[The effect of motor training on evoked sensorimotor cortex potentials in rats during ontogenesis]. Investigation into the influence of motor training on the functional activity of the rat sensorimotor cortex in ontogenesis has shown that three to four-month training, starting at the age of four weeks, leads to a statistically significant enhancement of sensorimotor cortex activity both by latencies and recovery cycles durations. A similar six to seven-month locomotor training produces the same statistically significant results. The differences in the shifts of functional activity after motor training observed between two age groups are not statistically significant. The probability of changes in the average definitive electrophysiological parameters of functional activity after motor training observed between two age groups are not statistically significant. The probability of changes in the average definitive electrophysiological parameters of functional activity of the sensorimotor cortex is suggested in rats aged more than a month, as a result of individual experience.


[The effect of etimizol on the excitability and spontaneous super-slow activity of the structures of the rabbit brain]. Spontaneous superslow electrical brain activity and its changes were studied in acute experiments on curarized rabbits after administration of etimysol in doses of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.5 mg/kg. The effect of the drug persisted for three hours. Two oscillation phases were recorded in the medial group of mesencephalic reticular nuclei and the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus: a short positive phase and a prolonged negative one. In other brain structures only negative waves were recorded. A significant functional rearrangement of correlative connections of brain structures took place in 90 minutes after the drug administration. The factor analysis showed that the most subtle connections were preserved in the neocortex and the dorsal hippocampus.


[The effect of M-cholinolytics on the lability of rabbit visual analyzer structures]. The influence of M-cholinolytics (amizyl, glipine, cyclozyl and 4-oxypiperidylbenzylate) in 0.01--10 mg/kg doses on EEG and photic driving in structures of the visual analyser was studied in experiments on twenty intact rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes in the optic chiasm, the optic tract, the lateral geniculate body and the visual cortex. All M-cholinolitics in the doses studied produced synchronization of the EEG. Photic stimulation against the background of small doses of M-cholinolytics (0.01--0.5 mg/kg) did not lead to any disturbances of photic driving. With increased doses of cholinolitics up to 1--5 mg/kg only low frequencies (1--5 imp/sec) produced driving in the lateral geniculate body and the visual cortex, while in the optic tract the driving remained at the initial level. Administration of drugs in a 10 mg/kg dose resulted in complete depression of the driving response in the lateral geniculate body and visual cortex, while in the optic tract the driving was retained.


[Excitability cycles of direct cortical responses during elaboration of conditioned defense reflexes in dogs]. Direct cortical responses (DCRs) to paired stimuli were studied in chronic experiments in dogs during elaboration of classical and instrumental defensive conditioned reflexes. The DCRs were recorded with 20 to 250 ms intervals between stimuli. Paired and single electrical stimulations of the middle suprasylvian gyrus given with a frequency of one per second were used as conditioned stimuli and were reinforced in a similar way. During electrical cutaneous stimulation of the dog's paw and to an even greater extent during isolated action of the conditioned stimulus the initial negativity of the testing DCR became shorter and the degree of its depression diminished. In the case of a following period of facilitation, its degree became greater. It was higher at a distance of 4 to 5 mm from the point of stimulation than at a distance of 2 to 3 mm. During isolated action of the conditioned stimulus, the degree of facilitation was higher than at the period of the possible action of the unconditioned stimulus. The greatest shorterning of the DCR excitability cycle was observed immediately before and during the conditioned lifting of the dog's paw. Excitability cycles of DCR, and possibly of other evoked potentials as well, are a more sensitive indicator of the function state of the cerebral cortex than responses to single stimuli. For this reason it appears promising to use them in studying conditioned reflexes.


[Direct current self stimulation in rats]. In experiments on 16 male albino rats a phenomenon of self-stimulation of the hypothalamic structures has been produced by a DC anode and cathode, with 20 to 100 microamperes intensity. DC self-stimulation consists in regular succession of approaching the pedal, staying on the pedal and leaving it, i. e. a succession of states of motivational drive, reinforcement and avoidance. In a number of cases the conditioned reflex of self-stimulation is not extinguished for two to three days after switching off the current.


[The influence of recognition of a visual stimulus on evoked potentials of the projection and non-projection areas of the cerebral cortex]. Evoked potentials (EP) were recorded in the projection and non-projection areas of the cerebral cortex in juveniles in response to exposures of structured visual stimuli with subthreshold and supraliminal durations. The data obtained have shown that recognition of the presented stimulus is attended with intensification of the EP late complex. This effect is most pronouned in the central and frontal parts of the cortex. The Nv component with a 240 to 300 msec latency has a more regular connection with recognition as compared with other components.


[Trace reactions following combination of a sensory stimulus with polarization of the visual region of the cortex]. Spontaneous activity and responses to photic flashes and tones of 133 neurones were recorded in the visual cortex during polarization of the same area (1.5 to 10 muA, 5 to 30 min) and after it (one to 52 min). Responses of cells to two unimodal stimuli of different parameters were analysed, of which one was presented repeatedly during the polarization ("positive"), and the other one to three times ("negative"). Depending on the previous "learning", 47.4% of the units responded after the polarization to "positive" photic stimulus and 37,8%--to acoustic stimulus. The trace effects of the stimuli pairings are reproduced in polarization after-effect by the action of the sensory signal alone. The recorded differences in the nature and duration of the reproduction of trace processes formed to an adequate and inadequate stimuli, are due to the dissimilar action of polarizing currents on neurones of the cortex cross-section and to different effectivity of the visual and non-visual influences related to it.


[Conidioned reflex and polarization salivation]. The paper outlines some characteristics of salivation arising under the action of DC anode on the parietal areas of the dog's head. It is suggested that peculiarities and characteristics of salivation induced by a DC anode coincide with those described with regard to conditioned salivation.


[The effect of monoamine oxidase inhibition on formation, fixation and reproduction of temporary connections]. An administration of 100 to 300 mg/kg doses of iprazid to rats and mice leads in 24 hours to a considerably higher serotonin and noradrenaline content in the brain. Defensive conditioning against this background proceeds in the same way as in control animals but the retention of elaborated reflexes is sharply disturbed. A similar effect is produced by 5-oxytryptophane. An iprazid administration after conditioning does not disturb the retention and subsequent achievement of the reflex. Inclusion of S35-methionine in the total proteins of the mice brain does not change under the influence of iprazid. A conclusion has been drawn that inhibition of monoaminoxidase by iprazid does not prevent the formation and reproduction of temporary connections, but deeply disturbs their fixation. It is suggested that the revealed disturbances of fixation of temporary connections are due to the accumulation of serotonin in the brain, which suppresses the protein synthesis in the synaptosomes or that of specific proteins.


[The effect of lysergic acid diethylamide on memory in mice]. In experiments on mice of the BALB/c strain a study was made of the influence of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the retention and reproduction of a conditioned passive avoidance reaction (CPAR). A 0.5-3.0 mg/kg of LSD Injected intraperitoneally 10 min. before the learning procedure, worsened the CPAR retention, while a 0.2 mg/kg of LSD Improved it. The drug (0.2 mg/kg) facilitated the retrieval of the reaction, which did not manifest itself in 24 and 48 hours after learning. This effect depended on the strength of the unconditioned stimulus presented during learning as well as on the time intervals between the moments of learning and testing. Facilitated CPAR retrieval was observed only during the action of the drug and disappeared in 24 hours after its administration. The possible physiological mechanisms of LSD influence on memory processes are discussed.


[The relationship between the formation of trace reactions and the functional state of rats of different genetic lines]. The level of excitability of the nervous system was enhanced in rats of the Krushinsky--Molodkina (K--M) and Wistar (W) lines by means of dynamic and static physical loads and injections of different doses of al-amphetamine. It was shown that a higher level of excitability of the central nervous system produced in both lines of rats improved memory  and increased the rate of formation of a conditioned active aboidance reflex (CAAR). A greater physical load or dose of the stimulant drug in the K-M line of rats resulted in a decrease of all parameters characterizing CAAR, while in the other line they rose in progression. The data obtained are believed to be related to a different genetically conditioned initial level of excitability in the indicated lines of rats--a higher one in the K--M line animals as compared with the W line rats, which determines a different norm of the nervous system responsiveness in the indicated groups of animals.


[Adaptive changes in the evoked electrical activity of the rat brain while training it in a controlled experiment]. A programmed change of a certain phase of cortical EP to a photic flash was reinforced in an unrestrained chronically operated animal (a rat) in the course of an operant controlled experiment. A painful subcutaneous stimulation or stimulation of the emotionally positive zone of the lateral hypothalamus was used as a reinforcing agent. It has been shown that painful stimulation is a more effective reinforcing agent than brain stimulation. Synchronous recordings pointed to a distinct correlation of activity in some structures (field CA1 of the hippocampus) with that of the visual cortex, while in others the EP form characteristically changed at different stages of learning (thalamic reticular nucleus), and in still others, there were no EP changes (midbrain reticular formation) at any stage of learning.


[The latent period of a conditioned motor reaction in dogs and cats]. A study was made of the temporal characteristics of motor reactions in cats and dogs to an instantaneous change in the shape of a photic signal. The latency value is an individual characteristic of the animal; it undergoes only slight fluctuations on different experimental days. No influence has been found of the intersignal interval magnitude (8--70 sec) on the duration of latencies. Longer experiment (about 300 signals in three hours) leads to longer latencies and their greater variability.


[The effect of dorsal and ventral hippocampal lesions on short-term memory in cats]. The influence of lesion of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus on short-term memory was studied by the method of delayed conditioned reactions. It has been shown that after lesion of the dorsal hippocampus the delay considerably increases and that subsequent lesion of the ventral hippocampus completely eliminates delayed reactions. A conclusion has been drawn that the dorsal hippocampus has an inhibitory influence and the ventral hippocampus a facilitating effect on short-term memory. However the existence of a modulating effect does not imply that the hippocampus is a specific substrate of memory. A considerable part in the mechanism of memory is also played by other brain structures, which are activated together with the hippocampus. Particular importance is attached to activation of the bentromedial and lateral hypothalamus and the cortical associative areas.


[Linguistic features of the structure of verbal expression in emotional stress]. Comparative analysis was carried out of the linguistic characteristics of oral speech, recorded in 68 subjects in a state of anxiety (students in examination situation; surgical patients in preoperative interview; air force operators undergoing responsible professional-proficiency tests) and of speech disturbances in patients with damages in the parts of the brain which play a significant role in the control of stress and emotional behaviour. The results obtained allow to conclude, that speech disturbances of normal subjects in a state of anxiety are caused by physiological factors and thus can be used as objective indices of the speaker's emotional state, since they are similar to those of the patients with damages in the region of the temporal lobe, intimately connected with limbic structures.


[Shape recognition and image orientation in young children]. A comparison was made of recognition of images in the direct and inverse "top-bottom" orientation. A child two and a half years old was to find the test image on the response card or to give a verbal reply. The verbal responses have shown that the child identifies well both the shape and orientation of the images. In experiments with the response card, the presentation of images in inverse orientation did not result in any mistakes in recognizing the shape nor did it prolong the latency of the reaction, and no correlation was found between the orientation of the presented and the response figures. A child trained to find images of both similar shape and orientation is incapable of indicating properly the orientation of an image presented for a limited time period. These facts are interpreted in terms of the hypothesis of multichannel transfer of information about the pattern in the visual system.


[The vegetative component of a conditioned reflex]. Defensive and alimentary conditioned reflexes were studied on normal cats and cats with neural isolation of the neocortex. The cardiac component of the conditioned reflexes is elaborated in decorticated animals at a similar rate and is as steady as in normal cats. Motor conditioned reactions in decorticated cats are difficult to elaborate. Both in normal and decorticated cats unconditioned pain stimulation evokes tachycardia, while a conditioned signal, paired with this unconditioned stimulus, produces bradicardia. Ban assumption has been made that the primary conditioned reaction consists in the appearance of a certain emotional state which changes the cardiac rhythm in a typical way.


[The effect of electric stimulation of several zones of the brain on verbal memory in humans]. Investigations of patients with implanted in intracerebral electrodes have shown that within some subcortical structures there exist neuronal-glial populations in which the dynamics of their functional state, according to the results of local recording of slow processes (oxygen tension, local blood flow, impedance), clearly correlates with the correct performance of the tests on operative memory. Electrical stimulation of some of the zones significantly changes the volume of operative memory and influences the general state and higher psychic functions in the patients. The result of electrical stimulation of the brain is determined by the role of different zones in the mnestic act and by the stage at which the stimulation is performed. The role of the cerebral zones is discussed in which the change of the functional state correlated with errors in tests reproduction, the detectors of errors in securing human memory.


[Direct cortical responses to electric stimulation with different frequencies in chronic experiments on dogs]. Direct cortical responses (DCR) to a series of electrical stimuli with a frequency of I to 50 per second with 10 to 20 pulses in each series were studied in chronic experiments on dogs. The nature of cortical responses differed, depending on stimulation parameters. As the stimulation frequency increased, the amplitude and number of late DCR components decreased, and with further increase of frequency, the early components decreased as well. The following types of responses were revealed: recruiting, intermittent and decremental. As the stimulation frequency increased all the three types of responses could be obtained in one and the same cortical point. Recruiting was not typical of high-amplitude and multi-component DCR with a long phase of depression of initial negativity and slightly pronounced short-term subsequent facilitation, while the intermittent type of response appeared at lower frequencies than in other dogs (5 to 10 per sec). A decremental type of response was observed in all the dogs at a stimulation frequency higher than 30 per sec. The duration of the series of after-discharges to a burst of electrical pulses depended on the pattern of the DCR to a single stimulus and on the intensity and frequency of stimulation. With similar parameters of stimulation, the greater the amplitude and the longer the duration of the slow negative DCR wave, the longer the period of after-discharges following a series of stimuli.


[A study of the complex of vegetative-somatic components during elaboration of the generalized meaning of words]. Characteristics of interrelations in the complex of vegetative-somatic components (cardio-vascular, respiratory and motor) in conditioning to verbal signals denoting action were studied in children aged from one year nine months up to two years six months. The formation of a signal significance of verbal stimuli is accompanied by a progressive rise in the level of synchronous interrelations between vegetative components.


[Instrumental and classical reflexes with water reinforcement]. Thirsty dogs were learned to regulate the supply of water by flexing the paw. The movement was effective only during an acoustic stimulation, either immediately at its beginning, or 10 to 20 sec. after its isolated action. The acoustic signal produced both flexion of the paw (instrumental reflex) and rhythmic swallowing movements which preceded the moment when water was fed into the mouth (classical conditioned reflex). The effect of prolongation of the isolated acoustic stimulation was manifested with extinction of the classical conditioned reflex and activation of the instrumental one.


[Behavioral, electrophysiologic and vegetative correlates of self stimulation in dogs]. Summary electrical activity of different brain structures (chiefly the hippocampal theta-rhythm) and cardiac and respiratory rhythms were recorded during self-stimulation (SS) in dogs. Emotional-motivational excitation in dogs, preceding SS, is attended with a moderate increase in theta-activity in the hippocampus. The SS period is characterized by desynchronization of the electrical activity, the appearance of high-frequency rhythmics and diminished theta-rhythm. After withdrawal of the pedal, hypersynchronization of the theta-rhythm sets in in most of the structures studied. SS is accompanied by considerable shifts of the cardiac and respiratory rhythms. The dynamics of behavioral, electrophysiological and vegetative shifts during SS in dogs points to a successive involvment of the brain mechanisms of search, positive reinforcement and emotional-negative interruption of the pedal pressing series. Complex interaction of the three mechanisms underlies the external phenomenology of the SS instrumental conditioned reflex.


[Motor alimentary conditioned reflexes and delayed reactions in dogs following destruction of the caudate nucleus]. The characteristics of formation and achievement of motor conditioned reactions were studied in seventeen dogs before and after the lesion of head or body of the caudate nucleus. It has been shown that the degree of higher nervous activity disturbances depends on the localization of injuries in the nucleus, and on the complexity of the tests used. The caudate nucleus exerts a modulating effect on the parameters of motor conditioned reflexes and takes a direct part in the structure of delayed reflexes. Lesion of the caudate nucleus body is attended with more serious disturbances of higher nervous activity than lesion of its head.


[Conditioned reflex activity and several vegetative reactions in dogs during the recovery period following repeated reanimation]. Conditioned activity and vegetative reactions were studied in dogs which repeatedly underwent clinical death from electrical trauma and were reanimated by donor artificial blood circulation. (The first clinical death was provoked 15 to 18 months prior to the repeated death and was caused by drowning and blood loss). On the first few days after reanimation the functions of the higher parts of the CNS and the vegetative nervous system were considerably disturbed. This was manifested in diminished effector reactions to conditioned stimuli, in narcotic and ultraparadoxal phases in conditioned activity, in tachycardia and a higher respiratory rate. The disturbances gradually diminished and by the 5th to 13th day following reanimation completely disappeared. The nature and depth of the disturbances correlated with the basic properties of the animals' type of higher nervous activity. The conditioned reactions were restored despite the retained pronounced dystrophic and destructive changes in the cerebral cortex. This is significant proof of important compensatory capacity for conditioned activity in dogs.


[An EEG-study of participation by the head of the dog caudate nucleus in alimentary conditioned reflex activity]. It was shown during alimentary conditioning in dogs that in the "background" electrocaudatogram there are rhythms typical of the act of eating, which become more clearly pronounced under the action of the conditioned stimulus. The EEG of the caudate nucleus head sharply changed during discordance reactions. It has been assumed that the caudate nucleus head forms a link in the functional system of the alimentary conditioned reflex at stages of afferent synthesis and functioning of the action acceptor.


[Complex alimentary motor conditioned reflex reactions in cats and dogs]. The ability of animals to perform a complex motor task representing a model of compensatory discrete tracing was investigated in dogs and cats. Elongation of a light spot on an oscilloscope screen into a vertical line served as a signal of motor reaction. The reaction consisted in several movements, each of which reduced the initial signal change by 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 or 1/5 of its value. Alimentary reinforcement was given only after a reduction of the signal to its initial level. Signals with a different number of steps of transition to their initial state were presented at random. It was found that learned animals were capable of a stable behaviour of a compensatory discrete tracing type. A hypothesis has been advanced about a probabilistic participation of visual control in the realization of tracing motor behaviour.


[The disinhibitory influence of the activating system when artificially excited from different points in the brain]. EEG activation can be produced by electrical stimulation of some cortical points with the same threshold current strength as by the midbrain RF and thalamic CM stimulation. Near-threshold stimulation of all these points acting simultaneously with inhibitory conditioned signals does not disturb the effector inhibition but displays an EEG difference between negative signals: the fine differentiation sound evokes considerable EEG desynchronization, while the rough one does not change the background rhythms. The same stimulation combined with a positive signal which has been made ineffective by successive inhibition or extinction, reestablishes the intensive EEG activation in response to this signal and the effector conditioned reflex. Therefore a mode-rate additional stimulation of the activating points in the cortex, RF and CM has a disinhibitory influence. When initiated in the cortex this influence may be transmitted from the cortical point to other parts of the brain along transcortical and corticofugal connections.


[Avoidance reactions to painful stimulation of another individual following destruction of the rat amygdala]. Experiments in male albino rats have shown that bilateral lesion of the amygdala does not prevent avoidance conditioning to pain stimulation of another rat, improvement of the reaction after a painful action of the experimental animal and its extinction after the discontinuation of pain stimulation of the partner. Amygdalectomy performed after elaboration of a conditioned avoidance reaction, improves or worsens it, depending on which of the two rivaling motivations (sensitivity to signals of the other animal or fear of an open field) relatively predominanted in the given animal before the operation. The facts obtained suggest that the amygdala may be classified as belonging to the system of brain structures, where the "interrupting function" of emotions is achieved directing the behaviour to meet the predominant need.


[The effect of different activating influences on the self stimulation reaction]. A study was made of the influence on self-stimulation of non-painful sensory stimuli of different modalities, and of intra-brain stimulations of emotionally positive and neutral points with the wiew to elucidate the specificity of certain functional relations appearing during interaction between emotionally negative and positive conditions. The data obtained attest that the influence of various excitation sites on self-stimulation reactions depends not so much on the strength of the stimuli, as on the specific neurophysiological organization of emotionally negative zones in the brain. A reciprocal enhancement of excitation of self-stimulation zones points to a certain non-specificity of positively reinforced structures.


[Electroencephalographic characteristics in animals with different typologic characteristics of their higher nervous activity]. Manifestation of typological characteristics of higher nervous activity in EEG energo-(amplitude-) frequency parameters were studied in chronic experiments on cats in a state of rest. EEG Of the animals of a strong nervous system type were characterized by a comparatively steady prevalence of alpha-activity and a stable relationship between the summary energy parameters of the basic frequencies. The brain electrical activity of cats with a weak type of higher nervous activity was in some cases characterized by instability of the general pattern: the summary parameter of each rhythm often changed, while at different intervals of time any of them could be recorded as predominant; in other cases slow waves were steadily prominent, and the summary energy of alpha-activity was low.


[Changes in the ultrastructure of the cerebral cortex in rats during learning and in disorders of higher nervous activity]. The results are outlined of a complex study of the ultrastructure of the rat cerebral cortex after learning and higher nervous activity disturbance. In the case of learning with preliminary stimulation with al-amphetamine or without it, the subcortical processes in the motor and auditory analysers of the cerebral cortex are characterized by sharp structural-functional activation of the apparatus of energy supply, of protein synthesis and of the synaptic zones. The length of the synaptic active zones increases, and extensive development of spine apparatuses is recorded in the postsynaptic area in the form of intricate membrane complexes. Quite the contrary, in cases of higher nervous activity disturbances, destruction of the organelles and desintegration of spine apparatuses is clearly pronounced. The question of the role of the latter in the memory processes is discussed.


[Reactions of premature children suffering intracranial birth injury to color stimuli]. The dynamics of formation of integrated reactions to colour stimuli is substantially disturbed in babies of the first three months of life. Stable disturbances in the development of reactions by EEG and somato-vegetative components parameters, accompanied by changes of the neurological status in children with severe symptoms of intracranial delivery trauma, testify to a profound and stable disturbance of the CNS functions and to a change in cortico-subcortical relationships, possibly in connection with an organic lesion of the brain. In the case of a less severe trauma, the dinamics of the formation of reactions is normalized prior to the improvement of the clinical state and is a good prognostic phenomenon. In the light of published data, changes in the vegetative components of reactions in traumatized babies are regarded as resulting from compensatory reactions of the hypothalamic structures to hypoxia.


[Correlation between electrical activity in symmetrical regions of the cerebral cortex and unilateral lesions]. Functional interrelations between cerebral hemispheres, and particularly, between their symmetrical areas, were studied during compensatory processes in patients with tumours localized in one of the hemispheres. Analysis of spontaneous electrical activity before the operation on the tumour revealed several types of interhemispheric relations. The existence of a sharply pronounced pathological activity in one hemisphere, testifying to inactivation of cortical cells, is, as a rule, accompanied by activation in the intact hemisphere, especially in the areas symmetrical with those injured. In cases of less pronounced pathology, with partial retention of activity of the cortical cells in the injured areas of the affected hemisphere, a lesser degree of activation is observed in the intact hemisphere. The data point to a development of substituting-compensatory processes in the areas of the intact hemisphere symmetrical with the injured ones and to the possibility of testing the processes electrophysiologically.


[An EEG study of different behavioral states of freely moving dolphins]. ECoG and EMG of neck and eye muscles of four free moving dolphins were recorded during sleep-wakefulness cycle through chronically implanted electrodes. Wakefulness is accompanied by desynchronized ECoG, and slow sleep by synchronized ECoG, including the sleep spindles and theta- and delta-waves. The standard EMG criteria do not allow the discrimination between fast sleep and wakefulness in dolphins. Behavioral observations alone do not inform about dolphin's sleep or wakefulness. The respiration of dolphins may be observed during bilateral ECoG synchronization in slow sleep without arousal. ECoG synchronization as well as desynchronization may be observed when the contralateral eye is open.


[Electrical activity of the limbic structures of the dog brain during simultaneous stimulation of the cingulate gyrus and hypothalamus]. Simultaneous electrical stimulation of the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and the anterior-lateral part of the hypothalamus in the dog brought about EEG synchronization in the limbic system structures and increased correlation coefficients between them. The animal's behaviour exhibited positive emotionally reactions (licking, sniffing, wagging the tail), attended with slowing of the heart rate. The indicated changes directly depend on the degree of emotional stress (the changes are more pronounced in hungry than in sated animals). Simultaneous stimulation of the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and the anterior-lateral part of the hypothalamus apparently activates a system which reduces the level of emotional stress.


[Sensory characteristics of the cortical input of the hippocampus, the dentate fascia]. Investigation of sensory reactions of the neurones of the dentate fascia was performed in unanaesthetized rabbits. Spontaneous activity usually consisted of long aperiodic high-frequency bursts with silent periods between them. Multimodal convergence was observed in 76% of records. Responses to sensory stimuli constituted three nearly equal groups: 1 -- tonic inhibitory reactions; 2--phasic (equal to stimulus duration) activatory responses; 3--simple "specific" responses of on-type, sometimes with secondary phasic components. In one microelectrode track, perpendicular to the double lamina of granular cells, all neurones usually responded in the same fashion.


[Physiologic characteristics of systems of conditioned connections during urgent formation of a program of action]. Examination of preschool age children has shown that instantaneous formation of a system is possible only on the basis of integration of conditioned reflexes, which are differentiated by the nature or strength of reinforcement. Integration of previously elaborated conditioned reflexes is more successful if the initial systems of conditioned connections were in a state of conditioned tonic excitation of an optimal strength. Uniformly strong or uniformly weak stability of all reflexes in the system renders it inert, hence makes it a poor basis for instantaneous formation of a new system.


[Neurophysiologic mechanisms of the formation of the signal significance of words in yound children]. It has been established by means of the auto- and cross-correlation EEG analysis of children in the second year of life that different functional systems of relationships of cortical structures are formed during the word perception depending on whether it is an indifferent or signal stimulus for the child. In response to indifferent words, synphasic oscillations of the biopotentials appear in the infero-parietal and temporal, as well as in the temporal and frontal zones of the dominant hemisphere, without enhancement of the periodic processes and without appearance of a common rhythm. Signal verbal stimuli produce enhanced highly synchronous, synphasic interconnections of the infero-parietal biopotentials not only with temporal, but more considerably so with the frontal activity of the left hemisphere. This is accompanied by increased periodicity of processes between them and the appearance of a predominant rhythm 4--5 osc/sec.


[Organization of the spatial-temporal relationships of cerebral electrical processes in children during exposure to verbel commands]. An EEG cross-correlation analysis has shown that in children aged four to five years higher sensory analysis of verbal commands and their meaning was reflected in the nature of synchronous interactions between oscillatory processes and their spatial-temporal patterns. At the moment of perception of the command "listen" highly synchronous synphasic relations were recorded between biopotentials in the associative infero-parietal cortex and projection temporal centres of the left hemisphere. Oscillations of the parietal areas preceded the rhythms of the occipital, motor and frontal lobes in the left hemisphere; slow oscillations with a 3 osc/sec frequency predominated, and the intensity of the periodic processes increased. The command "look" evoked a high degree of synchronous synphasic relations of biopotentials in the parietal-occipital cortical parts of both hemispheres; oscillations with 6 osc/sec frequency predominated; their intensity rose; synphasic relations of oscillations in parietal and motor and temporal centres grew more manifest, while the rhythmic activity in the parietal zones preceded the potentials in the frontal lobes of both hemispheres.


[Reversal of signal significance of stimuli in the avoidance reflex]. The course of reversal learning in go -- no go avoidance reflex differentiation in both cats and dogs was analysed in terms of interrelations between drive and instrumental reflex activity. When signalling properties of the conditioned stimuli were reversed, marked changes in the drive state of experimental animals occurred. The increase of the fear drive influenced both the transfer of the instrumental response to the new positive conditioned stimulus and the extinction of the response to the previously positive stimulus. The quality of the conditioned stimuli and their reflexogenic strength exerted clear effects on the fear drive and on the course of reversal learning. Prefrontal lesions affected the drive state and the conditioned reflex activity of the animals during the reversal learning.


[The effect of electrostimulation of the caudate nucleus and somatosensory cortex on defensive instrumental reactions in dogs]. It has been shown that the effect of stimulation of the caudate nucleus head in the contralateral hemisphere differs at different stages of achievement of a defensive instrumental habit in dogs. Stimulation preceding the action of the conditioned signal or delivered simultaneously with the beginning of the latter did not change the criteria for the achievement of successive programs of the instrumental defensive reaction. Stimulation of the same areas in the last phase of the instrumental response, as a rule, lead to the cessation of instrumental movement. A conclusion has been drawn that in a defensive situation the inhibitory influence of the caudate nucleus on instrumental behaviour of intact dogs is not so sharply expressed as in experiments with alimentary reinforcement. In dogs with a preliminary ablation of the CI and CII cortical zones of the contralateral hemisphere, stimulation of the caudate nucleus head was attended with a sharp drop in every criterion of the instrumental defensive reactions.


[Neurons of the rabbit midbrain reticular formation during a defensive conditioned reflex]. Analysis of unit activity of the midbrain reticular formation was carried out on alert rabbits during defensive conditioning. Most of the examined neurones exhibited phasic responses corresponding in time to the components of the evoked potential (EP) recorded in the cortical visual area in response to the "indifferent" stimulus, and to the conditioned stimulus and electric cutaneous reinforcement. The data obtained are considered from the standpoint of the Anokhin functional systems theory. A conclusion has been made regarding the participation of reticular units in providing all the basic mechanisms of the functional system of the behavioral act. Discharges of one and the same neurone may correspond to different components of the EPs to conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. In different behavioral acts a neurone may apparently participate in different systemic mechanisms.


[Disorder and recovery of somatic sensitivity in cats with destruction of the afferent pathways of the spinal cord]. Somatic sensitivity was studied in intact cats and in the process of functions recovery after section of the posterior columns of the spinal cord and spino-cervical tracts. The state of somatic sensitivity was estimated by the change in the thresholds of food-procuring conditioned reflexes to electrocutaneous stimulation of the anterior limb. After section of the posterior columns or the spino-cervical tracts at the level of the 2nd cervical segment, the threshold rose. It gradually decreased in parallel to the recovery of motor activity, without reaching the initial level. The section of both tracts (simultaneous or in two stages) resulted in an intensive rise of the threshold which decreased in the course of recovery of disturbed functions. Evidently only partial recovery of somatic sensitivity takes place in the process of compensation of functions following the lesion of specific afferent ways of the spinal cord, and motor activity may be achieved with a consdierable deficit of somatic sensitivity.


[The effect of phenamine and caffeine on caudate inhibition of conditioned reflex avoidance reactions in cats]. In cats with a preliminarily learned conditioned avoidance reaction, stimulation of the caudate nucleus inhibited behavioral response by lengthening its latency and reducing the number of conditioned reactions. Intensity of the inhibitory effect did not substantially depend on the localization of electrodes in the head or body of the nucleus and weakened within a few experimental days. D,1-amphetamine (0.5 to 4 mg/kg) and caffeine (10 to 10 mg/kg) suppressed the caudate inhibition, but the action of the drugs was manifested in different ways. The influence of large doses of d,1-amphetamine was characterized by a serious disturbance of behaviour and caudate inhibition of conditioned responses.


[Changes in the configuration of conditioned reactions of visual cortex neurons during changes in reinforcement parameters]. In order to study the influences of controlled changes of defensive integration on the activity of visual cortical units their responses to a conditioned light flash and electric cutaneous stimulation with a 600 msec interval between them were recorded in experiments on alert rabbits. It has been shown that in a third of the neurones the types of reaction to light flashes and electric stimuli coincide. The changes in parameters of the reinforcing shock led to a changed response of most cells to the conditioned photic stimulus and electric stimulation. The changes may have affected units which produce any activation phase, including cells with activity characteristic of detectory ("simple" and "complex") visual neurones. The data obtained suggest that the special function of the visual cortex is used in different ways in systemic mechanisms of conditioned and unconditioned defensive acts and that the integrated system of a behavioral act exerts control both on the use of the unit in a certain systemic process and on its receptive field.


[The intensity of RNA synthesis in rat hippocampus during learning]. Intensity of hippocampal RNA synthesis was studied in albino rats on days when elementary links of the chain motor conditioned reflex with food reinforcement were formed. A gradual increase in the nuclear RNA synthesis intensity was found in both learned and unlearned rats from the 1st towards the 5th day. This increase was, however, higher in the learned rats. A decrease was recorded in the difference in the intensity of the hippocampal nuclear RNA synthesis between the learned and unlearned rats from the 1st to the 5th day; this is possibly connected with the formation of certain mechanisms of memory consolidation, since the learned and unlearned rats differed in this property only.


[Monoaminergic influences of the caudate nucleus on conditioned food-getting reactions in rats]. Influence of microinjections of monoamines and glutamic acid into the caudate nucleus head on conditioned food-procuring reaction was studied in experiments on rats. Dopamine, noradrenaline and glutamic acid prolong the latency of the reflex, while serotonin reduces it. However, all the drugs tested reduce the number of conditioned food-procuring movements. The effects of dopamine are achieved through neurone receptors of the caudate nucleus which are sensitive to haloperidol and chlorpromazine; effects of serotonin are mediated through the D-serotoninoreactive systems, and those of noradrenaline, through the alpha-adrenoreactive systems of the neostriatum neurones. The inhibitory effect of glutamic acid is not due to the action on the serotonino-, adreno-, or dopamine receptors of caudate units.


[Analysis of probabilistic characteristics of brain biopotentials in healthy humans using electronic computer technology]. Results are given of determination by means of a Minsk-22 electronic computer of the probabilistic characteristics and correlation coefficients for some parameters of the background EEG (frontal-occipital records) in a group of healthy subjects. The parameters studied (the number and amplitude of alpha- and other waves) are subject to the normal law of distribution of random values. A probabilistic model of background EEG has been plotted. Correlations between the factors of the statistic model of background EEG have been studied. The results presented in the paper may prove useful in studying the EEG characteristics and the functional state of the brain.


[Neurophysiologic and biochemical aspects of visual system development in the rabbit under conditions of photic deprivation]. Changes in the functional state of the visual cortex were studied by behavioral and electrophysiological cues and the chemism of its neurones at the cellular and subcellular levels in rabbits raised for one to two months in the dark. It has been shown that visual deprivation leads to retarded dynamics of elaboration and consolidation of the conditioned defensive reflex to light and to changes of opposite signs of the visual cortex surface EPs to specific and non-specific stimuli. Typical of the EPs to photic stimuli is a considerable decrease in amplitude and longer latency as compared with normal, and enhanced amplitude and shorter latency to acoustic stimuli. It has been cytochemically established that about half of the pyramidal neurones of the visual cortex layer V of the experimental animals display features of biochemical underdevelopment (of the size of the cytoplasmatic mass, the protein reserve). Under the same conditions activity depression was revealed in cytochromoxydase, Na, P-ATPhase and ACHE, expressed to a different degree in separate subcellular fractions of the visual cortex. The MAO activity selectively augments in the subfraction of cholinergic synaptosomes. It has been assumed that functional and biochemical changes in different groups of the visual cortex neurones due to deprivation are linked with both the properties of the synaptic structures in regard to perception of impulses of different modalities and the peculiarities of their chemism.


[Bilateral mechanisms of interference resistance in the striate cortex]. It has been shown that in animals with an intact corpus callosum the influence of photic interference is mainfested above all in EP depression. The degree of EP depression is directly dependent on the strength of the interference and is in inverse relationship with the strength of the determined stimulus. Against the background of a weak interference an other effect is possible in some cases, i.e. facilitation of the EP. These facts are interpreted as a result of postresponse subnormality of neurones and as excitation summation respectively. Section of the corpus callosum results in a weakening of the depressing effect of the photic interference on the EP appearing in response to a determined stimulus, and in an enhanced facilitating influence of weak photic interferences. A stronger influence of binocular photic interference as compared with the monocular one was observed in intact and callosotomized animals. A conclusion has been reached that the split brain has a stronger interference resistance as compared with the intact one.


[Classification of cortical neurons according to the character of their background impulse activity]. The method of basic components and cluster analysis was used to classify 75 units in the visual cortex of alert rabbits, proceeding from the empiric form of distribution of interspike intervals (DII), the mean frequency of impulsation and the relative number of intervals up to 500 msec. They were classified into nine groups containing from two to twelve units. Besides the cues, used as a basis for classification, the groups of units also differed in the structure of burst activity, the correlation of adjacent intervals and the ratio between the short (up to 20 to 60 msec) and long intervals. The latter served to make suggestions on the genetic affinity of bimodal DII to those with a bend on the waning after the maximum, and on the nature of formation of high frequency bursts and intervals exceeding 20 to 60 msec.


[The effect of multiple systematic knee reflex elicitation on its development in young children]. The development of the knee jerk was studied electromyographically in children of two groups: (a) a control group, where children of different age (from one to twelve months) were examined each only once, and (b) an experimental group, in which the knee jerk was elicited in each child repeatedly (every other day) for several months, beginning with the age of one to two of from five to six months. There was no difference between the two groups in the latencies of the phasic component of the reflex. Significant differences were found in the development of the tonic component: its disappearance, occurring with the growth of the child, took place in the experimental group much earlier than in the control one. Thus, intensive afferent stimulation, linked with multiple systematic evoking of the knee jerk, leads to substantial acceleration of the reflex development.


[An analysis of the interaction of the parietal and visual regions of the cortex with the posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus]. Cooling and ablation of the parietal associative (P) and primary visual projection (VI) areas in nembutalized cats revealed facilitating and inhibitory descending influences of the above areas on the postero-lateral nucleus (LP) of the ipsilateral thalamus where visual signals generate an early specific and a late unspecific components of heterogenous evoked responses. Unidirectional influences activating the early component and fully controlling the appearance and course of the late component are more manifest in P which is a part of the same associative brain system as LP; they are less manifest in VI which belongs to the projection system. At later cooling stages the centrifugal influences of P and VI are sometimes of opposite signs; this effect is connected with reciprocal relations between projection and association systems and processes or selfcontrol within the association system. The corticofugal effects also participate in the common activity of P and VI taking place to a certain degree at the level of the LP which activates these cortical structures.


[The effect of stimulation of the deep layers of somatosensory zones CI and CII on the activity of motor zone MI of the cat cortex]. The influence of electrical stimulation of deep layers of the somatosensory zones CI and CII on unit responses and intercortical evoked potentials (IEP) in the motor cortical zone MI in projection areas of the anterior contralateral limb was studied in cats anaesthetized with Nembutal and immobilized with diplacine. Latencies of the main IEP components and their different behaviour during repeated stimulation, experimental hypoxia and Nembutal administration suggested the presence of intercortical connections of an oligo- and polysynaptic nature. Only 22% of the MI zone units proved to be responsive to CI and CII stimulation; the latencies of the unit discharges varied from 4.3 to 35 msec. A relatively smaller effectiveness of short-latency inputs from CI and CII to MI was recorded as compared with long latency ones.


[Neurochemical mechanisms of the inhibitory influence of the hippocampus on the conditioned food-getting reaction in rats]. A study was made of the influence of microinjections of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and glutamic acid into the dorsal hippocampus on the food-procuring conditioned reaction of rats. All the examined drugs lengthen the latency of the conditioned alimentary reaction. However, the number of pushes of the door leading to the feeding through and the magnitude of the reflex are increased by catecholamines and glutamic acid, but reduced by serotonin. The dopamine effects are achieved through archicortex neurones receptors, sensitive to haloperidol, the noradrenaline effects, through alpha-adrenoreactive, and of serotonin, through M-serotoninsensitive structures of the hippocampal neuronal systems. The modulating influence of glutamic acid on the food-procuring conditioned reaction is not connected with the active on dopamine-, adreno or serotonin neuronal receptors of the rat dorsal hippocampus.


[Unidimensional tracking by school children]. Remote control of the movement of a toy automobile along a planned trajectory was determined in 40 schoolchildren (20 boys and 20 girls) of the 2nd form. The quality of tracing was evaluated by way of the mean square error. Problems of self-learning have been analysed both in the case of direct and reverse methods of control. It has been shown that self-learning consists in transition to the extrapolation nature of tracing. An attempt has been made to account for the differences in the precision of tracing between the groups of boys and girls proceeding from the evolution theory.


[The mechanism of action of a reinforcing stimulus]. Experiments on alert non-immobilized rabbits revealed that electrical cutaneous stimulation of a limb, used as a reinforcing agent in elaboration of a conditioned reflex to photic flashes, weakened slow polyrhythmic oscillations of background EEG and late components of evoked potentials in the visual cortex to photic flashes. Against this background, the connection between slow potentials and spike activity in both the visual and sensorimotor cortical areas considerably diminished. During EEG activation, induced by the reinforcing stimulus, inhibitory pauses and post-inhibitory activation in the firing of the neocortical units weakened and protracted, ordered spike activity appeared. The data obtained are in agreement with the hypothesis that weakening of the recurrent inhibition system is one of the basic mechanisms in the action of the reinforcing stimulus in conditioning.


[The effect of neurotropic agents on evoked potentials of the association and projection regions of the cat neocortex]. Intensive non-specific inactivation of the cortex by means of its local cooling, in the cat anasthetized with nembutal, blocks in a similar way the early component of associative responses (ECAR) in the parietal area and the primary responses (PR) in the projection areas. In the case of local application of neurotropic drugs possessing specific and differentiated action on postsynaptic activity, the same ECAR changes require a somewhat higher concentration of the reagents as compared with the concentration that produces a similar PR transformation. The higher threshold of chemical sensitivity in ECAR than in the PR depends on the characteristics of the morpho-functional organization of the cortical formations. Dissimilar reactivity of the direct cortical response and of ECAR of the parietal area to the action of chemical drugs is related to the peculiarities of intracortical origin of these potentials which are due to the dissimilar nature of their generation in response to a direct and to a peripheral stimulation.


[The effect of disconnecting the hippocampus from the septum on the activity of septal neurons]. Extracellular recording of neuronal activity was performed in the medial and lateral septal nuclei (MS and LS) in unanaesthetized rabbits after coagulation of septo-hippocampal connections. The MS neuronal activity had many pathological features. The LS activity was normal in every respect. Spontaneous activity, reactivity to sensory stimuli and main characteristics of responses to sensory stimuli were preserved in LS (and in a part of MS neurones). Sensory effects were augmented in intensity and duration, the number of neurones in LS with theta-bursts increased twofold, theta-bursts were more regular, than in control animals. These effects may be explained by an increase of ascending RF influences, which is supported by the fact of outstanding similarity between sensory and reticular effects in septal neurones after hippocampal disconnection. The number of units with inhibition of activity in response to sensory stimuli decreased, habituation of responses was absent. That means that hippocampal influences are necessary for the organization of inhibitory phenomena in the septum, and, above all, for processes of gradual habituation.


[Conditioned reactions to time of hypothalamic neurons. The perifornical nucleus]. In 40% of the 52 neurones of the hypothalamic perifornical nucleus in alert rabbits conditioned trace reactions of the activational (52%) and inhibitory (48%) type were recorded in the course of elaboration of a conditioned motor reflex to time. The sign and pattern of the trace responses were determined by the nature of cell reactions to actual paired stimuli. After 50 to 70 pairings, the unit trace conditioned reaction to time persisted for a period of 10 to 15 successive omissions. Trace responses were observed most frequently in the 5th of 8th omissions. In some cases conditioned enhancement of cell activity coincided with the conditioned motor response to time. This fact together with the maximal development of a summery trace cellular response at the moment of formation of conditioned motor reactions attests the participation of neurones of the perifornical nucleus in maintaining conditioned motor activity.


[An analysis of interneuronal connections in the auditory cortex of awake cats]. A statistical analysis has been made of the interaction of the auditory cortex units in alert cats with chronically implanted electrodes. Three neurones with an amplitude ratio of 4:2:1 were singled out from the multineuronal activity. The dependence between the firing of two neurones was determined by the cross interval histograms. The relationships between 78 pairs of units were studied in 26 three units microsystems. About a third of the studied pairs functioned independently. The number of pairs with one-way and two-way connections was about equal (26 and 30 respectively). The neurones which generated spikes of high and medium amplitude, had the largest number of two-way connections. One-way connections were equally represented in all the three neurones, though with regard to direction they depended on the amplitude characteristics of the spikes. In neurones with large and medium spikes, output connections predominated, while in neurones with small spikes input connections predominated considerably. The connection could be of inhibitory, excitatory or mixed type. The inhibitory type of connections was the most frequent occurrence (57 out of 86). At prolonged recording (6 to 16 min) of spike activity, most of the functional connections persisted.


[An analysis of interhemispheric interrelationships in the visual cortex of cats based on the law of contrast perception of light]. The dependence of EP amplitude on the intensity of photic stimuli before and after section of the callosal body may be fully defined by the equation of the contrast law of light perception. Analysis of the nature of interhemispheric relationships by means of contrast law has shown that both reciprocal depressing and reciprocal facilitating interhemispheric relationships may exist in the primary visual cortical projection zone, and reciprocal facilitating interhemispheric influences in the secondary visual projection zone. Similarity of interhemispheric relationships has been recorded in the primary visual cortex in cats and in the secondary one, in rats, as well as in the socondary visual cortical zone in cats, and in the primary, in rats. Interhemispheric reciprocal influences in the whole range of stimuli intensities are distributed more uniformly in cats than in rats. Cats may perceive a wider range of intensity of photic stimuli than rats. In cats as in rats, the effectiveness of processing of the photic stimuli contrast is greater in the secondary visual cortical projection zone than in the primary one.


[The character of the background spike activity of cortical neurons under the influence of psychotropic drugs]. A comparison was made on alert rabbits between the nature of spike activity of normal cortical neurones and of those after a two-week daily administration of neuroleptics, namely chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine and haloperidol in 1 and 5 mg/kg doses. The groups of neurones did not differ in the mean frequency of firing. However, the use of the main components method and of cluster analysis showed considerable differences between neuronal activity following the action of neuroleptics and that in control animals. The most common effect of neuroleptics consisted in a reduction of the number of low frequency neurones with burst discharges and small dispersion of distribution of interspike intervals. Trifluoperazine and especially haloperidol differed from chlorpromazine in that they brought about an appearance of cortical neurones for which the distribution of interspike intervals had an almost symmetrical form and a mode of 80--170 msec. After the action of haloperidol about a third of the neurones had a mode up to 10 msec. An assumption has been made that the major effect of trifluoperazine and haloperidol consists in an increase in the reverberative activity of the brain.


[The effect of electric stimulation of different regions of the cerebral cortex on the alimentary reaction in rabbits]. The influences of different parts of the neocortex on the rabbit alimentary behaviour produced by stimulation of the hypothalamic "alimentary centre" were studied in chronic experiments on rabbits with electrodes implanted in different formations of the limbic system and the midbrain. It has been found that electrical stimulation of the frontal and anterior parietal cortical areas raised the threshold of the evoked alimentary reaction. Inhibitory influences of the frontal areas proved to be stronger and more prolonged than those of the anterior parietal area. Electrical stimulation of the posterior parietal and occipital cortical areas decreased the threshold of the evoked alimentary reaction. Coagulation of the dorsal hippocampus eliminated the inhibitory influences of the neocortex, while coagulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation discontinued the facilitating influences of the neocortex on the alimentary reaction.


[Hemispheric interaction in man during perception of visual stimuli]. Averaged evoked potentials (AEP) to verbal (letters) and nonverbal (random shapes) stimuli exposed in the left and right visual fields were registered in healthy subjects with normal vision. Analysis of the later AEP latencies pointed to asymmetry in the temporal parameters of the interhemispheric interaction. The late AEP latency is shorter in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere. The difference is more pronounced in responses to nonverbal stimuli. The earlier development of the evoked potential in the right hemisphere (or the later one in the left hemisphere) accounts for the interhemispheric difference in the temporal parameters of the late AEP components. Comparison of the latency of the component P300 to verbal and nonverbal stimuli presented in the ipsilateral or the contralateral visual fields reveals a transfer of the results of the cortical processing of visual information in the course of interhemispheric interaction.


[Characteristics of cortical responses to electrostimulation of the internal geniculate body during formation of a defensive conditioned reflex]. During elaboration of a classical defensive conditioned reflex the dogs exhibited a dependence of the changes in amplitude and configuration of evoked potentials (EP) to electrical stimulation of the medial geniculate body (MGB), a conditioned stimulus, on the nature of effector manifestation of the conditioned reflex: the late components were the most depressed at multiple phasic reactions and not infrequently increased and became complicated at single and short motor reactions as well as at their incidental absence. The primary oscillations, while mostly remaining unchanged, were depressed in the case of conditioned reactions attended with a general motor restlessness. A difference has been revealed during conditioning in the EP changes to electrical stimulation of MGB and to an adequate peripheral stimulation. It has been assumed that EP changes during conditioned activity are determined by the relationship between the levels of tonic and phasic cortical activation.


[A study of the phases of audiovisual interaction]. A study was made of the dependence of errors in recognizing visual and discriminating acoustic stimuli and of the reaction time (RT), on the duration of intersignal intervals (ISI) (10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 1000 msec). With longer ISI a decrease in RT has been found, particularly pronounced in responses to the second stimuli of the pair. RT to the visual (acoustic) stimulus increases not only when an acoustic (photic) signal is present in the complex, but also in the case of its anticipation. The level of errors in recognizing visual and discriminating acoustic stimuli does not depend on ISI duration. The results so obtained are discussed as related to psychological refractory period and to interaction of sensorimotor channels of the human brain.


[Electrical potentials of the vagal and sympathetic pathways of the stomach during elaboration of conditioned reflexes]. In chronic experiments on dogs discharges were recorded in efferent fibers of the vagal and splanchnic nerves and gastric branches of the solar plexus in the form of slow low-voltage and rapid high-voltage potentials. Alimentary conditioning to a previously indifferent stimulus produced a clear efferent reaction expressed in an increased number of oscillations. The magnitude of efferent electrical responses in all the examined structures is dissimilar and depends on the nerve nature (sympathetic or parasympathetic). The greatest electric reactions occur in the vagal gastric pathways.


[Electroencephalographic correlates of a pathologic inert motor reaction in dogs]. Changes in EEG were examined during setting in of a pathological inert motor reaction in dogs with parts of the tongue brought out and electrodes implanted in the motor cortical area and limbic structures. The reaction was formed when combining stimulation by a salt solution of the part of the tongue with electrical stimulation of the paw. The inert motor reaction is characterized by enhanced synchronization (theta-rhythm) in the hippocampus and increased amplitude of the beta-rhythm in the motor cortical areas. A frequency-amplitude analysis of the summary EEG has shown that the highest correlation was established at the beginning of elaboration of the inert motor reaction only between a small number of limbic structures (the hippocampus, the hypothalamus and the cingulate gyrus), then between all the examined structures of the brain; when the inert reaction became elaborated the number of structures with a high correlation coefficient diminished again and was reduced to the hippocampus, the hypothalamus and the cortical motor area.


[Conditioned alimentary motor reflexes in cats following destruction of the scorpula]. Bilateral ablation of the putamen results in temporary disappearance of natural as well as artificial conditioned motor reflexes in cats. Further training is necessary for their reestablishment. Restored conditioned reflexes appear with a long latency. After partial bilateral ablation of the putamen, animals that have been trained not only to press a pedal, but also to make a choice between a right or left feeding tray, lose the latter ability. After the reestablishment of conditioned reflexes, the animal makes a correct choice of side only in 68--70% of cases. After total bilateral ablation of the putamen the animals lose artificial conditioned reflexes. The results suggest that the putamen has a close relation to the mechanisms of learning and memory.


[The relationship between the dose of caffeine and the magnitude of conditioned reflex salivation in dogs]. Statistical estimates carried out on a comprehensive experimental material of the archives in the Laboratory of physiology of nervous system types at the Pavlov Institute of Physiology, USSR Academy of Sciences, made it possible to plot average static characteristics of changes in the magnitude of positive conditioned reflexes in dogs, depending on the dose of caffeine. It appeared that conditioned reflexes decreased to some extent after a 0.01 g dose; within the range of 0.05 to 1 g doses, the magnitude of reflexes increased to the maximum; within the range of 0.1 to 0.5 g, their magnitude diminished from the maximum to the normal level, and, finally, a dose of 0.5 g or greater resulted in a drop of the magnitude of the reflexes below the normal level.


[Models of learning based on the plastic properties of the "placing reaction" in cats]. A possibility of functional reorganization of initial sensorimotor connections of the forepaw has been shown on seven cats. The main initial relationships between the afferent tactile input and motor output for the ulnar joint of the cat forepaw are as follows: tactile stimulation of the dorsal surface of the paw produces a flexion in the ulnar joint ("placing reaction"), and that of the ventral surface, an extension of the paw in the ulnar joint ("magnetic reflex"); simultaneous tactile stimulation of the ventral surface of the paw blocks the "placing reaction" evoked by a touch of the dorsal side. Extinction was produced of the above unconditioned connections and elaboration of a new "cross" connection consisting in that tactile stimulation of the ventral side of the paw resulted in flexion in the ulnar joint.


[The role of the temporal areas in conditioned reflex activity following section of the brachia of the inferior colliculi]. The role of the neocortex temporal areas in the closing function was studied in chronic experiments on cats in the norm and after section of the posterior colliculi brachia. The techniques of functional elimination of the temporal neocortex by cold and section of the posterior colliculi brachia were used. Functional elimination of the cortical temporal areas prevents formation of a stable conditioned reflex in the first twenty sessions with cooling. Conditioned reflexes elaborated after section of the posterior colliculi brachia are not manifested in the case of cooling of the temporal areas throughout the period of observation (18 sessions). At the same time the conditioned reflexes elaborated before the section, are restored quite rapidly (five to six sessions). Hence, the neocortex temporal areas are more important for setting up conditioned connections than for their preservation and the use of connections previously elaborated.


[The role of biological needs in the genesis of self stimulation]. It has been found in fifteen rats with monopolar electrodes implanted in the lateral hypothalamus that after stimulation of the brain with bursts of electrical pulses of fixed duration, with definite combinations of stimulation parameters, the histograms of the duration of pedal pressing have a polymodal appearance. As the combinations of stimulation parameters change, the number, position and magnitude of the modes undergo a corresponding change. With unchanged parameters of stimulation the form of pressing duration histogram does not change significantly. A conclusion has been drawn that the modal duration of pressing in the course of self-stimulation is apparently an effector manifestation of central integration of reinforcing excitation. In a state of hunger and thirst as well as under weak nembutal anaesthesia, the previously monomodal histograms of the pressing durations produce additional modes which diminish and disappear after satiation and discontinuation of the nembutal effect. It is assumed that at least some modes of the histograms of the pressing duration of self-stimulation may reflect an activation of the systems of biological needs.


[Conditioned reflex reproduction of evoked potentials during reinforcement by electrostimulation of the hypothalamus]. Conditioned evoked potentials to stimulation of a limb, a light flash or a short tone were studied on rats in acute experiments with nembutal anaesthesia and in chronic experiments. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus was used as reinforcement. Following the pairings of conditioned and hypothalamic stimulation, the appearance of conditioned EP was recorded, as manifest in the period of the previously applied unconditioned signal after its omission. Their emergence was facilitated after high-frequency stimulation of the hypothalamus or administration of galantamine, an anticholinesteraze drug. Coagulation of the hypothalamus did not prevent any manifestation of conditioned evoked potentials.


[Dynamics of caudate nucleus involvement in the process of internal inhibition of the food-getting reflex]. Changes of slow spindle electrical activity (12 to 14 cps) and evoked potentials in the cat caudate nuclei and the motor cortex were studied at different stages of elaboration of differentiation inhibition of a conditioned food-procuring reflex to acoustic stimuli. It has been shown that participation of the caudate nuclei in the inhibitory process begins at the stage of enhancement of food-procuring activity (second stage) and is apparently due to the animal's strong alimentary motivational excitation. At the third stage the inhibitory influence of caudate nuclei on the animal's motor activity in general, and the activity of the motor cortex in particular, develops to the full.


[The relationship between emotional tension and different circumstances surrounding examinations]. The intensity of neural-emotional stress was studied in students to be examined. It was determined by the P/T index and considerably varied under the influence of different factors. These comprised final and course examinations, suggested examinational situations, physical fitness, the students' progress, the first and subsequent examinations, the students' educational time record, sexual differences, stages of the examinational period and the nature of students' reply. The neuro-emotional stress and change in its intensity under the influence of the above factors apparently represent the student's adaptation to the examinational situation.


[Electrophysiologic and behavioral changes in cats following section of the brachia of the inferior colliculi]. Evoked potentials to acoustic stimuli were recorded in the temporal cortical area, the medial geniculate body and the posterior lateral thalamic nucleus in acute experiments on anaesthetized cats. Section of the brachia of the inferior colliculi in an acute experiment resulted in the disappearance of potentials in the examined structures. A distinct correlation has been revealed between the recovery of evoked potentials in the cortico-thalamic auditory structures (in four to six weeks) and the possible elaboration of conditioned reactions within this time period after lesion of the inferior colliculi brachia. The involvement of the temporal area in the general brain activity appears to be one of the major conditions for the formation of new conditioned connections. Possible ways of restoration of afferent input to the temporal cortical area after lesion of the inferior colliculi brachia are discussed.


[A neurophysiologic analysis of the solution of arithmetic problems by seven to eight-year-old schoolchildren]. The nature of correlation connections between various areas of the cerebral cortex in the process of solving arithmetic problems of different complexity was studied in children seven to eight years old. Particularly noticeable differences by this parameter became prominent between the following periods of solving easy and difficult problems: 1) presentation of the problems; 2) comparison of the solution with the control; 3) selfestimation of the result of the activity. An important part in each of the indicated periods was played by comparing the preceding and current excitations. When difficult problems were solved, this process ended in a discordance effect. The findings attest that the phenomenon of discordance in effecting purposeful activity produces activation of the brain as a whole and of its frontal areas in particular.


[The effect of removal of the frontal region of the brain on conditioned reflexes to time and available stimuli]. The experiments were made on six dogs by the motor alimentary technique. It has been shown that ablation of the frontal lobe (fields: F1; F2; F3; F4) does not eliminate previously elaborated conditioned reflexes to time, temporal differentiations and reversals. They were disturbed because of motor perseverance only during the first one to three months. A conditioned reflex to time and temporal differentiations are elaborated much slower in dogs with a preliminary lobectomy, as compared with intact animals. A conclusion is drawn that the frontal lobe is not directly involved in counting the time macrointervals.


[Intra-analyzer temporary connections in the visual system]. The possibility of setting up intraanalyser temporary connections integrating the activity of various elements within the central part of the visual analyser at a neuronal level was studied in acute experiments on unanaesthetized immobilized cats. In the given model of temporary connection the unit activity in the lateral geniculate bodies (LGB) was investigated. Electrical stimulation of the superior colliculi was used as a conditioned stimulus, and illumination of the receptive fields of the studied LGB neurones, as an unconditioned one. In the process of conditioning, 10 to 11% of learning elements were revealed in LGB. The possibility is discussed of integration of learning elements into a definite microsystem achieving the process of temporary connection closing in the visual analyser in the course of conditioning.


[A cross correlation analysis of the electrical activity of different regions of the cerebral cortex during visual pattern recognition in children]. Characteristics of spatial-temporal organization of brain biopotentials were examined in one to 2.5 year old children during recognition of visual images. Crosscorrelation EEG analysis of frontal, motor, inferior parietal, temporal and occipital cortical zones has shown that recognition of familiar visual objects is accompanied by an increase in spatial synchronization of biopotentials, especially in the inferior parietal zones of both hemispheres and occipital centres of the left hemisphere. There is a considerable increase in the number of highly synchronous synphasic oscillations at the 4--5 per sec frequency with an intensified periodicity of processes. Recognition of unfamiliar objects does not produce a similar effect. Temporal organization of biopotentials of the associative (frontal and inferior parietal) and projection visual areas in the course of recognition of images depends on the existence of a notion of the whole object in the child's memory.


[Electrical reactions in the cat brain during differentiation of photic stimuli]. Study of EEG responses to photic conditioned stimuli in cats has shown that the extent of brain activation depends not on the physical strength of the stimulus, but on its biological significance. The longest activation is recorded to a positive signal, even if it is the weakest flash of light. The intensity of EEG responses to negative stimuli is determined by the nearness of their physical parameters to those of the positive signal. Repeated presentation of a non-reinforced flash leads to a gradual extinction of EEG reactions. Brain activation in response to a reinforced positive signal persists unchanged even after a large number of its repetitions. The revealed properties of brain electrical reactions to stimuli of different significance accord with those previously recorded in response to acoustic stimuli. In both cases the data are in agreement with hypothesis of a central system of signal analysis, which performs the estimation of stimuli according to their biological quality.


[The role of Schaffer's collaterals in the sensory responses of the neurons of hippocampal field CA1]. In experiments with extracellular recording from the field CA1 pyramidal neurons in unanaesthetized rabbits the functional role of the Schaffer's collaterals (Sc) was investigated. Simultaneous presentation of sensory stimuli and Sc stimulation uniformly resulted in increase in duration of the post-excitatory inhibitory phase. In experiments with electrolytic lesion of the CA3 in the hippocampal segment, where recording from the CA1 was performed, background neuronal activity was normal. Reactions to sensory stimuli were preserved and had typical of the CA1 differentiated characteristics. The number of neurons with inhibitory responses to sensory stimuli was reduced. Habituation of responses was almost absent. Gradual increase in reactions duration up to prolonged increase of the background activity level was observed with repeated presentations of the stimuli. It is suggested that the influences of the field CA3 (through Sc) are not necessary for organization of sensory reactions in the CA1, but somehow participate in their limitation and inhibition.


[The activity of hippocampal neurons during several types of behavior]. The activity of 87 hippocampal units and the EEG (field CAI) were studied in unrestrained rabbits during calm and active alertness and at different stages of sleep. Correlation has been established between the characteristics (mean frequency and the pattern) of unit firing, EEG and the animal's activity. For most of the neurones, fixed values of mean frequency and the discharge pattern corresponded to a definite functional state. With transition from sleep to alertness, 63.6% of the units became active, 29.1% were inhibited, and the rest of the units changed the firing pattern only. The cells which became activated during awakening, showed a reduced firing frequency during a more profound sleep and higher discharge frequency during the paradoxal phase of sleep, while the inhibitory cells revealed reverse dynamics of discharge frequency. In a state of alertness, the most pronounced shifts in firing activity were observed in 33.3% of the nerve cells at orienting investigating behaviour, in 27.1%, during attention reaction, in 22.9% at some kinds of movement, and in 16.7%, in the course of feeding and drinking. A conclusion has been drawn that the role of the hippocampus in achieving different behavioral reactions is probably to a great extent determined by its participation in setting up a level of the brain central tone, specific for each state.


[Temporal changes in conscious and unconscious trace phenomena in six to seven-year-old children]. Development in time of unconscious trace reactions as well as a change in the time of reproduction of verbal material in natural conditions was studied by the conditioned reflex to time method on 107 school children aged from six to seven years and on 35 subjects of the same age from a kindergarten. It has been found that in schoolchildren the transfer of trace reactions to long-term storage is completed faster, and their voluntary acts in the course of conscious reproduction of an interstimuli intervals are more adequate than in the kindergarten children of the same age. The trace phenomena formed in natural conditions and in the laboratory experiment develop in time in a similar way. The change in time of conscious trace phenomena is of a more complex nature than of the unconscious phenomena. The practical significance of the data obtained is noted.


[A rapid method for determination of oil in lecithins (author's transl)]. A rapid method for routine determination of oil in commercial lecithins and similar phospholipid samples has been worked out. This based on the observation that under the described experimental conditions 1 g of phospholipids is completely adsorbed on 45 g silica gel which has previously been disactivated by the addition of 15% water. The lecithin sample is filtered in ethereal solution through a column filled with disactivated silica gel which is subsequently washed with a little ether. The combined ether eluates are evaporated to dryness invacuo and the residue weighed. This residue is the oil part of the sample and is constituted of mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids, sterols and their derivatives. The duration for one such determination is about 20 min.


[Polysaccharide additives in foods rich in proteins II. A simple, semi-quantitative technique of estimation (author's transl)]. Samples of foods rich in protein, after removal of lipids and of proteins by enzymatic hydrolysis, are partially demineralized and concentrated. In the concentrate polysaccharides are detected and semi-quantitively estimated by performing the precipitations in graduated tubes, which are especially suitable for this purpose, and the precipitates taken to comparable densities by centrifugation under standard conditions.


[Participation of mesencephalic structures in vocal reactions]. Electrical stimulation and ablation of the midbrain structures in hens and one-day old chickens have revealed the structures (ICO, MLD, MLV, IPC and IMC) involved in the formation of vocal reactions. The paper outlines the functional characteristics of the structures and their dissimilarities which are determined by the type of their units. In the course of individual development of the hens, there is an increase of excitability and lability of the nervous processes in the examined structures.


[Thiamine in irradiated foodstuffs. II. Combined effects of irradiation, storage and cooking on the thiamine content (author's transl)]. The effects of 10 MeV electron radiation, of storage for several months and of heating on the thiamine content of wheat flour, crushed oats, ground pork, and dried whole egg were studied. A synergistic effect of these treatments on thiamine losses was observed. In irradiated samples thiamine content was more affected by storage and heating than in unirradiated ones.


Nonenzymic browning XIII. Effect of an antioxidant on the discoloration of lipid-protein mixtures. Higher concentrations of butylated hydroxyanisole inhibited the autoxidation of mixtures of unsaturated cod liver oil fatty acid esters with model proteins. The rate of discoloration was far less efficiently affected by the antioxidant because the antoixidant did not prevent the further transformation into brown pigments of colourless precursors, mainly carbonyl lipid oxidation products, already present in the lipid fraction before the addition of antioxidant. The antioxidant also did not influence the pigments already formed.


Nonenzymic browning. XII. Maillard reactions in green coffee beans on storage. During storage of green coffee beans at increased temperature and at constant humidity reducing sugars present in original beans react with free amino acids with formation of colourless unstable products. Additional reducing sugars and free amino acids are produced by hydrolysis of polysaccharides and proteins, respectively. The second stage of storage is characterized by only slight changes in the content of free amino acids and sugars but by intensive  browning reactions. This latter stage was characterized by deterioration of sensory quality of coffee beverage, especially of its odour. Lysine combined in protein was involved in browning reactions via colourless intermediary products.


[Morphology of yttrium-90 treated experimental arthritis]. A rheumatoid arthritis was produced in rabbits according to the method described by Klinge. It was treated with a single dosage of 2 mCi Yttrium-90. After 3 weeks the animals treated with Yttrium showed less fibrosis of the synovial membrane than the controls. After 6 weeks the synovial membrane of the non-treated controls showed considerable fibrosis but the synovial villi of the treated animals were slender and largely unchanged.


[Subchondral osteonecroses of large joints in rheumatoid arthritis]. The frequency and preferred localisation of overt subchondral osteonecrosis in large joints have been studied in a roentgenological and clinical study. Among 619 patients (454 female, 165 male) a severe subchondral osteonecrosis was found 44 times on one or more (maximum 3) large joints of 30 patients. The hip and shoulder joints were most frequently attacked, while patients with an advanced stage or longer duration of the disease and those in the middle age groups showed this most often. Osteonecrosis did not necessarily correlate with the activity of the disease process and with the presence of a positive rheumatoid factor. Radiologically, osteolytic appearances are seen most often in the elbow and osteochondritis dissecans in the knee joint. In the hip and shoulder joint the appearances are those of reparative states with a distinct demarcation, more rarely a severe osteolysis also involving the adjacent skeletal parts, occasionally a diffuse irregular lytic osteoporosis and necrosis. The pathogenesis is discussed in detail.


[Uncharacteristic symptoms of the motor apparatus in gout]. Gout may present in such atypical forms as "primary-chronic", "masked", or "asymptomatic gout at all stages affecting almost any joint. These uncharacteristic presentations were found in 22 out of 124 patients observed. The disease of 4 patients is described as casuistics. Important conclusions of practical use for early diagnosis and early treatment are drawn. Every arthropathy in a male where the diagnosis is not certain, must be suspected as being due to gout. The diagnosis can be assured by detecting urate deposits in the tissue. Determinations of the serum uric acid level can only be indicative since they are subject to a variety of influences. In early disease the x-ray appearances may be described as normal; in later disease as "degenerative" in the joints or in the vertebral column. In an acute relapse the colchicine-test is of high specifity, but its interpretation may be difficult in the primary chronic forms. The other clinical manifestations of the gout syndrome are of high value for the selection of patients in whom urate deposits in the tissue must be sought.


[Management of para-articular cysts in progressive chronic polyarthritis]. Peri-articular cysts complicating rheumatoid arthritis give rise to a difficult therapeutic problem. The origin of these cysts is discussed with particular reference to Baker's cyst. In principle, treatment is identical with that used in chronic joint effusions. The authors have noted satisfactory results with a steroid-synoviorthesis using triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog, Squibb, Volon, Heyden). Best results have been achieved by injecting triamcinolone into both the cyst and the corresponding joint. The total effect of intraarticular use of this drug is discussed.


The orientation of night-migrating passerines without the directional influence of the starry sky and/or the earth magnetic field. During four seasons in 1972-73 a total of 598 orientation experiments -- including 157 displacements -- was carried out. The purpose of the experiments was to investigate the orientation under an overcast sky and/or when the earth magnetic field was screened by a strong artificial magnetic field. These experiments were compared with experiments carried out under the presumed maximum condition, i.e. under a starry sky and without magnetic disturbances. In general, little or no "reduction" of the sample mean vector, was observed under the "deprived" conditions. However, the concentration of the individual mean vectors and the activity were lowered. Clear compensation for a displacement was found in the absence of the stars and in a disturbed magnetic field. This means that directing cues from other sources than the stars and the earth magnetic field were involved. It is guessed that inertial orientation plays an important role. Reverse orientation -- including reverse compensation -- was found fairly frequently. It is supposed to be correlated with overcast, and perhaps in general stress conditions. In conclusion, simple one-direction orientation models are not thought to be sufficient to "explain" the observed orientations.


[Basic analysis of the effective system of homing in spider Agelena labyrinthica (Cl.)]. 1. The spider Agelena labyrinthica Cl. determined its home direction by integrating the information of each element of the outgoing path to the prey in continuous interaction with the incident light. 2. A vector hypothesis explaining how the direction and the length of the homing track was determined was verified: if the azimuth of the incident light was displaced by 90 degrees as soon as the spider had reached a certain point on the web, the vector of the theoretical course originating from this point was rotated by about 60 degrees. The end point of this rotated vector ("fictitious retreat point") was not only the goal for the homing course from this point, but also for the course originating from any other point of the web. 3. Spiders starting at the fictitious retreat point did not keep straight courses. Their movements were either at random or they were directed in slightly preferred directions caused by the phototactic influence of the previously performed outward course. 4. If the light had been displaced before the spider was lifted from the web, the lifting had no effect on the orientation performance. 5. The mean distance between the points of direction changes and the starting points varied linearly with the mean length of the outward course; therefore these distances were used as an indication for the distance orientation. 6. Contrary to all other formerly published hypotheses on the photomenotactic orientation of arthropods MITTELSTAEDTs' hypothesis about the homing of Agelena, which is similar to my vector hypothesis, is compatible with the data compiled by this investigation.


Repetitions and pattern switches in songs of cardinals, Cardinalis cardinalis. A correlation is established between repetitions of leading syllables in the songs of Cardinals and those which follow. The time intervals following repeated syllables relate first to acceleration at the beginning of a song but as the song progresses they relate more directly to the duration of the syllables. On the other hand the switch-intervals between different kinds of syllablles relate more to the duration of the following syllable, although acceleration at the beginning of the song may obscure the relationship.


[Orientation without external orientation clues in reptiles (Hemidactylus frenatus Gekkonidae)]. In a black-painted cylindric arena Geckos (Hemidactylus frenatus) are able to find their hiding place without the aid of external orientation clues. This proprioceptive knowledge of the position is independent of the azimuth of the actual position of head and body, but it is influenced by a passive turning of the reptile. These findings lead to the assumption that the receptors of the labyrinth participate in the endogeneous (idiothetic) course control.


[The frequency of autopsies and bioptic examinations in Czechoslovakia from 1964 to 1973 (author's transl)]. The analysis of the routine necroptic and bioptic activities of the pathologists in CSSR shows the following basic facts: 1. The number of patients decreasing with the Public Health Service increases rapidly every year, only one half of these dead might be autopsied. The number of the autopsies increases far more slowely, so that the increase of unautopsied dead is to be expected in the next years. 2. The percentage of the autopsies from the total number of dead in CSSR permanently increases and it represents 32.4% in pathological autopsies and 36% together with the legal-medical autopsies. 3. The number of the bioptic examinations permanently increases. 4. The participation of the pathological institutes of the faculties in the routine necroptic and bioptic activity shows the decreasing tendency (26% ov all autopsies and 35% of all biopsies are performed by above mentioned institutes). This is caused by the foundation of the new pathological department directed by the Public Health Service.


[Contribution to the knowledge of fatty tissue--containing tumors of the uterus (author's transl)]. Based on a case observation, the different types of fatty tissue-containing uterine tumors are discussed with regard to the literature. The different theories on the histogenesis of uterine lipomas are considered. Probably these lipomatous tumors arise from misplaced embryonic fat cells. With respect to the formal genesis, possible concordances with the uterine leiomyomas are pointed out.


[Malignant hemangioendothelioma of adrenal gland and its histogenesis (author's transl)]. Histogenesis of malignant hemagioendothelioma with extreme rare localization in the adrenal gland and the endothelial origin of the tumor cells by using the Specific Red Cell Adherance Reaction for demonstrating blood group substances ist discussed by an own case.


[Tumouer frequency in autopsy cases. III. The carcinoma of the lung (author's transl)]. The analysis is based on the catalogue of neoplasms notifiable in the German Democratic Republic (IDC-Code Nrs. 140-209, 210.2, 211.3, 211.9, 225, 226.2, 226.3, 253.0, 702, 757.2). At the Medical Academy of Erfurt 22 155 autopsies (12 212 males, 9 943 females) of adults (15 years and upwards were registrated in the period from 1950 to 1966. Among them 1 168 carcinomas of the lung (5.3% of autopsies and 15.2% of all tumours) were observed. The cases are distributed among 1010 males (8.3% of males) and 158 females (1.6% of females). The frequency difference is distinct. Age and sex distribution, frequency and localization of metastases are presented.


[Suffocation by pedunculated hypopharynx tumor (author's transl)]. A case of a 35 year old man suffocated in consequence of a begnign pedunculated hypopharynx tumor ist deseribed. The tumor was seen first under autopsy. Histologically, the tumor was a fibrolipoma.