[Expert testimony and rehabilitation in liver cirrhosis]. The principles of rehabilitation of patients with chronic liver disease are expert opinion, therapy and social care. The questions relevant for clinical practice concerning fitness for work, invalidity, disability certificate and nursing money are explained for patients with liver cirrhosis. In such cases a differentiated expert opinion is recommended taking into consideration activity and portal hypertension. The principles of therapy and social care are discussed. Finally with the help of an analysis of the number of patients in the dispensary of the II. medical clinic of the Charité is demonstrated that only about 50% of all cirrhotics are invalidity pensioners. Nearly 1/3 of all cirrhotics with porto-systemic anastomoses has become capable for work.


[Significance of isoenzymes in acute hepatitis and differential diagnosis of chronic forms of hepatitis]. By the determination of the aldolase, GOT and LDH isoenzymes in the plasma the stage of the acute and chronic hepatitis can be well established. The suitable use of modern statistic methods (multivariate analysis) allows the characterisation, recognition and separation of the groups of disease acute, chronic persisting, chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis as well as the proof of transition forms and severe courses. In acute hepatitides with protracted course under prednisolone therapy in contrast to histology already after a short time changes of the isoenzymes in the hepatic tissue and in the plasma are shown. Apparently the isoenzymes are sensitive indicators of intracellular metabolic processes.


[Significance of isoenzymes for the prognostic evaluation of acute hepatitis--studies under load]. 100 patients who got over a virus hepatitis underwent a bicycle ergometry. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment as well as 24 hours after this the isoenzymes of aldolase, GOT and LDH in the plasma were determined by means of kinetic methods. On the basis of the activities of the isoenzymes for the test persons (children and adults of either sex) an arrangement in the groups pathologic--suspicious--normal can be carried out which is compared with the physiologic parameters and the clinic. The results of bicycle ergometry much differ. High effects without pathological changes of the activities of isoenzymes are an objective criterion of the quick, riskless rehabilitation of the test persons.


[Influence of coffee and amphetamine on the concentration of free fatty acids, triglycerides and glucose during exertion and in the restitution phase]. It was studied the effect of coffee and psychedrine on the behaviour of concentrations of free fatty acids, triglycerides and glucose in the blood serum during physical exercise with increasing load performed on bicycle ergometer. 20 healthy men received 200 ml of infusion from 20 g of natural coffee, whereas another 20 men received psychedrine 0.1 mg per kg of body weight. Their results were compared with those of the control group which performed only physical exercise. It was found that during physical exercise the concentration of FFA and triglycerides decreased and glucose concentration increased. These changes are significantly higher than in the control group (p less than 0.02). During the four-hour restitution increased glucose concentration and decreased triglyceride concentration were still persisting. However, during restitution it was not found the increase of FFA concentration which was observed in the control group.


[Simultaneous determination of effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate using a double isotope technic--determination of the filtration fraction]. A method for the simultaneous determination of the effective renal plasma flow and of the glomerular filtration rate with the help of 131J-o-iodohippuric acid and 169Yb-DTPA using a double isotopic technique is described. Apart from this the method serves for the establishment of the filtration fraction. 40 patients with different clinical pictures (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, cystic kidneys, stenosis of the renal artery) were examined. The clearance values established by us were in the areas characteristic for the clinical pictures. Pathological conditions could be established which are not yet characterized by an increase of the fixa of the urine in the serum. By the determination of the filtration fraction differential-diagnostically important insights are afforded. The examination is methodically simply to be performed and is of little stress for the patient. Therefore it seems to be suitable for the routine examination.


[Examination of cell-mediated immunity using the leukocyte migration inhibition test in agarose]. The 2-phase-leucocyte-migration-inhibition-test in agarose after Clausen is suitable for the proof of the cell-mediated immunity. Compared with the capillary technique of Soborg and Bendixen it has some methodical advantages. Between the migration inhibition against tuberculin and the result of the intracutaneous tuberculin testing a significant negative correlation was the result. The migration inhibition against a streptolysin-streptokinase-mixture was provable in 21 out of 22 patients with renal insufficiency in the same size as in clinically healthy persons.


[Observations on the disease course of arterial circulatory disorders in the lower extremities under conservative therapy]. For estimation of the conservative treatment of peripheral arterial disturbances of the blood supply by means of parasympathicomimetics and sympathicolytics as well as body exercises patients in stage I, II and IV according to Fontaine were after-examined after 2-5 years. In the majority of cases a progessing of the arterial obstructions and an extension to proximal vascular regions could be established. Improvements in stage I suggest thinking of a false diagnosis. In stage IV especially with simultaneously existing diabetes mellitus the obliteration process extends to other vascular regions and thus frequently develop complications with exitus letalis.


[Diagnosis of herpes simplex diseases].

[Diagnosis of herpes simplex diseases]. The diagnosis of herpes simplex diseases will be made on ground of the typical clinical symptoms in more than 90% of all cases. A very easy additional procedure is the Tzanck test. If possible, immunofluorescent microscopy and electron microscopy of negatively stained virus particles may be helpful. Remaining questions should be solved by further virological examination in special laboratories. Information about sampling and shipment of the diagnostic material (vesicle fluid, swabs from mouth and genital ulcers, blood etc.) should be obtained prior to collection.


[Exercise echocardiography in coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. 23 patients with coronary heart disease (11 with angiographically normal and 12 with depressed left ventricular function) were studied by m-mode echocardiography before and after handgrip. The following results were obtained: 1. There were statistical significant differences in enddiastolic volume, ejection fraction, and circumferential fiber shortening between the two groups. 2. Isometric exercise (handgrip) did not alter left ventricular dimensions or contractility, if mean values were calculated in both groups. 3. The majority of patients with compromised left ventricular function at rest, however, responded to handgrip by increasing their enddiastolic volume, apparently using the diastolic volume reserves. Ejection fraction and circumferential fiber shortening remained constant. 4. The majority of patients with angiographically normal left ventricular function at rest, on the contrary, displayed augmented contractility under handgrip. Only 4 out of 11 patients with proximally located, high-degree lesions and inadequate collaterals responed to isometric exercise with a reduction of ejection fraction and circumferential fiber shortening.


[Hemodynamic results after prothetic tricuspid valve replacement (author's transl)]. The hemodynamic results after prosthetic tricuspid valve replacement were investigated in 8 patients. One patient had myxoma in the right atrium with destruction of the tricupsid valve. 7 patients had multiple rheumatic valvular disease. In all these patients multiple valve replacement was performed. The pressure in the right and left atrium , the cardiac output, and stroke volume were determined in all cases at rest, in 5 patients also on exercise. Furthermore the subclavian venous blood flow was measured by Doppler ultrasound technique percutaneously. In all cases the pressure in the right atrium remained elevated after operation and increased on exercise with the increasing cardiac output. This pressure increase is due to an important obstruction of the prostheses to the blood flow. This could be demonstrated by determination of diastolic pressure gradients across the prostheses. In 5 cases the analysis of the pressure curves showed systolic elevation suspicious to tricuspid insufficiency. In all these cases a systolic regurgitation was seen in ultrasonic Doppler flow curves of the subclavian veins. This method seems to be of value in assessing tricuspid regurgitation after valve replacement. The hemodynamic results after prosthetic tricuspid valve replacement are unsatisfactory in most cases. Tricuspid valve replacement should be considered only in cases in whom valve-preserving procedures are not possible.


[Comparative blood flow measurements with arterio-venous oxygen difference and the 133-Xenon-technique in the region supplied by the left coronary artery (author's transl)]. In 17 mainly coronary patients increase in blood flow due to therapeutical vasodilation was measured in the region almost totally supplied by the left coronary artery by two different methods, the 133-Xenon washout technique and via arterio-venous oxygen difference (AVDO2). With both methods similar results were obtained (r=0.89). Mean maximal increase in flow 15 min. after 40 mg Carbochromen i.v. amounted to +22.4% with the 133-Xenontechnique, +21.5% with AVDO2. 5min. after 20 mg intracoronary dipyridamol mean flow increased by 47.8% (Xenon technique) and 47.1% (AVDO2) respectively. Decrease in coronary reserve is correlated more with the amount of damaged byocardium than with the degree of coronary obstruction. The limited reliablility of all measurements of total coronary blood flow in heart diseases with regional disturbances is specially indicated.


[Clinical light and electron microscopic findings in patients with late and early congestive cardiomyopathies (author's transl)]. Right of left ventricular biopsies were performed in 50 patients with late and early forms of congestive cardiomyopathy. Clinical data as well as light and electron microscopic findings are described. Chronical myocarditis could be detected by histological examination in three patients. Hypertrophy and degenerative changes of the heart muscle cells and interstitial fibrosis were the major morphological finding in the other cases. There is a good correlation between the severity of clinical symptoms and the extent of light and electron microscopical changes. In some patients with mild clinical symptoms advanced ultrastructural alternations were found.


[Slipped epiphysis of the head of femur, 373 cases between 1948 and 1973 (author's transl)]. Indications and results of 324 grafted or nailed slipped epiphyses, 45 Imhäuser operations and 7 Wiberg osteotomies are analyzed. Fixation in situ gave relatively good long-term results in spite of major displacement. Indication for correction should be based less on pre-arthrotic deformity than on clinical considerations. Deformity does not always correspond to development of arthrosis, but is determined in parts by dystrophy of cartilage. Results of Imhäuser's osteotomy are assessed mainly in terms of joint-function, their indications follow his guidelines. Prophylactic nailing and open reduction are discussed.


[Secondary intervention after hip prosthesis (author's transl)]. From 1965-1975 in the orthopedical Univ. Clinic Balgrist, Zurich, there were 177 reoperations after total hip prostheses necessary. In 91 replacements the interval between first and second operation was an average of 4.1 years, in 67 prosthesis-removements 2.1 years. The follow-up showed a relationship between bacteriological culture taken before and during operation and clinical results. The decision to change or remove the prostheses should be made on the positive or negative bacteriological results.


[Walking with canes and forearm-crutches. I. Reduction of loads at the hip and proximal end of the femur by one sided use of cane/crutch (author's transl)]. The effect of one cane or forearm-crutch on some mechanical parameters at the contralateral hip were investigated. 5 healthy individuals were photographed on a walkway while using an instrumented cane/crutch. Geometric data from an original mathematical model were taken from these fotographs and an X-ray film of the pelvis and femur. The resultant force and pressure at the hip joint, shear force in the femoral neck and, in one case, the bending moment in the trochanteric region were computed and expressed as a function of the load applied to the walking-aid. All values decreased with an increase of this load. The reduction of force and pressure at the hip joint achieved by application of a load equal to 15% of bodyweight are superior to those resulting from common operative procedures done for the samp purpose. Differences between the effects of one sided cane and forearm-crutch are negligible.


[Electrical polarization in the osteon-system under mechanical stress (author's transl)]. The results of a model, designed to estimate the electrical polarization of the mineralized collagen fribril in the osteon-system caused by mechanical stresses are presented. These are potential differences in the mV-range between neighbouring osteon-canals with different orientation of the fibrils in the wall of the canal, local dependent potentials in the cross-sectional area of the osteon-canal and the local dependent radial component of the dielectric displacement within the lamella system, especially nearby the osteocytes.


[Biostatic analysis of the hip-joint (author's transl)]. The literature of biostatic analysis of the hip-joint is discussed. An improved method of calculation is described an explained on examples of the material of the authors. Pre- and postoperative results are shown in diagrams of weightbearing, muscular power and demands made on the various joints which often enable us to say something about the biomechanical effects of the operations.


[Recommended interpretation of disablement of scoliosis patients (author's transl)]. The valuation of disablement of scoliosis patients gives different problems. There are no guidelines. We give recommendations for persons, which are not under treatment, which are treated part time or permanently by a brace or which underwent spine fusion. Beside the degree of the curvature degenerative alterations of the spine, the impairment of the static -- muscular performance, the impairment of the mobility of the fused spine and the pulmonary restriction are important. The pulmonary function--which is closely correlated to the chest deformity--needs special examinations. Most important is the decrease of the vital capacity therefore the use of uniform standard values is necessary.


[Dynamics of the impulse activity of somatosensory cortical neurons during conditioned instrumental reactions]. Spike activity of 41 units in the first somatosensory cortical area was studied on unrestrained cats during the performance of a fixed conditioned alimentary instrumental reaction. Light or sound was used as a conditioned stimulus. The whole behavioral act was divided into six stages. It has been shown that different units of the somatosensory cortex change their spike activity either at all or only at some stages of the conditioned instrumental behavioral act. At no stage of the food-procuring behaviour does spike activity of the studied neurones essentially depend on the sensory modality of the conditioned signal. Units with an identified peripheral receptive field change their spike activity more pronouncedly than those with non-identified receptive fields.


[Statistical characteristics of evoked responses to light in analysis of intercentral relationships]. In acute experiments on unanaesthetized cats immobilized with listenon, a study was made ofthe variability and interdependence of evoked responses to photic stimulation in the thalamo-cortical formations of the visual projection and the associative systems: the lateral geniculate body, pulvinar and the visual and parietal associative areas of the cerebral cortex. It has been shown that the variation coefficient of the amplitude from the maximum of the positive to the maximum of the negative oscillations in the parietal cortex statistically significantly exceeds the one in the lateral geniculate body and the projection cortex. Coefficients of paired correlation of evoked potentials' amplitudes to light more frequently reach significant levels for pairs consisting of one level formations, cortical or thalamic, than for pairs including formations of different levels.


[Role of a change in the electric conductivity of an epileptiform focus in the spread of paroxysmal activity]. In acute experiments on unanaesthetized cats a study was made of the influence of shunting a region of the cortex with a metal plate on its electrical activity and impedance. Shunting of a region of strychninization reduces the amplitude of paroxysmal oscillations in the focus and in remote regions of the cortex, reduces their frequency and produces a considerable lowering of the impedance both in the regions of the cortex between the active electrodes and between active and indifferent electrodes. Impedance of the strychninized cortex is lower than the total resistance of the intact neocortex; this testifies to the rise of conductivity in the area of strychninization, which is similar to application of a shunting plate. The data obtained corroborate the substantial role of the bioelectrical field in the development of electroencephalographic paroxysmal manifestations.


[Effect of early deprivation of visual evoked potentials of rabbit cerebral cortex under conditions of dark and light adaptation]. Rabbits raised in the dark revealed a significant decrease in amplitude and an increase in temporal parameters of the main components of evoked potentials (EP) to diffuse flashes under dark adaptation, as well as a facilitation of the postprimary components and intensification of the sensory after-discharge. In contradistinction to normal, the deprived animals exhibited no augmentation of the amplitude of the EP primary positive phase at higher intensity of the flahses or any significant decrease in the EP amplitude under light adaptation conditions. It is suggested that early deprivation brings about a decrease in the number of elements reacting to a specific stimulation, especially of elements working in photopic conditions; the decrease in the number of activated afferent inputs in the visual cortex due to deprivation reduces the effectiveness of the processes of successive inhibition; at the same time there is an increase of synchronic influences of the thalamic inhibitory mechanisms of the cortex.


Behaviour modification techniques: their use in individual and community programmes. New Perspectives on the Health of Canadians described the self-inflicted nature of many of the major medical problems facing Canada. Given this understanding it might have been anticipated that a carefully mounted large scale health education programme would lead to a reversal of behaviour-related complaints. However, such programmes have not had a strong record of success, with the possible exception of the recently reported Stanford Three Communities study, which is concerned with decreasing cardiac risk factors by a process of mass persuasion, aimed at teaching specific behavioural skills. In the past, living conditions have changed slowly and appropriate lifestyles have evolved along with changing conditions. Only recently has environmental change occurred so dramatically that liviing patterns could no longer mutate and develop gradually to keep pace. Hence the demand for behavioural science to assist people to develop new lifestyles which are in synchrony with a rapidly changing world. Examination of the literature concerning the application of behaviour modification techniques to specific problems clearly demonstrates the difficulties involved in changing behaviours such as smoking and overeating. Behaviour change related to increasing physical activity shows more  promise in that it can be presented positively as a pleasant addition to people's lives. If lifestyle modification and environmental control are going to assume a larger part of the health care system, methods have to be devised to translate the experimental successes with relatively small numbers into powerful programmes for press action.


[Thalamo non-specific system at different stages of sleep and wakefulness]. Cortical respones to low-frequency (6 to 8 per sec) rhythmic stimulation of the Centrum medianum thalami have been studied in chronic experiments on cats. Three types of recruiting reactions have been readily obtained: 1) with periodic spindling of response amplitudes, the sustained oscillatory type; 2) with spindling only at the beginning of stimulation, the decaying oscillatory type, and 3) with equal amplitudes throughout the stimulation, the aperiodic type. Distinct changes in the type of reactions have been shown--from the aperiodic to the sustained oscillatory type during transition of active awake state to slow-wave sleep, and from the sustained oscillatory type to the aperiodic type during transition of slow-wave sleep to the paradoxical sleep, which is due to changes in the weights of feedbacks in the thalamo-cortical nonspecific system.


Primary health care, policy makers and health education: some challenging goals. A challenge to politicains and health administrators everywhere, and therefore to health education, is how to achieve a more equitable distribution of health care to the people. A new approach that may well be the answer is the use of primary health care, which is concerned with measures that will provide simple and effective health care to all people. The priniciples on which primary health care is based have much in common with those of health education, as spelled out over the past 20 years by WHO expert committees, namely: involving people in a working partnership respecting their values and beliefs, placing reliance on indigenous practitioners, etc. In both cases, "the focus is on people and action" and the primary health care context offers a challenging opportunity for health education to make a major contribution towards a fairer distribution of health services. Another area where health education has a particular challenge to meet concerns the education of politicians at all levels: health educators must do all they can to influence health and health-related policy away from those determined solely by political expediency and towards policies that benefit the people. They must also help bridge the gap between "deciding politicians" and the "consuming citizen" to help ensure that the decisions of the former meet the needs of the latter.


[Determination of antioxidants in foodstuffs (authors' transl)]. We had seen, that after preliminary fat extraction the antioxidants are only incompletly extracted, contray to prior publications of other authors, the antioxidants were extracted from the foodstuffs directly, methylated with diazomethane and estimated by gaschromatography. Propyl, octyl and dodecyl gallate as well as butylated hydroxyanisol and butylated hydroxytoluene were estimated.


[Role of efferent generalization in the formation of complex forms of motor reflexes]. Dynamics of formation of a motor chain conditioned reflex was studied in rabbits. It has been found that the phenomenon of primary efferent generalization of the animals' species experience accounts for the search of adequate response activity. On the base of acquired individual experience, a secondary efferent generalization develops, which results in the setting up of an optimal structure of conditioned behaviour.


[Formation of chain reaction conditioned reflexes in chickens during different age periods]. The dynamics and mechanism of elaboration of chain instrumental reflexes were investigated in chicks at ontogenesis. It has been established that the older the chicks, the higher the rate of chains synthesis and the longer their preservation. The synthesis of chain conditioned reflexes has been observed since the age of two months, when the inhibitory process, concentration and equilibration of nervous processes are strengthened. The synthesis mechansims of motor reactions are similar in the birds of different ages: at first, the connections of each component of the chain stimulus with the motor reaction are elaborated, then they are replaced by successive connections between the first component of the chain and the whole chain of elaborated reactions. Long training of the chain reflex leads to the development of retardation inhibition and the appearance of a motor reaction to the last component of the chain reflex.


Determination of benomyl, carbendazim and 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-ab) in plant materials. Part I: Apples, red-currants, grapes, kale and sugar beets. Benomyl and Carbendazim are widely used fungicides with systemic activity. In the Federal Republic of Germany the legal limits of Benomyl and Carbendazim lie between 0.1 and 7 ppm dependent on the substrate. A method for the determination of Benomyl and Carbendazim in apples, red-currants, grapes, kale, and sugar beets was developed. Benomyl and Carbendazim are extracted with ethyl acetate, saponified and determined as 2-aminobenzimidazole by thin-layer chromatography. The detection limits lie between 0.02--0.08 ppm, recoveries amount to 87% at 0.5-ppm levels.


[On the presence and the content of aflatoxin M1 in milk shipped to a dairy plant (author's transl)]. Between March 4 and April 15, 1976, the aflatoxin M1 content of milk shipped to a dairy plant was investigated. Out of 419 samples, 79 (19%) were positive. 33% of these samples showed values of 0.05--0.1 microng/1, 38% of more than 0.1 microng/1 and the highest value was at 0.54 microng/1. Other aflatoxins were not found. From samples of milk producers showing positive reactions, feed samples (n = 105) were taken, 45 of which (43%) were also positive. 40% of the positive samples contained up to 20 microng/kg, 36% were in the range between 20--50 microng/kg and the highest values were at 280 resp. 300 microng/kg, especially in mixed feed. Out of these samples, 47% (DLG Standard IV) resp. 36% (DLG Standard III) were higher than the tolerated maximum level of 20 microng/kg. There is a qualitative relationship between the aflatoxin M1 content in milk and the aflatoxin B1 content in feed. In 61 cases where milk samples were positive, in 41 feed samples (67%) aflatoxin B1 was detected.


[Reactions of neurons of the hippocampus and caudal neostraitum to conditioned stimuli of different ecological signficance to birds]. Neuronal activity of the hippocampus and the caudal neostriatum was studied in chronic experiments on hens (Gallus domesticus) under the action of conditioned acoustic stimuli of different ecological significance. Units which selectively respond to ecologically adequate stimuli were found in the above structures. An active enhancement of filtrating properties of neuronal nets was revealed in the hippocampus; as a result the hippocampal units predominantly pick out the specific information present in the ecologically adequate stimuli.


[Determination of patulin in foodstuffs. Part I: Determination of patulin in apple juice (author's transl)]. For the determination of Patulin in apple juice a method of analysis was developed permitting the detection of 40 microng Patulin/kg apple juice. With additions between 120--200 microng Patulin/kg the recovery rates lie between 82 and 90%. After a pre-purification of the crude extract by liquid-liquid extraction and column-chromatography the Patulin is determined thinlayer chromatographically by reflectance measurement at 273 nm.


[Positional specificity of the peroxidation of linoleic and linolenic acid by homogenates from apples and pears (author's transl)]. Homogenates of apples and pears were incubated (25 degrees C, 20 min) with linoleic and linolenic acid. The major products were fatty acid hydroperoxides. The ratio of 13- to 9-hydroperoxides were at least 82:18 in favour of the 13-isomer for apples and 10:90 in favour of the 9-isomer for pears. The significance of the results for the formation of flavour compounds in apples and pears is discussed.


[On synthetic aroma substances (author's transl)]. The usual preparation of ethyl-3-methyl-3-phenylglycidate ("strawberry-aldehyde") is present as a mixture of cis/trans isomers. We succeeded in separating the cis-component. It shows a much more intense and finer flavour than the previously used mixture of isomers.


[Correlation of cyanogenic glycosides with content of benzyl alcohol in cherry brandies (author's transl)]. A clear correlation between cyanogenic glycosides and the content of benzyl alcohol in fermented mash of cherries was indicated by model experiments with amygdalin and fermenting yeast, cherry-stones with and without fermenting yeasts as well as bitter and sweet almonds. These correlations proofed that benzyl alcohol has to be regarded as a metabolic product of mandelonitrileglycosides.


[Determination of patulin in foodstuffs Part II: Determination of patulin in tomatoes, pears, apples cucumbers and plums (author's transl)]. An analytical method for the determination of Patulin in tomatoes, pears, apples, cucumbers and plums is described. The determination limit of the method is 40 mug Patulin/kg. With additions between 100-500 mug Patulin/kg the recovery rates lie between 86--95%. After a pre-purification of the crude extract by column chromatography and liquid-liquid extraction the Patulin is determined thin-layer chromatographically by reflectance measurement at 273 nm.


Radioimmunological detection of morphine in stains of blood and urine. Morphine in blood and urine spots was detected by the radioimmunoassay (125-J-Abuscreen R, Hoffmann La Roche) in nanogram quantities. Blood and urine drops containing morphine (5 or 20ng) were dropped on wood, fired clay or cotton and stored for perios of 1 to 21 days in a dry or humid environment. Detection in blood stains on cotton was achieved in all cases. Results were more variable in blood spots on clay or wood, but in most cases detection was possible. In urine, morphine was detectable only on cotton. The differences are explained by different degrees of adsorption of blood and urine on the materials and the difficulties of elution thereof.


Lethal intoxications with morphine in Sweden 1966-1974. Fatal intoxications with morphine derivatives have become increasingly common in Sweden. Toxicologic data and pathologic findings in 34 cases of morphine intoxications from 1966 to 1974 in Sweden are presented. From 1972 on when morphine the black market, lethal intoxications with centrally stimulation amines.


[Determination of foetal haemoglobin in bloodstains by means of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate (author's transl)]. Bloodstains prepared from 160 cord blood samples were separated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate as published by Wraxall. The differentiation from adult bloodstains was possible up to three months of starage at room temperature. The kind of material contaminated with the blood (glass, wood, paper and linen) had no effect on the results.


[A photometric method for the diagnosis of pregnancy in blood stains by determination of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). A modification of Oya, Asano and Fuwa's technique (author's transl)]. A quantitative method, described by Oya and coworkers was modified. In this way, venous blood from pregnant and nonpregnant women in blood stains can be reliably differentiated up to at least 19 months storage although as a qualitative test only. 1--3 cm2 of cloth stained with blood is needed and even less from placental blood stains.


[Calculation of the Chance of paternity exclusion and of the probability of paternity for the HLA system (author's transl)]. The genetics of the serological defined SD antigens of the HLA system, which are governed by three closely linked loci (HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C) situated on the chromosome C6, are described. Regarding patermity testing, only the antigens coded by the loci HLA-A and HLA-B are used routinely up to now. Because of the strong linkage disequilibrium between these two loci, they cannot be considered as independent. The influence of the linkage disequilibrium on the calculation of the chance of paternity exclusion and of the plausibility of paternity is discussed and demonstrated in several examples.


[Practical utilization of a hazard catalogue for the early detection of pre- and dysmaturity]. From 1973 to 1974, 3061 cases of pregnancy were assessed according to a modified risk score system for the early recognition of pre- and dysmaturity at the Universitätsfrauneklinik of Jena (Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics). As a result of our investigations, we can state the certain correlations between premature birth and risk factors can be recognized. In the particular case an unequivocal establishment of the prematurity risk is not possible.


[Results in the management of pregnancies involving risk factors]. The fate of the newborn child decisively depends on its antenatal condition. The surveillance of pregnancies gets an increasing importance. In this report 113 women with risk pregnancies are compared with 453 women with normal pregnancies. The two collectives had underlain the same conditions of leading and monitoring of delivery. They are compared as to perinatal morbidity and mortality. The problem of prematurity and dysmaturity is especially considered. It is possible to reduce the rate of premature infants by adequate care. Conclusions are mentioned for a graduated system of surveillance of pregnancies.


[Our experiences with Mayer-Ringpessary in the prevention of premature labor (author's transl)]. After very good results with a new model of the Mayer-Ringpessary made of organic glass the authors used this "unbloody cerclage" as a method of choice with all patients in their district (180 000 inhabitants) with partus praematurus imminens. It is necessary controls to apply the method in stage of this complication in good-time. There were below 10% of immature children in 405 high risk patients and only 1,2% to 1500 g. They succeded to delay the delivery in more favourable time to shorten the hospitalisation and unability considerably. Perinatal mortality was also favourably influenced. The details are in tables.


[Hemoperitoneum in the newborn infant].

[Hemoperitoneum in the newborn infant]. Among 46272 term and preterm newborns 6 cases (0,13%) of massive intraabdominal hemorrhages could be found. The origin of hemorrhage was in 5 cases the liver. Premature newborns with severe respiratory distress had the main incidence (4 cases). Organic lesions were seen in 2 cases only and other traumatic causes could not be detected. Therefore, the term "abdominal birth injury" should in such cases be replaced by "Neonatal hemoperitoneum".


[Effect of aerosolization on the biological properties of live plague vaccine]. The authors present the results of experiments on the study of the influence of aerozolation on the biological properties of the microbes of live plaque vaccine. It appeared that its aerozol condition for a period of 10 minutes had no effect on the residual virulence of the microbes, but for a period of 30 minutes--led to an 8-fold fall of the virulence. The immunogenic activity of the live microbes of the vaccine kept at the state of "static" and "dynamic aerozol" for a period of 5 minutes was unchanged.


[Comparative study of the physico-chemical properties of peptones used to the production of dry alkaline agar for cholera diagnosis]. The authors present the results of chemical and physico-chemical study of dry peptones (made in the USSR) used in the production of dry alkaline nutrient agar for the diagnosis of cholera, in comparison with peptones used for other purposes. The batches and types of peptones studied differed by the fractional peptide composition and by the physico-chemical characteristics. Positive results were obtained in the biological test in using peptones with marked hydrolysis with the amine nitrogen content of not less than 200--230 mg%, with an elution curve approaching the Hottinger's peptone curve, well soluble in buffer phosphate solution at 5% concentration.


[Secretory IgA in amniotic fluid].

[Secretory IgA in amniotic fluid]. Immunoglobulin composition was studied in the amniotic fluid (AF) and in the urine of newborn babies. IgA was revealed with the aid of anti-secretory component of the serum in 50 of 57 AF samples; in the urine of babies in the course of the first 24 hours after birth it was revealed in 2 of the 21 cases only. This fact and also the detection of the secretory IgA in the AF at the early periods of pregnancy permit to suppose the synthesis of IgA or of its C-fragment in the amniotic membranes.


[Cytochemical characteristics of blood leukocytes during an experimental purulent-inflammatory process in rabbits]. The activity of redox and hydrolytic enzymes was studied in the blood lymphocytes and neutrophils of rabbits infected with hemolitic Staphylococcus albus. The changes in the enzymatic activity of blood cells in generalized and localized forms of the inflammatory process depended on the form, course and duration of the disease. At early periods the indices of the acid phosphatase activity of lymphocytes had the greatest informative value for the diagnosis of the inflammatory process. The diagnostic significance of the activity of the alkaline phosphatase of neutrophils consisted in redistribution of cells by the degree of the enzyme activity.


[Set of biochemical tests for studying the metabolic pathways of arginine and other basic amino acids in bacteria]. The author suggests a set of biochemical methods permitting to identify the enzymes participating in the utilization of arginine and some other amino acids. Use of the whole complex of the suggested tests permits to determine reliably the presence of one or another enzymatic activity. The described methods permitted quantitative recording and could be used both to ascertain the peculiarities of the amino acid metabolism in various bacterial species and possibly for the purpose of differential diagnosis and identification of bacteria.


[Experience with the abolition of use of tetanus antiserum following trauma]. For the first time in the USSR, as a result of all-around analysis of the problems connected with tetanus prophylaxis under conditions of the Arkhangelsk region the authors conducted a trial on the suspension of the use of antitetanus serum in trauma. Besides the elimination of the population allergization, replacement of the antitetanus serum with the toxioid facilitated the emergency prophylaxis of tetanus, created prerequisites for the immunity maintenance at the protective level in the population, and served as the necessary stage along the route of further improvement of emergency prophylaxis and elimination of tetanus.


[Normokalemic variant of paroxysmal myoplegia]. For the first time in Soviet literature the authors describe a family where patients from 2 generations suffered from normokalemic periodical paralysis. The patients had undergone several examinations which confirmed this diagnosis. This report confirms the existence of a normopotassemic variant of periodical paralysis. The authors demonstrate the absence of a direct relation between the development of myoplegic attacks in these patients and disorders of the electrolyte balance. The histological studies of the muscular biopsy during the attacks detected a vacuolization of muscular fiberes. Histochemical studies of some metabolities of the carbohydrate metabolism did not detect any significant changes. The achieved results point only to an increase of the glyconeogenesis process and aerobie glycolisis.¿


[State of the neuromuscular apparatus in Friedreich's familial ataxia (clinico-electromyographic analysis)]. The authors conducted a clinico-EMG study of 25 patients with Friedreich's familial ataxia. For this purpose with the aid of skin electrodes the distal muscles were studied. A supplementary study was made in 18 patients; the rate of the circulation of excitation along the motor fibres of the peripheral nerves and the monosynaptic-reflex were determined. In most of the studied patients there was a lesion of the peripheral motoneuron. The degree of the lesion depended mainly on the duration of the disease. The authors are of the opinion that the found disorders play a certain role in the mechanism of motor-coordinative disturbances in this disease.


[Treatment of myasthenic patients with anabolic steroids]. The authors report of their observations over 52 patients with severe and moderate myasthenia who after diverse forms of therapy (thymusectomy, x-ray therapy, prolonged use of anticholesterase preparations, etc.) did not demonstrate a stable therapeutical effectiveness. However, treatment by retabolil proved to be effective with minimal side effects. The paper contains theoretical prereqisites to therapy by anabolic hormones and the approximate scheme of its use.


[Pathogenesis of syringomyelia].

[Pathogenesis of syringomyelia]. The absence of an ependimic layer in cases of syringomyelia described in literature and in the author's own studies, the dislocation of cavities on the background of formted gray matter, the structure of the edge of the cavity, as well as sclerosis, a gyalinosis of vessels and fibrosis of the meninx--all these phenomena confirm the opinion of syringomyelitic cavities as an acquired defect and not dysraphia. A comparative study of the morphogenesis of medullar cavities in inflammatory, vascular, traumatical processes and in syringomyelia permits to mark their histological similarity and postnecrotic genesis. The glyosis in syringomyelitic cavities has a different character. The fibrillar glyosis along the edge of the cavities appears due to reparative changes and plays a delineating role. Irritative glyosis appears more frequently in angiomatosis, accompanied by chronic microhemorrhages. Expressed glyosis with a formation of cellular rosettes is to a certain extent a tumor (astrocytomaa, epeudimoma), while a syringomyelitic cavity--a histiolytic cyst of a tumor.


[Clinico-electrophysiologic analysis of a case of spike-wave stupor (absence state)]. The authors describe the clinical picture of a case with a peak-wave stupor in a 16 year-old patient where the main clinical expression of this disorder was behavioural sleepiness. Polygraphical studies during the attacks detected an expressed permanent paroxysmal activity in the form of bilateral synchronous complexes of spike-waves. In a behavioural and EEG sleepiness there was a smaller frequency of the paroxysmal activity and changes of its form with a drop in the expressiveness of the peak components. Administration of seduxen solution also partially blockaded the paroxysmal activity. The authors discuss some differential diagnostical signs of this condition and some mechanisms in the formation of paroxysmal activity with dependence in its development of different phases of the daily cycle of wakefullness and sleep.


[Several electrophysiologic variants of temporal lobe epilepsy]. The study discusses the diagnostic value of some electrophysiological methods of investigating patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. It is emphasized that routine EEG, basal and tympanic leads are not informative enough. Special attention is paid to the study of stereoelectroencephalographic activity of deep epileptic foci and "secondary" synchronization phenomena. It is suggested that SEEG is a necessary component of preoperative study. It is also pointed out that a bitemporal pathological activity should not be considered a contraindication to a surgical treatment of epilepsy.


[Blood and cerebrospinal fluid phospholipid composition in children with a syndrome of febrile and epileptic convulsions]. Children with febril and epileptic convulsion during different periods of the disease demonstrate changes in the correlation of phospholipids in the blood plasma. These changes are mainly of a general character and do not depend upon the genesis of convulsions. The largest differences were seen in the lysolecithine level. These data probably indicate to a certain qualitative basis in the phospholipid metabolism in children with this pathology or may be related to a retardation in the formation of the structure of phospholipid metabolism.


[Chronic delusional disorders in epileptic dementia (from the social-work aspect of the adaptation of invalids)]. The author gives a detailed description of the structure and dynamics of paranoid epileptical dementia. The first type includes expressed affective disorders and overvalued structures. The second-disturbances of thinking and paranoial delusions. The third type is characterized by a definite intellectual decline and a deactualization of delusional experiences.


[Atyptical forms of anorexia nervosa].

[Atyptical forms of anorexia nervosa]. The paper is concerned with a description of a special form of nervous anorexia related to the presence of vomitophobia. The disease appears on the background of a somatogenic asthenia as a psychogenic reaction and leads to an expressed vomiting reaction. The vomiting reaction becomes fixated with a habitual form of reaction and eventually leads to an emaciation and a development of a special vomitophobic syndrome (vomitophobia proper, voluantary and involuntary vomiting, limitation in food as a measure against vomiting, depression, special ideas of reference).


Animal carotenoids. 12. Chirality of asterinic acid. The chirality of monoacetylenic asterinic acid [(3S,3'S)-7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, 1a] has been established by NaBH4-reduction and hydrolysis of the corresponding diesters 1b and 1c providing the tetrol 9 and CD-correlation with diatoxanthin [3R,3'R)-7,8-didehydro-beta, beta-carotene-3,3'-diol, 10]. Diacetylenic asterinic acid [3S,3'S)-7,8,7',8'-tetradehydro-beta, beta-carotene-3,3'-diol, 2a] was assigned the some absolute configuration by similar conversion to the diacetylenic tetrol 11 and CD-correlation with alloxanthin [3R,3'R)-7,8,7',8'-tetradehydro-beta, beta-carotene-3,3'-diol, 12]. IR and CD properties of the diacetates 1C and 2C of the naturally occurring alpha-ketols are reported.


[Voluminous fatty necrosis in acute pancreatitis]. Extensive fat necrosis may be sometimes seen in patients suffering from acute pancreatitis even if pancreas itself is not seriously damaged. Infection of the necrotic areas of fat may produce serious intoxication and even death of the patient. If the infection occurs, evacuation of the necrosis should be carried out, even several times if necessary. In some cases fat necroses colliquate. The liquid may be reabsorbed or pseudocyst formation follows. In the cases of colliquation without infection a close observation of the patient is necessary to choose the time for surgery.


[Diagnostic and surgical problems in various hepatic echinococcoses]. Mostly there are not diagnostic troubles by the echinococcus of the liver especially since it is in use scaning of the liver. As in rule they are solitary and peripheric and the operative procedure is mostly simple and quick. The diagnostic and operative problems becomes evident when hydatid cyst is localised in central parts of the liver and when it is multiple cysts with penetration in adjacent organs. The poorest situation is when patient with complicated localisation of echinococcus of liver comes from infested area where he was checked out or even operated upon and dismissed with another diagnosis. The author expose 5 cases like this last mentioned.


[Various complications of primary echinococcosis]. Secondary echinococcosis occurs as a complication of a primary cyst. The importance of operative technique during the removal of the primary cyst is emphasized, because the intraoperative disemination occurs most frequently after a surgical performance. Secondary echinococcosis generates by asexual regressive metamorphosis of larval element intro larval forms. Two cases of secondary abdominal echinococcoosis will be described ensuing after removal of the primary liver cyst. One patient, who has been operated because of the pulmonary echinococcosis cyst before, was cured in our hospital having the secondary echinonoccosis of the lungs and pleural cavity.


[Echinococcosis in the last 10 years at the medical center Varazdin 1964-1974]. According to the number of the diseased this is still a very rare and sporadic disease on our area. This Hydatid disease in all our patients has been most frequently localised on the liver. A case of a very rare localisation of the Hydatid disease has been described.


[Intraoperative cholangiography].

[Intraoperative cholangiography]. Intraoperative holangiography has recently been applied more and more often. There are more of those who are in favor of the routine appliance of it. Taking into account all the advantages and disadvantages offered by the method, the majority considers it to be of the great help to biliar surgery. In this article we are trying to show the operative materials of our department as well as our own observation and experiences.


[Surgical treatment of the pancreatic pseudocyst. Presentation of 2 successfully treated cases]. The authors present two successfully treated cases, together with an outline of the etiology, diagnostics and methods of surgical treatment of the pseudocyst of the pancreas. Both cases were etiologically similar but located differently, so that two methods of surgically intervention were used. The method of internal drainage was used in the one case and total extirpation with resection of caudal part of the pancreas in the second.


[Internal diseases imitating acute surgical abdomen]. A significant number of internal illnesses is presented as an acute surgical abdomen. Most frequently this pertains to endocrine, inflammatory, familiar metabollic, colagen, hematologic, illnesses, intoxication and reflexisive pain. To solve this problem, a close surgical-internistic collaboration is imminent as very often, the life of individual patients depends on it. As can be observed from the cases presented herein, our collaboration in this respect is high rating.


[Acute pancreatitis (critical review of presented cases)]. Report on 278 cases of acute pancreatitis treated in our surgical department in the course of last 18 years. (from September 1, 1956 till April 15, 1975). Brief description of the cases and undertaken therapy. The authors point out the increased frequency of the disease in the last few year as well as the high mortality rate.


[Possibilities in the surgical treatment of acute thrombosis and chronic obliterations of pelvic veins]. Some technical problems encountered in the thrombectomy of iliofemoral veins and in Palma's reconstruction of unilaterally occluded pelvic veins are presented. These surgical interventions give better results than conservative therapy and the authors especially recommend the use of temporary arterio-venous fistula. As the best results were achieved by this technique the authors recommend its use in all cases where it is not contraindicated (cardiopaths).


[Air as an optic medium in diagnostic cystoscopy]. The authors display that the application of air as an optic medium in diagnostic cystoscopy has some determined technical advantages and medical justifications ahead of the use of water. The quality of air as the optic medium doesn't lat behing after water. The fear of air embolism is not justified, because in numerous applications of this method not any incident has been recorded.


[Dislocation of the elbow as a clinical problem with reference to rehabilitation]. In the period from 1970 till 1974, 106 patients with the clean luxation without the injury of the bone supstrate were treated. From that number there were 68 men and 38 women. In the total anaesthesia the reposition and imobilisation in the upper arm longeta were performed. This longeta was removed after three weeks and then the rehabilitation was continued (medical school). Functional results are neat.


[Dislocation fractures of the hip in the driver and passenger as the result of impact mechanism within the armature of the car]. The expose of injuries of the roof of the acetolulum and the luxation of the head of the upper knee bone (femur) as the consequence of a hit into the armaturs of a vehicle at a driver and his companion. With the reference to the conservative and operative treatment of these patients.


[Postoperative pancreatitis as a complication of abdominal interventions]. After the surgical treatments in upper abdomen (supramesocolic region) the laboratory parameters frequently point at postoperative pancreatitis. Typical clinical finding is hidden by the primary postoperative disease. Only the complications menifestly point at the existance of pancreas affection. The authors are considering pathogenesis of postoperative pancreatitis, discrepancy about the interpretation of the obtained laboratory parameters, the clinical finding and give a short description of the complication during postoperative pancreatitis, which actually has forced them for the surgical intervention.


[Treatment of fractures of the femoral shaft]. The femoral shaft fracture, although not frequent, is still a severe injury. In this work 367 fractured femoral shafts treated during the last six years are reviewed. Three hundred and forty-seven patients were treated by operation of whom 276 were treated with intramedullary nail and previously boring of the medullar channel, almost all of them by open reduction. In 59 cases compression plate was applied. In the same time 20 femoral shaft fractures were treated conservatively. Amoung other complications infection and pseudoarthrosis should be particulary mentioned which occurred in 5,2% and 3,3% respectively. The comparison between operative and conservative menagement was done by analysis of final results which included duration of the treatment and period necessary for the restitution of the function. On the basis of these results the authors conclude that majority of femoral fractures should be treated by intramedullary nailing.


[Various causes of breakage of osteosynthetic material]. The authors in their work present some of the most common causes in breakage of osteosynthetic material. They emphasise the quality of the material is mainly satisfactory but the material should be from the same factory. Exhaustion of the material and corrosion are two of the common causes of the osteosynthetic material breakage. However uncorrect application and errors during the operation are the most common causes of breakage. The mechanical differences of the intramedullar nail and plate as two of the most used materials and their influences are explained. The most common errors which appear during the performance of opperation are explained to.


[Pancreatic lesions].

[Pancreatic lesions]. The rate of lesions of pancreas is on the increase in these latter years. With these lesions very different therapeutical methods are applied. Some surgeons give full preference to the resection with anastomosis, the others prefer one or two anastomoses without the resection and the rest of them the resection without anastomosis. Successful treatment of the damaged pancreas dependens to a high degree on the proper diagnosis, on the appropriate primary therapy, which hampers the development of the acute pancreatitis and on the rational operative proceedings.


[Asepsis and hospitalization in surgery]. The authors renews the interest in care of "hospital infection". Recent advances in clinical and epidemiologic research give us important informations and caution than we shall not be able in futher avoid them. Special care is needed and the frequency of post operative wound infections can be lowered due to respect asepsis and antisepsis principles. Of great importance are the hygienic, technical, surgical and education measures taken for preventing infections.


[Postpancreatitic pseudocysts].

[Postpancreatitic pseudocysts]. The retroperitoneal situation of the pancreas makes it relatively innaccessibile in the anatomic sense and provides difficulty in assessing the presence and extent of pathologic processes on a clinical base. Pseudocysts and extravasation of amylase into various retroperitoneal spaces have been described as complication of acute pancreatitis. The author emphasise the utility of the laboratory investigations and the importance of the various radiological procedures in every stage of evolution of the above disease. Lastly, attention is drawn to the diagnostic aid which is obtainable from complementary investigations and appropriate techniques.


The effect of regional perfusion treatment on recurrent melanoma of the extremities. 16 patients with cutaneous or subcutaneous melanoma recurrence on an extremity were treated with regional perfusion with Melphalan. 18 perfusions were performed on 15 patients with stage II disease, that is with tumor growth restricted to an extremity including possible regional node metastases. All patients except two had new recurrences within the observation time. However, many of the patients had been treated surgically for recurrences once or several times previously. By comparing the length of the recurrence-free period following surgery alone with that following surgery plus perfusion in the same patients it was shown that perfusion treatment gave a significant extension of the recurrence-free time. Four perfusions were performed on patients in stage III, that is those with distant metastases. These perfusions gave a moderate or good temporary palliation as regards to tumor growths on the extremity. The traditional treatment for melanoma recurrences on an extremity has been surgical excision or less often amputation. An analysis of the literature shows that perfusion, usually combined with excision, seems to give definitely better results than surgical excision alone. There is evidence to suggest that perfusion treatment is even superior to amputation as regards survival; if so an immunological mechanism might be responsible for this effect.


Common duct stones in patients with acute cholecystitis. In a retrospective survey of 202 patients with acute cholecystitis 40 patients (19,8%) were found to have common duct stones. No close correlation between common duct stones and either serum bilirubin or serum alkaline phosphatase could be demonstrated. Therefore it was concluded that peroperative cholangiography is necessary in operations for acute cholecystitis.


Influence of different techniques of proximal gastric vagotomy upon risk of recurrent duodenal ulcer and gastric acid secretion. Different techniques of proximal gastric vagotomy were used from 1970 to 75 in 267 patients with duodenal ulcer. A 1-4 years clinical follow-up showed an unacceptable high rate of recurrent ulcer (23-24%) in patients having skeletonization of the lower 2 cm of the esophagus, regardless of the extent of preserved antral innervation (6-9 cm). Extension of the esophageal dissection resulted in a lower recurrence rate (8%) and a higher frequency of complete vagotomies as expressed by the average acid response to insulin. No constant relationships were found between reductions of basal acid output and peak acid output to histamine 10 days after proximal gastric vagotomy and the risk of recurrent ulcer.


Further electron microscopic evidence of virus-like particles in Crohn's disease. Electron microscopic investigation of patients with Crohn's disease of the colon revealed virus-like particles mainly in epithelial cells and macrophages near ulcerative lesions. The particles had a double membrane, a sometimes electron-opaque central core, were round to oval in shape with the size, ranging from 30-70 nm in diameter. They commonly were located in clusters, but also singly in the cell cytoplasm, not intranuclear. These findings are in good agreement with recent culture studies in Crohn's disease.


Synthesis rates of albumin and fibrinogen in patients with cardiac and pulmonary cachexia. In five patients with chronic congestive heart failure or pulmonary insufficiency and otherwise unexplained weight loss synthesis rates of albumin and fibrinogen were studied with the 14C carbonate method described by Mc Farlane and Reeve. The following results were obtained. 1. Albumin synthesis rate was normal in 4 out of five patients. In one patient with proteinuria and low serum albumin it was markedly increased. 2. Fibrinogen synthesis rate was normal in three out of five patients. In two patients who had active inflammation just before or during the study it was increased. The results suggest, that in chronic congestive heart failure or pulmonary insufficiency the liver is able to maintain normal or even increased protein synthesis rates.


Distribution of total fatty acids in human splenic lipids. Lipids were extracted from adult human spleens obtained at surgery or autopsy, 26 with some degree of congestion and 7 displaying congestive splenomegaly. The fatty acids were processed following saponification of the lipids, esterified and the esters as such as well as hydrogenated aliquots analyzed by gas chromatography. The significance of fatty acid differences on the basis of age, sex, pathology and mode of organ acquisition was determined by t-tests. Several acid differences were significant in regard to age groups, between congestion and splenomegaly (surgical, autopsy and overall) and in the comparison of the respective surgical vs autopsy groups. No definite difference could be attributed to sex.


Histological observations on the ependyma of the ventriculus mesencephali in the guinea pig. The ventriculus mesencephali is localized in front of the cerebellum and forms a recessus of the dorsal wall of the aquaeductus mesencephali. The ependyma was found one-layered; in some places clusters of cubic or cylindrical ependymal cells occur. Some cells show basal processes. Supra-ependymally there are homogeneous globules and intraventricular nerve fibres. The occurrence of different types of ependymal cells indicates a morphological variability of ependyma even within this small part of the ventricle system of the brain.


The effect of methylazoxymethanol on growth of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in rats. Methylazoxymethanol (MAM) causes a reduced development of cerebellum and medulla oblongata in rats. To study the effect of external factors on growth of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, four litters of rats each of five animals were treated with MAM within 12 h after birth and sacrificed after 30 days. A similar number od control rats were sacrificed at the time when their skull length was equal to that of the experimental rats. Microradiographical and histological investigations showed that the cranial base lordosis was more pronounced in the MAM rats than in the controls, and that the width of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis was reduced mainly due to reduction in the central zone.


[Effects of the light level and duration of the photoperiod on the retina of albino rats]. Female albino rats were exposed during 3 weeks to various photoperiodic sequences and levels of illumination. As long as the light span of the photoperiod did not exceed 12L-12D, the damaging effects of the light, even when intese (3,000 lx), on the retinal were relatively limited. On the other hand, the 14L-10D photoperiodic regimen that is usually used in standard rat animaleries produced marked degenerative lesions on the photoreceptors under either 1,200 or 3,000 1x. Under lighting schedules of 21L-15D or 28L-20D, the photoreceptors were heavily injured by 1,200 OR 3,000 1X. The degenerative process affected all the photoreceptive cells as well as their various components: rods, cones, nucleus and synaptic endings.


Anatomical and functional account on the lateral nasal cartilages. Due to the fact that the literature in the last 20 years shows contradictory points of view regarding the morphology and relations among the nasal cartilages in man, gross, semi-macroscopic and light-microscopic surveys were carried out in 20 adult and fetal human noses. It was concluded that the septodorsal cartilage is made up of only one block. The attachment of the septodorsal cartilage to the nasal bones takes place from 2 to 5 mm in the inner aspect of the latter. The distal and fibrous portions of the lateral cartilage and the greater alar cartilages act as valves.


[Electron microscopic study on blastema differentiation in the extremities of mice embryos to embryonic cartilage]. Cartilage differentiation in the upper limb bud of the white mouse (NMRI) begins in the humerus anlage on day 12 + 13 h p.c.; cartilage differentiation in the phalanges begins on day 13 + 3 h p.c. Morphologically, differentiation can be characterized as follows: (1) cell densifications with an increase in contact structures between the cells in the blastema centre: (2) development of a two-layered cell densification: a central cartilage zone and a peripheral zone (perichondrium), between precartilage and prospective muscle anlage; numerous mitoses appear in this peripheral zone; (3) appearance of filaments and PG granula in the intercellular space as well as massive appearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm and, (4) increased distance between the cells coupled with the loss of specific contact structures and substance increase in the intercellular space.


Morphogenesis of the secondary palate in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). This report describes the prenatal development and closure of the secondary palate in the Mongolian gerbil. Palatal shelves can be regularly observed on day 16, at which time they are directed vertically. On day 17, the shelves show an overall increase in size and length but remain vertically directed. During day 18, palatal shelves are usually in a state of transition from the vertical to the horizontal position. The process of palatal closure (fusion) occurs on the 19th day and is complete by day 20. The process of palatal formation and closure in the gerbil more closely resembles that of the rat and rabbit than that of the mouse.


Cortical cerebellar degeneration associated with a specific disorder of standing and locomotion. The three patients presented showed a rhythmic bobbing of the body when standing with flexed legs. It was produced by slow, coarse, synchronous extensions-flexions in the legs. Platform and accelerometer records demonstrated an almost clockwork regularity of rate in the 2.5--3.5 c/sec range. In Romberg's test there occurred slow rhythmic extensions-flexions of the feet. The patients walked with a peculiar stiff "heel-gait", which was not conspicously broad-based, unsteady or trembling. On ascending a platform they displayed a slow leg tremor and a marked disorder of forward-vertical movement. This very uniform motor syndrome retained its specific features over the years. An upper limb involvement was observed in one of the patients. Post-mortem examination in one patient, a chronic alcoholic, showed a pronounced atrophy of the superior cerebellar vermis. Tomographic pneumoencephabgrams demonstrated the superior vermis atrophy in the two other patients.


HLA antigens and antibody responses to measles and rubella viruses in multiple sclerosis. Twenty-four HLA-antigens coded by loci A and B were determined serologically for 60 multiple sclerosis patients from Northern Finland. Forty-five of the patients were also typed by mixed leucocyte culture reactivity for HLA-Dw2. The only statistically significant difference in antigen frequencies in these patients compared with those in controls was the decrease of HLA-A2 among patients. Measles and rubella antibody titres in patients with and without HLA-Dw2 and HLA-B7 antigens were compared using a sensitive radioimmunoassay method. There was no difference between age- and sex-matched patient groups.


Does alexia without agraphia always include hemianopsia? A patient with alexia without agraphia (pure alexia) is reported. Bedside examination of the visual fields disclosed no abnormalities; but perimetric examination demonstrated an incomplete right homonymous hemianopsia with some sparing of the peripheral part of the visual field. The literature on pure alexia without hemianopsia is reviewed and it is concluded that this syndrome has hardly been described with certainity.


Various degrees of dementia in a selected group of gastrectomized patients with low serum B12. Forty-two gastrectomized patients (mean age 56 years) with a serum B12 level less than 200 pg/ml were studied by psychological testing and electroencephalography. A total of 50 per cent exhibited mild to moderate or more severe intellectual impairment, judging by the history and psychological testing. EEG abnormalities were found, mainly in the form of reduced dominant activity, in 48 per cent. The results of psychological testing were in accurate conformity with the findings of dementia due to other reasons. The characteristic findings were depression and lability of affect, with a high frequency of suicidal attempts (20 per cent). We interpret the cerebral abnormalities as a result of vitamin B12 deficiency.


A 3 C/sec leg tremor in a "cerebellar" syndrome. A unique leg tremor was found in patients with late (acquired) cerebellar atrophy. Such patients are classically said to show a cerebellar incoordination in the heel-knee test. The tremor was evoked in three sustained leg postures inducing single plane oscillations. In these tests the tremor occurred as leg extensions, adductions or torsions. Accelerometer records showed a simple 2.5-3.5 c/sec rhythm. The amplitude varied but the rate was remarkably constant. The heel-on-knee position elicited tremor activity in muscles working in various planes; the resulting compound oscillation could be confused with irregular goal-seaking movements.


The ultrastructure of Sturge-Weber disease. Five infantile and one adult case of Sturge-Weber disease were studied pathologically. The calcification occurring under the leptomeningeal angiomatosis increased with advancing age. Light and electron microscopy of two cases showed the smallest, and therefore possibly the earliest, calcifications occurred in perithelial cells. It is hypothesized the cause of calcification is anoxic injury to endothelial, perithelial and possibly glial mitochondria due to stasis and abnormal vessel permeability in the cerebral vessels composing the Sturge-Weber angioma.


Abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome). Muscle involvement. A 26-year old male suffered from Abeta-lipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig disease). In addition to C.N.S. lesions, he had myopathy. A muscle biopsy revealed accumulation of ceroid pigment in the striated muscle. A few muscle fibers showed severe degeneration of the myofibrils. Fibroblasts and macrophages in the interstitial tissue contained abundant ceroid. The relation between ceroid accumulation, abetalipoproteinemia and vitamin E-deficiency is discussed.


Spongy degeneration of the central nervous system (van Bogaert-Bertrand type?) in a newborn infant. A light and electron microscopic study. Autopsy findings on a 5 day old infant with hypotonia from birth showed extensive spongy changes of the myelinating tracts within the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. The spongy changes, similar to Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease, resulted from intramyelinic edema. However, unlike the typical forms of this disease, swollen astrocytes with abnormal mitochondria were not found. The relationship of this case to typical forms of Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease is discussed. This case may represent a very early form of Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease or a new pathological entity.


The pathology of experimental obstructive hydrocephalus. Electron microscopic observations. Obstructive hydrocephlus was produced in 10-14 day-old rabbits by injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna and the ependyma and subependymal tissue was studied by electron microscopy. Generally, the study confirmed recent light microscopic observations on similar models (Torvik et al., 1976). In contrast to most previous reports, it was found that the ependyma adapted remarkably well to ventricular dilatation. No true ependymal defects occurred even in extensive hydrocephalus except at the sites of the ventricular synechiae which sometimes ruptured. The specialized ependymal junctions remained intact but outside the junctions the intercellular clefts were widened, particularly along the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle. The density of the microvilli and cilia decreased, probably because of the increase in the surface area of the ependyma. Dense bundles of filaments developed in the ependymal cells of the hydrocephalic animals. The extracellular space of the subependymal white matter appeared increased but there was no evidence of destruction of fibres or cells. Thus, the reduction of the cerebral mantle thickness was probably mainly caused by pre-sure atrophy.


The spinal cord-ventral root junction in the trembler mouse. The Trembler mouse suffers from an hereditary demyelinating neuropathy. Schwann cell myelination of peripheral nerve fibres in the Trembler mouse is abnormal. Myelination of central nerve fibres in the deeper layers of white matter of the spinal cord is normal. At the junction between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system in the ventral roots in the Trembler mouse central-type nerve fibres are abnormally thinly myelinated. It is suggested that the normal process of myelination of central nerve fibres in this region is affected by abnormalities of the Schwann cell in the peripheral nervous system.


Occurrence of dark neurons in living mechanically injured rat neocortex. In order to ascertain the immediate histopathological changes of rat brain following experimental surgical injury, fragments of left parietal cortex were obtained through craniotomy and fixed by immersion. Next, the animals were killed by perfusion with the same fixative used for the respective biopsy. Five groups of rats were tested, each for one different fixative. Dark neurons were by far the most prominent feature in surgically traumatized tissue, following both immersion and perfusion with all five fluids. They were morphologically identical at both sites, and  fixatives with widely different chemical composition, e.g. Bouin's fluid and buffered glutaraldehyde, had no influence on their aspect. It is suggested that shrunken neurons are not to be interpreted systematically as artefacts, but also represent a form of short-latency cellular reaction to injury.


Brain edema in acute arterial hypertension. I. Macroscopical findings. Observation of brain edema formation after acute drug-induced arterial hypertension-investigation in 15 cats. Intravital staining with astraviolet-FF and Evans-blue showed two different types of BBB-dysfunction, the one diffuse and without protein extravasation, the other multilocular and protein-rich, both localized in the cortical grey matter during the first 5 min after beginning of hypertension. The formation of protein-rich extravasation appeared to be dependent on the percentage increase of blood pressure, less on the peak of its absolute value.


Negative smears in women developing invasive cervical cancer. Fifty-six cervical smears originally classified as Pap. I, from women in whom cervical cancer of stage I to IV was detected within 4 to 5 years after the cytological check, were re-examined in order to estimate the screening error and sampling failure. At the review, 35 smears were classified as Pap. II to V. The incidence of changed classification of the smears obtained from population screening was 70% and that of the smears taken at private specialists or at hospitals was about 50%. The influence of sampling failure on the evaluation of the smears classified as Pap. II should be considered. On 14 slides, correctly interpreted as negative, there were no columnar cells present, a fact that may indicate inefficient sampling of cells from the squamo-columnar junction.


Carpal Tunnel syndrome in ovariectomized women. Electrophysiological parameters were studied in 32 gynecological patients before and after major gynecological surgery. No changes in maximal nerve conduction velocity or simple reaction time could be found after either hysterectomy or ovariectomy. Of the 20 ovariectomized patients, 3 developed subjective symptoms and electrophysiological signs of the carpal tunnel syndrome within a few months after surgery. Thus the carpal tunnel syndrome, which is common in women of menopausal age, seems to be precipitated also by iatrogenic menopause. The present findings indicate that ovarian relaxin overproduction cannot be the basis of the carpal tunnel syndrome, but they are consistent with the view that the syndrome is a sign of hypothalamichypophyseal overactivity or  imbalance.


Basic levels of the immuno suppressive serum protein PZ in women-influence of age, parity, gonadotrophins and estrogens. The basic levels of the pregnancy zone protein (PZ) were measured by a radio-immunoassay, in 270 women of various age. All women were apparently healthy taking no drugs. Values were correlated to age, parity, gonadotrophins and estrogens. A significant age dependent increase was found for PZ while no influence could be attributed to the other factors studied. The present results emphasize that the age dependent variation of PZ concentration should be considered when clinical data of this protein are evaluated.


Solid-phase radioimmunoassay detection of rubella virus IgG antibody in serum and CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis. Low levels of rubella virus IgG antibody have been detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) previously developed for testing of clinical serum samples. Paired serum and CSF specimens of 36 MS patients and 12 control patients were analyzed. Of those MS patients which had negative CSF titers in the rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test, 90% (11/12) were found to have rubella IgG antibody by the RIA method. In specimens found to contain rubella IgG antibodies by both methods, the RIA test was approximately 15 times more sensitive than the rubella HAI test. The results presented suggest that a considerable portion of MS patients have significantly reduced serum/CSF rubella IgG antibody ratios, indicating that there is a local production of rubella antibodies in the central nervous system of these patients.


Meniere's disease. A neuropsychological study. A neuro-psychological study is described comprising 19 patients with Meniere's Disease who were participating in an experimental lithium therapy programme. The patients evidenced an organic dysfunction which is not entirely periphearl. The interpretation of the results are not incompatible with an attempt to reconcile neuro-psychological and psycho-somatic viewpoints regarding etiological aspects of Meniere's Disease. An evaluation of the lithium effect was performed.


Visual suppression of caloric nystagmus in normal individuals. The effects of opening of the eyes and of ocular fixation upon caloric nystagmus were investigated during the period of maximum intensity of caloric nystagmus in a series of 32 normal individuals. The percentage reduction in slow-phase velocity induced depended upon the test conditions, but, on the other hand, did not depend upon the temperature of the water applied as caloric stimulus. This latter fact favors the theory of visual suppression of the caloric test. Another striking finding was that a clear correlation definitely existed between the percentage reduction of suppression in slow-phase velocity and that in the multiplication product of amplitude by nystagmus frequency (P.A.F.) during the period of eye opening and ocular fixation. The percentage of suppression in slow-phase velocity is interchangeable with that in P.A.F., which broadens the practical scope of the routine test.


The ultrastructure of Leishmania tropica in skin lesions. The ultrastructure of the amastigote stage of Leishmania tropica has been studied. The present work reports on new observations on the fine structure of the basal body, prokinosome and flagellum. The basal body is composed of a centriole-like structure and a transitional zone continuous with the proximal part of the flagellum. The centriole-like part consists of nine peripheral triplet tubules and an indistinct dense central core. The transitional zone consists of nine peripheral doublet tubules and two central cylinders. The centriole-like prokinosome is present parallel and close to the basal body. The flagellum arises from the transitional zone of the body and has the classical axoneme (9+2) structure. However, at the tip of the flagellum the central tubules are replaced by one of the peripheral doublet tubules. The ultrastructural findings, as compared with previous studies of Leishmania, are discussed.


Otosclerosis surgery.

Otosclerosis surgery. Results of otosclerosis surgery using the stapes footplate removal with various types of reconstruction are reported in 456 ears (360 patients). Primary success was obtained in around 95% while 83% retained their improvement over the years. The posterior crus on fascia has become the preferred method because of its stability and relative lack of inner ear complications. Inner ear damage is mostly due to perilymph fistulae, which should be promptly recognized and repaired, since revision after the ear has become deaf does not restore hearing. Some late inner ear losses may be due to reactions to foreign material introduced with the graft. Bilateral operations should not be done if the first operation was difficult or caused vertigo for several days.


Purification from euglobulin of the first component (C1) of complement and its subcomponents by heparin-sepharose chromatography. Most of the C1 material of euglobulin was adsorbed to heparin-Sepharose at an ionic strength of 0.265. After desorbtion at an ionic strength of 0.415 the C1 material was found to be purified six to seven-fold. Highly purified subcomponents C1q, C1r and C1s were recovered at DEAE-Sephadex chromatography from such purified C1 material after EDTA-treatment. Tests on isolated C1q, C1r and C1s disclosed in addition to the well known interaction between heparin and C1q an equally strong or even stronger interaction between heparin and C1s. Even C1r was adsorbed to heparin although by somewhat weaker ionic bonds.


Combined therapy for undifferentiated giant and spindle cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Undifferentiated giant and spindle cell carcinoma is an unusual and high-grade malignant type of cancer of the thyroid. The results of surgical and/or radiotherapeutic treatment have been discouraging. Only a few patients respond to therapy, usually for a short time. Recently, a few reports have been published on the effect of chemotherapy or a combined treatment of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In the present paper the results of combining radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 5-FU and cyclophosphamide, are reported. For the future a more aggressive approach is discussed. The therapy should include surgical resection of the main bulk of the tumour, followed by radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy and thereafter prolonged adjuvant chemotherapy.


Extra-tympanic electrocochleography.

Extra-tympanic electrocochleography. A non-invasive technique for recording the cochlear action potential in adults without recourse to sedation or local anaesthesia is presented. This technique has been assessed in two ways: (1) A group of normal subjects was tested to obtain distributions of response amplitude and latency as functions of stimulus intensity. (2) A group of patients with Meniere's disease was tested with trans- and extra-tympanic electrocochleography to compare the intensity amplitude functions and wave-forms obtained from the two methods. On the basis of this study the use of extra-tympanic electrocochleography as a replacement for the trans-tympanic method is discussed.


Bipolar electric stimulation to elicit and isolated tensor tympani reflex. A bipolar electrode is described, designed to obtain improved reflex responses from the tensor tympani muscle by electric stimulation of the under surface of the tongue, d.c. generator, 7-9 V d.c. In comparison with the previous unipolar method of stimulation the responses under oscilloscopic analysis appear very constant and of greater size. The latency, in normal subjects, is 117 msec.


Extracellular potassium concentration in juvenile and adult rat brain cortex during anoxia. The extracellular K+ concentration, ([K]e), in the brain cortex of rats at different ages was measured by means of K+-sensitive microelectrodes. [K]e was between 3 and 5 mM at all ages. Following nitrogen inhalation there was an increase in [K]e which exhibited a sigmoid pattern in every age group: Firstly, there was a slow rate of rise which was followed by a sudden, steep increase where the [K]e rose to about 70 mM. During the subsequent 5-10 min a plateau value of about 90 mM was reached. The prominent difference between the age groups was the time until the steep rise began. The time to the steep increase in [K]e and the [K]e at the start of the steep was inversely related to the age of the animal. A close relation was found between the time to the start of the steep increase and the time to the last gasp during nitrogen breathing (r = 0.98). It is suggested that the different resistence to anoxia in young and adult animals is related to differences in the ability to keep near normal potassium gradients across the cells in the brain.


Characteristics of aortic baroreceptor C-fibres in the rabbit. The characteristics of 40 C-fibres arising from the aortic arches of 15 normotensive rabbits have been investigated. The conduction velocity of the fibres varied between 0.5-1.8 m/s (0.91 +/- 0.05, mean +/- S.E.). The activation threshold for all the fibres lay between 70-140 mmHg. 32 medullated fibres from the same animals had thresholds between 35 and 90 mmHg. After correction for the time delay in conduction the firing in the C-fibres occurs in early systole. Pressure response curves were constructed for 10 medullated and 18 C-fibres. The mean activity at 100 mmHg was, for the C-fibres 5.0 Hz and for the medullated fibres 34 Hz. At 130 mmHg the activity in the C-fibres was 13 Hz and in the medullated fibres 68 Hz. Thus C-fibres from the aortic baroreceptor regions are activated at higher pressures than the medullated fibres and have lower discharge frequencies. Noradrenaline did not influence the pressure response curves of the C-fibres. It is concluded that the arterial baroreceptor C-fibres may exert a weak tonic influence on the vasomotor centre at normal pressures but are likely to be of greater importance when the arterial pressure rises acutely.


Effect of atropine and methiamide on vagally induced gastric acid secretion and gastrin release in anesthetized cats. Gastrin release and HCl secretion was induced by electrical vagal stimulation in anesthetized cats. Both atropine (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) and methiamide (4-20 mg/kg) inhibited the HCl secretion (by approximately 60 and approximately 80 %). On the other hand, neither atropine (0.2-2 mg/kg) nor methiamide (20 mg/kg) inhibited the vagally induced gastrin release. Possible explanations of the atropine resistance of the vagal gastrin release mechanism are discussed.


Parental loss, depression and violence. III. Epidemiological studies of female prisoners. Information was obtained from 95 incarcerated female prisoners on their history of violence, on their feelings of depression, their suicide attempts, and on their history of loss of parents. The data revealed that the loss of father before the age of 10 years was more highly correlated with signs of depression in these women prisoners than was loss of mother. Women who reported at least one suicide attempt in the past were significantly more depressed on the self-report measure of depression than the other women, and were more likely to be judged as violent on the basis of several independent indices. The results support the hypothesis that violence toward others and suicidal behavior are part of the same phenomenon of impairment in control mechanisms.


Changes in psychopathology in relation to EEG variables and visual averaged evoked responses (V.AER) in schizophrenic patients treated with penfluridol or thiothixene. In a study of 28 schizophrenic in-patients treated with penfluridol or thiothixene, patients were followed with clinical ratings, EEG variables, the mean integrated amplitude (MIA) on both the left and right sides--both with filters with frequency ranges from 7.5 to 13.5 and 0.5 to 25 Hz--as well as its within-patient variance (WPV) on both sides and with both filters, and also with visual averaged evoked responses (V.AER). Moreover, determinations of plasma levels of the drugs were conducted in a search for possible objective measurements of the effects of the treatment, but also to try to find measurements that would make it possible to predict the outcome of treatment. MIA left/right and WPV left/right were found to be the most promising variables to follow the effect of treatment, which were correlated to factors 1 and 2 of the Mårten's S-scale. WPV left/right before treatment was correlated to changes in factor 4 of the S-scale during the trial.


Effects of carotid chemoreceptor and baroreceptor stimulation upon the sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic cardiac nerve and single fiber activity in cats. The stimulation of arterial baroreceptors (blind sack technique) inhibited the preganglionic and postganglionic cardiac sympathetic activity. There were found three populations of single sympathetic preganglionic fibers (Th3) responding in a different way to the stimulation of arterial baroreceptors and arterial chemoreceptors (infusion of the small volume of saline bubbled with CO2 into the carotid sinus): (i) inhibited by carotid baroreceptors and excited by carotid chemoreceptors stimulation, (ii) inhibited by carotid baroreceptors and by carotid chemoreceptors stimulation, (iii) some fibers inhibited by baroreceptors did not change activity during stimulation of chemoreceptors. A functional role of each particular group of preganglionic sympathetic fibers is discussed.


Stimuli eliciting sexual pursuit in the digger wasp Bembex rostrata (L.) males (Hymenoptera, Sphegidae). I. The choice of an adequate method for the ethometry survey. Ethometry (i.e., quantitative, numerical analysis) of approach of the insect to objects moved in the air with a fishing rod and their pursuit proved a successful field method for objective evaluation of the valence of an object's features for Bembex rostrata males tested during their "sun dance". The maximum distance from which the insect reacts with a leap toward the object being a parameter of its approach, is directly proportional to the conspicuity of the object. The time of "behavioural interest" of the insect in the object, a measure of pursuit, reflects the persistence of the insect's attraction to the object, which is directly related to its valence. It is suggested that the sun dance is mainly a comfort behaviour, when the male is at the same time highly sensitive to sexual stimuli. Approach to a flying object is not a simple reflex-like tactic behaviour but a motivated one. Probably it is partly an exploratory, and to some extent a sexual behaviour, whereas pursuit is to a considerable extent dependent on a sexual mood. Hence, both can be regarded as the steps of a sexual appetitive behaviour. Experiments revealed a considerable variability of reactions among individual B. rostrata males. Differences between years of experimenting exert significant influence on results, too.


A blood flow increase to a visual stimulus in the occipital lobe of the cat with brainstem transection at the pretrigeminal level. The effects of visual stimulation on the cerebral blood flow were studied in pretrigeminal cats. The visual stimulus was a feather duster which was moved for 4-5 min in front of the cats eyes. The cerebral blood flow was measured each 15 min with [133]Xe clearance method in the left occipital lobe. The visual stimulation evoked an increase of the cerebral blood flow which was accompanied by an ocular following movements and a cortical EEG desynchronization. The arterial blood pressure was unchanged. All these responses habituated rapidly when the stimulus was repeated at 15 min intervals. A similar increase of the cerebral blood flow was obtained by 9 percent CO2 inhalation. The administration of amphetamine increased the cerebral blood flow, whereas Nembutal decreased it. The visual stimulus evokes an increase of the cerebral blood flow in a condition when the lower brainstem is separated from the cerebrum.


Purification of human erythrocyte adenosine deaminase. In summary we have shown the following:1) Human erythrocyte ADA has been purified approximately 800,000 fold (sp. act. 538 micronmol/min/mg at 37 degrees) to apparent homogeneity using antibody affinity chromatography. 2) The enzyme was shown to be a single polypeptide chain with estimated molecular weight of approximately 38,000. 3) The 3 electrophoretic forms of erythrocyte ADA purified simultaneously by this technique were indistinguishable by SDS gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. 4) Several properties of the highly purified ADA were identical to properties observed with an impure preparation of the enzyme.


Xanthine oxidase activity in a gouty patient with partial deficiency of HGPRT. A patient with juvenile gout and partial deficiency of HGPRT is presented. In this subject, hepatic xanthine oxidase activity showed a twelve-fold increase. Xanthine oxidase is a readily induced enzyme and this increased activity is probably correlated with the increased availability of hypoxanthine observed in such patients.


Adenosine metabolism in permanent lymphocyte lines and in erythrocytes of patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Adenosine metabolism was studied in permanent lymphocyte cell lines and in erythrocytes of L.N. patients and compared with that of normal subjects. It was found that L.N. lymphocytes incorporated adenosine into purine ribonucleotides in spite of the fact that they cannot incorporate inosine or hypoxanthine, the major metabolites of adenosine. These findings suggest that adenosine may be a potentially important salvage pathway for purines and a source of IMP and guanine nucleotides in L.N. cells.


Hyperuricemia as a risk factor in coronary heart disease. The subjects of this study were 290 hospital patients who were divided into 4 groups: acute myocardial infarction (100), cardiac ischaemia with angina but no infarction (50), white patients without evidence of coronary heart disease (70), and a group of South African black patients without detectable coronary heart disease (70). Mean serum uric acid (SUA) levels were 8,00 +/- 0,32 in the ischaemic group, 7,09 +/- 0,23 in the acute infarction group, 5,78 +/- 0,21 in normal black patients, and 5,75 +/- 0,21 in normal white controls. The differences in SUA levels between the ischaemic and infarction groups as compared with both control groups was highly significant (p less than 0,001). These differences were most striking in the females aged 60 years and over.


The effect of weight loss on plasma and urinary uric acid and lipid levels. Plasma uric acid levels in 35 obese gouty and non-gouty subjects showed a highly significant mean fall of 0.6 mg/100 ml after weight reduction on a low-calorie diet. Urinary urate also fell by a mean value of 87 mg/100 ml. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels have been studied in 20 of the subjects. Both have shown some overall fall with weight loss. So far the degree of change of plasma urate has shown a correlation with that of cholesterol but not that of triglyceride, but further data are needed on these inter-relationships.


Thiopurinol: dose-related effect on urinary oxypurine excretion. 1. The important fact which emerges from these studies both without and with dietary purine supplementation is that thiopurinol dose possess apparent in vivo xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity but the dose must be increased well above therapeutic levels for this effect to manifest. 2. The considerable reduction in total endogenous urinary purine excretion at these high doses substantiates an additional inhibitory effect of thiopurinol on de novo purine synthesis. 3. Thiopurinol, like its analogue allopurinol, is also capable of reducing the absorption of dietary purine administered in the form of guanine in the pig.


The subacute phase of alcoholism.

The subacute phase of alcoholism. Aggressive intervention in the medical and psychosocial problems of the subacute phase of alcoholism allows the physician to assume a holistic approach to the alcohol-addicted individual and provides a basis for eventual arrest of the chronic disease. A variety of metabolic abnormalities and physiologic disorders require attention. Management of psychologic problems requires the use of rational authority, early psychotherapy, judicious short-term psychopharmacology and use of available community resources.