[Studies on the activity of aldolase from rabbit muscles in the presence of liposomes]. Electronmicroscopic studies have been made on the structure of liposomes obtained by the method of Bangham [13] with subsequent ultrasonic desintegration. The effect of muscle aldolase on the structure of liposomes was also investigated. Parallel studies were made on the effect of storage of liposomes upon the activity of aldolase. It was shown that liposomes obtained from chromatographically pure egg lecithin present discrete partially aggregated bodies, 1.000-3.000 A in size, composed by concentric layers, which have a dimension of approximately 40 A and periodicity of about 70 A. Interaction of these particles with the protein results into their desintegration and enlargement, this process being accompanied by the formation of a "fringe" at the edge of the particles. Aldolase activity in these systems in higher than in control. During storage of phosphatide-aqueous system, obtained by the metod of Bungenberg de Jong, activation of aldolase is gradually replaced by its inactivation.


[Functional activity of leucocytes in postnatal ontogenesis of dogs]. Studies have been  made on motile and phagocytic activity, osmotic fragility of neutrophilic leucocytes, as well as on their glycogen content in dogs of various age groups. Within the first 3 months of postnatal life of animals (especially during the 1st month), functional activity of leucocytes is lower than in adult dogs. With respect to functional activity of leucocytes, 6-month puppies stand closer to adult dogs, although exhibit some differences from the latter.


[Abiogenic synthesis of peptide-like substances induced by UV-irradiation and heat]. Dry mixtures of glycine and succinic acid as well as of glycine, phenylalanine and succinic acid were exposed to UV-irradiation and heating up to 170 degrees in atmospheres of O2 and N2. Under these conditions, synthesis of substances with peptide bonds was observed. Irradiation or heating of the first mixture results in synthesis of a substance which is water soluble and capable of dialysis, exhibiting therefore low degree of polymerization. This substance contains COOH-groups, but lacks free NH2-groups. The latter reveal themselves during hydrolysis which brings about the appearance of the initial compounds. In the second mixture, which contains an aromatic amino acid, several products are synthesized some of them being presented by the insoluble and non-dialysed precipitate (polymer). Among soluble products, peptide-like substances (without free NH2-groups) and dipeptides were found. UV-irradiation causes photolysis of phenylalanine which is mixed with succinic acid; as the result, tyrosine, alanine and asparagic acid are found among the products synthesized. These amino acids are not formed during heat-induced synthesis. Abiogenic synthesis takes place more readily in the presence of O2 than in a N2 atmosphere. Irradiation of aqueous solution of the product synthesized resulted in the photolysis of the latter. The results obtained indicate that during abiogenic period, synthesis of peptides and peptide-like substances from dry mixtures of amino acids and organic acids induced by UV-irradiation and heat might take place on the litosphere.


[Respiration and glycolysis in the liver of developing chick embryos and chicks]. Oxygen uptake in liver slices remains constant between the 12th and the 17th days of embryonic development, being equal to that in 30-60-day chicks. During the transition from allantoic respiration to the pulmonary one, oxygen consumption decreases, the decrease being observed up to the end of embryonic period. After hatching, oxygen consumption increases 4-5-fold to the 6-7th and decreases up to the initial level at the 10th day. Respiration of mitochondria isolated from the liver and concentration of cytochromes in mitochondria remain constant. The value P/O is the lowest, whereas catalase activity is the highest during hatching. The intensity of anaerobic glycolysis changes similarly to that of respiration.


[Age peculiarities of actin polymerization in calves]. Studies have been made on the developmental changes in the polymerization degree of unfractionated actin extracts from skeletal muscles of 3-8-month calf embryos and adult cattle. It was shown that during the development, the polymerization capacity of actin increases, the increase being accompanied by a significant rise in the molecular weight of the protein. The pattern of age changes in the degree of polymerization of actin is similar to that in the molecular weight of actomyosin. Differences in fractional composition of actin extracts from skeletal muscles at various stages of embryonic development were observed. These differences may be responsible for age peculiarities of actin polymerization and may be associated with the formation of contractile activity in ontogenesis.


[Some peculiarities of the environment surrounding mechano- and electroreceptors of the acoustico-lateral system in the ray Raja clavata]. Studies have been made on the degree of binding of potassium ions, the content of free calcium ions and glycosaminoglycans in the fluid surrounding mechano- and electroreceptors of the acoustico-lateral system of the ray Raja clavata as well as on the electrical phenomena in potassium hyaluronate solutions and solutions of the fluids investigated. Comparative electrometric and chemical analyses indicate that bound potassium ions amount to 36.4% in the endolymph jelly, 39.6% in the Lorenzini jelly and 21.9% in the canal fluid. Calcium level in the fluids studied amounts to 3.6-4.1 mequiv./l which is similar to that in the sea water (3.4 mequiv./l). Glycosaminoglycan content is equal to 0.30 +/- 0.02% in the endolymph jelly, 0.21 +/- 0.03% in the canal fluid and 2.79 +/- 0.28% in the ampullary jelly (per wet solution). Some characteristics of the "displacement potentials" in potassium hyaluronate solutions and Lorenzini jelly solutions were obtained. Possible role of these potentials in the activity of ampullary structures of the lateral line organ is discussed.


[Chemical nature of lachrymal products in the dolphin Tursiops truncatus]. Studies have been made on carbohydrate-protein complex (the ratio of carbohydrate to protein is equal to 1 : 2) in lachrymal products of the dolphin. It was shown that protein component includes 14 amino acids, in which diamino monocarboxylic acids amount to 58%. The ratio of the latter to monoamino dicarboxylic acids is equal to 4.3. Therefore the proteins of lachrymal products are basic ones. This peculiarity of the proteins and the absence of cystein and tryptophan in them indicate that these proteins are represented by histon-like ones, which exhibit high capacity to complex formation. It was demonstrated histochemically, that carbohydrate component of lachrymal reproduct is represented by chondroitin-sulfate B. By thin layer chromatography, neutral monosaccharides (galactose and fucose) were detected, which presumably constitute terminal links of the prosthetic groups.


[Peculiarities of the development of skeletal muscles in physiologically mature and immature mammals]. In one set of experiments, studies have been made on the time during which the membrane potential, action potential, total protein and the content of the dry substance of skeletal muscles of rats and dogs attain the values typical for adult animals. Chronologically, this time is 5-fold shorter in rats, than in dogs. In the other set of experiments, the same indices were studied in physiologically mature (with respect to calendar age) and immature rats and dogs. It was shown that in immature animals these indices are significantly lower than in mature ones. During natural development, physiologically immature organisms are the main objects of elimination at early postnatal stages via natural selection.


[Interneuronal contacts and propagation mechanism in paired receptors of the propo-dactylopodite organ of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylis]. In recordings of biopotentials from the propo-dactylopodite-organ (the PD-organ) nerve, repetitive pairs of impulses are frequently observed, which presumably reflect paired structure of receptor elements where two sensory neurons are morphologically linked by non-polarized interdendritic ephapse. It is suggested that propagation via the ephapse out to be bilateral and that each of the postephaptic fibers transmits impulses from both of the cilia of the paired receptor. However, identical impulses from different cilia reach the central nervous system at different time, this mechanisms being presumably employed for differentiation of information on each of the cilia. One of the postephaptic fibers passes, seemingly, to the right, whereas the other one - to the left half of the first thoracic ganglion.


[Unit activity of rabbit medial septum in early ontogenesis]. In experiments on 7-20 and 75-day-old rabbits, the activity of units of the septal nuclei, the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (NBD), nucleus medialis (NSM) and the EEG of dorsal hippocamp (the CA2-CA3 fields) have been recorded. It was shown that the specific discharge pattern of septal neurons (the bursts) appears on 8-11th days under action of eserine. The distinct bimodal pattern of the interval histograms of the septal units appeared from the 14th day. The burst discharge pattern of NBD and NSM neurones reached a definitive level by the 20th day. The parallel evolution of discharge pattern of the septal units and the EEG of the hippocamp is observed in ontogenesis, the formation of hippocampal theta activity correlating with enhancement of the average frequency of the septal (NBD, NSM) neuronal activity, with shortening to the interval between the discharges within the bursts and with enhancement of the regularity of the bursts.


[Responses of nervous elements of the visual cortex of the chipmunk Eutamias sibiricus to moving and stationary stimuli]. The receptive field organization of cortical units has been studied in experiments with testing by moving and stationary light spots. The size of the receptive fields varied from 3 degrees to 10 degrees. Receptive fields which were tested by a stationary light spot exhibited various types of organization. Some of the neurons produced extensive excitatory on- and off-responses to stimulation by a light spot. Neuronal excitation evoked by light decreased if the stimulus was near the field boundary. Some of the neurons produced either on- or off-responses in any point of the receptive field. A small part of neurons had receptive fields with on- and off-reactions in the center, and either on- or off-responses at the peripheral zones. Most of the neurons exhibited specialization with respect to high-speed motion.


[Ultrastructural organization of the anterior sensory neuropile in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust Locusta migratoria]. The study of serial sections of the metathoracic ganglion of Locusta migratoria showed that the fibres of the tympanal nerve terminate in the dorsal half of the anterior sensory neuropile (ASN). Three types of synaptic endings were found in the ASN. Endings type I contain dense-core vesicles 600-850 A in diameter, more or less uniformly distributed in the axoplasm. They do not form specialized contacts with postsynaptic fibres and are localized only in the most ventral part of the ASN. Endings type II contain clear round vesicles 400-450 A in diameter (rare 250-300 A) and form typical synapses with dense pre-and postsynaptic membranes and synaptic cleft 150-200 A. Four types of contacts formed by these endings with postsynaptic fibres were found: 1 : 1 synapses; convergent, divergent and serial. All of them are well presented in the auditory neuropile. Endings type III contain both dense-core and clear vesicles in different relation. Only clear vesicles of these endings are connected with the active sites of the membrane.


[Age peculiarities of trace discharges of after-effect and of the activity of epileptogenic zone in the hippocamp of rabbits]. Seizure activity in the hippocamp has been studied on 6-10-, 16-20-day and adult rabbits. The pattern and thresholds of trace discharges of after-effect evoked by the electrical stimulation of the hippocamp were found to be similar in animals of all age groups. However, the amplitude of after-discharges significantly increased during the development of the brain. After the formation of penicillin epileptogenic zone in the hippocamp, EEG of all animals exhibited the identical types of focal interseizure discharges and electrographic correlates of seizures, yet the amplitude of epileptifiorm discharges on the EEG increased with age. Contralateral hippocamp was involved into the pathological process more easily in young rabbits than in adult ones.


[Fibers count in the anterior portion of the cord of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylis]. The number of fibers was analysed on cross section electron micrographs (x 1.000 and 4.500). About 300 axons of motoneurons leave the Ist thoracic ganglion. Approximately 180.000 sensory fibers enter the ganglion by lateral nerves. More than 90% of these fibers terminate on the ganglion neurons. The ganglion has descending connections with more caudally lying portions of the cord. The suboesophageal ganglion is closely associated with the 1st thoracic and other ganglia, and presumably contains a large vegetative center. The brain receives considerable information from the body via primary as well as secondary fibers, and controls the activity of the nerve cord through the system of various descending connective fibers.


[Spectrum of the calling songs, phonotaxis and the auditory system in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus]. Behavioural experiments with Y-maze showed that phonotaxis in female crickets to male calling songs (CS) depends on the spectrum of the latter. Conservation of the first low-frequency (5 kc. p. s.) component of the spectrum is the necessary and sufficient condition for the development of normal phonotaxis. Signals which in their temporal characteristics are identical to the CS, but their spectrum contains only high-frequency (12.5 kc. p. s.) component, do no evoke positive phonotaxis. High-frequency signals (10-40 kc. p. s.) induce negative phonotaxis of females in the stationary flight. Beginning from the tympanic organ, the auditory system of crickets exhibits distinct differentiation of elements, which provide the analysis of low- and high-frequency signals. Two types of ascending interneurons transmitting information about the sound from the first auditory center to the brain were described in detail. The first type is associated mainly with low-frequency receptors and effectively transmits all that is necessary for the recognition of temporal characteristics of the CS. The second type presumably accounts for the negative phonotaxis. It is associated mainly with high-frequency receptors, exhibits for the negative phonotaxis. It is associated mainly with high-frequency receptors, exhibits significant after-effect, higher sensitivity to sounds of weak intensities, emphasizes the onset of the stimulus effect, and rapidly habituates to repetitive stimulation.


[Acetylcholinesterase activity in the nervous system of some Triclades (Planaria)]. By means of thiocholine method, ACHE activity has been revealed in cells of ganglia, ventral nerves, nervous plexuses of the pharynx and subepidermal layer of four planarian species. The products of ACHE activity appeared in the form of dark granules localized over cellular bodies and processes. Interspecific differences in the number and topography of ACHE-reactive cells were demonstrated.


[Selective sensitivity of hearing to amplitude modulation of speech in man]. Studies on the sensitivity of man's hearing to the reception of amplitude modulation (AM) of the sound reveal statistically reliable threshold minimum in the region of 4-6 c. p. s. It is suggested that this phenomenon is evolutionary conditioned by tuning of human auditory system on the perception of speech, in which AM results from articulation of the syllables. The acoustical analysis of several speech extracts demonstrated statistically reliable maximum of AM of the sound flow just within 4-6 c. p. s. Therefore, the selective sensitivity of hearing to perception of these AM frequencies increases the safety and interference resistance of the system "speech-hearing".


[Frequency following response to cochlear nuclei in cats to polycomponent sonic signals]. Under chloralose-urethane anaesthesia, by means of spectrograms and dynamic spectrograms studies have been made on frequency following response (FFR) in the cochlear nuclei of cats evoked by sonic stimulation. It was shown that FFR readily reproduces frequencies of the acoustic spectrum of separate tones and two-tonal harmonic complexes (the upper reproduced frequency in FFR - 6.0-6.5 kc/sec). The main deteils of the acoustic spectrum of the sounds of speech are also easily reproduced in FFR. Combination tones were observed in FFR during application of two-tonal harmonic complexes. The first harmonic is inhibited in FFR when combined with higher ones (the fifth or the sixth) or at certain phase angle between the first and the second harmonics ("doubling" phenomenon).


[Functional peculiarities of stretch receptors of the flight apparatus in the cockroach Periplaneta americana]. Functional peculiarities of stretch receptors in wing articulations of the cockroach are considered and possible functional role of these receptors in maintenance of stable rhythm of flight is discussed. Stretch receptors of wing articulations are of phasictonic type they exhibit slow and incomplete adaptation, discharging when the wing goes upward. The pattern of impulse response of the receptor depends both on the angle and the velocity of displacement of wing platelet. The scheme of presumptive pacemaker of wing beats is discussed in detail.


[Postactivational changes in the reflex excitability of the motoneuronal apparatus of the spinal cord in newborn infants]. In 16 newborn infants ageing from several hours to 6 days, by means of paired stimulation, studies have been made on postactivational recovery of the reflex excitability of spinal motoneuronal apparatus. It was shown that early phases of the recovery cycle (early facilitation and depression) are similar in all the infants studied and do not significantly alter with age, whereas later phases within the first days of life follow two types. The first type is characterized by the intensive secondary facilitation which is transformed into exaltation, late depression being absent. The second type is characterized by low level of facilitation and the presence of depression. To the 4-5th day, the recovery cycle attains the pattern similar to that in adults. It is suggested that age changes of the recovery cycle reflect both functional maturation of the structures which are involved into the organization of postactivational changes of motoneuronal apparatus, and the dynamics of metabolism in newborns.


[Age peculiarities in the effect of M- and N-cholinolytics on the activity of the epileptogenic zone in the rabbit hippocampus]. In experiments on 6-10, 16-20-day and adult rabbits, electrochimiotrodes were chronically implanted into the dorsal hippocamp. Direct application of a M-cholinolytic, metamizyl, or N-cholinolytic, gangleron, to penicillin-induced epileptogenic zone in the hippocamp inhibited seizures in rabbits of all age groups. The intensity of interseizure epileptiform discharges in the EEG did not change under the action of cholinolytics in adult and 6-10-day rabbits, and decreased in 16-20-day ones. Parenteral administration of gangleron caused the same effect on the activity of epileptogenic zone, as its direct application to the hippocamp. Parenteral administration of metamizyl inhibited seizures in young animals (similarly to its direct application to the hippocamp), but increased the seizures and interseizure discharges in adult rabbits. Therefore, already to the 6th day of postnatal life of rabbits, blocking of the cholinoreactive system of the hippocamp may inhibit circulation of seizural discharges along closed neuronal circuits, which is necessary for the formation of the seizure.


[Synthesis of organic compounds in ultrasonic field]. On the basis of our experimental data, it is suggested that powerful ultrasonic vibrations acted as inductors and activators of primary chemical reactions and that these reactions occurred not only in the atmosphere, but in the hydrosphere as well. Synthesis of various biologically important substances was monitored in aqueous solutions under the influence of ultrasonic treatment. Water and gases of the reduction atmosphere play a significant role in these reactions.


[Reactivity, immunogenicity and epidemiological effectiveness of vaccination according to various schemes of immunization against whooping-cough, diphtheria and tetanus]. An extended controlled epidemiological trial was carried out for the purpose of studying the reactogenic properties, immunological and epidemiological efficacy of immunization against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus according to a scheme suggested by the authors (AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC-KB) in comparison with the official scheme (AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC). There was revealed some increase in the frequency of general reactions in children vaccinated by the experimental scheme; however strong general reactions and local reactions of different intensity were encountered with equal frequency in both groups. Two months after the end of the vaccination significantly higher titres of pertussis agglutinins were revealed in children immunized by the AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC-KB scheme; no significant difference was found in the content of the protective titres of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins. The duration of preservation of postvaccinal antibodies against all the AKdeltaC-vaccine components and increase in their amount after the first revaccination (in 1.5-2 years) was the same in both the groups of children. A greater epidemiological efficacy of pertussis antigen was revealed by prolonged observation in immunization by the AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC-KB sheme in comparison with immunization by the official scheme (pertussis incidence per 100 thousand children proved to be 12.7 and 71.2, respectively).


[Relationship between bound and free amino acids in the brain of growing rats]. Total pool of glutamate, glutamine and GABA in the hemispheres increases during postnatal life of rats, the increase being due to that in free and bound forms of amino acids. In the cerebellum of 1-day rats, the content of free and bound glu, gln asp, GABA, bound ala and free gly is lower, whereas the level of free glu and ala, bound gly is higher than in mature animals. To the end of the 1st week, total amino acid content decreases, except GABA, which is increased. Aminon acid content begins to increase at the 21th and 28th days of postnatal life.


[Regulation of sugar content in the blood during artificial hyperglycaemia in chick embryos]. Intravenous injections of glucose (8.6 mg/ml of blood) have been made 9-18 day chick embryos, 1-day chicks and adult hens. Glucose content of the blood was measured 15 and 30 min., 1,4 and 8 hours after the injection. It was shown that already 9-day embryos possess a regulatory system which restores the initial glycaemic level. During the development of the organism, the efficiency of this system increases. The data obtained may be used in theoretical studies on the sugar system of the blood.


[The role of malate dehydrogenase in adaptation to hypoxia in invertebrates]. In muscle tissue of lamellibranch molluscs and crustaceans (cf. Table for the species studied), high levels of malate dehydrogenase and low ones of lactade dehydrogenase were detected. There is a direct relationship between the value of MDH/LDH ratio and the capacity of organisms to withstand temporary anaerobiosis. Animals with high ratio may adapt to hypoxia by transition from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic one.


[Some peculiarities of brain phospholipids in deep sea fishes]. Total phospholipids (PL) as well as the content of various phospholipid classes and their fatty acid composition have been investigated in the brain of mesopelagic and abyssal marine teleosts. These species were compared to shallow water ones. The brain of deep sea fishes was found to be very poor in PL as compared to the brain of mesopelagic ans surface water species. No differences concerning the brain PL content were revealed between the two last mentioned groups. The relative content of separate PL classes was very similar in all the species studied irrespectively of the depth of their habitat. Peculiarities were found in fatty acid composition of individual PL from deep sea species as compared to surface ones. The deeper the habitat, the lower the content of saturated fatty acids, especially of the stearic acid. The lowest content of saturated fatty acids, maximum level of polyenoic fatty acids as well as some peculiarities in the relative content of particular fatty acids were found in the brain of ultraabyssal (6, 000 m) Leucicorus sp.


[The effect of pentagastrin and ornithine-tetragastrin on motor activity of the stomach in skates and scorpion-fish]. Low doses of pentagastrin (50 mug/kg b. w.) have no physiological effect on motor activity of the stomach in the skate Dasyatis pastinaca. Average doses (100-200 mug/kg) stimulate the activity, whereas high ones (300 mug/kg) inhibit the frequency of stomach contractions, slightly increasing their amplitude. Ornithine tetragastrin in a dose 2000 mug/kg does not affect motor activity of the stomach in skates. In the scorpion-fish Scorpaena porcus, ornithine tetragastrin (1000 and 2000 mug/kg) inhibits motor activity of the stomach.


[Experience in the study of the epidemiology and prevention of intestinal infections under conditions of the extreme north of western Siberia]. A study was made of peculiarities of typhoid and dysentery and of conditions promoting the spread of these infections in the Yamalo-Nenetsk National Area. The efficacy of antiepidemic measures conducted against these infections under conditions of the extreme north was assessed. A sharp fall of typhoid incidence was reached. As to dysentery-the complex of measures carried out could not significantly influence the direction of the epidemic process (for this purpose elaboration of special prophylactic measures is required).


[Some controversial questions on the epidemiology of intestinal infections. Report I. Significance of the dose and the biological properties of the causative agent in the epidemiology and the clinical picture of salmonelloses and dysentery]. On the basis of analysis of literature and personal observations and studies the authors explain a number of epidemiological and clinical peculiarities of intestinal infections with various pathogenic doses of the causative agents; under the term pathogenic dose is understood the minimal amount of microbes necessary for the onset of the disease with the natural mechanism of transmission of the infection. Regularities of the effect of the pathogenic dose of the causative agent on the epidemic process common for intestinal infections were formulated.


[Seeding efficiency of the causative agent of dysentery as an index of the intensity of the epidemiologic process]. A study was made of the character and extent of interrelationship between the indices of dysentery morbidity and the indices of the seeding efficiency of dysentery bacilli persons who did not apply for medical aid. Establishment of such interrelationship permitted the authors to suggest the use of a more objective index of the seeding efficiency of dysentery bacilli, along with morbidity indices, for the assessment of the intensity of the epidemic process in this infection. On the basis of investigations carried out the authors came to the conclusion that a tendency to the increase of dysentery incidence the last few years chiefly bore a "statistical" character and was due to the improved detection of patients and carriers.


[Hypersensitivity of the delayed type in immunization and infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae]. In parenteral and intranasal immunization with M. pneumoniae of guinea pigs, along with seroconversion, there was observed development from the 15th-20th day of hypersensitivity of delayed type; this hypersensitivity was revealed by positive skin tests and by the reaction of specific transformation of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. An increased reactivity of the smooth muscles of the intestine of parenterally immunized animals was revealed. With the aid of the test of alteration of blood neutrophils in vitro there was found development of specific sensitization of the organism to M. pneumoniae in the patients with mycoplasma pneumonia.


[Role of anaerobic streptococci in human pathology. Report I. Etiological significance of anaerobic streptococci in chronic tonsillitis]. The authors describe a method of isolation of anaerobic streptococci from the blood. A high seeding efficiency of anaerobic streptococci from the depth of the tonsils (75.1%) and from their surface (59.7%) and also from the blood (36%) pointed to the leading role of these microbes in the etiopathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis. In healthy individuals anaerobic streptococci are revealed (by culture method) on the surface of the tonsils but rarely (6%). Str. micros are the most incident in chronic tonsillitis (in 85.3% of cases-from the depth of the tonsils and in 77.5%-from the surface), whereas Str. anaerobius and Str. intermedius occur in individual cases only (8.4-7.5% and 6.3-15%, respectively). Pure culture of Str. micros was found in 36% of cases. Pathogenetic scheme of development of bacteriemia in chronic tonsillitis and rheumatism is presented. The isolated cultures were found to be resistant to the widely-used antibiotics.


[Comparative characterisitic of changes in the adrenals against a background of immunization with viral and bacterial antigens]. The effect of alcoholic typhoid vaccine and of the cultural vaccine against the tickborne encephalitis on the adrenocortical secretion in guinea pigs was studied. Functional condition of the adrenal glands was assessed histochemically. Immunization was accompanied by increase in the activity of the adrenal cortex, the most pronounced the first 3 days. Comparative analysis showed that typhoid vaccine produced a more pronounced stree on the adrenal gland function.


[Prognosis of the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome in the Primorsk region]. A study was made of a possibility of prognostication of the number of patients (morbidity per 100 000 residents) with hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome in conditions of the Primorsk region. The main factors characterizing this disease were analyzed with the use of the "Minsk-22" computer; these were dynamics of the populations of murine rodents, metereological data, morbidity. A method of prognostication of the number of patients (morbidity) with hemorrhagic fever and a renal syndrome in the Primorsk region for the current year was elaborated.


[Stimulation of primary immune response by the activation of autoimmune processes]. Experiments were conducted on 220 female mice weighing 20--24 g, with the use of 3 types of antigens (sheep erythrocytes, vaccines from the intestinal and paratyphoid bacilli). There proved to be an increase on the 7th and the 14th day of the formation of specific antibodies under the effect of subcutaneous injection of a homologous blood (0.1--0.3 ml per mouse) 2 hours after the antigen immunization. Hemostimulation not only intensified the antibody-genesis, but also increased the resistance to the infection with the living microbial culture. The stimulating action of the blood injection persisted in irradiation of the mice with gamma-rays in a dose of 300 r. Hemostimulation produced an activation of the normal autoantibody system capable of influencing the function of cells necessary for the antigen assimilation.


[Use of disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel method for the separation of soluble proteins of vibrios]. The authors present the results of a comparative study of the protein spectra of 80 strains of various vibrios. Proteinograms were elaborated by the method of disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel for each strain and species. There were revealed 25 protein peaks with definite mobility coefficients. The number of peaks and their areas varied in different species. The qualitative and the quantitative differences between the vibrio species were established. Results of investigations demonstrated a possibliity of using the protein spectra for the differentiation of microorganisms.


[Antibody neutralization test in brucellosis]. The authors present the results of study of the antibody neutralization test in brucellosis with the use of erythrocytes sensitized with lipopolysaccharide. This test was shown to be highly specific and sensitive in detection of brucellae and brucellosis antigen in pathological material, food and objects of external environment.


[Immunogenesis and nonspecific factors of natural resistance. XI. Further study of the depression mechanism of humoral reactions of natural immunity during the vaccinal process]. The mechanisms of depression of humoral reactions of natural immunity under the effect of vaccination were studied further. Experiments were carried out on albino rats tolerant to the horse serum protein. Administration of the antigen to the tolerant animals failed to cause formation of antibodies or to influence humoral factors of natural immunity. As to rats not immunized earlier, complement-fixing antibodies were revealed from the 7th to the 21st days after the administration of horse serum; simultaneously there was seen depression of the humoral mechanisms of natural resistance. The results obtained confirmed the hypothesis stating that there existed competitive relations between the specific and nonspecific immunological reaction in the fight for plastic provision of the corresponding reactions.


[Immunological study of the occurrence of staphylococci with skin antigens in various experimental animals]. Experiments were conducted on rabbits; primary and secondary administration of staphylococcus vaccine was regularly accompanied by the production of antibodies not only to a staphylococcus antigen, but also of antibodies reacting with an extract of homologous kidneys, myocardium and the skin. The presence in the pathogenic staphylococcus of an antigen affiliated to proteins of the skin and kidneys of rabbits and mice was shown by the method of cross sorption of antistaphylococcus and antiskin sera by a suspension of the staphylococcus or skin antigen with the use of the complement fixation test. Indirect hemagglutination and immunofluorescence. Such antigen was absent in nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from the skin extracts.


[Electron microscopy of cholera vibrios from the intestinal contents of infected suckling rabbits]. Electron microscopic study of the cells of classic, El Tor and NAG-vibrios showed them to be no different by the structure type from the cells of ofter Gram-negative bacteria. A characteristic peculiarity of the cholera vibrios revealed after their passage through the intestine of nursling rabbits was the presence of microcapsules and protrusions of the areas of the wall membranous apparatus.


[Changes in the ultrastructure of staphylococci in kidney tissue in experimental infection]. A study of ultrathin sections fo the kidney tissue of mice infected with staphylococci showed intracellular localization of the bacteria. In vivo there occurred a morphological reconstruction of external layers of the cell wall of staphylococci, and lysis of individual staphylococci. The middle part of the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane proved to be the structures the most stable to lysis. Specific changes of bacteria similar to the changes noted with the action of penicillin on staphylococci in vitro followed effective penicillin therapy of mice infected with staphylococci.


[The relationship between the side of the lesion and the features and prognostic value of parietal dysfunction in vascular diseases in the brain]. The authors generalized the results of clinico-dynamic and experimental psychological observation over 52 patients with hemisphere strokes. An analysis was made of clinical manifestations of the temple lobe pathology and peculiarities of the restorative period depending upon the side of lesion. Necessity of further study of the problem of differential carrying out of therapeutic measures depending upon not only the nature and severity of stroke but also on localization and side of the lesion is emphasized.


[Consciousness disorders in focal lesions of the right and left cerebral hemispheres]. In the light of modern concepts of functional asymmetry in the human brain, the authors analyse paroxysmal conditions of changed consciousness which occurred in 160 patients with lesions of the hemispheres due to brain tumors (75 patients) and in epilepsy (85 patients). It is shown that certain forms of changed consciousness are characteristic of disorders of the right and left hemispheres in right-handedness. This clinical fact is taken as a basis for the assumption that in the formation of consciousness both hemispheres in different ways play a certain role and they provide different "formating" kinds of consciousness: the right hemisphere--a direct perception or a sensory perception of the environment and itself, the left--process of abstract perception based on speech, symbols, semantics.


[The Korsakov syndrome in light of the concept of functional asymmetry of the brain]. An analysis of 10 cases with acute brain disorders (severe brain damage, ruptures of vascular aneurysms permits the authors to assume that the Korsakoff syndrome developes in those patients who at the initial phase of the disease had comatose conditions with subsequent focal symptoms mainly of the right hemisphere and diencephalic area. The author demonstrates the psychopathological traits of the Korsakoff syndrome which differ from the amnestic syndrome developing in focal lesions of the left hemisphere.


[The relationship between the side of the lesion and the psychopathology of focal lesions of the frontal lobes]. The author studied 36 patients with benign tumors, located in one of the frontal lobes: in 20 cases in the left and in 16 cases in the right lobe. In tumors of the left lobe there were disorders in the motor and initiative side of speech, general inhibition, a decline in the level of generalizing, a prevalence of memory disorders, rather than attention, inertia of mental processes with a preservation of a sense of being ill. Tumors of the right frontal lobe were characterized by an insufficient insight to the illness, euphoria, an absence of a critical understanding of the environment, a prevalence of attention disorders over memory disturbances, a narrowing of the volume of simultaneously perceived information and a tendency towards a confabulatory addition to fragmentarily perceived images.


[Asymmetry of brain lesions and immunobiologic reactivity]. The authors compare some clinico-psychopathological traits in the development and frequency of detected antibrain antibodies and allergical states in epilepsy with a different lateralization in the hemispheres. In a sinistral localization of the lesion there is a significant increase of an unfavourable development of the disease and a more frequent detection of antibodies to the homologous brain. In a dextral localization there is a relatively favourable development of the basic disorder. The authors discuss the influence of the sex factor on the immunobiological indices and the lateralization of the hemisphere. A theory is suggested that the left and right hemispheres are involved in different ways in the different links of immunity, and their pathology may provoke different changes in the body reactivity.


[Eye movement disorders in visual agnosia]. By the aid of photooptical methods the authors studied eye movements in 6 patients with disorders of visual gnosis due to focal lesions in the occipitallbrain lobes. The examination included studies of a fixation of immovable objects, a tracing of linear and pendulum moving objects and a voluntary change of points of fixation in space. It was demonstrated that expressed symptoms of agnosia are accompanied by defects in the organization of all forms of opticomotor activity. The authors discuss problems of the pathogenesis of oculomotor disorders in optical agnosia.


[Spinal mechanisms of motor disinhibition following barbamyl administration]. Prior to and following an intravenous introduction of 250 mg of barbamil by the stimulation of the EMG method the authors studied the H-reflex and M-response of the soleus and gastronemius muscles. The use of singular electric stimula of an increasing intensity as well as multiple repetitions of singular stimula of equal intensity of depicted the following. Barbamil decreases the threshold and increases the amplitude of H-reflexes, and does not influence the M-response. When using pair stimula, barbamil shortens the period of absolute nonexcitation and the second phase of depression in the cycle of restituted H-reflexes to the second stimula in the pair. On this basis the author comes to the conclusion that the action of this preparation on the segmental apparatus of the spinal cord is expressed in an inhibition of gamma-impulsation, a blocking of inhibitive interneurons and an easier reflex excitation of alpha-motoneurons. The report deals with a discussion of these mechanisms for the effect of a prolonged disinhibition.


[Neuromorphologic features of aging in nerve trunks]. Age-specific changes found in the structures of the peripheral nervous system in the form of periaxonal and secondary degenerative processes have a tendency towards a progressive development. These changes eventually lead to changes in the intratruncal individuality of the peripheral nerves.


[A clinico-neurophysiologic study of psychasthenic psychopathies]. The authors studied 25 patients with psychasthenic psychopathy who according to the clinical picture were divided into 2 groups: psychasthenics proper and anankasts. The results of the study permitted to detect some correlations between the clinical traits and neurophysiological interconnections between the cortex and nonspecific subcortical structures. Such correlations were made on the basis of a multicomponent structure of the orientation reaction (especially the EEG reactions and SGR) to stimula of different modality and background bioelectrical activity of the brain.


[Comparative electroencephalographic studies of stutterers on the basis of neurotic disorders and on the basis of organic lesions of the central nervous system]. The paper contains information regarding EEG registration in stuttering patients from 20-35 years of age. In 55 cases stuttering was found against the background of neurotic disorders, in 39--accompanied by residual signs of organic brain lesions. In the first group there was a tendency towards an acceleration of the rhythms and desynchronization of the EEG activity which reached normal levels during the treatment period. The patients of the second group demonstrated a stable tendency towards a synchronization of activity, slower rhythms with pathological activity of a bilateral--synchronous character and theta-rhythm in the central parietal areas.


[The typology of personalities suffering hysterical neuroses and hysterical psychopathies]. The paper deals with a study of 142 patients with hysterical neuroses and 92 with hysterical psychopathy. The personality typology was studied in 2 aspects: intrapersonal and interpersonal. In analyzing the main variants of the premorbid personality with hysterical neurosis special attention was paid to the role of accentuating separate hysterical signs. It is shown that there may be a transition of protracted hysterical reactions into hysterical psychogenic personality development. In analyzing hysterical psychopaths the author studied the correlation of constitutional-biological and social factors and describes the main variants of the personality structure among the "nuclear" and "boderline" psychopaths.


[Prognosis of pathologic personality changes, repeated hospitalizations and assessment of the risk of suicide attempts in reactive depression]. With the aid of clinical scales and eventual components, regressive and discriminant analysis the author elaborated a system of prognostical indices for the assessment of unfavourable outcomes and formation of pathological personality development as well as in patients with reactive conditions in the form of depressions, neurasthenia and hysterical neurosis. Observations which amounted to the mark equal to or exceeding the critical (68) should be considered as dangerous in relation to a formation of a pathological personality.


[Differential diagnosis of neuroses and neurosis-like conditions in residual-organic diseases of the brain]. The study is based on a clinical and X-ray examination of 481 patients where in 270 cases different forms of neuroses were found and in 211--neurotic-like conditions of an organic character (arachno-encephalitis, cerebral arachnoiditis, diencephalitis). Craniograms depicted changes only in 18% of the patients with neuroses while in organic brain lesions in 52% of the cases. In the group of patients with neuroses there were no convincing changes in the pneumoencephalograms. A total of 172 patients with neurotic-like conditions demonstrated polymorphic pial and brain changes. Cerebral angiography in 65% of the examined patients depicted pathological changes of circulation.


[The relationship between the neurotic and the pseudoneurotic in ulcerative and ulcerative and neurogenic-dyskinetic colitis]. On the basis of a study of 142 patients with chronic colitis (nonspecific ulcerous and neurogenic-dyskinetic) the authors demonstrate the interreralations between the somatical and neuro-psychic pathology, in the structure of which neurotic-like, neurotic and personality reactions to the basic disease are closely interwoven. In the severe forms of the disease there is a predominance of somato-organic phenomena, in wild-neurotic symptoms. The quantitative and qualitative changes in the personality structure of 46 patients permitted to speak of a neurotic personality development.


[Protracted hypochondriacal states of cerebral-organic genesis]. On the basis of clinico-follow up studies of 67 patients with brain disorders the author distinguishes 4 types of the development of the process: long-termed sluggish, remittent, subacute-progressive without remissions and regressive. The author stresses the age significance, additional exogenic factor when sluggish and remittent types of development are replaced by continuous types with moderate progressiveness. The remote stage in the illness development is characterized by expressed mnestic-intellectual deterioration, mental and physical insufferability, chronic and periodic mood disturbances, sleep disturbances, increased sensory excitement, personality changes of a hypochondrical type.


[Clinical variants of neurosis development in persons blinded at a mature age]. On the basis of clinical, experimental psychological and EEG data of 133 blind patients 4 types of neurotical personality development were distinguished: asthenical, hysterical, obsessive and hypochondrical. Each of these variants had its certain clinical traits. On all phases of the disease which were related to a sudden loss of sight, the authors mark the necessity of a manifold medical treatment and psychotherapeutical approach directed towards a sociovocational adaptation.


[The psychogenic factor in the clinical picture of epilepsy]. A study of 300 epileptic patients depicted that the first seizures in 8% of all cases appear following psychic shock traumas. Epileptic fits, unlike hysterical, appear more frequently not during the crucial phase of emotions, but after several hours or days of a psychic traumatization. The psychogenic factor as a rule is not reflected in the psychopathological structure of the disease. In the process of the disease the psychogenic influence leads to different neurotic conditions (depressive, asthenical, hysterical, phobic) which complicate the psychopathological picture of epilepsy. The epileptic fits as well as other expressions of the disorder also exert certain psychogenic influences.


[The syndrome of anorexia nervosa in schizophrenia]. The authors studied 34 schizophrenic patients with the syndrome of nervous anorexia. It is demonstrated that nervous anorexia which was initially related to the syndrome of dysmorphobia-dysmorphomania, in the future, as the schizophrenic defect increases, is reduced to exhausted forms of "digestive behavior" (particularly the "vomitting behavior") and loses its connection with dysmorphobic experiences. From the very beginning the syndrome of nervous anorexia is connected with affective disturbances, cenesthopathic-hypochondrical complaints and a gradual personality deterioration. The schizophrenic defect in such cases does not attain the degree of an apathico-abulic syndrome and has traits of "organicity".


[The role of disorders in the functions of the cerebral catecholamine system in the pathogenesis of chronic alcoholism]. The authors studied the functions of central and peripheral catecholamine systems in patients with chronic alcoholism. The influence of acute and chronic administration of alcohol was studied in experiments in animals as well as its discontinuation on the catecholamine structures in different areas of the CNS. The obtained data demonstrated that alcohol exerts a specific influence on the catecholamine brain systems which has typical regularities. An analysis of the acheived results permits to assume that the influence of alcohol on the catecholamine brain structures is one of the main links in the pathogenesis of chronic alcoholism.


[The hemiplegic form of episodic hereditary adynamic]. This form of disturbance seen in 3 generations of one family was not hitherto described in literature. The disorder was observed in the proband (35 year old female), her father and her son. Special attention is drawn to the clinical differences of episodic hereditary adynamia and sporadic forms of hyperkaliemic paroxysmal myoplegia. The inheritance was characterized by a autosomn-dominant type. There was also homochronicity and homotypicity. The authors are in agreement with the concept of Hamstorp concerning the independence of this order.


[A statistical analysis of the intervals between motor unit impulses in patients with myasthenia]. Motor unit (MU) potentials of m. triceps br. of healthy subjects and patients with myasthenia gravis were recorded during slight isometric contractions. MU potentials were visually identified, semi-automatically coded and automatically led in the digital computer. In myasthenia the mean frequency of the MU discharges and SD of the interspike intervals were higher than in healthy states, the difference being not great, but significant. The interspike interval hystograms of single MUs were unchanged (normal). So the disturbances in pattern of motoneurone activity in myasthenia were mild. Proserin raised the muscle contraction strength and normalized the interspike interval variability but did not lower the frequency of MU discharges. The increase of the frequency may be accounted for the reduction of Renshaw inhibition.


[Motor activity of the small and large intestines of patients with the generalized form of myasthenia (an x-ray study)]. The author studied the intestinocolonic function by X-ray methods in 84 patients with generalized myasthenia prior to and following surgical treatment (thymectomia). It was established that in myasthenia the intestinal motor function in the majority of the patients is decreased. These motor disorders have a functional character and are connected with the main disease. They disappear after operations as the function of the cross-sectional striped and smooth muscles are restituted.


[Treatment of severe forms of myasthenia with prednisolone and triamcinolone]. On the basis of a long-term observation of 1000 patients with myasthenia the authors stress the necessity of a manifold treatment of this disease with the use of anticholinesterase preparations, by correcting the mineral metabolism and by influencing the thymus gland. In specially severe cases an intensive hormone therapy is recommended with large doses of triamcinolon and prednisolon. In 39 cases of a severe myasthenia the used treatment was successful. The paper deals with theoretical prerequisites and methods of treatment by corticosteroid preparations, their combination with other drugs and an optimal appliance of hormone therapy with preparations of kalii and veroshpiron.


[Treatment of paroxysmal myoplegia].

[Treatment of paroxysmal myoplegia]. The paper contains a concise review of the existing methods in the treatment of paroxysmal myoplegia. It is tressed that Kalii preparations, aldosterone antagonists and diets are not sufficient. The authors report of a stable preventive effect of acetozolamide in hypokaliemic forms of myoplegia seen in 5 patients with frequent attacks and "myopathic" symptoms in some of these cases. The possible mechanisms of the action of this preparation is discussed. Recommendations are given in respect to the treatment of hyperkaliemic variants of the disorder. A typical case history with a good improvement is given as an illustration.


[Congenital cerebellar ataxia (a familial case)]. Inborn cerebellar ataxia is a very rare disease and current literature contains singular reports of familial observations. This report deals with a description of a family where the sibs both had inborn cerebellar ataxia. In this particular family the disease was inherited according to the recessive type. An examination of the parents displayed stem vestibular symptomatology, similar to the changes seen in the children. The author is of the opinion that the stem vestibular symptomatology seen in the parents may be an expression of heterozygotic carriers.


[Electroencephalographic changes in Firedreich's and Pierre-Marie disease]. The authors analyze in EEG changes seen in 14 patients with Friedreich's ataxia and in 7 patients with Pierre Marie ataxia. In all cases there was a changed bioelectrical brain activity, more expressed in Friedreich's disease. These changes were in the forma of alpha- and beta-activity, in irregular sharp waves or groups of slow fluctuations in the theta- and delta-waves. These changes are not strictly specific for these disorders. In Pierre Marie's disease there was a certain correlation between the duration of the disease and expressiveness of EEG changes. In both disorders the expressiveness of the changes were significantly influenced by the degree of brain stem lesions.


[The clinical picture and pathogenesis of spontaneous biceps tendon ruptures in syringomyelia patients]. The report concerns a description of 23 patients with typical syringomyelia with ruptures of the distal ligaments of the bicapital muscle and the ligament of its long capita. The authors believe that the absence of bone changes, an increase of the level of neuramine acid and the titre of hyaluronidase in the blood serum testify to the fact that such phenomena may appear in conditions of a segmentaly neurodystrophy of connective tissues due to deafferentiation. In this aspect ligament ruptures are considered and evaluated for professional fitness and diagnosis of the initial or mildly expressed forms of syringomyelia.


[Reflex interaction between the visual and skin temperature analyzers in focal lesions at the level of the optic thalamus and brain stem]. The authors convened a clinico-physiological study of the interaction of the visual and skin temperature analyzers in patients with disturbed circulation in the deep branches of the posterior cerebral artery (the first group) and in patients with disturbed circulation in the vertebro-basillar system (the second group). Inasmuch as in the first group there was an involvement of thalamic structures, the significant disorders connected with disturbances of reflectory interaction in the visual and skin-temperature analyzers are presumably related to these structures. An insignificant change in the continuing of the visual and skin temperature analyzers in disturbances of the brain stem indicate to the limited importance of nonspecific structures of this area in the reflectory interaction of these analyzers.


[The mechanism of action of tests of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics]. By a simultaneous measurement of the venous and CSF pressure it was established that in Queckenstedt's test the pressure in the ulnar venes changes very insignificantly, while in the Stuckey test it increases by 1.5-2 times. The absolute volume of increase of the CSF pressure in different groups of patients is influenced by the vascular tone and reactivity of the brain and pial vessels.


[Acute cerebral circulatory disorders in persons abusing alcohol]. Fifty patients at the age of 29-74 years, being addicted to alcohol for a long time, were investigated in the acute period of brain strokes; in 23 cases the diagnosis was verified on sections. It is established that alcoholic intoxication accelerates the development of strokes. A stroke in intoxicated individuals often develops according to the type of haemorrhage and ends lethally, and in chronic alcoholic intoxication the strokes often develop according to the type of softening. Attention was paid to the frequency of psychomotor exictation, cardiac muscle damage, expressed vascular changes in the eyeground seen already at the young age.


[Cerebral circulatory disorders in acute pneumonia]. The symptomatology of acute pneumonia was expressed in diverse neurological and psychiatric changes, including cerebral circulation. The author conducted clinico-EEG and EMG correlations in disturbed cerebral circulation due to acute pneumonia. An important role in disorders of cerebral circulation is played by hypoxia, intoxication and changed metabolism, conditions leading to changed functional limbico-hypothalamoreticular complexes and changed vascular regulation.


[A correlation analysis of changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain in associative speech experiments]. The paper deals with a correlational analysis of brain biopotentials in the process of speech activity in 9 normals and 10 patients with residual symptoms of brain strokes. The authors dt and erroneous fulfillment of different types of tests (free and determined associations). It was established that in a difficult fulfillment of a speech instruction there is a compensatory involvement into the activity of the right normal hemisphere.


[Electroencephalographic findings in mental disorders with an oneiroid syndrome]. The authors present some results regarding spontaneous bioelectrical brain activity and EEG reactions in functional loadings seen in 53 patients with oneiroid syndromes of a different nature. In most of the cases there were crude pathological changes in the EEG in the form of a disorganization of bioelectrical activity, unstable and fragmental registrations and intrahemispheric asymmetry of biopotentials. These data are not in correlation with the nozological disorders, type of the oneiroid condition, but are in coordination with the character of emotional-volutional disturbances which accompany dream-like disorders of consciousness. On the basis of stable pathological EEG changes which remain even during remissions, the authors come to the conclusion that these changes reflect the structural-functional disturbances of the brain which is the basis for the development of an oneiroid attack.


[Differentiation of amentive from catatonic syndromes]. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of multiple EEG records in 65 patients with amentia and 35 patients with remittent (periodical) catatonia. Besides, background registrations, reactive shifts in the EEG in photo and phono-stimulation was studied along with a study of introduced substances of a central adreno- and cholinolytical action. The quantitative spectres and indices of general and relative spacial synchronization were studied as well. The neurophysiological disorders in amentia and catatonia besides some common traits also demonstrated certain differences. The authors discuss the subcortical and stem shifts in the light of the concept of reciprocal ascending influences of mesencephalic retiticular formation and nonspecific systems of the midbrain.


[Determination of the content of DNA synthesizing lymphocytes in PHA stimulated blood cultures form schizophrenic patients]. The author determined the amount of synthezing DNA lymphocytes stimulated by PHA in the cultures of the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients. It was established that the amount of lymphocytes, capable of developing a normal reaction to PHA in the cell cultures of schizophrenic patients was 18% less than in cultures of normal donors.


[Peripheral blood lymphocyte metabolism in schizophrenic patients]. The lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients and normals were parallelly studied for the concentration of pyruvic and lactic acid, LDH activity an succinatedehydrogenase, glutamatoxalate and glutamate-pyruvattransaminase. It was established that in the cells of schizophrenic patients compared to normals there was an increased concentration of pyruvic acid, while the LDH activity was decreased. The remaining indices did not differ from normals. The achieved data permit to assume that the accumulation of pyruvic acid in the lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients is due to a drop of the LDH activity in the cells. The oxydative transition of pyruvic acid, as well as the processes of transamination play an insignificant role in the metabolism of these cells.


[Fluctuations in the memory capacity of patients with schizophrenia and traumatic psychoses]. The authors studied fluctuations of the memory volume on the basis of the original method of the memory analysis using 50 series which consist of 10 words following each other in every 30 seconds. Three groups included normals, schizophrenic patients (paranoid form, the initial stage of remission) and patients with posttraumatical psychosis in the period of recovery. It was demonstrated that the level of the memory volume fluctuations was over and with a greater swing in the patients than in the normals. The lowest memory level was found in the patients with traumatical pscyhoses.


[Palmar dermatoglyphics of schizophrenic patients]. The paper deals with a study of palmar dermatoglyphics in 1120 schizophrenic patients with different forms of its development. As a control group 1240 normals were studied as well. The females displayed an increased frequency of patterns Au/Ac on the hypothenar and defective patterns on the thenar. Among the males there was an increased amount of displasia, genuine and defective patterns on the thenar, of the loops in III interfinger spaces. These differences are encountered more frequently in patients with progressive forms of schizophrenia.


[Results of a continuous study of a population of schizophrenic patients more than 60-years-old, registered at Moscow Psychoneurologic Dispensary No. 2]. The authors conducted an overall study of schizophrenic patients, older than 60 years of age and registered in one of the Moscow dispensaries. It was demonstrated that the elderly amount to 17% of the whole schizophrenic population in the given dispensary. The percentage of late schizophrenia (16.7%) is relatively high, although the percentage of them in a hospital population is even higher (27-35%). The sex ratio demonstrated a larger amount of women (1 : 3). 90% of all the studied patients at the moment of examination were at home, while 33% were never admitted to hospitals. Among the studied contingent there was a high percentage of patients with a regressive development of the process and a stabilization with a tendency towards its obliviation. The study contains some data necessary for further investigations concerning the adaptational possibilities and physical state of these patients. The obtained information require correlations with data on the general population of this region in the same age periods.


[The therapeutic efficacy of pyrazidol in depressive states]. A total of 125 depressive patients were treated by pyrasidol. It was depicted that this drug is an antidepressant with a marked tranquillizing component activity. It does not cause complications and marked side-effects. Its use is more effective in an anxiety-depressive syndrome, within manic-depressive psychosis, vascular and organic damages of the CNS, somatogenic and reactive depressions. Pyrasidol can also be used in the treatment of depressive patients of the elderly, somatic patients and physically weaked ones.


[The antiparkinson activity of gludantan (preliminary report)]. A total of 33 patients with different forms of parkinsonism were treated by a new original antiparkinsonic preparation Gludantane synthesized at the Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. The authors demonstrated a higher antiparkinsonic activity of this drug compared to cholinolytical preparations and midantane and the possibility of achieving a better therapeutical effect in a combination of gludantane with other antiparkinsonic drugs. The preparation appeared to be effective in different etiological forms of parkinsonism. However, its highest effect was in the rigid and rigid-trembling forms, and less effective in trembling-rigid forms and not effective in the trembling form. Gludantane is practically devoid of side-effects and is well tolerated by patients.


[Dynamics of neuropsychological symptomatics following endovascular surgical interventions]. The paper is concerned with the neuropsychological symptomatology due to arterio-venous cerebral vascular aneurysmas. The authors report of the development of such signs following occlusions of the afferent vessells in aneurysmas in 19 patients. The study permitted to distinguish the possible genesis of disturbed cerebral functions which are related directly with the aneurysm localization and with intracerebral hematomas, as well as with the hemodynamical factors. The authors diplay the changed structure of the neuropsychological syndrome in reconstructed cerebral circulation following arterial occlusion, supplying the aneurysma. The achieved data allow one to consider the clinicopsychological method as a rather refined indicator of reconstructed cerebral circulation.


[Mental disorders in patients with vascular aphasia]. The author conducted a study of some personality traits in 30 patients with different forms of vascular aphasia with the aid of a polar profile test. The questionnaire had 16 polar qualities. According to each of these criteria 2 scales were formed: prior to and following the disease. Two main types of personality changes wered noted: pseudoneutrotic disorders of a different degree (in patients with articular motor and sensory aphasia) and moderately or slightly expressed symptoms of apatho-abulia (in patient with expressed motor and mixed motor-sensory aphasia).


[Intracerebral hemorrhages with lesions of the extracranial portions of the carotid and vertebral arteries and arteries of the base of the brain]. The study deals with the clinico-anatomical examination of 75 cases of hemorrhagic strokes where diagnostical and therapeutical surgical measures were performed. Arterial hypertension was found in 73 cases. In 35 cases there were changes in the extra- and intracranial areas of the carotid and vertebral arteries and arteries of the brain basis. In almost all the cases after surgical interferences there were repeated disorders of brain circulation which were much more rarely seen in patients without the above-mentioned pathology. The reported results indicate the importance of a special study of the magistral cerebral arteries and the brain basis with hemorrhagical strokes for criteria of a necessity of operations in intracranial hemorrhages.


[Pseudoneurotic states in patients with transient cerebral circulatory disorders]. The authors describe clinical manifestations of pseudoneurotic states and vegetative paroxysms in 78 patients with transient disturbances of brain circulation which appeared due to hypertensive disease and atherosclerosis. The special studies (EEG, REG, determination of catecholamine excretion) showed that pseudoneurotic states and paroxysmal vegetative disturbances depend on the state of brain circulation and functional activity of the sympathetico-adrenal system. The authors attempt to differentiate pseudoneurotic and paroxysmal vegetative disorders in transient disturbances of brain circulation from neuroses and initial dysfunction of the vegetative structures.


[The structure of nocturnal sleep in stroke]. The paper deals with a polygraphic study of night sleep in 44 patients who had cerebral strokes with a different localization of the focus, in 10 patients with atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease (the control group). The structure of sleep following strokes was seriously imparied. Besides general traits, the changes were specific depending upon the focus of lesion. Differences were also displayed in patients with lesions of either the right or left hemisphere and their relationship with the opposition. The author stresses the importance of studying the interrelationship of sleep structure. It is assumed that disturbances in the sleep structure of the patients who have suffered from strokes are of importance in the rehabilitative period.


[Topical diagnosis of cerebral vein thromboses]. The presentation is concerned with the neurological symptomatology of brain venous thrombosis (39 cases from literature sources and 22 cases of personal experience). On the basis of such investigations and a large amount of verified cases of thrombosis, the author attempts to establish the most characteristic topical signs of lesions in separate groups of veins. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying difficulties in topical diagnostics are discussed.


[Age and blood coagulation characteristics in cerebral circulatory disorders]. The paper deals with the results of some indices of an extensified coagulogramme in disorders of cerebral circulation in 246 patients younger than 45 years and in 242 older than 55. In both groups, irrespective of the character of the stroke in the acute phase there was a tendency towards hypercoagulation which was more expressed in individuals up to 45 years. Besides, an increased tendency of coagulative blood properties in the acute phase, there was an earlier and significant activation of faibrinolysis in the subacute and rehabilitative period seen in the young individuals. In the elderly group an increase of fibrinolytic activity was unproportional to the increase of coagulant blood properties. This disproportion was seen in an ischemic stroke.


[The condition of the sympatho-adrenal system and blood coaglability in cerebral vascular crises]. The author presents the results of a parallel study of the sympathetico-adrenal system state and blood coagulation in 140 patients with hypertensive disease, cerebral atherosclerosis and initial arterial hypotensive disease with cerebro-vascular crises. An increase of catecholamine excretion with the urine and of blood coagulation in the majority of the patients during the crisis was found. The activity of the sympathetico-adrenal system was higher due to the hormonal chain (the quantity of excreted adrenalin exceeded the noradrenalin quantity). The obtained data testified to a possible participation of the sympathetico-adrenal system in the appearance of hypercoagulational tendencies of the blood and to a development of cerebrovascular crisis.


[Indirect assessment of the state of cerebral circulation by the method of superficial temporal artery oscillography]. With the aid of modified semiconductors in tensometric devices it was possible by oscillography to register different parameters of blood pressure (the maximum and medium) in the superficial temporal arteries bilaterally. In combination with REG it makes it possible to fully assess the condition of brain circulation by an indirect method.


[Super-slow oscillations of cerebral biopotentials in patients with transient circulatory disorders in vertebral-basilar basin]. The paper deals with a study of 30 patients with transient disorders of circulation in the vertebro-basillar basin. Besides the routine methods of clinico-laboratorial examinations, for the first time in neurological practice a new method of electrophysiological registration was used: superslow fluctuations of the brain biopotentials. The patients were examined during the interattack period. According to the character of changes in the superslow brain activity the patients were divided into 3 groups. It was possible to establish that the characteristics of superslow fluctuations in the brain biopotentials correlates with the state of the activity of adaptive-regulative brain mechanisms. This condition is reflected in the frequency, duration and severity of transient vascular episodes. Such data permit to clarify some pathogenetical mechanisms in the development of transient disorders of cerebral circulation.


[Clinico-electromyographic studies in the scalenus syndrome]. The authors report of some data concerning clinical and EMG studies of patients with the scalenus syndrome. These studies permitted to depict the main pathogenetical mechanisms lying at the basis of the motor dysfunctions in these patients. The authors traced the changes prior to and after surgical operations found in the electrogenesis and symptomatology of motor disorders in patients with the scalenus syndrome. The achieved data have a certain significance for diagnostical and prognostical purposes.


[The pathogenesis of psychomotor epilepsy (a histochemical study of a penicillin epileptic focus in the rat hippocampus)]. By the aid of histochemical methods the authors sutdied the activity and distribution of acetylcholinesterase, monoamineoxidase, glutamatedehydrogynase and gammaaminobutyric acid -- transferase in the dorsal hypocampus of rats. It was shown that the activity of all the studied enzymes are significantly changed following 0.5 and 1.5 hours and are restituted following 48 hours after the formation of a pathological focus. It is concluded that a drop in the activity of glutamatedehydrogenase and gammaaminobutyric acid may be directed toward an accumulation of gammaaminobutyric acid in the epileptogenic focus and an inhibition of its activity. A drop in the histochemical reaction to acetylcholinesterase may indicate a decrease in the functions of the cholinergic systems with an active epileptogenic focus in the hypocampus.


[A clinico-immunologic study of epileptic children and adolescents and their relatives]. The presentation is concerned with a study of immunological shifts in epileptic children and in their relatives. These changes were detected with the aid of a complement fixation test in the blood serum of 5 epileptic patients and 103 relatives. It was established that in epileptic patients the brain autoantigens were found in 30,8% of the cases, the antibrain antibodies in 7.7%. There was no correlation between the frequency of the detected brain antigens in the blood serum of the sick children, the sex, duration of the disease, hereditary loading and the genesis of epilepsy. Autoimmune shifts were seen in 28.15% of the cases in the blood of the relatives. Autoimmune shifts were found in the families of such children with autoimmune changes in 52.9% while among the relatives -- without autoimmune changes in 15.9% of the cases.


[Alterations in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme spectrum in the blood of patients with epilepsy]. The paper is concerned with the general activity of LDH and the spectre of its isoenzymes which was determined by different techniques in the blood serum of adult epileptic patients, epileptic children and adolescents between seizures, as well as in adult patients during and at different periods after covulsive fits. It was established that the general activity of LDH and the percent content of isoenzymes LDH-I in the blood serum of adult epileptic patients is less compared to epileptic children and adolescents and normals. During convulsive fits the general activity of LDH and LDH-I in the blood serum increases, which is indicative of an intensification of glycolytic processes.


[The relationship between features of perceptive activity and the clinical characteristics of epilepsy patients]. The author reports of convened studies concerning 32 epileptic patients and 30 normals (the control group) by the Rorschach method in correlation with clinical studies. Statistically significant differences were obtained in these groups of examinees. The study contains some data of the perceptive activity of epileptic patients in the light of psychopathological features inherent in these patients.


[The relative role of heredity and environment in genuine and symptomatic epilepsy]. The authors conducted a clinico-genetical study of 110 patients with symptomatic, 181 patients with genuine epilepsy and 236 normals of the general population. The study demonstrated the inadequacy of the alternative "inheritance--environment" in epilepsy. The frequency of epilepsy and disorders of an epileptic range in the relatives of patients with symptomatic epilepsy and partial seizures was less than in the relatives of patients with genuine epilepsy with generalized seizures. But they were significantly higher than in the general population. In symptomatic epilepsy in a rather large amount of cases (59.7%) there was a hereditary loading, while in patients with a definite hereditary loading in 36.4% of the cases of special significance were different exogenous factors. The results demonstrated the interaction of inheritance and environment and their influence on the age of appearance of fits and the degree of severity of epilepsy.


[The differential-diagnostic value of evoked potentials in depressive patients according to discriminant analysis findings]. The authors conducted a discriminant analysis of visual evoked potentials in depressive patients and in normals. The depressive syndrome was correctly diagnosed in 76--90% of the cases. The main role in the diagnosis of such cases belongs to interhemispheric correlational connections in the frontal brain areas. Between these connections there was an intercompensatory relationship. It was possible to demonstrate some traits of intrahemispheric connections in the left hemisphere of normals and in the right hemisphere of the depressed patients. Certain tendencies were marked in the distribution of patients according to the expressiveness of affective disorders.


[Syndrome formation and syndrome shifts in manic-depressive psychoses beginning after 40-years of age]. The author performed a clinical study of 492 depressive, 127 manic and 46 double phases in 150 patients with manic-depressive psychosis where the disorder manifested itself after the age of 40 with an average duration of the disease of about 10 years. Some general regularities in the syndrome formation and syndrome modifications of the depressive (from subdepressive to endogenous, anxious and delusional depressions) and manic (from hypo and endogenous mania to angry, aproductive mania with pseudoparalytical and senile like traits) syndromes were displayed. It was demonstrated that supplementary factors facilitated such changes as well. The acheived data permitted to qualify longitudinaly more precisely the manic-depressive psychosis during involution as well as to determine the frequency of separate symptoms in each depressive or manic phase.


[The neurotropic and autoimmune activity of the serum of patients with psychoses of old age and patients with schizophrenia]. In order to define the specificity of neurotropic and autoimmune activity in blood serum of schizophrenic patients the authors studied the existence of such biological signs in another group of patients with mental disorders of a nonschizophrenic etiology: Pick's and Alzheimer's disease. It was established that to neurotropic and autoimmune activity the blood serum of atrophic patients do not differ according to these signs from schizophrenic patients. At the same time it was established that in the nonschizophrenic group the neurotropic and autoimmune activity intercorrelated. A high neurotropic activity can be seen in those patients who display antibrain antibodies in the blood. In the group of schizophrenic patients such correlations were not demonstrated. It is assumed that the neurotropic and autoimmune processes in the organism of schizophrenic patients develop independently.


N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase of Vi phage III. 1. A lytic enzyme was isolated from Vi phage III-induced lysate of Salmonella typhi, and purified about 200-fold by chromatography on IRC-50, CM-cellulose, and Sephadex G-75 columns. 2. Both E. coli B murein and muropeptide C6 were digested on incubation with the lytic enzyme. The main product of murein and muropeptide C6 digestion is identical with tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-DAP-Ala. The release of amino groups during digestion was not accompanied by the appearance of either reducing groups or hexosamines. 3. It is concluded that Vi phage III-induced lytic enzyme is N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase, which cleaves the amide bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and L-alanine.


Borohydride-reducible components in soluble collagen irradiated with gamma rays in solution. 1. Irradiation with 100 krad of gamma rays of neutral-salt-soluble rat skin collagen decreased the content of aldol cross-links by a factor of three, whereas it did not affect the content of allysine. 2. On reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride, five new components were detected showing different stability towards acid and alkali.


Bacterial carotenoids. XLVIII. Total syntheses of carotenes of the 1,2-dihydro series. The total syntheses of 1,2,7,8,1',2',7',8'-octahydro-psi,psi-carotene (1), 1,2,7,8-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene (2), 1,2,1',2'-tetradehydro-psi,psi-carotene (3), 1,2-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene (4), 1,2-dihydor-3,4-didehydro-psi,psi-carotene (5), and 1,2,1',2'-tetrahydro-3,4,3',4'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene (6) are described. The properties of products and intermediates, including the three new apocarotenals 1,2,7,8-tetrahydro-12'-apo-psi-caroten-12'-al (20), 1,2-dihydro-8'-apo-pse-caroten-8'-al (25), and 1,2-dihydro-3,4-didehydro-8'-apo-psi-carotene-8'-al (32), are reported. A fragment ion at M68 on electron impact appears to be characteristic for carotenoids with a 1,2,7,8-tetrahydro end-group.


Action of propranolol on mitochondrial proton fluxes. The action of propranolol, a Beta-blocking adrenergic agent, on mitochondrial proton fluxes in nonenergized and energized conditions has been studied. 1. The drug inhibited the actions of valinomycin, higericin and FCCP on the inner mitochondrial membrane. 2. It decreased the rate and extent of active energized proton expulsion and passive collapse of the proton gradient so formed. 3. Propranolol was able to increase the permeation of chloride ion through the inner mitochondrial membrane in nonenergized and energized conditions. 4. The drug inhibited mitochondrial contraction but stimulated swelling in various conditions. It is suggested that propranolol is is able to change the proton and chloride permeabilities of mitochondria by perturbing the structure of inner membrane phospholipids, thus enlarging the water-lipid interface.


[Infra-fascial ligation of incompetent perforating veins for cure of varicose ulcer (author's transl)]. This is a series of 141 varicoses ulcers operated within 3 years (1971 to 1974), all with infra-fascial ligation of incompetent perforating veins (technique of Cockett-Linton). The author describes 3 combined methods used to obtain the most precise diagnosis of the venous insufficiency: A. Careful physical examination for axial or perforating imcompetence. B. Systematic phlebography for search of deep networks, of perforating veins and discovery of particular superficial venous networks. C. Ultrasonic Doppler technique for search of incompetent perforating veins. Surgical cure is described, based on this precise diagnosis, aiming at ligation of axial and of perforating veins under the fascia, level with the deep network. The results are encouraging as there were only 3 recurrences within 3 years after the 141 operations. These were reoperated after phlebographic control.


[Pulmonary arterio-venous aneurysm and fistula (author's transl)]. Pulmonary arteriovenous aneurysms and fistulae (PAF) can appear in people with or without hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectases (HHT). There is a 3 to 6% chance to find PAF in members of a family with HHT and 17% chance to find PAF in a patient himself with HHT. The authors present the cases of 6 patients with PAF, 13 to 64 years old, all treated surgically. In this group there are as many males as females. Three patients with HHT had nose bleeding and hemangiomas in their family history. Three patients had dyspnoea on exertion and insufficient oxygen saturation. Two patients had neurological symptoms; four had extracardiac murmur. Location was 3 times in the inferior lobe, twice in the superior and once in the middle pulmonary lobe. Surgical treatment can be indicated for a clinical or roentgenological progression, for an important right-to-left shunt or for existing or anticipated complications such as hemorrhages, thrombosis with embolism and central nervous system disorders with cerebral abscess. For these reasons, surgical excision is also advisable in asymptomatic patients, where diffuse bilateral lesions are to be expected, that recur frequently. The authors performed one wedge resection, three segmental resections and two lobectomies.


[Explorative laparotomy with splenectomy in malignant lymphomas (author's transl)]. Between January 1, 1971 and February 1, 1974, 31 patients have undergone laparotomy for staging of a malignant lymphoma, Hobgkin or not. Laparotomy consisted in a median incision, above and below the umbilicus allowing multiple node biopsies, hepatic and splenic biopsies. In 17 cases out of 31, i.e. 54% preoperative clinical stage was changed by this explorative pathology. Among untreated cases, the most frequent change was from a low to a higher stage and inversely, among treated cases, most frequent changes were from plus towards minus. Postoperative mortality is nill and morbidity 5/31, i.e. 16%. This technique yields better definition of the degree of lymphoma extension, in particular intra-abdominal, and thus allows better treatment. The author thus commends explorative laparotomy with splenectomy for all malignant lymphomas, Hodgkin or not, except for stage IV, proven biopsy.


[Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm report of eleven cases (author's transl)]. This is a report of 11 cases of traumatic rupture of the diaphragm, 8 left, 2 right and 1 bilateral. In 10 cases the rupture occurred in multiple trauma victims of a violent accident. In one exceptional case a right rupture occurred after a minor trauma; it was followed by herniation of the right colon and half of tranverse, the liver remaining in the abdomen. The mechanisms and types of ruptures are analyzed. Early diagnosis is possible if one is conscious of the clinical signs in all cases of thoracic and abdominal trauma, and when correct and repeated roentgenograms are made of the thorax. If there is a doubt, digestive roentgenograms with contrast medium, pneumoperitoneum and a hepatic scintigram can confirm the diagnosis. In our cases diagnosis was set before operation 10 times in 11. Diaphragmatic rupture can cause serious complications: respiratory insufficiency, shock, intestinal occlusion and necrosis by strangulation. Operative indication is absolute as soon as the patient is out of shock, that the rupture be large or small, diagnosed early or late. The abdominal approach is best if operation is early, especially if one suspects associated abdominal lesions. Thoractomy is considered if the rupture is old. Mortality is not negligible (20%) partly because of associated fractures and visceral lesions.


Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in healing tissue. Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions were studied in experimental granulation tissue growing into a thin sheet of cellulose sponge. Both the base-line PO2 and the response in oxygen tension to pure O2-breathing were highest in 7-day-old implants, displaying a slight decrease as the healing progressed. Lower tissue carbon dioxide tensions and oxygen consumption rates were noticed also in older implants. The oxygen tension gradient between the wound fluid and the edge of the granulation tissue in cylindrical cellulose sponge implants decreased as the healing progressed.


Granulation tissue formation in viscose cellulose sponges of different design. Granulation tissue formation was studied in subcutaneously implanted viscose cellulose sponges of different design using histological and chemical methods. Two different models of sponges were used, one of cubical shape and another rectangular and thin. The sponges had the same weight. After one week of implantation, histological examination of the cubical sponges showed granulation tissue only in the periphery and a central cavity filled with inflammatory cells. The histological texture of the thin sponges showed that they were almost completely filled with granulation tissue with a minimal central cavity and very few inflammatory cells. DNA values of the cubical sponges were about 20% higher than those of the thin sponges. After aspiration of the exudate in the  cubical sponges, the DNA values were about the same as those in the thin sponges. The amount of hydroxyproline and RNA were about the same regardless of whether the sponges were cubic or thin or the exudate of the cubic sponges had been aspirated or not. At two weeks there was still a central cavity in the cubic sponges but very few inflammatory cells. DNA values at this time of observation were also the same in both models of sponges. Thus the thin-shaped model of sponge seems to be preferable to the cubic one when the time of observation is shorter than two weeks.


Granulation tissue formation in oophorectomized rats treated with female sex hormones. I. A histological study. Granulation tissue formation was studied in experimental granulomas up to three weeks in oophorectomized rats treated with female sex hormones. The influence of estrogen and progesterone during the early phase of healing could sucessfully be followed histologically. The amount of DNA and hemoglobin in the granulomas correlated well with the amount of cells and the capillary bed found in the histological sections.


Granulation tissue formation in oophorectomized rats treated with female sex hormones. II. Studies on the amount of collagen and on tensile strength. The content of hydroxyproline and tensile strength of granulation tissue was studied in oophorectomized rats treated with female sex hormones. Estrogen alone caused a slight decrease of hydroxyproline, but had no effect on the tensile strength of the granulation tissue at one week. Progesterone alone or in combination with estrogen decreased the content of hydroxyproline and the tensile strength of the granulation tissue up to one week in the case of progesterone-treated animals and up to two weeks in the case of animals treated with the combination of the hormones. At one week no direct correlation was found between the amount of hydroxyproline and the tensile strength of granulation tissue in oophorectomized rats treated with estrogen and progesterone in combination.


Postoperative replacement doses of sodium-L-thyroxine in patients with thyroid carcinomas. The serum concentration of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, measured by a radioimmunoassay technique, was followed during replacement therapy of l-thyroxine in 10 totally thyroidectomized patients in order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the assay for the estimation of the optimal replacement dose. The results indicate that the optimal dose of l-thyroxine yields a serum concentration of l-thyroxine in the high toxic range, without causing thyrotoxic symptoms. The concentration of triiodothyronine is simultaneously on the borderline to the toxic range. It is thus necessary to follow the concentration of triiodothyronine during substitution in order to titrate the optimal replacement dose of l-thyroxine. The determination of thyroxine in serum is of secondary value for this purpose.


Long-term follow-up of patients with peripheral arterial obliterations treated with arterial surgery. This paper presents the long-term results of 221 thrombendarterectomy operations during the period 1955-61, and of 86 femoro-popliteal venous bypass operations during the period 1961-64. The indication for surgery was in the majority of the patients disabling claudication. When pain at rest or ulceration was present, arterial reconstruction was performed even when the outlook for a lasting result was poor. Preoperatively a major amputation seemed inevitable in 31 limbs. Thirteen of these are considered to have been saved by the operation. After aortoiliac thrombendarterectomy patent arteries were found in 80% of the extremities after one year and in 48% after 10 years. Forty-five per cent of the extremities were patent on re-examination or remained patent until death. After fermoro-popliteal thrombendarterectomy, 61% of the arteries were patent after one year and 26% after 10 years. Thirty-nine per cent of the arteries were patent on re-examination or remained patent until death. After femoro-popliteal venous bypass, 88% of the grafts were patent after one year and 58% after 5 years. Forty-nine per cent of the grafts were patent on re-examination or remained patent until death. The postoperative mortality was small (4.4% after aortoiliac surgery and 2.0% after femoro-popliteal surgery), and mostly caused by widespread atherosclerosis in other parts of the arterial system. On re-examination 8 to 16 years after the operation, 63% of the patient were dead. Almost 50% of the deaths were caused by coronary heart disease, 17% by cerebrovascular catastrophes, and 13% by other manifestations of atherosclerotic disease. The results are discussed, and it is concluded that long-term results after vascular surgery may be favourable. Peripheral atherosclerosis is, however, a local manifestation of a generalized disease. The indications for reconstructive arterial surgery should therefore be relatively restricted.


Postoperative changes in bypass vein grafts and collateral arteries after femoropopliteal arterial reconstructive surgery. Postoperative changes in the bypass veins and collateral arteries after femoropopliteal arterial reconstructive surgery were evaluated on the basis of control arteriographic studies. Arteriographies were made in 87 cases after venous bypass reconstruction. There were three aneurysms during the follow-up. Ten of the 69 patent bypass veins showed multiple stenotic lesions one to six months after surgery. It was assumed that these changes were caused by intimal hyperplasia. There was a statistically significant decrease in the size of the profunda femoris artery when the reconstruction was functioning at the time of control arteriography. However, no significant decrease was found in the group in which the reconstruction failed before one year postoperatively. Similar observations were made regarding the size and number of the midzone and re-entry collateral vessels.


Development of portsoystemic shunts after subcutaneous and extraperitoneal transposition of resected spleen. After subcutaneous transposition of the spleen in rats a rapid development of portosystemic collaterals occurs. It is demonstrated that variations in types and extent of splenic resection and in location after transposition lead to differences in collateral development. It is shown that the hilus portion of the spleen is the most important part to preserve. Extraperitonealization leads to less collateral development than does transposition to the subcutis.


Bile peritonitis in acute cholecystitis. In a series of 20 patients with bile peritonitis seen during a 15-year period, 15 were men and 5 women, with an average of 72 years. They represented 1.8% of 1123 patients with acute cholecystitis admitted during the same period. Three patients were not operated upon and all died, while 5 of 17 operated patients died. The high mortality rate is due to a delay in diagnosis and treatment. Early operative treatment of acute cholecystitis should be resorted to whenever possible.


The role of scintigraphy in detection of liver metastases from gastrointestinal carcinomas. In 61 patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas the results of liver scintigraphy with 99mTc sulphur colloid were correlated with the results from operations or autopsies. Agreement was obtained in 90% of patients. Compared with celiac angiographic findings, scintigraphy of the liver was considerably more reliable in indicating liver metastases of gastrointestinal carcinomas.


Congenital duodenal adhesions.

Congenital duodenal adhesions. Four cases of congenital duodenal adhesions are reported. Primary treatment was the freeing of adhesions, but gastrojejunostomy was also necessary in one patient. The patients have now been followed for from 6 months to 3 1/2 years after operation, and are all well. Diagnois is difficult and can be confused with ulcer. In 2 patients, preoperative differential diagnois included duodenal adhesions, but the other 2 patients underwent laparotomy on the prospective diagnosis of duodenal ulcer.