Ultrastructure of cell-mediated immunity. I. Comparison between E and EA rosettes. The ultrastructural comparison between E and EA rosettes showed that, in the former, the rosetting lymphocytes are mostly round in shape and their interaction with sheep erythrocytes only consists of limited areas of membrane contact, in the latter, rosetting lymphocytes are mostly in the shape of uropods and surrounding ox red cells show pseudopods protruding towards the lymphocyte and coming into contact with it.


Manifestation of anaphylaxis to egg albumen in the lizard, Calotes versicolor. Anaphylaxis was induced in the lizard, Calotes versicolor by egg albumen. The symptoms were similar to those found in other species. The maximum mortality occurred 14 days after sensitization and the reaction was specific. Splenectomy before sensitization abrogated the manifestations of anaphylaxis.


[Effects of microdoses of testosterone and 5alpha-DHT on castrated lizard (Lacerta vivipara Jacquin) epididymis cultivated in vitro (author's transl)]. In contrast to earlier results obtained with high doses of testerone and 5 alpha-DHT given for short periods (10 days), very low doses of testerone are more potent than 5 alpha-DHT in stimulating regressed epididymis cultivated for 23 days.


[Influence of phenamin on the reaction of cortical neurons evoked by stimulation of mesodiencephalic structures]. Experiments set upon 32 cats demonstrated that d, l-amphetamine (1-3 mg/kg, intravenously) augmented the number of responding units, modified the structure of the response and the intensity of the reaction from the sensorimotor (somatosensory) cortex neurones following stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation. Weakening of phasical and significant intensification of tonic reactions from the lateral hypothalamus was noted, this being attended by a rise of areactive neurones. A single stimulation of the antero-medial hypothalamus evoked inhibitory responses more often than it did in controls. Its rhythmical stimulation was less frequently accompanied by activation which stressed the inhibitory nature of the cortical response. It is suggested that the action of d, l-amphetamine on the cortex depends not only upon mobilization of brain stem reticular formation, but also on the greater reticulo-hypothalamic interaction, as well as on the direct excitation (stimulation) of the hypothalamic centres.


[Pharmacology of phthorphenazine-depot]. The psychotropic activity, the content in the organs and tissues, the acute and chronic toxicity of phthorphenazine-depot - (phthorphenazine-decanoate)-2-triphthormethyl-10-/3/1-(beta-caprionyl-oxyethyl)-piperazinyl-4/-propy/phenothiazine - were studied as contrasted against phthorphenazine dehydrochloride. Phthorphenazine-depot has been found to display a prolonged action, a single injection being sufficient to depress conditioned avoidance reflexes for a period of 45-50 days. The antagonism of the drug to phenamine is manifest for 30 days after its administration. After 17 days from the instant of its introduction phthorphenamine is capable of prolonging the anesthetic action of sodium thiopental. Upon a single administration phthorphenazine-depot continues to be in evidence in the tissues of organs and in the blood over a period of 4-5 weeks. The drug is little toxic, this having been ascertained in the course of acute and chronic experiments.


[Comparison of anticholinesterase activity and the effectiveness of anticholinesterase substances]. In vitro tests set up to compare the anticholinesterase, cholinomimetic, cholinopotentiating and cholinolytic activity of 6 reversible cholinesterase inhibitors furnished grounds for an inference that all these agents produce an anticholinesterase effect which determines the qualitative specificity of their action. This specificity has been demonstrated in experiments on cats and rabbits. Some of the drugs (oxazyl) exert a practically elective effect on the H-cholinoreactive muscle systems, whereas others (eserin) act in a similar manner on the M-cholinoreactive systems of the intestines. The action of proserine and galanthamine os of a less selective nature.


[Synthesis, release and distribution of acetylcholine in the brain of rats under cholinergic influences]. Tests staged on rats demonstrated that scopolamine and arecoline raise the content of acetylcholine in the cerebral tissue, the said effect continuing also with simultaneous administration of these substances. Possible mechanisms of the revealed phenomenon are discussed.


[Mechanism of the action aminopyrine].

[Mechanism of the action aminopyrine]. In acute experiments on unanesthetized cats with a single and paired stimulation the effect of aminopyrine (5-30 mg/kg, intravenously) on bioelectric reactions in the conduction system of afferent impulsation at the thalamo-cortical level was studied. Aminopyrine is shown to highten the amplitude of an evoked potential of the somato-sensory cortex and of the specific transmitting nucleus of the thalamus upon stimulation of the radial nerve and to significantly lengthen with paired stimulation the regeneration period of the neuronic systems excitability in the structures under review. Investigations into the states of the cortical neuronic systems proper showed aminopyrine capable of increasing the number of high-frequency oscillations and the amplitude of the interzonal response as well as to lengthen with paired stimulation the restoration period of the neuronic systems excitability.


[Dopamine receptors of the smooth muscles]. It is shown that the interuption of sympathetic nerves in the smooth muscles of the deferent duct or ejejunum of rats achieved by a 4-day keeping of the duct in cold or by the reserpine treatment of the animals does not produce any essential effect on the dopamine action. The contraction of smooth muscles in the isolated deferent duct, mesenteric and renal vessels of rats is effectively eliminated by alpha-andrenolytics (dihydroergotoxin, phentolamine), while the inhibitory effects of dopamine (lowering of vasotonicity of the rats' jejunum tone) are suppressed with propranolol. Galoperidol and methylergometrin display in experiments with smooth muscle organs but a low degree of antagonism to dopamine. The activity of phentolamine as an antagonist of norepinephrine and dopamine in the deferent duct is identical.


[Influence of diazepam and triftazine on the blood supply and the activity of the heart]. In experiments with urethan and chloralose anesthetized cats it was found that diazepam (0.15 and 0.5 mg/kg) and trifazine (0.25 and 1 mg/kg), when administered intravenously, produce hypotension, depress the tonicity of the coronary and renal vessels. Under the effect of diazepam there develops bradycardia, the maximal acceleration of the blood flow in the aorta and the cardiac ejection decrease, the systol period gets longer, the coronary circulation rate and the oxygen uptake by the heart go down. Triftazine, on the contrary, augments the blood outflow from the coronary sinus and the oxygen uptake by the myocardium. In the course of 5-10 minutes following introduction thereof it produces tachycardia, intensifies the contractility of the myocardium and the cardiac ejection.


[Age-related peculiarities of the effect of angiotensin-2 on some hemodynamic indices]. Changes occurring in some aspects of the hemodynamics following intravenous administration of different doses of angiotensin-2 were studied in tests staged on adult and old rabbits of both sexes. The older animals are shown to be more sensitive to this drug, for in them low doses (0.01, 0.1 gamma/kg) produced a significant elevation of the arterial pressure. On introduction of such doses the older animals more often demonstrate an accretion of the cardiac output. Introduction of the same doses to adult rabbits is more frequently attended by a rise of the total peripheral resistance. Upon administration of large doses of angiotensin-2 (1, 5 gamma/kg) the adult and older rabbits present more often a rise of the total peripheral resistance.


[Mechanism of the diuretic effect of eufillin]. In acute experiments on rats the xanthine diuretic euphylline did not block the short-circuited current in the proximal tubule, nor did it lower the transtubular potential and the transepithelial resistance of the nephron wall. The diuretic speeded up significantly the passage of the tubular fluid along the proximal region of the nephron and Henle's loop. The dihydroergotoxin and inderal blocking of adrenoreceptors did not produce any influence on the renal effects of the xanthine agent. Reserpine totally blocked the diuretic and saluretic effects of euphylline, whereas other sympatholytics, such as alpha-methyl-dofa, anthabus and hemedin, did not modify the action of the diuretic.


[Study of the dynamics of fibrinolysis in a thin layer under the influence of streptokinase]. Dynamics of fibrinolysis in a thin layer of a fibrin-agar plate containing streptokinase undergoing the action of the blood plasma enzymes taken from a healthy person was examined. A continuous recording of the area covering the lysis zone was made. The fibrinolysis process on the fibrin-ager plate is shown to proceed uniformly.


[Experimental study of the anti-inflammatory action of pyridinolcarbamate]. When used in doses of 20-50 mg/kg on models of acute exudative and chronic propliferative inflammation in rats pyridinolcarbamate inhibited the development of an exudative reaction provoked by bradykinine and silver nitrate and did not influence the effects of histamine and dextran, nor the chronic proliferative inflammatory process. As concerns its antiexudative action pyridinolcarbamate is superior to butadion. The effect of the drug comes from its selective antibradykinine action.


[Influence of sodium salicylate, acetylsalicylate, 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic and 2, 3-diacetoxybenzoic acids on the blood coagulation system and the elimination of heparin]. Tests conducted on rabbits demonstrated that with a long-term enteral introduction (in amounts of 200 mg/kg, twice a day for 10 days) of 2-3-diacetoxybenzoic acid, sodium salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid these compounds depress the coagulation potential of the blood, 2-3-diacetoxybenzoic acid displaying also a hypocoagulation action even with its single administration in a dose of 400 mg/KJI. The said substances raise the level of the endogenous blood heparin and reinforce the anticoagulative action of heparin, 2-3-dioxybenzoic acid lowers somewhat the concentration and the anticlotting effect of heparin.


[Influence of some antifeine derivatives on the acid-base properties and the electrolyte balance of the blood]. The effect of antifeine and of its alkyl derivatives-aethimizool, etherfil and the preparation 163-on the acid-base equilibrium (ABE) and the electrolytes balance of blood in rabbits was studied. Antifeine, aethimizol and ethefil were found to produce a mixed character of disturbances involving the metabolic and respiratory components of the ABE. The preparation 163 changed the respiratory component of the ABE alone. The blood electrolytes shifts in rabbits depended also on the features specific for the chemical structure of the substances.


[Influence of low doses of a heparin-urea complex on the aggregation of thrombocytes and the fibrinolytic activity of blood in intravenous infusion and in in vitro experiments]. An addition in in vitro experiments of a heparin-urea (HU) complex to a thrombocyte rich plasma completely blocked the onset of the thrombocytes aggregation, induced by thrombin, and reduced the degree of aggregation caused by adenosine-diphosphate. An intravenous administration of a 0.01% HU complex solution to rats 5 minutes after injection also blocked the thrombocytes aggregation induced by thrombin. The effect of the HU complex on the thromocytes aggregation proceeded against the background of a significantly delayed blood clotting time and an activation of of a fermentative and non-fermentative fibrinolysis, emerging after introduction of the heparin-urea complex.


[Use of gutimin for the treatment of experimental traumatic shock]. The guthymine medication of a severe shock in rats started 10-20 minutes after injury is shown to eliminate energy metabolism disorders in the brain, liver and kidneys. In the brain of the guthamyine treated rats even a somewhat reduced adenosinetriphosphate content was demonstrable. Administration of guthymine together with polyglucin to cats in a torpid phase of the shock did not effect treir survival, but shortened the life-span of the test animals as compared to controls (receiving polyglucin alone). With guthymine addid to polyglucin the lactate and pyruvate concentration in the blood remained unchanged.


[Ultrastructure of the cells of the peripheral blood in experimental lead poisoning]. In rabbits exposed to lead poisoning electron microscopy revealed the presence in reticulocytes and erythrocytes of differently sized vacuoles, an amassment of ferritin granules in the mitochondria along with autophaging vacuoles; leucocytes evidenced turgescence of the mitochondria, up to and including their destruction and emptiness; the blood platelets showed an abundant vacuolization with disordered distribution of the serotonin and glycogen granules. The above changes become most spectacular on the 7-21st day after poisoning and by the 50th day they are encountered but in isolated cells.


[Pharmaco-toxocologic study of the anti-tuberculosis preparation prothionimide]. Investigations of prothionamide effected on different animal species showed the drug to be of low toxicity. In relatively big doses it produced adynamia, hypothermy and a fall of arterial pressure. When employed in doses much higher (by 10-20 times) than therapeutic ones for humans prothionamide, when used repeatedly, may exercise a hepatotoxic action.


[Influence of sodium ribonucleate on the incorporation of labelled precursors into the RNA of the mitochondria of the organs of white rats]. Albino rats were given injections of sodium ribonucleate (5 mg/100 g) daily for 14 days. The intensity of P32-orthophosphate, C14-orotate, or H3-uridine incorporation in mitochondrial RNA of the liver, heart and spleen was studied. It was found that exogenous ribonucleate increases the incorporation of the labeled precursors in the total RNA, rRNA and tRNA, this increase being more pronounced in tRNA than in rRNA.


[Influence of chronic injections of aminazin on the oogenesis and development of the progeny of animals (white mice)]. When introduced repeatedly prior to the onset of pregnancy chlorpromazine in a dose of 16 mg/kg limits the progeny of albino mice. An important factor responsible for the reduction in the number of young mice in the litter is inhibition of oogenesis. A single injection of the same dose of chlorpromazine made at the end of gestation (18th day) against the background of its preliminary administration before the onset of pregnancy results in an interruption of the latter, or in a gravely disturbed post-natal development of some of the offsprings. The disturbances find their expression in a delayed growth and motor activity, incoordination of motions and are accompanied by changes in the tegument, diarrhea (form the moment of changing over to a mixed alimentation), in underdevelopment of the organs and of histological structures that are part of them.


[Influence of adrenal cortex hormones on the process of acetylation]. Tests conducted with intact and adrenalectomized albino rats demonstrated that cortisone and desoxycorticosterone acetate used in doses of 25 and 5 mg/kg, respectively when introduced simultaneously for 7 days tend to significantly intensify the acetylating capacity of the organism. There was no correlation between the intensification of the paraaminobenzoate acetylation and coenzyme "A" content in the tissues and also the pantothenic acid utilization.


[Influence of the long-term administration of barbiturates on the structural-functional characteristics of the uterine epithelium]. By using histological, histochemical and electron-microscopic methods it is shown that upon administration of phenobarbital, nembutal and sodium barbital to albino mice for a space of 5 and 25 days there occur changes in the metabolic and synthetic processes in the endometrium, which with a short-term action become manifest in inhibition and with their prolonged application--in activation of these processes. There are available data that bear proof to the appearance of signs pointing to destruction occurring in the uterine epithelium secondary to the introduction of the said agents.


[Rosanol: electrophysiologic and biophysical study]. It has been established that rosanol, obtained from bulgarian rose oil, averts fatal disturbances of the cardiac rhythm induced by calcium dichloride and also prevents the onset of severe changes on the electrocardiogram provoked by a high-frequency electric stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation and by an intravenous administration of high doses of norepinepharine. In experiments on mitochondria the authors make an attempt to explain this antiarhythmic effect of rosanol by stabilization of the membranous potential.


[Influence of polychlorpinene on the cholate forming and conjugating functions of the liver]. Tests conducted with 69 rabbits ascertained a marked influence of acute and chronic poisoning with polychlorpinene on the synthesis and conjugation of bile acids with glycine and taurine. In cases of acute poisoning there was observed an inhibition of the bile acids synthesis, while in chronic poisoning there occurred an insignificant activation of the latter. In acute poisoning the conjugating function of the liver is grossly upset in regard to taurine and glycine and in chronic poisoning-to glycine.


[Pharmacological properties of the alkaloid thalicmine]. In the course of tests conducted on anesthetized cats and dogs it was ascertained that starting with a dose of 0.5 mg/kg alkaloid talicmin depresses the tussal reflex and produces a hypotensive, spasmolytic and adrenolytic action.


[Study of the pharmacokinetics of phosphemide in rats with the use of physico-chemical methods]. A study on the passage of phosphemide with urine and distribution of the drug over the organs and tissues of intact (without fumour) rats and those with sarcoma-45 showed the bulk of unchanged drug to be excreted together with the urine during the first 3-4 hours following its intravenous and intraperitoneal administration. In rats with sarcoma-45 phosphamide is passed with urine in a somewhat greater amount than in the intact animals. With intravenous application the rate of the drug elimination in intact rats and in the ones with carcoma-45 is virtually the same, being somewhat lower with intraperitoneal injection of phosphemide.


[The role of the caudate nucleus in the development of convulsive discharges]. A single or rhythmical (1-3/sec) stimulation of the caudate nucleus in unrestrained rats facilitated formation of slow negative waves and the spike-wave complexes in the EEG of the sensory-motor cortex and contralateral neostriatum, as well as development of behavioral disturbances due to subseisure doses of pentylentetrazol. During the low-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus or after its cessation, when giving the convulsant drug, regular potentials of the spike-wave type or a general seizure may occur. The caudate nucleus is supposed to be able to participate in the petit mal seizure mechanisms because of its syndhronizing influences on the cortex.


[The influence of sex hormones on the bioelectric activity of the cortex and hypothalamo-reticulo-limbic structures of the brain]. In rabbits and rats, sexual steroid hormones were shown to alter bioelectric activity mainly in the structures of the Nauta septo-hypothalamo-hippocampal circle and the amygdalar circle of the limbic system. The data obtained suggested participation of steroid hormones in the processes of self-regulation of the cerebral reticulo-hypothalamolimbic complex's functions by means of involving into the process of reverberations in the limbic system's circles.


[An electron microscopic study of the intermediolateral nucleus of the cat spinal cord]. The intermedio-lateral nucleus in the 1--2 lumbar segments of spinal cord was studied in adult cats. Many large presynaptic terminals contained both the filaments and the light synaptic vesicles which were in contact either with neuronal body or with initial portions of dendrites. There were no spines on the dendrites. The nucleus was shown to contain more fibrous astrocytes than other parts of the c. n. s. The data obtained are discussed with regard to the results of recent electrophysiological study of sympathetic preganglionic neurons.


[The relationship between achievement of a simple movement and changes in the individual components of an evoked potential]. Various moments of preparation and performance of a simple voluntary movement were tested in man with the aid of somatosensory, auditory, and visual evoked responses. An obvious attenuation of somatosensory responses closely related to the movement but independent of the spontaneous EEG changes and unaffected by the ischaemic deafferentation of the active limb, was observed. The time course of the amplitude changes was different for separate components of the same evoked response. The evoked response to stimulation of the inactive limb and the auditory evoked response changed also, while the visual evoked response remained unchanged. The described changes cannot be explained by changes in the transmission via the specific pathways. The changes in the response early components are supposed to manifest facilitation or activation of the sensory-motor cortical neurons, and those of the late, generalized complex--a decrease in the ascending message from unspecific structures.


[The relationship between pre-exertional biochemical changes metabolic features during muscular activity]. Metabolic changes during intense muscular activity and the work efficiency depend on the prestart biochemical changes. Excessiveness of these changes or, particularly, their absence decrease the work capacity. Character of the prestart reaction depends on the grade of adaptation of the organism to muscular activity; favourable, moderate prestart biochemical changes are characteristic o highly trained sportsmen. Disturbed ATP balance in the working muscles was found not to be always a limiting factor for the work capacity.


[Convergence and interaction of visceral, somatic and visual excitations in individual neurons of the cat lateral geniculate bodies]. In anesthetized cats, electric stimulation of the vagal, splanchnic, pelvic, and ischiatic nerves and of the mesencephalic RF entailed both prolonged diffuse acceleration or inhibition of firing rate and phasic responses of single LGB neurons. Somatic stimuli were found to be the most effective. Visceral and somatic stimuli either facilitated or inhibited the activity of neurons caused by LGB photo-stimulation. The data obtained indicate that visceral and somatic stimulation tells on the optical information in the LGB neuronal apparatus.


[Frequency characteristics of central auditory neurons following a decrease in the number of periods of excitatory pure tones]. In anesthetized rats, frequency-threshold curves of the inferior colliculus neurons to signals with various number of cycles in a pure tone burst (n=1;10;f/1000X50), were estimated. A great majority of neurons were characterized by pronounced frequency selectivity even to signals containing one cycle. Response thresholds mainly depended on the tone frequency; the maximal threshold sensitivity was obtained at the same frequency when tested with 1 or 10/sec sine wave and 50 msec duration tone. Sharpness of the frequency-threshold curve depends both on duration of signal and discharge pattern of the neuron: when the signal duration decreases sharpening of the frequency-threshold is observed in neurons with initial response, while flattening of the frequency-threshold curve is observed in neurons with sustained response.


[The rhythmicity of physiologic changes in the functional state of the visual and skin temperature analyzers in man]. Considering significance of the light and the temperature factors for the rhythmic activity of the organism, the maximum of the day's functional activity of the thermoreceptor system was noted at 5 p.m. and the minimum--at 1 a.m. The functional activity of the visual receptor system is closely related to the day's changes in illumination. Seasonal changes of activity of the sensory systems under study are also obvious. The functional adjustment of each analyser and their coadjustment are emphasized as very significant.


[Correlation between changes in the efferent impulsation in the splenic nerve and reflex responses in the resistance and capacitance vessels of the spleen]. In acute experiments on cats, administration of hexonium (2 mg/kg) abolishes constrictory responses of the spleen resistance vessels in pressory sinocarotid reflex while the constrictory and dilatory responses of the capacitance vessels are preserved. Simultaneously, the high amplitude (over 15 mcV) sympathetic discharge is abolished in the spleen nerves which suggests its connection with the resistance vessels' responses, and the low-amplitude (up to 15 mcV) discharges are preserved. The reflex changes of these discharges' frequency are correlated in direction with the reflex responses of the capacitance vessels.


[Human perception of one's own respiratory volume]. In young healthy subjects, the ability of correct estimation of own respiratory volume and of rather exact reproduction of its given value, was shown. However, on artificial increase in the resistance to breathing the subjects percept the respiratory volume as a greater than actual one and, having been told to decrease the respiratory volume, reduced it to a greater than necessary extent. An opposite phenomenon was noted on reducing the resistance to respiration. Moderate hypoxia and, particularly, hypercapnia evoked involuntary exaggeration of asked respiratory volume while hyperoxia evoked its reducing. The data obtained suggest that the main source of sensations associated with a respiratory act is the afferent projection from the proprioreceptors of respiratory muscles, which reflects the value of inspiratory effort. The perception of respiratory volume may be distorted by changes of projections from chemoreceptors participating in regulation of breathing.


[Smooth muscle biopotentials and the contractile activity of the stomach]. In chronic experiments on dogs, every peristaltic wave of the stomach was syndhronous with a burst of spike potentials on its secondary electric wave. Its primary electric waves are a xyndhronizer of tis peristalsis. In normal physiological conditions, the amplitude of the stomach primary electric waves was shown to be relatively stable, while regarding its functional condition the amplitude of its peristaltic waves may change to a great extent: from 0 to 200 g.


[Prolactin levels in the blood of ruminants]. The contents of prolactin in the blood of male ruminants and dry-period, pregnant, and lactating female ruminants was studied by a radioimmunological method. The prolactin was found to take part not only in the lactation processes but in some other functions too. The utmost changes of the prolactin contents were observed during milking: the release of prolactin from the adenohypophysis is the unconditioned reflex action. The conditioning of the hormone release into the blood is also possible. Nociceptive stimulation or adrenalin administration reduce the level of the hormone. The hand milking is more adequate as compared with the machine one and results in the higher level of prolactin in the blood. The character of the prolactin contents changes in the blood makes it possible to recommend this parameter for a physiological estimation of milking apparata.


[Neocortical electrical activity of cats with premesencephalic brain stem section under chronic experimental conditions]. In 24 cats, premesencephalic section of the brain-stem affected the sleep-wakefulness cycle and caused desynchronization of the neocortical activity 3-4 days after total isolation of the mesencephalic RF. The data obtained corroborates the existence of a certain brain structure situated more rostrally than the mesencephalic RF which is able to cause by itself the neocortical activation.


[Interhemispheric relations of the cat visual cortex following unilateral polarization of the secondary visual area]. In 40 anesthetized cats, evoked potentials following light flashes during unilateral polarization of the secondary cortical visual area with DC anode (2-10 mcA) were studied in symmetrical centers of the 17th and 18th fields. Four phases of interhemisphere interrelationships between the 18th field's symmetrical centers were shown: 1 -- extracallosal phase of synergic depression; 2 -- callosal phase of dominant interrelationships; 3 -- callosal phase of synergic depression; 4 -- callosal-extracallosal phase of dominant interrelationships. In symmetrical centers of the 17th field, the only 1 extracallosal phase of synergic depression was observed during which the transcallosal modulation of nervous processes occurred. The data obtained are interpreted from the standpoint of the role of dominanta in interhemisphere interrelationships.


[A comparative study of the functional characteristics of thrombocytes at different stages of individual development]. A comparative study of ADP-induced aggregation was made in adult rabbits' intact and refractory platelets and in 7-day rabbits' platelets in vitro. Platelets of the young animals resembled refractory those of adults. The effect of ADP on platelets in vivo did not depend on the age of animals. Changes in platelet population composition of adult and 7-day rabbits during standard isolation procedure were compared. The platelets in PRP of young rabbits were damaged to a greater extent than those of adult animals. It is suggested that the refractory state of young animal platelets in PRP as obtained with the standard technique, could be attributed to their decreased resistance against mechanical forces.


[Changes in the oxygen tension and bioelectrical activity of the brains of animals subjected to acute hypoxia]. Simultaneous recording of oxygen tension (pO2) and bioelectrical activity led from different cerebral structures was made in rabbits and rats with implanted electrodes under conditions of acute hypoxia. Marked activation of the EEG as electrophysiological correlate of behavioural response was observed in rabbits only at the beginning of "ascent" and "descent". The EEG, respiration, and cardiac activity changes associated with the drop of PO2 in the brain tissue (activation of these parameters at the low "altitude" /2000-6000 m/ and their suppression at the maximal "altitudes" /8500 m/) were of approximately of the same character in both species.


[A study of the intercapillary distribution of PO2 in the brain using microelectrodes]. A simple method was suggested which enabled to estimate the intercapillary PO2 under different conditions. The intercapillary distribution of the cortex tissue oxygen pressure in normal conditions and in hypoxia was studied in unanesthetized and immobilized cats with the aid of microelectrodes. The absolute values obtained varied from 1 to 95 mm Hg. Initially high PO2 underwent maximum changes in hypoxia whereas lower PO2 values did not change significantly.


[The existence of recurrent inhibition in the superior collicus of the rabbit]. The optic nerve stimulation entailed inhibition of the unit responses for 200-300 msec, suppression of testing unit responses and of evoked potentials. When the testing responses to repeated stimuli were suppressed, the subsequent inhibition was suppressed also, and the next response was suppressed a little or not at all. The observed inhibition is supposed to be of a recurrent character.


[Bioelectrical characteristics of the membrane of identified Coretus corneus mollusk neurons A and B upon activation and blocking of the electrogenic sodium pump]. Activation of the electrogenic sodium pump by means of increasing concentration of intracellular sodium ions in identified neurons A and B of the mollusc was followed by the hyperpolarization, decrease of the excitability, and depression of the neurons rhythmic activity. Apart from that, the amplitude and the maximal rates of rise of ascending (VB) and descending (VH) phases of action potential (AP) were almost unchanged. The depression of the electrogenic sodium pump activity due to 2,4-DNP and potassium-free medium, led to the depolarization, increase of excitability and frequency of the rhythmic activity, and decrease of AP, VB, and VH. The decrease and increase of the excitability may be explained by the changes of the critical level of depolarization. The decrease of AP, VB and VH may be accounted for by the changes of time parameters of activation and inactivation of sodium and potassium channels which are characteristic for the depolarization effect.


[The vertical and rotatory components of ocular nystagmus induced by rotation in a horizontal plane]. During rotation of the rabbit around a vertical axis, movements of the eye were recorded on film. The rotation test involved positive angular accelaration (10 grade. sec(-2)), two-minute rotation with constant angular speed (166 grade. sec(-1)), and negative angular acceleration (10 grade. sec(-2)). Two variants of rotation were used: in one of them the rotation axis passed between labyrinths, in another - an excentricitet providing centrifugal force of 0.5 g was present. The successive processing of the film revealed simultaneous movements of the eye in three planes: horizontal, frontal, and sagittal. The movements in all the planes consisted of rhythmic (hystagmal proper) and tonic components. The movements in sagittal and frontal planes were comparable with those in horizontal planes. A tonic otolith reflex occurred additionally at the excentric rotation. The complex form of the nystagmus is regarded as a result of hydromechanical interaction between semicircular canals.


[Processing of a color signal by different types of ganglion cells in the frog retina]. On changing the stimulus color (max 436, 506, and 605 nm) just a few neurons only worked according to the opponent principle, a large group of slow-discharging on-off neurons altered the pattern of their discharge, and a considerable group of on-neurons was sensitive to the order of succession of colored stimuli. These latter cells generated response to a second stimulus with different time delays depending on the color of the first stimulus (the delay was registered starting from the end of response to the first stimulus). This is supposed to be one of the mechanisms of color identification, using not the spatial but the temporal comparison with another color.


[Afferent reactions in the gastric branches of the vagus nerve and the developing secretory process]. In dogs with small pouch, the afferent activity increased during feeding in all the branches of the n. vagus. With beginning of gastric acid secretion, the greatest changes were observed as related to low-amplitude potentials. With progressing of the secretion process, two peaks of the afferent activity were observed: at the 30-45 th and 90-105 th min of experiment.


[Electrical activity of the vagus nerve with high external temperatures]. In dogs with electrodes implanted in fundal gastric branch and with the stomach fistula, the spontaneous bioelectric activity in the n. vagus increased when the periodical motoric action of the stomach occurred. The injection of morphin (0.07 mg/kg) increased the vagal efferent impulses and caused a marked contraction of the stomach. The influence of high external temperature (42 degrees C for an hour) upon the experimental animals decreased the efferent discharges in the n. vagus and suppressed the motor activity of the stomach.


[The state of the vascular net and the hematoencephalic barrier in the cerebral cortex of rats during hypoxic training]. With the aid of vital contact microscopy of the brain cortex, a sharp increase up to 613.2% in the total length of capillaries for a space unit by the 60 th day of training was shown to occur in the pia and the cortex in the course the training for hypoxia. Also the excessive blood volume, enlargement and lengthening of the small arteries and veins as well as increase in the capillaries diameter by 25-30%, were noted. In the course of the training, the blood flow speed increases considerably in cortical vessels. Study of the cortical blood-brain barrier by means of supravital microfluorimetry showed that, in the course of the training, the acid stainer (fluorescin) permeability through the barrier does not decrease. The readjustment of the cortical vascular net during the training does not affect the blood-brain permeability.


[The mechanism of action of thyrocalcitonin on myocardial cells]. Thyrocalcitonin preserved its effect on the electric and contractile activity of the myocardial cells even under the influence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. Administration of the hormone during a considerable drop in amplitude and duration of the action potential due to DNP effect led to increase in the amplitude and to a still greater decrease in duration of the action potential. The contraction amplitude reduced by DNP was also augmented by the hormone administration.


[The interaction of pressor and depressor mechanisms in the autoregulation of arterial pressure]. In normal conditions, the threshold depressor effects of the aortal nerve were shown to be stronger than its threshold pressor effects during stimulation of both the hypothalamic pressor points and the pressor areas of the bulbar vaso-motor center. Mono- and polymodal neurons as related to excitation of pressor areas of the posterior hypothalamus and the aortal deressor nerve were revealed in a number of structures of the medulla oblongata cardio-vascular center. The convergent neurons are supposed to determine the output of antagonistic pressor and depressor interrelationships at the level of the medulla oblongata neurons.


[The effect of acidic metabolic products on the capacitance and resistance vessels of the skeletal muscles and intestines]. Under conditions of the resistography of the skeletal muscle and intestinal vessels intraarterial injections of the acetic and lactic acid solutions in 75% cases evoked significant dilatation of the resistance vessels. Simultaneously enhancement of the venous outflou takes place, which is determined mainly by venous constriction and partly by the transfer of liquid from tissues into the blood. The rise of the venous outflow was lasted for 45 sec. and for 90 sec. in several experiments. This was not observed by the intraarterial injection of hypertonic solutions of NaCl Glucose, MgSO4 and others. The reactions of capacitance vessels was not dependent on the reactions of resistance vessels since the rise of the venous outflow took place also when only constriction of the resistance vessels (8 experiments) or when constrictor-dilatator reactions of the resistance vessels were observed.


[An analysis of the mechanisms of depression of the blood's anticoagulating system]. On depression of the anticoagulating system's function due to a prolonged keeping of animals on aterogenic diet, a decrease in the speed of clearance of thrombin-J131 was observed in the blood flow, the absorption of non-fermentative dissolvents of unstabilized fibrin (the heparin complex compounds) is sharply reduced in the liver and lungs tissues, and the fatty dystrophy of the liver cells followed by appearance of vacuoles in cytoplasm and decrease of the RNA and total protein contents in the cells, was observed.


[Renin concentration in the blood of dogs with different variants of acute blood pressure alteration]. In acute experiments on dogs, a negative correlation between arterial pressure and the blood renin activity was shown during hemodynamic shifts following occlusion of the carotid arteries or v. cava anterior, as well as ephedrinum or nitrite of sodium administration. Stabilization of pressure in the renal arteries prevented alterations of the renin secretion. Renin participation in regulation of sodium-uresis during acute hemodynamic shifts is discussed.


[Absorption of complex compounds of magnesium and amino acids in the small intestine]. In chronic experiments on 12 dogs, absorption of manganese complexes and amino acids proceeded more intensively than absorption of each of them separately. In acute experiments on 48 dogs, absorption of glycine and alanine complexes of manganese proceeded with an increase in oxygen utilization and in the rate of the intestinal motility.


[Secretion of pepsinogen, amylase and alkaline phosphatase by human sweat glands]. Human sweat contains pepsinogen, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase excretion of which depends on functional state of the digestive and sweat glands and on the topography of latter. Pepsinogen excreted with sweat has the gastric origin. Different food irritants activate amylase and alkaline phosphatase excretion with sweat. A high positive correlation exists between amylase and pepsinogen excretion by kidneys and sweat glands in healthy subjects.


[The role of membrane phosphate groups in thrombocyte aggregation]. Alkaline phosphatase effect on platelets was studied. The dog platelet was found to have 1.3-10(7) phosphate groups available for hydrolytic action of alkaline phosphatase. Incubation of platelets during 1 hr in the medium containing alkaline phosphatase inhibits aggregation induced by ADP, adrenaline, collagen, thrombin, and Ca++. The mechanism of alkaline phosphatase action on platelet aggregation is discussed from two points of view: 1) interference in the energy supply and 2) the removal of ligands for calcium.


Mass immigration and population dynamics in Israel. Israel, in her 25 years of existence, received an unprecedented volume of immigration, which was the major source of her high population growth. This immigration was heavily concentrated in the first five years, 1948-1952; mass immigration of 711,000 supplemented an initial population of 630;000. Subsequently, since 1952, a very peculiar age-sex structure has developed: namely, instead of a pyramid, a wide rectangle for the younger age groups "topped" with a narrow pyramid for the older age groups. The peculiar age-sex dynamics is analyzed in relation to the volume of immigration with its uneven time distribution, the age selectivity of migrants and fertility-mortality patterns of migrants. It is concluded that the uneven time distribution of immigration and the higher fertility of migrants are jointly responsible for the development of Israel's peculiar age dynamics, and that the absence of either of these two factors alone would eliminate it. The peculiar dynamics has societal implications in the short and the long run, some of which are discussed.


Some determinants of the migration of professional manpower. Determinants of migration of professional manpower are investigated using data from a 1970 survey of immigrants to the United States. From a respondent's stated "intent to stay" in the United States and five other characteristics a six-dimensional contingency table is formed. We find a well-fitting log-linear model for this table. Thus, we establish the importance of selected determinants of migration and present a table of predicted rates of intent to stay in the United States.


Social security and fertility: an international perspective. A number of population scholars have asserted that social security programs such as old-age programs lead to decreased fertility levels because parents need not rely on children for "security" in old age. There is, however, a paucity of empirical data on the above. This paper analyzes 67 countries and shows that social security programs have a measurable negative effect on subsequent levels of fertility. In fact, the social security programs appear to have as much of an independent impact on fertility as do the traditional correlates of fertility (infant mortality, education and per capita income).


A method for the estimation of fecundability. A new method for the estimation of the mean and variance of fecundability is described. The data input required for this procedure is the distribution of the interval from marriage to first birth, or from the resumption of the conception risk after contraction to the subsequent birth. The estimates of the mean and variance of fecundability are obtained by fitting a model to the observed interval distribution. To test the method, it is applied to data from five historical populations. The fecundability means in these populations ranged from 0.18 to 0.31 while the co-efficients of variation all had values near 0.56. A short method for the estimation of the mean of fecundability based on the same model, but not requiring a computer, is also presented.


[W-shaped napkin rash in infants (author's transl)]. The W-shaped napkin rash affects mainly the convex parts of the perianal region of infants, avoiding the fold and perianal cleft. The dermatitis is of traumatic origin due to the friction of paper napkins. It heals under antiseptic treatment on condition that the use of paper napkins and rubber pants, which cause occlusion is stopped temporarily.


[Acroangiodermatitis and acral hyperstomia (author's transl)]. Acroangiodermatitis is a special form of the 'angiodermite' of Favre and Chaix in patients presenting with chronic venous insufficiency localized on the dorsal areas of the feet and toes. Different stages including exulceration may occur. 60% of our male and 38% of our female patients with postthrombotic syndrome showed signs of acroangiodermatitis. Developmental arteriovenous malformations in the feet (acral hyperstomia, Malan's syndrome; 1 patient) which may present similar clinical and histological pictures are rare and should be differentiated from acroangiodermatitis because their prognosis is more severe, necessitating amputation in some instances. The determination of shunt volume by means of radioactive-labelled macroalbumin or microspheres helps to differentiate these two conditions. Because both conditions may present similarities with Kaposi sarcoma, the term 'pseudo-Kaposi' was chosen by some authors. One factor of pathogenetic importance for the terminal vascular changes underlying both conditions is the insufficiency of the calf muscle pump resulting in an elevated capillary pressure (anatomical insufficiency in acroangiodermatitis, functional insufficiency in acral hyperstomia).


Skin porphyrin and photosensitivity in the porphyric rat. Skin porphyrin assays and photobiological studies in normal and porphyric rats suggest that in the latter, skin photosensitivity to 400 nm radiation is associated with raised uroporphyrin and 7-carboxylic porphyrin in the skin.


Ultrastructural response of epidermis to actinomycin D. The response of the epidermis to the effects of actinomycin D was analyzed at ultrastructural level. Important cellular alterations were found at 40 h post infectionem. The degree of nucleolar segregation varied depending on the epidermal layer assayed. Analogies and departures between the present findings and previous investigations, on a similar model with X-ray irradiation, are discussed.


Investigations for skin antibodies in malignant neoplasms. A group of 451 patients with various malignant neoplasms was investigated for the presence of antibodies against the intercellular substance in epidermis and against the basement membrane in the skin, using the immunofluorescence method. None of the patients had bullous disease. Circulating basement membrane antibodies were found in a 63-year-old man with lung cancer. None of the patients had antibodies against the intercellular substance. No in vivo bound intercellular or basement membrane antibodies were found.


[XY gonadal dysgenesis with female phenotype (author's transpl)]. In this paper, we are dealing with the study of a case of multiple somatic malformations, with external female genitals and 46 XY caryotype. The anatomical and histological study of the genital organs, allows us to verify the existence of internal genital organs; consisting essentially in tubes, bicornous uterus, a gonadal ligament in a normotopical position, Wolffian remains and the absence of a vagina. The external female genitals are completely normal. When we interpreted these findings, we paid special attention to the relation existing between the abnormal presence of the Wolffian remains, male genotype, and typical female genital structures. Taking account of the latest scientific advances concerning genital development, we considered the possibility of the existence of secretions of a "masculinizing" substance from the gonad, before its morphological differentiation, which was interrupted by an etiological undetermined noxa. When this evolution was arrested, together with the secretions of the masculinizing substance, the genital development continued normally for a female. The terminal teratogenic period for this malformation is situated from the 5th to the 6th week of gestation (human embryos from 11 to 14 mm., Streeter Horizon XVII).


[Variation of the sialic acid-protein ratio in the human cervical mucus (author's transl)]. Serial determinations of total protein and sialic acid concentrations were carried out in individual cervical mucus samples of normal women, throughout the menstrual cycle as well as under the influence of estrogen and progestagen steroids. Total protein was titrated by a modified micro-biuret method and sialic acid was determined using the "Direct Ehrlich" method. Both parameters diminished gradually during the follicular phase of the cycle with lowest values around the time of ovulation, and showed a strong increase during the luteal phase. Administration of ethinylestradiol yielded values significantly lower than those of normal ovulatory phase and under d-Nosgestrel treatment the values were significantly higher than in normal luteal phase. However the proportion of sialic acid as related to total protein showed an inverse behavior, i.e. increased under estrogenic and decreased under progestogenic influence. The cyclic and hormone-induced variations of this ratio were more specific than those of both separate components. Thus, estrogens produce an increase of the sialic acid containing fraction of cervical mucus proteins, while progestagens have an opposite effect. The role of these actions in reproductive physiology is discussed.


[(An algorithm for determining values of parameters of the Gompertz growth function)]. In the literature some attempts were made to analyse and to construct models for biological growth processes and to describe the quantitative aspects of a growth characteristic's changes in time using the Gompertz' function y=aexp(-exp(b--ct)). In this paper differential equations are derived having the Gompertz' function as solution. The goodness of fit after adjusting a chosen analytical expression to the courses of measured values is able to give hints at the reliability of that expression as a true model. This possibility of verification was hardly practiced in past because of lacking in proper numerical procedures for performing the nonlinear regression. An ALGOL program for iterative adjusting the parameters of the GOMPERTZ' function (with or without a constant term) to measured values is given in an appendix of the present paper. Starting values for the nonlinear parameters b and c will be evaluated by Internal Least Squares using one of the derived differential equations. For this algorithm an ALGOL program is given in the appendix too. The growth of human embryo serves as an example to demonstrate the numerical procedures and related programs for evaluating the starting values of the parameters and for their iterative improvement until reaching a minimum for the remainding variance between calculated and measured courses.


Stability and oscillations in coupled systems. In this paper are given criteria for stability and oscillations in coupled systems. The criteria are calculated by the determination of eigenvalues of a coupling matrix of an input-output relation which can be described by a set of differential equations of 1st order.


Morphological, micromorphological and histochemical studies on the parotid salivary glands of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). The morphology, blood and nerve supply of the parotid salivary glands of the one-humped camel were studied in detail. The intraglandular portion of the duct system was also examined. The histological and histochemical studies showed that the parotid salivary glands of the camel are of the tubuloacinar type and are serumocoid in nature. The secretory acini and tubules show themselves in 3 different forms according to the different phases of their secretory cycle. The duct system of the gland contains goblet cells between its lining epithelium. The intercalated ducts show ampullation followed by narrowing that help in mixing the secretion. Intraepithelial glands are found in the terminal part of the parotid duct.


[The subcutaneous vascular system (lower extremity): studies on micro-preparations]. At the level of fascial penetration the cutaneous arteries of the lower extremity are constantly accompanied by 1 or 2 communicating veins of varying diameter. Usually, they penetrate the fascia in rows via the muscular interstitium. There they give up branches to the fascial vascular network, to pre- and subfascial areolar tissue and possibly to the muscle origins on the fascia, or to the intermuscular septa. The texture of the fascia itself determines the structure of fascial openings for the cutaneous vessels. In the subcutaneous tissue the arteries are accompanied by 1 or 2 veins (Vv. comitantes). Numerous arterio-arterial and intervenous anastomoses form a subcutaneous network of vascular bundles. Two anastomosing venous systems can be distinguished in the subcutis: The small Vv. comitantes are fed primarily by the subcutaneous adipose lobes, and end in communicating veins or flow into the subcutaneous veins (epifascial veins). These large subcutaneous veins on the other hand are responsible for the actual outflow from the venous network of the cutis. They form the saphenous system or empty into larger communicating veins. Between the subcutaneous arterioles and accompanying venules there are numerous capillary webs. In addition direct capillaries and looped as well as meandering or knotted arterio-venous shunts are found. The subcutaneous vascular bundles are fixed by a connective tissue. There are often typical capillary meshes within arterial sheat, oriented like a rope-ladder. They undergo prenatal development. The subcutaneous (epifascial) veins are surrounded by areolar tissue on the cutaneous as well as on the fascial side. Fibers from the accompanying connective tissue criss-cross into the adventitia and thereby anchor the veins in a movable fashion. Typical vascular patches with plane capillary networks characterize the areolar tissue around the subcutaneous veins, which is differentiating at the 2nd half of the fetal period. Within are also capillary loops and convoluted arterio-venous shunts.


[Two hundred and sixty eigth medicinal plants used to fertility control in some countries of South America (author's transl)]. A review is made of the various anthropological, botanical and empirical medical papers from a number of the countries of the South-American continent, whose populations use medical plants for fertility control. Also included is a field research conducted among indigenous and rural populations of Paraguay. The scientific name, family and common name 268 plants are described. With each plant, the country and type of population (indigenous or rural) using same is stated, as well as their empiric properties attributed to same  and the name of the author. Comments are made upon the background related to the use of said plants at the level of the American indigenous, world folkloric and Paraguayan indigenous & folkloric medicine. Emphasis is given to the significance of these data on contraceptives, abortives, sterilization and fertilization agents of vegetal origin, due to their value for future research in the physiology and clinic  of reproduction.


Studies on the extent of gill surface in a fresh water cat-fish Bagarius bagarius (Ham.). The total gill area of the fish ranges from 37,537 to 56,551 lamellae. The number of lamellae per mm of the gill filament and area of lamellae knowing the respiratory gill area, the gill area per g of body weight and per cm3 of body volume were calculated to correlate the variation in gill surface area per unit weight and volume of the fish. The fish can survive for quite long out of water as the lamallae are spaced wide apart and do not adhere together.


[Demonstration of leucine aminopeptidase in the peritoneal epithelium of early post-larval stages of Anguilla anguilla L.)]. The coelom of elvers (Anguilla anguilla L.), eel0, is contenting glycoproteids, but these are not improvable in following stages of development. In peritoneal epithelium of eel0 activity of leucinamino-peptidase is present, but absent in the stage 2a. We can suppose that glycoproteids vanish by enzymatic catabolism and resorption within the peritoneal epithelium.


[Therapeutic activity of Physioquens in the treatment of certain gynecological conditions (author's transl)]. The new hormonal preparation Physioquens was administered during the study to 181 women during 1.634 cycles  and has proved to be very effective in the treatment of various gynaecological disturbances. A definitive reduction has been observed in premenstrual and pre and postmenopausal complaints, dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, intermenstrual pain and endometriosis. Physiquens is also a perfect regulatory device of the cycle in the case of menorrhagia, metrorrhagia and irregular menstrual cycles connected with a hormonal insufficiency. The normophasic treatment with Physioquens is made up of the cyclical administration of a tablet of 0.050 mg ethinyloestradiol for the first 7 days, followed by a tablet of 1 mg lynestrenol and 0.050 mg ethinyloestradiol for the next 15 days. Because of its effectiveness and good tolerance both clinically and biologically Physioquens can be considered an important new step in the treatment of gynaecological problems.


Total water content in different areas of the human term placenta. The authors study the total water content in two different areas (parabasal and subchorial), in 40 normal, full-term placentas. The water content is found to be different in these two areas. As an average, it is 0.90% higher in the parabasal area. This difference persists even after washing off the fetal placental blood by perfusión with saline. The difference in the total water content between both areas, which is added to other differences previously demonstrated, must be related to a different functional role of the placental areas.


[Morphologic studies on the effect of acrylnitrile in subchronic intoxication experiments in the white rat]. 100 female and male white rats were treated with acrylnitrile using 4 various dosages. It was our practice to give orally acrylnitrile in physiological sodium chloride solution by probang, and the treatment was continued for 69 days from Monday to Friday in the week. After the treatment with acrylnitrile from the 70th day the animals were killed in intervals. Blood of orbital venous plexus was analysed by electrophoresis for determination of serum proteins, and organs were investigated histologically. It has been shown that of all organs the greatest alterations have been found in livers, kidneys and lungs. Taking by surprise our studies indicated that the application of 1/16 LD50 acrylnitrile dosage cause greater morphological damages in liver than those applications of higher concentrations in other groups.


Main results of recent Hungarian family planning studies. The Hungarian Central Statistical Office has carried out five different sample surveys in the last fifteen years for investigating more closely questions of fertility, family planning and birth control. The study summarizes the main findings. Some of these surveys applied retrospective methods to investigate fertility, family planning and birth control bahaviour of females in the past. Surveys of another type tried to reveal in perspective manner, with longitudinal observation of the couples, changes which took place in family planning and birth control ideas and practice. The main purpose of recent population policy measures was to ensure simple reproduction of the population. As a result of the measures taken in 1974 to increase the number of births the birth-rate went up significantly. This increase (30% as compared to 1973) appeared primarily for the second birth which constitutes 62% of the increment in births in 1974, 31% is accounted for by an 11% increase in the first births. The number of third births rose by 13% and their relative share remained 10%. The number of fourthand further births did not increase and their relative share decreased by 1%. Fertility data of 1974 show that the birth-rate increase was not in line with the intended aim, i.e. it was not the number of third births that increased. The net reproduction coefficient showing long-range growth of the population calculated with birth-rate of 1974, has developed favourably, it was over unity for the first time since 1958 (it was about 1.05). The birth-rate increased in 1974 in every age-group of females. The largest increase (19%) occurred for females 25-34 years old. Though it was 16% also for females under 24. According to a sample survey investigating the number of intended children by married females under 35 it did not increase as compared to data of previous surveys of similiar character. The differences is that the proportion of those who wished to have two children increased, while of those who wished to have one or three and more children decreased. The study deals also with changes in the relative shares of intended children by females under 35 who are now to be married. In the concluding part of the study the femeles' attitude to birth control and changes in this field are discussed.


[Treatment of diminished sexual response associated with the use of oral contraceptives (author's transl)]. Loss of libido associated with the use of oral contraceptives has been studied in 113 women of reproductive age who had taken a combined pill for periods ranging from 1 to 3 years. The patients were divided in four groups. In the first group (I) of 24 women oral contraceptive treatment was discontinued and all women received in intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD). The second group (II) of 36 patients, the brand of oral contraceptive was changed. Women in group (III) had their oral contraceptive maintained receiving in addition a mixture of an androgen and an estrogen (methyltestosterone 4 mg and ethynilestradiol 0.002 mg) daily. To women of group (IV) the oral contraceptive was discontinued but the androgen-estrogen mixture was given. All women in this group received an IUCD. Evaluation of the psyco-sexual parameters included changes in libido, time to reach an orgasm, duration and intensity or orgasms. Frequency of intercourse and response to autostimulation was also investigated. Libido was restored in 94.2% of patients in group II, in 97.3% of group III and in 92.8% of group IV. In group I only 55.6% of patients had libido fully restored. In view of the prompt restoration of libido in all groups except in patients discontinuing oral contraceptive therapy, it is suggested that loss of libido in oral contraceptive users has an important physological component which can be overcome probably by psychotherapy. Short term treatment with a mixture of methyltestosterone and ethynilestradiol seems to be highly effective in restoring libido in all patients.


DNA synthesis and some morphometric changes in the liver during different regiments of nutrition. Male albino rats were fed for 20 and 140 d on full value (standard pellet), or defective diet (60% of the quantity given to the previous groups). Besides, half of the animals were left to swim daily up to 70 min. Histoautoradiographic and morphometric results point to changes in nuclear classes, the percentage of marked mitoses, the DNA content of the nuclei and the number of binuclear hepatocytes. It is assumed that the physical loading serves as starting mechanism and stimulator to the proliferative activity of the cells; that the defective diet leads to a decrease of the cell nuclei; that the quantity of the enlarged nuclei varies according to the stage of DNA synthesis etc. In general, the data revealed, point to the trend of the regenerative processes occuring in the liver of rats on defective diet and physical strain.


[The value od needle biopsy for the microscopic diagnosis of diseases of the breast (author's transl)]. The accuracy of needle biopsies with the disposable biopsy needle TRU-cut was compared to the results of the microscopic examinations of excisional biopsies obtained after the needle biopsy in 276 patients. The diagnostic accuracy in relationship to the diameter of the lesion is listed for 140 patients with carcinoma of the breast, for 72 patients with benign tumors of the breast and for 64 patients with well localized palpable fibrocystic disease. In our experience, the following pre-requistes are necessary to obtain a high diagnostic accuracy for the needle biopsy: 1. A well filled circumscribed, well palpable nodule of uniform consistency. 2. A superficial site close to the skin. 3. A diameter of more than 2 cm. 4. Some experience with the use of the instrument. Needle biopsies of the breast are indicated for skin metastases, recurrences in the scar, and for in-operably advanced tumor or patients who should not have general anaesthesia. Needle biopsy as the biopsy method for a primary plan of management is only relatively indicated in large carcinomas of the breast, or smaller tumors located close to the skin, or tumors which are well accessable in a small breast. The needle biopsy is not suited for the diagnosis of benign tumors of the breast, fibroadenomas, lipomas, or papillomas since complete excision of these lesions is the aim of management. In fibrocystic disease, needle biopsy is not indicated. This clinical or radiological localized finding may correlate to variable microscopic entities with different plans of management. The very small portion of the process shown in the needle biopsy is insufficient in fibrocystic disease. An absolute contra-indication to needle biopsy of the breast is the diagnosis of obscure disease on the breast.


[Surface scraping and curettage of the cervix - an alternative procedure to conization in patients with positive cytology (author's transl)]. 421 patients with positive cytological cervical smears had fractioned surface scraping and curettage of the cervix. The clinical results equaled those of cone biopsy series: in 68,6% the histological diagnosis was exactly the same before and after treatment; in 17,5% there were minimal but clinically unimportant changes in histological assessment; in 10,6% the lesion had been completely removed by scraping and curettage. Thus 407 patients (96,7%) were treated in the same way as if the definitive histological diagnosis would have been known in advance. Only in 5 patients (1,25%) the first step was inadequate retrospectively and further treatment was necessary. Regarding the comparable clinical results the essentially poorer risks and costs favour the surface scraping and endocervical curettage against cone biopsy.


[Uterine myoma in geriatric surgical cases (author's transl)]. The following is a report on 189 cases involving surgical treatment of uterine myoma in women who were at least 60 years old. The cases were collected from 18 gynecological departments in West-Berlin over a 10-year period (1960-1969).  66 of these patients (38,1%) have never been pregnant, 17 (9,8%) had only abortions, while 90 (52,1%) had given birth to one or more children. In only 89 women (47,0%) the pre-operative diagnosis had been uterine myoma. The number of correct diagnosis prior to surgery decreased with increasing age of the patients. 47 patients had been completely asymptomatic; an additional 20 had shown no gynecological symptoms. Total hysterectomy including removal of the tubes and ovaries, which we consider the preferential method of treatment, was done in 105 cases (55,5%). Other surgical procedures were performed in 84 instances (44,5%). 8 registered deaths equal a post-operative mortality rate of 4,2%. Analysis of our cases contradicts the hypothesis regarding postmenopausal involution of uterine myoma. Removal of the uterus for myoma should not be considered a typical geriatric gynecological operation. In many instances it could have been performed at an earlier date; in some cases it even could have been avoided if all diagnostic procedures presently available had been utilized.


[The present practice of tubal ligation in West German university departments of obstetrics and gynaecology (author's transl)]. Within a few years the attitudes of the general public and the majority of the physicians to tubal ligation have undergone radical change. The present indications, incidence and policies of tubal ligation in 21 west german University Departments were explored by questionnaire. A survey on the incidence of tubal ligation in large departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology was obtained prior to the enactment of new laws and regulations. The reported figures show a steep rise in the incidence of tubal ligation from 1970 to 1974. This fact is partially due to a very liberal interpretation of medical indications and partly due to the acceptance of tubal ligation as permanent contraception under certain individual and family conditions. The results of the enquiry are interpreted as the present practice of regulations which are legally still in the planning stage. In spite of the liberalization of the indications for tubal ligation, problems such as individual psychological difficulties associated with female sterilization cannot be minimized. Therefore the majority of the departments demand an intensive explanatory session and detailed informed consent for female sterilization.


[The treatment of thrombosis in pregnancy (author's transl)]. The treatment of thrombophlebitis in pregnancy with streptokinase is reviewed. Four personal cases are reported. In 3 cases the streptokinase treatment of thrombosis was carried out in the first trimester of pregnancy. Two pregnancies ended in spontaneous term deliveries of well infants without malformations. In one case the pregnancy ended by a spontaneous abortion two weeks following the treatment of the thrombosis. It is suggested that the abortion was much more likely due to a severe state of shock with pulmonary embolism following laparotomy in early pregnancy. The authors are of the opinion that the thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase should also be carried out in the first trimester of pregnancy to prevent embolization of thrombotic material and to prevent a post-thrombotic syndrome. In each case, streptokinase treatment should be followed up with subcutaneous prophylactic treatment with Heparin until term to prevent recurrent thrombophlebitis in pregnancy. With the onset of labour Heparin medication should be interrupted and the thrombin time should be normal with the beginning of the second stage of labour or the Heparin effect should be neutralized by protamine chloride. At the earliest six hours postpartum, the subcutaneous Heparin prophylaxis can be resumed in order to prevent recurrent thrombo-embolism during the postpartum stay.


[Experimental investigation of the effects of estriol on menopausal symptoms (author's transl)]. The mechanical writing scales are micromotor method of investigation of psychomotor discoordination capable of producing objective records of menopausal symptoms. With this method, the therapeutic effect of estriol on the menopausal symptoms can be recorded. Changes in the micromotor symptoms such as reduction in the time of writing, a decrease in the unphysiologically high writing pressure and a decrease of in inhibition and relaxation symptoms show clearly that estriol enhances a co-ordination of the motor processes of writing. The positive effects of estriol on the psychomotor co-ordination are demonstrated in the improvement of the menopausal symptoms and the improvement of the vaginal cytology. Uterine bleeding is absent since estriol has a low endometriopic action.


[About the choice of extraction instrument for vaginal operative termination in vertex presentation (author's transl)]. The common separation of indications at the First University Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology in Vienna concerning the choice of extraction instrument in cases of operative termination of vaginal delivery out of vertex position is being demonstrated. When there is only a slight increase of resistance in the delivery mechanism, when the child is mature, when there is no attitude of deflexion, and where there is no real reason for a speedy termination of delivery, the vacuum extractor comes into use. In cases of child emergency, of considerable increase of delivery mechanism resistance, of immaturity and attitude of deflexion, an extraction by means of obstetrical forceps is performed. Out of 547 deliveries terminated by means of extraction the sub- and postpartal mortality amounted to 2,19%. The number of prematures (7,5%) in this material did not differ from the total delivery material of the clinic. After forceps extraction 5 out of 419 children (2,8%) died. After vacuum extraction one child out of 105 (0,95%) died. In 23 cases where obstetrical forceps had to be used after vacuum extraction 2 children died (8,7%). The morbidity of the children was measured by means of the Apgar Score and of the injury frequency. Here the two extraction methods showed no significant differencies. The combined application of both extraction instruments however, showed an increase of morbidity. Injuries of the mother were almost exclusively found after forceps extraction.


[Female constitution and tolerance of pills (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study on 526 patients in a family-planning clinic the significance of physical constitution type and pill-tolerance was examined. If only one type of pill was administered statistically significant differences in the tolerance were not evident. When several types of pills were tried because of undesirable side-effects of a single pill a significantly higher tolerance of pills with a balanced hormone-composition could be demonstrated. The latter kind of pills was better tolerated by students than by salaried employees. This could be explained by an increased readiness for family-planning among undergraduate students. A correlation between physical constitution and pill tolerance could not be found in this statistical analysis and the widespread use of this criterion is questioned by the authors.


[Is there any pharmacological method available to control male fertility? (Author's transl)]. The article summarizes the current status of pharmacological control of male fertility in animals and in the human. Apart from the nonsteroidal therapy with antispermatogenic agents the steroidal therapy with sex hormones is discussed. This is completed by an outview towards future methods of an antienzymatic and an immunological male contraception. At present the method of choice for control of male fertility is still coitus condomatus or vasectomy.


[Estimation of soluble fibrin monomer complexes for evaluation of hypercoagulability during pregnancy and delivery (author's transl)]. The quantitative estimation of soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) was applied to evaluate the state of hypercoagulability during pregnancy and delivery. Blood samples from 67 healthy primi and multiparae, 6 to 40 weeks pregnant, and from a group of 8 women in labour and after delivery of the placenta were examined. Fibrinogen and SFMC were precipitated from plasma by precipitation with beta-alanine. Gel filtration (4% agarose) of the redissolved precipitate resulted in a separation of SFMC and fibrinogen. This enabled a quantitative estimation of the SFMC concentration (with-in assay precision: coefficient of variation=8%). The % amount SFMC of the total fibrinogen content increased from 2.6 +/- 0.4 to 4.9 +/- 1.3% (mean and standard deviation) to week 40 of pregnancy. During delivery an additional statistically significant increase occurred. Chain analysis of SFMC showed a decreased amount of alpha-chain indicating plasmin activity. gamma-gamma-dimers as residuals of intermolecular covalent bonding were not observed. The quantitative estimation of SFMC during pregnancy and delivery demonstrates that a state of hypercoagulability during gestation can be evaluated by measuring the catabolic products of fibrinogen. This may lead to a differentiation from severe intravascular coagulation and to an early diagnosis of thromboembolic disease or consumption coagulopathy.


[Stripping of the membranes for induction of labour (author's transl)]. Stripping of the membranes for induction of labour is "harmless to mother and infant in contra-distinction to the induction of labour by artifical rupture of the membranes. Our results show that stripping of the membranes has no influence on labour and delivery, on the rate of operative deliveries and on the duration of the third stage of labour. There is no appreciable increase in puerperal morbidity. The Apgar Score remains unchanged. The success rate of stripping of the membranes defined as delivery within 48 hours after stripping of the membranes is related to the state of ripening of the uterine cervix and to the ease with which the membranes can be stripped. These factors should be considered for the indication of stripping of the membranes. The success rate can then be increased. Our overall success rate of induction of labour by stripping of the membranes was 60.8%. The success rate of stripping of the membranes in multiparous women is slightly but not significantly better than in primparous women. The age of the patient has no influence on the success rate.


[Effects of Methotrexat on the chromosomes of a human fetus in vivo (author's transl)]. A pregnant woman in the 17th week of gestation with Hodgkin's disease was treated with 50 mg Methotrexate i.v. on the 3 days preceeding therapeutic abortion. Cytogenetic studies on blood, brain, skin and lung of the fetus were performed. Slight structural aberrations such as gaps, chromatid breaks and accentric fragments were found in an average of 8,5% of the counted metaphases. The following drastic structural chromosome aberrations were found in 24,8% of all observed metaphases: 1) mitoses with stretched chromosomes, comparable with special segments (9,9%). 2) clumping of chromosomes in varying degrees (5,4%). 3) combinations of 1) and 2) (0,4%). 4) nuclear fragments (7,4%). 5) pulverized chromosomes (1,7%). Endoreduplications were found in 2%. The modal number was 46 with a rate of 50,1%, hypodiploids 46,3%, hyperdiploids and polyploids 3,6%. Karyotype: 46, XX.


The role of attribution and self-perception in behavior change: implications for behavior therapy. In this report extrapolations were made to behavior therapy from two related lines of social-psychological research: attribution and self-perception. A review of the relevant research literature on attribution suggested that (a) the perception and causal attribution of physiological arousal is an important determinant of emotional behavior and (b) self-attribution of behavior change increases the likelihood of maintenance of that change. A review of research concerned with Bem's self-perception theory indicated that inferences arising from self-observation of one's own overt behaviors may affect subsequent behavior, attitudes, and beliefs. These two lines of research converge in suggesting that an individual's perception of himself (in terms of overt behavior, situational circumstances, and physiological states) may have a marked influence on behavior change and the maintenance of that change. In the major body of this paper the implications of this research are discussed, particularly in terms of new procedures and specific modifications for existing procedures in behavior therapy. The major areas of behavior therapy discussed include: (a) behavioral assessment; (b) role playing (behavior rehearsal); (c) operant procedures; and (d) self-control strategies. Emphasis was placed upon treating the specific implications delineated as hypotheses requiring empirical investigation in the clinical arena. Strategies for such research were outlined.


A theoretical and empirical approach to the study of development. Developmental psychology, in spite of its dynamic growth, has not, thus far, generated a general theory of human development. Present developmental theories are either cognitive or ontogenetic, or both. All are descriptive. Their powers of explanation are limited. None of them include emotional development. It is argued that a theory of development in order to claim generality must (a) include emotional development, and (b) offer means of explaining, rather than only describing, developmental transformations. A nonontogenetic theory of development, called theory of positive disintegration, appears to fulfill these conditions. It is built on Jacksonian principles of evolution of levels of functioning. The central concept of the theory is that of multilevelness of developmental phenomena. Development is seen to be a function of the level of behavioral organization. The theory defines five levels. Each level constitutes a distinct structure. The dynamic elements of the structure of each level are identified. Positive disintegration is the name for the process by which the structure of a higher level replaces the structure of a lower one. The theory explains different developmental patterns by introducing the concept of developmental potential (DP). Although DP is a purely logical notion, it is given observable dimensions designated as dimensions of mental functioning. There are five of these and they correspond to psychomotor, sensual, imaginational, intellectual, and emotional modes of functioning. The first half of the monograph is devoted to the conceptual structure of the theory. The second half to empirical tests of the theory. Three such tests were made on data generated from an atomistic analysis of autobiographies. The first test consisted of the comparison of developmental cross-sections obtained from different sources of data (subjects) with the overall pattern of five levels of development. The different cross-sections overlap with each other and with different segments of the total theoretical pattern. Superimposed on each other they reconstitute the total pattern. The second test consisted of a comparison between computed and clinically derived values for DP for each subject in the study. The third test was a comparison of DP values obtained from early and late parts of an autobiography. An empirical equation for DP was used in the second and the third test. Parameters represented in the equation appear sufficient to account for individual differences in patterns and levels of development.


Perceptions of aging parents in the context of disengagement theory. Cumming and Henry's disengagement theory of aging was investigated by instructing 89 sons and daughters of parents in four aged groups to describe their parents in middle and old age. Various personality and social measures were used including bipolar adjective checklists, depression, optimism, and control scales. The results indicated that at least two factors, institutionalization and activity level, exert an effect on the perceived changes in aged parents. Two groups, one institutionalized and the other noninstitutionalized but without formal activities, were described as being disengaged: e.g., withdrawn socially, self-absorbed, as well as powerless, pessimistic, and depressed. The other two groups who were noninstitutionalized and involved in outer-world recreational and vocational activities were not seen as disengaged in any way in old age. The personality variable internal-external control of reinforcement may serve as an antecedent to withdrawal behaviors in the aged.


Population differentiation under the charge state model. The extent of divergence between partially isolated sub-populations for electrophoretically detectable alleles was formulated assuming the island model of migration and the charge state model of mutation. At equilibrium the ratio of the variance of charge between the means of k different islands to the average within-island variance of charge was shown to be approximately 4Nemk2/(k-1)2 where Ne is the effective size of each island population and m is the migration rate. This ratio was calculated from published data for eight polymorphic loci in six island populations of Drosophila willistoni. Under the assumption that all variants are selectively neutral, migration rates of greater than 10 adults per generation per island are required to explain the observed similarity of the allelic profiles in D. willistoni. Since the islands studied appear to be virtually completely isolated it was concluded either that the observed protein variants are adaptive and maintained in populations by some form of balancing selection or that the observed variants themselves are neutral but natural selection acts to restrict the appearance of more extreme variants in the charge carried.


Sex determination in bees. IV. Genetic control of juvenile hormone production in Melipona quadrifasciata (Apidae). Cell number and volume of corpora allata was determined for 8 phases of development, the first prepupal stage to adults 30 days old, in the social Apidae Melipona quadrifasciata. In the second prepupal stage a strong correlation was found between cell number and body weight (r = 0.651), and cell number and corpora allata volume in prepupal stage (r = 0.535), which indicates that juvenile hormone has a definite role in caste determination in Melipona. The distribution of the volume of corpus allatum suggest a 3:1 segregation between bees with high volume of corpora allata against low and medium volume. This implies that genes kappa a and kappa b code for an enzyme that directly participates in juvenile hormone production. It was also concluded that the number of cells in the second prepupal stage is more important than the weight of the prepupa for caste determination. A scheme summarizing the genic control of sex and caste determination in Melipona bees in the prepupal phase is given.


Genetic change and rates of cladogenesis. Models are introduced which predict ratios of mean levels of genetic divergence in species-rich versus species-poor phylads under two competing assumptions: (1) genetic differentiation is a function of time, unrelated to the number of cladogenetic events and (2) genetic differentiation is proportional to the number of speciation events in the group. The models are simple, general, and biologically real, but not precise. They lead to qualitatively distinct predictions about levels of genetic divergence depending upon the relationship between rates of speciation and amount of genetic change. When genetic distance between species is a function of time, mean genetic distances in speciose and depauperate phylads of equal evolutionary age are very similar. On the contrary, when genetic distance is a function of the number of speciations in the history of a phylad, the ratio of mean genetic distances separating species in speciose versus depauperate phylads is greater than one, and increases rapidly as the frequency of speciations in one group relative to the other increases. The models may be tested with data from natural populations to assess (1) possible correlations between rates of anagenesis and cladogenesis and (2) the amount of genetic differentiation accompanying the speciation process. The data collected in electrophoretic surveys and other kinds of studies can be used to test the predictions of the models. For this purpose genetic distances need to be measured in speciose and depauperate phylads of equal evolutionary age. The limited information presently available agrees better with the model predicting that genetic change is primarily a function of time, and is not correlated with rates of speciation. Further testing of the models is, however, required before firm conclusions can be drawn.


Gene frequency distributions as a test of selective neutrality. The analysis of differences between loci in the variance of gene frequency over populations within a species has been suggested as a method of detecting natural selection. It is shown that, in the absence of selection, the expected variation over loci depends strongly on the pattern of relationships between populations. The effect of structure within a species is always to increase the variation and therefore to reduce the power of the method.


Gene flow and selection in a two-locus system. A model of gene flow and selection in two linked loci is analyzed. The problems considered are the effects of linkage on the clines in frequencies at the two loci and the role of gene flow in producing linkage disequilibrium between the loci. Also, the possible significance of linkage as a mechanism for permitting a population of "track" spatial changes in the environment is considered. The results are that when the recombination fraction between the loci is of the same order of magnitude as the selection coefficients or smaller, then linkage is important in determining the gene frequencies and a substantial amount of linkage disequilibrium is present in the cline. Depending on the spatial pattern of selection on the two loci, linkage can either decrease or increase a population's response to local selection.


[Phenotypic characteristics of temperature-sensitive mutants of bacteriophage T4 in gene 19]. The order of three thermosensitive mutations in gene 19 is determined and compared with the character of defective structures observed in an electrone microscope study of the lysates obtained in non-permissive and semi-permissive conditions. The degree of defectiveness of core polymerization increases if the mutation is located near the beginning of the gene. In one the combinations among these mutants the interallelic complementation is found. The mechanism of complementation is discussed on the basis of the electrone microscopic pattern. The polymerization of core protein in vivo starts from the base plate.


[Chromosome aberrations in premature infant lymphocytes]. A cytogenetic investigation of a group of prematurely born babies was carried out during the first months of their life (at ages of 0 days, 5-7 days, 2-4 weeks), as well as of a group of infants born in proper time and having a normal weight. As it was shown by the analysis of chromosome aberrations, frequencies of aberrant cells in babies at ages of 0 days, 5-7 days, 2-4 weeks and in those that have endured some bacterial or viral infection were 1,96% (0.22 aberrations per cell), 3,38% (0,037 aberrations per cell), 4,92% (0,053 aberrations per cell) and 6,73% respectively. The role of infection of drugs in the increase of the frequency of aberrant cells is also indicated by the investigation of babies born in proper time and having normal weight, that have endured an acute respiratory disease. In this group of children the frequency of aberrant cells was 5,3%. However, it is impossible to assess the role of each of these factors separately, since their effect on the organism of prematurely born babies is simultaneous from the very moment of birth.


[Cytogenetic analysis of the effect of cosmic flight factors on man]. The results of cytogenetic investigation of 14 crewmembers of "Soyuz" spacecrafts before and after 7 spaceflights are represented. No cytogenetic changes were noted at the investigated crewmembers on the first postflight day as compared to the preflight data. Possible causes of differences between the author's data and the data of foreign investigators on cytogenetic investigation of American crewmembers are discussed in the article.


[Role of various factors in determination of mono- and dizygotic twinning in man]. The multifactorial correlative analysis of the effect of certain factors influencing the appearance of either DZ or MZ twins in 259 families with known twins in them was carried out. It is shown that the probability of MZ twins birth in a family increases with mother's height growing, relations between parents getting worse and also in families where mother does physical work, while a probability of DZ twins birth depends on mother using contraceptives, increases in families with better nutrition and with father's age growing.


[Classification of the ceruloplasmin locus in cattle]. The object of this study was the polymorphism of the ceruplasmin locus in different separate herds of cattle of the Pinzgan and the Red Polish breeds. The investigations carried out corroborated the hypothesis of the triallelic nature of this locus, which expands our knowledge and possibilities in this direction. The frequency of the alleles A, B and C in Red Polish cattle (n = 333) was 0,725; 0,026 and 0,249 respectively, being 0,920; 0,009 and 0,071 in the Pinzgan cattle (n = 369). An assumption is made about the greater value of proteins of a relatively high electrophoretic mobility as compared to those of a relatively low electrophoretic mobility.


[Genetic control of lactate dehydrogenase gene A expression in sheep erythrocytes]. Polymorphism for the phenotypical expression of gene for LDH subunit A was demonstrated in sheep erythrocytes by means of starch gel electrophoresis. Three types of LDH were established differing in the relative activities of the second and third LDH isozymes. Familial analysis has shown that high level of LDH-2 and LDH-3 activities are determined by the autosomal gene Ldr-1a and low level of their activities is controlled by gene Ldr-1b. The frequencies of gene Ldr-1a in Altai thin-fleece, Romney Marsh and Linkoln breeds were 0,533; 0,509 and 0,425 respectively. Gene frequencies were also determined in crossbreeds. Possible mechanisms of the action of genes Ldr-1a and Ldr-1b in sheep erythrocytes are discussed.


[Cytogenetic effect of mitomycin C and cytosine arabinoside on mice of different genotypes]. Cytogenetic effect of mitomycin C (MC) and cytosine arabinoside (CA) on bone marrow cells of male mice of the strains 101/HY, C57BL/6Y C,3H/SnY and of the (C3HX101) F1 hybrids was studied. The frequencies of cells with chromosome aberrations after the treatment with MC at a 5 mg/kg dose were 54,4%; 41,8%; 40,4% and 26,8% in 101H, B6, C3H/Sn mice and in the F1 hybrids (C3HX101) respectively. The frequencies of cells with chromosome aberrations after the treatment with CA at a 500 mg/kg dose were 25,2%; 17,8%; 10,8% and the 101/H, B6, C3H/Sn mice and in the F1 hybrids (C3HX101) respectively. Both mutagens induced the greatest number of chromosome aberrations in the 101/H strain and the smallest number in the F1 hybrid (C3HX101). A positive correlation was established between the levels of induced and spontaneous chromosome lesions.


[Association of telomeric regions of salivary gland chromosomes in Drosophila species of the virilis group]. The frequency of participating salivary gland chromosomes in telomeric associations and specific combinations of associated chromosomes were studied in the following species belonging to "virilis" group of Drosophila: D. virilis, D. texana, D. littoralis Sokolov and D. imeretensis Sokolov. In all species studied predominantly telomeres of two chromosomes form an association. In females of the species mentioned the X-chromosome takes part in association twice as frequent as in males. The total length of the chromosome and the presence of subterminal inversions may sometimes influence the frequency of participating the chromosome in associations. However, the data obtained enable to postulate that internal homology of telomeric regions plays the main role in the process. The equal frequency of participating in telomeric associations for definite chromosomes in species studied may resemble the phylogenetic relation of the species.


[Autonomy of association frequencies of telomeric regions in salivary gland chromosomes during interspecific hybridization]. The study of association frequency and combination of salivary gland chromosomes participating in telomeric associations in interspecific hybrids between related species of "virilis" group of Drosophila (D. virilis, D. texana and D. imeretensis Sokolov) enables to conclude that each homologous chromosome behaves as an individual unit in the process. Besides, it is shown that the frequency of association of an autonomous property of telomere, i. e. it is not changed in interspecific hybrids in comparison with parental species.


[Role of cytosine photohydrates in the UV-induced mutagenesis of phage Sd]. Substitution of H2O for D2O does not affect the rate of UV-inactivation of the extracellular phage Sd, containing double-stranded DNA. However, the yield of plaque-mutants induced by UV-irradiation in D2O is significantly lower, that in H2O. This difference is mostly pronounced at doses greater than 100 erg/mm2. Since the substitution of H2O for D2O selectively decelerate photohydration of pyrimidines (only cytosines in DNA), one could conclude that the formation of cytosine photohydrates in DNA accounts for significant part of UV-induced mutations but it is not an essential reason for UV-inactivation of extracellular phage Sd.