The number, size and spatial distribution of neurons in lamina IV of the mouse SmI neocortex. We located the corresponding barrel in Layer IV of the mouse SmI cortex in eleven cerebral hemispheres sectioned in a plane tangential to the pia overlying SmI and in one sectioned and prepared by a combined Golgi-Nissl method. In the section in which barrel C-1 could be optimally visualized each neuronal soma was outlined with a camera lucida and the cross-sectional area measured with the aid of a small computer. In all, nearly 7,000 neurons were measured. We estimate that on average barrel C-1 contains about 2,000 neurons. The mean cross-sectional area of the perikarya is 62.51 mu2 (S.D. plus or minus 14.51 mu2) and the size distribution of the neurons is unimodal and positively skewed. There is no segregation of cells within the barrel on the basis of size. The spatial distribution of cells in the barrel is fairly constant, from specimen to specimen, and the charactieristic cytoarchitectonic appearance of the barrel can be related to regional neuronal packing density since there are at least 1.6 as many neurons in the sides of the barrel as the hollow. The constancy of the cellular composition of the barrels indicates that the mechanisms responsible for the development of the mouse SmI cortex are fairly rigidly determined, and that the barrel field should lend itself well to further quantitative, developmental and physiological analysis.


Electron microscopical reconstruction of the anterior sensory anatomy of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.?2UU. The complete structure of the anterior sensory nervous system of the small nematode C. elegans has been determined by reconstruction from serial section electronmicrographs. There are 58 neurons in the tip of the head. Fifty-two of these are arranged in sensilla. These include six inner labial sensilla, six outer labial sensilla, four cephalic sensilla and two amphids. Each sensillum consists of ciliated sensory neurons ending in a channel enclosed by two non-neuronal cells, the sheath and socket cells. The amphidial channel opens to the outside as does that of the inner labial sensilla so that these probably contain chemoreceptive neurons. The endings of the other sensilla are embedded in the cuticle and may be mechanoreceptive. The cell bodies of all the neurons lie near the nerve ring and their axons project into the ring or into ventral ganglia. One of the ciliated sensory neurons in each of the six inner labial sensilla makes direct chemical synapses onto a muscle making these sensory-motor neurons. The anatomy of four isogenic animals was compared in detail and found to be largely invariant. The anatomy of juveniles is nearly identical to that of the adult, but males have four additional neuron processes.


The ascending projections of the superior colliculus in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). We studied and compared the ipsilateral efferents of the superficial and deep layers of the superior colliculus of the rhesus monkey. Using a stereotaxic method, microelectrodes were inserted through the contralateral hemisphere in order to make electrolytic lesions of the superior colliculus. Large lesions involved all layers of the superior colliculus, while smaller lesions involved either the superficial or the deep layers of the superior colliculus. Following various survival times, the brains were prepared with the Fink-Heimer technique ('67). Following lesions of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, definite degenerated axonal endings were found in the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, inferior pulvinar, centrointermediate nucleus, magnocellular dorsomedial nucleus, anterior pretectal nucleus and pretectal region. Sparse degenerated axonal endings were found in the limitans nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus and some intralaminar nuclei following lesions of the superficial layers in the rostral portion of the superior colliculus. Following lesions of the deep layers of the superior colliculus, degenerated axonal endings were found in the central gray, magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus, suprageniculate nucleus, limitans nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus, medial and oral pulvinar, nucleus of the accessory optic tract, zona incerta, subdivisions of the ventral lateral and ventral posterior lateral nuclei, ventral posterior inferior nucleus, denosocellular and multiform dorsomedial nuclei, all intralaminar nuclei, inferior colliculus, parabigeminal nucleus, olivary nucleus, reunions nucleus, Forel's Field H and an undefined midbrain nucleus. In general the projections were topographically organized in that the caudal portion of the superior colliculus projected to the rostral portions of thalamic nuclei and the rostral portion of the superior colliculus projected to the caudal portions of thalamic nuclei. All the degeneration patterns seen after lesions of the superficial and deep layers were accounted for by large lesions which involved all layers of the superior colliculus. It is concluded that the superficial and deep layers of the rehesus monkey superior colliculus have different ascending projections. The finding, are related to the organization of visual and multimodal thalamocortical systems in primates and other mammals.


Cerebellar corticovestibular fibers of the posterior lobe in a prosimian primate, the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis). The orginization of cerebellar corticovestibular fibers was studied in a prosimian primate (Galago senegalensis) using the Fink and Heimer ('67) method. The vestibular complex of Galago is larger than in other mammals and some higher primates. Vermis lobule IX contributes the largest number of fibers to the ipsilateral vestibular complex. Lobules VI and VIII give rise to lesser, but similar, numbers of fibers which also pass into the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei. Vermis lobule VII and the paravermal and lateral cortices contribute extremely sparse numbers of fibers to the dorsal area of the ipsilateral vestibular complex. All degenerated fibers enter the vestibular nuclei through a large diffusely organized juxtarestiform body. Fibers from vermis lobule VII and the paravermal and lateral cortices terminate in dorsal areas of the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei. Vermis lobule VI projects into dorsal and lateral regions of the ipsilateral SVN, LVN and SpVN. Vermis lobules VIII and IX project into the dorsal and into progressively more central and medial regions of the ipsilateral SVN, LVN, and SpVN. This gives the clear impression of a rostro-caudal origin of fibers from the posterior lobe vermis which terminate in an overlapping lateral to medial sequence in the vestibular complex. In addition to its projection into the vestibular nuclei, lesions of vermis lobule IX also elicit degeneration in dorsal areas of the ipsilateral medullary reticular formation and in the ipsilateral parabrachial nuclei.


The central projections of the trigeminal, facial and anterior lateral line nerves in the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The central projections of the trigeminal, facial and anterior lateral line nerves were studied in the carp (Cyprinus carpio) by the Nauta and Fink-Heimer silver techniques following rhizotomy. Degenerating trigeminal fibers were found projecting on the nucleus of the descending trigeminal root and on the medial funicular nucleus. The former can be subdivided in five portions lying dorsal to the various cranial motor nuclei. The afferent facial fibers could be traced into the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal lobes, while the anterior lateral line nerve projects on rostral, medial and caudal parts of the medial nucleus and on the eminentia granularis. The anterior lateral line nerve can be divided into a dorsal and a ventral root, each following the same course. The role trigeminal and facial nerves play in proprioception of respiratory muscles is discussed.


Stereospecific analysis of high melting triglycerides of bovine milk fat and their biosynthetic origin. Fatty acid composition, triglyceride molecular weight distributions, melting ranges, amount of cis and trans isomers, and stereospecific fatty acid distributions were determined for high melting triglyceride fractions and bovine milk fat free of them. Distributions of fatty acids on the high melting triglycerides differed from distributions of fatty acids in the rest of the milk fat triglycerides. The significance of these results is evaluated in relation to the biosynthetic origin of high melting triglycerides. Stereospecific distributions of these fatty acids support previous speculations that the monoglyceride pathway may play a significant role in biosynthesis of high melting triglyceride in bovine milk fat.


Diurnal variations in blood cortisol in the dairy cow. Concentrations of adrenal corticosteroids in plasma were determined by a competitive protein-binding technique in blood samples taken hourly over 24 h from four dairy cows, each sampled for three 24 h periods. Mean blood cortisol was 7.9 ng/ml. Statistical analysis revealed no diurnal variation. Reasons for this are postulated.


Relationships between immunoreactive estrone and estradiol in milk, blood, and urine of dairy cows. Quantities of immunoreactive estrone and estradiol in blood plasma, urine, and milk were measured during the estrous cycle and pregnancy of cows. The objectives were to develop a radioimmunoassay procedure for quantifying estrogen in milk and urine and to compare changes in milk estrogen with those in blood plasma and urine. Concentrations of estrone and estradiol in milk varied during the estrous cycle. Relative concentrations of estradiol in blood plasma and milk were not different, but average estrone concentrations in milk were four times greater than those in blood plasma. Concentration of total estrogen (estradiol plus estrone) exceeded 1 ng/ml in colostrum and milk from cows milked prepartum, and was correlated with total estrogen in blood plasma and urine before and after calving. Blood plasma estrone was correlated only with milk estrone whereas blood plasma estradiol was correlated with urinary estradiol, milk estrone, and milk estradiol during the estrous cycle. These results raise possibilities that mammary gland of the lactating cow may concentrate preferentially estrone or convert estradiol to estrone. However, estimated excretion of estrogen through the milk represents no more than a fraction of 1% of the total excreted during the estrous cycle, and the proportion becomes less as gestation progresses up to at least 7 mo.


Characterization of metabolites in domestic sow urine after intravenous administration of radioactive estrogen and corticosteroids. We measured distribution of radioactivity among urinary metabolites excreted in nonpregnant and ovariectomized sows after intravenous injection of radionuclides (14carbon) labeled estrone, estradiol-17beta, cortisol, and corticosterone. Treatment with an enzyme preparation (Glusulase) containing both beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase activity, rendered extractable over 95% of the radioactivity recovered from urine with diethyl ether (estrogens) and ethyl acetate (corticoids). Only an additional 1 to 4% of the radioactivity was extracted following solvolysis of the aqueous residue remaining after enzyme hydrolysis and extraction. Radioactivity in nonpregnant sow urine was predominantly in the estrone fraction following injection of either estrone or estradiol-17beta. Moreover, the principal metabolite was estrone monoglucuronide. Only traces of estradiol-17beta and an estriol-like compound were detected. Two other isolates contained radioactivity. One compound probably was 2-methoxyestrone, but structure of the other compound (X1) could not be established. The principal urinary metabolites from injection of cortisol corresponded to chromatographic properties of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone. Both metabolites were low in urine following injection of corticosterone. The major urinary metabolites from corticosterone injection corresponded to chromatographic properties of tetrahydrocorticosterone and corticosterone. Considerable radioactivity from injection of both corticoids was isolated in the cortol, cortolone, and 11-ketoetiocholanolone - 11beta-hydroxyetiocholanolone areas of chromatograms. The data for corticoids agree with similar data for the human being and cow.


Zinc-65 absorption and tissue distribution in two- and six-month-old holstein calves and lactating cows. Holstein calves and cows in first lactation were fed a low-zinc (16.6 ppm) experimental diet. Zinc-65 absorption and tissue distribution were determined following a single oral tracer dose of zinc-65 given 14 days prior to sacrifice. Net zinc-65 absorptions for the cows and 2- and 6-mo-old calves were 53.4, 49.7 and 47.2% of the dose. Tissue zinc-65 content, adjusted for body weight and zinc-65 of milk of the cows was not significantly different from that of either age calves in 13 of 20 comparable tissues. Greatest differences in tissue zinc-65 were in tibia and rib with the 6-mo-old group highest and cows lowest. Lactation represents a major homoeostatic demand for zinc, and the intestinal absorptive ability of adult cattle remains responsive to physiological need.


Environmental and managemental factors affecting conception rate in a subtropical climate. Data representing 5,062 services during 1960 to 1971 in the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station dairy herd were analyzed by least squares to delineate factors affecting conception rates. Overall conception rate was 37.9%. From a set of 21 climatological measurements, the five selected as most important ranked (1) maximum temperature day after insemination, (2) rainfall day of insemination, (3) minimum temperature day of insemination, (4) solar radiation day of insemination, and (5) minimum temperature day after insemination. Warm months were more closely associated with lower conception rates than were cool months (33.7 compared to 40.1%); month effects appeared to be accounted for by the climatological measurements. Conception rates declined with age: heifers, 47.6%; young cows, 42.7%; older cows, 31.9%. No decline with advancing service number (1 to 5) occurred. Service sire and inseminator effects were detected as expected. Although breeds differed (Aryshires, 33.8; Brown Swiss, 34.6; and Guernseys, 37.0; Holsteins, 35.5; and Jerseys, 48.4%), there was no evidence of breed (Jerseys and Holsteins) by month or breed by season interactions nor was it possible to detect age by season interactions.


Influence of mastitis on properties of milk. XI. Fat globule membrane. The effect of mastitis on the milk fat globule membrane of milk samples from individual quarters was investigated. Wisconsin Mastitis Test positive (greater than 20mm) milk contained approximately 10% less milk fat globule membrane material than negative (smaller than 10mm) milk. The lipid portion of the milk fat globule membrane preparation from positive milk contained smaller amounts of phospholipids and larger amounts of cholesterol. Milk fat globule membrane preparations from positive milk had higher aldolase activity and lower xanthine oxidase activity. Dissociated membrane protein prepared from positive milk was resolved into five components by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis while the membrane protein prepared from negative milk was resolved into three components.


Performance of Holstein and crossbred dairy cattle in Louisiana. III. Health and viability. Viability and health disorders were compared for straightbred Holsteins and crosses between Holsteins, Brown Swiss, Jerseys, and Red Sindhis. In addition, effects of mating systems and effects of various parts of Red Sindhi heredity on these traits were evaluated. Losses before first calving per 100 females born alive were: Holsteins 22; Holstein-sired crosses 20: Brown Swiss-sired crosses 26; daughters of crossbred sires group I (sires had from 1/4 to 1/16 Red Sindhi heredity) 24; and group II (sires were all European breeds) 31. Losses in first-gestation from abortions and stillbirths were: Holsteins 20% and crossbreds 9%. In first lactation, incidence of foot rot and anaplasmosis was higher among Holsteins (13% and 16%) than in crossbreds (5% and 8%) whereas the incidence was less among crosses with Red Sindhi heredity (3% and 2%) than in all European breed crosses (9% and 17%). When progeny produced by criss-crossing to purebred sires were compared with progeny from random mating to crossbred sires, the former had a greater incidence of mastitis (30% versus 19%) and anaplasmosis (11% versus 2%). There was no differences between Holsteins and crossbreds in overall viability. However, there was considerable variation between breeds at the various ages.


Effect of cell density on lactose synthesis in bovine mammary cell cultures. The ability to synthesize lactose was studied in despersed cell cultures of lactating bovine mammary tissue under conditions of varying cell density, time, glucose, and lactose concentrations. The observable rate of lactose synthesis at a given time in an adequate medium is dependent on individual animal, length of time in culture, and density of cells. Rate of loss with time in the ability to synthesize lactose followed first order kinetics (half-time 11 h). Rate of synthesis per cell at a given time was an inverse function of the cell density following a linear relationship expressed by plotting the inverse of the amount accumulated versus the inverse of the cell number. A cell density for such experimental studies of about 2.5 times 10-6 cells per ml was ideal. The medium concentration of lactose and, above a minimum, that of glucose did not affect production of lactose.


Structure and synthesis of milk fat XI. Effects of heparin on paths of incorporation of glucose and palmitic acid into milk fat. Intravenous injection of heparin increases lipoprotein lipase activity of circulating serum presumably by removing the enzyme from its location on the capillary endothelium. The incorporation of carbon-14 uniformly labeled glucose and carbon-14 1-labeled palmitic acid into fractionated milk fat triglycerides was studied in both normal and heparin treated lactating goats. The objective was to remove lipoprotein lipase from the mammary gland capillaries and to contrast normal milk fat synthesis with a situation presumed to cause the gland to be solely dependent on the phosphatidic acid pathway. The studies with labeled glucose indicated that under normal conditions there are two sources of milk glyceride glycerol; while following heparin injections, there is a single glycerol pool providing most of the glyceride glycerol. The investigations with labeled palmitic acid indicated that under normal conditions there are two sources of palmitic acid coming from the blood which enter nonequilibrating cellular pools. Palmitic acid from both pools is available for triglyceride synthesis. Following heparin injections there appears to be a common intracellular pool of pre-formed palmitic acid derived from the blood. The data indicate that lipoprotein lipase operating on blood triglycerides yields a 2-mono-glyceride which subsequently enters the gland and is utilized for milk fat synthesis.


Environmental and lactational variables affecting prolactin concentrations in bovine milk. Relationships were examined between prolactin concentrations in bovine milk and various environmental and lactational variables. Prolactin was quantified by radioimmunoassay in 1.316 milk samples from two experiments. Environmental temperatures preceding milking, stage of lactation, daily miik yield, and dominance rank of the cow were correlated significantly with milk prolactin concentration. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to determine, in order of importance, the variables having significant independent effects on milk prolactin. Ambient temperature extremes, high and low, exerted the greatest effects and were each associated with elevated concentrations of prolactin. In Experiment I,conducted throughout the year, the variable representing maximum temperature preceding milking accounted for 14.3% of the variation in milk prolactin. In Experiment II, conducted during late fall and early winter, the minimum temperature preceding milking accounted for 21.1% of the variation. Although earlier stages of lactation and larger daily milk yields were associated with higher prolactin concentrations, inclusion of lactation stage in the stepwise regression model tended to eliminate almost all the variance of prolactinpreviously associated with daily yield. Dominance measurements indicated that more submissive cows had higher milk prolactin. Individual cows tended to have characteristic prolactin, but this tendency was eliminated by statistical adjustment of the data for environmental and lactational variables.


Influence of estrus detection on days open in dairy herds. Data from 10 herds on a herd reproductive status program supported estimates of lost reproductive days per cow per year due to conception failure and missed heat as 23 and 10 days. The corresponding estimates from Ohio Dairy Herd Improvement were 14.7 and 40.3 days. The correlation within the 10 herds between days lost due to failure to conceive and total days open was .38 and between days lost due to missed heats and total days open .92.


Effect of beta adrenergic blockage on bronchial sensitivity to inhaled acetylcholine in normal subjects. Dose-responses curves were established in 10 normal subjects by measuring, with a body plethysmograph, the changes of specific airway conductance (SGaw) produced by aerosolized acetylcholine. Doses of acetylcholine producing a 50 per cent decrease of control SGaw (ED50) were found to be largely variable among individuals. Beta-adrenergic blockade with intravenous propranolol (0.2 mg per kilogram) resulted in a mean potentiation of the acetycholine effect (mean ED50 after propranolol was significantly lower than mean ED50 before). This potentiating effect of propranolol, however, was also subjected to individual variations, suggesting individual variability of the sympathetic system. The range of variation in acetylcholine sensitivity was not narrowed by propranolol treatment and no correlation was found between initial acetylcholine sensitivity and propranolol potentiation. This suggests that variability of the sympathetic system is not the main factor in determining individual variation in acetylcholine sensitivity. Even when propranolol was very effective in increasing airway sensitivity, this sensitivity was still less marked than usually encountered in asthmatic patients. This suggests that beta-adrenergic blockade cannot create, if alone, the bronchial hypersensitivity characteristic of asthma.


Uptake of catecholamines in guinea pig lung: influence of cortisol and anaphylaxis. Effects of cortisol and anaphylaxis on the uptake of catecholamines (CA) in the guinea pig lung have not been investigated previously. Sensitized and healthy animals were randomly killed, catheters were inserted into the pulmonary artery and vein, and the preparation was perfused with Tyrode. Half of the animals received 50 mg. of cortisol 2 hours before the procedure. H3-epinephrine (E) or norepinephrine (NE), 10 ng. per milliliter, was infused for 6 minutes. Infusion was started 15 seconds prior to challenge with ovalbumin or NaCl. Total -H3 and NE(E)-H3 were determined in the lung homogenates. Results showed (1) 6 to 14 per cent of circulating CA were retained by the lung. (2) In healthy animals cortisol inhibited NE uptake by 35 per cent and E uptake by 15 per cent. (3) Anaphylaxis increased NE and E accumulation by 10 and 19 per cent, respectively. (4) Regardless of experimental conditions approximately 40 per cent of NE and 30 per cent of E taken up were recovered unchanged. (1) There is significant uptake of CA in the lung. (2) One of the mechanisms of therapeutic effect of cortisol in asthma might be its inhibitory effect on CA uptake. (3) Increased CA accumulation during anaphylaxis could be beneficial by increasing the local concentration of amines, or detrimental by decreasing availability of CA, depending on the uptake site and cell type and degree of subsequent metabolism. (4) Cortisol and anaphylaxis per se appear not to change degradation of CA.


Spatial variability in airborne pollen concentrations. Tests were conducted to determine the relationship between airborne pollen concentrations and distance. Simultaneous samples were taken in 171 tests with sets of eight rotoslide samplers spaced from one to 486 M. apart in straight lines. Use of all possible pairs gave 28 separation distances. Tests were conducted over a 2-year period in urban and rural locations distant from major pollen sources during both tree and ragweed pollen seasons. Samples were taken at a height of 1.5 M. during 5-to 20-minute periods. Tests were grouped by pollen type, location, year, and direction of the wind relative to the line. Data were analyzed to evaluate variability without regard to sampler spacing and variability as a function of separation distance. The mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, ratio of maximum to the mean, and ratio of minimum to the mean were calculated for each test, each group of tests, and all cases. The average coefficient of variation is 0.21, the maximum over the mean, 1.39 and the minimum over the mean, 0.69. No relationship was found with experimental conditions. Samples taken at the minimum separation distance had a mean difference of 18 per cent. Differences between pairs of samples increased with distance in 10 of 13 groups. These results suggest that airborne pollens are not always well mixed in the lower atmosphere and that a sample becomes less representative with increasing distance from the sampling location.


Microculture method for some viable airborne particles. A microchamber has been developed for in situ culture of some airborne particles collected on the acrylic "I" rods of the Rotorod Air Sampler. The design of the chamber allows direct observation as well as the photography of microscopic airborne particles. Its use permits a rapid distinction between living and nonliving matter, as well as increased efficiency in sampling airborne particles.


Nutritive content of college meals. Proximate composition and vitamins. Two samples, each consisting of menus of two breakfasts, lunches, and dinners, as offered to college students, were collected for seven consecutive days from each of fifty colleges. The composited meals were analyzed to determine proximate composition and content of vitamin A, vitamin D, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folacin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. On a per-person-per-day basis, the meals met or exceeded the Recommended Dietary Allowances for nineteen-to-twenty-two-year-old men and women for protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, and niacin. About a third of the meals were below the allowances for vitamin D, three-fifths were short in thiamin, and three-fourths were short in folacin and vitamin B6. A number of colleges offered meals that were short on calories.


Food choices of women. Personal, attitudinal, and motivational factors. Responses of 591 women showed that they purchased and prepared the meals in nine of ten households. Although half preserved a limited amount of food, few had gardens or raised or received livestock for their families' use. Most women ate three meals plus one or two snacks a day. The dominant occupation of the women was homemaker; more men had professional or managerial occupations than other work. More than half the adults had completed more than twelve grades in school. Average gross income per household exceeded $11,000 yearly. The husband would exert the strongest influence on most of the women to try a new food, although most would try a new food if urged to by a doctor, nurse, or nutritionist. The majority were motivated to eat a particular food because of personal or family preferences, which were the dominant motivational factors in eating each food category. Advertising was the least influential.


Sodium in four canned vegetables. Effect of rinsing and heating in water. Low-sodium canned vegetables are required for severely restricted sodium diets, but on the milder sodium-restricted diets, adjustments could be made on an individual patient basis to include specially treated regular canned vegetables. This investigation was planned to compare the sodium content of regular canned vegetables as processed with same canned vegetables when rinsed and heated in tap water. The study was also designed to compare the consistency of sodium content in canned vegetables between and within brands. Knowledge of the actual sodium content of regular canned vegetables will permit greater use of these foods on modified-sodium diets.


Mass screening for coronary risk factors in 2,524 asymptomatic adults. The prevalence of coronary risk factors was assessed in 2,524 asymptomatic adults in Long Beach, California. Hypercholesterolemia (serum cholesterol level greater than 250 mg/100 ml) was present in 725 subjects (28.8 per cent), hypertriglyceridemia (serum triglyceride level greater than or equal to 150 mg/100 ml) in 497 (19.7 per cent), and an abnormal lipoprotein pattern in 813 (32.2 per cent). Of the 2,524 subjects, 233 (9.2 per cent) had a blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg and 116 (4.6 percent) had a blood pressure above 150/100 mm. There were 1,043 cigarette, cigar, or pipe smokers (41.3 per cent). Fifty subjects (2.0 per cent) had a fasting blood sugar level above 120 mg/100 ml, 48 (1.9 per cent) had abnormal triceps skinfold thickness, and 382 (15.2 per cent) weighed 20 per cent or more above the desirable weight. The electrocardiogram during rest was definitely above the desirable weight. The electrocardiogram during rest was definitely abnormal in 183 subjects (7.3 per cent). On the basis of these data it is evident that in many asymptomatic adults, risk factors predisposing to coronary disease are not being detected or treated.


Treatment of anemia in the aged: a common problem and challenge. The occurrence of anemia in a group of aged persons residing in a home for the aged and in a chronic disease hospital was reviewed with regard to etiology, choice of treatment, and therapeutic response. Of the 484 patients, 151 (31 per cent) had anemia or were receiving antianemia therapy. Iron-deficiency anemia was the most common type, and iron was the most common form of treatment. Seventy-eight patients were given antianemia therapy in 97 courses, and a good therapeutic result was achieved in about one-fourth of the courses. The most frequent error in iron therapy was its use in the anemia associated with chronic disorders. Often there was a combination deficiency of iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid. The response to iron in the elderly can be very slow, so therapy should not be discontinued too soon. Anemia may directly contribute to other serious pathologic conditions, especially in aged persons with impaired circulation. In some cases the physiologic concentration of hemoglobin may be higher than the accepted "normal" value. The course of the anemia in relation to the general state of the patient is more significant than any laboratory data in choosing antianemia therapy. Practical laboratory screening procedures for elderly anemic patients are discussed.


Effects of relocation on chronically ill geriatric patients of a medical unit: mortality rates. The entire general medical unit of Ste. Anne's Hospital for disabled elderly veterans was moved into a new modern building on July 13, 1971. Roughly, about 350 patients were involved. In anticipation of the move, a program of preparation of the patients was organized to prevent if possible the dramatic increases in the mortality rate reported in some earlier studies of relocated geriatric populations. The principal finding with regard to mortality was a significant decrease of 6.82 per cent after the relocation when compared with mortality rate for the previous year. The highly appreciated air-conditioning system in the new building, representative of modern improvements, may have helped to a minor degree. A much more important factor was the well organized program for preparation of the patients, skillfully carried out by a conscientious staff.


Psychosomatic rehabilitation of elderly persons. The psychosomatic rehabilitation of the elderly is an important task from both social and economic viewpoints. For psychic rehabilitation, moderate activity and the playing of games (such as chess, dominoes or cards) are recommended. Based on experiences with a group of 50 persons of the 70-90 age group., bridge playing is an especially desirable form of recreation. For somatic rehabilitation, physical exercise is a valuable aid, based on experiences with 338 partially disabled patients of the 51-81plus age group


The molecular dimensions of mitogenic factor from guinea pig lymph node cells. The molecular dimensions of a mitogenic factor from guinea pig lymph node cells were investigated by means of gel filtration, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, and CsCi isopycnic ultracentrifugation. The mitogenic factor was produced by stimulation of immune lymph node cells from inbred guinea pigs, strain 2 or 13, with the specific antigen, ovalbumin; and mitogenic activity was assayed by measuring incorporation of tritiated thymidine by target lymph node cells from syngeneic animals not immune to ovalbumin. The D-20,w of the mitogenic factor was estimated to be (9.9 plus and minus 0.2) times 10-7 cm2/sec by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and the apparent S20,w was estimated to be 2.4 plus and minus 0.2 S by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The buoyant density was determined to be 1.324 plus and minus 0.006 g/ml by CsCi isopycnic ultracentrifugation, and from this value the partial specific volume of mitogenic factor was estimated to be 0.71. From these data the molecular weight of the mitogenic factor was calculated to be 20,000, and the frictional ratio was calculated to be 1.2.


Interaction of IgE with rat basophilic leukemia cells. III. Release of intact receptors on cell-free particles. Rat basophilic leukemia cells which bind rat IgE-release particulate material as they lose viability. This material appears to contain the surface receptors for IgE in their native form. Up to 80% of the receptor activity has been recovered in a fraction which contains only 4 to 5% of the total cellular protein.


Use of radioimmunoassays to determine the concentration of streptococcal group-specific antibodies in rabbit antisera. A radioimmunoassay was developed for the quantitation of antibodies to the Group A, A-variant, and C carbohydrates in rabbit streptococcal antisera. The assay employs radiolabeled purified Group carbohydrate which has been tyrosylated to allow for incorporation of 125-I. This assay has an advantage over the intitative precipitin test because it measures non-precipitating antibody in addition to precipitating antibody. Furthermore, 7S anti-IgG in rabbit antisera give a falsely elevated value for the antibody concentration in the quantitative precipitin test. This did not occur with the radioimmunoassay. The assay described is reproducible, sensitive, and uses little antisera.


Transformation antigens on stimulated lymphocytes. Immunologically mediated regulation of lymphoproliferation requires a self-recognition mechanism. This was sought by measuring the ability of blood lymphocytes to recognize transformed, autologous lymphocytes. Human blood lymphocytes incubated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 72 hr, followed by mitomycin C treatment, induced blast transformation of autologous lymphocytes from all 28 healthy adults tested. Blastogenesis was measured by reactor cell incorporation of 3H-thymidine and was greater at 72 than at 144 hr. The role of PHA itself was assessed in several ways. The supernatant of washed, PHA-transformed lymphocytes did not stimulate normal autologous lymphocytes. Lymphocytes incubated with PHA for 1 hr or 72 hr before mitomycin treatment bound equivalent amounts of 131I-PHA; cells treated for 1 hr did not transform and did not stimulate autologous lymphocytes. By contrast, cells incubated for 72 hr did transform and stimulate autologous lymphocytes. Lytic sonication of PHA-transformed lymphocytes abolished their stimulating capability. An identical result was observed in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions after lytic sonication of the stimulating cells. PHA itself maintained its stimulatory capability after sonication. Although N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (NAGAL) competes with PHA for lymphocyte membrane sites, incubation of reactor lymphocytes with NAGAL did not diminish their response to PHA-transformed autologous lymphocytes. These results strongly suggest the presence of autorecognition determinants on membranes of transformed lymphocytes. The relatively rapid reaction to these determinants is consistent with prior in vivo exposure.


The interferon refractory state. II. Biological characterization of a refractoriness-inducing protein. When L929 cells were treated with samples collected from cells or mice producing interferon, almost complete refractoriness to subsequent interferon induction was observed. The relationship of this refractoriness-inducing product (RIP) to the antiviral activity of the samples was determined. Using interferon in the pretreatment sample as a measure of RIP concentration, a semilog plot of the pretreatment interferon titer and interferon subsequently produced, resulted in an approximately linear relationship between 10 and 100 units of interferon in the pretreatment sample. This relationship was largely independent of multiplicity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) used to produce interferon in the treated monolayers. A 2- to 6-fold temporal differentiation in the refractoriness-inducing activity and the antiviral activities was obtained both in vitro and in vivo. Supernatants collected 48 hr after NDV infection of L929 cells had 2- to 4-fold more refractoriness-inducing activity than those collected earlier. In serum of ICR mice given poly rIn:rCn-poly-D-lysine, a quantitatively similar temporal increase in refractoriness-inducing activity was observed. Treatment of L929 cells with cycloheximide resulted in a 4-fold increase in interferon production. At equivalent interferon concentrations, supernatants from the cycloheximide-treated monolayers inhibited interferon production 4-fold less than did comparable supernatants from non-cycloheximide-treated monolayers. Soluble cell extracts inhibited interferon production to a greater degree than did extracellular preparations. The protein nature of the refractoriness-inducing activity was suggested by its trypsin sensitivity. These findings suggest that the refractoriness-inducing and antiviral activities of interferon preparations result from different proteins.


The effect of fluorescein conjugation on Fc-dependent properties of rabbit antibody. Conjugation of rabbit antibody with fluorescein isothiocyanate results in loss of the ability of that antibody to fix complement, mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, or participate in cytophilic binding to macrophage surfaces. Fluorescein, perhaps because of molecular size or configuration, is a more potent suppressor of Fc function than are other reagents previously studied in this regard.


Rat cell surface antigens. II. Isolation of a minor histocompatibility antigen. A cell surface antigen was isolated from soluble extracts of rat lymphoid cells. Molecular weight of the purified antigen was estimated by SDS gel electrophoresis to be 10 to 20,000 daltons. Physical as well as immunologic properties of this antigen do not resemble those of any known antigenic product of the major histocompatibility locus of the rat. It is therefore proposed that it is a rat minor histocompatibility antigen.


Human C3 and C5: subunit structure and modifications by trypsin and C42-C423. The subunit composition of human C3 and C5 was analyzed. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the fully reduced and dissociated proteins disclosed a similar structure, consisting of one alpha and beta subunit, linked together by one or more disulfide bonds. The approximate molecular weights for the alpha and beta subunits of C3 as well as C5 were 140,000 and 80,000 respectively. C42 caused cleavage solely of C3alpha, whereas trypsin affected both C3alpha as well as C3beta. A characteristic subunit modification by both enzmes indicated that C3alpha constitutes the source of C3a. C423 as well as trypsin exclusively affect C5alpha. C5a therefore appears to originate from the C5alpha subunit. The mode of primary cleavage by C423 and trypsin differs, giving rise to different forms of C5b. The questions is raised if multiple forms of C5a also exist. It appeared from our studies that certain forms of C5b may retain portions of the alpha subunit, which could potentially release some biologically active split products following secondary cleavage by the appropriate enzyme.


Anti-dinitrophenyl antibody production in strain 13 guinea pigs fed or sensitized with dinitrochlorobenzene. Guinea pigs fed dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in corn oil become unresponsive tosensitization by later percutaneous applications of DNCB in olive oil. Sera taken from animals after feeding DNCB or after feeding and intradermal stimulation with DNCB contained no antibody detectable with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-labeled T4 bacteriophage; if any antibody was present, its concentration was below 2 mu g/ml. Guinea pigs fed DNCB and then immunized with DNP on a foreign carrier, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), produced as much antibody 16 to 18 days later as did animals which had only been sensitized by intradermal injection of DNCB in phosphate-buffered saline and then immunized with DNP-KLH. The amount of antibody produced to DNP-KLH WAS MEASURED AT INTERVALS. In the fed animals, the titer either remained approximately the same or increased with time. In contrast, the sera of sensitized guinea pigs contained a decreasing antibody titer when the first and last bleedings were compared. Isoelectric focusing was carried out with sera from DNP-KLH-immunized animals after the sera were first mixed with a radiolabeled hapten. The antibody-hapten profiles revealed that the DNCB-fed animalss contained predominatly IgG2 in their serum by the time of their initial bleedings, whereas sensitized animals still contained a considerable proportion of more acidic antibodies having marked charge heterogeneity. Equilibrium dialysis measurements onpurified antibody from fed animals indicated an average binding affinity for hapten equivalent to that of purified antibody from sensitized animals. Feeding of DNCB did not cause any obvious decrease in the number of lymphoid cells able to bind 125I-labeled guinea pig IgG. Lack of reduction of the average binding affinity coupled with the retention of antigen-binding lymphoid cells, permit the conclusion that feeding DNCB to guinea pigs under the conditions used did not induce an unresponsiveness or a deletion of those cells which have the potential to produce anti-DNP antibody. Thus, feeding of guinea pigs with DNCB in oil seems to induce a central tolerance at the T cell level with adversely affecting their B lymphocytes. The antibody response obtained by immunization with DNP conjugated to a foreign carrier is not only quantitatively equivalent to that obtained in control animals but qualitatively it appeared to be more mature with respect to charge at a relatively early time (16 to 18 days. Since the antibody levels in serum from fed animals increased or remained approximately constant with time instead of waning as occurred in the DNCB-sensitized animals, feeding or sensitization with DNCB may also have affected some cell or cell product important in the regulation of antibody production.


Specific stimulatory and cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes sensitized in vitro to either alloantigens or tumor antigens. Lymph node cells (LNC) or spleen cells from normal BALB/c mice were sensitized in vitro by co-cultivation with mitomycin C-treated allogeneic sarcoma cells, and their reactivity measured with a microcytotoxicity assay. Following 5 days of sensitization, a specific cytotoxic effect against tumor cells carrying the sensitizing alloantigens was observed; this is in agreement with previously published findings. Lymphoid cells tested after 3 days of sensitization, however, specifically increased the number of target cells remaining in the Microtest plates at the conclusion of the microcytotoxicity assays. LNC from normal BALB/c mice were also sensitized in vitro against tumor specific antigens using four different methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas of BALB/c origin. After 6 days of sensitization the LNC were specifically cytotoxic for the immunizing tumor cell line. After 3 days of sensitization, however, the LNC gave a specific increase of the number of remaining target tumor cells.


Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity: modulation by the cytochalasins and microtubule-disruptive agents. Cytochalasin B was shown to inhibit lysis of antibody-coated target cells by effector cells from rabbit spleen and lymph node. The inhibitory activity was dose-dependent and reversible. At low concentrations of cytochalasin B (0.15 to 0.3 mug/ml) enhancement of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity was observed. The drug appeared to act at an early stage of the lytic pathway after effector cell-target cell interaction, but before triggering of the cytotoxic event. Cytochalasin A was shown to be a more potent but similarly reversible inhibitor of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. No enhancement of cytotoxicity was seen at non-inhibitory concentrations of cytochalasin A. The microtubule-disruptive agents colchicine (10-4 M), vinblastine (10-5 M) and colcemid (10-6 M) did not influence antibody-dependent cytotoxicity at concentrations which were not toxic to the effector cells. Our results suggest that antibody-dependent cytotoxicity is a surface membrane-initiated process and microtubule-associated functions are not essential.


Macrophage heterogeneity in receptor activity: the activation of macrophage Fc receptor function in vivo and in vitro. The Fc receptor activity of single macrophages and of distinct macrophage populations was examined in terms of cellular avidity for IgG antibody by using a rosette assay which permits characterization of receptor activity at the cellular level and quantitation of any changes in such receptor activity. Marked heterogeneity was shown to exist within normal populations of macrophages. Both normal peritoneal and alveolar macrophage populations exhibit a normal or logistic distribution of cellular avidities for IgG antibody. The mean avidity of the peritoneal population, however, was found to be approximately 3 times greater than that of the alveolar population. Moreover, alveolar macrophages possess a range of cellular avidities 3 times greater than that of peritoneal macrophages. Comparison of normal unstimulated peritoneal macrophages and induced inflammatory exudate macrophages revealed a 6-fold increase in the proportion of high avidity cells in the latter population. Normal peritoneal and normal alveolar macrophages were shown to undergo a striking increase in Fc receptor activity in vitro. Under certain conditions of culture these cells acquire the antibody-binding capacity characteristic of high avidity cells in the inflammatory exudate population. Fresh guinea pig serum was shown to prevent this activation of Fc receptor function in vitro. Aged guinea pig serum was somewhat less effective. The serum factor(s) responsible appears to be consumed or exhausted in some way by macrophages. It is heat stable and has a molecular weight of less than 100,000 daltons. Serum IgF was found not to be involved in the effects of fresh serum on receptor activation in vitro. The activation of Fc receptor function described here may facilitate both the presentation of antigen to specific T lymphocytes and the antibody dependent killing of tumor cells by macrophages. Changes in receptor activity of the kind described may thus play an important regulatory role in the induction of an immune response and in the effector mechanisms of immunologic surveillance.


The transfer of tolerance to DNCB-contact sensitivity in guinea pigs by parabiosis. Normal guinea pigs parabiosed for 10 days with guinea pigs tolerant to DNCB-contact sensitivity became completely and permanently unresponsive when sensitized after parabiosis lasting 10 days and partially tolerant when sensitized after parabiosis lasting 2 days. On the other hand, tolerant parabionts became hypersensitive when parabiosed with normal partners which had been sensitized on the day of the operation or before the parabiosis was effected. From these results it is concluded that tolerance to DNCB-contact sensitivity in guinea pigs is a positive phenomenon affecting the afferent branch of the immune response.


The effect of oral contraceptives on folate metabolism. III. Plasma clearance and urinary folate excretion. The plasma clearance of folic acid (PGA) and urinary excretion of folates were determined in women on oral contraceptives and in control subjects. The initial phase of plasma clearance of PGA (first 5 minutes) was much faster in oral contraceptive users than in the controls, but the subsequent rate of clearance was the same in the two groups. There was a good correlation between the 12-hour urinary folate excretion and serum or red cell folate in both groups. The women on oral contraceptives excreted more folate in their urine for any given level of serum or red cell folate. The increased urinary folate excretion may partly explain the lower serum and red cell folate in oral contraceptive users.


Production of hydrogen peroxide by phagocytizing human granulocytes. A rapid and sensitive method is described for the quantitative determination of H202 produced by phagocytizing human granulocytes. For this purpose, the method of Keston and Brandt was mechanized, which is based on the oxidation of nonfluorescent leukociacetyl-2,7-dichlorofluorescein to a fluorescent compound by H202 in the presence of peroxidase. The optimal conditions for this test were determined. H202 in water can be measured in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 muM, with a standard deviation of 1.2 per cent at 0.4 muM (n = 1-). The production of H2O2 by phagocytizing granulocytes could only be measured in a medium which contained phosphate-buffered salt, albumin, glucose, NaN3, and IgG-coated latex particles. The fluorescence signal was catalase-sensitive. Of known amounts of H202, added to this medium, 97 per cent were recovered. Under optimal conditions we found a H2O2 production of 970 plus or minus 170 mumoles per 10-10 cells per hour (10 different healthy donors), corresponding to 50 to 70 per cent of the observed increase in O2 consumption. No H2O2 was produced by phagocytizing granulocytes from 2 patients with chronic granulomatous disease, while intermediate values were found in the cells from heterozygotes.


Cobalt excretion test as index of iron absorption and diagnostic test for iron deficiency. A cobalt excretion test was performed in 50 patients with various, mainly hematologic, disorders and was found to be an accurate and easily obtainable index of iron absorption. The test was found to be of very limited value in predicting iron stores. The cobalt excretion test may have some usefulness as a simple, apparently safe, noninvasive test for identification of persons with iron depletion resulting from uncomplicated blood loss. However, in more complex circumstances, it fails to differentiate iron deficiency anemia from anemia due to other causes.


Nitrogen metabolism in the perfused cirrhotic liver of the rat. The isolated perfused liver of the cirrhotic rat produces greater quantities of ammonia from endogenous sources or from added alanine than do control livers. It also fails to take up ammonia. In these cirrhotic livers ethanol increases ammonia production in the presence of alanine. When cirrhotic rats had received a normal diet for 10 days before perfusion, the output of ammonia from endogenous sources and from added alanine is partially restored to normal. The addition of ethanol in the presence of alanine to the perfusate of these cirrhotic livers then results in an increased rate of production of glutamine rather than of ammonia. A normal diet given these cirrhotic animals restores the uptake of ammonia to that seen in the control animals but, unlike the normal animals, the addition of ornithine increases neither the uptake of ammonia nor the output of urea. In the normal animals this effect of ornithine on the uptake of ammonia is abolished by ethanol. It is concluded that cirrhotic rat liver is a source of endogenous ammonia and that the magnitude of that contribution is modified by diet and by ethanol.


Hereditary orotic aciduria: results of a screening survey. Urine from 1,358 mentally retarded subjects was screened for the presence of elevated concentrations of orotic acid and orotidine. This survey was conducted in search of occult variants of hereditary orotic aciduria which might be associated with mental retardation. Although no homozygous variants were detected, 9 subjects with persistently abnormal urinary screening tests were discovered. Assays of erythrocyte orotidylate decarboxylase and phosphoribosyltransferase enzymes showed deficient activities for 2 of these subjects typically found in red cells of persons heterozygous for hereditary orotic aciduria. The same studies were conducted on urine and blood samples from the families of the affected subjects, and additional family members were also found to be affected. Detection of two unrelated heterozygotes among so small a screened population suggests, as previously noted, a higher frequency of the abnormal gene than that indicated by the extreme rarity of the homozygous condition. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the urinary screening test mass surveys and indicates the need for further study of the prevalence of the mutant gene.


Glomerulotubular relationships in glomerulonephritis. Clearance techniques were employed to examine glomerulotubular relationships in a model of chronic glomerulonephritis in the rat. Clearance ratios were found to be equal in both kidneys in the same animals, indicating that the nephron population was functioning in a homogeneous manner. Glucose titration curves were normal and this finding also indicates that glomerulotubular relationships were intact for the composite nephron population. In contrast to models of chronic renal disease with nonglomerular lesions, nephron filtration rate was reduced in these animals. However, the animals still exhibited a capacity to respond to contralateral nephrectomy by increasing filtration rate in the residual nephrons.


A time-dependent increase in the responsiveness of platelet-rich plasma to epinephrine. The variable responsiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to epinephrine and collagen was studied. These studies revealed that as PRP is allowed to stand at room temperature it becomes progressively more responsive to the aggregating effects of epinephrine and collagen. Samples of PRP obtained from 10 normal subjects showed only 8 plus or minus 8 per cent aggregation when tested after 5 minutes with "near threshold" concentrations of epinephrine. After 45 minutes the addition of the same concentrations of epinephrine to portions taken from the same samples of PRP yielded 72 plus or minus 12 per cent aggregation. Although similar results were obtained with "near threshold" concentrations of collagen, the variability of responsiveness to collagen could be easily overcome by increasing the collagen concentration. Such was not the case with epinephrine, and, a time-dependent acquisition of responsiveness was demonstrable over a broad range of epinephrine concentration. These findings suggest that variations in the amount of platelet aggregation observed with epinephrine may be a reflection of differences in the time factor involved in testing. This time factor should be taken into account before epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation curves are compared and defined as "normal" or "abnormal".


Antagonism between chloramphenicol and penicillin in streptococcal endocarditis in rabbits. Antagonism between chloramphenicol (CHL) and penicillin (PCH) was studied in rabbits with Streptococcus viridans endocarditis. PCN alone or preceded 1 hour by CHL was injected twice a day starting 6 hours or 3 days after infection. In animals treated 6 hours after infection, vegetations contained mean log colony-forming units (CFU):3.0 per gram in PCN animals and 3.7 in PCN + CHL animals (P greater than 0.05) after 24 hours of treatment and 2.4 in PCN animals and 4.3 in PCN + CHL animals (P greater than 0.01) after 48 hours. In animlas treated 3 days after infection, vegetations contained mean log CFU: 3.8 per gram in PCN animals and 5.2 in PCN + CHL animals (P greater than 0.01) after 72 hours of treatment and 1.7 in PCN animals and 2.5 in PCH + CHL animals (P greater than 0.05) after 5 days. The antibiotic antagonism demonstrated in these studies could be reduced by injecting CHL 1 hour after PCN instead of 1 hour before PCN.


Concurrent separation of plasma and of viable blood cells. Fractions of viable, morphologically intact erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets were isolated concurrently with plasma from single samples of human blood. The four compartments were separated immediately after the collection of blood as well as at different times up to 120 minutes after the drawing. In addition, the cellular separation was applied at various intervals after the initial removal of plasma. All steps of the procedure were carried out at room temperature using simple laboratory equipment. The cross-contamination of the cellular fractions, obtained in yields ranging from 33 per cent to 69 percent was less than 5 per cent. More than 96 per cent of the isolated cells excluded trypan blue and retained lactate dehydrogenase. Regardless of the conditions of separation, the cellular contents of potassium in erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets were constant, averaging 270, 387, and 209 nEq. per milligram of protein, respectively. The isolated cells also maintained high ratios of cellular K+/Na+, except after their delayed isolation following the initial separation of plasma. Under the latter conditions, the cells were characterized by a gain in cellular sodium despite an unchanged content of potassium. The separation procedure was routinely applied to 5 to 10 ml. samples of blood, obtained from randomly selected volunteer subjects.


Labyrinthine window rupture.

Labyrinthine window rupture. Some cases of sensorineural deafness are due to labyrinthine window rupture. Three cases have been presented to illustrate different aspects of diagnosis and managment of this condition. The indications for surgical intervention have been discussed. The importance of making the diagnosis is that operation can relieve vertigo and restore the hearing.


Water intoxication after hypophysectomy. A case of excessive water retention after hypophysectomy is recorded. Its probable cause, inappropriate secretion of ADH, is explained and the diagnosis and management discussed. Three other recorded cases occurring after hypophyseal surgery are mentioned. The importance of postoperative electrolyte measurements in early diagnosis and management is emphasized.


Plasmacytoma of middle ear and upper respiratory tract. The first case of extramedullary plasmacytoma of middle ear is reported. One case of plasmacytoma of the nasal cavity alone and another of the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus have also been described. Some of the problems in diagnosis and management have been discussed.


Arterial epistaxis.

Arterial epistaxis. If arterial ligation is contemplated and the site of bleeding has not been identified it is reasonable to ligate the external carotid or maxillary artery, on the basis that this vessel supplies the major part of the nose. If bleeding persists in spite of ligation, this does not mean that the wrong vessel has been tied off but that arterial anastomoses are allowing blood to seep from the ethmoidal to the sphenopalatine area of the nose. If the anterior ethmoidal artery is to be ligated it is worth remembering that in 14-3 per cent of cases the anterior ethmoidal artery is absent unilaterally and in 2-4 per cent of cases absent bilaterally (Shaheen, 1967). The presence of a foramen with a periosteal cuff going through it does not necessarily mean that there is an artery present (Fig. 23). Finally, the blood vessel changes which occur and which are responisble for the persistence of nose bleeds in the elderly are a collagenous change in the muscle coat of medium and small arteries and calcification (not atheroma) in the larger feeding vessels.


Surgical anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa. The pterygopalatine fossa is the distribution centre for the main vessels and nerves of the middle third of the face. Its surgical anatomy is discussed, with particular emphasis on the relationship between the medical plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and the vertical plate of the palatine bone; the position of the several foramina is reviewed also. It is stressed that the vascular contents of the pterygopalatine fossa lie in a coronal plane, anterior to the neural contents. Finally, a short review is given of the different surgical approaches to the pterygopalatine fossa. It is concluded that the transantral approach to the fossa, as originally described by Carnochan (1858), still seems to be the best way to gain access to this space.


Eustachian tubal function: changes throughout childhood and neuro-muscular control. The anatomy of the cartilaginous Eustachian tube is the key to function and malfunctions. Serial sections of the tube at various ages show that there are very considerable anatomical changes throughout childhood during which period the tensor palati is the muscle of prime importance. It is suggested that both tensor palati and tensor tympani are functionally tubal muscles and might, perhaps, be termed "extrinsic muscles of the ear". Together they largely control tubal opening. Some clinical implications may be drawn from these anatomical observations.


Environmental factors in glue ear.

Environmental factors in glue ear. A survey of school children suffering from chronic secretory otitis media over an eight-year period compares the incidence in a city area and country area and various areas within the city. A factor in the causation of the condition appears to be poor living conditions and air pollution. An increase in the incidence occurred in both areas following a winter in which there was an exceptional incidence of influenza.


Study of the human internal auditory canal in relation to age and sex. The relation of the dimensions and shape of the normal internal auditory canal with age and sex have been studied statisically on 242 paired human ears. With this study the investigation of the human internal auditory canal has been completed as regards its dimensions, shape and volume and their relation to age and sex.


A surgical approach for a cochlear implant: an anatomical study. This study has demonstrated the anatomical relations of the cochlea to structures in the medial wall of the tympanum, and has shown that surgical access can be obtained to the terminal auditory nerve fibres supplying the basal, middle and apical turns of the cochlea. It is suggested that a cochlear implantation should be carried out in two stages. The first stage should be modified radical mastoidectomy, and in the second stage electrode arrays should be implanted into the three cochlear turns through openings made in the proximal and distal portions of the basal turn, and the distal portion of the middle turn.


Genetic control of macrophage functions. I. Polygenic regulation of phagocytosis stimulation produced by Glyceryl Trioleate. The phagocytic index K, established from the rate of blood clearance of colloidal carbon, measures the phagocytic activity of RE macrophages in contact with the circulating blood. The intravenous injection of glyceryl trioleate (triolein) produces a marked stimulation of the phagocytic activity of RE macrophages. This response is higher in the female than in the male mice. The phenotypic character "responsiveness of macrophage to triolein" presents large individual variants in population of random bred albinos mice. This character is submitted to polygenic regulation. Starting from a foundation population of 25 males and 25 females random bred albinos, mice, two lines were separated by selective breeding for the character "responsiveness to triolein": a "high" responder line, KTH, and a "low" responder line, KTL. After 26 consecutive generations of selective breeding, KTH mice present a very high response to triolein while KTL mice are almost irresponsive. The heritability of this character (h2) calculated from the interline divergence is of 12% plus or minus 1. This value of h2 indicates that the character investigated is determined by the cumulative effect of a group of about 27 independently segregating loci. The distribution of the character in (KTH plus KTL)F1 and their backcrosses with parental lines suggests that low responsiveness is dominant over high responsiveness. The genetic regulation of responsiveness to triolein is independent from the dose administered. These results are discussed in relation to the importance of genetic factors controlling macrophage functions involved in lipid metabolism and in the specific mechanisms of immunity.


Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis mediated by cartilage. Capillary proliferation induced by tumor is shown to be inhibited by neonatal scapular cartilage. Using the rabbit cornea as an assay, the cartilage implant decreased the rate of capillary growth, induced by tumor, by an average of 75%.  Vascularization was prevented completely in 28% of tumors. The inhibitory effect of small cartilage implants operates over distances of up to 2.0 mm and displays a gradient from the cartilage source. The experiments suggest that the cartilage inhibitor does not antagonize tumor angiogenesis factor, but appears to inhibit capillary proliferation directly. The inhibitory material does not elicit an inflammatory response in either the rabbit cornea or in the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Thus with further purification, it may prove useful as a means of maintining tumor dormancy by "antiangiogenesis."


Assessment in vitro of immunity against Toxoplasma gondii. Studies have been made on humoral and cellular immune respones in mice immunized with an attenuated strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Heat-inactivated antitoxoplasma serum did not cause morphologic changes in the organisms, but did markedly influence their interactions with host cells. Toxoplasma exposed to antibody were no longer capable of entering fibroblasts or HeLa cells. They were readily engulfed by macrophages, but the antibody treatment strikingly altered the intracellular fate of the parasites leading to killing and digestion of the toxoplasmas in phagolysosomes. Addition of antitoxoplasma antibody immediately after infection of macrophages in vitro had no effect on intracellular multiplication of the organism. The division time of virulent toxoplasmas in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro was markedly prolonged in cells from immunized mice. During the first 2-3 mo after immunization, the macrophages harvested from the peritoneal cavity demonstrated this cellular immunity directly; thereafter exposure of the macrophages to immune lymphocytes and toxoplasma antigen, or to supernates from such an interaction was required for induction of the maximal capacity to inhibit growth of toxoplasmas. Induction of the alternation in macrophages by the lymphocyte product was detectable in 6 h and maximal at 18-24 h. Cultivation in vitro of macrophages from immunized animals for periods longer than 48 h rendered the cells nonresponsive to the immune lymphocyte-toxoplasma product. Macrophages from the peritoneal cavities of normal, nonimmunized mice were also incapable of developing the capacity to inhibit growth of toxoplasmas in response to this product. The nonresponsiveness of normal macrophages, or of macrophages cultured for several days in vitro was not changed by exposure of the cells to antitoxoplasma serum.


Interaction of soluble fibroblast surface antigen with fribrinogen and fibrin. A cell-type specific glycoprotein antigen (SFA) from fibroblast surface appears in human plasma and serum. The amount of SFA in serum was reduced if the blood coagulation clot was removed at a low temperature. SFA could be bound to Sepharose-conjugated fibrinogen and to fibrin powder at 0 degrees C and was subsequently released when the temperature was elevated to plus 37 degrees C. This procedure resulted in a 10-fold enrichment of SFA relative to other serum proteins. SFA was found to be concentrated in the cryoprecipitate fraction of human plasma and was copurified with the cold insoluble globulin (CIG) with procedures published for the purification of the latter component. SFA/CIG is not soluble at low temperatures as such and its appearance in the cryoprecipitate fraction of plasma is likely to be due to its affinity to cryofibrinogen evident from these experiments. The biological significance of the interaction of fibroblast surface SFA moleculres with fibrin(ogen) is not known.


Genetic linkage between serum levels of the third component of complement and the H-2 complex. AKR/J (H-2kk) mice have higher serum C3 levels than DBA/2J (H-2dd). The F1 hybrids have intermediate levels. Analysis of the progeny of backcrosses at 21 days of age shows that C3 levels in mice of H-2dk type are significantly higher than those with H-2dd type and lower than those with H-2kk type. In addition, mice of H-2kk, H-2dk, and H-2dd types have C3 levels not significantly different from those of AKR/J, AKD2F1, and DBA/2J respectively. These findings demonstrate linkage between a gene controlling C3 levels and the H-2 complex.


The differential effects of prenatal and postnatal audiogenic stress on fluctuating dental asymmetry. Audiogenic stress has been shown to have an effect on the development of molar teeth. The present study demonstrates the relative contribution of prenatal and postnatal stress components to increases in fluctuating dental asymmetry in the laboratory rat. It is shown that there is a limit to the amount of change which can be environmentally induced and that if this limit is reached with prenatal stress, postnatal stress will have no significant effect. Audiogenic stress is shown to effect differentially  mandibular and maxillary first molars. Length is stable for the maxillary dentition and width is stable in the mandibular molars.


Sperm release evoked by electrical stimulation of the fish brain: a functional-anatomical study. Acute brain stimulation experiments were carried out in anesthetized male green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus. Semen discharge was evoked consistently by low level electrical stimulation (100 muA or less) in the following areas: the preoptic region, dorsal hypothalamus, thalamus, midbrain tegmentum and the basolateral midbrain and medulla. Areas which were stimulated repeatedly at 100 muA and were always negative for sperm release included: the telencephalon with the exception of the preoptic region, the optic tectum, the cerebellum, the inferior lobe of the hypothalamus, the nucleus rotundus and the dorsal medulla. Removal of most of the optic tectum and cerebellum failed to block reponses evoked from the preoptic area; however, they were usually eliminated by transecting the rostral spinal cord. Electrical stimulation of an isolated 4 mm segment of spinal cord located at the third vertebral level resulted in sperm release, indicating that adequate mechanisms for semen discharge are present within the upper spinal cord. The results of this study suggest that a sperm release system in the green sunfish extends from the preoptic area to the spinal cord passing through the hypothalamus, midbrain tegmentum and basal midbrain and medulla.


The role of a normal lens in Wolffian lens regeneration. The mid-ventral third of the iris was excised from 61 adult Notophthalmus viridescens hosts, and the mid-dorsal third of the iris from donor eyes was implanted in its place. After the iris healed and the host lens was removed, two lens regenerates developed, one from the host and one from the transplanted iris. The host regenerate was removed 53-91 days after the first lentectomy. Animals were sacrificed 1-40 days after the second lentectomy. A lens developed from the host dorsal iris IN THE PRESENCE OF A NORMAL REGENERATED LENS IN 75% OF THE CASES. A large space was present between the transplant derived lens and host iris for approximately 20 days after the removal of the host lens at lentectomy 2. Stimulatory factor(s) from the neural retina could reach the competent iris through this space, inducing it to regenerate a lens. Therefore, contact between the normal lens and iris probably acts to prevent lens regeneration. In other experiments, variable amounts of neural retina from either adult or larval donors were implanted into the anterior chamber of adult newt eyes in which the lens, iris and neural retina remained in their normal relationships. Implants also contained dorsal iris, ventral iris, or no iris at all. Competent iris tissue, stimulated by the implanted retina, showed only early stages of lens regeneration, but larval retina effected a greater response than adult retina. This limited response may result from the small amount of retina in the implant, a deficiency in retinal stimulus, or a competition for the retinal factor(s) by competent iris tissues.


Synthesis of soluble protein in oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Oocytes of five stages of development were isolated from ovaries of Xenopus laevis and allowed to take up radioactive amino acids. After six hours of labeling the amount of label incorporated into perchloric acid precipitable material from the soluble oocyte fraction and the specific activity of the label free pool was determined. From these figures an estimate of the rate of protein synthesis was calculated. Labeled soluble protein from each oocyte stage was analyzed by electrophoresis on SDS polyacrylamide gels. The gel was dried and autoradiographed to determine the qualitative pattern of soluble protein synthesis during various stages of oogenesis. Our results indicate that no significant differences exist in the rate of protein synthesis among any of the stages of oogenesis investigated. The qualitative pattern of soluble protein synthesized during the labeling period is similar among the oocyte stages. Moreover, this qualitative pattern of soluble protein synthesis is the same as the pattern of soluble protein accumulated up to that time during oogenesis. These results suggest a stable synthesis and accumulation of maternal protein products during Xenopus oogenesis, in marked contrast to the results that have been reported for RNA synthesis during oogenesis in Xenopus. Our results are discussed in terms of the present understanding of the process of maternal information accumulation.


The effects of castration on song development in zebra finches (Poephila guttata). It has been suggested that the learning processes which occur during the critical period for bird song development are dependent on adrogens. Castration of male zebra finches (Poephila guttata, Estrildidae) at ages 9-17 days did not prevent song development, and normal learning occurred after the time of castration. Thus the learning processes of song development occur in the absence of gonadal androgens. Castrates tended to develop song more slowly than normals, which is potentially attributable to a decreased rate of singing in the castrates, or to a direct effect of androgen on the learning processes.


The quantitative role of hemocyanin in aerobic respiration of limulus polyphemus. Measurements of the total oxygen content of post- and prebranchial blood in Limulus polyphemus indicate that hemocyanin transports less than half of the oxygen consumed in water but almost 90% in air. Half of the increase in hemocyanin function during air exposure is due to the occurrence of a reverse Bohr effect.


Initiation factor distribution in Xenopus laevis eggs. The distribution of activity similar to that of one of the initiation factors (IF2) was determined as a function of developmental stage in Xenopus laeviseggs and embryos. In vivo exposure of mature oocytes to hormone increases the total amount of detectable factor activity and facilitates the binding of IF2-like factor to ribosomes. The quality of factor bound is not correlated with polysome content.


Immunological immobilization of detached rabbit sperm tails. Motile rabbit sperm tails that lack heads are immobilized by antibody plus complement. Accordingly, immunological immobilization may not necessarily require the extensive sperm acrosomal damage previously reported in immobilized normal sperm.


A maximal predictive classification of Klebsielleae and of the yeasts. The concepts of the numerical method of maximal predictive classification are illustrated with classifications of 13 species of enterobacteria and of 434 species of yeast. The method seeks to classify into a specified number of classes (k) such that more correct statements can be made about the constituent members than with any other classification. The best choice of k relates to the separation of the classes as measured by the average number of correct statements made for an individual assigned to a class to which it does not belong. The maximal predictive classifications are compared with previous classifications of the two groups, which seem to be poor predictively (in terms of the characters considered in this study). The results suggest that taxonomists may be more concerned with maximizing class separation rather than with prediction, but many more groups of organisms would need similar study before this view could be held with confidence.


The effect of cytochalasin B on hyphal morphogenesis in Polyporus biennis. Cytochalasin B inhibited the radial growth rate of Polyporus biennis, and caused an increase in hyphal density through a reduction in the distance between successive branches. Cytochalasin B also produced irregular hyphal profiles and, in a small percentage of hyphae, forked apices. The position of clamp connexions was little affected by cytochalasin B, but the developmental process was specifically inhibited during initiation and during the last two stages, when contact and dissolution of the clamp were occurring. There were no major disruptions of the ultrastructure of the dolipore/parenthesome septum caused by cytochalasin B treatment.


Attempts to induce tumours with nucleic acid preparations from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Nucleic acid preparations from Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend) Conn. have been tested for tumorigenic activity on a number of bioassay systems including carrot root explants, sunflower and tobacco stem segments, callus cultures of sunflower, tobacco and carrot, and sunflower stems. The methods used to isolate and test the DNA included those which have been reported to be successful for the induction of tumours. Strict precautions were taken to ensure that the DNA samples used in the tests were free of viable bacterial cells. In the large number of tests carried out under various experimental conditions there was no evidence for the induction of tumours with bacterial DNA.


Studies on the physiological significance of the lack of a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Hyphomicrobium sp. Hyphomicrobium X was grown in media containing either methanol or ethanol as a carbon and energy source, with or without additional organic carbon sources. The organism transported pyruvate, malate and succinate into the cells, and incorporated their carbon skeletons into cellular material, but when each of these compounds was added as sole carbon and energy source none supported growth of the organism. Enzymic analysis of crude cell-free extracts failed to detect either a complete pyruvate dehydrogenase complex or an active E1 component. Furthermore, oxygen uptake experiments with whole cell suspensions did not show any oxidation of pyruvate, succinate or malate. The distribution of radioactivity amongst the amino acids in hydrolysates of cell protein obtained from organisms grown in the presence of [14C]pyruvate, [14C]acetate or [14C]succinate indicated that the organism is limited in its ability to metabolize pyruvate. Growth in the presence of [14C]pyruvate resulted in 93% of the total radioactivity recovered being associated with amino acids derived directly from pyruvate. In contrast, growth in the presence of [14C]acetate or [14C]succinate resulted in more-or-less uniform labelling of all biogenic classes of amino acids. These results are consistent with the lack of an active pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which would make it impossible for Hyphomicrobium X to convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and to generate energy from carbon compounds for which the energy metabolism relies on oxidation through tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates.


Involvement of a recombination repair function in disciplined cell division of Micrococcus radiodurans. When a culture of the temperature-sensitive DNA mutant Micrococcus radiodurans tsI is irradiated with a sublethal dose of ultraviolet or ionizing radiation and is plated immediately, all the bacteria give rise, after 36 h incubation, to colonies identical to those derived from unirradiated bacteria. However, when the irradiated population is held at its restrictive temperature (39 degrees C) (restrictive temperature holding) for 3 h before being plated, less than 0-1% of the surviving bacteria give rise to normal colonies, the rest producing, after incubation for 96 h, small malformed colonies. Qualitatively, the same effect is observed when u.v.-irradiated wild-type M. radiodurans is incubated at 39 degrees C in the presence of nalidixic acid before plating. Compared with the loss of viability, the loss of normal colony development as a function of the radiation dose is sensitive, having I/e values of 210 ergs/mm2 for u.v. radiation and of 4 to 5 krad for 60Co gamma-radiation. These are identical to the radiation dose-response values of a recombination-deficient mutant of M. radiodurans. At first the abnormal colonies consist entirely of giant bacteria but eventually a few bacteria with normal morphology appear and because of their much faster generation time a highly sectored colony results. These colonies can be "rescued" by plating the irradiated bacteria held at 39 degrees C on agar containing pantoyl lactone, their growth being identical to that of unirradiated bacteria. Abnormal colony development is not a general phenomenon in temperature-sensitive mutants of M. radiodurans but occurs in those mutants which are sensitized to radiation when held at 39 degrees C. It is concluded that these abnormal colonies are produced as a result of a defect in a recombination function and that this function is also involved in the regulation of normal cell division.


The influence of emetine on the induction of interferon by poly-I: poly-C in Swiss mice. The effect of emetine on the in vivo production of interferon by Swiss mice stimulated with poly-i: poly-C, was studied. 100 mug of emetine per mouse yielded a 16-fold increase in interferon production. Maximal production of interferon was achieved 2 h after the simultaneous injection of emetine and poly-I: poly-C.


The effect of signal probability, food intake, sex, and smoking on gustation, as measured by the theory of signal detection. The possibility of applying Signal Detection Theory (SDT) to gustation was investigated by testing the effect of three variables--smoking, signal probability, and food intake (confounded with time of day)--on the taste sensitivity to sucrose of 24 male and 24 female Ss. No main effects or interactions were significant. The study indicated a "warm-up" effect, while adaptation was questionable. An analysis of false alarm (FA) reports was undertaken and discussed. Correlations were obtained between numerous variables and sensitivity. None of the correlations was statistically significant. It was concluded that although SDT is theoretically applicable to the gustatory modality, it is not practical for large-scale research.


The role of perceptual cues in the trapezoid oscillatory illusion. The present experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that binocular disparity functions as a veridical cue, and linear perspective as a nonveridical cue in the perception of a rotating trapezoid. Three trapezoids with proportionately increasing slope were viewed by 10 subjects through viewing screens designed to control the availability of binocular disparity. Monocular and binocular viewing conditions were employed. The dependent variable, proportion of perceived oscillation, was analyzed by a factorial analysis of variance and appropriate post hoc tests. The obtained data indicate that increasing the availability of binocular disparity by increasing viewing screen width favors veridical rotation perception. When the binocular depth cue was attenuated by decreasing viewing screen width, the observer relied on linear perspective, and non-veridical oscillation perception was favored. As linear perspective was increased by increasing trapezoid slope, perceived oscillation increased both monocularly and binocularly. However, for any level of linear perspective, monocular viewing invariabily produced more oscillation than binocular viewing, indicating that monocular depth cues (movement parallax and interposition) were not as effective at neutralizing the illusory perspective effect as the binocular disparity cue.


Visual memory for place on the page.

Visual memory for place on the page. Sixty-four Ss were asked to read a lengthy prose passage and were subsequently tested for (a) information recall, (b) memory for location of information answers; and (c) discrimination of information answers in a multiple-choice (MC) task. In aggrement with previous studies, spatial memory was highly reliable and significantly greater for correct than incorrect information answers. However, the present experiments showed that cueing Ss to a spatial test did not raise the level of spatial recall over that for a noncued group. Further, proportion of both item and spatial recall was found to increase directly with degree of visual memory for location as indexed by a five-point subjective knowledge scale. There was also a general trend for multiple-choice performance ot improve as degree of visual knowledge for an answer's true location increased. It is apparent that visually mediated spatial memory is a fundamental attribute when text material is encoded, and may be of mnemonic worth when retention of information is required.


Test of an information-processing model of humor: physiological response changes during problem- and riddle-solving. Heart rate and skin conductance were monitored continuously while subjects heard and responded to seven riddles and seven problems which were structurally similar. Hypotheses based on cognitive problem-solving models of humor were tested by comparing changes occurring during problem solving with those that occurred during "riddle solving". While heart rate tended to accelerate once a riddle or problem was presented and decelerate once the answer or punch line was given, there were significant differences in skin conductance between riddle- and problem-solving responses, suggesting that a purely problem-solving model of humor may be untenable. A test of Berlyne's hypothesis of arousal change and humor appreciation was also made. As predicted, humor appreciation was greatest for those who showed a moderate amount of change.


Symptom patterns in depressed patients and depressed normals. The availability of outpatient psychiatric treatment and community social support services has brought increasing numbers of persons with mild depressive symptoms to the attention of clinicians.  However, little attention has been directed toward the study of these mild disturbances.  A comparison of symptom patterns and clinical course is presented between clinically depressed psychiatric outpatients being treated with amitriptyline (depressed patients) and a group of unhappy and sad women not under psychiatric treatment but coming to a career guidance center (normal depressives).  These data support the finding that normal depression is similar in degree to the mood disturbances of clinical depression but is not similar in symptom patterns. Normal depression is characterized by a relative absence of somatic complaints and somatic anxiety.  The short term clinical course of drug-treated depressed patients and vocationally assisted unhappy women is quite similar in that both groups improve.  This improvement is characterized by a reduction of most symptoms and of the central core of depressed mood.  Further research is needed on the frequency, patterns, and course of these mild depressive states to determine their clinical importance and treatment indications.


Rapidity of symptom reduction in depressions treated with amitriptyline. A group of depressed women treated with amitriptyline was studied with particular attention to the speed of response in different symptoms of depression and in psychotic as compared to neurotic depressives.  The findings showed rapid improvement in suicidal feelings, insomnia, and anorexia, but slower and more gradual improvement in impaired work and interests, retardation and pessimism and hopelessness.  Psychotic depressives did not show substantial improvement until the third week of treatment whereas neurotic depressives improved markedly within the first week.  It is suggested that the psychotic classification may be more useful as a predictor of speed of response than as a predictor of final treatment outcome.


Relative safety of amitriptyline in maintenance treatment of depression. In the course of long term treatment with amitriptyline of 212 depressed women, the patients' somatic complaints were assessed. These somatic complaints included most symptoms generally attributed as being adverse effects of amitriptyline and other tricyclics. The reputed adverse effects were very often reported by patients prior to the initiation of antidepressant medication. Except for reports of dryness of mouth, all somatic complaints were reduced in frequency and intensity during the course of clinical improvement. When patients relapsed, regardless of whether they were or were not on maintenance medication, these somatic complaints returned. Except for dryness of mouth, no relationship between somatic complaints and dosage of amitriptyline was found. Amitriptyline is relatively safe. No espisodes of death, cardiac arrhythmia liver, blood or central nervous system reaction occurred.


Participation in therapy.  A study of attendance patterns in depressed outpatients. The attendance patterns of 36 predominantly lower class, depressed women receiving outpatient psychotherapy were studied to determine the actual amount and frequency of therapy received in an 8-month period. At the initiation of therapy, the majority of patients expressed either neutral or negative attitudes to therapy. Contrary to the usually held belief that indifferent attitudes to therapy coupled with the patients' low socioeconomic status augured poorly for the patients' continuatioin therapy, we found that the sample studies attended regularly and remained in therapy until the end of the prescribed 8-month period. Missed appointments occurred rarely and were usually preceded by cancellations. The majority of therapy sessions were with patients, but provisions were available for the involvement of spouses and other relatives where indicated. It is suggested that the time-limited nature of therapy, the delineation of stort term, realistically attainable goals, and the vigorous outreach techniques by the therapists may have contributed to the unexpectedly high therapy attendance.


Utilization review and suicide attempts. Exploring discrepancies between experts' criteria and clinical practice. The discrepancies between experts' criteria for hospitalization of suicide attempters with actual clinical practice were explored to develop utilization review criteria which reflect current clinical thinking and which could form guidelines for the assessment of clinical care.  Experts' criteria predicted that a hospitalized group of suicide attempters did not require hospitalization and that a nonhospitalized group of suicide attempters required hospitalization.  Examination of the discrepancies between clinical practice and experts' criteria not only revealed that incorporation of clinical measures of depressive symptomatology could improve the experts' criteria for hospitalization but also showed that clinicians did not hospitalize a group of markedly symptomatic and socially impaired white suicide attempters.  Clinician and patient factors that may have contributed to this decision making and the application of these findings for utilization review are discussed.


Deprivation in the childhood of depressed women. With recent developments in community psychiatric services, concern with prevention has become an urgent social, as well as medical challenge.  Comprehensive investigation into causation must therefore be given systematic emphasis.  This paper is an effort toward clarification of etiology, specifically of the depressive disorder, in terms of early childhood experiences.  The work is based on social and psychiatric history data collected by experienced psychiatric social workers on two groups of subjects from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative Depression Studies under the direction of Allen Raskin, Ph.D, of the NIMH Psychology Research Branch, and a third group of subjects from Boston State Hospital.  The hypothesis that childhood deprivation, defined as "the lack, loss or absence of an emotionally sustaining relationship prior to adolescence", has a meaningful association with the occurrence of adult depression was tested in a sample of 347 depressed inpatient women and 114 outpatient women in comparison to 198 normal women used as a control or reference population.  The subjects were all Caucasian.  Events occurring during childhood that could be considered within the definition of deprivation were documented.  Further, subjects were assessed as to depriving childrearing experiences. The findings revealed no association of adult depression with overt childhood loss events, but did provide evidence to support an association of depriving childrearing processes with adult depression.  The findings also revealed evidence of a relationship between the degree of the depriving childrearing experience with the severity of the adult illness as measured by hospital status.  The results are discussed in relation to findings from other studies of childhood deprivation and psychiatric disorder.


Measles virus antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders, with special reference to measles antibody synthesis within the central nervous system. Measles virus hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and gel precipitating (GP) antibodies were determined in sera and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from 65 patinets with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 65 patients with other neurological diseases. The serological results were correlated to content of immunoglobulin-G (IgG) and electrophoretic patterns of sera and CSF. Measles GP antibodies, identified as directed against measles virus ribonucleoprotein antigens, were detected in sera and in CSF from a significantly higher proportion of MS than of non-MS patients. No significant difference between the 2 groups of patients was found for measles HI antibodies. Reduced serum/CSF HI and/or GP antibody ratios were found in about one half of the MS patients and in 2 patients with chronic myelopathy. All patients with reduced antibody ratios had evidence of IgG synthesis within the central nervous system (CNS), as inferred from oligoclonal IgG patterns of the CSF. Reduced ratios of measles GP antibodies were 3 times as common as reduced ratios of HI antibodies. Immunoelectrophoretic assays indicated that the CSF GP antibodies were electrophoretically restricted in a number of MS patients. The results indicate that measles virus may be an active immunogen within the CNS in many MS patients and in some patients with chronic myelopathy, giving rise to an oligoclonal IgG antibody response.


The results of carotid angiography in cerebral infarction in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. The results of carotid angiography in 304 cases of cerebral hemisphere infarction have been reviewed. Carotid occlusion was demonstrated in 19% and atheromatous vessel wall change in a further 28%. Hypertensive subjects showed a significantly lower prevalence of carotid occlusion, but a similar prevalence of vessel wall change. There was more likely to be angiographic abnormality if there was a neck bruit or if the ECG showed ischaemic changes. The findings support the concept that the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction differs in normotensive and hypertensive patients.


Physiological estimates of the sizes and the numbers of motor units in soleus muscles of dystrophic mice. Evidence is presented to support the neurogenic hypothesis for murine dystrophy. Axonal atrophy, decrease in twitch tensions of individual motor units and loss of motor units suggest that "sick" motor units are present in dystrophic mice and that the "sick" motor units were once functional, but had gradually degenerated, possibly due to a neurotrophic deficiency.