Preliminary proceedings for a model experiment to be carried out in order to investigate the establishing of geriatric districts in Hungary. The authors review the theoretical and practical experiences on the basis of what it was deemed necessary to try out the function of geriatric districts in a model experiment. We are made acquainted with Püspökladány, a large community chosen for the scene of their experiment, with the preliminary work and with the entire process of their planned experiment. They describe the method of the 1 year's basic survey which began in June 1972 and the new organizational model of the health care of the population which came into force in the second half of 1973.


Pointers to possible malnutrition in the elderly at home. Two indices of the possibility of malnutrition were constructed from the number of nutrients (up to 10) taken in amounts below recommended levels (index A) or below specified lower levels (index B). Values for these indices were determined from nutritional data for 264 old people living at home. High values for both indices were significantly related to the amount spent on food per week, the taken ing of 7 or fewer hot meals per week, and the presence of physical disability, but not to social class, living alone, or presence of a psychiatric diagnosis. The amount spent on food per week, taking 7 or fewer hot meals per week, and physical disability, are thus possible pointers to malnutrition in the elderly at home and may be useful for screening purposes.


Unilateral clubbing in hemiplegia.

Unilateral clubbing in hemiplegia. A study of clubbing, assessed by spherometer measurements of fingernail-skinfold angle, was made in recent and long-established hemiplegic elderly patients. This showed that clubbing developed in all digits studied and that it increased with the duration of the stroke. Clubbing did not correlate with the grip strength of the weakened hand.


Influence of dehydrocholate and taurocholate on bromsulphthalein uptake, storage, and excretion in the dog. The influence of dehydrocholate on bromsulphtalein relative-storage capacity, bilary transport maximum (Tm), and fractional transfer rates between plasma, liver and bile have been studied in unanaesthetized dogs. In six dogs, storage capacity, Tm, and fractional transfer rates from plasma to liver, liver to bile, and liver to plasma were measured during 0-15 M NaCL infusion and the measurements were repeated under a dehydrocholate infusion of 95 mumol. min-1, ie, an infusion rate approaching the known biliary Tm of bile salts. It was found that: (a) storage capacity and fractional transfer rates from plasma to liver significantly lower during dehydrocholate infusions (respectively 18-0 plus or minus SD 9-0 mg-mg-1. 100 ml-1 and 0-120 plus or minus SD 0-035 min-1) than during NaCL infusions (respectively 47-0 plus or minus 21-0 mg. mg-1. 100 ml-1 and 0-280 plus or minus SD 0-055 min-1; P smaller than 0-001); (b) Tm and fractional transfer rates from liver to bile were also significantly lower during dehydrocholate infusion (respectively 3-2 plus or minus SD 1-1 mg. min-1 and 0-013 plus or minus SD 0-004 min-1) than during NaCl infusion (4-8 plus or minus SD 1-1 mg. min-1 and 0-033 plus or minus SD 0-017 min-1; P smaller than 0-02); (c) in three additional experiments, taurocholate had similar effects on storage capacity and Tm. These findings suggest that competition occurred between bile salts and bromsulphthalein for hepaticuptake and storage. They support the hypothesis that the decreased disappearance rate and relative storage capacity of bromsulphtalein observed during biliary obstruction may be due to competition between bile salts and bromsulphthalein for hepatic uptake and storage.


Assessment of small bowel function in the elderly using a modified xylose tolerance test. Using the combined results of oral and intravenous xylose tests, it is demonstrated that 26 percent of a group of geriatric patients absorb from the small bowel less efficiently than younger subjects. The method used excludes poor renal function and incomplete bladder emptying as possible causes for the differences found between the two age groups. Altered gastric emptying is also excluded as a possible factor.


Function and structure of the mucosa of continent ileostomy reservoirs in dogs. Continent ileostomy reservoirs were constructed in dogs. Nine to 29 days after formation of the pouches, they were excised together with a loop of adjacent ileum for biochemical and morphological assessment. The villous and epithelial cell heights were reduced, whereas villous width and mitotic index were increased. The mucosa of the pouch was able to absorb phenylalanine and Beta-methyl-glucoside against a concentration gradient, although this absorptive capaciti was lower than that of normal ileum. Similar considerations applied to oxygen consumption. The results indicate that the mucosa of the pouch undergoes transformation, but the intergrity of the epithelial layer is maintained.


Response of the human cardia sphincter to circulating prostaglandins F2ALPHA and E2 and to antiinflammatory drugs. The effects on intraluminal pressure in the oesophagus, the cardiac sphincter, and the gastric fundus of intravenous prostaglandin F2alpha, E2, And of rectal indomethacin were studies in 41 subjects. Intravenous infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha (0-05 to 0-8 mug kg-minus1) produced marked, dose-related and sustained elevation of cardiac sphincter pressure without significantly affecting oesophageal peristalsis or gastric fundal motility. Sphincteric relaxation during swallowing was prolonged. Plasma gastrin levels were unchanged. Intravenous infusion of PGE2 (0-08 mug kg-minus1 min-minus) inhibited sphincter contractions to serial bolus intravenous injections of pentagastrin (0-1 or 0-2 mug kg-minus 1). Rectal indomethacin (200 mg) resulted in a riseof cardiac sphincter pressure, suggesting that endogenous synthesis of an inhibitory (E-type) prostaglandin was suppressed. The results indicate that prostaglandin E2 may be concerned in the regulation of cardiac sphincter tone in man, whilst prostaglandin F2alpha may be useful in the treatment of gastrooesphageal reflux.


Acid-base and metabolic disturbances in fulminant hepatic failure. In 28 patients with fulminant hepatic failure alkalaemia was present in 49 of a total of 65 observations. Alkalaemia was due primarlily to a low Pa, C02 in 30 instances and to raised plasma bicarbonate in 16 instances. Blood lactate, pyruvate, and acetoacetate were significantly raised, and in individual cases, blood citrate, succinate, and fumarate were elevated. Blood citrate rose progressively as the clinical condition worsened. Metabolic acidosis was only present in four patients. In three of these patients, all of whom had taken an overdose of paracetamol, the acidosis was severe, present before the onset of clinical heparic failure, and associated with hypoglycaemiaand mild hypotension. In two of these patients the acidosis was shown to be due to accumulation of lactic acid. Plasma free fatty acid concentrations were elevated out of proportion to the degree of ketosis.


The exsorption characteristics of various sugars. Various sugars were administered intravenously to rabbits and the rate of exsorption from plasma to intestinal lumen was measured. The exsorption rates of lactulose, mannose, and xylose were directly related to their plasma concentration but varied according to their molecular weight. Wglucose and galactose did not appear in the intestinal lumen until very high plasma concentrations were reached. The mucosal barrier which prevented glucose and galactose exsorption was abolished when luminal phlorizin M times 10-minus 2 or another actively absorbed sugar was placed in the lumen. 2:4 Dinitrophenol M times 10-minus 3 and the absence of the sodium ion did not impair the ffficiency of the barrier. When the plasma glucose concentration was raised to very high levels, glucose began to appear in the lumen; further increases in the glucose concentration then produced a rapid exsorption of glucose.


[Ski injuries during growth].

[Ski injuries during growth]. Ski injuries during the period of growth are important as they are relatively frequent and may cause severe late complications (injuries of the epiphyseal cartilage). It is of utmost importance to develop safer skiing-equipment for children. Regarding therapeutic measures ski injuries in childhood and adolescence cause special problems, they must be treated with greatest care and exactness, if necessary surgically. In all cases of ski injuries in childhood and adolescence long term radiological checkup is necessary during the growing period in order to recognise and treat late complications as early as possible.


[Treatment of fractures of the proximal femur]. For early revasculation of the head of the femur and in order to avoid delayed healing, today the surgical treatment of lateral fractures of the neck of the femur as well as of fractues of the trochanter is unquestioned. In a group of 25 injured persons the method of osteosynthesis of the neck of the femur was applied, and its favourable results led to the development of a new method for the treatment of lateral fractures ofthe neck of the femur and fractures of the trochanter.


[Skiing-injuries and their prevention using ski-safety-bindings. Efficiency, possibilities and limitations of adjustment]. Modern skiing techniques necessitate the rigid hold of the boot on the ski and of the foot in the boot. Therefore the risk of skiing injuries increased considerably and the development of a new safety ski-binding was necessary. After a high quota of failures intensive research led to the possibility to set up general instructions for the construction and adjustment of satisfactory safety bindings. Difficulties still exist regarding the wide publication of the possibilities to adjust safety bindings according to the individual measurements of the bones of each skier and the correct technical application of the adjustment apparatus. First statistical results after the use of these general instructions seem to allow the assumption that the problem of safety bindings could be solved.


[Infected groin following vascular surgery]. From August 1972 to July 1973 174 vascular reconstructions in the iliac and femoro-popliteal region were performed. All infections of the groin incision were classified according to Szilagyi. 22% class I and II infections, 2% class III infections were found (3 patients). In two of these patients the bleeding was managed by the following method: The infected piece of the artery was resected. The vascular continuity was reconstructed by autologous vein. The anastomoses were burried in uninfected surrounding muscles. Both patients left the clinic with open leg arteries. Unfortunately we lost the third patient doing an extraanatomical bypass. The reasons for the high incidence of groin infections are discussed.


[Bioclimatic consultation].

[Bioclimatic consultation]. The climatological environment may effect the human state of health, disadvantageously or favourably. This knowledge, confirmed by empiric as well as scientific research can be used by e.g. changing the place of residence towards a healthy and benefical climate. For a professional climatological planning of such a project the "Deutscher Wetterdienst" renders bioclimatic consultations within the Federal Republic of Germany. For this purpose individual reactions as well as state health of the person in question have to be considered. A method will be shown how to combine medical diagnostic facts and bioclimatic consultation.


[Fixation casts in skiing-traūmatology]. Extensive experiences have shown that bandages of ultraviolet sensitive synthetic resin (LightCast II) offer important advantages compared to the conventional plaster cast. The special technique and details of procedure are described. The most important advantages are the light weight, water resistance (the patients can wash, shower and swim,), absolut stability is gained after 5--6 minutes under a ultraviolet lamp. Indications for the use of the fiberglass-cast are discussed.


[Vascular injuries during skiing].

[Vascular injuries during skiing]. Traumatic lesions of blood vessels occur only rarely in skiing, they are, however, mostly very dramatic events which may lead to the loss of an extremity. Relatively simple measures of diagnosis and therapy may save the skier's threatened life and extremity. Some of these are: Realization that a vascular trauma has occurred, tight pressure bandage, bringing the patient into shock-position, immediate transport by helicopter to a medical center with surgeons trained in vascular surgery.


[Relationship between sport injuries and weather]. There is an obvious dependence of skisport-accidents on weather influences. So called biologically favourable "Wetterphasen" (weather-phases) showed significant decrease and biologically unfavourable weatherphases an elevation of the accident rate. All results were checked statistically. The oncoming weather change showed itself especially burdensome when a low pressure area was approaching.


Developing a psychiatric residency program: focus on the community. A three-year general residency program intended to train psychiatrists to be as competent in group therapies and community work as in psychoanalytic psychotherapy was set up in a crisis center in the Bronx. Community members from the center's catchment area were actively involved in the planning for the training program and the center. The psychiatric residents in the program plan and revise their own curriculum, in collaboration with the faculty, and they work closely with faculty and staff in an apprentice system of learning. In this paper two faculty members describe the program's planning and the first year of operation; they also comment briefly on the program's current status. In the following paper two former residents present their view of the program's development and some of their experiences during the first year.


Developing a psychiatric residency program: two residents view their participation. For two residents in a new community-based psychiatric residency, the program was a  valuable educational experience whose main virtues were the real-world-oriented training and the resident-designed curriculum. The residents believe those virtues are the result of differences of opinion within and between the four groups involved: the faculty, with divergent educational goals; the staff, transferred from a traditional training ward in a state hospital; the community, with its varying priorities for services; and the residents themselves. The paper, which focuses on the program's first year, is published in conjunction with the preceding description of the program by two faculty members.


Training paraprofessionals: a learning experience for psychiatric residents. As a pilot project within a psychiatric residency program, two psychiatric residents conducted a six-month interviewing and data-recording course for paraprofessionals in a comprehensive community mental health center. The program benefited the paraprofessionals and the institution, but the authors feel the most important benefits were to the residents themselves. Through the project they grappled with and tested solutions to such issues as accountability, delegation of clinical responsibility, supervision of subordinates, administration, and leadership.


Integrating community psychiatry into residency training. Beginning in 1969 a training program in community psychiatry was developed in a psychiatric hospital that had become a community mental health center with responsibility for a catchment area. Initially the program focused on individual supervision of psychiatric residents in their work with inpatients from the catchment area. The inadequacies of that approach led to assigning residents to spend four hours each week in a comprehensive neighborhood health center. Later they were also assigned to interdisciplinary inpatient teams led by community psychiatry supervisors. The authors describe the evolution of the program, report the results of an evaluation, and present some conclusions about training in community psychiatry.


Problems of providing community psychiatry training to residents. Designing a curriculum in community psychiatry for residents is an evolutionary process. One year after training in community psychiatry was introduced in the residency program at a major urban university, residents had negative responses to their community service in a community mental health center. They could not identify with authority figures, felt unprepared to treat patients with severe reality problems, and complained about the way the staff and clinic functioned. To alleviate those problems, a training curriculum incorporating supervisory, administrative, and community consultation techniques is planned.


Ethical issues in community psychiatry.

Ethical issues in community psychiatry. In delivering mental health services, community psychiatry operates under two contracts: one between the community and the provider of services and one between the provider of services and the individual or organization requesting them. Each party in the contract has a system of ethics and values that determines its conception of what services should be available and how they should be delivered. Often there are conflicts. Using case studies from a community mental health center, the authors discuss many of the conflicts and ways of resolving them.


A survey of fractures of the proximal femur. A series of 1494 fractures of the proximal femur, admitted over a 68-month period to the North East Area Accident Unit, is presented. The mortality for the series was 18 per cent, with operative mortality varying according to the fracture site and the method of treatment, being 18.1 per cent for extracapsular fractures, 14 per cent for Smith-Petersen nailing of intracapsular fractures, and 31 per cent for primary prosthetic replacement. In general terms, morbidity and mortality were proportional to age and to pre-existing general medical conditions. The results are presented in full, and are compared with other published series.


Surface receptors on neutrophils and monocytes from immunodeficient and normal horses. Surface receptors on peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes from normal and immunodeficient horses have been studied. Sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) coated with IgG, IgM, and complement but not IgG(T), readily bound to normal equine monocytes and neutrophils. More than 4000 molecules of IgG were required to sensitize each SRBC for adherence to monocytes, and more than 12,000 molecules were required for adherence to neutrophils. Young horses with a severe combined immunodeficiency had an almost total absence of lymphocytes, but normal numbers of monocytes and neutrophils. The number of receptors for immunoglobulin, complement, and phytolectin on monocytes and neutrophils from immunodeficient animals were similar to those on the cells of normal horses. Although the precursor cells of lymphocytes of horses with combined immunodeficiency appear to be defective, no defect in the other cellular products of the bone marrow were apparent.


The results of operative treatment of trochanteric fractures of the femur. One hundred and seventy trochanteric fractures of the femur treated by operative fixation are reviewed. The results of treatment are disappointing. The complication rate is high. The mortality rate should be assessed at 6 months after the fracture. From these results, it would appear that operative treatment does not offer the patient with a trochanteric fracture of the femur less morbidity, a lowered mortality rate or even a better result, when compared with operative treatment 25 years ago, or when compared with a recent review of conservative treatment from Inverness.


Fracture callus cartilage differentiation in vitro. An in vitro model has been devised to study the differentiation and calcification of fibrocartilage from fracture calluses. Morphological and biochemical studies substantiating cartilage metaplasia in vitro are presented. A role that such a model may play in the study of cartilage calcification is suggested.


Visits abroad: the treatment of pseudarthrosis in the Soviet Union. Three British surgeons on a visit to Russia were impressed with the Russian technique known as "compression distraction" used mainly in the treatment of infected pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Multiple thick Kirschner wires drilled through the tibia at a distance from the lesion were fixed in stirrups attached to steel rods and turnbuckles. By adjustment of the apparatus deformity was corrected at the time of application; shortening was overcome by gradual turnbuckling. The equipment was also used for leg lengthening and for complicated recent injuries.


Factors affecting the times till death of pedestrians killed in road accidents. Police reports of fatal pedestrian road accidents in London in 1970-71 have been examined, and the times of death extracted. These have been related to estimated speed of impact, age of injured person and type of striking vehicle. High-impact speed tends to lead to quick death. Age has no statistically significant effect once speed is allowed for, but because a greater proportion of elderly pedestrians are killed by slowly moving vehicles, the elderly on average die later than the young when all speed groups are combined. Type of vehicle also influences time of death, with motor cycles giving rise to later deaths and heavy goods vehicles to quicker ones than do cars.


Severe irreducible slipping of upper femoral epiphysis: a review of 14 cases treated by subtrochanteric osteotomy. Children with signs of slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis often present in an Accident Service, particularly after a severe, acute slip. In some cases the displacement is irreducible and correction of the persistent deformity by either cervical or trochanteric osteotomy is required. This paper is a review of 14 cases of irreducible slipped upper femoral epiphysis treated by subtrochanteric osteotomy. Clinical and radiological assessment of these cases some years later shows a high proportion of successful results and suggests that this is a safe and satisfactory method of treating this condition.


Effect of methionine replacement by homocystine in cultures containing both malignant rat breast carcinosarcoma (Walker-256) cells and normal adult rat liver fibroblasts. When malignant W-256 rat breast carcinosarcoma cells are mixed with an equal number of normal adult rat liver fibroblasts and allowed to grow in a medium containing sufficient L-methionine and an excess of vitamin B12 and of folic acid, the malignant cells outgrow the normal cells, and within 2 weeks the tissue culture flasks contain only neoplastic cells. However, when ample DL-homocystine or homocysteine replaces methionine in the medium containing the same amount of vitamin B12 and folic acid, and seeded with the same type and number of malignant and normal cells, the malignant cells die and the normal cells thrive. Substantiating this conclusion are the results of injections into rats of comparable numbers of cells from each group after 3 weeks of growth in tissue culture. Fatal malignancies are produced by the homocystein-cultivated cells.


Monolayer cultures of disaggregated human adipocytes. Two theories have been advanced to explain the origin of adipocytes and both have experimental evidence in support. One theory proposed that adipocytes are specialized differentiated cells with specific lipid storage functions. The other held that they are unspecialized anlage cells which have the potential to store lipids depending on conditions. In an attempt to examine the little understood roles which these cells play in obesity and other abnormalities of lipid metabolism, disaggregated human adipocytes from infants and young children, free of stromal contamination, have been successfully grown in culture. The details of the techniques used, and some peculiar morphological characteristics of these cells in culture, are described.


Unusual traumatic anterior dislocation of the hip. Four interesting cases of traumatic anterior dislocation of the hip are presented. All were easily reduced by closed manipulation, including one complicated by a subtrochanteric fracture of the same femur. Early reduction and mobilization have resulted in good early results, though the risk of late change in the shape of the femoral head still exists in one of the cases. Another case confirmed that an abduction force on the flexed hip can produce anterior dislocation of the hip.


Traumatic cyst of the lung.

Traumatic cyst of the lung. Traumatic cyst of the lung due to closed chest injury is very uncommon. The discrepancy between the minor clinical symptoms and signs and the major radiological signs may be confusing. A typical case is reported and a short review given of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.


Growth characteristics of bone marrow cells from beige mutant, the mouse homologue of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome of man, propagated in semisolid agar cultures. Suspensions of bone marrow cells from the beige (bg/bg) mouse, a homologue of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (C-HS) of man, and normal mouse bone marrow cells, when stimulated by colony-stimu.ating factor (CSF) from different sources, proliferate in semisolid agar cultures and produce colonies composed of granulocytic and/or mononuclear cells. Studies with CSF from various sources (embryo and kidney feeder monolayers, conditioned media from embryo and kidney cell cultures, and plasma from untreated, irradiated, or endotoxin-treated mice) indicated that bone marrow cells from the beige mouse are quantitatively as capable of developing into colonies as normal cells when incubated with the same CSF source. Experiments which compared the bone marrow colony response of beige and normal cells using postendotoxin plasma (PEP) as the CSF source indicated that beige cells were stimulated to the same extent by tcsf obtained from either the normal or the beige mouse. CSF obtained from normal or affected mice was equally effective in stimulating bone marrow cell proliferation. There was no discordance of colony cell types present when PEP-stimulated 8-day bone marrow colonies from normal and affected mice were compared. The nuclear morphology of beige and normal granulocytes from these cultures indicated cells ranging from myeloblasts to mature segmented polymorphonuclear leukocytes. These preliminary studies indicate that the agar culture method for the growth of mononuclear and granulocytic colonies may provide a method for obtaining enriched C-HS cell populations for biochemical analysis of the genetic defect(s) in this interesting disease.


Fracture due to shock from domestic electricity supply. This report describes a fracture-dislocation of the shoulder joint due to electric shock. This is the first case reported in an English language journal of fracture due to shock from the domestic electricity supply. Other cases have been reported but not caused by such a low voltage current.


How to remove a Küntscher nail with no eye. Removal of a Küntscher nail is usually a simple procedure. However, this can sometimes be very difficult if there is no eye in the proximal end of the nail, either due to sawing off the end of the rod during its insertion or due to breakdown of the eye when attempting removal. This brief report describes a technique used to remove a nail when previous attempts at removal had resulted in the loss of the eye of the nail and in its burial in the greater trochanter.


Arterial occlusion in juvenile humeral supracondylar fracture. Juvenile supracondylar fracture of the humerus is described briefly and divided into two groups: 1. Those cases amenable to safe closed treatment; 2. Those in which occlusion of the brachial artery associated with severe displacement renders closed treatment unsafe. A specific mechanism of entrapment of the brachial artery, which has not been described previously, is reported, with the nature and the solution of the problem found at primary open operation. A discussion of the surgical anatomy shows how recognition of the mode of occlusion of the brachial artery may contribute to safe and reliable management of this type of case.


Osteochondral fracture of the trochlea associated with fracture-dislocation of the elbow. A case of osteochondral fracture of the trochlea occurring as part of a fracture-dislocation of the elbow is reported. The damage to the medial articular surfaces was not apparent until the joint was explored. The osteochondral fragment was replaced and fixed with Smillie's pins and the result of treatment was good.


A complication of intramedullary nailing. A case is described of intramedullary nailing of the femur, complicated by non-union, fracture of the nail, pseudarthrosis, malunion and subsequent distal migration of the proximal nail fragment over a period of 8 years.


Absorption of blocking activity from human tumor-bearer sera by Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan I. Staphylococcus aureus, strain Cowan I, contains a cell-wall substance, protein A, which combines with the Fc part of IgG in most mammalian species. It can therefore be used as a solid-phase immunoabsorbant for elimination of the reacting immunoglobulins. Since it has been shown that Cowan I could absorb out the blocking activity of sera from rats bearing isografts of polyoma-virus-induced sarcomas or chemically induced colon carcinomas, we investigated what effects Cowan I absorption of human tumor-bearer sera might have. In all tumor-bearer sera tested, from patients with melanomas or colon carcinomas, treatment with protein-A-containing staphylococci decreased the sera's ability to inhibit lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Cowan-I-treated sera from healthy controls had no effect on lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Nor did Cowan-I-treated tumor-bearer sera potentiate or "arm" normal lymphocytes against tumor target cells. There was no evidence of complement-dependent cytotoxicity with added human complement in sera from melanoma and colon carcinoma bearing patients either before or after absorption with Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan I, The concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM were determined in sera used for in vitro tests of blocking activity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity before and after absorption. No reduction of IgA, reduction to undetectable levels of IgG and 20-30 percent reduction of IgM immunoglobulins as compared to unabsorbed sera were demonstrated.


Tumor-induced angiogenesis: lack of inhibition by irradiation. The effect of irradiation of tumors on their ability to induce vascular responses (angiogenesis) was studied. Rat Walker carcino-sarcoma 256, rabbit V2 carcinoma, mouse (C57B1) melanoma and mouse (129) teratoma (OTT 6050, 100K) were irradiated with up to 5000R, then grafted either to the chicken chorioallantoic membrane or intracorneally into adult rabbits to assess competence to provoke angiogenesis. For all tumors and both assay systems the results were similar: irradiation did not interfere with tumor-induced vascular responses.


Influence of administration route and dosage schedule on tumor response to nitrosoheptamethyleneimine in rats. Nitrosoheptamethyleneimine (NHMI) was tested for carcinogenicity in Fischer-344 and Sprague-Dawley rats by intragastric administration and subcutaneous injection. Cumulative doses ranged from 5.5 to 1,200 mg/kg, and dosage schedules ranged from 40 serial administrations to one single injection. No difference in response was seen between sexes or strains of rats. Following the highest carcinogen doses by intragasritc administration, a high incidence of squamous-cell tumors occurred in the lung. The highest incidence of squamous-cell tumors occurred in the nasal cavity, trachea and esophagus. Following subcutaneous injection, tumors induced in the lungs were all alveologenic adenocarcinomas. The upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts were again the most commonly affected sites, with tumors similar to those of the first group. Intragastric administration was more effective in producing tumors than was subcutaneous injection, and administration of multiple small doses was more efficient than single large doses. The results demonstrated that the route and schedule of administration markedly influenced the tumor response to NHMI, both quantitatively and qualitatively.


Cell-mediated cytotoxicity to human pulmonary neoplasms. Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with confirmed pulmonary neoplasia were tested for cytotoxicity against cultured cells derived from lung tumours of various histological types, foetal and normal adult lung tissue and tumours arising in organs other than the lung. Leukocytes from 73 percent of patients were cytotoxic for lung-tumour derived cells compared with age- and sex-matched normal donors, while the frequencies of reactivity against normal adult lung-derived cells and cells from unrelated tumours (e.g. bladder, colon, breast) were 42 percent and 18 percent respectively. Leukocytes from lung cancer patients were also cytotoxic for cells derived from foetal lung but susceptibility to cytolysis was variable, cells from 13- and 14-week embryos revealing greatest reactivity (88 percent). Leukocytes from patients with a variety of tumours of non-pulmonary origin or with non-malignant conditions (including respiratory disorders) were also reactive with lung-tumour-derived target cells but with a lower overall frequency (35 percent) than those from lung-cancer patients. The significance of these cytotoxicity data for the existence of tumour-specific host immunoreactivity in lung neoplasia is discussed.


Self-perception among narcotic addicts: an exploratory study employing multidimensional scaling techniques. The self-perception of narcotic addicts was investigated using multidimensional scaling techniques. Subjects consisted of two groups of narcotic addicts and one groups of treatment personnel at a federal addiction treatment facility. One group of addict subjects was newly admitted to the treatment center, while the other group had been in treatment for 3 to 5 months. All Ss judged the similarity of pairs of "stimulus people" representing several personality dimensions thought to be relevant to the study of narcoticaddiction. The judgment were analyzed using the INDSCAL, an individual differences scaling procedure. The data for all groups are adequately explained by a three-dimensional solution. Interpretations of the dimensions and their relative importance to the self-perception of the different groups are discussed.


Attitudes toward the sale and use of drugs--a cross-sectional analysis. Samples of six specific groups (both students and adults) were intensively surveyed on their differential attitudes toward the use and sale of eight drug types. Resulting comparisons between groups, drugs, and attitudes provide a relative picture of the attitudes on drug sale and use held by those surveyed.


Aerosol metallic paints: deliberate inhalation. A study of inhalation and or ingestion of copper and zinc particles. The preliminary and limited study was made in an area where the metallic spray paints are used as an intoxicant by a significant percentage of the student-population. Laboratory tests show that individuals misusing these unique products are ingesting and/or inhaling large amounts of copper and zinc which are excreted in the urine and are possibly retained in body tissue. No previous reports have been found on this form of substance misuse, and apparently no studies have been conducted to determine the physiological effects of such an overload of heavy metals.


Ocular absorption of naloxone in narcotic addicts. Naloxone hydrochloride was administered by regional intravenous injection (three patients) or by instillation into the conjunctival sac (10 patients) in addicts receiving methadone maintenance. After the regional intravenous administration of 100 mug naloxone,no withdrawal symptoms occurred on release of the occluding tourniquets, nor were theresignificant changes in electrical skin resistance or sweating in the upper extremities. On the other hand, the conjunctival instillation of 2 to 3 mg naloxone produced withdrawal symptoms in five patients and frequently also caused pupillary dilatation whichwas usually equal on both sides.


Altering the gambler's maladaptive life goals. This paper will serve as an explanation of how clinical counselors from various schools of thought, e.g., Freudian, Transactional Analysis, and Adlerian, work with or treat the excessive gambler. Because the presentation is short, it will be impossible to thoroughly cover the three schools of thought in depth. However, because of the writer's bias, the paper will examine in some detail the way in which an Adlerian counselor or therapist encourages his maladaptive clients to act and think more constructively, i.e., give up excessive gambling.


The effects of drug education courses on attitudinal change in adult participants. Five hundred eighty-nine adult participants in 10-day drug education courses held at the National Center for Drug Education in Oklahoma were tested before and after each course to assess changes in their attitudes toward drug use and abuse resulting from the course. Twenty-eight opinion statements were found to significantly distinguish the opinions of different occupational groups both before and after the course. Most participants changed their learning priorities for drug education as a result of the course. Participants' personal history of drug use correlated with changes in their learning priorities for drug education.


Personality characteristics in heroin addicts and nonaddicted prisoners using the Edwards Personality Preference Schedule. The present study compares the self-reported personality characteristics of heroin addict and nonaddict prisoners using the Edwards Personality Preference Schedule (EPPS) which was corrected for social desirability. Seventy pairs of addicted and nonaddicted criminal offenders were matched for age, education, intelligence, and home environment. The addicted offenders were identified by the pattern of their response to the EPPS as reflected by the significant multivariate results. In addition, significant univariate differences consistent with those previously reported were found. Addicted criminals had stronger succorance, heterosexuality, and aggression needs and less abasement and endurance needs than nonaddicted offenders. Age, educational achievment, intelligence,and home environment had little influence on the prisoners' response to this self-report personality inventory.


A comparative clinical evaluation of trimethylpsoralen, psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen in treating vitiligo. Trimethylpsoralen, psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen were adminstered in 10 mg dosage orally to 37, 29 and 23 patients with vitiligo.  Complete improvement was noted in 8.9% and partial improvement was recorded in 59.5%.  The overall results produced by trimethylpsoralen and psoralen were superior to those of 8-methoxypsoralen.  There was no significant therapeutic difference noticed in regards to age, sex, duration and type of vitiligo.


Ultrastructural findings in incontinentia pigmenti. From their ultrastructural study of incontinenti pigmenti, the authors confirm that in this condition there is no pigmentary anomaly, but that pigmentation is the last step of a still unknown process. At birth those who are affected display an intracellular edema which leads to the formation of a vesocobulla. In all 3 stages, the epidermis shows dyskeratotic cells and a transient pigmentary discharge.


Erythema multiforme infantum atrophicans. A new case of erythema multiforme is described, characterized by multiforme eruption of erythematous papules, plaques and occasional bullous lesions. The acute stage lasts several seeks, then atrophy is noted. The face appears senile. Histopathologically, the lesions show erythema multiforme in the acute phase; in the atrophic stage, a disappearance of the elastic fibers was observed.


Subgaleal hematoma in head injuries.

Subgaleal hematoma in head injuries. We have carried out clinical, radiological and some hematological evaluation of post-traumatic subgaleal hematoma in 55 Nigerians who were treated for head injuries at the he University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, in 1970. Most hematomas spontaneously resolved within four weeks of the injury, so that masterly inactivity should be the first line of treatment for this entity.


Evaluation of oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal and esophageal cancer risk in reverse smokers of chuttas. Reverse smoking of chuttas seems to have no significance for the development of cancer of the hypopharynx, esophagus, larynx and nasopharynx. The conventional chutta smoker runs a slight risk of developing hypopharyngeal cancer. Other smoking and chewing habits do not seem to play any role in our area as these habits are very uncommon.


Fractionated cystography to assess infiltration of the bladder wall by intravesical tumors. Twenty cases of carcinoma of the cervix uteri stage III and IV and ten cases of carcinoma of the rectosigmoid colon stage III were investigated by fractionated cystography to detect any infiltration of the destensible part of the urinary bladder wall. Cystography was normal in all cases except one. The finding was confirmed operatively in each of the ten cases of rectosigmoid carcinoma. This method might be a useful technic for the preoperative assessment of advanced cases of cancer in organs adjacent to the urinary bladder.


Modified conservative treatment of club foot. In 120 cases of severe, neglected or recurrent club foot, a modified conservative method of treatment has yielded encouraging results. The method consists of blind calcaneal fasciotomy, repositioning of the foot in a corrected position and plaster cast application from the upper thigh to the toes. Nineteen recurrences in this series were treated by Dwyer's calcaneal osteotomy, or medial soft tissue release and/or tendon transposition.


Contribution of the epiphyses of the greater trochanter to the growth of the femur. We have demonstrated the interaction of the capital femoral epiphysis and the greater trochanteric epiphysis in rats to give length and shape to the proximal femur. These findings have practical applications in the treatment of congenital coxa vara and other disease entities of the femoral head.


Fracture of the shaft of the femur in children. Sixty-five cases of fracture of the femur shaft caused by trauma in children under age 12 were studied. All were treated by various conservative methods. Two patients later underwent open reduction and internal fixation. Children below 5 years of age were treated by Bryant's suspension traction method. Older children were treated by balanced skin traction. In a few cases where the position was not acceptable, the fracture was reduced under general anesthesia and fixed traction was applied. Patients were discharged with a hip spica when the fracture site was nontender (average three weeks). Undisplaced fractures were treated by a primary hip spica. Functional end results were good in 81.5%, fair in 15.4% and poor in 3.1%. Eight compound fractures in this series were treated conservatively.


Rectal Prolapse in Nigerian Children.

Rectal Prolapse in Nigerian Children. Rectal prolapse is common in Nigerian children between 4 and 6 years old. Intractable cases respond favorably to the Lockhart-Mummery procedure, a simple operation which guarantees good results.


The effect of arterial PO2 on relative retinal blood flow in monkeys. The relationship of blood oxygenation to retinal blood flow has been studies in rhesus monkeys. Constriction of major retinal arteries and veins during hyperoxia and dilation during hypoxia are demonstrated. Together with mean circulation times based on the technique of fluorescein densitometry curves, these data allow an estimation of retinal blood flow, which increases considerably in hypoxia and shows a moderate decrease in hyperoxia. These findings indicate that the retinal circulation parallels that of the brain in adjusting to changes in arterial PO2 with compensatory changes in blood flow.


Retinal adhesion in light- and dark-adapted rabbits. The effects of pigmentation and light exposure on retinal adhesion in rabbits have been investigated in a complete factorial experiment. Ocular pigmentation did not significantly influence retinal adhesion. A significant difference in retinal adhesive forces was found between light and dark adaptation. The force required to detach the retina from the retinal pigment epithelium was 20 per cent greater in light-adapted eyes than in dark-adapted eyes. These observations suggest that the positional change of rhodopsin molecules in the outer segment disk membranes occurring with light exposure and the resultant alteration in interdisk electrostatic forces may play an important role in retinal adhesion.


Oxalate retinopathy: an experimental model of a flecked retina. The clinical picture resembling fundus albipunctatus was seen to develop in rabbits following subcutaneous injection with dibutyl oxalate. On histologic examination, the flecks were found to be due to intracellular accumulation of calcium oxalate in the RPE cells. The clinical and histologic features of this animal model closely resemble the recently described entity of oxalate retinopathy in humans which was seen in the presence of high circulating oxalate levels. It is suggested that the presence of metabolic disorders or toxicity which are known to cause oxalate depositions should be sought in patients with fundus albipunctatus.


Sulfate and galactose metabolism in differentiating ciliary body and iris epithelia: autoradiographic and ultrastructural studies. Immature and adult rat eyes were bisected and incubated with 35-SO4 and 3-U-galactose in short-term pulse-chase experiments. Autoradiographs (ARG) of the tissue revealed that very little sulfate is incorporated by the peripheral neural retina, the pigment epithelia of the retina, ciliary body, or iris. The inner, inverted optic cup cells at the ora serrata, i.e., those that are undergoing differentiation into the unpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body, incorporate large amounts of 35-sulfate into "fixable" macromolecules. The sulfate label is chased from the apically located Golgi apparatus to the basal surface of these cells within one hour. Ultrastructurally, these cells are beginning to develop lateral and basal invaginations of the plasma membrane characteristic of the adult secretory epithelial cells. Electron microscopic ARG show label associated with the plasma membranes. The sulfated macro-molecules at this site appear to be glycolipids and glycoproteins rather than glycosaminoglycans. The preferential synthesis of these macromolecules and their placement at the cellular site of aqueous humor production suggests a role for these sulfated substances in establishing, and perhaps maintaining, that secretory process. 3-H-galactose was incorporated into "fixable" macromolecules to some degree by all the neuroepithelial cells. After chase incubation, ARG showed a high concentration of label in differentiated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), but not in undiffenentiated peripheral RPE. Ciliary body unpigmented and pigment epithelium, and iris muscle cells incorporate galactose, but to a lesser degree than either RPE or corneal endothelial cells.


The microscopic protein structure of the lens with a theory for cataract formation as determined by Raman spectroscopy of intact bovine lenses. Intact bovine lenses have been studied using the polarized Raman spectroscopic technique. A brief theoretical and experimental review of Raman spectroscopy is presented. From the dependence of the Raman depolarization ratio on the propagation direction of the incident radiation we have determined that the uniaxial qualities of the lens result from microscopic anisotropy and have established the quantitative positional correlation of specific chemical bonds with respect to the lens optic axis. In particular, the hydrogen bonded linear CONH groups of the antiparallel beta-pleated sheet are preferentially oriented in directions orthogonal to the lens optic axis. The Raman spectra of intact lenses do not exhibit bands at positions characteristic of either the alpha-helix or the random coil protein structure. The antiparallel beta-pleated sheet protein microstructure and the lens fiber cross-sectional macrostructure exhibit a remarkable similarity. This similarity may be causal and is consistent with the protein concentration of the lens, the birefringent properties observed by both Lenhard and Brewster, the CONH bond angle distribution with respect to the optic axis, and the lens anatomy. It is suggested that cortical cataracts are caused by fluctuations in protein orientational order.


Equator-plus camera.

Equator-plus camera. A new fundus camera can photograph a field extending anterior to the equator (148 degrees from the nodal point). The problems of reflection from the surfaces of the crystalline lens are minimized by fiber optic illumination from carefully chosen locations on the cornea. The camera may be used with monochromatic light of various wavelengths and is equipped with interference filters.


Subretinal fluids: lipid analyses.

Subretinal fluids: lipid analyses. Lipid was found to accumulate in the subretinal space during rhegnatogenous  retinal detachment. The concentration of lipid in the subretinal fluid varied between 0.1 to 2.4 mg. per milliliter. Based upon a comparison of lipid profiles and lipoprotein profiles, the amount of lipid observed in the subretinal fluids was not directly related to the permeability of the ocular vessels. Thin-layer chromatography analyses of lipid in  subretinal fluids showed differences between the lipid composition of the subretinal fluid and blood. The major characteristic of lipid composition of subretinal fluid is the low concentration of lecithin, which is the major lipid compound in the serum. The present data indicate that the lipids of ocular tissues are released into the subretinal space during rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and are adsorbed on albumin.


[Spontaneous regression and leukoderma in malignant melanoma]. In four patients with superficial spreading melanoma, partial spontaneous regression and/or leukodermas of different appearance occurred. In two patients leukoderma appeared within the central area of the primary tumor; one of whom developed, in addition, vitiligo elsewhere on the body. In a further case the melanoma exhibited a depigmented halo resembling Sutton's nevus. Presumably, these leukodermas represent an epiphenomenon of the specific immunological reaction between the host and the melanoma.


[Light and electron microscopy studies on malformed spermatids in 2 cases of teratozoospermia]. Two distinct types of spermatid malformation resulting in teratozoospermia are demonstrated in two patients by means of light and electron microscopy. In one case of male infertility, a disturbance of the process of nuclear condensation was found which yielded pathological spermatozoa with triangular or hookshaped heads. In another case of infertility, exclusively polynucleated spermatids were detected. Atypical acrosomes, showing widely varying structural features, interconnect the nuclei. The significant of these malformations for the understanding of the differentiation of spermatids is discussed.


Evaluation of two protein end-group reactions as potential fluorescent cytochemical methods. Histochemical preparations stained by a variant of the Morel-Sisley reaction for protein tyrosine were found to produce a red fluorescence when excited by broadband blue light which is topologically identical to the distribution of chromophore when viewed by absorption (equal transmission) microscopy. The fluorescence mode of viewing preparations stained by this method gave greater sensitivity and contrast than the absorption mode. The p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB)-nitrate method for protein tryptophan did not result in a useful fluorescent end-group method. Preparations stained by this method displayed a pattern of generalized fluorescence of all structures except those which react in the final step of the p-DMAB-nitrite reaction. The specificity of the intermediate reaction product has yet to be established.


Glycogen, its chemistry and morphological appearance in the electron microscope.11. The complex formed in the selective contrast staining of glycogen. Selective contrast staining of glycogen in untreated ultrathin sections of aldehyde-fixed tissues, double-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide containing 0.05 M K3Fe(CN)6 as reported previously (De Bruijn, 1973), may also be obtained by the addition of either K4Fe(CN)6,K3Co(CN)6,K2Ru(CN)6, or K4Os(CN)6. On the other hand, addition of K3Cr(CN)6, K2Ni(CN)4, K3Mn(CN)6, K3Rh(CN)6, K2Pd(CN)4, K2Pt(CN)4, or K3Ir(CN)6 produces no effect. Hexavalent osmium oxide compounds, such as K2OsO4 and OsO3-2 pyridine, react selectively with a native (or acquired) ligand in the aldehyde-fixed glycogen, but do not render it more electron dense than its immediate surroundings. The presence of these osmium oxides is detected and they are rendered more electron dense by an accumulation reaction by the application on ultrathin sections of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) or a mixture of K2OsO4 and K4Fe(CN)6. As selective contrast staining of glycogen is also obtained by double fixation of the aldehyde-fixed tissue with 0.05 M K2OsO4 solutions containing 0.05 M K4Fe(CN)6 or 0.05 M K4Os(CN)6, it is postulated that in such tissue, both the selective reaction of K2OsO4 with the ligand in the aldehyde-fixed glycogen, and the accumulation of heavy metal at the sites occupied by the K2OsO4, occur simultaneously. A proposal for the constitution of this heavy metal osmium/cyanide complex is formulated and arguments are presented that both compounds are formed in the selective contrast stained glycogen areas of such treated tissues. The relative contribution of the components to the final contrast and its complex character is demonstrated by staining ultrathin glutaraldehyde sections intermittently with 0.05 M solutions of K2OsO4 and K4Fe(CN)6; it is shown that after at least three intermittent reactions with both K2OsO4 and K4Fe(CN)6, the glycogen areas in such sections became contrast stained.


An electronic device for the automatic correction of fluorescence emission spectra. An electronic device is described for the automatic correction of fluorescence emission spectra obtained by digital microspectrofluorometry based on multichannel scaling and single photon detection as described previously. This device consists of: (a) an arithmetic unit for the correction of the spectral values and for the curve integration processes; (b) a circuit that operates directly on data in the memory of the multi-channel analyser by subtracting from then a pre-established value corresponding to the background; and (c) an averaging unit for calculating a mean for the spectral value.


Microspectrophotometric detection of heparin in mast cells and basophilic granulocytes stained metachromatically with Toluidine Blue O. A qualitative microspectrophotometric detection method for heparin in situ has been developed, using data obtained previously with a model system of polyacrylamide films containing pure glycosaminoglycans (Tas, 1975). This technique, based on the unique metachromatic properties of heparin with Toluidine Blue O in glycerol, has been worked out with rat peritoneal and mesenteric mast cells. After the smears containing the stained cells had been mounted in glycerol, a change with time of the recorded metachromatic peaks to lower wavelengths was found, leading to an equilibrium phase after some days. The metachromatic peaks recorded in this phase appeared to resemble closely the peak obtained for the heparin-Toluidine Blue O complex under similar conditions in the model experiments. With rat mast cells it was found that nucleic acids, basic proteins, histamine and lipids had no appreciable influence on the position of the final recorded peaks, nor did they influence the slope of the time course very much. This observed decrease with time in the wavelengths of the metachromatic peaks can be explained by the time necessary for equilibration of the cells in glycerol and by the possible influence of lower sulphated glycosaminoglycans on the peak of the heparin-Toluidine Blue O complex. It was found that the method can be used to detect unequivocally the presence of heparin in cells, even if they also contain up to 75% (mole/mole) of other, lower sulphated glycosaminoglycan. Only a limited number of cells is necessary with this method - in contrast to biochemical determinations. For the first time the presence of heparin in normal human basophilic granulocytes and mast cells has been proved directly. The experiments indicate the occurrence of virtually similar sulphated heparins in human mast cells and basophilic granulocytes, as well as in pig mast cells. A higher sulphated heparin, however, might be present in rat mast cells.


Carotid body tumors in the dog: a review and report of four cases. Of 3,837 canine neoplasms from case records at Kansas State University, only 4 were of carotid body tumors. Information on these 4 cases, added to that on 18 cases already reported, indicated that such tumors are found most frequently in old dogs, principally in brachycephalic breeds. Although predisposition toward the male sex has been suggested for tumors of the chemoreceptor system, none was observed for carotid body tumors. Multicentricity apparently is not uncommon for chemoreceptor tumors; 9 of the 22 dogs simultaneously had aortic body tumor.


Reproductive failure in swine associated with maternal seroconversion for porcine parvovirus. Reproductive failure occurred in a swine herd in which the epizootiology of enteroviruses and the porcine parvovirus were being studied. Three virgin boars that were seropositive for the parvovirus were mated to seronegative, previously unmated gilts. The 11 gilts that farrowed had small litters, with high perinatal mortality. The remaining 12 gilts were marketed because of infertility, and the reproductive tracts were examined. Pathologic findings included early embryonal death attributed to viral infection. After the reproductive failure, all gifts and boars were seropositive for the parvovirus, suggesting that the reproductive failure was associated with a parvovirus infection.


Fetal mummification associated with porcine parvovirus infection. A crossbred gilt farrowed 2 mummified fetuses at term, but subsequently developed uterine inertia and became listless. The remaining 5 fetuses of the litter (4 mummified and 1 normal appearing) were collected by hysterectomy. Porcine parvovirus (PPV) was isolated from tissues of the mummified fetuses, and masses of viral antigen were detected throughout the same tissues when cryostat sections were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Serum from the normal-appearing fetus of this litter had a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer for PPV of 320. The finding of antibody (HI titer of 1,280) in serum collected from the gilt on the day of farrowing, but not in serum collected 67 days before, indicated initial exposure to PPV during gestation.


Studies on lankacidin-group (T-2636) ANTIBIOTICS. IX Preparation of C-labeled lankacidin C 14-propionate. To investigate the metabolic fate of lankacidin C 14-propionate in experimental animals, the 14-C-labeled antibiotic was prepared by the fermentation of Streptomyces rochei var, volubilis in the presence of various 14-C-labeled organic carboxylic acids, amino acids and carbohydrates. Significant incorporation (20 similar to 40%) was observed with L-methionine-methyl-14-C. Lankacidin C 14-propionate-14-C (specific activity 49.6 muCi/mg) was obtained from lankacidin C-14-C and ethyl propionate by the action of an acylase of the streptomyces.


A new antibiotic XK-62-2. III The structure of XK-62-2, a new gentamicin C complex antibiotic. The structure of XK-62-2 has been firmly established to be 6'-N-methylgentamicin C1a (3) by application of spectroscopic methods in conjunction with chemical degradation. The data obtained in every case are completely consistent with the proposed structure.


Bioconversion of ribostamycin (SF-733). III. Formation, structure and synthesis of 3-N-carboxymethyl ribostamycin. A new inactivated product of ribostamycin (SF-733), 3-N-carboxymethyl ribostamycin, was obtained from the broth of Streptomyces ribosidificus which was grown on a medium containing D-xylose. Detection and some biochemical mechanism of N-carboxymethylation were discussed, and structure of 3-N-carboxymethyl ribostamycin was proposed based on the chemical degradation and synthesis.


Studies on marine microorganisms. IV. A new antibiotic SS-228 Y produced by Chainia isolated from shallow sea mud. A new antibiotic named SS-228 Y, which inhibits growth of Gram-positive bacteria, Ehrlich carcinoma in mice, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, was obtained from a species of Chainia isolated from shallow sea mud in Sagami Bay. It was yellowish brown powder having the molecular formula C19H1406. From the physical and chemical properties, SS-228 Y was concluded to b a new antibiotic having structure of peri-hydroxyquinone moiety.


Reverse phase high speed liquid chromatography of antibiotics. Reverse phase high speed liquid chromatographic methods are presented for the separation and detection of cephalosporins, penicillins, tetracyclines and other miscellaneous antibiotics. The reverse phase approach is superior to ion-exchange liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric, chemical and microbiological procedures currently in use. In addition to being simple and easy to control, the technique is rapid, convenient and precise and provides the basis for the direct analysis of pure compounds, stability samples, complex mixtures and dosage forms of all types. Preparative chromatography has been used in our laboratory for the separation and isolation of up to 500 mg of antibiotics. Using this approach, we have separated and isolated small impurities as well as pure feference compounds. The methodology reported here can be extensively applied to the separation, quantitation and isolation of both naturally occurring and synthetically produced antibiotics in a variety of media including physiological fluids.


Effects of previous exercise with arms or legs on metabolism and performance in exhaustive exercise. The ability of additional muscles to perform after certain other muscles of the body had been exercised to exhaustion was studied in three male subjects. Exhaustive exercise was performed in two series: series L-A, a bout of leg exercise preceded a bout of arm exercise; series A-L, arm preceded leg (6-min recovery between bouts). Biopsies were taken during the course of each experiment from both the deltoideus and vastus lateralis muscles for determination of ATP, creatine phosphate, lactate, and pyruvate. Exhaustive exercise led to marked elevations in lactate and decreases in ATP and CP in exercised muscle and marked increases in blood lactate concentration. Similar changes, especially in lactate, were observed during and after the first exercise bout in nonexercised muscle. When arm or leg exercise was performed as the second bout, decreases in performance time were observed as compared to performance as the initial bout. It is suggested that the performance potential of muscle is decreased because of internal changes elicited by elevated blood lactate and/or blood H+  concentrations brought about by other muscle groups previously exercised to exhaustion.


Changing effect of lung volume on respiratory drive in man. Experiments were conducted on human subjects to study the effect of lung inflation during breath holding on respiratory drive. Two series of experiments were performed: the first to examine respiratory drive during a single breath hold, the second designed to examine the sustained effect of lung inflation on subsequent breath holds. The experiments involved breath holding begun either at the end of a normal expiration or after a maximum inspiration. When breath holding was repeated at 10-min intervals, the increase in BHT produced by lung inflation was greater in short breath holds (after CO2 rebreathing) than in long breath holds (after hyperventilation). If breath holds were made in rapid succession, the first breath hold was much longer when made at total lung capacity than at functional residual capacity, but this effect of lung inflation diminished in subsequent breath holds. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of lung inflation decays during breath holding and is regained remarkably slowly during the period of breathing immediately after breath holding.


Limitations to maximum oxygen uptake in arms, leg, and combined arm-leg ergometry. Our purpose was to study the effect of arm, leg, and combined arm-leg ergometry on the oxygen uptake (Vo2), cardiac output (Q), ventilation, and anaerobic threshold (AT) of three healthy men. At submaximum work intensities, Vo2 was not significantly different in the three tasks, but differences were observed for heart rate, ventilation, and Q. The AT was reached at progressively higher work rates in arm, leg and combined arm-leg ergometry, respectively. The Vo2 max in arm ergometry averaged 68 percent of the Vo2max in leg ergometry and 60 percent of Vo2 max in combined arm-leg ergometry. Two subjects with Vo2max's less than 45 ml/kg-min had a mean Vo2max in combined arm-leg ergometry 19 per cent higher than in leg ergometry. A third subject, with a Vo2max greater than 50 ml/kg-min, showed no change. Differences in Vo2max were primarily due to the differences in Q. Skeletal muscle blood flow appears to be a critical factor in the limitation of Vo2max in arm or leg ergometry.


Effect of vibration on isolated dog bronchi. Vibratory stress, induced by turbulent flow, has been shown to alter the structural properties in arteries. Since turbulent flow can exist in the lungs it seems important to know whether a similar effect can occur in bronchi. To answer that question air was passed through isolated dog bronchi. Turbulent flow was created by having, at one end, a cannula acting as a stenosis, producing vibrations or a "flitter" in the wall. A measure of the elastic properties was obtained by coupling pressure-volume data with photographs taken at different pressures. The results demonstrate a significant alteration in the structural properties, localized to ares under maximum vibration. A "yielding" in the direction of maximum stress was observed with a corresponding structural rearrangement (radius decreased, length increased). This effect and its relation to structural fatigue is discussed. The physiological significance of the results are that the bronchi become more resistant to deformation under positive pressures and less resistant to collapse under negative pressures.


Constant-load versus heart rate-targeted exercise: responses of systolic intervals. Eight normal male volunteers were studied during bicycle ergometry at constant work loads of 50, 100, and 150 W for 4 min each and heart rate-targeted exercise to rates which matched those during the end of the 4th min at each constant work load. Systolic intervals measured prior to and during exercise included: Q-IM, isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), ejection time index (ETI), PEP/LVET, and pulse transmission time (PTT). Directional changes during both exercise methods  were consistent with previously reported results. Comparable control values indicated equivalent starting points for each bout and confirmed recovery from preceding exercise. There was striking similarities within each matched exercise set for Q-IM, IVCT, PEP, and PEP/LVET. LVET was significantly shorter for rate targeted exercise. We conclude that either constant-load or rate-targeted bicycle ergometry may be employed with choice of method determined by the purpose of the protocol and that systoloc intervals (except LVET) should not be importantly altered owing to the method chosen.


Oxygen transport of hemoglobin in high-altitude animals (Camelidae). To clarify the mechanisms by which high-altitude Camelidae can adapt to hypoxia, the study of some blood characteristics were carried out in apacas and llamas. The results show that there is a peculiar dissociation curve of hemoglobin in alpacas which permits great affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at lung level and the release of oxygen at the tissue level with a facility similar to that in man. Fetal hemoglobin was found high in adult alpacas (55 percent). Electrophoretic studies of hemoglobin showed that this pigment has two components, both of which have a very low mobility. Lactic dehydrogenase was found six times higher than in humans. RBC glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was two times higher than in man living at the same altitude. Myoglobin was found to be higher than in man living at altitude. Alpacas have erythrocytes in which the amount of 2,3-DPG is approximately the same as in man. RBC are more resistent to hypotonic solutions than humans. The amount of lactic dehydrogenase, myoglobin, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase dimishes when alpacas are bought down to sea level.


Effects of hypoxia and histamine infusion on lung blood volume. Using an isolated perfused cat lung preparation we examined the effects of hypoxia and histamine infusion on the lung blood volume. Total lung blood volume was determined from the indocyanine green transit time and the ether bolus technique was used to estimate arterial and venous volumes during forward and retrograde perfusion, respectively. Changes in lung total fluid content were determined from changes in the blood volume of the perfusion system. Hypoxia increased perfusion pressure and decreased total fluid and blood volume. Histamine infusion also increased perfusion pressure and decreased blood volume. However, histamine increased total fluid volume, indicating an increase in vascular permeability. Hypoxia decreased arterial and venous volumes, and histamine decreased venous volume. The slopes of the arterial and venous volume/pressure curves were not altered by hypoxia or histamine.


Tolerance to unilateral or bilateral ischemic hand exercise. During tourniquet occlusion of blood flow in 10 volunteers, the number of contractions performed by each arm contracting simultaneously with the other, equalled or exceeded the number of contractions performed by either arm alone. The discomfort produced by ischemic muscle exercise is interpreted in terms of the most dominant stimulus, and impulses appear not to summate.


Ventilatory response to drug-induced hypermetabolism. Previous workers have demonstrated that an increase in minute ventilation accompanies tissue hypermetabolism induced by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. The mechanism of this increase in minute ventilation has not been established. Accordingly, 2.5 mg/kg of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) or 8-15 mg/kg of ethyl methylene blue (EMB) were infused into chloralose-anesthetized mongrel dogs; Vo2 increased 105 plus or minus 3% and VE INCREASED 107 PLUS OR MINUS 14%. Heads of vagotomized dogs were then perfused entirely with normal unchanging blood. Spinal cord remained intact. (The carotid bodies lay within the region of the perfused head.) Ventilatory responses of these head-perfused animals to breathing low oxygen and to breathing high CO2 gas mixtures were greatly attenuated. However, when DNP or EMB was infused into the body, VO2 increased 114 plus or minus 23% and VE increased 123 plus or minus 22%. When similar doses of DNP or emb were selectively administered to the head, increases in VE were limited to 21 plus or minus 6%. It is concluded that a major portion of the stimulus to ventilation, which accompanies infusion of DNP or of EMB, arises in tissues other than arterial chemoreceptors and brain. Presumably, this ventilatory stimulus is transmitted to the respiratory center via afferent pathways of the cervical spinal cord.


Atropine modification of the pulmonary effects of chemical mediators in the guinea pig. The actions of histamine, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), Bradykinin, and prostaglandin F2alpha on pulmonary mechanics in the unanesthetized guinea pig were separated into direct and secondary cholinergic airway effects on the basis of alteration of their actions by atropine. The effects of SRS-A (500 and 3,000 units/kg) on compliance were not significantly altered by atropine, while the effects of bradykinin (3.0 and 30 mug/kg) on compliance were decreased only at 3.0 mug/kg by atropine. The effects of both of these agents on resistance were decreased by atropine, suggesting that SRS-A and bradykinin act directly on the peripheral airways and by secondary cholinergic mechanisms on both central and peripheral airways. The effects of histamine (3.0 mug/kg) on both compliance and resistance were abolished by atropine, suggesting an action mainly via cholinergic pathways; while at a higher dose, 9.0 mug/kg, there was both a direct and a cholinergic action. The effects observed 20 sec after the administration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) were not altered by atropine suggesting a direct action on airways, while both the compliance and resistance changes observed 3-8 min after PGF2alpha were abolished by atropine suggesting that the latter effects were mediated solely by cholinergic mechanisms


Altered control of skin blood flow at high skin and core temperatures. Five subjects were studied during periods of controlled increases and decreases in skin temperature (Ts) over the Ts range of 34-40 degrees  C. One protocol was designed to observe changes in forearm blood flow (FBF) and heart rate (HR) with changes in core temperature (Tc; right atrial blood temperature and esophageal temperature were measured) with Ts held constant at two levels. FBF and HR changed linearly with Tc in the Tc range of 37-38 degrees C with Ts constant at 38 degrees C. A second protocol imposed Ts changes at two levels of Ts and Tc; this protocol also included a prolonged cooling period. The influence of Ts on FBF and HR was reduced when Ts changes occurred at an elevated Ts and Tc, and FBF showed considerable hysteresis during cooling. We conclude that a linear model for the control of FBF or HR is inadequate as a tool for predicting the control of these variables.


Blunted hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by increased lung vascular pressures. We tested the hypothesis that increased pressures within the lung vessels would inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction at all levels of alveolar CO2 tension. Selective hypoxia of the left lower lobe of the lung in open chested dogs caused the electromagnetically measured blood flow to the lobe to decrease 51 plus or minus 4 (SE) percent and its vascular resistance to increase 132 plus or minus 13 percent. Pressure and blood flow in the main pulmonary artery and left atrial pressure did not change during the hypoxic response. Stepwise increments in left artrial and pulmonary arterial pressures induced either by inflating a left atrial balloon or infusing dextran, progressively diminished the vasoconstrictive response to hypoxia. The response was usually abolished when left atrial pressure reached 25 mmHg. For all vascular pressures, hypoxic vasoconstriction was blunted by hypocapnic alkalosis but not enhanced by hypercapnia. We conclude that the redistribution of blood flow away from an hypoxic lobe of the lung to lobes with high Po2 was greatly attenuated by increasing pressures within lung vessels or by inducing respiratory alkalosis.


Measurement of pleural effusion by electrical impedance. Changes in the electrical impedance of the thorax were recorded from various electrode  arrays on the thorax during the infusion and withdrawal of saline, plasma, or blood from the right, left, or both hemithoraxes. Impedance changes correlated linearly with the volume of infused fluid. The resistivity of the infused fluid significantly affected the sensitivity (omega/ml) of the impedance method in detecting specific fluid accumulations. The use of hemithoracic electrode arrays permitted the localization of fluid accumulations to a specific hemithorax. Various factors that can alter the magnitude and interpretation of impedance changes are discussed, as they would affect the clinical interpretation of impedance changes, particularly in postoperative patients.


Comparison of physiological responses of women and men to isometric exercise. The volunteers for this study were 83 women, aged 19-65 yr, drawn from several different occupations. Three minutes after exerting maximal handgrip strength (MVC) each subject held a tension of 40 percent MVC to fatigue. Blood pressures and heart rates were measured before, during, and after the endurance of contraction. Age was associated with a reduction of strength of the women, whereas their endurance at 40 percent at 40 per cent MVC increased. There was evidence that menopause enhanced those age effects for strength and endurance. At rest, age was associated with a decreased heart rate. As expected, the heart rates of all the women increased during the endurance contraction. But that increase was greater for the younger than for the older women, thereby exaggerating the difference due to age already seen at rest. Systolic blood pressure at rest was higher with age and, in a similar manner, that relationship was also exaggerated throughout the isometric contraction. Diastolic blood pressure, however, was not changed with age at rest, and although the diastolic pressure increased during the isometric exercise, the rate of increase was unaffected by age. The results obtained are compared with those from a similarly large number of men examined in identical circumstances.


Regulation of frequency and depth of breathing during expiratory threshold loading in cats. In six spontaneously breathing anesthetized cats, intermittently subjected to inspiratory elastic loads, we have studied the relationships between tidal volume (VT) and the durations of inspiration (Ti) and breath duration (Ttot) obtained during spontaneous ventilation from resting lung volume (FRCc) and from elevated end-expiratory levels. The latter was elevated by submerging the expiratory breathing line into a column of water, representing the addition of an expiratory threshold load (ETL). The VT vs. Ti relationships obtained at different end-expiratory levels were similar, indicating that during ETL the vagal mechanism regulating Ti responds only to lung volume changes above the new end-expiratory level and is independent of the absolute end-expiratory lung volume. Single vagal fiber recordings suggest that this effect on Ti control may be explained on the basis of adaptation occurring at the level of the pulmonary stretch receptors. The control of Ttot, on the other hand, was found to depend both on the Ti of the preceding breath (phasic component) and on a separate vagal mechanism specifically affecting the duration of expiration (Te) in response to changes in the absolute end-expiratory lung volume. The latter mechanism is functionally inoperative at FRCc.


Influence of lung parenchyma on collapsibility of dog bronchi. In five excised dog lobes in the distended state, we inserted several small beads into the bronchi roughly at their third branches and glued them airtight to the bronchial wall with adhesive substance, except for one which was open and through which the entire lobe could be expanded via collateral channels. This permitted us to measure the volume-pressure behavior of bronchi at different fixed lung tensions. From differences in pressure-volume curves of both the bronchi in situ and the bronchi intact within the lung showed a remarkably greater resistance to collapsing that dissected bronchi, and this characteristic tended to be much more intense when lung tension was increased. Determinants of maximum expiratory flow were discussed with these findings.


Decreased oxygen uptake with stored blood in the isolated hindlimb. Storage of red cells in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solution for more than a week has been shown to cause a reduction in red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), resulting in a decrease in the half-saturation pressure (P50) of stored blood, thus increasing hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and theoretically decreasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. A method to isolate and perfuse the hindlimb in a dog has been developed and used successfully to compare the difference of oxygen release between banked and fresh ACD blood. Ten dogs were perfused using canine blood collected in standard blood transfusion bags containing ACD and stored at 4 degrees C and fresh blood collected in a similar manner but used immediately. The total oxygen release in the limb during perfusion with fresh blood was significantly greater than during perfusion with stored blood.


Positive airway pressure and vertical transpulmonary pressure gradient in man. Static transpulmonary pressure (Pao-Pes) and the vertical gradient of transpulmonary pressure were determined in five sitting conscious normal subjects at mean airway pressures of 0 (ambient), 11, and 21 cmH2O. All subjects exhibited a nonuniform transpulmonary pressure gradient down the esophagus. The vertical pressure gradient was consistently larger in the lower (8-20cm below esophageal artifact) than in the middle region (0-8cm) of the esophagus. The gradient was not significantly altered by continuous positive airway pressure (11 and 21 cmH2O) or by changes in lung volume (60, 70, and 80% of total lung capacity (TLC)). Continuous positive airway pressure also did not result in a consistent change of the overall static pressure-volume curve of the lung. There was a small but statistically significant increase in TLC with each increase in airway pressure.


Effect of end-expiratory airway pressure on accumulation of extravascular lung water. The effect of end-expiratory airway pressure on the accumulation of extravascular lung water during lobar venous occlusion for 2 h was studied in closed-chest artifically ventilated dogs. Dogs were divided into two groups by end-expiratory airway pressures of 0 or 10 cmH2O. High-pressure lobar pulmonary edema was produced by lobar venous occlusion, which elevated microvascular hydrostatic pressure. After occlusion of the lobar pulmonary vein, lobar venous pressure (and microvascular hydrostatic pressure) rapidly became identical to pulmonary arterial pressure. We measured extravascular lung water (post mortem) and pulmonary arterial pressure and calculated plasma colloid osmotic pressure to determine the relationship between the accumulation of lung water and the difference between pulmonary microvascular pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure (net intravascular filtration pressure). At comparable net intravascular filtration pressures, dogs ventilated at the higher end-expiratory airway pressure accumulated more extravascular lung water. This study indicates that increasing end-expiratory airway pressure from zero to 10 cmH2O increases the accumulation of extravascular lung water when microvascular hydrostatic pressure is raised.


Pulmonary blood flow determined by continuous analysis of pulmonary N2O exchange. Measurement of mean pulmonary blood flow (Qp) as a function of pulmonary inert gas (N2O) uptake was studied with the aid of a  mathematical model, fast response measurement of gas flow and gas concentrations at the mouth, and digital computer analysis of the data. The model treats the total pulmonary inert gas uptake as the sum of dead space, alveolar, lung tissue, and pulmonary blood flow uptakes. Analysis of any two breaths during breathing of a gas mixture (39 percent N2O, 21 percent O2, 40 percent N2 or He) in terms of the soluble (N2O) and the insoluble (N2 or He) inert gas yields  two simultaneous equations with two unknowns which can be solved for Qp. No assumptions are required about the magnitude  of the alveloar, dead space, or lung tissue volumes and constant FRC is not a requirement. The validity of the mathematical model and its sensitivity to known measurement errors was studied by computer simulation of respiratory gas exchange for N2O and N2. Comparison of Qp (N2O) with the direct Fick method (O2) in five anesthetized dogs showed agreement within plus or minus 20 percent. The proposed method has promise as a clinical method for determination of cardiac output on a breath-to-breath basis during regular breathing at rest or during exercise.


Deep body temperature from aural canal with servo-controlled heating to outer ear. A portable battery-powered device was used to measure temperature in the external aural canal by a thermistor while keeping the temperature of the outer ear, monitored by a second thermistor at the same level by servo-controlled heating. Aural canal temperature then always stabilized within 0.35 degrees C of esophageal in moving air at between 18 and 45 degrees C. It often did so in colder air, but stabilization was slow even after brief exposure to the cold air. Aural temperature then paralleled esophageal within 0.35 degrees C during rapid changes in deep body temperature while rectal temperature was seriously depressed in cold air. These conclusions were based on 30 experiments on 11 male and 7 female subjects.


Lung lavage using a single-lumen endotracheal tube. The physiological response of the cardiopulmonary system of the dog during and after bronchopulmonary lavage via a single-lumen endotracheal tube was evaluated. The five Beagle dogs used in the study were prepared for lavage by anesthetization, vascular cannulation, intubation with a single-lumen endotracheal tube, and hyperventilation with 100 percent oxygen. Lavage was performed by placing a dog in lateral recumbency, slowly introducing saline to a volume approximating the total lung capacity of the dependent lung, and then draining the lung immediately by gravity. After brief ventilation the lavage sequence was repeated until five washes using a total of 2,000 ml were completed. The dog was then turned to the opposite side and the washing sequence repeated on the other lung. The heart rate slowed but pulmonary and systemic arterial mean pressures did not change. The PAo2 decreased from 317 to 107 mmHg during the procedure, but Paco2 did not increase and remained below 40 mmHg. Pulmonary function tests at 24 h after lavage revealed only a few mild changes in breathing pattern and gas exchange. At 168 h after lavage pulmonary function values did not differ significantly from prelavage values.


A simple module for on-line computation of stroke volume and cardiac output. An easily constructed, low-priced, simple, and reliable module to obtain stroke volume and cardiac output by analog integration of aortic blood flow velocity signals is described. Rapid data analysis of physiologic and pharmacologic cardiovascular responses in dogs is greatly facilitated by on line computation of these parameters.


A self-contained calibration unit for use with intracellular recording systems. A relatively inexpensive solid state device designed for calibration of amplifiers and recorders used in microelectrode studies is described. The device is imposed between the ground electrode and the amplifier and provides three calibration signals; 100 mV DC for calibrating amplitude a variable-frequency square wave, 100 mV in amplitude use for capacitance neutralization, and a 100-mV, essentially square-wave signal with variable rate of rise and fall used for calibrating electronic differentiating circuits. The instrument is self-contained and battery powered. It was designed to remain in the circuit while recording. Calibration can be accomplished with the microelectrode in the circuit or with a dummy load.


A method for the placement of His bundle electrodes and production of atrioventricular block in dogs. A multibarrell electrode designed for the location of the His bundle (HB) in open-chest dogs is described. The barrels may be used for the introduction of electrodes into the region of the HB for recording or pacing or for the injection of formaldehyde into the area to produce atrioventricular block.


Preparation for repeated study of left ventricular function in the conscious dog. A method is presented for a relatively simple nontraumatic chronic left heart catheter preparation for the study of left ventricular hemodynamics in the conscious dog. In 30 dogs an 8 Fr Cordis catheter was modified and implanted into the left ventricle via the right atrial septum. Transseptal catheterization was performed without significant morbidity and mortality. Left ventricular cineangiograms and pressures and cardiac outputs have been repeatedly performed on fully conscious dogs with no apparent discomfort displayed by the dog.


Measurement of renal interstitial fluid pressure with polyethylene matrix capsules. The renal interstitial fluid pressure was measured in dogs from small chronically implanted solid capsules made of porous polyethylene matrix material (pore size approximately 60 mum). Tissue does not grow into the polyethylene and the matrix creates a permanent fluid-filled space in communication with the interstitium. The fluid pressure in the capsule matrix was measured from a tube leading from the capsule with an active servo-null pressure-measuring device. Renal interstitial fluid pressure measured from 28 hydropenic dogs averaged 6.1 plus or minus 0.51 mmHg (SE). Increasing oncotic pressure inside the capsule to 90 mmHg resulted in a small but significant increase in hydrostatic pressure inside the capsule of 3.3 plus or minus 0.46 mmHg. However, the hydrostatic pressure returned to control levels within 30 min. In vitro studies indicated that the pressure measured from the capsule was highly sensitive to change in surrounding hydrostatic pressure, but insensitive to change in surrounding oncotic pressure. Histological studies showed a small layer of connective tissue surrounding the capsule less than 100 mum thick in many areas. There was no evidence of inflammation or tissue rejection. It is concluded that the small chronically implanted polyethylene capsule is a reliable method for the measurement of renal interstitial fluid pressure.


Cerebral hemodynamics following internal maxillary artery ligation in the goat. Changes in cerebral and extracerebral blood flow in the goat after ligation of the internal maxillary artery and deliberate thrombosis of the extracerebral arteries (buccinator, ethmoidal, and ophthalmic) with thrombin were compared to changes seen in animals after internal maxillary artery ligation only and in normal animals where no surgical manipulations were performed. Blood flow was measured by injecting 51-Cr-labeled microspheres into the internal maxillary artery via a catheter placed into the temporal artery. Analysis of the radioactivity in extracerebral and intracerebral tissues indicated that when the internal maxillary artery is ligated and the extracerebral arteries are thrombosed, virtually all of the blood flow from the carotid artery is destined from the brain. However, if only the internal maxillary artery is ligated nearly one-fourth of the blood flow from the maxillary travels to extra-cerebral tissues. In normal animals, it was determined that only one-fourth of the blood flow in the internal maxillary is destined for the cerebral circulation. Results from this study indicate that if the former method is employed an accurate measure of cerebral blood flow is possible without the complications of extra-cerebral flow. If the latter technique is used care must be taken in evaluating cerebral blood flow since a large component of extra-cerebral blood flow is present.


Effects of topical and general anesthetic agents on tracheal mucous velocity of sheep. Tracheal mucous velocity was estimated in eleven sheep by means of cine-bronchofiberscopic technique in which Teflon discs placed on the tracheal mucosa were filmed as markers. The procedure was done using a transnasal approach in conscious nonanesthetized sheep, and in the same sheep using topical and/or general anesthetic agents. The average mucous velocity in conscious sheep was 17.3 plus or minus 6.2 (SD) mm/min; in sheep anesthetized with intravenous pentobarbital or thioamylal, the average velocity was significantly depressed to 11.1 plus or minus 3.6 mm/min. No Significant differences in tracheal mucous velocity were found when 10 ml of 2 percent lidocaine was instilled into the tracheas of either conscious sheep or sheep under general anesthesia. Sheep as an animal model appear to be ideal in the study of the responses of tracheal mucous velocity to physical and chemical agents since they tolerate bronchofiberscopy quite well without the use of topical or general anesthetic agents. The basis for the depression of tracheal mucous velocity by barbiturates cannot be ascertained from the present study but the model should be useful for comparing different types of anesthetic agents.


Production of molybdenum-coordinating compound by Bacillus thuringiensis. Bacillus thuringiensis (ATCC 10792) produces a molybdenum reactive compound (given the trivial name chelin) during growth on iron-deficient medium. This compound accumulates in the culture medium in direct relation to the amount of L-arginine added and reaches a maximum concentration 24 to 48 h after the stationary phase of growth. Chelin absorbs light in the ultraviolet region with absorption maxima at 315 and 248 nm and minima at 284 and 240 nm. Chelin reacts with Na2MoO4, but not with Mo2O4(H2O)6-2+, to form a bright yellow molybdo-chelin complex which absorbs light with an absorption maximum at 330 nm, a minimum at 288 nm, and shoulders at 255 and 400 nm. The differential absorption of molybdo-chelin versus chelin at 425 nm can be used to quantify chelin. This differential absorbance is linear with increasing concentrations of Na2MoO4 and was used to calculate the molar extinction coefficient of molybdochelin at 425 nm (epsilon similar to 6,200). Chelin binds MoO4-2 minus to form a complex (molybdochelin) which migrates as a single band and elutes as a single peak, during acrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-15 gel filtration. Molecular weight determinations using Sephadex G-15 gel filtration resulted in an estimated molecular weight of 550 for chelin and an estimated molecular weight of 760 for molybdo-chelin. The peptide nature of chelin is indicated by its positive ninhydrin reaction on thin-layer chromatography plates and by the presence of amino acids in acid-hydrolyzed samples. The major amino acid residues detected were threonine, glycine, and alanine.


Conjugational transfer of genes determining plant virulence in Erwinia amylovora. A stable virulent donor strain (EA 178R1-99) of Erwinia amylovora can transfer, by conjugation during a 3-h mating period, the gene or genes which determine(s) plant virulence to avirulent recipient strains (EA178-M64S1 and EA178-M173S1) of Escherichia amylovora. The virulence of over 200 recombinant clones was tested; they all were as virulent on immature Bartlett pear fruits (and, in the smaller series of strains tested, also, on Pyracantha twigs) as was the parent donor strain. Although the avirulent recipeint strains are amino acid auxotrophs, addition of the required amino acids to the inocula in plant virulence trials does not of itself restore virulence. Two small series of prototrophic revertant clones were selected from the auxotrophic avirulent recipient strains; only nine of the 21 prototrophic revertant clones regained virulence, whereas the other 12 prototrophic revertant clones remained avirulent, again suggesting a lack of parallelism between nutritional status and virulence in this system. Preliminary interrupted mating trials, carried out at 15-min intervals over 3 h, show that ser is transferred during the first 15 min, that pro starts entering at about 75 min (and with a higher frequency later), and that lac (originating from an integrated Escherichia coli F'lac) enters toward the end of the 3-h mating period and at a reduced frequency compared to the other markers. The gene or genes which determine(s) plant virulence in this Escherichia amylovora donor strain appear(s) to be transferred readily and seemingly completely to recipient strains during the first 15 min of a 3-h mating period. Exposure of the virulent donor strain to acridine orange or ethidium bromide does not result in loss of virulence, suggesting (but, of course, not proving conclusively) that the determinant(s) of virulence in Escherichia amylovora might be chromosomal rather than extrachromosomal.


Characterization of an inhibitor of ribonucleic acid polymerase from the mycelial phase of Histoplasma capsulatum. An inhibitor of ribonucleic acid polymerases has been obtained from the mycelial phase of Histoplasma capsulatum and partially characterized. The inhibitor, called histin, was purified 200-fold by heat treatment at 100 C and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Histin moved in electrophoresis as if negatively charged; it was insensitive to treatment with ribonuclease of deoxyribonuclease but was completely digested by Pronase. Sucrose gradient centrifugation suggests a molecular weight of 24,000. The possibility of a regulatory role for histin in the life cycle of H. capsulatum is discussed.


Two distinct isocitrate lyases from a pseudomonas species. The isocitrate lyases of acetate- and methylamine-grown Pseudomonas MA (Shaw strain) were studied. They were shown to be different by a variety of physical criteria including chromatographic elution patterns, heat inactivation kinetics, pH variation of Km values, and migration on polyacrylamide gels. The implications and significance of the existence of two enzymes in relation to the role of isocitrate lyase in methylamine utilization is discussed.