Impaired osteoclastic function and linear bone erosion rate in secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure. Osteoclastic function, as estimated by the speed with which the haversian cutting cones advance through the compacta of the rib (linear erosion) was found significantly decreased (27.97-SE 0.8 mu/day versus normal 43.61-SE 0.7 mu/day) in dogs rendered chronically uremic (BUN between 36-89 mg/100 ml). The cause of the impairment of osteoclasts' function was tentatively ascribed to the chronic excess of the circulating parathyroid hormone. A decrease in the linear erosion rate, such as observed in this study, will produce predictable morphological changes. As the time necessary to erode a cavity increases, so does the lifespan of cavities, their number and consequently the bone surface area (or in the bone section the perimeter length) covered by Howship's lacunae. Thus, the increased total bone erosion perimeter in secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with moderate uremia does not necessarily reflect an accelerated tissue level erosion rate or even bone loss. As the remodeling sites in both adult man and dog have a similar standard configuration and dimensions, these observations may be extrapolated to disease in man.


Vascular radiological procedures in orthopedic surgery. Angiographic procedures are valuable in the analysis of trauma, postoperative situation, congenital lesions, tumors, and vascular conditions producing bone and soft tissue alterations. Angiography following trauma is most helpful in determining the status of the integrity of vessels when the clinical findings are not clear, when a vascular lesion without obstruction is suspected, to establish the status of distal vessels following repair of a proximal injury and to evaluate multiple injuries in the same limb. Vascular damage is possible even when the overlying soft tissue has not been lacerated. Embolization techniques to control hemorrhage have been recently developed. Immediate or delayed effects of intraoperative damage to the vessels can be verified by angiography. Most commonly traumatic arteriovenous communications and pseudoaneurysms are discovered by angiographic means. Congenital vascular lesions may be classified as localized arteriovenous malformations, small vessel arteriovenous malformations, diffuse arteriovenous malformations, or venous malformations. Angiography localizes and defines the extent of such lesions. Skeletal or muscular congenital anomalies secondarily involving the vessels can best be defined by angiographic means. Angiography of tumors is most helpful in defining the location and extent of tumors and the site for most productive biopsy. With rare exceptions, the angiogram is not helpful in defining the histologic nature of the lesion. The angiographic studies are most helpful in lesions involving the pelvis and retroperitoneal spaces. Vascular diseases producing bone and soft tissue alterations can best be defined as to extent by angiographic means. In particular, the diabetic patient with limb ischemia should be afforded the benefit of an arteriogram to establish the presence or absence of any surgically remedial lesions in the proximal vascular supply to the limb.


Upper extremity arthrography.

Upper extremity arthrography. Arthrography is a proven and well-established diagnostic aid in the evaluation and treatment of lesions in several joints; it provides useful information in the treatment of shoulder and wrist lesions. The procedure can be used whenever the cause of shoulder pain is in doubt. Arthrography of the shoulder can aid in the diagnosis of a variety of lesions: rotator cuff tear, subluxation of the shoulder, recurrent dislocation, subluxation and tear of the biceps tendon, the frozen shoulder, anterior capsular derangements, and combinations of these abnormalities. Arthrography has occasional, but definite use in the wrist, particularly in recurrent ganglion, painful ganglion on the flexor aspect of the wrist, and in the evaluation of the post-traumatic wrist with unexplained pain.


Popliteal artery obstruction following Shiers total knee replacement. A case report. Popliteal artery obstruction may occur following total knee replacement in cases of ankylosis with severe flexion contractures.  Immediate recognition and documentation by arteriography is essential.  Release of the musculofascial structures in the popliteal area with division of branches of the artery (without exposure of the joint or femur) may relieve the obstruction.


A simple technique for internal fixation of the clavicle.  A long term evaluation. A simple, effective technique for internal fixation of the clavicle with Knowles threaded pins is described in 11 patients with 1 to 21 year results. The method is applicable to fresh fractures of non-union and provides secure compression-fixation. The threads prevent migration of the pin, reduce the period of external immobilization, and obviate the need for removal of the pin.


Post-traumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle. Five cases of painful bone resorption from the distal clavicle following shoulder trauma are reported to demonstrate that the lesion is generally benign.  Surgical excision is curative.  The multiplicity of circumstances leading to clavicular osteolysis suggest that the balance between bone accretion and resorption is precarious in this region of the skeleton.


Rupture of the pectoralis major.  Report of 2 cases. Two cases of rupture of the pectoralis major are reported, one caused by excessive tension and direct violence, while the other was a result of direct violence alone.  The site of the rupture was at the lateral third portion of the pectoralis major in one and at the musculotendinous junction in the other.  Both patients were treated surgically, and regained full function of their shoulders.  Review of the literature suggests that surgical repair is generally advisable and more gratifying than conservative management.


Delayed repair of a ruptured pectoralis major muscle. A repair of the pectoralis major avulsion injury to the tendinous insertion into the humerus was successfully performed 6 months after the initial injury.  The critical clinical observation was the presence of some intact tendon.  In order to properly test for the presence of this tendon, it is necessary to abduct the arm so an attenuated band will be under tension.  The presence of any remaining tendon is a favorable factor in consideration of delayed repair of this injury because it may have prevented full retraction of the muscle mass.


Treatment of recurrent anterior dislocation and subluxation of the glenohumeral joint in athletes. This series of 93 Putti-Platt arthroplasties performed on 88 athletes without a recurrence and with the return of each athlete to full participation demonstrates the excellence of this procedure. The 5 year average follow-up further confirms this. Only one valid objection was found. This procedure performed on the dominant shoulder definitely restricts the athlete in throwing a baseball or passing a football, and is not advocated where either of these two functions must be preserved. From this series it was found that operative limitation of external rotation to about


Cast brace for the upper extremity.

Cast brace for the upper extremity. Management of a traumatized elbow or intra-articular fracture with concomitant upper extremity long bone fracture is tedious, especially when early elbow motion is desirable. An adaptation of the lower extremity hinged cast brace to the elbow provides controlled flexion while protecting against varus/valgus stress and translation forces. A cast brace is constructed from readily-available materials, and can be applied in an out-patiet clinic. The functional results obtainable in a variety of upper extremity injuries are excellent, and the patients generally accept the elbow cast brace very well.


End result study of Stone bunionectomies. The Stone bunionectomy is an oblique resection of the metatarsal head designed to preserve the weight-bearing margin of the metatarsal shaft.  In 132 patients treated by the Stone operation, only 77 per cent were satisfied with the overall results and 19 per cent had persistent pain.  In addition, only 69 per cent were considered by the authors to have had an excellent result.  These results do not compare favorably with those reported for the Keller procedure.  Consequently, the Stone bunionectomy is not recommended.


Longitudinal amputation for the treatment of soft tissue fibrosarcoma. Methods of treating fibrosarcoma are difficult to assess because of the slow growth and relative infrequency of the tumor and individual variability.  Longitudinal amputation, a method of complete origin to insertion compartmental excision of a soft tissue fibrosarcoma, is presented along with a discussion of indications, contraindications, and surgical technique.


Synovial chondrometaplasia.  A case report. Synovial chondrometaplasia is an uncommon benign lesion most commonly affecting males in the 20 to 60 age range.  The youngest heretofore reported patient is 14 years of age.  In a male patient of 7 years, 2 months, with a bone age of 5 years with left elbow involvement, there was no history of antecedent trauma.  The presenting complaint was enlargement of the elbow with limitation of motion.  At surgery 54 osteocartilaginous bodies were removed, some of which were still covered with synovium.  Eighteen months following an anterior synovectomy, there was 5 degrees to 128 degrees of pain-free elbow flexion and full painless forearm pronation and supination with no recurrence of the disease.


cis-hydroxyproline limits work necessary to flex a digit after tendon injury. Present surgical procedures for the repair of tendon injury are complicated by formation of peritendinous collagenous adhesions which restrict tendon gliding. Several sensitive biomechanical tests have been developed to quantitate peritendinous restriction of gliding. Using these tests it was found that cis-hydroxyproline significantly limits net collagen accumulation following tendon injury in a rat model and decreases the adhesive restraints to tendon gliding. cis-Hydroxyproline and other proline analoques offer a method for specifically preventing excessive collagen formation.


The effect of local cooling on postfracture swelling.  A controlled study. Observations on rabbit hindlimbs following tibial fracture suggest that no regimen of cooling lessens swelling.  Temperatures of 5 degrees to 15 degrees led to significantly increased swelling when applied for 24 hours.  Increased swelling is the product of the perfusion of vessels rendered hyperpermeable by cold induced ischemia, and indicates that controlled investigations are needed to establish the validity of local cooling in orthopedic management.


Soft tissue injuries of the neck.

Soft tissue injuries of the neck. Soft tissue injuries of the neck are a frequent and important cause of disability and as such deserve close attention and concern.  Patient management following this injury should not be left to the therapist but instead should be controlled closely by the physician to promote rapid recovery and avoid psychosomatic problems.  Despite all methods of treatment there are patients who continue to complain of neck symptoms and others who develop degenerative disk changes in the years after injury.


Injuries of the cervical spine in football. The neck is a vulnerable area in contact sports in general and in football in particular. The type of injuries encountered often vary with the age and development of the players. Five well-established mechanisms of injury have been identified. Most injuries appear to occur during the act of tackling when the well protected head sustains violent trauma which is transferred directly to the neck. The most dangerous single mechanism is that of flexion, but lateral deviation, extension and impaction also have been identified as mechanisms of injury. The pattern of injuries would suggest that several measures should be undertaken. First, coaches, officials and doctors associated with football teams need to be aware of the dangers of head-on tackling and the value of "heads-up" football to avoid flexion injuries. Deliberately butting players with the head or "spearing" is illegal but head-on tackling and blocking of the so-called "stick-blocking" type is specifically taught at the high school and college levels. In the immature neck this is a dangerous maneuver and should be discouraged. The development of strong neck musculature could reasonably be expected to prevent many neck injuries and isometric and resistance exercises to develop neck strength should be a part of all preseason conditioning. All players who have neck symptoms should be thoroughly evaluated both clinically and radiologically to rule out damage or predisposing structural weakness. This is particularly important in the atlanto-axial area in immature players. Finally, it is recommended that protective collars be worn by all players with a history of neck injury. The authors have gained the impression in surveying a large number of injuries that most serious neck injuries, particularly those involving fracture-dislocation are incurred in the act of open field tackling by defensive players making head-on tackles. Neck flexion is the usual mechanism. A light-weight sponge rubber collar is presently available. It is designed to be used to prevent extension and lateral flexion but it can be easily modified to extend anteriorly where it should aid in preventing the extreme flexion which is responsible for many serious injuries in the young players at the high school level.


The acute cervical disk.

The acute cervical disk. Acute cervical disk herniations represent one facet of the broad spectrum of cervical disk degeneration.  It is productive of symptoms through mechanical compression and biochemical inflammation of the nerve roots and spinal cord.  The majority of patients will respond to a conscientiously applied course of conservative treatment.  In those individuals who fail to respond to conservative treatment in terms of pain relief or in whom a significant neurologic deficit occurs surgical decompression of the neural elements should be undertaken.


Cervical spondylosis.

Cervical spondylosis. Cervical disk degeneration (CDD) can give rise to segmental instability and may appear as pain referred to the arm without any evidence of root compression.  CDD can give rise to root pressure either by permitting the development of a disk rupture of by provoking the development of a neurocentral osteophyte, compressing the root in the root canal.  Such osteophytes may also compress the vertebral artery.  Primary treatment is always conservative.  When operative intervention is necessary an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is preferable to a posterior decompression.


Biomechanical analysis of clinical stability in the cervical spine. This study was undertaken because there is a dearth of objective information in the literature on the clinical instability of the cervical spine below C2. To our knowledge, it is the first biomechanical investigation designed to analyze clinical stability. We have carried out a quantitative analysis of the behavior of the spine as a function of the systematic destruction of various anatomic elements. Under controlled conditions designed to maintain the biological integrity of the specimens, 17 motion segments from 8 cervical spines were analyzed. The spines were studied with either flexion or extension simulated using physiologic loads. Some of the more important findings are: (1) In sectioning the ligaments, one observes small increments of change followed without warning by sudden, complete disruption of the spine; (2) Removal of the facets alters the motion segment such that in flexion, there is less angular displacement and more horizontal displacement; (3) The anterior ligaments contribute more to stability in extension than the posterior ligaments and in flexion, the converse is true; (4) The adult cervical spine is unstable, or on the brink of instability, when any of the following conditions are present: a) All the anterior or all the posterior elements are destroyed or unable to function. b) More than 3.5 mm horizontal displacement of one vertebra in relation to an adjacent vertebra measured on lateral roentgenograms (resting or flexion-extension). c) More than 11 degrees of rotation difference to that of either adjacent vertebra measured on a resting lateral or flexion-extension roentgenogram. These findings can be aptly applied to clinical situations and when instability as determined by the above criteria is present, surgical fusion or some other method to achieve stability should be seriously considered. Work is continuing on this problem as we do not consider this to be altogether complete or definitive. Hopefully, this initial study will stimulate further scientific and clinical investigations.


Roentgenographic signs of cervical injury. The injured cervical spine may be completely examined without patient movement by positioning the X-ray tube relative to the injured patient.  The prevertebral soft tissue in the cervical area is extremely important in the evaluation of injury, and a thickness of 5 mm or more at the level of the anterior inferior border of the body of C3 is indirect evidence of osseous injury.  In hyperextension rotation cervical spine injuries the pillar view should always be taken.  Anterior displacement of one vertical body upon another may be normal or secondary to trauma.  Straightening or reversal of the cervical ordotic curve may be normal for the individual.


Cineradiography of the braced normal cervical spine.  A comparative study of five commonly used cervical orthoses. Five orthotic devices were selected for a study of their effectiveness in immobilizing the cervical spine. These orthoses were fitted to subjects with a normal range of motion of the cervical spine. Motion pictures were made from a lateral view while the patient actively flexed and extended his cervical spine as well as from the frontal view with the patient rotating to each side and bending to each side. The soft cervical collar offers very little immobilization. The firm plastic Thomas collar restricts about 75 per cent of flexion-extension, rotation and lateral bending. The four-poster orthosis gave 80 to 85 per cent restriction of flexion-extension and lateral bending but only restricted 60 per cent of rotation. The long two-poster cervical orthosis caused 90 to 95 per cent restriction of all motions. The Guilford two-poster cervical orthosis restricted 90 per cent of all motions.


Antisocial children in a summer camp environment: a time-sampling study. A discussion is set forth regarding the possibly dysfunctional consequences of grouping antisocial children in homogeneous contexts for treatment. It is posited that antisocial children can profit from being placed for treatment in community based settings (for example, community centers, YMCAs, and neighborhood settlement houses) in which most of the other children are considered prosocial. In the present study 5 antisocial boys were placed in a residential summer camp consisting of 81 boys and 75 girls. Comparisons are made among the frequencies of prosocial, nonsocial, and antisocial behavior observed for the antisocial children placed in four groups, prosocial children in these groups, and the prosocial children in four other groups. These comparisons yield no significant differences among the antisocial and prosocial children's behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for the helping professions.


Crimes in New York and Tokyo: sociocultural perspectives. Patterns of major crimes in Tokyo and New York City, based on official reports, are compared. Among other findings, the rate of infanticides among the total of murder cases was strikingly higher in Tokyo than in New York City. Intruders in New York City, on the other hand, were found to seek confrontation with victims more actively than their counterparts in Tokyo. Social and cultural factors underlying or contributing to the causes of major crimes are discussed.


The comprehensive community mental health center as a field placement for graduate social work students. The comprehensive community mental health center, as a new organization, has many characteristics that make it a unique setting for the training of social workers. The organization's struggles for identity create a fluidity that requires the development of flexibility greatly needed in the mental health professions. Students can make valuable contributions to the functioning of the center if allowed to become fully involved in its activities. A generation gap may exist between senior staff, trained in traditional settings, and new staff and students whose orientations are more relevant to community practice.


The quality control of community caretakers: a study of mental health screening in a sheriff's department. There is increasing awareness of the sensitive and crucial role of the law enforcement officer as a community caretaker. Rigorous efforts to define criteria of adequate performance and to select men who can meet these criteria are called for. In this study applicants for a law enforcement agency were subjected to an extensive psychological test battery and a psychiatric interview. The results were matched against subsequent performance as law enforcement officers. The data show that although some psychological factors are related to failure on the job, intellectual factors are the best predictors of advancement in the department, and the psychiatric interview did not relate to any of the performance criteria. Development of performance criteria was a problem here as elsewhere.


An index of responsiveness to patient needs: the synchrony ratio (PSI). Indicators of the effectiveness of mental hospitals currently in use have severe limitations. Admissions, discharges, and occupancy rates are affected by multiple factors and determined largely be institutional policies. A rapidly calculable measure of responsiveness to patient requests for hospital admission is described. The synchrony ratio (psi) requires only that the number of emergency room visits and admissions by known accurately. If hospitals override patient needs, this is reflected in declining psi values. The utility of the synchrony ratio has been tested in a comparison of a general hospital psychiatric service and community mental health center inpatient wards.


Evaluation of the clinical services of a regional mental health center. A large midwest community-oriented regional mental health center reports a detailed methodology for evaluating the outcome effectiveness of clinical care for seriously disturbed mental patients. A controlled study of a 10% systematic sample of all public patients from a 10-county area compares the results obtained by traditional state hospitals with those of a new regional mental health center. The cohorts were followed for 3 full years. Outcomes were assessed in terms of social competence and economic cost to the patients and society. Although increased funds and staffing clearly improved the level of humanitarian care in all public institutions, no objective evidence was found that the community-oriented approach was superior in decreasing disability due to serious mental disorder. The study corroborated impressions that a relatively small proportion of persons entering mental hospitals tend to become chronically disabled and require large quantities of care-giving services. It is concluded that a period of consolidation and replanning is necessary in community psychiatry. It is suggested that early identification of potentially chronic patients, intensive social training, and specialized community living arrangements focused on this group might provide a break-through in rehabilitation of the mentally ill.


A community-oriented program for training and using volunteers. Eleven women volunteers from the Arvada, Colorado, community were provided intensive training in communication and other variables related to effective functioning in a community mental health center. Volunteers were then provided various placements within the center. Results indicated that the volunteers' communication effectiveness levels increased significantly from pretest to posttest and as compared to a control group of students going through a mental health program. Volunteers also received favorable evaluation rating from their practicum supervisors. The paper will discuss the procedures, benefits, and considerations involved in developing and utilizing volunteers.


The impact of therapeutic effectiveness data on community mental health center management: the systems evaluation project. A major assumption of C.M.H. evaluation is that data fed back to center managers have an impact on the management, resulting in optimization of programs. This is the empirical question addressed in this paper. A study of the influences bearing on management decisions, the process of decision making, and the effects of introducing evaluation data into that process is described. The concepts, procedures, and instruments are set out as possible models for further investigation of the complex but fundamental question. The data presented are consistent with the hypotheses about the detailed influences of systems evaluation project evaluation data.


A program of industrial consultation by a community mental health center. A staff member of a community mental health center provided consultation services to untrained industrial counselors at a large private corporation. Characteristics of "newer' workers, ethnically different from supervisors, are described. Attitude change is the key, but difficult to bring about. The consultant had full cooperation of the counselors, but never gained full support from management. The article describes procedures for training counselors and successful and unsuccessful efforts to reach foremen.


Day hospital in the context of a community mental health program. The paper focuses on the role of the day hospital within the framework of total care delivery in community mental health programs and stresses its unique position in the continuity of care cycle. The day hospital lies midway in the service continuum between inpatient and outpatient services and can provide a bridge between community and intramural resources. As such it can serve as a "center for change' where inputs from the entire network of services merge to test solutions for care delivery problems. Experiences with a specific day are used to illustrate relevant issues for those currently engaged in planning or implementing day hospital services.


The problem is outside: staff and client behavior as a function of external events. Data collected in the process of studying the development and functioning of a prerelease program for adjudicated adult offenders provided the opportunity to test the hypothesis that the actions of a parent organization influence the "within' program behaviors of clients and rehabilitation staff. It is demonstrated that changes in the parent organization's behavior toward the program were accompanied by changes in (a) the staff's perceptions of clients, (b) the staff's actions towards clients, (c) client attitudes, and (d) client behaviors. Discussion focuses on the need to view rehabilitative programs as continually influenced by external and extrinisic factors.


Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in mouse spermatocytes and oocytes. ICR/Swiss males and females were exposed to 300 R whole-body gamma irradiation. The frequency of aberrations in metaphase I chromosomes recovered from oocytes cultured in vitro was compared with those recovered from spermatocytes irradiated in pachytene and diplotene. The ability of oocytes collected 1 day postirradiation to mature in vitro was not affected, but significantly fewer oocytes cultured 5 days after irradiation matured. The frequency of aberrations in oocytes did not differ from spermatocytes irradiated during diplotene, but significantly more chromosome aberrations were found when pachytene spermatocytes were irradiated. Some variation in the relative frequencies of aberrations was also observed.


Chromosome banding pattern homology and its phlogenetic implications in the bat genera Carollia and Choeroniscus. A comparison of the chromosome banding patterns of the mitotic chromosomes of three species of bats of the genus Carollia and Choeroniscus intermedius revealed considerable banding pattern homology between the Carollia species but not between Carollia and Choeroniscus. The G-band patterns of the chromosomes of the Carollia species were similar, but the C-band (heterochromatin) pattern of C. castanea (Peru) lacked much of the heterochromatin common to the other two species. C. castanea also lacked the X-autosome translocation possessed by the other two species. A system for denoting such sex-chromosome translocations is presented rather than presenting the chromosomes involved as multiple sex chromosomes. The G- and C-banding patterns of Choeroniscus intermedius did not resemble those of Carollia, and the placement of these bat genera into different subfamilies is supported.


Systematic approach to the study of trisomy in the mouse. II. In pursuit of attempts at a systematic study of autosomal trisomy in the mouse, an experimental model is presented which permits the induction of specific trisomic conditions. It is based on (1) the occurrence of considerable rates of meiotic anaphase I malsegregation of double metacentric heterozygotes with monobrachial homology, (2) the expectation that trisomics may be found among the unbalanced conditions in the progeny of crosses of the double heterozygotes with "all acrocentric" mice, and (3) the observation that trisomy, in contrast to monosomy or combined monosomy plus trisomy, is the only unbalanced condition surviving beyond day 10. In this design, the specific nature of the trisomy is predetermined by the choice of the double metacentric heterozygote combination and recognized by such criteria as chromosome arm number and the presence of both metacentrics. All trisomic conditions of the mouse so far studied inevitably lead to early or late fetal death. Although the possibility of a systematic survey of all 19 possible autosomal trisomies in the mouse can be anticipated, this report is limited to a study of trisomies (Ts) 1, 8, 11, 12, and 17. Ts 8, 11, and 17 cause severe developmental inhibition at an early stage of development. Death occurs about day 11 or 12. Ts 1 displays a syndrome of moderate to marked developmental retardation and slight to more distinctly disproportionate hypoplasia. These embryos may survive until day 15. In contrast, a lesser extent of hypoplasia and retardation is observed in Ts 12, which, however, almost regularly shows exencephaly and microphtalmia. Obviously, variation of the severity of phenotypic manifestation of the trisomic conditions is due to genic heterogeneity of the animals used in the present study. Current attempts are directed to introduce a sufficient number of metacentrics in a defined background, thus providing the means for future systematic studies of the phenotypic expression of gross genomic imbalance.


Incidence and origin of heteroploidy, especially haploidy, in chick embryos from intraline and interline matings. Preparations for chromosomal analysis were made from 2107 chick embryos at 16 hours of incubation. The embryos resulted from intraline and reciprocal interline matings of two genetically different stocks (AG and D6). The two stocks had been previously characterized as producers of high (AG) and low (D6) frequencies of chromosomally aberrant embryos. The overall frequency of aberrant embryos was 4.0 plus or minus 0.42%. The types and frequencies of abnormalities were: haploidy and haploid-euploid mosaics, 57%; polyploidy and polyploid-diploid mosaics, 19%; aneuploidy, 17%; aneuploid-diploid mosaics, 5%; and structural aberrations, 2%. Although there were no significant differences among the four types of matings in the overall frequency of heteroploid embryos (P greater than 0.1), a significant difference (P smaller than 0.01) in the frequency of haploid and haploid-euploid mosaic embryos was found. The difference was entirely attributable to the line of dam; D6 dams had 1.2% and AG dams had 2.7% haploid and haploid-euploid mosaic embryos. The difference between lines of sires was not significant. In addition, there was evidence of nonrandom distribution, among dams of both lines, of haploid and haploid-euploid mosaic embryos. It was concluded that the genotype of dam is an important influencing factor in the production of haploid cell lines in embryos. The superfluous genome in triploid embryos is usually maternal in origin, resulting from retention of the second polar body in the ovum. Sex-chromosome aneuploidy in chick embryos apparently derives from nondisjunction at meiosis I of oogenesis. The sex proportion of 2023 chromosomally sexed, diploid embryos was 50.2 plus or minus 1.1% male. No significant heterogeneity was observed among the types of matings. Sex proportion was not significantly influenced by any of a number of nongenetic variables.


Color, form, and function as dimensions of natural classification: developmental changes in eye movements, reaction time, and response strategies. Behavior of 5-year-olds and adults was measured in a matching-to-sample task using pictures of familiar objects and events. Subjects matched on properties of color, form, function, or compounds of those cues. On the basis of reaction times and eye movements, inferences could be made about the subjects' classification processes, and also about their strategies for dealing with the task environment. Certain processes were executed as efficiently by 5-year-olds as by the adults. Other processes showed developmental differences. Form properties, while difficult for children to extract, appeared to be utilized by them in the classification of familiar objects, even though other properties were available.


Development of multiple dimension use in form classification. The use of multiple form dimensions in pattern classification was studied with adults and children in grades 2 and 5. Each subject sorted 30 8-sided random polygons first into 2, then into 3, and finally into 4 groups and repeated the procedure 1 week later. A series of discriminant analyses, using 9 physical form characteristics as predictors, was used to answer several developmental questions. Reliability of classification, number and saliency of features selected, and accuracy with which they were used all implied continuous development of perceptual skills. Multiple feature use in classification was evidenced at all age levels.


The effects of stimulus complexity and sensory modality on reaction time in normal and retarded readers. Intra- and crossmodal performance of normal and retarded readers was compared in a reaction-time task. Both reading groups showed slower crossmodal than intramodal shifting. This effect occurred equally for both reading groups. Differences between the two groups occurred, however, when a complex visual stimulus was present. The complex stimulus resulted in the retarded readers showing slower reaction times to other stimuli in that setting. This effect occurred for stimuli both within and across modalities. The results suggested that the demands of stimulus complexity within the visual modality rather than the demands of crossmodal shifting were related to reading ability.


The development of children's understanding of proportions. To determine whether the understanding of proportions develops before formal operations, children in grades 1, 3, and 5 and college students were given a variety of judgment tasks contrasting the comparison of quantity with the comparison of proportions. Results for the most difficult tasks indicated that a majority of fifth graders still lacked a full understanding of proportion. Results were interpreted as consistent with Inhelder and Piaget's contention that the comprehension of abstract relations requires formal operations. In grades 3 and 5, boys scored significantly higher than girls.


Infants' development of object permanence: a refined methodology and new evidence of Piaget's hypothesized ordinality. To investigate Piaget's theory of object concept development, a series of 6 tasks was administered in a combined longitudinal/cross-sectional design incorporating a number of methodological controls. The tasks spanned the entire sensorimotor period and included single versus sequential displacements combined with visible or invisible hidings. 36 infants from 5 to 32 months of age at initial testing were drawn equally from day-care and home settings. All infants received the 6 tasks during each of 3 testing sessions over a 6-month period. Clear evidence was obtained for task ordinality as proposed by Piaget, with ordinality coefficients ranging from .71 to .82 for the 3 testing sessions. Performance changes across the 3 sessions were also ordinal in 80% of the cases. Expected age, task, and session effects and accompanying interactions were also obtained.


A developmental study of Piaget's groupement model of the emergence of speed and time concepts. 3 key predictions of Piaget's groupement model of middle-childhood cognition were examined in the speed and time concept areas: (a) The respective composition and reverse operations of 2 of the 8 structures posited in the groupement model (Groupement I and Groupement V) should emerge synchronously in each of the 2 concept areas. (b) The 2 structures themselves should emerge synchronously in each of the 2 concept areas. (c) Between the 2 concept areas, the 2 structures should both emerge in the speed area before either emerges in the time area. The findings failed to support either prediction a or prediction b, and they were only partially consistent with prediction c. However, the findings concerning predictions a and b were consistent with other recent developmental evidence on the emergence of groupement structures in concept areas other than speed and time.


Aggressive behavior in English nurseries and play groups: sex differences and response of adults. Aggressive behaviors were incident sampled in 5 nursery schools, 5 play groups, and 5 day nurseries in England. In 13 of 15 institutions, boys had a greater probability of being involved in aggressive incidents than girls. The initiator of an aggressive encounter was likely to be successful if there was no adult interaction, but to be unsuccessful if an adult intervened. There was no consistent evidence that adults intervened differentially in boy-boy, boy-girl, and girl-girl encounters.


Young children's coding and storage of visual and verbal material. 36 preschool children (mean age 4.2 years) were each tested on 3 recognition memory lists differing in test mode (visual only, verbal only, combined visual-verbal). For one-third of the children, original list presentation was visual only, for another third, presentation was verbal only, and the final third received combined visual-verbal presentation. The subjects generally performed at a high level of correct responding. Verbal-only presentation resulted in less correct recognition than did either visual-only or combined visual-verbal presentation. However, because performances under both visual-only and combined visual-verbal presentation were statistically comparable, and a high level of spontaneous labeling was observed when items were presented only visually, a dual-processing conceptualization of memory in 4-year-olds was suggested.


Newborn infant attention to form of contour. Human neonates selectively fixated patterns with curved rather than straight contours when the outermost contours differed in this form variable and when quantitative variables were controlled. The presence from birth of a discrimination ability basic to later form perception was evidenced.


Infants' visual attention to pattern arrangement and orientation. When 2 stimuli were presented side by side, 4-5-month-old infants looked longer at a visual target that differed from a previously exposed standard target. This reaction to the discrepant target indicated that infants could detect a change involving the arrangement of the constituent elements and the orientation of the standard pattern. When infants were given the opportunity to view paired targets that were both different from the previously exposed standard, there was no evidence that orientation was a less dimension than pattern arrangement. Instead, the infants' fixation behavior seemed to be a function of the relative discrepancy of the paired test stimuli from the previously exposed standard pattern.


Temporal and spatial ordering in recall by five- to eight-year-old children. It has been reported that 8-year-old children, when asked to recall stimuli that had occurred incompatible spatial and temporal orders, spontaneously reproduced the temporal order. In this study with 5-8-year-olds, there was a clear developmental trend in the tendency to reproduce temporal rather than spatial ordering. The results are discussed with reference to previous work on partially deaf and subnormal children.


The effect of cerebral dominance on time sharing between speaking and tapping by preschool children. 48 kindergartners tapped as fast as they could with either the right index finger or the left, either alone or while reciting or repeating verbal material. The secondary tasks diminished tapping rate on both sides, but disproportionately on the right. This result was predicted by a model that postulates greater interference between concurrent activities when both are programmed by the same cerebral hemisphere. Children appear to be more vulnerable to this type of interference than adults. This attribute of immature motor development can be used as an indicator of cerebral lateralization of function in children.


Perceptual and perceptual-motor characteristics of phonemic development. Children between 3 and 5 years of age were examined with regard to their abilities in recognizing differences between certain speech sounds and their performance in imitating and spontaneously generating the same sounds in familiar words. Analysis of error patterns shows the least number of errors for the recognition task and greatest number for the spontaneous production task, with imitation holding the intermediate position (R less than I less than P). Results are related to a theory of phonemic development in children.


Frequency discrimination by young infants. The nonnutritive sucking of groups of 1-month-old infants was conjugately reinforced with either a 200-H or a 500-H pure tone. Following response acquisition and satiation, the sucking of the experimental groups was reinforced with a new pure tone (either 500 or 200 H) to a criterion of response decrement, after which sucking was reinforced with the original tone. Control groups were reinforced with a single tone (200 or 500 H) throughout the experiment. Frequency of nonnutritive sucking increased significantly in the experimental groups following a shift in frequency of the reinforcing tone but remained unchanged in the control groups, indicating discrimination between 200- and 500-H tones.


Concordance of visual and manipulative responses to novel and familiar stimuli: a reply to Rubenstein (1974). Rubenstein's failure to find evidence for the previously suggested lack of concordance between visual and manipulative responses to novel and familiar stimuli in 6-month-old infants is discussed. It is shown that a lack of concordance is not specific to the use of 1 measure of manipulative behavior, and other possible explanations for the discrepancy in findings are examined. A 2-stage development of responsiveness to familiarity-novelty in infancy remains the most plausible account.


The effect of heartbeat sound stimulation on the weight development of newborn infants. The weight development of 175 infants was followed from birth to the sixth day after birth. 92 infants were exposed to the sound of an adult's heartbeat 12 hours a day during all 6 days. 83 were not so exposed. No significant difference was found in the weight development of the two groups, thus failing to replicate the previous findings of Salk.


The effects of being imitated and awareness on the behavior of introverted and extroverted youth. Introverted and extroverted preadolescents (N equals 34) were seated at a box with 6 holes in the top surface and presented the following conditions: (a) baseline - the subject dropped marbles 1 at a time in any holes he wished; (b) imitation - the subject and experimenter alternated dropping marbles, with the experimenter imitating the subject if he dropped his marbles at a hole designated a priori for imitation; (c) imitation plus awareness - this was identical to the previous condition except that the subject was told that he was being imitated at the designated hole; and (d) extinction - the experimenter dropped her marbles in a prearranged random order. As predicted, under the imitation-plus-awareness and extinction conditions extroverts responded significantly more at the holes at which they were imitated than did introverts.


An ecological study of glee in small groups of preschool children. A phenomenon called group glee was studied in videotpes of 596 formal lessons in a preschool. This was characterized by joyful screaming, laughing, and intense physical acts which occurred in simultaneous bursts or which spread in a contagious fashion from one child to another. A variety of precipitating factors were identified, the most prevalent being teacher requests for volunteers, unstructured lags in lessons, gross physical-motor actions, and cognitive incongruities. Distinctions between group glee and laughter were pointed out. While most events of glee did not disrupt the ongoing lesson, those which did tended to produce a protective reaction on the part of teachers. Group glee tended to occur most often in large groups (7-9 children) and in groups containing both sexes. The latter finding was related to Darwin's theory of differentiating vocal signals in animals and man.


Underreplication of satellite dnas in polyploid ovarian tissue of Drosophila virilis. The satellite DNAs of Drosophila virilis have been examined in diploid and polyploid tissues by isopycnic ultracentrifugation and thermal denaturation experiments. Previous work has established that the satellite DNAs are underreplicated in the polytene chromosomes of the salivary glands of D. virilis. The results of the present experiments demonstrate that this underreplication also takes place in the ovaries which contain nurse cells and follicle cells. These tissues are polyploid but do not show polytene chromosomes.


Prophase chromosome movements in living house cricket spermatocytes and their relationship to prometaphase, anaphase and granule movements. Chromosome and granule movements in meiotic prophase and prometaphase have been studied by time-lapse cinemicrography in live spermatocytes of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. Chromosome movements in prophase cells, up to one hour or more before breakdown of the nuclear envelope, are described. These movements are frequent but saltatory; are based mostly at chromosome ends but also at kinetochores; occur in very intimate association with the inside of the nuclear envelope; are directed towards and away from the extranuclear centres (centrioles); tend weakly to accumulate bivalents round the two centres and reach a velocity of 0.65 micron/sec. Saltatory movements in granules associated with extranuclear asters are remarkably similar to basic characteristics to the intranuclear chromosome movements. Surprisingly, the chromosome movements (and those granules) are reversably blocked by colcemid (but not lumi-colcemid), and yet occur in the apparent absence of an intranuclear envelope. However, kinetochore movements in very early prometaphase are similar in velocity and other respects to prophase movements; later prometaphase movements are clearly slower, and those of anaphase very much slower still. -The prophase movements suggest a two component model for motion: a non-microtubule, linear force producer together withrotubules with a skeletal, orientational role. Arguably, both these components are also necessary for chromosome movements in prometaphase and anaphase.


The submicroscopic structure of synthetically active units in a puff of drosophila hydei giant chromosomes. Thin sections of nuclei of salivary glands of Drosophila hydei, treated in vitro with vitamin B-6 in the presence of either actinomycin D or 3'deoxyadenosine revealed the morphology of transcription units observed display a definite polarity with respect to the size of the RNP-particles attached to the deoxynucleoprotein matrix. The length of the longest unit observed was approximately 1.5 micronm, which corresponds well with the size of the RNA extracted from isolated puffs and with preliminary measurement of transcription units observed after speeading of the puffs according to the method of Miller and Beatty (1969).


Actinomycin D effects on mitosis and chromosomes: sticky chromatids and localized lesions. When Indian muntjac and Chinese hamster cells in culture were treated with Actinomycin D (1 micron/ml) for 1-2 hours, the sister chromatids, especially the distal segments, appeared to have difficulty separating in anaphase. The separated proximal segments progressively became stretched. The nucleolus organizer regions seemed to be most susceptible to stretching, and breaks in these regions were frequently observed. Electron microscopic observations showed that the sticky chromatids (and less frequently sticky chromosomes) contain connecting submicroscopic chromosome strands. When the treated cells were allowed to grow in a drug-free medium for several days, a high frequency of endoreduplicated mitotic figures was found. Chromosome and chromatid breaks and other aberrations were common, mainly localized at G band negative areas particularly nucleolus organizer regions.


Differential replication of satellite DNA in polyploid tissues of Drosophila virilis. Satellite DNA amounts were examined in adult tissues of Drosophila virilis, a species whose DNA contains three prominent satellites. Satellite amounts in DNA from six of the seven tissues were lower than in DNA from diploid (adult brain) tissue. Satellite amounts in adult ovary DNA, however, were equivalent to or greater than diploid levels. When DNA from pupal ovaries was examined, a 30% increase in satellite amounts over diploid levels was found. An RNA-DNA hybridization experiment showed that the ribosomal RNA genes in pupal ovary DNA were under-replicated relative to diploid DNA levels.


The chromosomal distribution of balbiani ring dna in chironomus tentans. RNA from Balbiani ring 2 (BR 2) of Chironomus tentans salivary gland cells was hybridized to polytene chromosomes of rectum cells, in which the Balbiani ring is not expressed. The distribution of the RNA:DNA hybrids was studied by autoradiography, using ultrathin emulsion to increase the resolution. The grains were estimated to cover 3-5 polytene chromosome bands, which indicates that  information expressed by transcription in BR 2 may be present in several adjoining chromomeres. From a comparison of grain numbers over BR 2 of salivary gland chromosomes and over the BR 2 region of rectum chromosomes, it appears unlikely that selective amplification of BR DNA in the salivary glands could explain the efficient hybridization seen in this tissue. The conclusion is advanced that BR 2 DNA contains nucleotide sequences which are extensively repeated within 3-5 transcription units.


[Acro-osteolysis (acro-osteopathia ulcero-mutilans) in a worker exposed to vapours of synthetics (author's transl)]. The neuro-cutaneo-osseous syndrome of "sporadic" acrosteolysis (of Bureau-Barrière), localized to the ends of the feet, has occasionally been seen in workers engaged in the polymerization of vinyl chloride, A case of the disease is described in a 42-year-old worker exposed to different vapours during the manufacture of plastic products, but he had never worked with vinyl chloride. Outstanding signs were dysproteinaemia, moderate thrombocytopenia, while symptoms of Raynaud's disease as well as scleroderma-like changes in hands and feet (typical of vinyl chloride disease) were absent. The onset of the osteolytic and ulcerative process corresponded to prolonged exposure to cold on the job. It is, therefore, assumed that there was concealed chronic intoxication with synthetic vapours which, in connection with cold exposure and other individual factors, may have aided in the manifestation of the disease. It is possible that under certain conditions synthetics other than vinyl chloride may contribute to the occurrence of sporadic cases of acro-osteolysis.


[Chromosome investigations in subjects with occupational lead exposure (author's transl)]. The lead content in blood, the excretion of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) in urine, and the ratio of secondary chromosomal aberrations in lymphocyte cultures were investigated in 105 workers with varying degrees of lead exposure. While the mean lead content was slightly increased (377 plus or minue 207 mug/l) the mean ALA excretion was normal (3,8 plus or minus 4.7 mg/g creatine). Chromosome investigations showed a slightly increased rate of cells with structural abnormalities (14,1 plus or minus 7.0%). Statistical evaluation of these data showed no significant correlation between the lead content in blood, ALA excretion in urine, and cytogenetic findings. No other reason for the increased rate of chromosomal aberrations could be detected.


[Infusion of phenytoin concentrate in a child (author's transl)]. In a four-year-old boy receiving phenytoin for seizures, the phenytoin blood level after 1000 mg phenytoin given over 24 hours alternatively intravenously (600 mg) and intramuscularly (400 mg) was found to be 14.7 mu g/ml. After 12 hours of intravenous infusion of 750 mg phenytoin concentrate the concentration was 18.7 mug/ml. When 750 mg phenytoin were given over more than 18 hours the phenytoin blood level was only 7.4 mug/ml.


[Inhibition of pentagastrin-induced gastric-acid secretion by somatostatin in man (author's transl)]. The effect of somatostatin on pentagastrin-induced gastric-acid secretion was measured in three healthy volunteers and four patients with duodenal ulcer. Somatostatin (100, 200 and 400 mug/h) inhibited secretory volume and acid concentration simulated by pentagastrin infusion (2 mug/kg - h), the effect being dose-dependent. In the patients with duodenal ulcer somatostatin given as a bolus (50 mug) and by subsequent infusion (150 mug/h) reduced maximal acid output after subcutaneous injection of 2.0 mug/kg pentagastrin by 68-96%.


[Radioimmunological estimation of triiodothyronine in plasma. Diagnostic value in an area with endemic goitre (author's transl)]. In 896 patients from a low-iodine area the results of the radioimmununological triiodothyronine estimations in plasma were compared with the clinical and radioisotope findings of thyroid function. It was superior to the total thyroxine estimation (T4-test) in the differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. In euthyroid goitre the mean triiodothyronine concentration was significantly higher than in normal persons whereas the plasma thyroxine levels at the same time were significantly lower. Only in (primary) hypothyroidism is the triiodothyronine estimation diagnostically less important than the T4-test. In summary, the radioimmunochemical method permits a clearly more precise evaluation of thyroid function even in areas of endemic goitre.


[Immunoblastic adenopathy: clinical features, treatment and prognosis (author's transl)]. Clinical features, response to treatment and prognosis of 50 cases of immunoblastic lymph-adenopathy are reviewed. Most of the patients presented with generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly, and fever. Hyperergic reactions such as pruritus, skin rash or eosinophilia were frequent. Erythrocytic sedimentation rate was increased by differing amounts. In some cases there was a polyclonal increase in immunoglobulins, while in others there was a reduction. Proven hypersensitivity to a wide spectrum of drugs was present in nine cases. Prognosis is uncertain: almost half of the patients died within one to forty-two months, some perhaps as a result of massive chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Best management probably is symptomatic treatment alone or with small doses of corticoids or immunosuppressives,  supplemented by antibiotics. It is concluded that immunoblastic lymphadenopathy represents a hyperimmune reaction and is not, despite the high death-rate, a true malignant lymphoma.


[Inhalation acetylcholine test in chronic non-specific disease of the respiratory tract (author's transl)]. Inhalation tests with 0.5% and 1% acetylcholine chloride wereperformed 374 times in 220 patients with chronic and non-specific respiratory disease and46 control subjects.  This simple method, developed by the author, is based on spirographic registration of lungs functions before and after acetylcholine-aerosol inhalation. One hundred and thirty patients with chronic asthma-type bronchitis or intrinsic asthmaand 51 with allergic bronchial asthma had much higher incidence of positive tests [118, i.e. 43%; P less than 0.001] than the group with chronic bronchitis ]5 of 39]or the control group [3 of 46].  There was no significant difference between the lasttwo groups [ 0.5 greater than P less than 0.1].  The inhalation acetylcholine testfacilitates the differential diagnosis of asthmatic syndromes from chronic bronchitis.  Ifthe test is positive this suggests an increased bronchomotor reactivity or a non-specificbronchial irritation


[Alcohol and malabsorption in the pathogenesis of peripheral and central nerve damage (author's transl)]. Xylose absorption was measured, within ten days of being admitted to hospital, in 54 alcoholics with neurological abnormalities. Small-intestine malabsorption was demonstrated in 19. Classified according to the customary clinical diagnoses, 16 of 49 with alcohol polyneuropathy had abnormal values, with no correlation to nerve conduction velocity. There was also no difference among 14 in predelirium and eight in delirium. However, all four patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy had a malabsorption syndrome. These results are similar, also quantitatively, to those reported in the literature in alcoholics without neurological signs. Alcohol may be involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic polyneuropathy both as a toxic factor and also via nutritional deficiency.


[Correction of T wave-induced pacemaker bradycardia by quinidine (author's transl)]. Intermittent pacemaker bradycardia (down to 46 and 52/min, respectively) occurred in two patients with a demand pacemaker (Variopacemaker Elema-Schonander EM 169 B with unipolar endocardial electrode EMT 288B/62). The cause was a disorder of pacemaker function by an increased or especially steeply rising T wave which, outside the refractory period of the pacemaker, was mistakenly sensed as an R wave. The rapid rise was in some additional way caused by the P wave falling onto the T wave. Quinidine bisulphate changed the shape of the T wave, and pacemaker function returned to normal. The results were confirmed by a return of the disturbance when quinidine was discontinued.


[Bleeding in haemophilia during massive treatment with anti-haemophilic globulin (author's transl)]. After a traffic accident, causing intracranial haemorrhage in a 15-year-old boy with moderately severe haemophilia A, severe bleeding sequelae could not be prevented despite satisfactory substitution with lyophilized antihaemophilic globulin. The bleeding was probably due to a platelet abnormality and not due to an inhibitor. The bleedings were brought under control by freshly prepared cryoprecipitate of the patient's own blood group.


[Treatment and prognosis of intrathoracic Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. Of 220 patients with Hodgkin's disease 117 (53%) who also had mediastinal and hilar lymph-node involvement were followed between 1958 and 1971. In 13 (11%) intrathoracic involvement was the first manifestation of the tumour. In 73 patients it was in stage I or II (Rye) at time of diagnosis. Treatment consisted of irradiation and/or multiple chemotherapy. Altogether 45% survived five years and 27% ten years. However, there was no patient who was free of recurrence after ten years, i.e. none can be considered as potentially cured.


[Pulmonary embolism: indication for and results of embolectomy under cardio-pulmonary bypass (author's transl)]. Pulmonary embolectomy under cardio-pulmonary bypass was performed in five patients with massive embolism. Two survived and were ultimately discharged; two died after 40 and 101 days, respectively, of the underlying disease; one patient--operated on under a mistaken diagnosis--was maintained under assisted circulation but died after four days of the underlying disease (cardiac failure). Indications for pulmonary embolectomy under cardiopulmonary bypass should be widened, as it is the only life-saving measure in most cases. After moderately severe pulmonary embolism (lobar embolism) indications for surgical intervention must be individualised from case to case.


[The diagnosis of gall-stones by ultrasonics (author's transl)]. Ultrasonic and radiological tests were compared in 267 patients suspected of having gall-stones. Radiological diagnosis was not possible in 20, because of lack of opacification, while in nine a gall-bladder was not demonstrable by ultrasound. In 226 the two tests coincided (positively or negatively), with 21 negative cholecystograms being interpreted as proof of stone. Seven of twelve discordant results were proven at operation: in three the ultrasonic, in four the radiological diagnosis was confirmed. Because of its accuracy, simplicity and absence of any risk ultrasonics is recommended as the first test to be performed if cholelithiasis is suspected.


[Phenacetin and renal damage: a follow-up study (author's transl)]. Forty-five persons, known between 1962 and 1965 to have taken phenacetin-containing analgesics in large amounts but having normal renal function without urinary infection, were re-examined in 1973. Eleven had died in the meantime, two in renal failure. Of the remaining 34 all but three had normal renal function, although some of them had continued to take large amounts of phenacetin-containing drugs. The results confirm the view that morbidity and mortality of long-standing phenacetin abuse is probably very low.


[Respiratory functions in parkinsonian patients with predominant akinesia during treatment with decarboxylase-blocked L-dopa (author's transl)]. The effect of decarboxylase (DC)-blocked L-dopa (proportion of 4: 1) on respiratory function was tested by spirometry in 30 patients with Parkinson's disease. It was possible to improve restrictive ventilatory abnormalities of extra-pulmonary origin (weakness of respiratory musculature). Vital capacity (VC) increased by 0.21 litre. Thisincrease was due to a raised inspiratory capacity and thus an increase in the active part of ventilation. Forced expiration volume (FEV1) was improved by 0.32 litre, FEV1/VC remaining unchanged, which demonstrates that the restrictive ventilatory abnormality was affected. Inspiratory volume (VT) and minute volume at constant respiratory rate increased by 0.07 and 1.171, respectively. These results must be interpreted with caution, but they suggest a raised metabolic level with regained mobility during treatment. All quoted results, except those of respiratory rate and minute volume, were statistically significant (2 mu equals 0.01).


[The place of isotope scanning in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases (author's transl)]. 259 isotope scans of the pancreas, done between 1966 and 1973, were analysed. In 62 cases the results of operation or necropsy findings were also available. In 43 of these 62 patients the scans could be diagnostically evaluated, the others being "negative". Among the 43, agreement with operative or necroptic findings existed in 35. All the malignant pancreatic tumours diagnosed by scanning were no longer operable. The place of isotope scanning is seen in general pancreatic diagnosis, especially on careful combination with clinical, special radiological and biochemical studies.


[Doppler measurement of arterial pressure for assessing therapeutic measures after arterial occlusion (author's transl)]. Arterial pressure differences between arm and foot arteries can be easily measured by the Doppler method and in this way the gradient across an arterial occlusion of the lower limbs approximately quantified. An increase in gradient after induced ischemia is inversely proportional to its compensation. Pre- and postoperative measurements on 51 limbs demonstrated that functional results of arterial reconstruction can be thus assessed and their further course objectified.


[Early diagnosis of carcinoma of the Fallopian tube by cervical smear (author's transl)]. A case of primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube was discovered on routine mass screening of cervical smears. There were no symptoms and gynaecological findings were unremarkable. Atypical glandular epithelia in the smear may not, therefore, be adenocarcinoma of the cervix or body of the uterus, but could also be from an extrauterine carcinoma, especially if cervical scrapings are negative.


[Dipropylacetamide in the treatment of manic-depressive psychosis]. Dipropylacetamide, which was first used as a treatment of epilepsy, turned out to be also a normalizing agent of the periodic avolution of manic-depressive psychosis. The therapeutic action of dipropylacetamide has several effects: 1) total suppression of the fits; 2) reduced intensity of these fits; 3) increasing lapse of time between two fits; 4) greatest response to anti-depressants and neuroleptics which can be prescribed in much smaller doses. More manic than depressive states respond to dipropylacetamide. The average doses are about 900 mg or so. Cautiousness if advisable at the beginning of the treatment on account of the use of sedatives; but the treatment is extremely well received and accepted by the patients during periods of several years without the requirement of biological controls. Associating lithium with dipropylacetamide often yields remarkable results.


[Pharmacopsychoses during drug addiction]. Widespread use of certain drugs (amphetamines, L.S.D., hypnotics) in France, allowed us to observe more than 200 cases of acute or chronic psychoses among addicts. Sometimes these are transitory outburst but the occurrence of a delusional psychosis with long range evolution raises a difficult diagnosis problem in relation to functional psychoses. The emphasis should be put on respective roles of the drug and of a predisposed mental state. Circumstances of beginning, apparently direct relationship between drug taking and pathological symptoms, therapy efficiency, absence of earlier pathological traits (as in many of our patients) and relapse when intoxication starts again, are in favour of a pharmacological origin of the troubles.


[Anxiety-trait, anxiety-state, real change, apparent change]. After reviewing the different techniques assessing state-axniety, the authors emphasize the difficulties to distinguish state from trait on the sole basis of factorial content. Results obtained on different samples (mental patients, surgical patients and normal subjects)through two new anxiety self-rating scales (trait and state) are presented. On the basis of these results, the authors show the usefulness of the score indicating the discrepancy between trait and state levels. It appear that the direction (positive or negative) of the difference between trait and state levels gives a better evaluation of the actual state than the state score alone. The results imply the utilization of both self-rating scales (trait and state) in order to obtain the optimal assessment of the state.


A study of the N2O5-SO2-O3 reaction system. Infrared spectroscopy was used to follow the rates of the chemical changes in gaseous N(2)O(5)-SO(2) and N(2)O(5)-SO(2)-O(3) mixtures. Several results of interest to atmospheric scientists were obtained. (I) SO(3) was not a detectable product of these reaction systems, and no significant SO(2) removal occurred. From the kinetic treatment of these results, estimates were derived for the upper limits of the rate constants of the reactions 1 and 2: NO(3) + SO(2) leads to NO(2) + SO(3) (1); N2O5 +SO2 leads to N(2)O(4) + SO(3) (2); k(1) less than or equal to 4.2 1. mole-minus 1sec-minus 1; k(2) less than or equal to 2.5 x 10-minus 2 1. mole-minus1sec-minus 1 at 30 degrees C. These data suggest that reactions 1 and 2 are not important removal paths for SO(2) in the sunlight irradiated, NO(x)hydrocarbon polluted atmospheres. (II) The near ultraviolet absorption spectrum of pure N(2)O(5) has been determined. From these results and estimates of the actinic irradiance, it was shown that the rate of photochemical decomposition of N(2)O(5) by the absorption of solar light in the urban atmosphere is an unimportant factor among the reactions which establish the N(2)O(5) and NO(3) concentrations. (III) It has been observed that gaseous SO(3) and NO(2) react rapidly to form a relatively nonvolatile white solid. Preliminary data suggest a 1:1 mole ratio for this adduct. The significance, if any, of this and related compounds in urban aerosol formation must be evaluated.


Prevention of sewage pollution by stabilization ponds. Water is polluted when it constitutes a health hazard or when its usefulness is impaired. The major sources of water pollution are municipal, manufacturing, mining, steam, electric power, cooling and agricultural. Municipal or sewage pollution forms a greater part of the man's activity and it is the immediate need of even smaller communities of today to combat sewage pollution. It is needless to stress that if an economic balance of the many varied services which a stream or a body of water is called upon to render is balanced and taken into consideration one could think of ending up in a wise management programme. In order to eliminate the existing water pollutional levels of the natural water one has to think of preventive and treatment methods. Of the various conventional and non-conventional methods of sewage treatment known today, in India, where the economic problems are complex, the waste stabilization ponds have become popular over the last two decades to let Public Health Engineers use them with confidence as a simple and reliable means of treatment of sewage and certain industrial wastes, at a fraction of the cost of conventional waste treatment plants used hitherto. A waste stabilization pond makes use of natural purification processes involved in an ecosystem through the regulating of such processes. The term "waste stabilization pond" in its simplest form is applied to a body of water, artificial or natural, employed with the intention of retaining sewage or organic waste waters until the wastes are rendered stable and inoffensive for discharge into receiving waters or on land, through physical, chemical and biological processes commonly referred to as "self-purification" and involving the symbiotic action of algae and bacteria under the influence of sunlight and air. Organic matter contained in the waste is stabilized and converted in the pond into more stable matter in the form of algal cells which find their way into the effluent and hence the term "stabilization pond".


Emission control of gas effluents from geothermal power plants. Geothermal steam at the world's five largest power plants contains from 0.15 to 30% noncondensable gases including CO(2), H(2)S, H(2), CH(4), N(2), H(3)BO(3), and NH(3). At four of the plants the gases are first separated from the steam and then discharged to the environment; at the fifth, the noncondensables exhaust directly to the atmosphere along with spent steam. Some CO(2) and sulfur emission rates rival those from fossil-fueled plants on a per megawatt-day basis. The ammonia and boron effluents can interfere with animal and plant life. The effects of sulfur (which emerges as H(2)S but may oxidize to SO(2)) on either ambient air quality or longterm human health are largely unknown. Most geothermal turbines are equipped with direct contact condensers which complicate emission control because they provide two or more pathways for the effluents to reach the environment. Use of direct contact condensers could permit efficient emission control if coupled to processes that produce saleable quantities of purified carbon dioxide and elemental sulfur.


The occurrence of mercury in amphibia.

The occurrence of mercury in amphibia. Studies have been made of the distribution of mercury and its occurrence as methylmercury in the organs of amphibia collected from different sites mainly in Slovenia, Yugoslavia, including the area around the mercury mine at Idrija. Liver accumulates the highest amounts of mercury, up to 2 ppm in apparent background areas, with values up to 0.5 ppm in muscle, where virtually all mercury is present in the methyl form. Results are reported for some other trace elements in liver. Amphibia may provide useful monitors of the occurrence and spread of mercury contamination.


Lead levels in human deciduous teeth in Tennessee. Deciduous teeth were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy for lead content to ascertain the extent of lead exposure in certain areas in Tennessee. The data were analyzed to clarify the relationships between tooth lead content and race, sex, age, tooth type, economic status, and place of residence. Results indicated that blacks had slightly higher lead concentrations than whites; however, the age and sex of the person or the type of tooth analyzed had little effect upon the lead content. The major factors were shown to be economic status and, indirectly, place of residence.


Properties of enzymes. II. Comparative study of superoxide dismutase activity in rat tissues. Consideration and comparison of specific superoxide dismutase activities shows that--of the values calculated for the same wet weight--the superoxide dismutase activity of the liver is more than twice that of the other tissues. This indicates the important metabolism-directing role of the liver. The large amount of superoxide dismutase (even the tissular superoxide dismutase alone) protects the tissues from the effects of the O(2)-radical, and the function of the superoxide dismutase probably opposing the cytochrome P-450 may be important as regards the hydroxylase effect.


Evidence for the placental origin of hyaluronidase in the maternal circulation. The level of maternal serum hyaluronidase activity was shown to rise during pregnancy. Investigation of non-pregnant females did not demonstrate hormonal control of enzyme activity. The findings of a quantitative increase in serum hyaluronidase activity during pregnancy is presented in conjunction with previous evidence of a qualitative change in this enzyme as evidence for a placental origin of the increased activity demonstrated.


Changes in enzyme and metabolite content of effluent perfusate during preservation of dog kidneys by Collins' method. Enzyme and metabolite content of effuent perfusate has been investigated. One kidney was removed from dogs and preserved by Collin's method. The animals were then bled to a mean arterial blood pressure of 5.26 KPa (40 mm Hg) and maintained at this pressure for 60 min after which the other kidney was removed and preserved in a similar way. 10-ml samples of effluent perfusate were taken immediately, and after 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h. Acid phosphatase, arylsulphatase "A", ss-glucuronidase, LDH, leucin-aminopeptidase, lactic acid and pyruvic acid were determined by fluorometric methods. It was found that the activity of the enzymes rose parallel with the duration of preservation, the rise was especially great at 48 and 72 h. Activity of LDH and arylsulphatase "A" was significantly higher even at the beginning of preservation in the group of kidneys exposed in vivo to hypotension. This significant difference was present at 24, 48 und 72 h in the activity of all enzymes.


Investigation of localization of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) in subfraction of rat liver mitochondria. Subfractionation of the purified preparations of mitochondria was performed according to Schnaitman's digitonin method. In some experiments, polyvinyl sulphate (PVS) was added to the medium during the preparation and subfractionation of mitochondria. The formation of the "fluffy layer" was not observed in the presence of PVS. The "fluffy layer" was either removed or left within the pellet during the separation of the subfraction of mitoplasts from the supernate containing the outer membrane as well as the inter-membrane space. The monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was determined by means of our own modification of Tabor's method. In this way the influence of aldehyde oxidase upon the obtained results could be eliminated. A part of MAO activity was found in the subfraction of mitoplasts both in the presence and absence of PVS in the medium. The obtained results suggest double localization of MAO both in the outer and inner membrane. The influence of the method of determination of MAO activity on the evaluation of its intra-mitochondrial activity has been discussed.


Glycolytic enzymes in the normal human term placenta. The enzymes hexokinase (HK), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed in villous tissue homogenates and cell fractions of normal human term placentas. Although lowest in activity and probably rate limiting in glycolysis, hexokinase is theoretically adequate to phosphorylate the total amount of glucose metabolized. PGM and PK activity were in the same range exceeding HK by 10-15 times, suggesting a largely increased breakdown of glycogen-derived glucose in situations of need. Substantially higher LDH activities may reflect the placental ability to utilize lactate from both mother and fetus. Of all enzymes only hexokinase was found to be associated with the particulate matter in considerable amounts.


The human atrioventricular junctional area. A morphological study of the A-V node and bundle. A study has been conducted into the morphological arrangement of the atrioventricular junctional area of human heart. The area was investigated in infantile, child, young adult, middle-aged, and old nodes. Although marked individual and ageing variations were observed, a general pattern of nodal architecture could be distinguished. The junctional area was therefore divided into four areas: (1) a transitional zone, (2) the compact node, (3) the penetrating bundle, and (4) the branching bundle. The transitional zone was intermediate between atrial myocardium and compact nodal specialized myocardium, but itself exhibited specialized characteristics. An important connection of the zone was to the myocardium of the left side of the interatrial septum. The compact node was itself composed of two segments which approached each other anteriorly from the mitral and tricuspid extremities of the septal anulus fibrosus. The junction of compact node and penetrating bundle could not be distinguished using cytological criteria. It was arbitrarily defined as the last point to make contact with transitional cells. Tissue distal to this was considered as penetrating bundle. A bypass tract was defined as any fiber contacting the bundle distal to this point, but such tracts were not observed in normal hearts. The branching bundle originated at the point of bifurcation of the penetrating bundle.


Ventricular preexcitation. A proposed nomenclature for its substrates. The working party on ventricular preexcitation of the European Society of Cardiology has debated nomenclature of the syndrome at several meetings. This communication presents the terminology proposed by the morphologists within the study group on behalf of the other members. It is suggested that the problem should be approached on the basis of possibilities of avoiding the delay-producing area of the atrioventricular junctional region or short-circuiting the specialized ventricular conduction pathways. Thus we propose that the following pathways or contingencies are relevant to preexcitation: (1) accessory atrioventricular muscle bundles; (2) accessory nodoventricular muscle bundles, (3) atriofasicular bypass fibers, (4) fasciculoventricular accessory connections, (5) intranodal bypass fibers, and (6) nodal malformations. Each of these possibilities is defined, or, where only hypothetical, is discussed. In the case of the first two definitions, anatomical variations are indicated which satisfy the basic definition. Thus accessory atrioventricular bundles can be either septal or parietal, and can be composed of either specialized or nonspecialized myocardium. Nodoventricular bundles can connect either the transitional cell zone or the compact nodal region of the junctional area to the ventricular septum. Comparison is made of the new nomenclature with terms in present usage.


Hemodynamic and angiographic changes after Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries. After Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries, hemodynamic and angiocardiographic changes were evaluated in 25 patients. In 19 patients, postoperative studies were done electively and, in 6 patients, they were required to investigate symptoms of heart failure, these symptoms were temporary in 4 patients and progressive in 2. Both of the latter had pulmonary venous obstruction which was later relieved successfully by reoperation. After operation, systemic arterial oxygen saturation and blood pressure increased and polycythemia disappeared in every patient. However, several complications-some of them unsuspected clinically-were identified by cardiac catheterization: (a) patch detachment in 5 patients; (b) obstruction of superior vena caval return in 10 patients; (c) obstruction of inferior vena return in 1 patient; and (d) pulmonary venous obstruction in 2 patients. The incidence of pulmonary or systemic venous obstruction was higher in patients who had a Dacron intraatrial baffle (8 of 19 patients). Comparison of 21 sets of preoperative and postoperative right ventricular angiograms demonstrated an increase in right ventricular trabeculations in each patient, poorer right ventricular contractility in 12 patients, and development of tricuspid insufficiency in nine patients. None of the patients with poor right ventricular contractility had had surgical ventriculotomy. Although Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries is effective in relieving cyanosis, it may be followed by obstruction to systemic or pulmonary venous return, intraatrial patch detachment, tricuspid insufficiency and angiocardiographic evidences of poor right ventricular contractility.


Left ventricular contraction and relaxation in patients with coronary heart disease. The relationship of left ventricular relaxation and compliance to the mechanism of elevation of left ventricular enddiastolic pressure during ischemia was investigated. Isovolumic left ventricular contraction, relaxation, and diastolic pressure-volume relationship were studied in controls and in coronary heart disease patients. Patients were studied at similar heart rates during ergometric exercise and pacing. Diastolic aortic, left ventricular systolic, and incisural pressure were not significantly different in both groups at rest, pacing, and exercise. Left ventricular dP/dtmax increased during pacing and exercise in controls (P smaller than 0.05; P smaller than 0.01) and in coronary heart disease patients (P smaller than 0.01 for both); whereas left ventricular dP/dtmin increased only in controls during exercise (P smaller than 0.01). Peak measured velocity of shortening (Vpm) and of lengthening (Vpmr) of the contractile elements was calculated as (dP/dt)/p. Vpm and Vpmr increased in controls during both pacing (P smaller than 0.05; P smaller than 0.02) and exercise (P smaller than 0.01 for both). In coronary heart disease patients Vpm increased during pacing (P smaller than 0.01) while Vpmr did not differ significantly. During exercise both Vpm and Vpmr were unchanged. In patients with coronary heart disease paced to angina, diastolic logarithmic pressure-volume relationship showed change in slope (P smaller than 0.05) of the regression line and upward shift in intercept b (+0.25; P smaller than 0.001). Ischemia produced an impaired contractile state, delayed relaxation and generation of active diastolic tone in the intact ventricle.


Hemoglobin oxygen affinty in patients with low-output heart failure and cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infaraction. The aim of this study was to determine the oxigen affinity actually present in vivo in blood from patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction had normal value of P50 in vivo (partial pressure of oxygen at which 50 percent of the hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen at fixed levels of pHand PC02 present in vivo). Also the values of P50 in vivo of blood from patients with low cardiac output with mild or severe heart failured did not differ from the normal mean. This was the consequence of an increase of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate levels (which reduces the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin) and of the immediate effect of alkalosis (Bohr effect). By contrast, the values of P50 in vivo were significantly increased in patients with cardiogenic shock. This could be ascribed to the state of acute acidiosis present in these patients. In these conditions the changes in the values of P50 in vivo play an important role in the oxygen delivery to the tissues. However, high values of P50 do not enhance oxygen delivery when a severe arterial hypoxemia (P02 smaller than 40-45 mm Hg) is also present.


Calcified intramural fibroma of the left ventricle. A calcified intramural fibroma of the left ventricle in a 20-yr-old patient with a severe chest pain was studied. The chest film showed a cardiac silhouette with a prominent left border, and a large calcification inside. Surgical removal was impossible. The histological examination demonstrated a typical fibroma.


Nutrition, behavioral development, and mother-child interaction in young rural children. In a poor rural community two groups of 17 mother-child units each were studied longitudinally. One group followed the usual feeding habits of the community which result in undernutrition of the child. The other group was provided food supplementation which was sufficient to provide an adequate diet for the child. From the 24th week on, the supplemented children developed a different pattern of interaction with mother and the environment: they slept less, barely used the cradle during the day, played more in the yard, and refused to be carried wrapped up. After the 36th week they received more stimuli and more deferences and rewards, not only from the mother but from the father as well. At 18 months the supplemented children moved about six times as much as the nonsupplemented and exhibited more complex behavior. They were more restless, playful, demanding, disobedient. It is concluded that better nutrition caused an increase in the activity of the child, which made him more demanding, which in turn increased interaction with his mother and established a feedback system, which in turn modified his behavior.


Maternal malnutrition and the neonatal environment. Altered behavioral development was observed in suckling rats from dams fed a low protein diet either during gestation or during the lactation period. Lactational malnutrition markedly depressed all behaviors displayed by the suckling young. These included litter fragmentation, pup climbing, rearing, feeding, and drinking behavior. Although less severe, pups from a dam fed a deficient diet during gestation displayed the same altered behavioral development. Moreover, small birth weight pups born from well-nourished dams also showed delayed behavioral development. Contact with pups was increased in dams who were malnourished during the lactation period or who were nursing pups from dams malnourished during the gestation period. Results support in part the hypothesis that malnourished early in life "functionally isolates" the developing animal from its immediate environment.


Failure to thrive: socioeconomic, dietary intake and mother-child interaction data. This is a report on the socioeconomic background, dietary intake, and mother-child interaction of children who are on or below the third percentile curve and a contrast group on or above the 25th percentile curve for height and weight of the Boston Growth Standards. Gross family income did not differentiate between groups at a statistically significant level; however, the taller and heavier children came from families of higher socioeconomic standing as indicated by the significant differences in the scores of both groups on a socioeconomic index comprised of per capita income, maternal education, presence of a male in the household, and household density. Also in comparison to the underweight and undersized children, the contrast group exhibited higher calories, protein, iron, niacin, and ascorbic acid intake and was more likely to have more frequent and more positive contact with the mothers.


The nitrofurans as sperm-immobilizing agents, their tissue toxicity, and their clinical application in vasectomy. Nitrofurantoin sodium and nitorfurazone, in certain critical concentrations, have the ability to immobilize spermatozoa. In this study, this effect was consisitent with both 5:1, and 10:1 dilutions. Histologic examination of the effects of these drugs as intraoperative vas irrigants revealed no apparent tissue toxicity in the guinea pig. Clinically, we found intraoperative vas irrigation with both of these nontoxic drugs to be of value in attaining azoospermia immediately postvasectomy. Therefore, they appear to be useful supplements to vasectomy.


Scanning electron microscopy of copper-containing intrauterine devices: long-term changes in utero. The addition of metallic copper wire to a polyethylene intrauterine device dramatically increases the efficacy of that device. A series of copper-containing Tatum-T devices which had been carried in utero for 2 to 3 years was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Few of these devices showed evidence of corrosion or pitting of the copper, as had been reported previously. Almost all of the Ts showed a definite pattern of layering of fibrinoid deposits; intact cells, cellular debris, and crystalline structures were also seen. The micrographs show an extensive buildup of surface layers which, we believe, encase the copper in a semipermeable matrix. This matrix may retard the diffusion of copper compounds into the uterus sufficiently to compromise the contraceptive action of the copper.


Does x-radiation of the preconceptional mammalian ovum lead to sterility and/or congenital anomalies? Sexually mature CF1 female mice were x-radiated with 10 to 500 R prior to mating with normal males of the same strain, and no exposure rendered the mice sterile immediately; estrous was not altered, so that normal matings occurred; the litter size of females exposed to the 500-R dose was reduced, possibly due to induction of dominant lethal genes. The second and third meiotic maturations following x-radiation gave rise to fertilizable ova which resulted in offspring that did not show any increase in the incidence of congenital anomalies. With increasing levels of exposure to x-rays, there was a decrease in the reproductive live-span. If the interval between x-radiation and mating was lengthened to 60 days, none of those exposed to 300 R or more was fertile; those exposed to 100 R showed variable fertility, evidenced by reduced litter sizes, but there were no anomalies. None of the offspring of the x-radiated females showed a significant weight loss, even to 2 months of age. Thus, when ova were x-rayed before fertilization with normal sperm, normal fertilization occurred and normal offspring were produced from at least the first three successive estrous cycles; after that, various degrees of sterility were evident, depending upon the dose level of the original exposure. Since resorptions (but not anomalies) were increased with the higher doses, dominant lethal and recessive mutatuions may have been obscured by the normal alleles of the unirradiated male mates. The ovarian ovum could not readily be sterilized by x-rays, nor could it be so damaged as to cause congenital anomalies. Nevertheless, one must be aware that all x-rayed ova may carry recessive mutatuions which might be phenotypically evident if they are on the female sex (X) chromosome, unmasked by an allelomorph on the male (Y) chromosome, or might even surface in future generations, if chance combines them with similar genes.


Estrogen and progesterone secretion in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) following melatonin or Altschule's pineal extrac. Large doses (30MG) of melatonin given weekly to crab-eating monkeys throughout five menstrual cycles did not change the pattern of estrogen and progesterone secretion during the period of injection or in the two succeeding cycles. Altschule's pineal extract, unlike melatonin, had no effect on estrogen or progesterone secretion during the period of injection or in the two succeeding cycles, when it was given daily between days 7 and 17 of the menstrual cycle.


[Analysis of unconditioned reflexes in light of the theory of dominance]. After bilateral ablation of prefrontal and premotor areas of the brain in dogs, considerable changes of the "spontaneous" and unconditioned activity occurred: the phenomenon of squeezing through narrow spaces, the reflex of resistance against restriction of movements, the disturbances of sexual reflexes, the feigned aggression, etc.  These reflex actions acquire features of the dominant.  Seeking for food, when carrying out instrumental conditioned reflexes, also manifests features of the dominant.  The pathological dominant is suggested to be a result of disorder in normal interrelationship between the excitatory and inhibitory processes.  It occurs when a disruption of the process of inner inhibition takes place in the system, while the excitatory process becomes extremely powerful.  This entails those motor perseverations, hyperactivity, imitational movements, and all the analysed disturbances of reflex activity in dogs after frontal lobectomy.


[Paradoxical effects of powerful electric stimuli]. Variants of mechanism of the response paradoxical weakening at the stimuli increase in conditions of parabiosis and pessimum of the neuro-muscular preparation, are regarded.  The possibility of "long-distance" kat-electrotonic blocking of nervous impulse at the increase of stimulating current pulses, was studied.  The kat-electroton was shown to spread in the frog n. ischiadicus, even with short current pulses, for 30--40 mm.  Even in single nervous fibers (crayfish) as well as in the frog n. ischiadicus, when increasing the rare stimuli beyond the strength limits (50 thresholds), the reversible reducing of action potential (AP) recorded at a not too long distance from the stimulating electrodes (catode depression), takes place.  Near the transversal cut of the nerve (i.e. in the parabiotic area) the effect is increased.  In conditision of frequent stimulation, the long-distance electrotonic depression of AP is more clear than with rare stimuli.


[Elektrophysiological parameters of mollusk neurons under the influence of etimizol]. Extracellular application of 5--10 mM/L etimizol exerted a specific effect on the giant neurons of the Coretus corneus isolated nervous system: action potential duration increased significantly, speed of development of its descending phase decreased, as well as the trace hyperpolarization amplitude.  The effect was reversible and depended upon the etimizol concentration and the initial functional state of neurons.  Etimizol is supposed to decrease the K-+ permeability of neurons' membrane during action potential.  Large concentrations of etimizol decrease, probably, the Na+ permeability as well as suggested by reducing maximum of the ascending phase of action potential.


[Thermoreceptor function of the stretch receptors of the river crayfish]. Cooling of the crayfish stretch receptor leads to increase and then decrease the spike frequency of slowly adapting (SA) neuron (maximum frequency at 15 degrees).  Impulse activity of quickly adapting (QA) neuron arises about 12 degrees and is recoding for a long time (sometimes during 30 min.).  Raising the temperature from 20 degrees to 30 degrees results in a gradual increase of the SA neuron spike frequency.  Characteristic for cold thermoreceptors dynamic discharge is observed.  Infra-red (IR) radiation (lambda=1--3 mum) causes a decrease of SA neuron spike frequency.  QA neuron generates a brief discharge after cuting IR radiation.  IR radiation acts on somato-dendro-muscle (sensory) region only.  Analysis with polarizing microscope shows that the IR radiation effect on the structural organization of neurons is contrary the effect of warming and colding.  It is proposed that the IR radiation effect is defined by the rise of temperature gradient in solution (dT/dx).  Obtained results indicate that the crayfish stretch receptor belongs to the type of mechanocoldreceptors.


[Role of potassium and calcium ions in changes in the membrane potential of secretory cells of the mammary glands]. Participation of Na, K-pump of the surface basal-lateral membrane in the process was shown to determine the MP-level.  Restriction of Ca-++ entrance into the cell depressed MP-changes in the secretory cells curing the action of acetylcholine and oxytocine.


[Study of differential sensitivity to changes in the duration of tonal sounds]. Temporal differentiation by man was studied for intervals from 50 to 700 msec my means of the traditional method of constant stimulus differences (AX) and combinations of AX with methods of multiplication by two and three (AB-2 and AB-3). The linear augmentation of differential limen as function of duration was noted. The limens in methods AB were significantly higher than in the method AX. The values of limens were influenced upon by methods of multiplication, form of psychometric functions, individual features of subjects. No systematic changes of limens during training sessions were found.