[Blood characteristics of some french pig populations. Relationships with the malignant hyperthermia syndrome (author's transl)]. Lactic acid, glucose, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and some mineral components were determined in the blood of piglets before and after a halothane test of five minutes (only before for CPK). Two different experimental groups were studied: 222 Pietrain piglets from an INRA experimental herd, and 325 piglets from the Large White, French Landrace and Belgian Landrace breeds entering performance testing stations. Animals reacting positively to halothane ("MHS" piglets) have significantly higher blood levels of lactic acid and potassium before anesthesia than normal animals. CPK is also higher, except for the Belgian Landrace: in this breed CPK shows the same average value and distribution in the two groups of piglets (normal and MHS). There are also breed differences in blood magnesium, independently of the reaction to halothane. But the breed differences observed in lactic acid and CPK are related to the proportion of MHS piglets in each breed. Anesthesia by means of halothane lowers the measured blood characteristics--except for glucose--in normal animals, and rises them--except for potassium--in MHS piglets. The results are discussed in view of the incomplete discrimination between the two types of pigs, with a 5 minutes test, and, particularly, considering possible breed differences in that respect.


The absorption of immunoglobulin from colostrum by bottle-fed lambs. Factors affecting the absorption of immunoglobulin from colostrum by new born lambs were studied. Merino, Scottish Blackface, Cheviot, Southdown, Border Leicester, Finnish Landrace and Finnish Landrace x Dorset Horn lambs were removed from their mothers before sucking and bottle-fed with measured amounts of colostrum, either from individual ewes, or from pools of colostrum, some of which had been frozen for up to two years. Afterwards the lambs were fostered onto other ewes or reared on milk substitute. Their serum IgG1 concentrations before and after colostrum intake, were compared with IgG1 concentrations in conventionally reared lambs. The concentrations in lambs given a single feed of 150 to 200 g 1 hour after birth, or 30 g/kg at 1 hour and 7 hours compared favourably with those in control lambs. Lambs fed 50 to 100 g at 1 hour had a high proportion of very low concentrations and lambs fed 30 g/kg at 1 h, or at 1 and 24 h had low mean concentrations but no very low individual concentrations. The concentrations after a feed at 1 hour were positively correlated with the total amounts of IgG1 in the colostrum and negatively correlated with the birth weights. Only very small amounts were absorbed at 24 hours. Absorption was more efficient in males than in females and in Cheviots than in other breeds. It was unaffected by the age of the colostrum. Similar proportions of bottle-fed and control lambs died before 6 months of age, but relatively more bottle-fed lambs died from respiratory infections. The IgG1 concentrations and growth rates of the bottle-fed lambs were not significantly correlated.


Kinetics of fructose utilization by buffalo spermatozoa. Experiments have been conducted to estimate the fructolytic index, Fl (mg of fructose utilized by 10(9) spermatozoa in 60 minutes), Fructolytic Coefficient, Ku (Fractional decline in the spermatozoal fructolytic activity on an instantaneous basis), Maximum fructose utilization, MFU (mg of fructose utilized by 10(9) spermatozoa in one minute at zero incubation time on an instantaneous basis) and T 1/2 (Biological half life of semen) of buffalo spermatozoa. The effect of citrate and phosphate buffers on the measures of fructolysis, the Pasteur effect and the fructose utilization by the head, midpiece and tail fraction of spermatozoa have also been investigated. Fructolytic index of the buffalo spermatozoa has been compared with those of exotic bulls. Fl was highly significantly different between first, second and third hour of incubation. Significant correlations were obtained between sperm concentration and fructose utilization in all the 20 minute periods. Ku was independent of initial fructose concentration (IFC) sperm concentration and the incubation period. The Fructose utilization followed a first order reaction. The correlation coefficient between the seminal attributes and different measures of fructolysis have been presented. All the measures of fructolysis were significantly higher in citrate buffer as compared to phosphate buffer. None of the fractions of the spermatozoa showed fructolytic activity on incubation with exogeneous fructose.


[Part played by ectoparasites in the syndrome of sheep "on its back" (author's transl)]. After putting themselves on the back, many ewes die because they are not able to rise to their feet again. Severe itching seems to be the cause of this abnormal posture. A whole herd treatment against ectoparasites (HCH spray) has reduced by 80% the losses caused by this condition during the years 1964 to 1971 in about a hundred herds in the department of Saône-et-Loire. The persistency of a small number of cases in treated herds could be due to non-parasitic causes.


Influence of silage contamination by soil upon trace elements availability in sheep. The influence of soil contamination in silage has been studied in two successive balance trials realized with 12 growing lambs (27 kg). A perennial Rye Grass at the first cycle was offered alone or contaminated with 5% of acid brown soil issued from altered granit rocks. Voluntary intakes and dry matter digestibility were lowered. Similarly copper, zinc and manganese digestibility dropped sharply in spite of a diet enrichment in these elements by the soil.


[The control of animal diseases in france during the last fifteen years, as it appears throught the eradication of bovine tuberculosis. proposals for the future (author's transl)]. In the general outline of the success, on a national scale, of the eradication of bovine tuberculosis in France up to 1974, we have tried to find out the factors which could explain the differences, sometimes important, between French departments in the efficiency of this eradication. We have selected twenty seven parameters distinctive of each of the 74 departments having more than 50 000 bovine under the control of State Veterinary service. These parameters describe 1) tuberculosis infection rates of animals and herds, at three periods; 2) some structural characteristics of bovine production; 3) sanitary environment (veterinary practicioners, State Veterinary service, breeders association for sanitary protection). Statistical analysis by principal components show that department infection rate decreases as the first three factors evidenced by this analysis vary positively; they are: 1) "Sanitary Consciousness", which is defined both by the important of bovine production and by precociousness in developing prophylactic measures, these two factors being independent. 2) Specialization in bovine production, characterized by the percentage of young animals reared in the herd and by the proportion of grass produced by ley. 3) Intensity of sanitary environment. These three factors, which are interlinked to various degrees, control respectively 25%, 13% and 13% of the total variance. A complementary analysis of the data suggest that the efficiency of eradication could be improved by a better knowledge of the movement of breeding animals between the departments, and by a more careful recording, in some instances, of infected animals in slaughter hourses. When the importance of a herd increase sanitation of tuberculosis in infected herds is less readily achieved and brucellosis abortion rate increases. At the departement level, efficiency of eradication is not correlated to the expenses of prophylaxy. For the development of an integrated sanitary policy, taking into account such non specific factors as those exemplified in the study could help to a better control of animal diseases, in parallel to the desirable improvement of the specific means of combatting each disease.


Diet and caecal motility in sheep.

Diet and caecal motility in sheep. The electrical activity of the caecum was recorded during periods of two months in 5 ewes receiving different diets. For a similar amount of dry matter ingested, the frequency of caecal contractions was diminished on concentrates with urea versus hay ad libitum but not on concentrates without urea. The frequency also decreased when the level of food intake on hay diet or on concentrates without urea diet was reduced. On a daily meal food intake, induced caecal hyperactivity occurred or hay and inhibition for concentrates with urea. The postprandial hyperactivity had a ruminal origin and was mediated by the vagus nerves. The inhibitory effects of urea were correlated with the ruminal production and ammonia and its diffusion into the abdominal cavity.


Cyclopiazonic acid bioproduction by Penicillium camemberti Thom: effect of temperature on individual strains. The effect of temperature on cyclopiazonic acid production varied with the strain used. Accordingly, strains weakly toxigenic at the temperature of cheese ripening and storage can be selected and should be used.


[Toxinogenic moulds in silage. VII Conservatives effects on patulin production (author's transl)]. Penicillium granulatum growth and patulin production were inhibited for a period of five months after propionic (0.5; 1; 2 p. 100) and formic acids (1.5; 3; 6 p. 1000) addition. Propionic and formic acids as well as Antracol (100, 400, 1000 ppm of Propylene bis dithio carbamate zinc) and Thibenzol (200, 600, 1200 ppm of Thiabendazol) additions were not able to prevent patulin production by Byssochlamys nivea. Problems related to contamination of silages and corn by patulin was not completely solved.


Accuracy of 100 mm x 100 mm mirror optic camera technique as compared to normal chest radiography technique. Full size and 100 mm x 100 mm mirror optic camera (photofluorographic) chest films of 121 patients were read by a team of four radiologists. Altogether 2781 diagnostic statements were reported, 968 of which were of primary importance, and only these statements were analysed. Error rates with the standard technique varied between 16 and 31% and with the 100 mm x 100 mm technique between 21 and 38%. The difference in error rates between the techniques used was not statistically significant but there were significant differences between the individual radiologists.


The technique and applications of muscle biopsy. The technique of muscle biopsy is described. The precautions in selection, removal and preservation of the biopsied muscle tissue and the need for cooperation between the clinician, surgeon and pathologist in order to obtain the greatest value from the biopsy are stressed. The practical applications of muscle biopsy are presented. Its importance and usefulness in the diagnosis and management of patients with neuromuscular disorders and its potential in research are discussed.


Passive charcoal agglutination-inhibition test for hepatitis B surface antigen. A new test for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen is evaluated. The passive charcoal agglutination-inbition test uses charcoal particles that have been coated with hepatitis B surface antigen. Agglutination of the sensitised particles by antibody is prevented by the presence of antigen in the test serum. Results of the study show that the test is as sensitive as counterimmuno-electrophoresis. It is simple to perform and relatively quick. It may be a useful test for screening patients with hepatitis in a small hospital or private group practice.


Adverse drug reaction reporting in the Singapore General Hospital. Adverse Drug Reaction reporting was made mandatory in the Singapore General Hospital in January 1978. Reports on a total of 59 patients were received on 34 drugs ranging from antibiotics to Chinese medicine. Antimicrobial drugs topped the list of adverse reactions. The most frequently reported drugs in decreasing order of reports were ampicillin, allopurinol, aspirin compound preparations, cloxacillin, digoxin, streptomycin, penicillins and insulins. Allergies were the most common reactions seen.


Urinary excretion levels of morphine and codeine in subjects consuming medicinal preparations containing morphine or codeine and in drug abusers. Urinary levels of morphine and codeine were studied in two groups of people: Group A--urine samples of 76 subjects receiving three different medicinal preparations containing morphine or codeine. Group B--urine samples of 67 drug abusers detected at urinary mass screening. Distinct differences in these levels were observed. In Group A, UPPER 99% Confidence limits of morphine concentrations of 2.56 microgram/ml, 2.40 microgram/ml and 2.29 microgram/ml were reached after consumption of prescribed doses of Syrup Phensedyl, Tablet Codeine Co and Kaolin et Morphine mixture respectively. In Group B, the LOWER 99% Confidence limit of morphine concentration was 3 microgram/ml. In contrast, the codeine levels obtained for both groups were similar. The clear separation of the ranges of morphine values for the two groups shows that the urinary morphine level forms a reliable index for the differentiation between these two groups.


Ratios of total morphine to total codeine in urine of subjects consuming medicinal preparations containing morphine or codeine and in drug abusers. Urinary total morphine: total codeine ratios were studied in two groups of people. Group A consisted of 76 subjects receiving three different medicinal preparations containing morphine or codeine, while Group B consisted of 33 drug abusers detected at urinary mass screening. Distinct differences in these ratios were observed. In Group A, total morphine: codeine ratios of 1:2.6 and below were obtained for subjects consuming either Tablet Codeine Co or Syrup Phensedyl. Subjects consuming Kaolin et Morphine mixture did not excrete any codeine in the urine. In Group B, total morphine: total codeine ratios of 1.9:1 and above were obtained. In addition all subjects in Group B excreted both morphine and codeine. The clear separation of the morphine: codeine ratios makes this a possible index to differentiate between these groups.


Hearing in military personnel.

Hearing in military personnel. Impaired hearing is an occupational hazard prevalent not only in industry but also in the armed forces. A survey to establish its prevalence in the SAF land forces was conducted. A sample of 2,564 subjects obtained through multistage proportional sampling was studied of whom 1,521 "normal" subjects were finally analysed. 403 subjects i.e. 26.5%, showed evidence of impaired hearing. The highest incidence was in the Artillery. The frequency most commonly affected was 6,000 Hz and the commonest presenting symptom was tinnitus. A Hearing Conservation Programme is described. Comparisons with the situations in Singapore's industries are made.


Tuberculosis of the tongue.

Tuberculosis of the tongue. Involvement of the tongue by Mycobacterium tuberculosis occurs on rare occasions. Two interesting cases of tuberculosis of the tongue are reported and the mode of transfer of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to oral tissues is discussed. The need to consider tuberculosis as an etiological factor in indolent oral lesions is emphasised.


A child reading: some educational and psychological considerations. This paper notes that reading is a significant and complex task; effective reading skills are crucial for educational success and psychological integration; Data from the Remedial Reading Clinic, Institute of Education and data from a reading survey amongst 1,157 Primary Six pupils from 18 schools is with the two aspects noted above as a framework. The work of Bruno Bettelheim, a noted child psychiatrist is given special attention.


Hypochondriacal complaints among Hong Kong children: a mental health hazard? The incidence of hypochondriacal complaints among clinic attenders at a general outpatients clinic is in the region of 51/thousand (51 per 1,000). A series of 33 children were studied in detail. It was found that their age range from 1 1/2-14 with a mode of 8-10 years, females having a slight predominance (1.33:1). They usually came from lower social-economic backgrounds but a substantial portion also came from social class 2. Among his latter group, psychological complaints predominate. Pain remained the most frequent complaint. There was also a predominance of complaints confined to the respiratory tract, a tendency which could be explained on a cultural and public-health basis. It was also found that only very few of the children in the study had previous hypochondriacal traits, a fact which contrasted sharply to those of their parents in whom hypochondriacal traits predominate. Hypochondriacal children, when treated, had good prognostic outcomes. Two areas of special significance in future researches are: 1. The importance of parental influence on the health attitudes of children. 2. Whether hypochondriacal children contribute significantly towards adult jupochondriasis (Primary or Secondary).


Suicide of the young in Singapore.

Suicide of the young in Singapore. This is a study of 137 cases of young suicide aged below 29 occurring in Singapore from years 1969-1976--a period of 8 years. The pattern of young suicide among the different sexes and ethnic groups in Singapore, the suicide letters and the methods of suicide were analysed, studied and discussed. Where pertinent, case histories were illustrated. Suicide in the young in Singapore as in other countries poses as an important psycho-social and medical problem.


Psychological problems in adolescence.

Psychological problems in adolescence. Psychological problems in 170 adolescence that were seen in the Singapore Child Psychiatry Clinic were compared with 2 other reported series from the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The course and prognosis appear similar to what has been observed in the West. The emotional or neurotic conditions have the best outlook while the psychotics have an improvement rate of not more than 45%.


New admissions to Woodbridge Hospital 1975 with special reference to schizophrenia. Woodbrige Hospital had 2,257 patients in 1975. Of these 75 percent were suffering from Schizophrenia. This pattern was similar to that of developing countries like Padistan and Malaya. A study was carried out on all new admissions in 1975. There were 1,068 patients whose age ranged from 10 to 89. Schizophrenia which constituted 62% of the cases was analysed in detail. They were mainly in the age range 10-29 (64%). The sex ratio was 3 males to 2 females. Their distribution by their type of housing was similar to that of the general populations. They were better educated. The most common presentation were reports of aggressive, violent, disturbed, abnormal or withdrawn behaviour. The 10 most common symptoms were paranoid ideas, hearing of voices, talking to oneself, insomnia, aggression, abnormal behaviour, laughing to oneself, disturbed behaviour, crying to oneself and withdrawn behaviour. The most common drugs used were trifluoperazine (47%) and chlorpromazine (45%). Electroconvulsive therapy was given to 25% of the patients. Most of the patients (63%) stayed less than 20 days.


A prospective study of suicides among the mentally ill in a specialist practice. This is the only prospective study of suicides in Singapore. Out of a total of 1,873 patients registered and treated in a private psychiatric practice from years 1968-1976, 25 patients were found to have committed suicide. Of these, 14 were found to suffer from schizophrenia and 11 from depressive illness. The suicide risk of all the patients under different categories were noted and when possible calculated. It is found that a schizophrenic patient who has attempted suicide carries the highest suicide risk.


Suicide of the elderly in Singapore.

Suicide of the elderly in Singapore. This is a study based on data from all Coroners' case-files (Years 1969-1976) and a 'psychological post-mortem' study of all suicides for the year 1974--57 cases comprising of 39 males and 18 females. The trend of aged suicide in Singapore, the demographic data of the aged suicide population, the methods used by the aged suicide and the causative factors associated with suicide in aged are recorded, analysed and discussed. Reactions of the surviving relatives are also described. The unique features particular to the aged suicide in Singapore are noted and explained. Suicide of the aged in Singapore is mainly a study of the aged Chinese suicide.


Suicide letters.

Suicide letters. This is a study of 266 suicide letters collected over a period of 8 years (1969-1976). In the study of completed suicide cases, there are few sources of data available. A critical research may question the reliability of the study of suicide letters. In this paper the author tries to answer some of the many questions which might be posed. It is however felt that the study of suicide letters does help us to understand the mental state of suicidal victims prior to their acts. The study of suicide letter is one of the prerequisites to the understanding of this complicated human behaviour.


[Melatonin and LH secretion patterns in pubertal boys (author's transl)]. Plasma melatonin and LH were measured at 20 minute intervals for 24 hours in four normal pubertal boys. All four subjects showed a significant augmentation of LH and melatonin during noctural sleep. There was also a significant correlation between the LH and melatonin levels (p less than 0.001). There were periods of episodic secretion of melanin during the diurnal waking period which seemed related to "stress". These data indicate that the peripheral concentrations of melatonin which occur during sleep are insufficient to prevent spontaneous LH secretion during puberty.


[Hypopituitarism and hyperlipidemia. Protective effect of growth hormone deficiency against atherosclerosis (author's transl)]. A serie of 12 cases of hypopituitarism (Sheehan's syndrome, pituitary adenoma, idiopathic) associated with hyperlipidemia (type IIb in general), is reported. It is suggested that: 1--Growth hormone deficiency seems to have a protective effect against atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemia because there are no cardiovascular signs in 10 cases with a history of growth hormone deficiency lasting from 5 to 57 years and a manifesting hyperlipidemia (lasting a mean of 23 years), and there is stabilisation or improvement of ischemic signs in 2 other cases. 2--Lipid abnormalities are frequently seen in hypopituitarism even after thyroid replacement therapy. 3--The hyperlipidemia can be familial or can result from growth hormone deficiency alone.


[The stimulation by calcium of the thyroidal iodine metabolism fits into the scheme of "stimulus-secretion coupling" (author's transl)]. In vivo, in the rat, in nutritional experiments, calcium accelerated iodine entry into the thyroid and augmented the concentration of iodine in the gland (1). These data are compatible with the hypothesis of Ca2+ acting on the thyroid as in "stimulus-secretion coupling" where the cation promotes extrusion of the contents of exocytotic granules (2). The whole set of experimental data from the in vivo work (1, 3) fit into the view that Ca2+ might increase the velocity of iodine entry into and the concentration of iodine in the thyroid by promoting exo cytosis of non iodinated thyroglobulin; and so do data from in vitro experiments in the literature, provided the statement: "Ca2+ is required for the in vitro TSH stimulation of 131I transfer from the intrathyroidal iodide pool into thyroglobulin" (5) is inverted into: "Ca2+ is required for the TSH stimulation of the transfer of Tg into the sites of its iodination"; these are located in the lumen of the follicle (4). The transfer of Tg (= exocytosis) was shown to be limiting factor to the acceleration of iodine binding by TSH, in vivo (6).


[Place of sulpirid test in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma (author's transl)]. 42 patients suspected of pheochromocytoma underwent to sulpirid and glucagon tests. 6 patients had pheochromocytoma: 3 failed to respond to glucagon and 2 to sulpirid. The 36 other patients had no clinical or blood pressure changes after sulpirid injection. We did not know any complication in positive tests and any clinical unconfort in negative tests. These results confirm the interest of sulpirid test in pheochromocytoma.


[Leydig cell tumor of the ovary (biologic (in vivo and in vitro) and ultrastructural study) (author's transl)]. The authors present the case of a young hirsute woman of 28 years old. Urinary 17 KS were very increased without DHA, but with androsterone, etiocholanolone and 11 oxy 17 Ketosteroids. Androstenedione and testosterone plasmatic levels were very high and per operative selective ovarian vein catheterization showed a direct production of these potent androgens. In vitro study of the tumor allowed to obtain same results. Light and electron microscopic study showed a Leydig cell tumor of left ovary.


[Cytological study of the hemopoietic organ in the crab: Carcinus maenas (L.) (Crustacea, Decapoda). (author's transl)]. A cytological observation, using conventional fixing and staining, is made on the hemopoietic tissue in the crab, Carcinus maenas. The hemopoietic organ is formed by nodules grouping different cell types; nodules are surrounded by a limiting layer including collagenous filaments and material looking like basal lamina. Some fibrocytes and semi-granulous hemocytes are lining this limited layer. These hemocytes, more or less flattened, are transforming in fibrocytes. Fibroblast-like cells, with well developed intercellular junctions, are the first cell type: their dedifferentiation gives rise to isolated mitoting cells. We have named these mitoting cells "hemocytoblast". They are stem cells for hyaline hemocytes. Fibroblast-like cells can be compared with "reticular cells" in Insects. Uncertainty exists as to the formation and evolution of nodules.


The growth of London schoolchildren 1904-1966: an analysis of secular trend and intra-county variation. Height and weight were measured on 299,303 children involved in eleven London County Council Surveys dating from 1904 to 1966. This paper describes the historical background to these surveys, the secular trend towards increasing heights and weights and a decreasing age at menarche, and the variation of height and weight between parts of the county. All the surveys were cross-sectional, but that of 1966 included yearly velocity data on 13,806 children. Means for height and weight by age and sex were adjusted to the exact half year to allow comparison of all surveys. Menarcheal age was determined by probit analysis on status quo data in 1954, 1959 and 1966. Intra-county comparisons were based on the Divisional Index of the nine Area Health Divisions of the County. The results indicate an end to the positive secular trend for height and weight at about the same time as the previously reported end to a decreasing age of menarch in London girls. Intra-county comparisons indicated different rates of secular trend within different areas favouring those children who were the smallest and lighest in 1949. The end of the secular trend is thought to be due to genetic factors and intra-county changes to improve environmental conditions.


Peak velocities in height and mental performance. A longitudinal study of schoolchildren aged 10-14 years. The relationship between spurts in height and in mental performance was studied by following a sample of Swedish urban schoolchildren from age 10 to 14 years. The children were grouped into early, average and late maturers with peak height velocity age (PHV age) as the criterion. A mental arithmetic test was administered once a year from grade 3 to 7 inclusive (10-14 years). Gain/year and level of performance were analysed both for a pure longitudinal sample (examined every year) and for mixed longitudinal samples. Early- and average-maturing girls had a maximum gain/year in performance about one year earlier than late-maturing girls. In boys, only early maturers seemed to have a peak in performance gain. Results from mixed longitudinal analysis indicated that gain/year curves were different for girls and boys. In level of performance, late-maturing girls were inferior to average and early maturers. No differences between maturity groups were found for boys. Girls were superior to boys in grade 5 (age 12) and grade 6 (age 13) in level of performance. Social background had a great impact on level of mental performance measured by this test. The relative influence of physical maturation and social background on level of mental performance was approximated as the ratio of the mean difference in test scores between early and late maturers to the mean difference between social group I + II and social group III. The ratio fluctuated over the grades 3 through 7; physical maturity seemed to have the greatest effect in grade 5 (age 12) for girls and in grade 7 (age 14) for boys.


Age at menarche on a small Bahamian island. Age at menarche in the rather highly inbred population of a small island in the Bahamas has been estimated through the recollection of adult women. It averages 14.5 years for women over 40 and 14.1 years for women under 40.


[Experimental reevaluation of myocardial ondulations in the early histological diagnosis of myocardial infarct]. This investigation was undertaken in order to experimentally reassess the value of myocardial waviness and stretching as early histological indicators of acute myocardial infarction. Twenty three dogs were subjected to periods of ischemia, from 30 minutes to 4 hours; wavy fibers were present in 87% and 91% of the ischemic and non-ischemic samples respectively. It is concluded that myocardial fiber waviness lacks significance as an indicator or early myocardial infarction, whose diagnosis remains a major challenge.


[Electrocardiographic manifestations of ventricular diastolic depolarization. Clinico-experimental study]. Several haemodynamic and biochemical parameters were studied in order to explain the diagnostic value of the electrocardiographic abnormalities in partial myocardial diastolic depolarization, in different conditions, as experimental coronary oclussion, adrenalinic effects, tachycardia, hypoxia and shock. It is concluded that the electrocardiographic signs of diastolic depolarization (injury tissue) are: RS-T deplacement, conduction disturbances at bundle, fascicular and muscular levels, as well as ventricular ectopic beats. The experimental findings were correlated with clinical cases showing electrocardiographic signs of ventricular diastolic depolarization, as in myocardial infarct, angina pectoris, hypertensive heart disease, pheocromocitoma and tachycardia. It is concluded that the oxygen volume available at mitochondrial level is diminished, if it is correlated to the metabolic and/or haemodynamic alterations.


[Transformation of 19-norgestagens to estrogens by rumen microorganisms]. The 19-norgestagens norethisterone acetate (17 alpha-ethinyl-4-oestren-17 beta-ol-3-on-17-acetate), ethinodiol diacetate (17 alpha-ethinyl-4-oestren-3 beta, 17 beta-diol-3, 17-diacetate), and norgestrol (17 alpha-ethinyl-18-methyl-4-oestren-17 beta-ol-3-on) are transformed to ethinyloestradiol or 18-methyl homologue by microorganisms of cattle rumen. Such transformation of steroid gestagens to oestrogens is likely to offer an explanation for the occurrence of oestrogen effects which had been observed during synchronised oestrus of cattle following oral application of 19-norgestagens.


[Production of primary cell cultures on a semi-industrial scale. 1. Modification of the trypsinization procedure--possible means to improve cell yield]. To produce large quantities of primary cell suspensions on efficient technique is described which is named "Biomix-Method". By this technique first tissue mince is performed automatically using tissue amounts between 300 g and 500 g. Trypsinization takes place in a three-litre trypsinization vessel using a stirring mechanism according to a defined trypsinization mode. In regard to optimal cell seeding concentration and a justifiable productivity one kidney of newborn or suckling calf yields 6--9 1 cell suspension and that of piglet 1,8-2,3 1, respectively. Proliferation behaviour and effectivity of primary cells are discussed and compared with other cell systems.


[Studies of the effect of synthetic oxytocin and neurohypophyseal extract on diuresis of water-laden cattle]. The action of synthetic oxytocin and Glanduphen, a neurohypophyseal extract preparation, on the diuresis of six heads of cattle in lactation was studied, following intraruminal application of water. Intravenous injection of something between 10 and 30 I.U. of oxytocin reduced diuresis by 54 per cent on average, within 30 minutes from treatment. Urine-borne Cl- -concentrations went up by 315 per cent on average and quantitative Cl- -secretion by 87 per cent. The values recorded in response to the administration of doses between 10 and 40 I.U. of Glanduphen were 44, 785, and 344 per cent. Additional application of Glanduphen within 30 minutes from oxytocin injection caused less pronounced inhibition of diuresis or even some activation of diuresis. Literature on renal effects of vasopressin and of oxytocin was analysed, in that context, and the conclusion was drawn that antidiuretic effects were recordable neither from man nor from animals unless they were exposed to excessive application of water. The same hormone preparations, however, caused increase of diuresis in thirty animals with low rates of diuresis and higher osmotic urine pressure. Rise in saluresis was a most common result of vasopressin or oxytocin administration and did in no way depend on the diuresis level.


[Studies of the induction of diuresis increase and water intoxication induced diuresis inhibition by oxytocin and vasopressin in lactating cattle]. Intravenous injection of 20 International Units (IU) of oxytocin in the form of synthetic oxytocin or neurohypophyseal extract preparations to dehydrated cows that had already undergone twelve hours of water withdrawal did not produce antidiuresis but rather rise of diuresis accompanied by saluretic effects. Increase in diuresis occurred also in hyperhydrated cows, following water application, provided that oxytocin or vasopressin preparations had caused antidiuresis and saluresis and, consequently, changed urine composition to osmotic pressures beyond the limit values between 650 and 750 mosmol/kg. Rehydration of cow may be associated with retardation of diuresis by four hours or more. If oxytocin or vasopressin are given in the phase of such rehydration, the period between water application and the onset of water diuresis may be defined as "blocked water diuresis". Continuous infusion of 0.34 or 0.8 IU of oxytocin per minute up to 3.5 hours did not cause water intoxication in hyperhydrated cows, though blood plasma values for osmotic pressure had dropped to 244 mosmol/kg, while Na+ concentration had gone down to 116 mmol/l.


[Experimental application of steroids to sows in early gravidity to increase litter size. 2. Effects of repeated administration of progesterone alone or in combination with estradiol benzoate during 2 to 5 consecutive days]. Two mutually adjusted experiments were applied to 607 inseminated gilts and sows on the premises of two farms to test the effects on both pregnancy rate and litter size of repeated treatment, using progesterone in isolation or in combination with 0.5 mg oestradiol benzoate during the phase of implantation. The steroids were applied on the 14th and 16th or 15th and 16th days of pregnancy or between the 13th and 17th or 14th and 18th days following first insemination. The doses per animal and die were 25 mg ofhydroxyprogesterone capronate or 20 mg of progesterone. None of these variants had a secured positive effect upon litter size.


[Experimental studies on the course and the effects of pediculosis in domestic swine]. Weaned piglets, aged between six and eight weeks, underwent one single experimental infection, using few imaginal stages as well as second and third larval stages of Haematopinus suis. Louse populations of various densities developed on animals of the same litter under the same keeping and feeding conditions. No unambiguous reduction in body weight increase was observed throughout the two months of the experiment. Even pigs with 2,107 or 2,135 adult lice and their larval stages were not affected. Some of the pigs developed allergic dermal inflammations in the course of pediculosis and suffered from considerable aggravation of pruritus which used to be of minor importance before. Excessive rubbing, in response to that itching, led to mechanically caused skin lesions, some of them bleeding.


[Effect of visible light on transformability of lymphocytes in peripheral blood]. Reported in this paper are the possible effects of different light regimes on the transformability of lymphocytes in calf blood. The following results were verified against the background of various indices, such as transformation rate, stimulation index, and lymphocyte number, following culturing with the lymphocyte transformation test and morphological evaluation: --The light regimes tested were natural light day, extremely long day with artificial light (24 hours of lighting, 75-100 lx), and divided artificial light day (seven hours light, five hours darkness, seven hours light, five hours darkness, 82-128 lx). The natural and extremely long artificial light days stimulated transformability of lymphocytes in calf blood. --The divided artificial light day tended to depress transformation of calf lymphocytes. Such light-dependent stimulation of lymphocyte transformability is interpreted as an improvement in defence of the animal organism in terms of an unspecific stimulation.


[Studies of Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle. 5. Studies of udder pathogenicity of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma strains of different origins]. Isolated acholeplasma laidlawii strains exhibited highly differentiated behaviours regarding their udder pathogenicity. Twelve of 16 tested strains were pathogenic to udder. Symptoms of acute udder inflammation were caused by all ten A. laidlawii strains isolated from differentiated material of calf, but by only two of six strains isolated from differentiated material of cattle. Intracisternal instillation of both strains from milk and one strain each from udder skin or cervical mucus caused merely temporary disorders of secretion. Ultrasonic extracts of A. laidlawii strains, some of them additionally heated, were intracisternally applied, as well. Udder irritation was caused only by those acholeplasma strains which were udder-patha was assumed to be attributable to a toxin of the polysaccharide type. Pathogenicity to udder was recorded also from one M. alkalescens strain isolated from a nose swab taken of cattle as well as from two A. granularum strains isolated from calf lungs.


[Studies of Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle. 6. Testing of Mycoplasma isolated from milk for udder pathogenicity]. Strains of M. bovis, A. laidlawii, A. axanthum, and one unidentified strain of the family of mycoplasmataceae as well as altered secretion obtained from cows with mastitis were intracisternally applied in experiments and proved to be pathogenic to cattle udder. The results are likely to suggest the importance of mycoplasma isolated from the milk of mastitis cows to the aetiology of enzootic mastitis in three large dairy cattle stocks. Intravenous application of M. bovis and A. laidlawii caused neither mastitis nor mycoplasma secretion in the milk.


[Studies of Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle. 7. Mycoplasma mastitis in 3 dairy cattle herds]. Reported in this paper is the occurrence of enzootic mastitis in three dairy cattle stocks. The outbreaks had been caused by Mycoplasma bovis, Acholeplasma laidlawii, Acholeplasma axanthum as well as by one unidentified strain of the family of mycoplasmataceae. All animals with positive response to mycoplasma tests were identified an selected by repetitive testing of cultures in milk samples which had been taken from all lactating and dry cows and heifers as well as by evaluation of organ samples obtained from slaughtered cows. Regular cleaning and disinfection of stands in cowsheds, cattle tracks, and milk parlours as well as disinfection of udders and milking cups worked extremely well throughout the action in control of those cases of enzootic mycoplasma mastitis.


Blood of two siluroid fishes during different respiratory conditions. In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the changes in different blood parameters in two siluroid fishes, Heteropneustes (H.) fossilis. Bloch and Clarias (C.) batrachus. Linn, both air breathing fishes, during different respiratory conditions, Viz, 1. normal, 2. submerged water condition and 3. exclusive air breathing condition. An increase in different blood parameters [Viz, red blood corpuscles (RBC) counts, haemoglobin (Hb) content and packed cell volume (PCV) etc.] was observed under submerged water and exclusive air breathing conditions. Possible reasons and the mechanism of such changes in different blood parameters have been discussed.


[Action of herbicide "Atrazine" on thymus and bursa in chickens]. Changes were induced in the central lymphatic organs of chicken which had been given 150 ppm "Atrazin" in their rations over 21 days, beginning with the third day of age. The substance did not produce toxic phenomena. Thymus and bursa fabricii weights went up in parallel with the glycogen levels of those organs, after 15 days of feeding. Normalisation occurred on the 21st day of treatment and was more conspicuous on the thymus than on the bursa.


[Studies of the spectrum of nonesterified fatty acids in blood and muscle tissue of swine. 1. Effect of genotype (muscular substance)]. The percentual composition of unesterified fatty acids in M. longissimus dorsi was determined by means of gas chromatography, and its correlations with the given genotype and pork condition were studied. Polyene fatty acids recorded from the Piétrain race deviated (C-18:2, C-18:3, C-20:4) from values recorded from large white and improved land race pigs. Animals of PSE nature were like Piétrain probands, in that their monoene acids were higher and diene acids lower by percentage than the comparable values in animals of normal pork condition.


[Age-dependent biokinetic parameters of glucose turnover following intravenous glucose load in piglets]. Single glucose doses of 0.5 g/kg body weight or 1.0 g/kg were intravenously applied at ambient temperatures between 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C pigs aged between zero and 20 hours two and three, five and seven, ten and 14, 20 and 30 days, and eight weeks. With reference to excess glucose curves in the blood and plasma, the half-life of glucose elimination was graphically determined in a semi-logarithmic system. The result obtained was used to calculate the coefficients of assimilation and distribution, as well as the readily exchangeable pool and the transfer rate of glucose. On the average the half-life of glucose elimination in the five groups of the piglets was identical (0.47 hour); in contrast it was faster in weaners (0.17 hour) than in piglets. With reference to the plasma values, the volume of the glucose distribution decreased continuously with growing age. Average glucose transfer amounted to 1.02 mg/g. hr in weaners and thus was twice as much as that recorded for the five groups of the piglets. Reduction of ambient temperatures between 15 degrees C and 18 degrees C had no bearing on the parameters of 30-day piglets. These findings are likely to suggest that there is no increased glucose turnover within the thermal neutral zone in piglets over the first days of age and, consequently, cannot contribute to the development of hypoglycaemia.


[Staphylococcus aureus variety hominis in a cattle herd]. A site-linked hominis variety of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a cattle herd. The find coincided with accumulated occurrence of clinical mastitis in cows and the affliction of one milker with a nose furuncle. The origin of the strain was not elucidated. The same strain had been isolated throughout three years of observation from clinical and subclinical mastitis as well as from chronic udder affection of cows, but no extraordinary accumulation of clinically manifest mastitis had been observed. The hominis site variety was quite rare among Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from other cow herds. Enterotoxin formation was recorded from strains of the hominis site variety and from strains which could not be coordinated with any other of the known site varieties and fell under crystal-violet Type A. No enterotoxin formation was recordable from the strains of the bovis variety. The same applied to the group of staphylococci of crystal-violet Type C which could not be coordinated either with any known site variety and which is assumed to have originated from the hominis site variety. The above findings do not support any conclusion as to whether the cows had been infected by the milker or vice versa.


[Control of parturition in swine. 2. Study results of parturition synchronization in swine with the prostaglandin analog cloprostenol (I.C.I. 80.996: Estrumate)]. Premature parturition was induced in 115 of 121 sows (95%) that had been given injections of 150 microgram or 200 microgram of "Estrumate", a prostaglandin analogues, on the 112th and 113th days of gestation. The average time that elapsed between injection and parturition of those 115 animals was 27.2 +/- 7.7 hours, with no difference being observed between gilts, on the one hand, and old sows, on the other. The time of gestation of the treated animals was shortened with significance from 114.6 +/- 1.6 days for the controls to 113.2 +/- 0.4 days. The average duration of parturition proper was 3.7 +/- 2.2 hours, the average litter being 11.2 +/- 3.3 piglets. The total number of piglets born was 1,320, with stillbirths accounting for 4.17%. The average weight at birth, 1,330 +/- 210 g, and the weight at weaning did not differ from weight figures recorded from the controls. The courses of parturition and puerperium were in agreement with normal biological standards. The sows treated were tested for their blood counts close to full term and for their endometrial histomorphology after weaning, with no side effects of "Estrumate" treatment being established. The behaviours of progesterone, 17-beta oestradiol, and cortisol in serum of "Estrumate"-treated sows were investigated, and congruence was established between spontaneous and prostaglandin-induced parturitions, which was in agreement with international literature. The conclusion is that 150 micrograms of 'Estrumate", administered to swine, after the 11th day of gestation has very good labour-inducing effects and ensures normal physiological parturition and piglet development.


[Type 1 fucosidosis. Anatomical study].

[Type 1 fucosidosis. Anatomical study]. The first Canadian child with complete absence of alpha L-fucosidase is described. The neurological course was characterised by rapid deterioration and he died at the earliest age recorded so far. There are only two published reports of autopsies in this condition to which we add another, together with the ultrastructural findings of a liver biopsy.


[Intramedullary tumors in children. Apropos of 30 cases]. Thirty cases of primary intramedullary tumours have been analysed (17 astrocytomas, 6 ependymomas, 6 non-glial tumours) and 10 have died. The long delay in diagnosis (more than 3 years) must be emphasised. The value of myelography, the natural history and treatment are discussed.


[Contribution of scintigraphy in non-infectious hip diseases in children]. Radioisotopic examination in children's hip disorders permits an approach to vascular pathology, useful in establishing both diagnosis and prognosis. In this paper, particular attention is devoted to Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, because of the gravity of the sequellae encountered. Acute transient synovitis and its relation to the preceding affection is briefly discussed. Lastly, Meyer's dysplasia, whose pathogenesis is still not certain, is mentioned. An attempt is made to deduce a practical therapeutic attitude.


[Cleft palate and cortico-therapy during pregnancy]. A child with cleft palate is described who was born to a mother who received corticosteroid therapy early in pregnancy. The relationship between the cleft palate and the dose and timing of the corticosteroid therapy is discussed.


[Portal cavernoma and intestinal lymphangiectasis]. A child is described with a portal cavernoma and marked growth retardation who was found to have intestinal lymphangiectasia. It is proposed that the lymphangiectasia may be secondary to portal hypertension. This suggestion is supported by the improvement in lymphopenia after a splenorenal shunt cavernome.


[Monitoring of intracranial pressure in 2 severe cases of Reye's syndrome]. The intracranial pressure (PIC) of two children with Reye's sundrome aged 9 years 7 months and 4 years 7 months was monitored for 9 and 5 days respectively with a subdural device. This provided a useful guide to the treatment that was necessary to reduce the very high intracranial pressure. One of the patients died of uncontrollable raised intracranial pressure (HIC). This monitoring technique should be used in all cases of HIC.


[Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava in homozygous sickle cell anemia]. Discovery of occlusion of the inferior vena cava in a child with homozygous sickle cell anemia led to the diagnosis of ensuing thrombosis of the vena cava, based on mode of appearance, clinical evolution of collateral circulation, the pictures obtained in cavography and discovery of a vertebral lesion responsible for slowed circulation and stasis.


[Maternal thinness and pregnancy].

[Maternal thinness and pregnancy]. In a retrospective study of 53 pregnant women who were constitutionally thin, there was a slight excess of premature deliveries. The birth weight of the term babies was lower than expected but there was no excess of serious perinatal complications. Adipose tissue was characteristically absent in these mothers. This may explain the results and be responsible for the failure to achieve optimum foetal development.


[Refractory hypoxemia in the newborn. Treatment with tolazoline]. Persiting pulmonary arterial hypertension, whether secondary to known lung disease or apparently idiopathic, may induce refractory hypoxaemia in the newborn. Tolazoline, pulmonary vasodilator of choice here, was used to treat this syndrome in 13 newborns. Therapeutic indications, precautions and possible side-effects are discussed.


[Electronmicroscopic investigations of N. trigeminus of rats during the phase of tumour induction by ethylnitrosourea (author's transl)]. A single subcutaneous application of ENU to newborn rats causes after 2--4 days lethal and sublethal toxic lesions in some of the Schwann cells and their corresponding axons and myelin sheaths. The sublethally damaged Schwann cells show mainly alterations of myelin sheath formation. The ensuing regeneration produces between the 28.--35. day not only normal Schwann cells but also abnormal ones. These are characterized by atypical nuclei and a gradual loss of their functional relation to axons and are therefore regarded as Schwann cells in blastomatous transformation. The deviation from the normal of the NAD-linked L-alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase caused by ENU correlates with the described morphological findings. Inspite of its partially unspecific character it may therefore be considered as an early indication of a beginning tumorous transformation.


[Calculation of the dynamic heating process in multilayer model tissues during local hyperthermy using the CMT Selectotherm technique (author's transl)]. The hyperthermic dose necessary for triggering the mechanism of irreversible occlusion of vessels in cancer tissues was assessed to be in the order of 42 degrees C--30 min. (Compare: using hyperthermy without adjuvant measures, the temperature dose needed is at least 42.5 degrees C--140 min) In order to avoid any impairment of skintight tissue and to apply the temperature dose 42 degrees C--30 min also to deep-seated tumors which might be surrounded by normal tissue well supplied with blood, we developed a two-stage local hyperthermy technique with homogenized energy supply to different body sections according to the CMT Selectotherm scanning principle. The method and the results of heat-theoretical calculations made for understanding the dynamic heating process in multilayer tissue models are reported. Employing an electronic computer we succeeded in calculating convenient parameters for an improved applicator system of our CMT Selectotherm device as well as in determining the time course of the spatial temperature topography in three--or fourlayered model tissues under different conditions. It follows from the calculated data that the therapeutic applicability of his new local hyperthermic method can be decisively improved by intensive skin cooling and by short-term manipulation of blood-flow parameters (e.g., by unbloody localized blood pressure reduction). Finally, it is emphasized that the empirical use of hyperthermy in cancer treatment, as it has been employed by other clinical research groups up to now, seems to be no longer responsible. Due to the complicated interrelationships of therapeutically relevant factors, only a solid theoretical standpoint based on and controlled by many thousands of experiments (measurements) provides both an useful procedure adapted to every individual case and the maximum prospects of success.


Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in various age groups of the Polish population. The concentration of tetanus and diphtheria antitoxins was determined in 279 sera of 18 to 81-year-old women and 509 sera of 22 to 46-year-old men. Tetanus antitoxin content was determined also in 246 samples of fluid from human placentas and 428 lots of commercial human normal immunoglobulins. Immunity to tetanus was clearly age-dependent: in younger age groups the percentage of immunized persons amounted to 90%-100%, in middle-age groups to about 80%, and at age above 60 to about 25%. The findings are in agreement with age-dependent incidence of tetanus, which has become now in Poland a disease primarily of older people. Two groups of the population are now protected against diphtheria: a younger group under 20, and an older one above 40. Immunity in younger age groups was induced by artificial immunization, and among older persons by natural immunization through contact with diphtheria bacilli during severe diphtheria epidemics in the past. Between these groups, gaps exist including 20-30 years of age, who are sensitive to diphtheria.


Resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip. Biomechanical, morphological, and clinical aspects based on the results of a preliminary clinical study. As an alternative in total hip replacement the so called resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip is gaining wider acceptance. The procedure can be said to be a modernisation of the original Smith-Pedersen operation and is suggested in young people with degenerative hip disease, congenital hip dysplasia or Perthes' disease. The advantages are that the femoral head and neck are retained and thus no femoral stem prosthesis is necessary. The greatest disadvantage is that in case of socket loosening a secondary operation might not remain as successful as could the initial operation with a socket which is not as large as those recommended for the resurfacing procedure. In this presentation a preliminary report of a one-year material is presented together with a presentation of advantages, disadvantages, and the biomechanical appraisal of resurfacing of the hip. Fifteen patients with 17 hips have been operated and followed-up and by using the Merle d'Aubigné evaluation there was an improvement of some 3--4 points in pain, walking, and total motion. Patient opinion indicated 80% satisfaction. The management of two serious complications is also described.


Psoas transfer for the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. Since 1965, anterolateral transfer of the psoas muscle has been employed by us as a routine surgical treatment for congenital dislocation of the hip joint. The transfer was carried out in association with open reduction in those patients in whom an intracapsular obstruction was evident, but corrective measures for acetabular dysplasia or cervicocapital deformity of the femur were not performed in this series. We treated 87 hip joints with this procedure from 1965 to 1973. In 38 hip joints, both open reduction and the psoas transfer were followed up for an average of 8 years. Thirteen hip joints with open reduction alone were included as controls. Position of the femoral head and development of the acetabulum and proximal end of the femur were assessed on X-rays, mainly after Severin's criteria. Redislocation was not encountered. Fifty percent of the hip joints with open reduction and the psoas transfer were classed as grade I or II. This figure is higher than that of controls, to which 23% were classed as grade I or II. Better concentricity of the head was achieved as determined by the CE angle (Wiberg). Development of acetabulum occurred when the transfer had been carried out in children under 1 year of age and was less likely in the older children. The detorsional effect of the psoas transfer remained questionable since detorsion in the transferred group did not exceed that of the controls.


Measuring of pressure forces in sitting. We were able to re-examine already known facts in tests of pressure areas in seats by using a new analytic system. It was shown that only in backrest seat angles of 90 and 110 degrees pressure areas below the ischial tuberosities were clearly defined. The transition area of zones of high to medium pressure was sharply defined with these angles. In the anterior position and with large backrest seat angles high pressures were not found and the transition areas between zones of medium and low pressure became fluent. Only the pressure distribution pattern in the 90 and 110 degrees position is physiologic and corresponds to the pressure tolerance of different parts of the human body in seats. This pattern has to be maintained principally in a contoured and upholstered seat.


The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing lacerations in tendons and muscles. A case of a 20 year old patient with an Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is described, in which a rupture of the Achilles tendon is repaired by a segmental tendon homograft. The function of the triceps surae returned to normal gradually and the plantar flexion was even weaker after 2 years. The technique and importance of the special radiography of the soft tissue is discussed with regard to the clinical diagnosis. Radiographs, histomorphologic and histologic results illustrate the course of the healing.


Radiographic diagnosis of closed muscle and tendon injuries of the upper arm. The authors report their experiences with a special radiographic diagnostic technique with 74 closed muscle injuries. They discuss the normal anatomy and the possibility of verifying pathologic alterations with soft X-rays. This technique not only allows a diagnosis of the trauma, but also provides a basic background for estimation and evaluation of partial and total disability.


Moiré topography--a method for school screening of scoliosis. The moiré method is tested in school screening of scoliosis. Moiré topography registers a three-dimensional description of the shape of the back. In the straight spine, the moiré shadow pattern is equal on both halves of the back. In structural scoliosis, the moiré pattern differs more with the increasing deformity of the spine. This asymmetry is mainly caused by the rotational component of the scoliosis. These shadow patterns consist of contourlines, which can be compared with those on a relief map. By photographing the moiré shadow lines, the status of the back is documented. In 212 cases, the moiré findings are compared with radiograph observations. A statistically significant correlation is found between the moiré asymmetry (rotational component) and the radiograph findings (lateral deviation according to Cobb). The moiré method seems to fulfil the criteria for a screening method--diagnosis of even minor curves, small risk for false negative findings, simple to handle and can document the back in many children in a short time.


[The routes of local spread of the giant cell tumour (author's transl)]. Based on the follow-up of two cases the authors state that the recurrence and local metastases of the giant cell tumours develop as a result of direct cellular activity and by the bloodstream.


[Results of arthrodesis of the ankle joint (author's transl)]. We present a check-up study of 47 arthrodeses of the ankle joint, partly in combination with an arthrodesis of the subtalar joint. By resection-compression-arthrodesis following Charnley-Horwitz-Adams we reached a bony fusion of the ankle joint in all cases. 83% of our cases showed a good or at least fair result. The remaining patients complained of painful walking in spite of orthopaedic shoes. In these cases a further fusion of subtalar joints especially of the talo-navicular joint should be considered.


Can osteoid osteoma become osteoblastoma? A case report. A case of osteoid osteoma of the spine that recurred as an osteoblastoma 16 years after surgery is reported. Consequently, the authors suggest that osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma originate from the same cellular element and are of the same nature. The only differences are their size and the reaction of the bone at the site of the lesion, which gives controversial clinical pictures and roentgenologic appearances, simulating two unrelated tumors.


The treatment of osteoarthritis with unconstrained and constrained knee prostheses. The first cases of knee prosthesis implantation at the orthopaedic department of the Freiburg university hospital are discussed. Surgery was indicated by advanced osteoarthritis which showed no improvement under conservative treatment. Indications concerning the choice of knee joint replacement with unconstrained or constrained prostheses are also discussed. Considerations of these indications as well as operative technique and consequent functional treatment usually produced good results. Follow up studies show equally good results for the GSB-total knee endoprosthesis (constrained) as for the surface type prosthesis (unconstrained).


Reconstruction of osseous rupture of posterior cruciate ligament. Osseous avulsion of the posterior cruciate ligament from the articular surface of the tibia requires surgical treatment. If the avulsed fragment is large enough, fixation by means of two crossed drill wires exiting on the extensor surface of the tibia is the recommended treatment. Advantages of this method: a) technically simple operation; b) wires can be removed in the outpatient department under local anesthesia. five patients were operated on, all of them with good results.


Clinical and arthrographic studies on the valve mechanism in communicating popliteal cysts. Forty-one knee joints presenting with significant popliteal cysts were examined clinically and arthrographically. The fluid was aspirated from the cysts and replaced by contrast medium of low viscosity. On knee flexion the contrast fluid spontaneously passed over into the joint in 16 cases (no valve mechanism), in 7 small amounts of fluid were forced into the joint when the cysts were manually compressed, and in 18 no fluid passage to the joint was observed on manipulation (valve mechanism). When a valvular action was established, effusion in the joint was rare and the fluid from the cyst was usually viscous. The cysts with a valvular connection were significantly larger than those without a valve mechanism.


The clinical significance of the valve mechanism in communicating popliteal cysts. In a previous investigation of 41 patients presenting with distended popliteal cysts, a valvular mechanism was demonstrated in 25 cases by means of a specific arthrographic procedure. In the present study the clinical symptoms and signs from the popliteal space and from the joint were assessed and related to the presence or absence of a valvular mechanism. By arthroscopy or arthrotomy seventeen associated knee disorders were diagnosed, e.g., synovitis, osteoarthritis, and tears of a semilunar cartilage. Intraarticular symptoms and intrinsic joint diseases were significantly correlated to the absence of a valve mechanism. The presence of a valve mechanism was indicative of the absence of pathological findings in the joint.


Instability and wear of total hip prostheses determined with roentgen stereophotogrammetry. A roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis of hip prostheses was made in four patients with rheumatoid arthritis during a postoperative period of 2 years. Implanted tantalum balls, prosthetic femoral head, and ends of the wire in the acetabular socket were used as measurement points. The migration of the prosthetic head and the acetabular socket in relation to the pelvic bone was determined. The difference between the cranial migration of the head and the socket is a measure of the postoperative instability of the hip joint and deformation of the prosthetic components. This deformation occurs in the plastic acetabular socket and is mainly due to wear. The roentgen stereophotogrammetric method can be applied to standard hip orostheses with a metal femoral head and a plastic or metal acetabular socket to study migration or loosening of the prosthesis in relation to the supporting bone, prosthesis instability, and deformation of the prosthetic components.


Dislocation requiring revision in total hip arthroplasty. In a study of 141 hip revisions seventeen were found to be due to recurrent dislocation. Thirteen cases occurred immediately postoperatively and four more than two years following surgery. In the early cases component malposition was found to be the commonest cause of dislocation. Revision resulted in only 40% acceptable results.


Vessel and nerve injuries complicating total hip arthroplasty. Arterial and neural damage following total hip replacement is not common. Three cases are reported. The first patient had an isolated femoral nerve damage. The second case developed a false aneurysm arising from the external iliac artery 2 months after hip surgery and the third patient sustained a tear of the external iliac artery during the operation. The nerve and vessel injuries were caused by retractors. In both patients with arterial damages a transitory femoral nerve involvement occurred. The prognosis was good in all patients. Preventive measures are discussed.


Necessarily disappointing results after tripleosteotomy in the dysplastic hip joint. Not only the high risk of necrobiotic alterations in the acetabulum fragment, but more important the osteoarthritic signs and pains very few years after tripleosteotomy are cogent arguments against this measure. The bad results of tripleosteotomy are well explained by simple biomechanic causes.


[Contribution to the etiology of coxarthrosis. Radiographic and clinical evaluation of 976 arthrotic hip joints (author's transl)]. Radiograms and case histories of 654 randomized patients with 976 arthrotic hip joints have been reviewed in an attempt to make an etiological diagnosis. 98.3% of the patients and 98.8% of arthrotic hips, respectively, could be determined as to their underlying praearthrotic deformities according to Hackenbroch sen. The respective mean value gained from 6556 patients published in the world literature is 74.2% with marked individual variations. Most frequent praearthrotic condition was found to be congenital hip dislocation, followed by epiphyseolysis capitis femoris juvenilis, trauma, coxitis, M. Perthes, coxa vara, protrusio acetabuli, idiopathic femoral head necrosis, ankylosing spondylitis and several more rare basic conditions.--The most important reasons for differing results are discussed: Specific composition of clinic cases, completeness of documentation, experience of the reviewer and considerable space for personal interpretation. Relevant epidemiological data are also mentioned; they are in agreement with clinical experience and published data.--Finally it is stated that present diagnostic methods are not able to detect all praearthrotic conditions.


Hajdu-Cheney syndrome.

Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. Hadjdu-Cheney syndrome is a rare type of syndrome characterized by acro-osteolysis, dolichocephaly with multiple Wormian bones, absence of frontal sinuses and joint laxity. A case of this syndrome is presented. A histological study of the osteolytic lesion revealed destruction characterized by microfractures with a poor reparative process. It is postulated that an abnormality of osteoblast or osteoid function is the pathogenesis of this syndrome.


Course of depressive mood and psychomotor activation in endogenous depression. The course of the depressive mood during depressive phases was measured by a self-rating mood scale and analyzed by various algorithms. Agitated, depressed patients often reveal a continuous decline in the depressive mood; retarded, depressed patients, on the other hand, often show brief and marked fluctuations in mood during remission. Although various effects occur due to treatment, especially differences between the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and antidepressants, the described changes in mood appear to be predominantly due to psychomotor activation. The relationship between these courses of depression is discussed and interpreted on the basis of biochemical and psychopharmacologic findings.


[A six-year follow-up study of 100 patients who attempted suicide (author's transl)]. This follow-up study assesses further suicidal risk and discusses the characteristics of patients who have repeatedly attempted suicide. Depth of coma alone due to overdose of medication does not seem to be a sufficient criterion for the assessment of further suicidal risk. Better predictors seem to be: age, family status, degree of loneliness and social disintegration, presence of existential anxiety, and lack of self-assertiveness. Patients who made repeated suicide attempts had a higher neuroticism score, were more often alcohol- and drug-dependent, and came more often from a broken home. Finally, the characteristics of various patient groups are delineated.


[Techniques and results after embolization of meningiomas (author's transl)]. The different techniques and results are described for a total of 25 preoperative tumor embolizations in 21 patients with meningiomas of diverse localizations and extents. Transfemoral catheter techniques were superior to direct punctures of the carotid arteries because of the easier handling of the catheters, the better superselectivity of angiography, and, consequently, the more exact placement of the emboli. The results of the embolizations depended on the localization of the meningiomas. Meningiomas of the convexities (six patients) turned out to be particularly susceptible to complete embolizations. Satisfactory results were achieved operatively and histologically through embolization in meningiomas of the falx with large parasagittal expansion as well as in those of the lateral sphenoid wing, the sylvian fissure, and the cavum Meckeli (nine patients). Embolization of tumors which were localized exclusively at the falx, the tentorium, or of more medially situated meningiomas of the sphenoid wing were without beneficial effect, since these are predominantly vascularized by branches of the internal carotid arteries. Provided the localization and vascularization of a tumor are favourable the application of superselective angiography and preoperative embolization represents an important improvement of the basic conditions for a later operation.


[Familial striatal degeneration (author's transl)]. An extrapyramidal disorder occurring in three generations of a family (only males) is described  The clinical features were progressive dementia and extrapyramidal signs without choreiform hyperkinesia. The youngest patient (onset of disease at the age of 22 years) showed tremor, rigidity, ataxia, convulsions, and myoclonus. The neuropathologic findings were characterized by isolated symmetrical degeneration of the corpus striatum and diffuse cortical atrophy without affecting other cerebrospinal neuronal systems. The clinical features of this familial disorder and its relation to other types of familial striatal degeneration and to the juvenile form of Huntington's chorea are discussed.


The gastroauricular phenomenon and related vagus reflexes. Eight lesser known reflexes were grouped together because of their anatomical and physiological relationship. In all of them a branch of the vagus nerve forms a bridge between a circumscribed area of the skin, mostly the external auditory meatus, and an internal organ, namely the stomach, esophagus, lungs, heart, uterus, and some male and female sex organs. The eight reflexes are: (1) Gastroauricular phenomenon (Gaph) (Engel, 1922) in man; (2) Auricular phenomenon (Malherbe, 1958) in man; (3) Pulmonoauricular phenomenon (Deutsch, 1919) in man; (4) Auriculogenital reflex (Bradford, 1937) in cat; (5) Auriculouterine reflex (Vasiliu, 1932) in women; (6) Oculocardiac reflex (Aschner, 1967) in man; (7) Kalchschmidt's reflex in cattle (1956); and (8) Coughing attack with heartburn (Berlin, 1959) in man. The organs involved are either effector or receptor organs. The six reflexes observed in man are of diagnostic significance. Attention is also drawn to analogous reflexes in which the meningeal branch of the vagus is involved.


[Investigations of the connection between the quality of protein, the protein level and endogenous N-excretion]. The influence of various protein qualities as well as of different levels of protein on the amount of endogenous N-excretion, metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN) and endogenous urinary N (EUN) was determined at growing albino rats. The test rations were labelled with admixtures of 15N-DL-methionine resp. 15N-DL-lysine or contained feed protein enriched with 15N. EUN and MFN and their sum (the N maintenance requirement) showed the influence of the respective protein source and its dependence on the protein level. The endogenous N-excretions showed an opposite tendency to the N-balance; for high-quality protein feedstuffs with a high N-balance (e.g. dried eggs) they are lower than for protein source of inferior quality, with a low N-balance only (e.g. wheat gluten). Presumably this interaction of retention and maintenance is due to the complementary effect of exogenous and endogenous amino acids in the N-resp. amino acid-pool. Provided that the N-dose and the liver weight of the animals are comparable, the N-balance appears to be more suitable as parameter for the description of the protein quality and the calculation of the protein utilisation than N-retention, as the sum of N-balance and the values of MFN and EUN (depending on the feedstuffs and the N-level).


[Investigations concerning the use of the rumen fermentation regulator monensin in feeding fattening bulls]. In two digestion experiments with wethers and seven feeding experiments with 198 fattening bulls with rations rich in (greater than 55% of the dry matter intake from roughage), the influence of the antibiotic monensin on the digestibility of the ration, on rumen-physiologic characteristic values and on fattening and slaughtering results was investigated. The digestibility of the organic matter and the crude nutrients was not significantly influenced by the use of monensin (20 mg/kg dry matter). The administration of 200 mg monensin per fattening bull and day resulted in an increase of the molar concentration of propionate in the rumen fluid by 9.7 mol%, the concentration of acetate and butyrate decreased by 7.3 resp. 2.8 mol %. On an average of the seven experiments the intake of dry matter was diminished by 5.1% through the use of monensin, the live weight increase remained almost unaffected (3.0% additional increase), feed and energy requirement per kg live weight were improved by 7.9%. The fattening results do not always correspond in the various experiments. The results of the dressing of the carcass, the composition of the carcass and the quality of the meat remained unaffected by the administration of monensin.


[The nitrogen retention of early weaned lambs]. At 30-to-60-day-old lambs reared without mothers 23 different feed mixtures were tested in N-balance experiments. The following results were achieved: The concentration of digestible crude protein and energy as well as the relation between them (PEQ) have no significant influence on the lambs' nitrogen retention. The energy intake and the intake of digestible crude protein have an intensive, significant influence on nitrogen retention. Rising energy and N-intake within the limits on which the investigation is based increased nitrogen retention. Of the protein feedstuffs tested, a 6 ... 7% higher nitrogen retention was realised from soybean oil meal as the sole source of proteins with 35% retained nitrogen related to the nitrogen intake in comparison to the combinations soybean oil meal/dried skim milk resp. fish meal. Increasing dried yeast portions (greater than 5%--20%) in the feed mixture diminished nitrogen retention. On the basis of the existing results the following recommendations for the use of the tested protein feedstuffs in rearing feed for lambs can be formulated: Soybean oil meal can be used as the sole source of protein in rearing lambs. The use of up to 5% dried yeast in the rearing feed as protein source and for vitaminisation is possible; 20% however diminish nitrogen retention. Because of the positive effect on feed intake it appears suitable to use fishmeal in the rearing feed for lambs.


[Anemia of male rearing calves. 2. Duration of anemia]. From 203 male rearing calves in a longitudinal study during the first rearing period in a rearing farm the time could be determined in which the hemoglobin quota, the hematocrit resp. the average corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were lower than 10,5 g/dl, 33% resp. 30.5 g Hb/dl erythrocytes. The average duration of anaemia was 45, 29.5 resp. 44 days of the total of 56 keeping days in this rearing range (80.4%, 52.7% resp. 78.6% of the keeping period). During this rearing period 89.2%, 71.4% resp. 90.6% of all animals were anaemic for a shorter or longer time. With 29.8%, 26.2% resp. 29.9% of the anaemic calves the anaemic phase exceeded 56 days.


[Anemia of male rearing calves. Connections between anemia and feed consumption, development of the live weight and disease development]. Calves in a longitudinal investigation over the first rearing period in a rearing farm were grouped according to their anaemic status under consideration of the degree of severity and the duration on the basis of the hemoglobin contents resp. the hematocrit values on the 3rd, 28th and 56th rearing day. There were significant differences between the groups of calves with differing anaemia status concerning the absolute and relative feed consumption (milk, concentrated feed, hay resp. iron), the development of the live weight as well as the frequency of the treatment against pneumonia and/or diarrhoea.


[The supply of wild ruminants with major and trace elements. 1. The cadmium content of winter grazing and the cadmium status of red deer, fallow deer, roes and moulons]. The Cd-determination of 10 different winter grazings for wild ruminants in seven different biotopes showed significant differences of the habitats resulting from the previous Cd-emission of metallurgy smelting non-ferrous metals. The winter grazing of the Tharandt Forest and the Harz mountains contained significantly more Cd than that of the Lower Flaming hills, the western Erzgebirge and the northern agrarian areas. The bark and the tips of conifer twigs, twigs of oak and mountain ash, bilberry and heather plants, i. e. perennial plants resp. parts of plants proved to be particularly rich in Cd. On an average, wild ruminants consume more Cd than domesticated ruminants, which do not consume parts of perennial plants. The rumen contents of all wild ruminants contained, with 0.20 to 0.25 mg/kg dry matter more Cd than could be expected from the content of the grazing. In the Cd-contaminated areas the amount of Cd in the rumen contents too showed the Cd-load. The kidneys, livers and the covering hair of a total of 172 head red deer, roes and mouflons reflected the Cd-load and the dependence of the Cd-level on the age. The Cd-concentration ascertained in the organs of the wild ruminants was compared with that of sheep and cattle. The, on an average, higher Cd-load of the wild ruminants was confirmed. The kidneys of wild ruminants older than five years should, as a general principle, not be eaten and neither should the livers of animals from Cd-contaminated biotopes. The limb defects of mouflons from Cd-contaminated areas are discussed in connection with Cd-induced secondary Cu-deficiency resp. Mn- and Zn-deficiency. A reference is made to further works.


[The supply of wild ruminants with major and trace elements. 2. The manganese content of winter grazing and the manganese status of red deer, fallow deer, roes and mouflons]. The winter grazing of wild ruminants on mantles of slate waste in the Harz mountains and in Gera county were richest in Mn whereas those on mantles of granite waste in the Erzgebirge were poorest. The flora of the shell-limestone, keuper and loess areas contains much less Mn than that of those acid habitats. The Mn-requirement of the wild ruminants grazing in the forests is met however, since bilberry plants (2,080 mg/kg), spruce twigs (984 mg/kg), spruce bark (827 mg/kg), oak twigs (791 mg/kg) and heather (754 mg/kg dry matter) in addition to many other plant species store extremely high amounts of Mn. Solely sallow twigs were poor in Mn (28 mg/kg). Based on 601 samples examined, the Mn supply of wild ruminants is extensively described. The rumen content reflected the plentiful Mn-supply of the wild ruminants living in forests (greater than 400 mg/kg) and the far worse one of field roes, particularly in Mn-deficiency areas for domesticated ruminants (mantle of shell-limestone waste 37 mg Mn/kg dry matter of rumen content). The indicator organs of the Mn-status (liver, covering hair, kidneys) verify the statements made concerning red deer, fallow deer and mouflons, of which a total of 170 head from 14 biotopes were examined. An Mn-deficit of field roes in Mn-deficiency habitats in winter cannot completely be excluded. Mouflons have not yet been able to adapt themselves to the excessive Mn-supply of the acid forest habitats in Central Europe. They stored significantly higher amounts of Mn in liver, covering hair, kidneys, cerebrum and ribs than the other wild ruminants and sheep and cattle. The normal Mn-content of the liver and the cerebrum of red deer, fallow deer and roes corresponds to that of sheep and cattle. Roes and fallow deer have winter covering hair poor in Mn (less than 4.0 mg/kg) in comparison to sheep and cattle.


Development of endolymph during maturation of the mammalian inner ear. A preliminary report. The development of the elemental composition in the endolymphatic space was investigated during embryologic and early post natal maturation of the CBA/CBA mouse. At birth the elemental distribution was similar in the endo- and perilymphatic spaces. Mature composition of endolymph was reached 6--8 days post partum. The maturation of endolymph corresponded well in time with the morphological maturation of the stria vascularis.


[The lymphatic system of the larynx. A lymphangioscopic and ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. From post mortem and in vivo tissues, the lymphatic drainage of the human larynx has been evaluated by means of lymphangioscopy. The fine structure of lymphatic capillaries and collecting vessels was examined in an electron microscope study. At the ultrastructural level, the structural components of the laryngeal lymphatic vascular wall showed only minor differences when compared to other lymphatic tissues. These differences concerned the valvular morphology of the lymphatic collecting vessels. There was no evidence of specific lymphatic drainage for distinct laryngeal areas, with the exception of the lymphatic capillaries of the free margin of the vocal cords. On account of anastomoses of lymphatic capillaries and collecting vessels lymphatic drainage could cross over both the laryngeal midline and other laryngeal levels. In pathological conditions with impediment of lymphatic flow, these collateral communications are of clinical significance.


[Electron microscopy of the liver in Gilbert's syndrome]. Hepatic biopsy of five patients with Gilbert's syndrome was examined at the electron microscopy and only one disclosed incharacteristic alterations. The others were considered normal.


Homograft sclera in tympanoplasty.

Homograft sclera in tympanoplasty. Homograft sclera was used as a supporting scaffold of the tympanic membrane and reinforcement for the fascia in 43 tympanoplasties. Fresh sclera donated for corneal transplantation to the eye bank in the ophthalmology department of the School of Medicine of Keio University was preserved in 70% alcohol after being stripped of uveal tissue. The sclera was cut as an interdigited method in grafting technique and the short process and the upper part of the manubrium of the malleus were exposed. The fascia was placed lateral to the sclera to cover the exposed mallus. Twenty-four cases have been observed for more than 6 months and ten cases for 3--6 months after surgery. Although the results of the long-term follow-up cannot be judged until after many years, there have been so far no recognizable complications, and it seems quite possible that this technique can reduce the complications as lateral healing and anterior blunting of the fascia alone. The postoperative closure rate of the tympanic membrane was 90% in all the cases except Type IV (two cases). The indications for the use of sclera were discussed.


Effects of deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest on the auditory brain stem responses. The effects of hypothermia on auditory brain stem response (ABR) in both children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery and cats as an animal model were investigated. The latency of the ABR waves were prolonged with decreased body temperature. The latency of the later response components were prolonged more than that of the earlier response components; all waves disappeared below 25 degrees C and during artificial cardiac arrest. When the body temperature was raised, the later component began to reappear above 25 degrees C; the latency of all components shortened with temperature until normal responses were obtained at 34 degrees C. The data from both humans and cats were comparable. The ABR seems to be a useful monitor for evaluating brain stem function during deep hypothermia.


Study of a human excluded jejunal loop (Thiry-Vella loop). A case of a human jejunal loop excluded from the intestinal transit was studied. The loop was located in the retrosternal space as the first step of esophageal transit reconstruction, after an unsuccessful esophagocoloplasty performed in order to treat a caustic stenosis of the esophagus. The motility, secretion of electrolytes and the absorption of glucose and alanine by the loop were determined.


Prostaglandins in experimental otitis media. Levels of prostaglandins in serum, plasma and middle ear effusions (MEE) in chinchilla were measured by radioimmunoassay. Higher levels of PGE2 and PGF2alpha were observed in the POM group than in the SOM group. Prostaglandins appear to play important roles as a mediator of the inflammatory response in experimentally induced purulent otitis media.


[Central nystagmus writing during the pendular test. Findings on post-punctural symptoms after lumbar puncture (author's transl)]. The central nystagmus writing (ecriture centrale) during the pendular test is characteristically found in cerebral organic or functional lesions. Thirty patients with symptoms following lumbar puncture (L.P.) were  investigated with the pendular test. In 46.6% central nystagmus writing was found 3 days after L.P. After subsiding of post L.P. troubles all the nystagmograms became normal. A control group of 30 patients without symptoms after L.P. did not show patholgic variations in the nystagmus writing during the pendular test.


[Experimental investigations of "ecriture centrale" during pendular rotating test (author's transl)]. The diagnostic value of the écriture centrale using the pendular test has been investigated in six rabbits after suboccipital removal of CSF. Following this procedure the écriture centrale has been observed in all experimental animals. In four animals control investigations were performed and in three of them normal nystagmograms returned.


Establishment of carcinoma cell lines from larynx and submandibular gland. For many techniques in the oncology of head and neck tumors large amounts of pure tumor cells are required. Although larynx and salivary gland tumors are common in man, no report exists on isolation and purification of tumor cells of which malignancy was proved. The present paper describes in vitro cultivation of living human malignant tumor cells from a larynx and a submandibular gland carcinoma. Carcinoma cells were freed from all non-tumor cells and cloned thus indicating that cultures contained only a single cell type. Transplantation of grown cells s.c. into athymic (nu/nu) mice induced rapidly growing tumors of which malignancy was demonstrated by histology.


Adrenergic innervation in the Eustachian tube of guinea pigs. We have succeeded in demonstrating for the first time adrenergic innervation in the Eustachian tube of guinea pigs. The approach was histochemical using the fluorescence method with glyoxylic acid. There was an apparent regional variation with a greater number of axon terminals in the pharyngeal area of the Eustachian tube as compared to the tympanic area.


[Computation of vestibular gain from single fast nystagmus phases (sinusoidal rotatory test) (author's transl)]. A new method for computing vestibular gain for each fast phase of nystagmus is proposed. Dividing amplitude by intersaccadic interval yields an approximative value for slow phase velocity. The ratio of slow phase velocity and simultaneous head velocity gives an estimation of instantaneous vestibular gain. These values are computed for five periods (duration 20 s each) of the sinusoidal rotatory test and the medians (fi) for right and left beating nystagmus resp., are determined. The results of 103 tests are compared with vestibular gain (fk) computed from cumulograms of the slow phases. A linear relation (fi = 8,01 + 0,762.fk, standard deviation si = 4,11%) is found. From this values for vestibular gain determined by these two methods are considered to be well comparable and convertable. As reasons for the non-ideal result of linear regression (compared with fi = fk +/- si) physiological and methodic factors are discussed.


Experimental infection of calves and sheep with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica. Two of four calves inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica developed low microscopic agglutinating (MA) titres to serovar hardjo. A third calf had an MA titre of 1:1024 by day 19 post-inoculation (PI). Transient leptospiruria was recorded in one calf on days 12 and 13 PI. An in-contact calf did not seroconvert. None of the calves had fever or other clinical signs of disease. Four ewes inoculated with balcanica developed MA titres to hardjo by day 13 PI, and a transient leptospiruria between days 14 and 25 PI. None of the ewes showed any evidence of clinical disease and three of them delivered healthy lambs 22 to 64 days PI. One ewe had mild lesions of focal interstitial nephritis.


Accelerated clearance of uninfected red cells from Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse blood in normal mice. 51Cr-labelled uninfected cells, separated from Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse blood using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, were cleared more rapidly than normal mouse erythrocytes after intravenous injection into normal mice.


Alternative pathway activation of complement by a murine parasitic nematode (Nematospiroides dubius). The cuticular surface of the infectious third-stage larvae of Nematospiroides dubius activates complement via the alternative pathway. Sensitisation of larvae with complement or with antibodies from the serum of immune mice (resistant to reinfection) promoted the adherence of mouse peritoneal exudate cells to the larval cuticle during incubation in vitro. The infectivity of larvae sensitized with antibody or complement was significantly reduced after incubation with cells from immune mice.


The inhibition of malignant cell growth by ketone bodies. The effect of ketone bodies on the growth, in culture, of transformed lymphoblasts (Raji cells) was investigated. Cell growth was inhibited and this effect was reversible, non-toxic, and proportional to the concentration of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate up to 20mM. The total glucose utilisation and the total lactate production were reduced in proportion to the inhibition of cell proliferation. D-beta-hydroxybutyrate was not metabolised by the cells. Other glycolytic inhibitors and chemical analogues of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate either did not inhibit or proved to be too toxic for cell growth. D-beta-hydroxybutyrate also inhibited the growth of rabbit kidney (RK13), HeLa, mouse melanoma (B16), fibroblast and trypsin-dispersed human thyroid and beef testis cells. Moreover, in vivo dietary-induced ketosis reduced the number of B16 melanoma deposits in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice by two-thirds. The significance of these results in the clinical management of cancer cachexia is discussed.


The biliary excretion of sulfbromophthalein in the pig. The characteristics of the hepatic metabolism of Sulfbromophthalein (BSP) have not been described previously for the pig. This is an important deficiency, since the pig is particularly suitable for studies of hepatic physiology and pharmacology which might apply to man. The aim of these experiments was to establish the pattern of serum clearance and biliary excretion of BSP and to determine that dose which would produce a maximal concentration in bile. A dose response and pattern of biliary excretion of BSP was studied at three dose levels administered either as a single bolus of a continuous infusion. All experiments were performed in conscious, conditioned pigs. The patterns of serum clearance and biliary excretion were found to be similar to other laboratory animals and to man. Maximary biliary concentration of BSP was achieved by a single bolus of 5-9 mumol/kg or a constant infusion of 0-59 mumol/kg/min. At these dose levels no significant alteration in bile flow was demonstrated nor was there any correlation between bile flow and BSP excretion. Supra-maximal doses produced a significant increase in bile flow and with these doses there was a significant positive correlation between bile flow and BSP excretion.


The effect of phenylephrine on excretion of fluid and electrolytes by the parotid and mandibular glands of the rat. The effect has been investigated of the alpha-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine, on excretion of water and electrolytes (Na, K, and HCO3) by the parotid and mandibular glands of the rat. In the mandibular glands the agonist was as effective as acetylcholine (or parasympathetic nerve stimulation) in stimulating secretion, and the electrolyte excretory patterns seen in the two modes of stimulation were similar. In the parotid gland, phenylephrine was only one-fifth as potent as acetylcholine (or parasympathetic nerve stimulation) in evoking a secretory response but, when due allowance for flow rate differences is made, the electrolyte excretion patterns were similar. In both glands the secretory response to phenylephrine was totally different, in magnitude and in electrolyte excretion pattern, to that evoked by the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoprenaline. It is concluded, as has already been established for secretion of exportable protein, that alpha-adrenergic agonists have very similar effects to muscarinic agonists both on endpiece and on duct cells and that these actions are completely different from those evoked by activation of beta-adrenergic receptors.


Stress as an index of metabolic cost in papillary muscle of the cat. Active stress, stress-time integral (STI) and total heat production of cat right ventricular papillary muscles were recorded during brief trains of isometric twitch contractions at muscle lengths less than or equal to optimal length. Individual muscles were subjected to a 10 degree C change in temperature, a change of stimulus frequency and the addition of isoprenaline sulphate (10(-7) mol. 1(-1). The STI-heat and stress-heat data were subjected respectively to linear and quadratic regression analyses. For both relations, the intercept (stress-independent heat) was unaffected by the frequency change, doubled by the temperature decrease and trebled by the addition of isoprenaline. None of the treatments had a significant effect on the first or second order coefficients of the stress-heat relation. The slope of the STI-heat relation was halved by lowering the temperature, increased 50% by the addition of isoprenaline and unaffected by stimulus frequency. Thus the energetic cost of a given stress increment was constant across conditions while that for a given STI increment was not. Stress is the better mechanical index of myocardial energy cost when the inotropic state is changing.