The comparative cytogenetic effects of aldrin and phosphamidon. An organochlorinated pesticide (aldrin) and an organophosphorus one (phosphamidon) were administered in human lymphocyte cultures, and the cytogenetic effects were related to the compound concentration. The comparative estimation of the number and type of chromosome aberrations observed in the treatments with various doses of drugs permits the following statements. (a) The aldrin showed a narrow range of clastogenic doses, between 19.125 and 38.25 mug/ml. Since these doses are near the limit for cell survival, the observed chromosome lesions are probably not perpetuated in other abnormal cells. (b) Comparatively, the range of phosphamidon clastogenic doses is very large, scattered between 1.9 and 122 mug/ml. Since, in the phosphamidon treatments, the cellular death begins at a concentration above 244 mug/ml, the chromosome aberrations, induced especially by the low doses, could be maintained in other abnormal cells. In a smaller number of experiments, chromosome examinations were performed after intraperitoneal injections of the drugs into rats and mice, 24 h before harvesting of the bone marrow. The administered doses were low, as compared with those of the experiments in vitro: the minimal doses inducing chromosome aberrations in vivo were, in the aldrin treatments 9.56, and in the phosphamidon treatments, 0.07 mug/g body weight. In the experiments both in vitro and in vivo, the analysis of the frequencies of the abnormal cells and of the chromosome lesion types support the existence of a dose-response correlation. The genetic peril due to low doses of pesticides with a general weak toxic effect is discussed.


Mutagenic studies of aziridine derivatives derived from various diamines. Various aziridine derivatives derived from diamines were studied in several biological systems to evaluate their effects on reproduction and as potential mutagens. Considerable variations in the biological activities of these compounds were seen among animal species and among the varied chemical structures. In general, mutagenic responses paralleled the antifertility effects in mice and houseflies and the anticancer effects in mice. The lack of an antifertility effect by N,N'-bis(aziridinylacetyl)-1,8-octamethylenediamine in the rat was quite unexpected in view of its chemosterilant activity in houseflies and mice.


Folate-responsive homocystinuria and "schizophrenia". A defect in methylation due to deficient 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity. Homocystinuria and homocystinemia without hypermthioninemia, but with reccurent episodes of folate responseive schizophrenic-like behavior, was documented in a mildly retarded adolescent girl who lacked the habitus associated with cystathionine synthase deficiency. Enzymes involved in homocysteine-methionine metabolism were demonstrated to be normal. A defect in the ability to reducte N-5-10--methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was demonstrated. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was 18 per cent of control values. Methyltetrahydrofolate is used for the methylation of homocysteine to methionine, and a deficiency of this compound could explain the homocystinemia and homocystinuria.


Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with parathyroid disorders. Effect of serum calcium on insulin release. To evaluate the role of serum calcium in human insulin secretion, insulin responses after a 100-g oral glucose load were studied in nine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, five with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, three with pseudohypoparathyroidism and one with normocalcemic secondary hyperparathyroidism. Glucose tolerance values in these disorders were almost normal. Insulin responses in primary hyperparathyroidism were increased, and those in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism were reduced significantly as compared to normal subjects. Isulin response in secondary hyperparathyroidism was normal. The calculated insulin area during an oral glucose load was significantly correlated with serum calcium (5.1 to 12.2 mg per deciliter), and a linear relation was obtained (y = 1.59x - 3.3, r = 0.81, p less than 0.001), although a relation with the glucose area was not found. These observations indicate that serum calcium has an important effect on insulin secretion in parathyroid disorders.


Function of the male sex organs in heroin and methadone users. The function of the secondary sex organs was found to be markedly impaired in 29 participants in a methadone maintenance program. The ejaculate volume and seminal vesicular and prostatic secretions were reduced by over 50 per cent in methadone clients, as compared to 16 heroin addicts and 43 narcotic-free controls. Serum testosterone levels were also approximately 43 per cent lower in methadone clients than in controls or heroin users. Although the sperm count of methadone clients was more than twice the control levels, reflecting a lack of sperm dilution by secondary-sex-organ secretions, the sperm motility of these subjects was markedly lower than normal. On all measures of secondary-sex-organ and testicular function, heroin addicts appeared to fall between the methadone and control subjects, but, with the exception of sperm motility, the deviation from control values did not reach statisitcal significance.


Role of dietary iron and fat on vitamin E deficiency anemia of infancy. Thirty-five infants weighing less than 1500 g at birth were fed four commercial formulas (A-D) varying in polyunsaturated fatty acid composition (32 per cent linoleic acid in A and B and 12 per cent linoleic acid in C and D) and in iron content (smaller than 1.0 in A and B; 12 to 12 mg per liter in B and D). Infants receiving formula B showed significantly lower hemoglobins (p smaller than 0.01) and higher reticulocyte counts (p smaller than 0.005) than infants fed the other three formulas. Infants receiving the two formulas with higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (A and B) showed significantly greater hydrogen-peroxide-induced hemolysis (p smaller than 0.001) than those given diets containing lower amounts. Infants in groups A and B also had lower serum tocopherol concentrations. Infant red-cell membranes are altered by the increased amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron in the diet. It appears that the development of vitamin E deficiency anemia occurs in infants receiving iron supplementation.


Politics in the development of a migrant health center. A pilgrim's progress from idealism to pragmatism. New methods of health-care delivery have been recommended to correct the inequities in the distribution of health services to rural and urban poor. A migrant health center developed in 1970 to accomplish this aim illustrated the many attendant problems. The award of the grant to an outside consumer group rather than to the country health department resulted in political pressures during the center's development. Other factors isolated the center. These included categorical funding specifically directed to a community's ethnic minority and the lack of a regional network of health care. Confusion was created when legitimate spokesmen of the target group, other segments of the local community or interested private and governmental agencies were not defined. Although a program for curative and preventive medicine was established for a minority, the center was less successful in becoming self-supporting and in affecting the social and economic determinants of health.


Progressive rubella panencephalitis. Late onset after congenital rubella. In children with congenital rubella infection the deficits remain stable; neurologic deterioration after the first few years of life is not believed to occur. We have encountered three patients with a definite or presumptive diagnosis of congenital rubella, in whom a progressive neurologic illness developed that began in the second decade and was characterized by spasticity, ataxia, intellectual deterioration, and seizures. High antibody titers to rubella virus in serum and spinal fluid were present in two, and all had increased cerebrospinal-fluid protein and gamma globulin. Extensive attempts to recover a virus from brain and body fluids were unsuccessful. The brains of two patients showed a widespread, progressive, subacute panencephalitis mainly affecting white matter. These data suggest that rubella virus may be a cause of progressive panencephalitis.


Integrated concentration of plasma aldosterone in normal subjects: correlation with cortisol. The integrated concentration (I. C.) of plasma aldosterone and cortisol was determined every 30 min during a 24-h period, using a blood collection system composed of a nonthrombogenic catheter and a small, portable withdrawal pump. The experiments were carried out in 8 normal adult men during daily routine life, and repeated in 2 of the subjects while recumbent in bed most of the day. The following conclusions were made: a) The 30-min I. C. of aldosterone fluctuated widely throughout the day. b) Although peaks of increased concentration occurred after a change in posture from supine to erect, there were many peaks of concentration that occurred during the supine posture. The 24-h I.C. of aldosterone in 2 subjects that were studied a second time while staying in bed most of the day was lower than the I. C. observed during normal activity. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between 24-h I. C. and percentage of time spent in supine position. c) A weak, but significant correlation was found between the 30-min I. C. of aldosterone and cortisol in 4 out of the 7 subjects tested. The overall correlation for all experiments was also significant (R = 0.3. p smaller than 0.001). D) The 4-h I. C. of aldosterone and cortisol showed that the lowest mean values were between 4 PM and 4 AM and the highest values between 4 AM and 4 PM for both steroids.


Erythropoiesis and erythropoietin in hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Qualitative and quantitative studies of erythropoiesis in 23 patients with hypothyroidism and 21 patients with hyperthryoidism included routine hematologic evaluation, bone marrow morphology, status of serum iron, B12 and folate red blood cell mass and plasma volume by radioisotope methods, erythrokinetics and radiobioassay of plasma erythropoietin. A majority of patients with the hypothyroid state had significant reduction in red blood cell mas per kg of body weight. The presence of anemia in many of these patients was not evident from hemoglobin and hematocrit values due to concomitant reduction of plasma volume. The erythrokinetic data in hypothyroid patients provided evidence of significant decline of the erythropoietic activity of the bone marrow. Erythroid cells in the marrow were depleted and also showed reduced proliferative activity as indicated by lower 3H-thymidine labeling index. Plasma erythropoietin levels were reduced, often being immeasurable by the polycythemic mouse bioassay technique. These changes in erythropoiesis in the hypothyroid state appear to be a part of physiological adjustment to the reduced oxygen requirement of the tissues due to diminished basal metabolic rate. Similar investigations revealed mild erythrocytosis in a significant proportion of patients with hyperthyroidism. Failure of erythrocytosis to occur in other patients of this group was associated with impaired erythropoiesis due to a deficiency of hemopoietic nutrients such as iron, vitamin B12 and folate. The mean plasma erythropoietin level of these patients was significantly elevated; in 4 patients the levels were in the upper normal range whereas in the rest, the values were above the normal range. The bone marrow showed erythyroid hyperplasia in all patients with hyperthyroidism. The mean 3H-thymidine labeling index of the erythroblasts was also significantly higher than normal in hyperthyroidism; in 8 patients the index was within the normal range whereas in the remaining 13 it was above the normal range. Erythrokinetic studies also provided evidences of increased erythropoietic activity in the bone marrow. It is postulated that thyroid hormones stimulate erythropoiesis, sometimes leading to erythrocytosis provided there is no deficiency of hemopoietic nutrients. Stimulation of erythropoiesis by thryoid hormones appears to be mediated through erythropoietin.


Circadian variation of integrated concentration of growth hormone in children and adults. A portable constant withdrawal pump was used to determine consecutive 30-min integrated concentrations of growth hormone (ICGH) for a 24-h period in 18 normal subjects, ages 5 to 28 yr. Seven prepubertal, 5 pubertal and 6 young adult subjects were studied under conditions of normal activity. Pubertal, prepubertal, and adult subjects had peaks during waking hours as well as during sleep, but peaks in the adults were usually lower than in the children. Using an analysis of variance, a significant (P smaller than 0.01) downward trend of ICGH was observed to occur during sleep. During waking hours a significant variation (P smaller than 0.01 by analysis of variance) was found with low levels in the first few hours after awakening and an upward trend as the evening approached. Food intake had no significant effect on ICGH nor did the introduction of the indwelling catheter. The mean apparent half-life values of growth hormone calculated on the basis of 87 episodes with 3 or more points on the downslope was 40.1 min. This is significantly higher than the known true half-life of the hormone, suggesting that complete secretory inactivity after a secretory episode is an infrequent event.


Inhibition of L-dopa-induced growth hormone stimulation by pyridoxine and chlorpromazine. One gram of L-dopa was administered orally to 12 male control subjects and induced an increase of growth hormone (GH) secretion. The L-dopa-induced GH response was inhibited by an intravenous infusion of pyridoxine, but pyridoxine did not inhibit the GH response to hypoglycemia. Chlorpromazine also inhibited L-dopa-induced GH stimulation. Glucose concentrations were unaffected by L-dopa, chlorpromazine, and pyridoxine administration in these subjects. The mechanism of the suppressed L-dopa-induced GH response by pyridoxine appears to be mediated by peripheral accleration of the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine, while that of chlorpromazine appears to be mediated through hypothalamic centers. Pyridoxine and chlorpromazine should be added to the list of other factors affecting the response to L-dopa-induced GH stimulation


Antiovulatory activity of synthetic corticoids. A single dose of triamcinolone acetonide had antiovulatory properties in 7 of 11 women when injected on day 1 or 2 of the menstrual cycle. Daily blood studies in three subjects revealed that the FSH and LH surges were absent, and there was no rise in plasma progesterone. Follicular function, as manifested by estrogen levels, was maintained.


High molecular weight glucagon-like immunoreactivity in plasma. An "interference factor" has been shown to be present in human plasma, which can cause artifactual elevation of pancreatic glucagon values as conventionally determined by radioimmunoassay using antiserum 30K. A method of correcting for this problem was developed and used to measure glucagon levels in 60 diabetic and 30 nondiabetic subjects. No significant difference was found between the two groups. Twelve percent of the diabetic subjects had evidence of glucagon binding in their plasma which prevented valid measurement of their glucagon levels. Characterization of the "interference factor" was undertaken with G-200 sephadex column chromatography. Large amounts of glucagon-like immunoreactivity were found in fractions indicating an approximate molecular weight of 160,000. It was demonstrated that this "factor" was not an artifact of charcoal treatment of plasma. The original source of this material is unknown.


Serum thyroid hormone and thyrotropin levels in subjects from endemic goiter regions of New Guinea. We studied serum thyroid hormone and thyrotropin (TSH) levels in subjects from two regions (Nomane and KarKar) of New Guinea where endemic goiter and/or iodine deficiency are prevalent. The results of the studies in 285 patients from Nomane indicated subnormal serum T4 (mean plus or minus SD, 6.5 plus or minus 2.8 vs 8.4 plus or minus 2.0 mug/1ll ml, for normal Americans, P less than 0.001), supranormal serum T3 (161 plus or minus 51 vs 126 plus or minus 33, ng/100 ml, p less than 0.001), supranormal serum T3/T4 ratio (T3/T4 x 100, 3.1 plus or minus 2.4 vs 1.5 plus or minus 0.4, P less than 0.001) and supranormal serum TSH (16 plus or minus 40 vs 2.7 plus or minus 1.2 muU/ml, P less than 0.001). Serum free T4 and free T3 were measured in 42 subjects. Serum free T4 was subnormal (2.0 plus or minus 0.9 vs 2.8 plus or minus 0.5, ng/100 ml P less than 0.001) and free T3 was elevated (677 plus or minus 150 vs 375 plus or minus 105, pg/100 ml, P less than 0.001). Serum T4 in goitrous patients was significantly lower than that in non-goitrous patients (5.9 vs 6.9 mug/100 ml, P less than 0.005). However, serum T3 and TSH were no different in the presence or absence of goiter. The frequencies of elevated serum TSH or serum T3 in presence of goiter were also no different from those in its absence. The mean values of various thyroid function tests in 37 subjects from KarKar Island were similar to the corresponding values in Nomane subjects. Serum T4, T3 and TSH values in 8 of 13 deaf-mute patients were similar to the corresponding mean values of other inhabitants of the region. However, the remaining 5 patients had deaf-mutism with no appreciable abnormality in thyroid function. Serum TSH correlated inversely with serum T4 (r= -0.31, P less than 0.001). There was, however, no significant relationship between serum TSH and T3 levels. The data suggest that: 1) circulating T4 exerts a significant negative feedback effect on serum TSH level and that this effect of T4 may be even more important than that of circulating T3; 2) factors other than hypothyroidism may be important in the genesis of neurological defects in endemic goiter regions.


Serum triiodothyronine concentration in thyroid storm. Serum triiodothyronine levels were elevated in 6 patients with thyroid storm (769 plus or minus 181 ng/100 ml) but the values observed were not significantly different from those found in uncomplicated thyrotoxicosis (752 plus or minus 282 ng/100 ml). This observation suggests that the pathogenesis of thyroid storm resides in mechanisms other than a simple increase in serum triiodothyronine concentration.


Urinary excretion of hydroxylysyl glycosides and thyroid function. Urinary excretion of hydroxylysyl glycosides, two specific collagen metabolites, was measured in 18 patients with hyperthyroidism and 4 patients with hypothyroidism. As in the case of hydroxyproline, values were high in thyrotoxicosis and low in hypothyroidism. The glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine/galactosyl-hydroxylysine urinary ratio which indicates the bone or skin origin of degraded collagen was found to be unchanged in hyperthyroidism, except in two cases complicated with hypercalcemia where it was very low. This finding provides a further argument in favour of the bone origin of hypercalcemia in thyrotoxicosis.


Arterio-venous transfer of testosterone in the spermatic cord of man. A counter-current exchange mechanism for testosterone has been demonstrated between venous and arterial blood in the spermatic cord of man.


Nuclear envelope permeability.

Nuclear envelope permeability. The permeability of the amphibian oocyte nuclear envelope in situ has been determined for three tritiated dextrans. The envelope is a sieve, restricting molecular movement between the cytoplasm and nucleus. The patent radius of its pores is about 45å.


Sequence of the OR operator of phage lambda. A sequence of 79 nucleotides from the lambda OR operator is obtained by primed transcription of repressor protected DNA fragments. The sequence contains the primary repressor binding site plus partial duplications which can be interpreted as secondary repressor binding sites.


Sequence of the PR promoter of phage lambda. The RNA polymerase binding site from the lambda PR promoter was isolated and sequenced. This DNA fragment contains the transcription initiation site and shares 25 nucleotides with OR. The sequence preceding the initiation site suggests that the promoter recognition site is not identical with the tight binding and initiation site.


Structural invariants in protein folding. An analysis of 15 protein structures indicates: First, the loss of accessible surface area by monomeric proteins on folding-proportional to hydrophobic energy-is a simple function of molecular weight; second, the proportion of polar groups forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds is constant; and third, protein interiors are closely packed, each residue occupying the same volume as it does in crystals of amino acids.


Effect of phenobarbital, spironolactone and pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile on bile formation in the rat. The effects of pretreatment for 4 days with the hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers phenobarbital (8 mg/100 g body weight), spironolactone (20 mg/100 g body weight) and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (7 mg/100 g body weight) on bile flow and bile pipid secretion have been compared in rats.  Similar to phenobarbital, spironolactone and pregnenolone-16alph-carbonitrile increased bile flow but did not alter bile salt excretion, indicating that these agents increased bile salt independent bile formation.  This finding could be substantiated for spironolactone by studies of the relationship between bile salt excretion and bile flow during bile salt infusions.  Whereas phenobarbital decreased cholesterol and phospholipid secretion to 39 and 49 per cent, respectively, spironolactone and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile more than doubled cholesterol excretion without influencing phospholipid output.  As a consequence, marked differences in the effect on cholesterol saturation were observed: a decrease by phenobarbital and an increase following spironolactone and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile.  The present studies demonstrate that different types of enzyme inducers may share certain effects on bile formation and differ in others.


Inhibition by oxotremorine of acetylcholine resting release from guinea pig-ileum longitudinal muscle strips. 1.  Longitudinal muscle strips of the guinea-pig ileum were incubated in Tyrode solution containing either DFP or physostigmine as cholinesterase inhibitor.  After a 90 min preincubation period the acetylcholine resting release into the medium was determined.  Acetylcholine was estimated by gas chromatography.  2.  The resting release was 0.39 nmol/g times min irrespective of the cholinesterase inhibitor used.  In the presence of hexamethonium, or after omission of external calcium, the resting release fell by 50 and 55 per cent, respectively.  3.  Oxotremorine (10-5 and 10-4M) significantly inhibited the resting release of acetylcholine by 25 and 33 per cent, respectively.  The inhibitory effect of oxotremorine was completely reversed by atropine (3 times 10-7 M).  Oxotremorine did not reduce the spontaneous release of acetylcholine that occurred either in the presence of hexamethonium or in the absence of external calcium.  4.  The acetylcholine content of the muscle strips was approximately doubled during the preincubation with a cholinesterase inhibitor.  The subsequent incubation with oxotremorine did not lead to a further increase in the endogenous acetylcholine content.  However, incubation of the muscle strips with oxotremorine in the absence of a cholinesterase inhibitor led to a rise in the endogenous acetycholine concentration.  In in vivo experiments, oxotremorine also caused an increase in the acetylcholine content of the muscle strips.  The possibility is discussed that the rise in the acetylcholine concentration following the administration of oxotremorine is a consequence of the decreased release.  5.  It is concluded that oxotremorine inhibits the resting release of acetylcholine by activation of neuronal muscarinic receptors.  The inhibitory effect of exotremorine is linked to that fraction of the acetylcholine resting release that is calcium-dependent and that arises from propagated activity in cholinergic neurones.  The results are consistent with the hypothesis of a feed-back control of acetylcholine release mediated by inhibitory muscarinic receptors.


Influence of temperature on the positive inotropic effects mediated by alpha-and-beta-adrenoceptors in the isolated rabbit papillary muscle. On the isolated rabbit papillary muscle experiments were carried out to determine whether the positive inotropic effects mediated by alpha- and by beta- adrenoceptors are brought about by different mechanisms or not.--For this reason the influence of temperature and the effect of the calcium antagonist D600 on the responses to phenylephrine and to isoprenaline were compared. 1. The maximal inotropic effects of phenylephrine, isoprenaline and calcium were not affected by raising the temperature of the organ bath from 37 degrees to 42 degrees C, wheras the basal developed tension of the muscle was significantly decreased. 2. The dose-response curve for phenylephrine was markedly shifted to the right by raising the temperature (pD2=0.89), while that for isoprenaline was also shifted to the right, but to a lesser extent (pD2=0.23). 3. In the presence of 1.5 times 10-8 M pindolol the shift of the dose-response curve for phenylephrine induced by elevation of temperature was more prominent (pD2=1,91), whereas phentolamine (3 times 10-6 M) inhibited the temperature-induced shift. 4. The positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine--mediated by alpha-adrenoceptors under blockade of beta-adrenoceptors by 1.5 times 10-8 M pindolol--was markedly depressed by D600 (10-7 and 3 times 10-7 M): the dose-response curve was shifted to the right ant the maximal response was depressed. On the other hand, the positive inotropic effect of isoprenaline--mediated by beta-adrenoceptors--was affected to a lesser extent by D600 and the maximal response was not changed. It indicates that the stimulation of alpha- adrenoceptors in the rabbit papillary muscle induces a positive inotropic response through a biochemical process different from that caused via beta- adrenoceptors, i. e., stimulation of alpha- adrenoceptors may increase the intracellular calcium level mainly by changing the transmembrane calcium flux.


Direct evidence for the specific fixation of Cl. botulinum A neurotoxin to brain matter. Rat brain homogenate and synaptosomes from rat brain bind botulinum toxin. The binding is accompanied by partial inactivation. The binding decreases with increasing ionic strength. A considerable fixation of tetanus toxin can still be demonstrated under conditions which prevent the fixation of botulinum toxin. 2. Only the grey substance, not the white substance from bovine brain is able to bind the toxin. 3. Upon pretreatment with neuraminidase, synaptosomes lose nearly all of their binding capacity. However, neither gangliosides nor ganglioside-cerebroside mixtures nor brain extracts could replace the synaptosomes. Thus botulinum A toxin closely resembles tetanus toxin in its ability to react with (a) neuraminidase-sensitive site(s) of the grey matter of the CNS. It differs from tetanus toxin by its stronger sensitivity against ionic forces and by its failure to react with certain gangliosides.


[Surgical correction of the pectus excavatum and carinatum in the adult. Report of an unusual case of combination of the straight back and pectus excavatum]. Surgical correction of pectus excavatum et carinatum in a series of adult patients is described. The relationship between deformity of the anterior chest wall and cardiac, respiratory and digestive disturbances is assessed. The indications for surgical management are explained. Reference is also made to the satisfactory morphological and respiratory function results observed on follow-up. An unusual cases of pectus excavatum associated with straight back is separately described. Here again, successful surgical management was achieved, coupled with disappearance of functional disturbances and improvement of the heart picture.


[Primary carcinoma of the gastric stump after resection for peptic ulcer]. Seven cases of primary carcinoma of the gastric stump operated over the last five years are reported. Intervals of from 21 to 44 yr between surgery and the onset of carcinoma were noted. All patients were males and their ages ranged from 54 to 74 yr. Diagnosis was essentially radiographical, though gastroscopical and histological confirmation was obtained in 2 cases. Simple derivative anastomosis was employed in 2 cases. Total, extended gastrectomy was carried out in 3 cases (2 with interposition of the jejunal loop and 1 with direct oesophago-jejunal recanalisation. Gastric resection following degastroentero-anastomosis was performed in the remaining 2 cases. Survivals include 2 subjects apparently in good health 2 6/12 and 2 7/12 yr after surgery. Two patients died after 16 and 18 months. While the prognosis for stump cancer is very poor as far as long-term results are concerned, passive and entirely negative management would seem unjustified.


[Bile secretion].

[Bile secretion]. The canaliculus is the primary site for the formation of bile. Here, active secretion of bile acids creates an osmotic gradient between bile and blood, crossed passively by water and solutes. Numerous experimental data point to the existence of a canalicular bile fraction that is independent of the active transport of bile acids and related to active sodium secretion. The bile ducts are not mere conduits for the passage of bile, but can also change its volume and composition by means of both absorption and secretion. Nervous, vascular, hormonal and pharmacological factors serve to modify bile secretion. In most cases, however, their mechanism of action is virtually unknown.


[Serum enzyme picture in major burns].

[Serum enzyme picture in major burns]. Serum GOT, GPT, LDH, CHE, MDH, SDH, PK, GLDM, LAP and amylase levels and serum ammonia were determined in 49 major burn cases with 2nd and 3rd degree lesions covering 25% to 80% of the body surface. GOT, GPT, LDH, CHE and gamma-GT have above normal in all cases. Limited and inconsistent movements were noted for the remaining enzymes. Blood ammonia was constantly increased and it is felt that the enzyme picture may be of considerable prognostic value in major burn cases.


Report on a case of mild thromboasthenia. A case of Glanzmann thrombo-asthenia has been studied and on the basis of personal history and tests carried out has been classified as being of slight degree.


[Total and fractionized plasma phospholipids in chronic liver diseases]. The literature data relating to the importance of the liver in fat metabolism, and the behaviour of plasma and red cell phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, fatty acids and lipoproteins in acute and chronic liver disease is reviewed. The results of an investigation of the diagnostic and prognostic significance of total and single plasma phospholipid levels in a series of 70 cases (5 chronic aggressive hepatitis, 12 compensated cirrhosis, 41 uncompensated cirrhosis, and 12 controls) are presented. Quantitative assessment by means of thin-layer chromatography showed four features of marked prognostic interest: a) a significant decrease in total phospholipids; b) increased phosphatidyl choline; c) increased phosphatidyl ethanolamine; d) decreased sphingomyelin. In discussing the results, stress is laid on the fact that this method offers a sufficient close evaluation of the clinical picture with respect to both the evolution of cirrogenic liver diseases and the effectiveness of their treatment. It also enables an assessment to be made of liver cell mitochondria function.


[Aspects of glycolipid metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency. Effects of intravenous glucose loading]. The behaviour of blood sugar, insulin plasma free fatty acids and glycerol was studied at various times after intravenous glucose loading in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and normal subjects. Conard's K (glycide assimilation) coefficient was also determined. A statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in the case of the K values only. No difference was noted in the case of the other parameters. The existence of two distinct groups within the subjects with chronic insufficiency, one with normal and one with altered K values, was also noted. The main physiopathological mechanisms probably responsible for this are discussed. It is considered that glucose loading is less sensitive i.v. than per os in the study of glycolipid metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency.


[Interposition of the jejunal loop in the surgical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer, postprandial syndromes and gastric cancer]. 50 cases of interposition of jejunal loop (32 for gastric cancer and 18 for ulcerous pathology) carried out over the last 3 years are reported. From a technical point of view and as an alternative to degastroenteroanastomosis, interposition of the loop is preferred in partial oral end-to-end on the stomach. In neoplastic lesions, Mouchet-Camey type reconstruction was adopted as a routine measure. After describing the complications of the operation and analyzing the causes, the long-term results are evaluated using absorption curves with 131-I labelled oleic acid. The excellent weight increase in the inflammatory forms, and the lack of reflow and dumping in patients subjected to total gastrectomy for cancer, confirm the value of the technique.


[Diagnosis of intrathoracic goiter].

[Diagnosis of intrathoracic goiter]. The various aspects of the diagnosis of intrathoracic goitre are examined. Clinical, blood chemistry and radiological and radioisotope data are required before a firm decision can be made. Detailed recognition of goitre type and assessment of the site and extent of the intramediastinal portion, together with determination of the existence of intra- and extraparenchymal inflammation or degeneration or other signs of disease, are an essential differential overture to the choice of a surgical approach route (cervical, cervical-mediastinal with median sternotomy, transthoracic) and the appraisal of prognosis. In the absence of malignant degeneration, prognosis is good in all cases, since this type of goitre can be completely and finally eradicated.


Fibrin monomer as a test for intravascular coagulation. Soluble fibrin monomer complexes have been determined in approximately 500 obstetric patients by protamine sulfate precipitation, as a test for intravascular coagulation. The incidence of positive fibrin monomer was less than 1% in 139 samples drawn during normal pregnancy. In confirmed abruptio placentae, 84% of samples were positive, but other sources of antepartum bleeding were negative. Positive results were obtained in 24% of samples from patients between 3 and 48 hours after injection of hypertonic saline for second trimester abortion, 33% were positive by only 3% were positive after administration of prostaglandins. The test for intravascular coagulation is simple and rapidly carried out. The results correlated well with the clinical condition of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. However, the test is usually negative in patients with thromboembolic phenomena.


Urinary estrogen assays and maternal hyperbilirubinemia. Urinary estrogen determinations have simplified the care of pregnant patients with certain metabolic disorders known to adversely affect the fetus. This report demonstrates that erroneously low values for urinary estrogens may be obtained if colorimetric assay methods are used for patients with congenital hemolytic anemias during an acute hemolytic crisis. This appears to be due to the interference of the large amounts of urobilin present in the urine of these patients.


Maternal serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase. In normal and high-risk pregnancies. To evaluate its specificity as an indicator of placental function or fetal status, maternal serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP) was measured serially in 76 normal and 161 high-risk pregnancies (1272 determinations). The previously reported curvilinear HSAP rise starting at about 28 gestational weeks was noted. No relation was seen between HSAP levels and milk or moderate hypertension, gestational diabetes, nontoxemic placental insufficiency, or maternal blood group. HSAP levels were mostly above normal in proteinuric hypertension and were low normal in pregnant insulin-dependent diabetics. Two neonatal deaths were associated with normal HSAP levels. Of 4 intrauterine deaths, 1 was associated with high, 1 with low, and 2 with rising values in the normal range. Serial maternal HSAP values are apparently not a specific indicator of placental function or fetal status.


A study of fetal heart rate acceleration patterns. Fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations have never been fully investigated. These accelerations are responses of the healthy fetus to various stimuli and stresses. Observations and proper evaluation of FHR acceleration patterns will give reassurance of fetal well-being. The fetal activity acceleration acceleration determination (FAD) is a method of antepartum evaluation of fetal well-being. The FAD can be used where the oxytocin challenge test is contraindicated. The physiologic bases of FHR accelerations are discussed. An attempt has been made to classify the FHR acceleration patterns.


Comparison of the fetogram and L/S ratio for fetal maturity. There were 254 cases studied in which two tests of fetal maturity were performed within 72 hours of each other. The two tests were an x-ray fetogram and an amniotic fluid L/S ratio determination. All fetograms were read by one author for the presence of distal femoral epiphysis (DFE). It was assumed that DFE permits estimation of fetal bone maturation and L/S ratio permits estimation of fetal lung maturity. The DFE results gave a 40% false-positive rate in predicting a mature L/S ratio (greater than 2.0) and a 38.7% false-negative rate. Of the 21 patients who delivered within 3 days of the performance of the two tests, all neonates did well when there were no visible DFE's but a mature L/S ratio. There is a significant lack of specificity and sensitivity of the fetogram DFE's in predicting a mature L/S ratio. Since infant lung maturation is a critical factor in predicting neonatal survival, these results suggest that the x-ray DFE is unacceptable as a single maturity test for use in a perinatal center managing complicated obstetric cases.


Relation between glucose, insulin, and growth hormone in the fetus during labor and at delivery. Maternal, fetal and umbilical blood glucose, insulin, and human growth hormone (HGH) levels were measured to determine their relation during labor and at delivery. There was a positive correlation between fetal glucose and HGH, as well as between the fetal insulin and HGH values. Higher birthweights were associated with lower umbilical venous HGH and higher insulin levels. Thus, the balance between insulin and growth hormone might be involved in the regulation of fetal growth.


Relation of large birthweight to maternal diabetes mellitus. The records of 517 pregnancies which terminated in the delivery of infants weighing 9 lb or more were reviewed. The obstetric patient most likely to deliver a large birthweight infant was characterized. Toxemia, prolonged labor, and puerperal morbidity occurred with increased frequency. Many of the deliveries were complicated by fetopelvic disproportion with resultant increase in mid-forceps deliveries, cesarean sections, and perinatal morbidity. Five of the 517 patients delivering large birthweight infants were known to have diabetes mellitus prior to the pregnancy included in this study. An additional 369 patients were evaluated with intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Thirty-eight (10.3%) of the 369 tested proved to have diabetic glucose tolerance curves. The likelihood of finding maternal diabetes mellitus increased with the infant's birthweight. Multiple regression analysis of other clinical variables failed to predict which patients would prove to have diabetes. Identification of diabetic puerperas requires that glucose tolerance tests be performed in all who delivered large birthweight infants.


Effects of diuril and dilantin on blood glucose and insulin levels in late pregnancy. In order to evaluate the carbohydrate metabolic effects of certain drug therapies used in treating the toxemia syndrome, 75 term pregnant women were studied with two intravenous glucose tolerance tests performed 1 week apart. During the 2-hour tests, both blood glucose and plasma insulin were measured. The women were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, and during the week between tests they received:a) no drugs (control or C group);b) Diuril, 500 mg/day (Dgroup); or c)Dilantin, 100 mg, t.i.d. (DL group). Each group was of similar age, weight, and gestational age. There were no significant changes in any of the glucose curves. Both drug-treated groups demonstrated insulin changes. In contrast to the C group, the D group showed an elevation of the plasma insulin values during the second test, and the DL group had a lowering of plasma insulin levels in the second test. Thus, both drugs had minor effects on carbohydrate metabolism during short-term use. However, a more marked metabolic effect of these drugs must be considered when using them at higher dosages or for a longer duration.


Advantages of local anesthesia for cesarean section. A review was made of histories of 5010 patients delivered by the senior author over a period of 25 years. Of these deliveries, cesarean section was performed in 283 (5.6%). In 218 of these patients, only local field block of the abdominal wall was done prior to the birth of the baby. When local anesthesia was used, 92% of newborn babies cried spontaneously at once, There were 48 premature babies and 7 neonatal deaths, the latter caused primarily by pregnancy complications and secondarily by prematurity. Fetuses already at high risk are most benefited by the use of local anesthesia prior to birth. Many of the patients experiencing this method had second, third, and even fourth cesarean sections with the use of local anesthesia.


Melanoma of the vulva.

Melanoma of the vulva. Twenty-three cases of malignant melanoma of the vulva recorded at Roswell Park Memorial Institute over a 36-year period have been reviewed. The findings confirm those of earlier series that these lesions tend to occur in postmenopausal Caucasians and most commonly originate on the labia minora and clitoris. Twenty of 23 patients were treated with therapy more conservative than radical vulvectomy and regional node dissection, with a resultant 25% 5-year survival and 10% 10-year survival among eligible patients. The fact that 12 of 14 recurrences surgical removal of these structures; No patient in this series with a lesion greater than 2 cm or with clinically positive groin nodes survived 5 years. According to the literature, very few patients with groin node involvement have survived, even with radical surgical therapy, and a combination of therapeutic modalities in treating these patients is recommended.


Endodermal sinus tumor: a report of two sustained remissions treated postoperatively with a combination of actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide. The literature reflects a poor prognosis for women with endodermal sinus tumor. Two women with this neoplasm, 1 having stage IA and the other stage IIB disease were treated for 1 year postoperatively with a combination of actinomycin-D, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide. Each had therapy discontinued after a negative second laparotomy and 15 and 21 months later are without recurrence. It is suggested that this drug regimen is a benficial adjunct to surgery in the treatment of endodermal sinus tumor.


Effect of abdominal transplanted mammary tumor on peritoneal fluid cytology in mice. In this study C3H/HeJ female mice received an intraperitoneal injection of mammary tumor suspended in saline; After 14 days, the presence of mammary neoplasm was detected by a significant change in the cytodifferential counts of aspirated peritoneal fluid. Previous studies suggest that ovarian cancer can be detected in mice and in women by the characteristic changes produced in abdominal cellular fluid distribution.


Endometrial dating correlated with progesterone levels. The aim of this work was to document the validity and usefulness of progesterone determination instead of endometrial biopsies as evidence for ovulation within a menstrual cycle. The presence of progesterone in amounts greater than 2 ng/ml of plasma was always associated with a secretory endometrium, ie, the endometrium was matured beyond cycle day 14 as diagnosed by classical histologic dating. The remarkable simplicity of quantitating luteal phase progesterone levels by this radioimmunoassay warrants their extended use for evaluating the physiology and the pathology of the corpus luteum.


Female genital coccidioidomycosis.

Female genital coccidioidomycosis. Three cases of coccidioidomycosis of the female genital tract are reviewed. The diagnosis was made by laparotomy in 2 patients who presented with tender adnexal masses, and by endometrical curettage in a third patient with disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Hysterectomies were performed in all 3 patients; 1 had a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and the others a bilteral salpingectomy and unilateral oophorectomy. Two patients received chemotherapy with amphotericin B. One patient died 4 years after her operation from disseminated and meningeal coccidioidomycosis. In a female patient who has resided in an endemic region and who presents with pelvic pain of obscure origin, unexplained infertility, a menstrual disorder, or a chronic, refractory pelvic inflammatory disease, genital coccidioidomycosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis.


Endometrial regeneration after voluntary abortion. Endometrial biopsies were obtained on postabortal days 1 to 36 in 42 women without contraception, in 28 women using oral contraceptives, and in 12 women with intrauterine devices. Tissue samples were examined for day-to-day sequential changes, specifically: a)regenerative, repair, proliferative and secretory activity, b)involution of pregnancy changes, c)inflammation. In the absence of contraception, the endometrium promptly regenerated. The earliest evidence of ovulation was on day 9. One-third of the women ovulated before the first period. Incomplete placental and decidual involution was seen in 45% of patients, but its frequency progressively decreased toward the end of observation. Inflammation seen in 26% was limited to the retained decidua and was, therefore, thought to be a reactive rather than an infectious phenomenon. In women taking oral contraceptives, initial regeneration was also prompt. "On pill" changes resembled the nonpostabortal picture except for a few cases of cystic glandular dilation, or Arias-Stella-like phenomena. Retained decidua and inflammation were more frequent (75% and 68%) than in the noncontraceptive group, and the diminishing trend was not observed. In the intrauterine device group, inflammation was more frequent (83%) than in the other two groups and was not limited to the decidua.


Tubal pregnancy: a report of a very early luminal form of imbedding. A specimen of a very early ovum, 4 to 6 days old, shown in the luminal form of imbedding before any hemorrhage has taken place, confirms that the luminal form of imbedding does occur. This case probably represents the earliest tubal pregnancy reported.


Fetus papyraceus: an unusual case with congenital anomaly of the surviving fetus. Fetus papyraceus is a rare condition occurring in both monochorionic and dichorionic multiple gestations. Assocated with case presented were two interesting and uncommon findings: velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord of the blighted fetus and a congenital abonormality of the surviving fetus. This case is the first known intrauterine monitoring of a pregnancy involving a fetus papyraceus with serial plasma estriol and human placenta lactogen determination.


Balanced translocation in fetal wastage. A balanced reciprocal translocation involving the long arms of a No. 4 and a No. 11 chromosome, t(4;11) (q25;q13), was found in a mother who had one spontaneous first trimester abortion and 2 abnormal infants, as well as in her 2 phenotypically normal children. This translocation was not detectable by conventional karotyping since the two exchanged chromosome segments are almost identical in size; it was demonstrated by the new banding technic which allow us to recognize and to identify each chromosome and its segments accurately.


Symposium on sensorineural hearing loss in children: early detection and intervention. Histopathology of sensorineural hearing loss in children. It is important to determine clinically the etiology of any sensorineural hearing loss in a child, if this is at all possible. With continued examination of the pathologic changes in the temporal bone, one can correlate the clinical and histopathologic findings. By use of this combined knowledge, one can diagnose and evaluate more thoroughly a child with such a hearing loss and also better counsel the child's parents.


Symposium on sensorineural hearing loss in children: early detection and intervention. The rationale for early identification and intervention. The normal hearing child utilizes auditory data to trigger his innate propensity for language learning and begins to use these stored auditory images long before he says his first word. The auditory modality appears to provide the input from which he abstracts and regularizes the rule of grammar both from outside sources and in an auditory feedback arrangement from his own utterances. The development of expressive language appears to occur rapidly once the first word is said, and by age three he appears to be using all the basic structures of speech. The child with severe hearing impairment, on the other hand, deprived of auditory input, either does not develop speech or may with some training develop very limited speech. Since most hearing impaired children can benefit from amplification, hearing aids can provide a means to maximize the auditory channel. Many such children, however, do not receive hearing aids until three to four years of age, and so have already been deprived of these key years in language development. They have already missed the critical periods in language learning and thus are apt to remain severely depressed in language skills at best. The results of one study reported in this discussion appear to substantiate the observation that a good program of early intervention, including effective parent training and early use of hearing aids to exploit auditory potential, can help hearing impaired children to generate spontaneous spoken language more comparable to that used by their normal hearing peers in both type and level of utterance. Although this language may be more immature or less syntactically and morphologically correct than that of their normal hearing peers, it compares in syntactical structure much more favorably than does the language of hearing impaired children who have not received such special help until about two years later. The study further demonstrates the importance of early intervention and illustrates the positive effects of a good early management program on the language and resulting educational achievement of hearing impaired children.


Symposium on sensorineural hearing loss in children: early detection and intervention. Behavioral audiometry with children. Our purpose in this discussion has been to present practical information about behavioral audiometry with infants and young children as a critical part of the comprehensive audiologic assessment. The introductory discussion focused on eight critical audiometric variables and the application of operant conditioning. These variables and operant principles were related to behavior observation audiometry, threshold audiometry (including play, visually reinforced and tangibly reinforced), and speech audiometry (including the speech awareness threshold, the speech reception threshold, and word discrimination). It is concluded that through careful application of these principles and procedures, meaningful audiometric data can be obtained from any child regardless of age or developmental disability.


The effect of continuous doses of Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae on the intestinal mucosa of sheep and on liver vitamin A concentration. Eight 7-month-old sheep were dosed continuously with Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae and 4 sheep were killed at 5 and 10 weeks from the commencement of infection. Flattening of the mucosa and villous atrophy were commonly present at slaughter, and parasites were often found in superficial channels parallel with the luminal surface. At 10 weeks the mucosa was thickened and highly cellular. Leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and maltase activity were reduced in the proximal third of the small intestine. Liver vitamin A was reduced in 3 of 4 infected sheep at 10 weeks, but serum vitamin A levels were comparable with those of worm-free control sheep throughout the experiment.


Seasonal variation in numbers of the rabbit flea on the wild rabbit. Samples of rabbits were obtained throughout each month over the 4-year period 1967-70. All fleas were removed, sexed and counted and the reproductive condition of the rabbits recorded. Rabbit fleas Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) were present on both sexes of rabbit at all times of the year. In each year significantly high numbers of fleas were found on the rabbits in January, February, March and April and significantly low numbers in August, September and October. Mean flea counts were significantly higher on female rabbits than on males during April, May and June. During the rest of the year counts from each sex of host did not differ significantly. There were significant differences in flea numbers between years. More female than male fleas were found on both sexes of host throughout the year. The rabbit population sampled is shown to be typical of post-myxomatosis populations with regard to breeding performance and juvenile mortality. The relationship of the observed patterns of change in flea numbers to host and flea breeding and to host behavior, population size and structure is discussed.


The fowl (Gallus domesticus) and a lepidopteran (Setomorpha rutella) as experimental hosts for Tetrameres mohtedai (Nematoda). The life-cycle of Tetrameres mohtedai in the fowl involving a hitherto unknown intermediate host, Setomorpha rutella, is described and methods for laboratory demonstration are given. Development to infectivity in the intermediate host took less than 2 weeks under laboratory conditions. Infections could be established using infective larvae dissected from the intermediate host. The pre-patent period in the fowl averaged 36 days. Experimental evidence is given for infection of the final host by ingestion of either infected adult or infected larval Setomorpha. Development of the parasite to the infective stage does not depend on metamorphosis of the intermediate host.


Genetic studies on Plasmodium chabaudi: recombination between enzyme markers. Two lines of Plasmodium chabaudi differing in three characters have been crossed, using a technique previously described for P. yoelii. One line, termed 47AS, was characterized by an electrophoretic form of 6-hosphogluconate dehydrogenase, denoted 6PGD-2, a form of lactate dehydrogenase, denoted LDH-3, and was pyrimethanime-resistant. The second line, termed 10AJ, possessed enzyme forms of 6PGD-3 and LDH-2 and was pyrimethamine-sensitive. The cross was made by permitting mosquitoes to feed on a mixture of the two lines and infecting rodents with the resulting sporozoites. The products of the cross were cloned by dilution and examined for enzyme-type and drug-response. Results showed that recombination had occurred between each of the three characters. Clones characterized by 6PGD-2/LDH-2 and 6PGD-3/LDH-3 demonstrated recombination between the enzyme markers. The drug-resistance character segregated independently of either enzyme marker.


Amino acids of Diclidophora merlangi (Monogenea). The level of free amino acids in Diclidophora merlangi is high, comprising over 500 mu moles/g ethanol extracted dry weight. A single amino acid, proline, constitutes some 70% of the total pool. Analysis of parasite protein and host blood and mucus revealed low proline levels, suggesting that the high free pool content was not related to a requirement for protein systhesis or to its abundance in the diet of the worm. Experiments revealed that proline was not involved specifically in osmoregulation, and the reasons for the large amounts present in Diclidophora remain unknown.


Robenidine-dependence in a strain of Eimeria maxima. A robenidine-resistant strain of Eimeria maxima was found to be drug-dependent and developed satisfactorily only in birds which were receiving the drug in the diet. Normal parasite development occurred in the presence of 132 ppm of robenidine in the food.


Cytology and kinetics of microgametogenesis and fertilization in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. The sexual development of the microgametocyte of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis may be subdivided into microgametogenesis which includes exflagellation, dispersal of the gametes and fertilization. Under our experimental conditions microgametogenesis takes about 8-15 min at 20 degrees C, the duration of this period being inversely related to temperature. Exflagellation takes less than 1 min, subsequent dispersal of gametes may continue for 40 min. We find that exflagellation is totally inhibited in vitro by temperatures of 30 degrees C and above, and by certain invertebrate tissue culture media. Exflagellation may occur within a persistent host cell plasmalemma, which seriously impedes the escape of the 8 microgametes. Microgametes move by sinusoidal or helical waves which may be rapid (10 waves/s), slow (smaller than 1 wave/s) or they may be immobile. Microgamete activity, which is alternately rapid/slow or slow/immobile, declines linearly with time. Fertilization which takes less than 1 min results from characteristic behavioural changes by the microgamete; vibratory waves are responsible for the penetration of the macrogamete by the microgamete. The microgamete completely enters the macrogamete and therein continues its cyclical activity.


Acquisition of host antigens by young Schistosoma mansoni in mice: correlation with failure to bind antibody in vitro. Young schistosomes collected after penetration through isolated mouse skin (3 h schistosomula) were cultured in medium containing immune rhesus monkey serum with a high titre of antibody known to kill schistosomula in the presence of complement. Morphological signs of damage in electron micrographs were confined to the surface tegument of the schistosomula. Antibodies in immune rhesus serum were shown to bind to the surface membrane of 3 h schistosomula using an antibody-enzyme bridge technique involving labelling with horseradish peroxidase and histochemical localization of the enzyme at the ultrastructural level. Schistosomula recovered from the lungs of mice 4 days after infection did not bind monkey antibodies at the surface and these 4-day schistosomula are not susceptible to damage by immune serum in vitro. Mouse erythrocyte antigens were detected on the surface of 4-day schistosomula using an appropriate antibody-enzyme bridge but these host antigens could not be found on 3 h schistosomula. This correlation between the presence of mouse host antigens on the surface of schistosomula and the inability of immune monkey antibodies to bind to the surface membrane is consistent with the hypothesis that host antigens are acquired by young schistosomes and serve to protect the surface membrane against antibody-mediated damage.


Hatching in the monogenean parasite Dictyocotyle coeliaca from the body cavity of Raja naevus. When eggs of the monogenean Dictyocotyle coeliaca, a parasite from the body cavity of Raja naevus, are incubated in alternating 12 h periods of light and darkness at 12 degrees C the marginal hooklets appear between 75 and 90 days after collecting the eggs from the host's body cavity and hatching begins after about 102 (96-109) days. Hatching occurs continuously throughout the light and dark periods so that there is no daily hatching rhythm, and host skin mucus and fluid from the host's body cavity (previously deep frozen and thawed before use) are ineffective as hatching stimulants. The significance of these observations in relation to host behavior is discussed.


Acceleration of the median nerve distal latency time in preterm infants with intrauterine growth retardation. The distal latency time (DLT) of the median nerve was measured in infants at various stages of in utero and ex utero maturation. The DLT measured at 36 degrees (DLT-36) during the first 3 days of life was inversely related to gestational age in normal preterm infants. However, the DLT-36 was significantly accelerated in infants with in utero growth retardation (IUGR). In normal infants the DLT-36 was significantly related to the nerve conduction velocity of the proximal segment of the median nerve. This relation was lost in infants with IUGR, since the DLT-36 was accelerated by not the nerve conduction velocity. In normal preterm infants the slope of change of DLT-36 in utero with maturation was similar to the change ex utero. Wigh IUGR the DLT-36 shortened sharply during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life, and thereafter the DLT-36 changed at the same rate as in normal infants. The DLT is sensitive to temperature change in the thenar muscle. The more immature the infant the greater the change of DLT with temperature. Apnea in preterm infants was not significantly related to the DLT-36.


Amniotic fluid lecithin to sphingomyelin ration of 3.5 and fetal pulmonary maturity. The clinical outcome of 118 pregnancies assessed by amniotic fluid lecithin to sphingomyelin concentration (L/S) ratio within 2 days of delivery is presented. It has been observed that the critical L/S ratio for pulmonary function is 3.5 in that no infant born with an L/ S ratio greater than 3.5 has had respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Below an L/S ratio of 3.5, the risk and severity of RDS is inversely related to the L/S ratio. An L/S ratio smaller than 3.5 has the same prognostic value in infants born between 30 and 34 weeks gestation as it has in infants born between 35 and 38 weeks gestation. Under these conditions the relation between L/S ratio and RDS is independent of gestational age.


The Dutch famine, 1944-1945, and the reproductive process. I. Effects on six indices at birth. Prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine of 1944-1945 reduced postpartum maternal weight, birth weight, placental weight, length at birth, and head circumference at birth. These conclusions are based on maternities occurring in the famine area and exposed to famine during some part of gestation as compared both with maternities in nonfamine areas, and with maternities before and after the famine. Third trimester exposure accounted for the whole of the famine effects. Length of gestation was not affected by third trimester exposure, and did not mediate the effects on infant exposure, and did not mediate the effects on infant dimensions at birth. Effects were apparent only below a threshold value of official food rations of 1,500 cal daily average during the third trimester. (Calorie value for official food rations can be assumed to be lower than actual food intake.) Maternal weight declined 4.3% during the famine and rose 10.5% after the famine. Birth weight declined 9% during the famine, and rose 9% after the famine. Placental weight declined 15% during the famine, and rose 14% after the famine. Length at birth declined 2.5% during the famine, and rose 1.5% after the famine. Head circumference declined 2.7% during the famine, and rose 2.4% afterward.


The Dutch famine, 1944-1945, and the reproductive process. II. Interrelations of caloric rations and six indices at birth. Effects of maternal exposure to famine during the prenatal period were compared among six indices of reproduction by the use of Z scores. Maternal weight was affected soonest, then birthweight and placental weight. Length and head size at birth were affected relatively less and only after exposure to more severe nutritional deprivation. Path models were constructed of the interrelations of caloric rations, length of gestation, maternal weight, and fetal dimensions. Above a threshold value of 1,5000 Cal dialy average official food rations available to mothers in the third trimester, a model in whichthe placenta is treated as a fetal dimension (or organ) seemed most appropriate. Below the threshold value, a model in which the placenta is treated as a transmitter of nutrients seemed most appropirate.


Dominantly inherited osteogenesis imperfecta in man: an examination of collagen biosynthesis. We have examined control subjects and patients in an effor to discover a metabolic basis for dominantly inherited osterogenesis imperfecta (OI). Studies were carried out in vitro with cultured skin fibroblasts obtained from OI patients, and in vivo on peptide-bound hydroxyproline excretion in urine. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion (milligrams/24 hr) adjusted for age is essentially normal in OI patients, although the mean excretion rate is below average. The latter finding is presumably a reflection of the smaller body mass of OI patients. The OI skin fibroblasts, matched for age of donor, site of biopsy, phase of growth, and generation number in culture, incorporated L-proline into hot trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble protein (collagen) at normal rates. The rate of conversion of proline to hydroxyproline in the nascent polypeptides is also normal in OI. Incorporation of L-lysine was also normal in OI. These findings indicate that peptide synthesis of collagen is not impaired in OI. Rates of galactose incorporation into collagen and the extractability of collagen into normal saline or 0.2 M citric acid were all normal both in OI cells and in the culture medium recovered from the monolayer. These findings, in combination with the urinary data on hydroxyproline excretion in vivo reveal that cross-linking and export of collagen in OI is essentially normal. The elution profile after ion exchange chromatography of fibroblast collagen on carboxymethyl (CM)--Sephadex was also examined. The normal 2/1 ratio of peak 1 (largely alpha 1(1) chains) to peak 2 ) largely alpha 2 chains) was found in OI fibroblast extracts, which implies that synthesis and initial aggregation of the two types of polypeptide to yield (alpha1(1))-2 alpha 2 collagen composition is not abnormal in OI. Despite the negative biochemical findings, a consistent defect in the morphology of OI cells was identified in the log phase and the confluent phase of monolayer cultures. The finding is characterized by irregular packing of the aggregated cells and by an irregular tessellated appearance of the individual OI fibroblast. This observation reassures us that the inherited defect is expressed in vitro.


Some effects of postnatal zinc deficiency on developing rat brain. A deficiency of dietary zinc during the suckling period of the rat results in a depression in normal growth, which is, in part, due to the inanition experienced by the dam. The pups from such zinc-deficient dams have smaller forebrains at all of the time intervals investigated in comparison with pups from both zinc-adequate controls. The cell number of the forebrain of the zinc-deficient pup was also reduced in comparison with the zinc-adequate pups. RNA concentration did not appear to be affected, although the total RNA content was reduced because of the smaller brain size. The amount of protein per cell was reduced at 6 and 15 days in the zinc-deficient forebrain and polysomal profiles displayed abnormal distribution of material between monosomes and polysomes in the zinc-deficient brain. Zinc deficiency during the suckling period thus appears to disadvantage the animal in terms of body, brain growth, accretion of cells into the forebrain, and normal protein metabolism.


Some effects of prenatal zinc deficiency on behavior of the adult rat. The effect of zinc deficiency during the latter third of gestation on avoidance conditioning of young adult male rats was compared with the effect of intrauterine starvation and normal pregnancy. Animals which had experienced zinc deficiency avoided shock less well than the offspring of pair-fed control dams. The offspring of pair-fed dams avoided shock less well than animals which were the product of normal pregnancy. Response latencies were inferior in the zinc-deficient group, whereas intertrial responses were less on both the previous zinc-deficient and intrauterine starved animals.


Appearance of hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the developing human heart. Highly significant (P smaller than 0.0025) increases in adenylate cyclase activity were seen at all fetal age periods (5-17 weeks) whenever sodium fluoride (5-10 mM) was added to the enzyme prepared from human myocardium. Norepinephrine (NE) at 10-4 M significantly elevated adenylate cyclase activity commencing at 6-7 weeks (P smaller than 0.01). Beginning at 8-9 fetal weeks, glucagon (6x10-6 M) effectively activated adenylate cyclase. Other hormonal agents, namely, histamine, epinephrine, and isoproterenol at 10-4 M, demonstrated an ability to activate the enzyme (P smaller than 0.025) by as early as 6-7 weeks and continued to act in this manner throughout the remainder of the developmental periods investigated. The beta blocking agents, propranolol, significantly inhibited (P smaller than 0.25) the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by NE throughout the 8-15 fetal week periods.


Separation protest in day-care and home-reared infants. Separation protest was measured by the onset and duration of fretting or crying in 24 day-care and 28 home-reared infants during a two-minute period of isolated separation from their mothers in an unfamiliar room. Separation episodes were repeated under similarly controlled circumstances at two-month intervals from 3 1/2 through 13 1/2 months and at 20 months of age. The composition of the day-care and home-reared groups was similar for sex, ordinal position, and family background. Day-care and home-reared infants showed similar patterns in the manifestation of separation protest over age, with sharp reductions in latency to crying and marked increases in the occurrence of crying at 9 1/2 and 13 1/2 months. These results suggest that the psychological processes underlying separation protest are not materially altered by the continuing presence of the young infant in a day-care program designed to meet both his physical and psychological requirements.


Clindamycin treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. Forty-eight children, 1 month to 14 years of age, including 11 patients with untreated acute osteomyelitis, 8 with pretreated acute osteomyelitis, 12 with septic arthritis, and 11 with cellulitis or soft tissue abscess, were treated with clindamycin. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the blood, synovial fluid, bone, or soft tissues of 27 of these individuals while group A, beta-hemolytic streptococci or Clostridia were isolated from 9 patients. Clindamycin was provided intravenously until patients were afebrile for three days followed by orally administered clindamycin for one week in patients with cellulitis to as long as six months in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Clinical and bacteriologic responses to treatment generally were excellent, most likely reflecting the excellent serum and tissue concentrations of clindamycin which were achieved. Serum concentrations of clindamycin following intravenous infusion at 20 to 30 mg/kg/day in three divided doses were 8- to 32-fold in excess of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of all organisms isolated in this study. Bone and synovial fluid concentrations of clindamycin were 60% to 85% of the serum concentrations measured concomitantly. Clindamycin provides an effective alternative treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children who are sensitive to penicillin.


Transcutaneous determination of arterial oxygen tension. Arterial oxygen tension measurements were performed simultaneously using two different techniques: (1) the conventional method of analyzing a blood sample obtained from the radial artery by means of a Clark electrode and (2) a new method of transcutaneous oxygen tension recording using a newly developed surface electrode containing a built-in heating device to ensure optimal cutaneous perfusion at the site of measurement. Two groups of newborn infants were used as subjects: (1) 70 clinically healthy babies who were tested during normoxia and hyperoxia (breathing 80% to 100% oxygen) and (2) 20 sick preterm and term infants receiving inspired oxygen concentrations of between 21% and 100% during the measurement. Our results indicate a satisfactory accuracy for the transcutaneous oxygen tension measurements in normoxia and hyperoxia (percentage coefficient of variation, 15.9% and 24.1%, respectively). In hypoxia agreement between the two methods varies depending on the degree of circulatory derangement. Overall correlation coefficients were greater than 0.85 in each group.


Yersinia enterocolitica arthritis.

Yersinia enterocolitica arthritis. Human infections with Yersinia were first recognized and reported in upper New York State almost 40 years ago. Recently, there have been increasing numbers of reports from Scandinavia of episodes of polyarthritis associated with Yersinia infections. A 6-month-old girl from upstate New York had a fever of 40 C for two weeks and green watery diarrhea, and irritability was noted when she was handled. An evanescent rash was most apparent at times of temperature elevations. Her mother and father had had diarrhea during the month preceding the child's illness. Stool cultures were grown in an effort to identify Yersinia enterocolitica if it was present, and the organism was found. A rise in serum agglutination titer against polyvalent Y. enterocolitica was demonstrated from zero to 1:256 dilutions. Y. enterocolitica is probably a cause of arthritis, mesenteric adenitis, and erythema nodosum in the United States.


Limb blood flow following umbilical arterial catheterization. Stimulated blood flow was measured in the legs of 28 infants who had undergone umbilical arterial catheterization in the neonatal period. Catheter tips were positioned in the region of the aortic bifurcation, and only an isotonic saline/dextrose solution was continuously pumped through the catheter. The catheters were in place for an average of 58.3 hours (range, 4 to 144), and the infants were studied between 29 and 135 days of age (mean, 67 days). Blood flow in both legs was measured simultaneously by venous occlusion plethysmography using a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge. Analysis of peak stimulated blood flow in each leg and simultaneous flow in the opposite leg showed no difference between flow in the leg whose iliac artery had been catheterized in the neonatal period and flow in the opposite leg (paired t-test equal 0.17; P greater.50). No chronic, subclinical flow deficiencies of umbilical arterial catheterization were demonstrable. We see no new reason to curtail the judicious use of the umbilical artery catheter.


Systematic utilization of data for analysis of a pediatric emergency-room experience. This report describes the systematic use of emergency-room data to (1) define the experiences of a group of pediatric interns in their emergency-room rotation (especially as they relate to their role as future pediatric practitioners), (2) evaluate, supervise, and learn from their performance in this primary care setting, and (3) provide an ongoing weekly list of illnesses diagnosed in the emergency room as an epidemiological sentinel for the larger community. The future applications of this type of systematic approach, perhaps with computer technology, offer the opportunity for comparison of delivery, quality, and cost of health care between various sources of primary care (emergency-room facilities, private physicians' offices, neighborhood health centers, and health maintenance organizations.


Compatible transfusion therapy for paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. Two children with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) are described. Both cases were associated with cold-warm serum lysins having anti-Tja activity. Transfusion with compatible frozen-thawed red cells tided these children over the critical acute hemolytic phase of the syndrome. These are the first recorded examples of successful compatible transfusion therapy in PCH.


Manpower training and child-development services. Making quality child-development services available for children of mothers in one vocational training program significantly improved the mothers' performances. On the average, mothers with children receiving these services stayed in the Job Corps longer and more frequently completed their vocational training program. Since longer length of stay and program completion show a positive correlation with a better chance of placement and higher initial wage, the new Job Corps program improves a mother's potential for economic self-sufficiency. In addition, mothers in the program are able to learn how to better understand their children and provide for their needs. Nonresident mothers in the new mother-and-child program performed as well as resident mothers. This similarity points towards the widespread potential for initiating similar programs in many vocational training and educational settings. If, as in the Job Corps program, providing quality child-care arrangements for mothers in such settings as high schools, colleges, other manpower training programs, prisons, and places of employment can improve the mother's general motivation, enhance her earning capacity, and improve her ability to be a good mother, then dollars invested in these programs will show a high return.


Bender-Gestalt test and background interference procedure in discernment of organic brain damage. Although the Bender-Gestalt test has proven adequate in differentiating groups of organic from groups of nonorganic Ss, attempts at individual diagnosis have frequently met with failure. Canter's Background Interference Procedure was designed to increase the sensitivity of the Bender test to the discernment of organic brain damage. The purpose of this paper was to check the validity of the Canter procedure, and to investigate its applicability to Hain's scoring system for the Bender test. 20 brain-damaged patients, 20 schizophrenics and 20 nonorganic, non-brain-damaged patients were matched for age and intelligence. Each of these groups was further divided into outpatients and inpatients. All patients were administered the Bender test on the standard white paper, the WAIS vocabulary subtest, and again the Bender test, on paper for the Background Interference Procedure. Significant results were obtained with the Background Interference administration for both Pascal-Suttell's and Hain's scoring systems where the standard administration had failed to yield significance. The tentative criteria proposed by Canter for individual diagnosis, however, were adequate for Pascal-Suttell's scoring system but not for Hain's method. Possible explanations for this disagreement, as well as suggestions for further research, are offered.


Development of praxis in children.

Development of praxis in children. Praxis was defined as the ability to perform skilled movements on command or demonstration. The performances of 87 normal male children, ages 1 to 6 yr., were assessed on four measures of praxis: oral praxis command, oral praxis demonstration, limb praxis command, and limb praxis demonstration. These measures were also correlated with measures of language and articulation development for the entire group across ages and for yearly age intervals. Results showed an orderly emergence of praxis in all measures beginning about age 1 and reaching nearly perfect performance by age 6. Predictably, ability to follow demonstration emerged earlier than ability to follow spoken commands. Praxis correlated somewhat with articulation and language skills at age 2 but the magnitude of the correlations decreased with increasing age intervals. Normative data are provided for clinical researchers interested in studying "apraxic" children.


Immediate recall fo semantically varied "sentences" by learning-disabled adolescents. The immediate recall of 20 semantically and syntactically varied sentences was assessed and compared for 30 learning-disabled and 30 academically achieving adolescents. Learning-disabled adolescents repeated significantly fewer of the sentences verbatim than their achieving age peers. They exhibited significant reductions in the recall of sentences which violated semantic (selectional) rules, contained correctly and incorrectly sequenced modifier-strings, contained a random word-setting, or were syntactically complex. Perseveration errors occured more frequently among the learning-disabled adolescents than among the achievers and inter-sentence perseverative errors were exhibited only by those who were learning disabled. The rank order of difficulty for the sentences agreed for the two groups, suggesting primarily quantitative reductions in the immediate recall by the learning-disabled adolescents. The findings suggest that learning-disabled adolescents depend heavily upon semantic aspects for language processing, experience immediate memory and sequencing problems for modifier-strings, and exhibit a prevalence of interfering perseverative responses.


Effects of post-hypnotic suggestions on muscular endurance. This study examined the effects of post-hypnotic suggestions upon maximal endurance capacity, Borg ratings of perceived exertion, and heart rate. Experimental subjects were administered post-hypnotic suggestions to improve or decrease performance, and control subjects were given similar instructions during the awake state. Endurance time could be decreased significantly when the fatigue suggestion was given to experimental subjects, but performance could not be enhanced with the facilitating suggestion. Control subjects showed no significant changes across conditions. The Borg ratings indicated that experimental subjects experienced subjective changes as suggested by the hypnotist. In addition, analysis failed to find any significant differences for the heart-rate data.


Prediction of perceptual defense from experimental stress and susceptibility to stress as indicated by thematic apperception. The present investigation tested the hypothesis advanced by J. Inglis (1961) that perceptual defense and perceptual vigilance result from an interaction between personality differences and degrees of experimental stress. The design, which controlled for questionable procedures used in previous studies, utilized 32 introverts and 32 extraverts, half male and half female, in an experiment with a visual recognition-task. Results indicated that under low-stress conditions introverts and extraverts identified by their response to a thematic apperception task react to threatening stimuli with perceptual defense and perceptual vigilance, respectively. Under high-stress conditions, type of avoidance activity reverses; extraverts react with perceptual defense and introverts with perceptual vigilance. It was suggested that, when both personality and stress variables are controlled, results of the perceptual defense paradigm are predictable and consistent, in support of Inglis' hypothesis.


Contrast effects in the response to art. Slides of traditional and abstract paintings were rated for either preference or complexity by 120 Ss following their earlier exposure to a contrasting series of slides of another type of art. Traditional art was liked more when it followed abstract art than when it was viewed after its own type of art. Abstract art, on the other hand, was liked less when it followed traditional art than when it followed the same type of art. Complexity judgments for both types of art, compared to their ratings without an earlier contrasting series, increased after seeing another type of art, although traditional art increased more than abstract art did. These findings were related to several theoretical approaches to cognition, general psychology, aesthetics, and the practical problems of art education. The research also illustrated that the humanistic content of experimental psychology can be broadened by including aesthetics and that experimental aesthetics can be liberalized by using slides showing real art.


Project Re-ed: increase in self-esteem as measured by the Coopersmith Inventory. A group of boys and girls (9 to 15 yr. of age) who were identified as emotionally disturbed and in residential enrollment at a short-term (2 to 15 mo.) high-impact residential treatment center displayed a significant gain on the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Of the 59 children 37 showed a gain; 19 showed a decrease.


Effect of speed adaptation on performance in a self-paced tracking task. 12 Ss were required to perform a self-paced tracking task designed to simulate 'hazardous' road conditions. Those 6 Ss who had previously been exposed to a simple, high-speed version of the task travelled faster and made more errors on the hazardous task than 6 control Ss who performed the hazardous task throughout the experiment. The findings supplement earlier studies of the effect of speed adaptation on the judgment of speed and suggest that, in addition to perceptual distortions, an acquired motivation for speed may be an important factor in the behaviour of drivers leaving high-speed roads.


Relationship between auditory discrimination, articulation stimulability, and consistency of misarticulation. A study was conducted to measure the relationship between auditory discrimination, articulation stimulability, and consistency of misarticulation. Data were based on the Carter-Buck Nonsense-Syllable Imitation Test for stimulability of /s/, the McDonald Deep Test of Articulation which measured consistency of misarticulation of /s/, and the Farquhar-Bankson In-depth Test of Auditory Discrimination which measured external and internal auditory discrimination of /s/. Ss were 25  kindergarten and first grade children with normal hearing and intelligence. No S had received any speech therapy. Each S misarticulated a minimum of three /s/ items on the McDonald Screening Test of Articulation. No more than one phoneme was misarticulated in addition to misarticulation of /s/. A significant correlation between the child's ability to discriminate his own production of /s/ (internal or self-monitoring) and the consistency of misarticulation of /s/ was obtained, as well as one between the consistency of misarticulation of /s/ and the stimulability of /s/. No statistically significant correlations were found between the other variables. A low nonsignificant correlation was found between the stimulability of /s/ and internal discrimination abilities. Different types of discrimination tasks were of varying difficulty. Performance on external discrimination items was better than for internal discrimination items.


Arousal and preferences for complexity in infants. To determine the effects of arousal on preference for complexity 9 infants (16 to 18 mo.) were exposed to different levels of complexity under low and high hunger drive. Low-hunger Ss showed longer fixation time than high-hunger Ss toward all stimuli and showed relatively greater preference for complexity than high-hunger Ss. The results were interpreted in terms of optimal-stimulation theory and information-processing theory.


Visual imagery and religious ceremonial. The purpose of the study was to determine whether visual imagery occurs more in 49  'high church' than in 40 'low church' individuals. Since visual imagery is positively related to need for stimulation, it might be expected that people with a preference for ceremonial would tend to image more vividly. In this study, imagery tended to be stronger among 'low church' individuals, however.


Psychophysical preference for harmonized musical passages in the Just and Equal Tempered systems. Preferences were obtained from both experienced and untrained Ss concerning musical passages presented in both Just (natural) and Equal Tempered (synthetic) tuning systems. While a significant preference for Just tonation was recorded for all Ss, no significant difference for preference was found between moderately experienced musicians and non-performers. Boys showed a greater, and significant, preference for Just tuning than did girls.


Field dependence--independence, social--non-social play and sex differences in preschool children. The present study investigated the hypothesis that preschool children who spend more time in social play than in non-social play would be more field-dependent than their field-independent counterparts. Over-all the hypothesis was supported by the results. Although the social-non-social dimension appeared to account for most of the findings, correlations between individual play activities and field dependence suggested that this single dimension could not adequately account for all of the findings. The dimension of perceptual-motor demand required in some of the activities may have been involved as well. Discussion focused on the complexity of the play preference, cognitive findings, and on sex differences as well.


Organizational properties in a cutaneous memory-scanning task. An experiment investigated the notion that organizational properties operate in a memory-scanning task using cutaneous stimuli. The results indicated that the open-closed nature of the positive set is a significant factor in a cutaneous memory-scanning task. Set-size was not a significant factor. The data suggest there are some organizational processes in a cutaneous memory-scanning task, however, these processes do not seem to be completely analogous to those used in visual and auditory memory-scanning tasks.


Curved contours and the associative response. 72 random polygons and their curvilinear transformations were exposed for 3 sec. to 40 subjects who produced written associations during a 10-sec. interval. The number of associations varied, in general, directly with the amount of curved contour as well as with the degree of contour dispersion. The amount of variance accounted for by these two variables was small, however. Differences in curvature produced much greater differences in the content of the associations, greater degrees of curvature evoking more associations that were curved, man-made objects or living things and fewer associations that were straight-edged, man-made objects. A significant and inverse relationship was also established between contour dispersion and associations that were non-living, natural objects. It is concluded that physical form dimensions, especially curvature, affect less the association value (connotative meaning) of visual forms and much more their denotative meaning.


IES Arrow-Dot longitudinal study of personality development in preschool children. Preschool children were administered the IES Arrow-Dot at the beginning and end of the school year and scores compared with those based on a prior study in a Montessori preschool. Developmental trends of declining Impulsivity and rising Ego scores were corroborated. Superego development remained almost stable in contrast to a significant rise for the Montessori sample. Results support effective use of the test with preschoolers to assess baselines and developmental patterns of personality integration.


Apparent reversals for circular and elliptical stimuli. Number of apparent reversals for various patterned ellipses and circles was investigated. Ellipses produced significantly more reversals than circles. Patterned stimuli produced a number of reversals dependent upon pattern orientation and corroborated predictions consistent with Power and Day's (1973) general constancy theory for apparent reversals.


Arousal and learning, and noncontingency detection in one-year-old infants. The relationship between arousal and learning was studied with 6 infants 1 yr. of age on a two-choice discrimination learning task. The behavioral indices of arousal (activity level) and learning (response rate and reinforcements) correlated significantly (r, .44). Affective state correlated positively with activity level (r, .47) during the learning phase of the experiment. Two control conditions were presented following the learning phase of the experiment. Noncontingent (response independent) reinforcement produced significantly faster response deceleration than nonreinforcement. Affective response did not differ between nonreinforcement and noncontingent reinforcement conditions.


Locus stabilization with parallel rectilinear dot-progressions. Illusory displacement measures ("straight" or "crooked") were compared for single vs parallel rectilinear light progressions in 24 educable mental retardates and 24 normals of equal MA. For both groups, frequency of perceived "straight" responses was greater for the parallel- than for the single-line progressions. It was concluded that concurrent stimulation by two proximate visual stimuli rather than the presence of supplementary interstimulus mediatory referents is sufficient to facilitate veridical perception of successive light positions. Comparable performance by the normals and retardates substantiates previous findings.


Effects of auditory and visual modalities in recall of words. Ten experimental conditions were used to study the effects of auditory and visual (printed words, uncolored and colored pictures) modalities and their various combinations with college students. A recall paradigm was employed in which subjects responded in a written test. Analysis of data showed the auditory modality was superior to visual (pictures) ones but was not significantly different from visual (printed words) modality. In visual modalities, printed words were superior to colored pictures. Generally, conditions with multiple modes of representation of stimuli were significantly higher than for conditions with single modes. Multiple modalities, consisting of two or three modes, did not differ significantly from each other. It was concluded that any two modalities of the stimuli presented simultaneously were just as effective as three in recall of stimulus words.


Speech remediation of children involved in two different physical education programs. 25 children with severe speech defects and receiving specialized therapy in a camp were randomly assigned to either a physical education program with an emphasis on recreational games or perceptual-motor instruction. All children were administered 6 pre- and posttests of language and speech proficiency. The recreation games group achieved slightly more statistically significant improvements.


Social desirability and self-reports of mood: a rejoinder. Warehime and Jones found moderate correlations between social desirability and short-term mood level scores on the Wessman-Ricks Personal Feeling Scales. They suggested that it might be valuable to study patterns of dissimulation in self-reports of immediate feeling states. In the present authors' studies involving long-term mood reports and multivariate methods, social desirability was shown to have a moderately weak relationship with measures of mood level and mood variability. Under conditions of confidentiality and good rapport, repeated self-reports of mood appeared to share more variance with important personality characteristics and situational influences than with social desirability per se.


Short-term motor memory in Korsakoff patients. 10 amnesic alcoholic Korsakoff patients were compared with 10 chronic alcoholics for their ability to retain a simple motor movement over either a 10- or 20-sec. interval. During this interval the opportunity for rehearsal was minimized by having the patients engage in either a verbal or a motor distractor task. Under both conditions the Korsakoff patients were impaired relative to the control subjects, with very little difference between the two types of interference. It was concluded that Korsakoff patients have a short-term motor retention deficit that cannot be explained simply as an inability to mediate the task verbally.


Conditioning changes in differential skin temperature. 8 male Ss were presented with visual and auditory analog feedback regarding the difference between forehead and finger temperature. 4 Ss were instructed to raise the temperature of their finger in comparison with the forehead, while a second group of 4 Ss was instructed to lower the temperature of their finger in comparison with the temperature of the forehead. After 12 15-min. training sessions all Ss were able to produce changes in differential skin temperature in the specified direction. Differential changes in skin temperature correlated highly with changes in absolute finger temperature. These results are discussed as relevant to the clinical application of skin temperature control.


A note on illusions.

A note on illusions. The crucial factor in illusion is not in perception but rather in the assumption that all two-dimensional drawings represent two-dimensional reality. This leads in some cases to making unwarranted comparisons between parts of the figures.


Interviewer's role-playing and responses to sensory deprivation: a clinical demonstration. 10 Ss with a history of intransigent hypochondriacal personality disorder were subjected to 2-1/2 hr. of sensory deprivation preceded and followed by planned interviewing procedures. Each interview was designed to prestructure the interpersonal meaning of the experience of sensory deprivation and selectively reinforce social roles antithetical to S's characteristic, maladaptive interpersonal behavior. As predicted, Ss showed a significant (p smaller than .01) shift from passively hostile to an actively warm social role. The changes in social role were also reflected in a significant (p smaller than .01) reduction in number of medical clinic visits. These effects were still operative 30 days following the procedure, whereas an equated baseline group of 10 Ss showed no significant change in behavior over the same period of time.