Throughout the gestational period, one group (group I) of eight pregnant ewes was given a ration containing 60 mg of Mn/kg of feed and a second group (group II) of eight ewes was given a ration containing 5 mg of Mn/kg of feed. The neonatal lambs were killed, and the epiphyseal plates from various bones in the thoracic limb were removed and analyzed for glucosamine, galactosamine, uronic acid, and 17 amino acids. Concentrations of uronic acid and of the sulphur amino acids (methionine not significant, P greater than 0.05) were larger in the cartilage from the lambs born of group I ewes (60 mg of Mn/kg of ration) than in the cartilage from those of the Group II ewes (Mn deficiency). A tendency for higher hexosamine values was observed in the organic matrix of the group I lambs than of the group II lambs. However, concentrations of serine, histidine, and lysine were higher in the cartilage from group II lambs (Mn deficiency). Thus, the role of Mn in the prevention of joint abnormalities may be its influence on the mucopolysaccharide and protein composition of the epiphyseal plate.


Regional concentrations of serotonin, tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the ovine brain. Regional concentrations of tryptophan, serotonin (5HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), norepinephrine, and dopamine were determined in the ovine brain. Tryptophan concentrations varied between 18.6 nmoles/g of tissue (hypothalamus, midbrain) and 26.9 nmoles/g (cerebellum). The 5HT concentrations varied 0.34 nmoles/g (cerebellum) and 3.75 nmoles/g (midbrain). The concentration of 5HIAA varied between 1.78 nmoles/g (cerebellum) and 5.02 nmoles/g (hypothalamus). Large concentrations of norepinephrine were found in the hypothalamus (4.37 nmoles/g) and midbrain (2.08 nmoles/g), while the frontal cortex, thalamaus, hippocampus, and cerebellum were all relatively low in norepinephrine (0.65 to 0.95 nmoles/g). The concentration of dopamine was between 0.32 nmoles/g (hippocampus) and 39.8 nmoles/g (caudate nucleus). Generally, the distribution of these compounds in the ovine brain is similar to their regional distribution in other mammalian species. It was observed, however, that the ratio of 5HT/5HIAA appears to be relatively lower in sheep than in other species, suggesting that interspecies differences in the metabolism of 5HT or elimination of 5HIAA (or both) may exist.


Induction of blastogenesis in bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes by oxidation with sodium periodate. Suitable treatment and culture conditions are defined for the induction of blast transformation in bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes by oxidation with sodium metaperiodate (NaIO4). Stimulation with NaIO4 required slight modification of techniques used routinely for activation of lymphocytes in vitro with lectins and antigens. Gradient-separated mononuclear leukocytes responded with maximal [3H]TdR incorporation after oxidation with 0.50 to 1.0 mM NaIO4 for 30 minutes at 25 C. Oxidized cells cultured at 1 to 2 X 10(6)/ml responded better than cells cultured at any other concentration, when compared with untreated cells. Blastogenesis in response to oxidation reached its maximum rate within 48 hours of treatment, after which it declined rapidly. Partial removal of glass wool-adherent cells reduced periodate-triggered blastogenesis by 95%, but did not significantly affect activation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, or purified protein derivative. Reintroduction of macrophages restored responses to their precolumn level. Oxidation with NaIO4 provided a simple, rapid means of inducing blastogenesis in bovine lymphocytes. Manipulation of the well-defined triggering conditions may help to explain the mechanisms involved in lymphocyte activation.


Ontogeny of bovine hemostasis.

Ontogeny of bovine hemostasis. Ontogeny of selected hemostatic system components was studied in 120 bovine fetuses which had been divided into eight monthly gestational age groups. Fetal blood was subjected to the following tests: platelet count, partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen quantitation, and assays for prothrombin and factors V and VIII. Platelet numbers corresponding to adult numbers were in fetal blood at least as early as gestation day 60, and their numbers varied only slightly thereafter. Bovine blood was incapable of in vitro coagulation at gestation day 90, with all samples coagulating by gestation day 150. Fetal coagulation screening test times (partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time) shortened during gestation and were near times of adults at birth. Of the four individual coagulation factors tested, only factor VIII reached adult values in the fetus in utero. Amounts of fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V and VIII in the neonate exceeded that of normal adult cattle.


Evaluation of equine radial and median nerve conduction velocities. Eleven ponies and 13 horses were used to develop a technique for determining conduction velocity for the radial and median nerves and establishing normal limits for these values. One pony was euthanatized to determine the course of the radial and the median nerves. From this dissection, both proximal and distal stimulation sites for the radial and the median nerves were selected, as well as areas for recording muscle evoked responses from the abductor digiti I longus (extensor carpi obliquus) and the radial head of the deep digital flexor muscles. The other ten ponies and the horses were used in studies on the stimulation of the nerves and recording of muscle evoked responses from which conduction velocity could be calculated. Conduction velocities for the radial and the median nerves were calculated and recorded.


Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of xylazine-morphine sulfate in horses. The cardiopulmonary effects of two xylazine-morphine sulfate drug combinations (mixtures) given IV were evaluated in horses. In horses given xylazine (0.66 mg/kg of body weight) and morphine sulfate (0.12 mg/kv) IV (experiment 1), there were significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in heart rate, cardiac output, and respiratory rate. Central venous pressure was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased. Arterial and pulmonary arterial blood pressures increased significantly (P less than 0.05) but transiently. Arterial blood gas tensions (PaCO2 and PaO2) and pH remained unchanged. In the horses given xylazine (0.66 mg/kg) and morphine sulfate (0.66 mg/kg) IV (experiment 2), the responses were qualitatively similar to those of experiment 1 horses, excluding lessened heart rate which was not significant). Horses in both experiments remained stationary and did not attempt to kick or strike for the duration of the experiment. Objective (trained personnel) and semiquantitative assessments of the analgesia in the horses during experiment 1 and those during experiment 2 indicated marked improvement in analgesia in the latter experiment.


Scintigraphic evaluation of pulmonary perfusion in dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Pulmonary arterial perfusion was evaluated by perfusion lung scans in ten dogs experimentally infected with heartworm. After larval inoculation, scans were done once a month for 11 months. In 8 of 10 dogs, pulmonary arterial perfusion deficits were detected. The perfusion deficits involved the left cranial, right cranial, and right caudal lung lobes. Generally, there was a poor correlation between vascular abnormalities detected on the survey thoracic radiographs and the perfusion deficits detected by lung scanning. The perfusion deficits did not produce clinical signs or pulmonary infarction.


Motor nerve conduction velocity and latency in the dog. Supramaximal percutaneous nerve stimulation was used in motor nerve conduction velocity studies conducted in ten middle-aged, clinically normal dogs. Dogs were separated into two groups; dogs in one group weighted less than or equal to 7.5 kg and dogs in the other group weighted greater than or equal to 15.9 kg. Mean values and SEM were recorded for radial (72.1 +/- 1.9 m/s), median 65.6 +/- 2.1 m/s), ulnar (58.9 +/- 1.0 m/s), tibial (68.2 +/- 1.4 m/s), and peroneal (79.8 +/- 1.8 m/s) nerves. Values for latency, amplitude, and duration for proximal and distal evoked potentials were recorded. Analysis of mean nerve conduction velocity values for all nerves between the two groups indicated no statistical difference (P greater than 0.05). However, the two groups were statistically different (P less than 0.05) when values for distal latency and measurements of nerve length were compared. These data suggest that if latency is substituted for velocity measurements, various populations of dogs must be considered to clarify interpretation.


Intestinal phospholipase B activity in swine inoculated with Trichinella spiralis. Trichinella spiralis was studied in outbred swine to determine whether infection would cause an increase in intestinal phospholipase B (EC 3.1.1.5) activity and in number of peripheral eosinophils. Intestinal phospholipase B activities increased and were accompanied by eosinophilia. The response was similar to that found in rodents infected with helminth parasites, thus demonstrating that phospholipase B is not unique to rodent models and is probably part of the complex immune response of the host in defense against parasitic infections.


Lesions in lambs experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Respiratory syncytial virus was inoculated intratracheally into five 1-week-old lambs. Three of the lambs responded clinically with fever, hyperpnea, and listlessness. Pulmonary lesions consisted of multifocal areas of consolidation, with necrosis of individual epithelial cells of the airways and accumulation of necrotic debris, macrophages, and few neutrophils in terminal airways and alveoli. Pulmonary septa in affected areas were infiltrated with numerous macrophages and lymphocytes. Viral particles were seen as buds on epithelial cells and free in bronchioles and alveoli.


Comparison of lateral and sternal recumbent positions for electrocardiography of the cat. Comparison was made of the effects of lateral and sternal recumbent positions for recording (by electrocardiography) cardiac functions in nonanesthetized normal cats of various breeds and ages and both sexes. Reference values of the cats in lateral recumbency were P wave, 0.2 mV by 0.04 s; PR interval, 0.09 s, QRS complex, 0.9 mV by 0.04 s; QT interval, 0.18 s; and 0 to 160 degree axis. Similar values were obtained in the cats in sternal recumbency except that the height of the P wave was 0.3 mV, the height of QRS complex was 1.0 mV, and the axis was -10 degrees to 150 degrees. The only differences between these values and values previously reported were faster heart rate, higher P wave, narrower QRS complex, and more variable electrical axis.


Serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) uptake values in normal adult cats as determined by radioimmunoassay. Radioimmunoassay procedures employing highly specific antibodies for either serum T4 or T3 were utilized to determine T4 concentrations and T3 uptake values in normal cats. Mean values for serum T4 and for T3 uptake were 30.9 ng/ml +/- 19 ng/ml and 59.67% +/- 12.2%, respectively.


Isoenzymes of equine alkaline phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes from small intestine, cecum, large colon, small colon, liver, kidney, leukocytes, and serum from ten clinically normal horses were defined by their sensitivities to L-phenylalanine, L-homoarginine, levamisole and heat, and by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Readily identifiable isoenzymes occurred in small intestine, granulocytes, kidney, cecum, and large and small colon. By contrast, alkaline phosphatases from liver, lymphocytes, and serum could not be discriminated by this group of tests.


Plasma and synovial fluid lysozyme activity in horses with experimental cartilage defects. Cartilaginous defects were created in the radiocarpal joints of 12 horses. Synovial fluid cytologic features, lysozyme activity, and beta-glucuronidase activity were monitored for 16 days. A comparison was made of plasma lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase activity and of synovial fluid lysozyme, beta-glucuronidase, and leukocyte concentrations. Plasma lysozyme was found to be independent of synovial fluid lysozyme activity. Synovial fluid lysozyme was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) in all joints with surgically induced defects (group I) compared with controls (arthrocentesis done; group III). However, there was no significant difference in lysozyme activity in group I joints and sham-operated controls (cartilage exposed only; group II). Increased lysozyme concentration was found to be positively correlated with increased numbers of leukocytes in the synovial fluid. Parallel changes were noted in synovial fluid beta-glucuronidase activity, indicating that much of the observed synovial fluid lysozyme activity was of lysosomal origin and not from cartilage destruction. Lysozyme activity in synovial fluid was found to be a very sensitive indicator of acute joint injury or inflammation (or both).


Pathologic features of adriamycin toxicosis in young pigs: nonskeletal lesions. In ten experiments, 53 castrated male 4- to 8-week-old weanling pigs were given adriamycin (ADR) IV at mean dosages of 0.64, 1.0, 1.6, 3.2, or 6.4 mg/kg/week at various frequencies for up to 20 weeks. Mortalities in pigs given these dosages were 0% after 112 days, 100% after 134 days (survival time was 48 to 134 days), 91% after 75 days (survival time was 5 to 75 days), 100% after 28 days (survival time was 23 to 28 days), and 100% after 14 days (survival time was 10 to 14 days), respectively. Survival time was prolonged in younger pigs and in pigs given smaller but more frequent dosages of ADR. Characteristic gross and histopathologic alterations of ADR toxicosis were observed in pigs given 1.0, 1.6, 3.2, or 6.4 mg/kg/week mean dosages. The most frequent lesions were in the alimentary tract, myeloid and lymphoid tissues, skin, and perivascular tissues at injection sites. Alimentary tract lesions were mucosal epithelial atrophy, with secondary fibrinonecrotic inflammation in the oral cavity and large intestine. Marked hypoplasia was seen in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues, with frequent terminal hemorrhagic diathesis and septicemia. Several days before death, the pigs developed severe dermatitis over the ventral portion of the abdomen and inner surfaces of the limbs. Perivascular necrosis and cellulitis produced by extravasation of ADR was a frequent complication of treatment. Terminal severe acute pneumonia occurred in most pigs. Pericarditis or cardiomyopathy (or both) developed in 14 pigs, given 0.64, 1.0, or 1.6 mg/kg each week (mean cumulative dosage 520.5 mg/m2 of body surface). Characteristic histopathologic and ultrastructural alterations in affected cardiac muscle cells were vacuolar degeneration, myocytolysis, and hyaline necrosis. Nephrotoxicosis also was in pigs with chronic ADR toxicosis. Systemic antibiotic treatment did not prolong survival of ADR-treated pigs in two experiments, but did in one other experiment.


Immune response in swine given soluble antigens from group E Streptococcus. Swine were given a series of injections of soluble or whole cell antigens of group E Streptococcus (GES). In experiment 1, swine given autoclaved extracts developed greater amounts of antibody to antiphagocytic factor (as detected with bactericidal and long-chain tests) than did swine given pepsin-extracted or whole cell antigens, and the swine given extract developed fewer abscesses when challenge exposed with live virulent GES added to their feed. In experiment 2, swine given injections of concentrated autoclaved extract develped higher antiphagocytic factor antibody titers than did control swine given injections of physiologic saline solution. When challenge exposed with live virulent GES by exposure to carrier swine, swine that were given extract developed 71.4% fewer abscesses than did the control swine. Furthermore, 58.3% of the abscesses in the swine that were given extrac" were less than 1 cm in diameter as compared with 38.2% of the abscesses in the controls, suggesting that the development of some abscesses was arrested in vaccinated swine. Data indicate that a degree of immunity to streptococcal lymphadenitis of swine can be induced by vaccinating swine with nonliving GES antigen.


Evaluation of different antigens in the complement-fixation test for diagnosis of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (parahaemolyticus) infections in swine. The identification of new serotypes of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (parahaemolyticus) and the frequency of pleural adhesions due to contagious pleuropneumonia in many fattening swine herds have prompted the study of the complement-fixation (CF) test as a diagnostic tool for use in swine. Whole cell antigens, mixed antigens, autoclaved antigens, and phenol-water-extracted antigens derived from different serotypes were prepared and tested with immunized-swine sera by the CF test. Mixed antigen consisting of whole cells from all known serotypes was the best screening antigen for routine use. This antigen gave positive titers with all sera in which a positive reaction against the separate serotype antigen was registered. The most highly serotype-specific reactions were obtained with antigens prepared by phenol-water extractions of whole cells. When whole-cell antigens were used in the CF test, antibodies to superficial serotype-specific and common species-specific antigens could be detected.


Localization and activities of lysosomal enzymes in jejunal and ileal epithelial cells of the young pig. The localization and the specific activities of lysosomal enzymes in jejunal and ileal epithelium of suckling pigs were determined. Acid phosphatase was found in pinocytotic vesicles and vacoles at both intestinal sites in pigs examined during (less than or equal to 1 day old) or shortly after (2 days old) closure. These pinocytolically active vesicles and vacuoles were determined to be phagolysosomes. In the ileum, phagolysosomes persisted well after closure, at an age (10 days) when ileal epithelium retains the capacity for pinocytotic uptake of immunoglobulin, but does not transport it to blood. Neither jejunum nor ileum contained phagolysosomes at an age (30 days) when the intestine had lost both uptake and transport capacities. The specific activities of acid phosphatase and cathepsin B-1 in jejunum were similar for all age groups. However, the activities of these enzymes in ileum of 10-day-old pigs were three and five times greater than at any other age or site. The results are consistent with phagolysosomes in the ileum of 10-day-old pigs functioning as a "barrier" which prevents transport of the macromolecules which are taken up pinocytotically by this epithelium. The results do not permit conclusions whether (or not) the phagolysosomes which appear in jejunum and ileum of pigs less than or equal to 1 day old contribute to closure, because the transcellular route for immunoglobulin absorption in pigs has not been precisely defined.


Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals: pharmacokinetics of sulfamerazine in ewe lambs. Date from plasma and urine samples from four ewe lambs were analyzed after administration of sulfamerazine as single IV and oral doses. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the disposition of sulfamerazine. The drug was eliminated, primarily by renal excretion of (i) unchanged sulfamerazine and metabolism to an acetyl metabolite, (ii) polar conjugates, and (iii) a third metabolite. The biological half-life of the drug was 6.6 hours. The average value of the absorption rate constant was 0.433 hour-1 (half-life 1.60 hours). Sulfarmerazine was relatively completely absorbed (approx 81% of dose) after oral administration in solution.


Normal canine excretory urogram: effects of dose, time, and individual dog variation. Ten healthy, young, adult mongrel dogs were given sodium iothalamate at dose levels of 200, 400, and 800 mg of iodine/0.45 kg of body weight on separate occasions by rapid IV injection; urinary bladders of the dogs were empty before injections were begun. Seven of the ten dogs were given an additional dose of sodium iothalamate (400 mg of iodine/0.45 kg) with the bladder partially distended with sterilized saline solution. Ventrodorsal abdominal radiographs were obtained immediately and at 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 minutes after injection of contrast medium. The kidneys, renal pelves, pelvic diverticula, and ureters were evaluated for radiographic density (radiopacity). The lengths and widths of the kidneys, pelves, and diverticula and the width of the ureters were determined, and those measurements were standardized by dividing the values by the corresponding length of the second lumbar vertebral body. From these evaluations, it was determined that postinjection radiographs should be obtained immediately and at 5, 20, and 40 minutes. The optimal dose of contrast medium was 400 mg of iodine/0.45 kg of body weight. It was also determined that the dose of contrast medium, as well as the time of postinjection radiography, significantly influenced many of the measurements (both linear and density) in the excretory urogram of normal dogs. Values for the measurements of the urinary structures based on the results of the present study are also presented.


Percutaneous nephropyelocentesis and nephropyelostomy in the dog: a description of the technique. Percutaneous nephropyelocentesis or nephropyelostomy was done on 20 anesthetized dogs of both sexes with the aid of fluoroscopy. The upper urinary tracts were visualized by the use of IV radiopaque contrast material and distended by application of an abdominal compression band positioned over the caudal abdomen. Renal pelvic urine was readily obtained by both procedures in each dog. Bloody urine was an infrequent result, and usually occured only after repeated attempts had been made to enter the renal pelvic lumen. To ascertain the degree of renal parenchymal damage caused by passage of the needle and catheter, dogs were euthanatized and necropsied on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14th days after the procedure was done. Repair of the tissue damage was rapid and the lesions were difficult to visualize grossly by the 14th day.


Dermal squamous cell carcinoma in young chickens. In recent years, squamous cell carcinoma in the skin of young chickens has been found more frequently at slaughter. Two nationwide surveys were completed, which verified the neoplastic classification grossly and microscopically. The deep, ulcerative lesions were found in birds from all geographic locations in the country. The medical history of the flocks was inconclusive and no site of predilection was observed. Presently, the frequency averages 2 per 10,000 birds slaughtered. The casue of this neoplastic skin condition has not been determined.


Direct development of enteroepithelial stages of Toxoplasma in the intestines of cats fed cysts. Four newborn (1- to 2-day-old) and two weaned (55- to 67-day-old) Toxoplasma-free cats were killed between 23 and 120 hours after ingestion of Toxoplasma gondii cysts from the brains of infected mice, and the cats' tissues were examined for the development of Toxoplasma. Intraepithelial Toxoplasma types (B, C, and D) were found in sections of small intestine. Homogenates of mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver of each cat were injected intraperitoneally into each of six weaned Toxoplasma-free cats to test the hypothesis of extraintestinal pregametogonic stages, as proposed by Overdulve (1978). Of the six cats injected with infected feline tissues, none shed oocysts within 17 days. Thus, the hypothesis of extraintestinal pregametogonic stages was not confirmed.


Buccal lymph node in the dog.

Buccal lymph node in the dog. In a survey of 250 dogs, a lymph node, designated buccal lymph node, was identified in 8.8% of the dogs examined. Anatomic features and drainage patterns are described.


Lancefield group R streptococci associated with pneumonia in swine. During a 12-month survey of streptococcal infections in swine, 14 of 98 isolates were found to belong to Lancefield group R. Most of these isolates were from pigs with pneumonia. Approximately half the group R isolates were associated with concurrent Pasteurella pneumonia.


Minimal changes in blood cell counts and biochemical values associated with prolonged isoflurane anesthesia of horses. The potential toxicity to horses of 7.33 +/- 0.87 SD minimal alveolar concentration hours of isoflurane anesthesia was evaluated by sequential determination of blood cell counts, electrolyte concentrations, and certain blood chemical values. Minimal or no serious toxicosis was observed for up to 7 days after anesthesia was terminated.


Susceptibility of the lemming (Dicrostonyx rubricatus) to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The susceptibility of the lemming (Dicrostonyx rubricatus) to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was studied. Twelve lemmings were exposed to cultural material of M paratuberculosis and were necropsied at 40- to 260-day intervals after exposure. Selected tissues were examined bacteriologically and histologically. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was recovered from all exposed lemmings except the one necropsied 40 days after exposure. Pathologic changes typical of paratuberculosis were seen in a few lemmings. Clinical signs of disease were not seen. Rate of growth and general appearance of the exposed lemmings and the normal controls did not differ. The extent of infection in this species of lemming was similar to that seen in exposed hamsters.


Sequential titration of bovine lung and serum antibodies after parenteral or pulmonary inoculation with Pasteurella haemolytica. Calves were vaccinated by intrabronchial or subcutaneous injection of formalinized Pasteurella haemolytica. Antibody in serum, nasal washings, and bronchoalveolar washings was titrated sequentially before and after calves were vaccinated and then challenge exposed with live homologous bacteria. Bronchoalveolar washings were collected by fiberoptics bronchoscopy, and antibody was titrated by indirect (antiglobulin) bacterial agglutination. Responsiveness to vaccination was related in initial serum antibody concentrations. Calves with serum antibody titers of 1:20 or more were nonresponsive, whereas with few exceptions, calves having titers of less than 1:20 responded to vaccination. Results indicated that serum and lung antibody were induced by subcutaneous or by intrabronchial inoculation of formalinized P haemolytica. By either route of immunization, serum antibody was more persistent than was lung antibody, and pulmonary challenge exposure with live P haemolytica did not alter existing titers.


Cell-mediated immunity in horses with sarcoid tumors against sarcoid cells in vitro. Cell-mediated immunity in horses with sarcoid tumor against sarcoid antigens was studied in vitro by means of mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture assay and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity of 52Cr-labeled target cells. When Mc-1 sarcoid cells were used as stimulatory cells for peripheral blood lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte tumor cell assay, a clear difference in the kinetics of the generated lymphocytic proliferative response could be detected between sarcoid and control horses. With sarcoid horses, their proliferative maximum was reached 3 days earlier than that of the control horses, and at this time their proliferative activity was significantly increased over that of control horses. When normal allogeneic fibroblasts were used as stimulatory cells, no such difference between sarcoid and control horses could be seen. The cellular cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from sarcoid and control horses against Mc-1 cells or normal allogeneic fibroblast targets was very low. However, the mean cytotoxicity against Mc-1 was slightly increased for sarcoid horses as compared with that of control horses. In contrast, the cytotoxicity against allogeneic fibroblasts was slightly lower for sarcoid than for control horses. In contrast, the cytotoxicity against allogeneic fibroblasts was slightly lower for sarcoid than for control horses. Furthermore, it was shown that sarcoid horses, but not control horses, had a slightly but consistently increased cytotoxicity against Mc-1 cells as compared with that against normal allogeneic fibroblasts.


Experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection in feeder-age lambs. Signs of disease, lesions, and serologic response were seen in six 6-month-old-lambs experimentally inoculated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). A transient febrile response, mild hyperpnea, and listlessness were seen. Multifocal areas of interstitial pneumonia and bronchiolitis were seen in lambs necropsied during the period of clinical response. A serologic response to RSV was seen in all lambs, and RSV was recovered from five lambs.


Induction of intestinal evacuation or vomition (or both) in the dog by prostaglandin F2alpha injection: clinical potential. Different groups of dogs were given prostaglandin F2alpha IM. The dosage range was between 0.022 and 0.555 mg/kg of body weight. Defecation, including contents from the cranial portion of the large intestine, occurred in 40% to 100% of the dogs within 3.16 to 12.5 minutes after injection depending on dosage administered. Defecation (83.3% of dogs), without vomition, occurred in dogs given a dosage of 0.111 mg/kg. Emesis (87.5% of dogs) and defecation (75.0% of dogs) were observed in dogs given a dosage of greater than or equal to 0.444 mg/kg. Emesis occurred in 1.6 to 2.6 minutes after defecation in dogs given more than 0.444 mg/kg. Latency for emesis response varied between 3.2 and 11.5 minutes. The effect of the drug lasted approximately 15 minutes, with most dogs showing a single episode of defecation or vomition (or both). Besides a marked increase in respiratory rate, side effects were minor. Seemingly, prostaglandin-F2alpha may become the preferred drug for the clinical inducement of vomition and defecation in dogs.


Histology of the hair cycle in male beagle dogs. A detailed histologic study of the hair follicles of male Beagle dogs was made to determine changes in microscopic structure associated with the three stages in the hair cycle. Observed changes are that the bulbs of hair follicles in anagen are more closely associated with adipose tissue than they are in telogen. This is due to the deeper penetration of the follicles into the subcutaneous tissue during anagen. The hair germ cells of telogen were presumed to arise from the stratum basale of the matrix cells rather than from the outer root sheath cells. During telogen, the dermal papilla is separated from the club hair, but remains in close proximity to it. There is no connecting stalk as is reported for other animals.


Effects of prednisolone on the development of immune responses to canine distemper virus in beagle pups. Effects of oral prednisolone (OP) on the development of immune responses of Beagle pups to canine distemper virus (CDV) were studied. Dogs were treated with OP for 21 days, twice a day for the first 7 days, once a day for the next 7 days, and on alternate days for the last 7 days. Dogs given dosages of OP (1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) showed a normal in vivo immunogenic response after CDV vaccination and survived a virulent CDV challenge exposure, whereas non-treated, nonvaccinated dogs became ill or died after challenge exposure. The most marked effect of corticosteroid treatment on the immune system was the graded phytoimmunosuppressive effect upon the lymphocyte blast transformation test.


Intranuclear cisternal and vesicular structures in canine circumanal gland carcinoma cells. Intranuclear cisternal and vesicular structures, bound by a single membrane, were observed for the first time in some glandular "bird's eye" cells of canine circummanal gland carcinomas. The role of these intranuclear structures is not clear. It is suggested that they may be involved in cellular adaptation to an environment of nutrient deficiency, as a result of cell overcrowding.


Immunogenicity of Clostridium septicum in guinea pigs. Five strains of Clostridium septicum were used to prepare bacterins, bacterin-toxoids, toxoid, and combinations of bacterins or bacterin-toxoids. These preparations were tested for immunogenicity in guinea pigs vaccinated subcutaneously with 1.0 ml of product. Usually, a second vaccination was given 21 to 24 days later. The immunity of groups of vaccinated guinea pigs was challenged with as many as 22 strains of C septicum. When challenge exposed with homologous strains at 21 to 24 days after one vaccination or 10 t0 18 days after a second vaccination, 60% to 100% of the guinea pigs in each group survived. Demonstrable cross-protection among strains of C septicum varied from none to 100% protection in vaccinated guinea pigs. A combination of bacterin-toxoid prepared from four selected strains protected 70% to 100% of the vaccinated guinea pigs challenge exposed with 21 strains. Duration-of-immunity studies demonstrated a twofold to fourfold decrease in protection when the vaccination-to-challenge interval was extended an additional 3 weeks. Strains of C septicum do not have an effective common immunogen and the stimulated immunity appears to be of short duration. Antitoxin was demonstrated to be less important than other factors in protecting against C septicum infection.


Antibody formation in Corynebacterium renale-induced experimental pyelonephritis in the rat. The immune defense system of the kidney was studied by inducing ascending pyelonephritis in rats with Corynebacterium renale. With the fluorescent antibody technique, C renale organisms were observed in the renal pelvis, but were not coated with antibody until they reached the medulla. Histopathologic evaluation of renal tissues collected serially after inoculation confirmed the presence of infection in the medulla when antibody coating occurred. Serum anti-C renale antibody concentrations increased after antibody-coated bacteria appeared in the urine and kidney. Free anti-C renale antibody was not detected in urine from infected rats, using the microagglutination assay. Antibody coating appears to occur only after C renale organisms invade the medulla during ascending pyelonephritis.


Testosterone metabolism by hexachlorobenzene-induced hepatic microsomal enzymes. Hexachlorobenzene, which is a widespread contaminant of meat and meat animal by-products throughout the world, had a profound effect on the homeostatic mechanism which controls the serum testosterone concentrations in the mouse. Significant increases in the mean hepatic weight, the concentrations of hepatic microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, and cytochrome c reductase activity occurred in the aminals given a ration containing 250 mg of hexachlorobenzene/kg for 21 days, when compared with their nontreated controls. These increases in cytochrome concentrations and enzyme activity of the hepatic microsomes are reflected by significant increases in the in vitro metabolism of [3H]testosterone and a decrease in the serum concentrations of testosterone with a concomitant decrease in the weights of the seminal vesicles and ventral prostate of the mouse.


In vitro cultivation of Anaplasma marginale: invasion of and development in noninfected erythrocytes. Ovine erythrocytes infected with attenuated Anaplasma marginale organisms were cultured in a suspension of normal ovine erythrocytes and normal bovine erythrocytes for 42 days. In each system, the organism showed an initial period of rapid growth followed by a gradual decrease in the percentage of parasitized erythrocytes accompanied by cyclic peaks. The percentage of infection of ovine erythrocytes were not different when normal ovine or bovine erythrocytes were added to the cultures. In vitro transmission of the organism from infected ovine cells to normal bovine cells was demonstrated by use of a two-step direct fluorescent antibody method, which allowed for specific identification of the two cell types and the organism.


Hemodynamic effects of xylazine in the calf. The hemodynamic effects of sedative level doses of xylazine in five chronically instrumented calves were studied. These effects included immediate and prolonged reductions in heart rate, cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, and left ventricular dp/dt max. Stroke volume showed an initial decrease in value with a return in 15 minutes to base-line values. Total peripheral resistance, end-diastolic left ventricular pressure, end-diastolic left ventricular volume, and left ventricular residual fraction were increased after drug administration. The results indicate that a depressed myocardium results from xylazine administration. With one exception (the absence of a hypertensive response), these effects largely parallel, both quantitatively and qualitatively, those seen with this drug in other species. Sedation by xylazine is produced in cattle at doses which are small compared to those which is required for sedation in other species. These same small doses in cattle also cause hemodynamic changes.


Gastrointestinal nematode immunization trials in cattle. Three experiments were conducted to immunize calves against Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, and T colubriformis. Calves were given intraperitoneal injections with in vitro-grown parasitic larvae of the three species and IV and intraperitoneal injections of exoantigens obtained from culture media used to grow O ostertagi. None of the treatments provided immunity to subsequent oral challenge exposure with normal infective larvae.


Biological effect of ultraviolet radiation on cattle: bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma. The relationship between bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma and ultraviolet radiation was studied. Experimental procedures were devised to irradiate cattle with predetermined quantities of ultraviolet beta. Irradiation induced a preneoplastic ocular growth in one of four irradiated cattle. An epizootiologic study indicates that since 1950 the occurrence of bovine ocular squamous cel carcinoma reported at slaughter has increased. This increase was real and not due to an increase in numbers of cattle.


Prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced response of the bovine ovary, oviduct (uterine tube), and uterus. Tissue strips from the ovary, (uterine tube), and oviduct, and uterus of pregnant and nonpregnant cows were tested for their contractile response to prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). When 2.1 x 10(-6)M PGF2 alpha was added to the uterine strips, tension of tissues from pregnant cows increased sharply; however, tension in tissues from nonpregnant cows only increased moderately. Similar concentrations failed to elicit any response from oviductal tissues of either group. Unlike the uterus and the oviduct, the ovaries contracted slowly and irregularly. They responded with varying degrees of stimulation; ovaries from pregnant cows with brief and mild stimulation and ovaries from nonpregnant cows with slower and relatively stronger stimulation. Results indicate that the bovine ovary contracts rhythmically and that its sensitivity to PGF2 alpha decreases during pregnancy in contrast to the bovine uterus which becomes increasingly sensitive during pregnancy.


Seasonal effects of tropical climate on shaded and nonshaded cows as measured by rectal temperature, adrenal cortex hormones, thyroid hormone, and milk production. Rectal temperatures and hormone concentrations were monitored at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks, and milk, milk fat, and California mastitis test scores at intervals of 1 week in five shaded and in four nonshaded early lactation cows. Measurements were taken from September to December in the mildly heat stressing climate of Oahu, Hawaii. The daily ambient temperature flux ranged from 22 C to 29 C in September to 20 C to 25 C in December. Average daily temperature-humidity index (THI) values were 75 to 70 for September and December, respectively. Average daily THI values were correlated with rectal temperatures in nonshaded cows and were negatively correlated with plasma adrenal cortex hormones (corticoids) in shaded cows, plasma thyroid hormone in shaded and nonshaded cows, and with milk production in nonshaded cows. Estimated milk production decline per unit increase in THI was 0.32 kg. Nonshaded cows had higher rectal temperatures, a trend for lower plasma corticoids, produced less milk and milk fat, and had higher California mastitis test scores. Shaded cows maintained a higher fat percentage at THI above 74. Average plasma thyroid hormone values were not different between treatment groups. Both groups failed to attain normal rectal temperatures at night. Afternoon rectal temperatures were more highly correlated with the rectal temperature with which the cow started the day than they were with the THI of the day itself.


Electrode catheterization for recording electrical activity of fasciculus atrioventricularis (bundle of His). A method for locating an electrode catheter for observing electrical activities of the fasciculus atrioventricularis (bundle of His) without fluoroscopic guidance is described. A catheter which contains 4 electrodes and 2 internal capillary tubes was developed; the catheter has 2 distal orifices 18 mm apart. The position of the catheter tip is determined by observing blood pressure recordings from the two internal capillary tubes; when the tip is positioned properly, the proximal orifice will monitor atrial pressure and the distal orifice will detect ventricular pressure. This catheter was utilized on 14 mongrel dogs (19 to 27 kg). Recordings of atrioventricular bundle activities were successfully obtained from 12 of 14 dogs without any fluoroscopic guidances.


Specular microscopic observations of the clinically normal canine corneal endothelium. Specular microscopy and pachometry were performed on seven clinically normal anesthetized young adult dogs. Endothelial cells of the central cornea formed a mosaic-like pattern of hexagonal cells 15 to 20 micrometers in diameter; the average number of cells per millimeters squared was 2,816 +/- 187 SD. Average corneal thickness of 0.62 +/- 0.047 SD mm.


Electron microscope studies of Anaplasma marginale in an Aedes albopictus culture system. Anaplasma marginale was seen by electron microscopy within the cytoplasm of Aedes albopictus cells in culture. Anaplasma marginale was seen in free bovine RBC as well as in RBC phagocytized by Ae albopictus cells. Some A marginale organisms, both intracellular and extracellular, remained intact for as long as 60 days in culture, and Anaplasma inclusion appendages were seen in free-lysed RBC and in lysed RBC phagocytized by Ae albopictus cells. Although some A marginale organisms had deteriorated by day 60, the structure of most A marginale organisms did not change appreciably from that in its natural bovine host. Reproduction of A marginale was not seen.


Control of radiation-induced emesis with promethazine, cimetidine, thiethylperazine, or naloxone. Promethazine (2 mg/kg), cimetidine (4 mg/kg), thiethylperazine (0.86 mg/kg), and naloxone (0.08 mg/kg) were each evaluated for their ability to increase the threshold of radiation-induced emesis in the dog. Each dog was fed a can of dog food (ca 0.4 kg) and then injected IM with the appropriate drug 1 hour before being irradiated by a 60Co teletherapy unit. The total radiation dose given an individual dog was determined by an up-and-down exposure schedule. Dogs were then observed continuously for 10 hours while the number, time of onset, and duration of each emetic episode were monitored. The dose of radiation causing emesis in 50% (ED50 +/- SEM) of control dogs was 170 +/- 38.5 rad. The ED50 +/- SEM was increased to 402 +/- 18.6 rad by promethazine, to 331 +/- 27.3 rad by cimetidine, and to 320 +/- 38.5 rad by thiethylperazine. This increased tolerance was significant at P less than 0.05 for each drug. The ED50 for naloxone was 262.5 +/- 92.9 rad, which was not a statistically significant increase in threshold.


Quantitative electroencephalographic and metabolic studies of midaflur, a new anesthetic agent. Midaflur [4-amino-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trifluoro methyl)-3-imidazoline] was tested for its ability to induce changes in (i) the EEG of Sprague-Dawley rats with chronically implanted electrodes and (ii) metabolic and kidney functions on Fischer 344 rats. Ataxia and loss of righting reflex were observed in animals given the smaller doses (2 to 5 mg/kg of body weight, intraperitoneally), with little or no effect on the EEG. At higher dose rates, a significant linear dose-response relationship was found for midaflur in depressing brain activity. Changes in body weight and feed and water intake occurred in rats given single doses of midaflur (2 to 20 mg/kg). These effects seemed to be due, in part, to the drug-induced inactivity and to the vehicle in which midaflur has been formulated (equal parts of ethyl alcohol, propylene glycol, and water). Urinary volumes were reduced after injection of midaflur, possibly as a consequence of the changes in water intake. Since midaflur is highly fluorinated, studies were done to detect possible release of inorganic fluoride due to metabolic breakdown. Serum fluoride concentrations in rats given single doses of midaflur (2 to 20 mg/kg) were consistently lower than those of control (untreated) animals, reflecting a reduction in the daily intake of fluoride as a consequence of the diminished feed intake. Significant changes were not observed in the urinary fluoride concentrations in treated rats as compared with these values in control animals given the vehicle alone.


Ultrastructure of the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors in the retina of the horse. An electron microscopic description was given of the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors of the horse retina. Duplicity (rods-cones) of the horse retina was proven histologically; the retina was classified as an "E" retina, which indicates predominance of the rod system.


Objective tests of analgesic drugs in ponies. An equine model, subjected to three kinds of pain (superficial, deep, and visceral) was used to test effects of analgesic drugs. Two groups of ponies were used. In the first group of six ponies, six drugs (fentanyl, meperidine, methadone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, and xylazine) were given according to a Latin square experimental design, and tests were made at 30-minute intervals for 4 hours. Mean values (control) for the three kinds of pain were obtained before and after the tests and were compared with the mean values (drugs) obtained over 2- and 4-hour intervals (four and eight measurements per interval, respectively). Xylazine was significantly more effective in obtunding deep pain (P less than 0.05) at 2- and 4-hour intervals than were the other drugs. Significant differences were not found between values for controls and values for drugs tested for relief of superficial and visceral pain at 2- and 4-hour intervals. In the second group of four ponies, the drug (xylazine) determined most effective in group 1 ponies was given alone or in combination with the next most effective drugs (fentanyl, meperidine, and oxymorphone). Data were obtained in the same manner as for the first group. Mean values were calculated for 2- and 4-hour intervals, and the variance was analyzed. Xylazine and fentanyl combined had the best 2- and 4-hour performance for the relief of visceral pain in the second group (P less than 0.1). Neither xylazine nor a combination of drugs differed markedly from control values for 2- and 4-hour intervals for relief of superficial and deep pain.


Activity of fenbendazole against inhibited early fourth-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi. The efficacy of fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst-Roussel) against inhibited early fourth-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and other nematodes of the abomasum and intestinal tract was investigated in naturally infected, yearling cattle in April 1978. The time when peak levels of inhibited larvae occurred was determined by epizootiologic study which began in November 1977. All animals were removed from pasture and maintained free from further helminth infection until slaughter (19 to 21 days). The fenbendazole liquid suspension was administered as an oral drench at dose level of 10 mg/kg to 10 animals and then at dose level of 15 mg/kg to an additional 10 animals at 10 days after removal from pasture. Eleven animals were maintained as untreated controls. In cattle given the dose of 10 mg/kg, the following reductions were observed: O ostertagi adults--100%, developing stages--80%, and inhibited larvae--97%; other worm genera in the abomasum and nematodes of the intestinal tract--100%. In the cattle given the larger dose, the following reductions were observed: O ostertagi adults--100%, developing stages--98%, and inhibited larvae--99%; other worm genera in the abomasum and nematodes of the intestinal tract--100%.


Comparison of African and American forms of malignant catarrhal fever: transmission and clinical signs. African and American forms of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) infections were produced by inoculating blood from affected cattle into susceptible cattle. Ease of disease transmission, incubation period, volume of blood required for infection, and clinical signs were compared in 30 cattle with African MCF and in 19 with American MCF. American MCF was more difficult to transmit than was African MCF and required eight to ten times more blood as inoculum. American MCF incubation period was more than twice as long as that of the African MCF, but the disease course was three times shorter. Clinical signs were similar for the two forms; however, in the American form, the disease was more acute and a larger percentage of animals had severe diarrhea.


Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies in swine infected with Mycobacterium avium. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detecting the antibodies in sera from swine experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium. Positive ELISA reactions were observed in the sera of each of six swine at postinoculation weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10; no reaction was observed in noninoculated controls. The ELISA reactions were observed in each of two swine at 4, 6, 8, 10 weeks following exposure to M avium-infected swine. Mycobacterium avium-purified protein derivative and killed cells of M avium serotype 4/8 and serotype 8 provided suitable ELISA reactions in M avium-infected swine.


Ovine coccidiosis: comparison of the effects of monensin and aureomycin on lambs infected with coccidia. Lambs naturally infected with mixed species of Eimeria were fed monensin (30 mg/kg of feed) and aureomycin (10 mg/kg of feed) separately and in combination. An evaluation was made of the efficacy of the treatments in the suppression of oocyst production. Comparisons were made of the parasitic damage to the intestinal surface. Performance of the lambs was measured by weight gains and feed efficiency. Monensin given separately or in combination with aureomycin produced decreases in oocyst counts that were not significantly different from those in the lambs given only aureomycin. Body weight gains and feed efficiency were best in the aureomycin-treated group, and less so in the monensin-treated and the control groups. Animals fed the monensin-aureomycin combination had the poorest weight gains and feed efficiency. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the groups fed monensin or aureomycin separately had morphologically normal intestinal surfaces. This was in contrast to the control group and the group fed the monensin-aureomycin combination, wherein there was disrupted intestinal surface morphology.


Visceral caseous lymphadenitis in thin ewe syndrome: isolation of Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and Moraxella spp from internal abscesses in emaciated ewes. The relationship between the visceral form of caseous lymphadenitis and a chronic debilitating condition of mature sheep designated as the thin ewe syndrome was investigated. Internal abscesses were found during necropsy in 81% of animals with thin ewe syndrome and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C ovis) was recovered from 86% of the animals with internal abscesses. Other pyogenic bacteria, including C pyogenes, C equi, Staphylococcus epidermis, S aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were often recovered in association with C pseudotuberculosis. Moraxella sp was recovered in 41% of the animals with internal abscesses. In some abscesses, Moraxella sp was the dominant microorganism isolated and in others, they were outnumbered only by C pseudotuberculosis. Species isolated included M bovis, M osloensis, and M nonliquefaciens. The potential importance of Moraxella sp to the cause and pathogenesis of the thin ewe syndrome is not known. The results of the present study indicate that visceral caseous lymphadenitis is either an important contributing factor to the development of thin ewe syndrome or that the presence of thin ewe syndrome may predispose affected sheep to the development of visceral caseous lymphadenitis. A skin test reagent prepared by sonicating C pseudotuberculosis was of limited value in detecting animals with visceral caseous lymphadenitis. Only 56% of the animals with abscesses caused by C pseudotuberculosis gave positive delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test responses.


Experimentally induced leptospirosis in coyotes (Canis latrans). Infection of coyotes (Canis latrans) with Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, canicola, and copenhageni was accomplished by percutaneous inoculation. Bacteriologic, serologic, histopathologic, and fluorescent antibody techniques were used to investigate the infections. Leptospiremia was established with pomona. Leptospiruria was demonstrated with the three serovars. Serovar canicola was recovered from one coyote 134 days after it was inoculated.


Natural history of influenza in swine in Hawaii: swine influenza virus (Hsw1N1) in herds not infected with lungworms. To obtain more information on mechanisms by which influenza virus is perpetuated in swine, retrospective and prospective seroepizootiologic observations were made in swine herds in Hawaii, beginning in 1974. An epizootic of swine influenza (Hsw1N1) virus was observed in November and December 1976, involving 31 of 41 herds. Features of the epizootic included (1) infection of all herds within one geographic location, during a short period; (2) no obvious introduction of virus from the outside in most herds; (3) epizootics mainly in herds with serologic history of infection; (4) no evidence that lungworms were involved; and (5) little clinical disease associated with infection. There was evidence of viral activity in some herds before the epizootic period and afterward in two of three herds monitored. Evidence of viral transmission by feral animals was not obtained. Data indicated that swine influenza virus persists through latently or chronically infected swine, with epizootics occurring when herd immunity reaches a critically low degree.


Natural history of influenza in swine in Hawaii: prevalence of infection with A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) subtype virus and its variants, 1974-1977. From September 1974 to January 1978, about 25% of 254 swine farms, studied on four of six Hawaiian islands, had swine with antibody to A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) subtype of influenza virus. Of 290 swine 2 to 5 years of age in a single herd, 72% had antibody. Antibody titers were consistently higher to A/England/42/72 and A/Port Chalmers/1/73 antigens than to A/Victoria/3/75 or A/Hong Kong/1/68 antigen. Few swine had antibody to the A/Hong Kong/68 antigen. Antibodies to H3N2 and Hsw1N1 subtype of virus persisted at high titer in the same animals for more than 3 years; however, titers to the Hsw1N1 subtype were considerably higher. The occurrence of H3N2 infection in swine appeared shortly after the occurrence of the same H3N2 variant in human population. To date there is no evidence that the H3N2 subtype has become established in swine in Hawaii.


Anatomic and radiographic studies of the lacrimal drainage system in sheep (Ovis aries). The lacrimal drainage system of the sheep (Ovis aries) was studied, using radiographic and anatomic techniques. The straight course of the nasolacrimal duct and the adequate diameter of different parts of the system facilitates radiography and catheterization of the lacrimal drainage system.


Efficacy of salinomycin in treatment of experimental Eimeria bovis infections in calves. The efficacy of salinomycin for treatment of experimental Eimeria bovis infections was evaluated. In experiment 1, 18 calves were placed into four groups. Group 1 calves were nonmedicated controls; groups 2, 3, and 4 calves were given salinomycin (0.33, 0.66, and 1.00 mg/kg of body weight, respectively) in daily oral divided doses starting 2 or 3 days prior to E bovis inoculations and continuing until postinoculation day (PID) 21. Calves treated with 0.66 and 1.00 mg/kg (groups 3 and 4) passed substantially fewer oocysts than did control calves (group 1) or calves treated with 0.33 mg/kg (group 2). Group 1 control calves had typical signs of severe E bovis infections, whereas signs of infection in medicated calves were almost nonexistant. Experiment 2 was conducted as before, with 15 calves. Group 5 calves were nonmedicated controls; groups 6, 7, and 8 calves were treated with 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg, respectively. All group 8 calves and three of four group 7 calves had nearly complete suppression of oocyst excretions. The severity of the disease in the group 5 control calves was not as extensive as it was in group 1 control calves. In experiment 3, 16 calves were used. Group 9 calves were nonmedicated controls, whereas other calves were given salinomycin (2.0 mg/kg) during PID 3 to 7 (group 10), PID 8 to 12 (group 11), and PID 13 to 17 (group 12). Salinomycin therapy in group 2 calves resulted in substantial reductions in oocyst excretions and clinical signs.


Anthelmintic activities of B1a fraction of avermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes in calves. Anthelmintic activities of the B1a fraction of avermectin were evaluated in a controlled experiment. Twenty 12-week-old calves artificially infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were allotted to four groups. Calves in group 1 were used as nonmedicated controls; other calves in groups 2, 3, and 4 were given (orally) B1a avermectin at dosage levels of 50, 100, and 200 microgram/kg of body weight, respectively. These treatments were given 35 days after calves were inoculated with infective nematode larvae. In groups 2, 3, and 4, overall reductions (based on geometric means) were 98.6%, 98.7%, and 98.4%, respectively. These reductions were highly significantly different (P less than 0.01) from the control calves. Nematodes in the calves were Haemonchus contortus. Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum.


Videothermometry for assay of fescue foot in cattle. Surface temperatures of hoofs of calves given toxic anion fractions of tall fescue were measured with an infrared sensitive camera. These changes expressed in terms of a weighted average coronary band temperature relate to clinical signs of fescue foot. The weighted average coronary band temperature values for control calves given saline solution were 27 to 31 C; those values of test calves given anion fractions of tall fescue were as low as 22 +/- 1 C. Videothermometry provides an independent, permanent, objective measure that is useful in assessing fescue-foot potential of tall fescue fractions by intraperitoneal injection. Videothermometry may also serve as a clinical means for determining progression of the total fescue foot syndrome.


Use of furosemide to obtain bovine urine samples for leptospiral isolation. The use of the diuretic furosemide made it possible to obtain samples of urine from cattle for leptospiral isolations. The drug was injected IV at a dose level of 0.8 mg/kg for heifers and 0.5 mg/kg for calves. The average time to first voiding in heifers was 19 minutes. The average time from the first to the second voiding was 17 minutes. The average time to the first voiding in four calves was 12 minutes; the average time from the first to the second voiding was 10 minutes. A decrease in urinary osmolarity provoked by furosemide created a more favorable condition for the survival of leptospires. Leptospires were isolated in 24 (72.7%) of 33 weekly cultural attempts with the aid of furosemide in three experimentally infected adult cattle. Serovar hardjo was isolated in 16 (57.1%) of 28 weekly cultural attempts with aid of the diuretic in four experimentally infected calves. The recovery frequency was 28.5% from the first voiding and 50% from the second. Leptospires were not isolated from urine obtained from the calves by manual stimulation. Untoward side effects that might have been attributable to furosemide were not observed. Furosemide appears to be well suited to obtain urine samples from cattle for leptospiral isolation.


Tissue residues from feeding pentachloronitrobenzene (quintozene) to White Leghorn chickens. One-day-old White Leghorn chicks were fed graded levels (0, 10, 50, 100 and 1,000 ppm) of pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB; quintozene) up to 8 weeks. Each treatment group consisted of 90 randomly selected birds (2 replications of 45 birds each). Body weight gains were significantly lower at the 1,000-ppm treatment level. Histopathologic examination of brain, liver, pancreas, small intestine, gizzard, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart failed to reveal lesions in either control or treated groups. Bioaccumulation of PCNB or its metabolites (pentachloroaniline and pentachlorophenylmethylsulfide) in tissues only occurred in trace or very low concentrations. However, trace contaminating of PCNB, eg, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and pentachlorobenzene (PCB) accumulated in tissues to a significant degree. Tetrachloronitrobenzene, another contaminant of PCNB, was found in only the adipose and cardiac tissues following the feeding of 1,000 ppm PCNB. Storage of PCNB, HCB, and PCB in adipose and other tissues was linearly related to the amount of PCNB in the ration.


Collateral vessel development after chronic bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in the dog. The functional response to occlusion of arteries supplying the head has been found to be much less severe in th dog than in man, indicating that a more significant collateral development occurs in the dog. To document the anatomic response to chronic occlusion of vessels supplying the head, patterns of collateral vessel growth and development were studied by corrosion casting in adult mongrel dogs 8 weeks after bilateral ligation of the common carotid artery. Dissection of the casts revealed two consistent and bilateral anastomotic connections: (i) internal carotid artery to maxillary artery (anastomotic artery) and (ii) internal carotid artery to ascending pharyngeal artery. Also present in all of the casts was a connection between one common carotid artery and both vertebral arteries, which has been designated as the deep collateral vessel. Significant collateral connections did not occur between the orbital vessels or between analogous vessels of the right and the left sides.


Effects of the mycotoxin zearalenone on swine reproduction. Concentrations of 25, 50, or 100 ppm of 95% purified zearalenone fed to groups of healthy, multiparous sows during preestrus or throughout the gestation period (or both) produced multiple reproductive deficiencies. These reproductive disorders included infertility, constant estrus, pseudopregnancy, diminished fertility, reduced litter size, smaller offspring, malformation, juvenile hyperestrogenism, and probably fetal resorption. Gross and histologic examinations of sows revealed lesions in the reproductive organs. Marked epithelial changes characterized by squamous metaplasia were noticed in the uterus, uterine duct, cervix, vagina, and mammary glands.


Role of mixed-function oxidase in 3-methylindole-induced acute pulmonary edema in goats. The relationship between the pulmonary toxicity of 3- methylindole (3MI, skatole) and the mixed-function oxidase (MFO) system was investigated. Nine goats assigned to three groups were given a jugular infusion of [14C]3MI (0.02 to 0.03 g of 3MI/kg of body weight containing 0.5 muCi/kg of body weight) for 1.5 hours to induce acute pulmonary edema. Two groups of three goats each were treated with phenobarbital (PB) or piperonyl butoxide (BT) prior to 3MI infusion to induce or to inhibit the MFO system. Three goats were used as 3MI controls. During a 72-hour test period, blood was collected for determination of plasma 3MI concentration and radioactivity. Urine was collected and was fractionated by column chromatography. The severity of pulmonary lesions was evaluated by gross and microscopic examination. Pretreatment with BT prevented the onset of acute pulmonary edema. Goats pretreated with PB had more severe lung lesions than did 3MI controls. Plasma of goats pretreated with BT had a longer half-life (2.1 hours) of radioactivity, whereas plasma of goats pretreated with PB had a shorter half-life (1.0 hour) when compared with plasma of 3MI control goats (1.5 hours) given the same dosage of [14C]3MI (P less than 0.025). The plasma half-life of 3MI was longer (P less than 0.025) in BT-pretreated goats (0.45 hour) than that in PB-pretreated goats (0.26 hour). At 72 hours, 70% to 98% of the infused radioactivity had been excreted in the urine. The pattern of urinary metabolites of 3MI was altered in BT-pretreated goats compared with patterns in control and PB-pretreated goats. Results indicate that the MFO system is one of the pathways involved in the metabolism of 3MI and that pulmonary toxicosis results from metabolism of 3MI by this enzyme system.


Fate of labeled choline administered intraruminally to pregnant ewes given manganese-deficient or -supplemented rations. Tissue samples were taken from pregnant ewes and their 3-month fetuses 96 hours after intraruminal dosing of the ewes with tritiated choline. Starting 5 months before mating, one group of ewes had been given a manganese (Mn)-deficient ration and a second group had been given a Mn-supplemented (normal) ration. The results indicate that Mn depletion decreased the overall uptake of choline; the radioactivity of all tissues from the Mn-depleted group was lower than the radioactivity of the corresponding tissues from the group given a Mn-supplemented (normal) ration. The radioactivity of fetal tissues was also lower in the Mn-deficient group than it was in the Mn-supplemented group. Lower radioactivity concentrations were also observed in the whole plasma (sampled at various times after radioisotope dosing) and its lipid extract of Mn-depleted ewes than in the plasma and its lipid extract of Mn-supplemented ewes. There was no significant difference in the fatty acid composition of hepatic phosphatidyl choline between the two groups. However, the proportions of linoleic, stearic, and arachidonic acids were lower in fetal hepatic phosphatidyl choline than in maternal hepatic phosphatidyl choline.


Bile acid clearance in sheep with hereditary hyperbilirubinemia. The disappearance of IV injected [24-14C]cholic acid from plasma was studied in normal and mutant Corriedale and Southdown sheep exhibiting hereditary defects in hepatic organic anion transport. Hepatic cholic acid clearance was determined from the integral of the 40-minute disappearance curves fit to the sums of two exponential functions. Cholic acid clearance among Corriedale sheep was significantly less (P less than 0.05) for mutant sheep (8.44 +/- 0.86 SEM ml/minute/kg of body weight) than for normal sheep (12.7 +/- 0.58 ml/minute/kg). Cholic acid clearance in the Southdown mutant (1.97 +/- 0.59 ml/minute/kg) was less than 15% of normal clearance rate (13.3 +/- 2.2 ml/minute/kg). Clearance of [14C]taurocholic acid (curves fit to three exponential function) in the Southdown mutant (10.8 +/- 0.4 ml/minute/kg) was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than cholic acid clearance, yet was not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) from normal taurocholate clearance (17.8 +/- 2.5 ml/minute/kg). Hepatic regurgitation of conjugated bile acid was not detected after [14C]cholic acid injection. Both the mutant Corriedale and Southdown sheep, which exhibited inherited defects in hepatic bilirubin transport similar to Dubin-Johnson syndrome and Gilbert's disease in man, exhibited defects in hepatic bile acid clearance.


Effects of restrictive suckling on postpartum reproductive performance in mares. Quarter Horse mares (n = 30) and their foals were used in a 2-year study. Objectives of the study were (i) to determine the effects of a treatment regimen, which permitted nursing for four 1-hour periods each day, on the postpartum reproductive performance of the dams, and (ii) to assess the effects of this procedure on the growth and development of foals. Mares in the restricted suckling treatment group showed estrus and ovulated sooner (P less than 0.01) after parturition than did control mares during the first year of the study, but not during the second year. Plasma progesterone concentrations were similar for both treated and control mares and remained less than 1 ng/ml from parturition to ovulation. Conception rates were not significantly influenced by treatment. However, two mares which had records of failing to have estrus while nursing a foal were bred and ovulated, and one of the two conceived while on the restricted suckling treatment. The absence of treatment effects on any of the variables measured in the foals indicates that restricted suckling did not impair foal growth and development.


Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and glucosamine on bovine respiratory syncytial virus. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG) and glucosamine reversibly inhibited the replication and cytopathic effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in bovine turbinate cell cultures. The inhibitors were effective when added up to 12 hours after cell cultures were inoculated. Their effectiveness decreased as the time between inoculation of cells and drug treatment lengthened. The sugars did not inactivate the virus directly, and inoculation of drug-treated cells in drug-free medium produced normal yield of virus. Mannose fully reversed the inhibitory effects of 2-dG, but was ineffective for glucosamine. Protein synthesis was necessary for production and release of infective virus after removal of 2-dG and glucosamine blocks. Electron microscopic studies revealed a large amount of bovine respiratory syncytial virus production with characteristic spike-like projections on the viral envelopes in the absence of these inhibitors. There was a drastic reduction in the number of mature virions produced in inhibitor-treated bovine turbinate cells, and the virions lacked the characteristic surface projections.


Morphometric study of experimentally induced Staphylococcus bovis mastitis in the cow. Comparisons were made of bovine mammary tissue at 12 and 24 hours after 5,000 colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus 305 was injected into the mammary parenchyma with control tissue from the contralateral udder half. A mild form of staphylococcal mastitis was induced routinely. Generally, S aureus was found in udder tissue removed centrally from the site of injection. Varied degrees of tissue damage were found in infected quarters from alveolar epithelium without damage (similar to control) to extremely swollen epithelium which were typical of cells undergoing disruption. Infected tissues frequently displayed areas of swollen stroma and areas of diminished alveolar lumens. Cellular debris was often found in lumens, and neutrophils frequently filled the alveolar lumen in areas of greatest damage. Thus, a parenchymal injection of bacteria induced early forms of staphylococcal mastitis at the alveolar level.


A controlled evaluation of albendazole against natural infections with Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna in cattle. Albendazole administered to cattle at doses of 45, 35, 25, and 15 mg/kg of body weight reduced the number of viable Fasciola hepatica adults by 99.8%, 97.6%, 97.6%, and 95.7%, F hepatica immatures by 100%, 98.6%, 98.6% and 91.9% and Fascioloides magna by 96.5%, 99.1%, 94.0%, and 94.0%, respectively. Statistical evaluation by one-way analysis of variance, showed significant (P less than 0.05) differences in burdens of each fluke species between treated and untreated cattle, but differences in efficacy between any two of the four drug doses were not significant. Signs of toxicosis were not observed between the time of drug administration and slaughter 7 to 10 days later.


Pleasure horses as a possible source of Salmonella agona. Horses in a riding stable sporadically excreted Salmonella agona, S anatum, and S newington in the feces. The three serotypes were isolated from apparently normal horses. The horses were sampled (the number sampled varied between 10 and 21) six times throughout a 13-month period. The greatest percentage of the horses (12 of 19, or 63%) were found to be excreting salmonella in September. Among the 12 horses excreting salmonella during this month, 8 (67%) were found to be excreting S agona.


Isolation and partial characterization of prolactin from equine pituitary gland (hypophysis). Highly purified equine prolactin was prepared from equine pituitary glands (hypophysis) by serial extractions with water at pH 5.5, 0.1 M (NH4)2SO4 at pH 4.0, and 0.25 M (NH4)2SO4 at pH 5.5 to remove other hormones, and then finally with 70% ethanol at pH 9.3 to 10.0 to extract prolactin. Preliminary purification of the extract involved salting out other substances with 0.1% NaCl at pH 9.0. Prolactin was precipitated out by adding three times the volume of 95% ethanol at 4 C. This prolactin preparation had a biological potency of 24 IU/mg. Further purification by isoelectric focusing on a pH gradient of 5 to 7 gave three prolactin components with the following characteristics: isoelectric point 5.8, 5.7, and 5.25; biological potencies (IU/mg) 35.6, 19.6, and 11.3. The major component had a molecular weight of 25,000, an isoelectric point of 5.8, and a biological potency of 35.6 IU/mg. Antiserum produced against this component did not cross-react with equine follicular stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and growth hormone, but did cross-react with ovine and bovine prolactin. Human and murine prolactin had little cross-reactivity with the equine prolactin antiserum.


Correlation of in vitro and in vivo tests for cell-mediated immunity in the dog. Using tuberculin (purified protein derivative) as the test antigen, 29 dogs with different vaccination histories were tested with the lymphocyte transformation (LT) assay, the indirect agarose leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assay, and the skin test for delayed type hypersensitivity. All three tests were done simultaneously on each dog. The LT assay results were found to correlate well (r = 0.88) with the skin test results, whereas LMI results were found to correlate poorly (r = 0.55) with the skin test results. It was concluded that the LT assay is a more reliable measure of cell mediated immunity in the dog than is the LMI assay.


Primary pulmonic tumors in beagles.

Primary pulmonic tumors in beagles. The age-specific frequency of 11 primary pulmonic neoplasms in a closed Beagle colony is presented. The first tumor occurred at 5 years, and the frequency increased progressively in the older age classes. All of the tumors arose from sites distal to the principal bronchi. Although metastases appeared to occur relatively late, with respect to course of tumor development, they were noted in approximately a half of the dogs and most frequently involved the bronchial lymph nodes.


A technique for catherization of the renal vein in the dog. A technique for the catheterization of the renal vein is described. Samples of blood were withdrawn from the vein without obstructing the flow of blood through it.


[Midline congenital fistulas of the nose. Fourteen cases (author's transl)]. The authors report 14 cases of midline congenital fistulas of the nose. Early diagnosis of  the abnormality and its deep prolongations are necessary in order to avoid delayed presentation by infectious complications, which may be grave. Anteroposterior tomograms, in Gosserez view, in general provide precise information concerning the extent. In order to limit aesthetic problems, surgical treatment, without prejudice to total excision, should give preference to concealed transcolumellar incisions extended if necessary to the nostrils. This approach offers extensive manaeuvrability and makes it possible to perform a rhinoplasty if necessary.


[Radiological examination of the temporo-mandibular joint. Basic principles (author's transl)]. Radiological examination of the temporo-mandibular joint remains technically difficult. Standard views using usual X-ray techniques are inadequate. Preference must be given to selective tomography (sagittal, frontal or even axial) after determination of the axis of the condyles on a Hirtz position film. In certain cases, arthrography may also make it possible to define the contours of joint surfaces not seen on plain films. Radiocinematography is little used.


[Chordoma of the base of the skull. Clinical and histological study. Therapeutic possibilities (author's transl)]. A Case of chordoma of the base of the skull is reported. It had been present with minimal symptoms for six years during which the clinical picture was limited to nasal obstruction and headache. Comparison of initial X-rays and the preoperative assessment revealed progressive destruction of the base of the skull which indicated the likelihood of considerable difficulties in excision. Surgical treatment posed the problem of the approach and emphasised the absence of encapsulation and the incomplete nature of the operation. The development of new symptoms (diplopia, dysphagia) resulted in complementary radiotherapy. The authors take the opportunity to point out the polymorphous clinical nature of these tumours in relation to their site and the criteria of the histological diagnosis. The possibilities of treatment are discussed. Abstention from treatment is formally rejected and, on the contrary, the emphasis is placed upon the need for early treatment. The consequences of excision should be limited by using a minimal surgical technique when possible. Complementary radiotherapy is necessary and may be repeated, up to certain limits, in the case of recurrence if the first irradiation is felt to be effective. There is no parallel between histological appearances and the response to treatment. The possibilities of chemotherapy would appear to be limited.


[Clinical paper. Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Significance and therapeutic discussion (author's transl)]. Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy is a recently demarcated clinico-anatomical entity. A new case underlines the importance of this lesion in E.N.T. The lesion often progresses like a neoplasm, even though the clinical, biochemical and histological features make one consider it today to be an expression of an immune disorder. Nevertheless, the relationship with malignant lymphoma is discussed and the histological arguments which show an association or an evolution towards malignancy are exposed. The difficulties of treatment are particularly underlined on the basis of this ambivalence; and especially on the basis of the dilemma posed by the necessity for an effective therapy, justified by the invasive and extensive nature of the lesion, and the risks represented by the use of chemotherapy in a patient whose immunity is already disturbed. A statistical analysis of the therapeutic results, from data collected from the literature, illustrates this difficulty but does not allow a universally acceptable attitude to be defined.


[Thyroid metastases of digestive carcinomas (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of thyroid metastasis of a rectal carcinoma 9 years after excision of the primary tumour. They study the prevalence of thyroid secondary localisations of the chief primary tumours responsible, the time before appearance of the metastasis, and clinical and histological features on the basis of cases reported in the literature. They then describe the pathogenic factors and criteria in prognosis which is always grave, as a result of the dissemination of metastases.


[Four rare tumors of the larynx: granular cell tumors, neuroma, pseudo-tumoral amyloidosis (author's transl)]. The authors report four rare, benign tumors of the larynx: two granular cell tumors; one large, benign neuroma, weighing 37 g; one pseudo-tumoral amyloidosis, the diagnostic histological criteria of which are defined.


[Laryngomucocele. Review of the literature based upon one case (author's transl)]. Laryngomucocoel is a retention form of laryngocoele in which secretions cannot be normally be evacuated into the ventricle, hence the name of appendicular cyst (saccular cyst) used as a synonym of laryngomucocoele. Amongst laryngeal diseases, laryngocoele and laryngomucocoele are relatively rare and in contrast to published findings between the years 1950 and 1965, these pathological conditions are not as widespread as is thought. This article consists of a review of the literature and the presentation of an interesting case of combined external and internal laryngocoele containing mucus and which was successfully treated surgically.


[Multiple carcinomas of the upper digestive tract. 7 tumour sites in 9 years (author's transl)]. Report of a patient who developed squamous cell carcinomas at seven sites in the upper digestive tract, only two of which were simultaneous. The course was of more than eight years, each of the sites showing the appearances of local clinical cure until the final fatal spread.


[An impressively large trilobulate neuroma of the XIIth cranial nerve (author's transl)]. The authors present a case of a large neuroma of the hypoglossal nerve of unusual size and weight, the precise nature of which could be defined only after excision, since its cystic surface suggested a diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma. The following special features may be noted: The rarety of neuromas of the XIIth cranial nerve; the influence of the relations of the XIIth nerve with the posterior belly of the digastric and the myloid muscle on development of the neuroma; the false, cystic appearance which may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of tuberculosis, which in itself, would be a contra-indication to puncture for cytological examination of fluid; the tendency to hemorrhage at the time of excision; finally, the possible problems related to nerve section.


[Bilateral acoustic neuromas, a report of eight cases (author's transl)]. The treatment of bilateral acoustic neuromas is extremely difficult. An earlier diagnosis would give better opportunities to preserve facial and hearing function. We study on eight cases, the initial symptoms and the evolution to stimulate the interest of the E.N.T. specialist of this unrecognized disease.


[Two cases of haemangiopericytoma (author's transl)]. The authors report 2 cases of haemangiopericytoma, one cervical and the other endolaryngeal. They emphasise the value of precise histological study which is alone capable of confirming the diagnosis. But in fact the existence of transitory forms leaves many incertainties with regard to the prognosis of these tumours and it is difficult to adopt a coherent therapeutic attitude.


Cotylophoron macrosphinctris sp. n. (Trematoda: Paramphistomata) from the African buffalo, Bubalus (Syncerus) caffer Sparrman. Cotylophoron macrosphinctris sp. n. was recorded from the rumen of the African buffalo, Bubalus (Syncerus) caffer, Sparrman in Central African Empire. The most characteristic feature of this species is the presence of a strong genital sphincter by which it is easily distinguished from the hitherto known species of the genus.


[Nematodirinae (Nematoda) from Ruminants and from lagomorpha. (author's transl)]. Study of eight species of Nematodirinae with special emphasis on their synlophe: Nematodirus filicollis (Rudolphi, 1802), N. spathiger (Railliet, 1896). N. helvetianus May, 1920, N. battus Crofton & Thomas, 1951, N. tortuosus Tucker, 1942, Nematodirella dromedarii (May, 1920), Nematodiroides zembrae (Bernard, 1965) and Rauschia triangularis, type species of the new genus Rauschia. Furthermore, bibliographical data permit to know the structure of the synlophe in four other species. In each of these species the synlophe retains the primitive bilateral symmetry observed in the Molineidae; in species parasitic in Ruminants and Rodents, the synlophe shows non pronounced size gradient, nor a pronounced peculiar orientation of the tip of the crests. These last specialized characters are observed, on the contrary, in species parasitic in Lagomorpha. These latter show, starting from synlophes of the "Anoplostrongylinae"-type, various evolutionary essays; the most remarkable is an hypertrophy of the dorsal crests which leads at the end of the evolution, to a dextral coiling, the back of the animal being inside the spire: such a position appears unique in the superfamily. Rauschia gen. nov. (type species: R. triangularis) is created for species previously pertaining to Nematodirus parasite of Lagomorpha, and in which the synlophe, very complex, differs from the synlophe of the parasite of Ruminants. A dichotomic key of the six genera of Nematodirinae is proposed.


[Empidomermis riouxi n. sp. (Nematoda, Mermithidae). (author's transl)]. Empidomermis riouxi n. sp. is described from Aedes (Ochlerotatus) detritus, in Camargue. The species differs from E. cozi, which is the only other species of the genus, by having a sligtly larger size and a very little pronounced cephalic constriction. Males differ also from those of E. cozi by the number and disposition of the caudal papillae. The postparasitic larvae escape from adult mosquitoes, rarely from pupae. In laboratory conditions, the nematodes enter the moist sand in the bottom of Petri dishes where, after about 20 days, they molt, mate and oviposit. All the larval stages of A. detritus can be found infected. The presence of parasites induce the arrest of the ovarian development of the females and inhibits the mating activity of males. The rate of parasitism is very high and its fluctuations seem closely related to the host life cycle.


[Ecology of leishmaniasis in the south of France. 10. Developmental stages and clinical characterization of canine leishmaniasis in relation to epidemiology. (author's transl)]. In an analytical study of a focus of leishmaniasis in Southern France (Cévennes), a clinical, parasitological and immunological comparison was made of dogs with natural and experimental infections of leishmaniasis. Observations were made in longterm laboratory experiments and on dogs found infected in field surveys. Two main clinical forms, patent and latent, were apparent. The latent form could be further subdivided into two types namely preclinical (the commonor: about 90%) and resolving (about 10%). The epidemiological periods, can result on the maintenance of the parasites for several years without the need for transmission by the vector. The prevalence and duration of the different forms of disease in dogs are thought to be of great importance in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in foci in which canids are reservoir hosts.


[Sergentomyia (Rondanomyia) ingrami Newstead, 1914, Sergentomyia (Rondanomyia) dureni Parrot, 1934 and Sergentomyia hamoni Abonnenc, 1958 (Diptera Phlebotomidae). Morphology of immature stages and biocological accounts. (author's transl)]. Immature stages of S. ingrami, S. dureni and S. hamoni have been obtained in laboratory culture. The morphological characters of egg, larva and pupa are studied, the duration of post-embryonic development is specified. The chaetotaxy of fourth-instar larvae of S. hamoni is distinguishable from the other species described.


[Influence of larval nutrition on the fecundity of autogenous and anautogenous females inside the Aedes (Ochlerotatus) detritus (Haliday, 1833) complex [Diptera-Culicidae]. (author's transl)]. Using two sibling species of the Aedes detritus (Haliday, 1833) complex, one autogenous (A) and the other anautogenous (B), the role played by the larval environment on vitellogenesis was confirmed. A poor larval diet reduced the fecondity equally of both autogenous and anautogenous females. With the latter however blood meal ensured the maturation of a not negligible number of ovocytes.


Multiple infection of Hydrobia stagnorum (Gmelin) with larval Trematodes. Analysis of double infections of Hydrobia stagnorum (Gmelin) with larval trematodes leads to the following conclusions: 1.--negative interaction occurs when both species have the same precercarial stage (rediae or sporocysts); 2.--negative interaction is generally absent when these precercarial stages are different (redia + sporocyst); 3.--the few exceptions on 2. could be a result of predation by the redia on the sporocyst; 4.--the negative interactions are most likely the result of competition for the same type of food.


Further characterization of the human fumarase variant, FH 2--1. 1. Further investigation of fumarase using lymphoblastoid cells derived from an individual of the FH 2--1 phenotype has confirmed that the mitochondrial (FHM) and soluble (FHS) forms of fumarase are determined at the same structural locus. 2. The FH 2--1 variant is associated with enzyme deficiency: c. 70% of normal in lymphoblastoid cells and c. 20% of normal in red cells. 3. The pH optimum and apparent Michaelis constant of the variant fumarase were normal but heat-inactivation studies suggest that the isozymes containing polypeptides determined by the variant allele are unstable.


Changes of selection opportunities with a changing environment: regional heterogeneity in Italy. The mortailty and fertility components of the index of opportunity for selection (the Crow index) have been studied in the various Italian regions during the last century. To estimate the relevance of environmental factors on both components, their trends and those of their interregional variances have been compared with illiteracy. The results show that the selection opportunities due to mortality have decreased in a smiliar way in all the regions with a trend parallel to that of the national percentage of illiteracy, suggesting that this component is directly affected by the general socio-cultural level. As to the component due to fertility differentials, the regions, though scattered in the time scale, show a characteristic cycle of rise and fall. Moreover, the interregional variances of this component and of illiteracy are quite parallel, thus supporting the hypothesis that the reproductive pattern is strongly influenced by the individual cultural level.


Selection in dioecious populations.

Selection in dioecious populations. Weak selection at a single mutiallelic locus in a dioecious population is analysed under the assumptions of panmixia and discrete non-overlapping generations. The results hold for both autosomal and X-linked loci after several generations have elapsed. With an error of the order of s (i.e. O(s)), where s is the selection intensity, the population evolves as if it were monoecious. The equivalent monoecious fitnesses must be calculated by weighting each sex by the number of genes carried by an individual at the locus under consideration. Provided the explicit time dependence (if any) of the genotypic fitnesses in each sex is O(s2), the rate of change of the male--female allelic frequency differences is O(s2). If the change per generation of the genotypic fitnesses is smaller than second order in s (i.e. o(s2)), then to O(s2) the rate of change of the unweighted average of the male and female mean fitnesses is equal to the genic variance. Hence, as long as there is significant gene frequency change, this measure of the mean fitness of the population will increase.


The correlation between relatives under assortative malting for an X-linked and autosomal trait. Correlations between various relatives are derived for phenotypic assortative mating at equilibrium for a trait determined by additive autosomal and X-linked loci without dominance, with proportional gene effects in the two sexes, and with an uncorrelated environment. It is assumed that genotype and environment are normally distributed, that phenotypes of mates are bivariate-normally distributed, and that regression of an individual's phenotype or genotype on the phenotype or genotype of any of his relatives is linear.


Ancestral inference. III. The ancestral structure of the population of Tristan da Cunha. A log-linear analysis has been applied to the survival probabilities of the genes of the founders of Tristan da Cunha. This analysis enables a large set of probabilities to be viewed as a single function, and the features of this function to be analysed. Features of the structure of the ancestral genealogy are thereby illuminated, and the dependence and interactions between founders with regard to the descent of their genes to the current population may be quantified.


Application of a recombination model in calculating the variance of sib pair genetic identity. Using a previously described model of crossing over (Risch & Lange, 1979), we have calculated analytically the variance in the proportion of genes identical by descent shared by two sibs. The prior distributions for numbers of chiasmata reported in Suarez et al. (1979) were used to calculate a standard deviation of 0.040 for the 22 human autosomes. It is also shown that any two identity by descent values within a sibship are uncorrelated.


Equilibrium stability of a diffusion process in population genetics. De Finetti introduced a model of a continuously reproducing population with phenotypic assortative mating for a pair of dominant-recessive autosomal genes. In this paper it is rigorously proved that this model admits of stable equilibria which lie above the Hardy--Weinberg parabola in the de Finetti diagram.


Influence of single or multiple doses of gentamicin and netilmicin on their cortical, medullary, and papillary distribution. In this study, the comparative intrarenal distribution and accumulation of both gentamicin and netilmicin were investigated in normal rats. The animals received 1, 3, or 14 injections of 10 mg of gentamicin or netilmicin per kg. A total of 324 animals and 648 kidneys were analyzed. These animals were sacrificed at from 1 h to 25 days after the intraperitoneal injections. At each timed interval, the serum, urine, cortex, medulla, and papilla were analyzed for antimicrobial content. The peak serum values of gentamicin (8 to 12 mug/ml) and netilmicin (9 to 14 mug/ml) were close to those found in humans. There was a progressive increase in the cortical concentrations of both antibiotics from a low of 53 mug/g to a high of 719 mug/g when the animals were given increasing doses of the agents. At most timed intervals, the concentrations of gentamicin within the cortex were slightly lower than those of netilmicin. The accumulation of the drugs was also demonstrated in the medulla, where therapeutic levels could be detected for up to 25 days after the cessation of therapy. Even though gentamicin and netilmicin were transiently present in the papilla after 1 or 3 injections, both drugs could still be detected in the papilla on day 25 after 14 doses. The urinary concentration closely paralleled the papillary concentration. If applicable to humans, the persistence of high levels of both drugs within the medulla and papilla may have therapeutic implications.