The occurrence of lipid in the oxyntico-peptic cells of the proventriculus of the fasting domestic fowl. A histological study has shown that considerable amounts of lipid accumulate in the oxyntico-peptic cells of the proventriculus of domestic fowls deprived of food. Lipid droplets were first seen in the cells 6 hours after commencing the fast and they reached a maximum in 24 hours; a decrease was detected histologically 2 hours after re-feeding and all lipid had disappeared 8 hours after access to food. Lipid was observed in fasted chickens aged from 1 to 27 weeks, in four different breeds, and in certain naturally occurring diseases. Small amounts of lipid were also seen in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys of chickens which had been fasted. The relationship of the lipid to the metabolism of the oxyntico-peptic cells and to certain disease states is discussed.


Corticobulbar fibres in the North American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana) with notes on the Tasmanian brust-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and other marsupials. Corticobulbar projections have been studied in the American opossum by both degeneration and autoradiographic methods and, for the most part, the results confirm our earlier observations (Martin & West, 1967; Martin, 1968). However, we have obtained evidence for certain connexions not previously described and have delineated the origin(s) of several connexions more precisely by paying particular attention to the degeneration present at thalamic levels in all cases and by the use of autoradiography. When our results are collated and correlated with new somatosensory cortical maps arrived at by microelectrode techniques (Pubols et al. 1975), it is obvious that corticolbulbar connexions in the North American opossum are remarkably similar to those in the monkey and differ mainly in quantity, relative origins and distribution and in the fact that some of them arise from spatially co-extensive motor-sensory areas (Lende, 1963a, b). In the light of our findings on the American opossum we have examined a large collection of brush-tailed possum material (as well as some from the potoroo and Tasmanian native cat) and have been able to extend our previous findings (Martin et al. 1971; Martin & Megirian, 1972) to a more precise evaluation of the origin of projections from the limb, face motor-sensory cortex. Differences between these representatives of the marsupial radiation, as well as features which are common to all, are described.


Structural-functional correlations in the kidneys and observations of colon and cloacal morphology in certain Australian birds. 1. Variations in renal microstructure between the zebra finch and Senegal dove were consistent with their relative renal concentrating abilities (urine/plasma ratios of 2-8 and 1-7, respectively). Compared with dove kidneys, those of the finch contained a higher fraction of mammalian-type nephrons (with Henle's loops), and a lower fraction of reptilian-type nephrons (without loops). 2. Singing honeyeaters concentrated their urine almost as well as zebra finches, although honeyeater kidneys were less specialized (fewer mammalian-type nephrons). Such findings emphasize the need to clarify other osmoregulatory parameters. 3. No significant microstructural differences were found in the kidneys of domesticated as compared with those of wild zebra finches. Hence, osmoregulatory differences between tame and wild birds must be related to physiological factors rather than morphological. 4. Thickness of the renal medulla seemed to be directly correlated with urine concentrating ability. However, certain inconsistencies obscure this relationship such that its resolution will require further research. 5. Histological features of the mucosae of the colon and cloaca are described. The galah and kookaburra displayed a mammalian (non-villous) pattern of mucosal organization. Zebra finches, singing honeyeaters, and particularly emus, possessed colonic and cloacal villi and hence an increased surface area per volume in this region of the gut. This raises the possibility that the colon and cloaca are involved in uring concentration and osmoregulatory activities in these species.


Biometry of the human occipital bone.

Biometry of the human occipital bone. A biometric study of the occipital bone was carried out on 125 dissecting room skulls; it brought out the following points: 1. The occipital squama, despite its dual histological origin, constitutes a stable anatomical structure because its dimensions remain in correlation if the size factor is maintained constant. 2. The parts around the foramen magnum also show 'organic correlations', but these are virtually unrelated to the squama. 3. The pars basilaris is biometrically independent of the squama; it could well be described with, and regarded as an extension of, the body of the sphenoid if it were morphologically separated from the rest of the occipital bone; there is thus good cause to describe in Man a spheno-occipital 'clivus'. 4. The study of the curvatures of the squama shows that fossil Man agrees with present day Man in that when the occipital is rounded, the parietal is not, and the skull is low and elongated. 5. Sexual differences are more easily described than measured. The shape of the occipital condyles has greater value for sex determination than that of the nuchal crests. 6. Attempts were made to estimate cranial capacity from isolated occipital bones, but one had to be content with a fairly large margin of error. Several types of formulae are nevertheless offered to human palaeontologists in the hope that they might satisfy their need to get a rough indication of cranial capacity from occipital material.


Macrophages related to leptomeninges and ventral nerve roots. An ultrastructural study. In immature rats active macrophages were frequently seen projecting into the subarachnoid space from the surface of the leptomeninges. They also occurred between the layers of the pia and within the nerve roots. They were most frequent during the first two weeks after birth, which is a period of rapid neural growth and myelination in ventral roots. In contrast, they were much fewer at later stages. The ultrastructural characteristics of these cells are described. It is suggested that these cells take part in tissue growth and remodelling by the removal of material which degenerates or becomes redundant during development. For example, they may ingest effete leptomeningeal cells or fragments of them. Those within the ventral roots may phagocytose abnormal Schwann cells, or the myelin of sheaths which have failed to develop normally. It is also suggested that macrophages may be involved in the excavation of the subarachnoid space. Another possible function in which they may be involved is the ingestion of material, possibly of a protein nature, from the cerebrospinal fluid.


Acceleration of neuromuscular re-innervation by triiodothyronine. The right sciatic nerve was crushed in 84 rats, 42 of which were injected daily with triiodothyronine (T3; 1-0 mug/kg body weight, subcutaneously) while the others served as untreated controls. Rats in both groups were killed in groups of 6 at intervals of 5 days and the re-innervation of the tibialis anterior muscle was examined histologically using the bromoindigo-silver method. Neuromuscular re-innervation was first apparent 15 days post-operatively and was largely complete by the 35th day in the T3-treated group. In the untreated control animals only two thirds of the end-plates were innervated after 35 days. The argyrophilic remains of degenerated axons disappeared more quickly in rats treated with T3, and degenerative changes in the structure of the subneural apparatus were less severe in these animals than in the controls. It is suggested that consideration be given to the possibility of using exogenous T3 in the clinical management of human peripheral nerve injuries.


The ultrastructure of the sheep placenta around the time of parturition. Placental tissue, taken from seven sheep before, during and after delivery, was fixed and sectioned for study by transmission electron microscopy. Daily blood samples from the same sheep were taken from about 135 days p.c. and were analysed by radioimmunoassay for total unconjugated oestrogens. Sections of placentomal and interplacentomal areas were examined for ultrastructural variations that might be correlated with the endocrine changes observed over this period, and to determine whether placental separation preceded delivery of the fetus and whether separation occurred at the fetal-maternal junction or elsewhere. Ultrastructural correlates of the endocrine pattern were not detected. Placental separation occurred after delivery and involved disruption of the fetal tissue (trophoblast), while its microvillous attachment to the maternal symplasma remained intact.


The growth of muscle following tenotomy. The longitudinal growth of M. tibialis anterior was measured after tenotomy in young rabbits. After simple transection, while the tendon remained interrupted, the experimental muscle belly was shorter than the control; following tendon regeneration in about one month, muscle growth accelerated, the belly becoming almost or completely as long as normal by the adult stage. Gross displacement of the transected tendon combined with resection of the tendons of M. extensor digitorium longus prevented regeneration, and longitudinal muscle growth virtually ceased. Intermediate tendon displacement resulted in imperfect repair and diminution of muscle growth. Usually the length of the experimental muscle belly with the foot plantar-flexed was approximately proportional to its length when exerting its maximum developed tension and to the range of lengths through which it exerted tensions comparable with those of the control. However, the latter was disproportionately reduced when growth ceased after tendon displacement, probably because the muscle fibre fasciculi occupied a decreased proportion of the belly length. The relative length of fasciculi isolated by maceration and teasing of muscles following simple tendon transection was normal, as was their sarcomere length in plantar flexion. The maximum developed tension the muscle exerted tended to be slightly diminished when tendon repair was good, with greater diminution after poor repair. It was increased when the tendons of extensor digitorum longus were resected, probably because growth in the strength of tibialis anterior was stimulated by its isometric contractions against adhesions in attempting to dorsiflex the foot.


Scrotal allografts of fetal ovaries.

Scrotal allografts of fetal ovaries. Fifty allografts of 17 day rat fetal ovaries were placed in the bottom of the scrotal wall of 25 normal and 25 castrated adult male rats. Of these, 5 did not take and 11 were destroyed by the allograft reaction. The remaining 34, which were reasonably tolerated, showed, whether the hosts were castrated or not, suppression of the cortical part of the ovary and stimulation of the medullary part, as evidenced by development of well-organized seminiferous tubules. This is presumably a reaction to the relatively cool environment of the scrotal wall.


Chest wall distortion and regional lung volume distribution in erect humans. Using 133Xe measured the regional distribution of FRC and of boluses administered at FRC in seated subjects during relaxation, lateral compression of the lower rib cage, and contraction of the inspiratory muscles so that mouth pressure was 50 cmH2O subatmospheric. Lateral compression increased apex-to-base differences of volume and bolus distribution, suggesting an increase of the apex-to-base gradient of pleural surface pressure. Changes in rib cage shape were measured with magnetometers and were qualitatively similar to those associated with increases in apex-to-base difference of pleural surface pressure in animals. Inspiratory effort decreased apex-to-base difference in volume and induced a similar trend in bolus distribution. Though changes in the rib cage shape were directionally similar, they were much smaller than those associated with decreased pleural surface pressure gradients in animals, and the changes in regional volume we observed were more likely due to forces generated by diaphragmatic contraction. These results were compatible with the apex-to-base gradient of pleural pressure being strongly influenced by shape adaptation between lung and chest wall.


Correlation of blood rheology with vascular resistance in critically ill patients. Blood rheologic measurements together with peripheral resistance determinations in vivo were made in 27 critically ill patients. Eighteen of these patients (group I) suffered from violent trauma or operative injury and the other 9 (group II) were patients with generalized sepsis. As a result of fluid therapy all patients underwent hemodilution, resulting in a decrease in blood viscosity. This drop in blood viscosity was counteracted to some extent by an increased plasma viscosity due to elevated fibrinogen levels and a decreased red cell deformability associated with massive transfusions of stored blood. The correlation of vivo hemodynamics with blood rheological data made it possible to separate the relative roles of vascular dimensions and blood viscosity in affecting the total peripheral resistance. This approach permitted us to distinguish varying degrees of vasoconstriction in nonseptic patients in low flow states (group I) and varying degrees of vasodilation in septic patients (group II). This type of analysis serves to elucidate the pathophysiology of hemodynamic alterations in disease and provides a rational basis for devising an effective therapeutic program.


Purified postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase in primary hyperlipoproteinemias. Purified postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) of normolipidemic and primary hyperlipoproteinemic subjects was characterized by lipoprotein C polypeptide activation and specificity for triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL. Chromatography of normal  LPL on Sephadex G-100 resulted in two protein peaks, LPLC-1 (activated by C-I but not C-II) and LPLC-II (activated by C-II but not C-I). LPL from type I hyperlipoproteinemic subjects was not activated by C-I and C-II activation was reduced to 40% of control. Hydrolysis of chylomicron and VLDL triglycerides was severely impaired. Although chromatography of type I LPL resulted in two protein peaks, the protein peak corresponding to LPLC-I did not exhibit lipolytic activity and LPLC-II was reduced to 50% of control in protein and enzyme specific activity. Type III LPL was normal in respect to LPLC-I while LPLC-II averaged 40% of control. Hydrolysis of chylomicron and VLDL was reduced to 50% and 10% of control, respectively. An etiological implication for LPLC-I and/or LPLC-II in type I and III hyperlipoproteinemias is suggested.


Hematological alterations and response to acute hypobaric stress. Exposure of rats to simulated altitude (15,000 ft) for 1 day and 3 and 9 wk produced progressive polycythemia, elevated 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels and raised P50 values; the latter two parameters decreased toward control values after 9 wk. Carbon monoxide (38-43% HbCO) exposure produced polycythemia after 3- and 9-wk exposure, no change in 2,3-DPG and a fall in P50 value. Ten days' treatment with sodium cyanate produced a large decrease in 2,3-DPG and P50. Survival during 90 min of acute hypobaria (0.3 atm) under Nembutal anesthesia was highest with NaOCN (75%), intermediate with 3- and 9-wk exposure to altitude and CO (56-58%) lower in 1-day altitude exposure (44%) and lowest in controls (5%). Heart and ventilation rate was monitored during this hypobaric test and response patterns established for each exposure/treatment. In states of extreme oxygen deprivation the results suggest, in order of importance, the survival value of 1) increased oxygen-hemoglobin affinity, and 2) polycythemia.


A device to measure cutaneous temperature sensitivity in humans and subhuman species. A device is described to maintain restricted areas of skin at any temperature between 5 and 45 degrees C. Changes in temperature of controlled intensity up to 10 degrees C at rates from 0.03 degrees C to 2 degrees C/s can be delivered in either the warm or cool directions. The stimulator, which is in contact with the skin, is sufficiently simple so that a number of them can be constructed, each with a different contact area up to 18.2 cm2. The current control apparatus that operates a Peltier device in the stimulator is a feedback control system that maintains a precisely controlled temperature at the stimulator-skin interface. Safety features make it suitable and safe for use in human psychophysical studies and subhuman behavioral measurements of temperature sensitivity. Electrostatic shielding makes it compatible with the electronic instruments used in electrophysiological studies of the temperature sense.


Dipping cone to correct optical distortions at liquid surfaces. A dipping cone attachment for use with a long-working-distance objective is described. The device eliminates degradation of the microscope image which occurs when microelectrodes are applied to single muscle fibers in vitro.


Functional evaluation of the rat heart in situ. We have developed methods for evaluating muscle function in the intact rat heart in situ using a contractility index (dP/dt)P-1, calculated from left ventricular pressure derivative-left ventricular pressure loop plots. Aortic flow measurements were also taken to further characterize in situ rat heart function. The preparation remained functionally stable and was within physiological blood gas and pH limits for at least 30 min following surgical procedures. The contractility index was not influenced by increased afterload, decreased preload or increased heart rate; however, appropriate changes were observed following isoproterenol and propranolol administration. Appropriate changes in aortic flow measurements were observed also with the above interventions. These studies demonstrate that the in situ rat heart is a stable physiological experimental preparation. It should be useful for evaluating heart function since a contractility index derived from pressure-velocity relationships and measurements necessary for pump function analysis can be obtained simultaneously.


Measurement of umbilical blood flow in fetal lambs in utero. We continuously measured umbilical blood flow in fetal lambs in utero by placing an electromagnetic flow transducer around the common umbilical artery. Umbilical arteries originate from a short common segment as the terminal branches of the descending aorta. This segment was isolated by a retroperitoneal surgical approach and encircled with a specially constructed electromagnetic flow transducer. Catheters were also placed in fetal vessles to monitor pressure and derive flow values by the radionuclide-labeled microsphere technique. The fetus and ewe were allowed to recover for two days before studies were performed. Average umbilical blood flow obtained in 11 animals with the transducer was 199 ml/kg per min. In seven animals flow measurements obtained with the transducer were compared with those derived from microsphere injections. Paired measurements varied by an average of only 5.3%. This technique makes possible the accurate and instantaneous measurement of umbilical blood flow in fetal lambs in utero over a prolonged period.


Effect of alveolar liquid on distribution of blood flow in dog lungs. Previous studies have shown that a shift in blood flow away from edematous regions does not occur until the alveoli contain liquid. The present experiments were designed to examine the separate effect of air space liquid, air space plus interstitial liquid, and reduced lung volume on blood flow. We found that reduced lung volume was not associated with significant changes in blood flow and that no systematic change in blood flow occurred when alveoli were filled with isosmotic liquid (autologous plasma). However, when hyposmotic liquid (dilute plasma) was instilled so that both the air space and the alveolar wall interstitial space were filled, blood flow  was systematically reduced. This suggested that interstitial liquid was responsible raising vascular resistance in these experiments and that it might also be important in raising local vascular resistance in pulmonary edema. This latter hypothesis was tested in isolated perfused lobes where rapid freezing and quantitative histology showed that the number of open capillaries was significantly reduced in the liquid-filled alveoli (P less than 0.001). These observations suggest that interstitial pressure rises in pulmonary edema with the result that the transmural pressure of the alveolar vessels falls and vascular resistance is increased.


Effect of training on cardiovascular response to exercise in women. Seventeen women (mean age 31 yr) participated in a training program divided into an initial 9-wk period and a subsequent 52-wk period, during which time 6 continued to exercise and the remainder detrained. Improvements in VO2max were significant (+34%) during the initial 9 wk and small (+5%) for the final 52 wk. Four women who stopped training showed a decrease in VO2max (-10%) during the last phase. During the initial 9 wk, central adaptation was important, with SV showing an increase of 28% at 80% VO2max. Peripheral adaptation (a-v O2 difference) was unchanged. Subjects who trained an additional 52 wk showed a slight drop in SV at submaximal work loads from the initial increase following the first 9 wk. When compared with the initial test the change at 9 wk in peripheral adaptation was a small and nonsignificant rise, followed by a significant increase at 61 wk. Women who are very unfit initially (predicted VO2max of 28 ml/kg-min), apparently adapt to the initial training with a central change followed by a much stronger peripheral adaptation during a longer training program.


Effects of O2 on the ventilatory response to CO2 in preterm infants. To measure the effects of O2 on the ventilatory response to CO2 in preterm infants, we studied eight babies (birth wt 1-2 kg; gestational age 32-36 wk) 10 times during the first 11 days of life. After breathing 21% O2 for 3 min, they were given 15%, 21%, 40%, or 100% O2 for 4 min and then 2% CO2 plus the various concentrations of O2 for 4 min each. The mean slopes of the CO2 response curves were 0.013, 0.027, 0.034, and 0.056 1/(min-kg-mmHg PACO2) with 15%, 21%, 40%, and 100% inspired O2, respectively. Thus, the more hypoxic the infant, the flatter was the response to CO2. These findings suggest that in preterm infants 1) the response to inhaled CO2 is the reverse of that seen in adult man where the higher the inspired O2 concentration, the flatter the response, and 2) the respiratory center is depressed during hypoxia.


Pulmonary capillary recruitment during airway hypoxia in the dog. To study the effect of hypoxia on the pulmonary capillaries, windows were inserted in the chest wall of 9 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. A microscope with an image-superimposing device was used to make drawings of the perfused capillaries. Summed lengths of individual perfused capillaries in the drawing were determined with a map-measuring tool. Total capillary length was constant between PaO2 of 160 and 70 Torr. As PaO2 fell below 70 Torr, recruitment of previously unperfused capillaries occurred in every case; at PaO2 of 40 Torr, the total length of perfused capillaries was about 4 times greater than during normoxia. There was no correlation between the recruitment of capillaries and alterations in left atrial pressure, only a weak correlation with cardiac output changes, but a very strong correlation with increased pulmonary artery pressure. This implies that recruitment was probably caused by vasoconstriction within the lung.


Effect of gas density on dynamic pulmonary compliance. We measured dynamic pulmonary compliance (Cdyn( in nine asymptomatic young men breathing gases of different density. When corrected for gas inertia, Cdyn was significantly lower during dense gas breathing (sulfur hexafluoride) than during air breathing. At higher breathing frequencies (60-90 breaths/min), Cdyn was greater on helium than on air. Static compliance was not different while breathing the three gas mixtures. These results may be explained by a density dependence of airways resistance in parallel lung units which contribute to frequency dependence of dynamic compliance. We conclude that most frequency-dependent behavior occurs among intraregional lung units subtended from airways between segmental bronchi and peripheral airways.


Depression of ventilation hypoxia in man. In five normal male subjects, ventilation, PaO2, and PaCO2 were measured during the rapid progressive isocapnic production of hypoxia (5 min) and during the equally rapid isocapnic reversal of hypoxia. At similar PaO2, PaCO2, and pH, ventilation was less at a time when alveolar PO2 was increasing than when alveolar PO2 was decreasing. We interpret these results as showing that human ventilation is depressed by mild-to-moderate hypoxia (40-60 Torr), that such depression is probably central, and that it is ordinarily masked by peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation. We are not able to distinguish whether the ventilatory depression is caused by decreased central chemoreceptor PCO2 due to an increase in cerebral flow, direct hypoxic depressing of the central respiratory mechanism, or both.


Pulmonary response to antigen infusion in the sensitized guinea pig:  modification by atropine. Alterations in pulmonary conductance, dynamic compliance, respiratory frequency, minute volume, mean arterial pressure, pulse rate, relaxation volume-to-dry weight ratio, and wet-to-dry weight ratio resulting from antigen infusion in sensitized guinea pigs was examined with and without atropine treatment. In untreated animals 3 min after antigen infusion there were significant decreases in dynamic compliance and pulmonary conductance with an increase in relaxation volume-to-dry weight ratio while other parameters were not altered. In atropine-treated animals antigen infusion resulted in a decreased dynamic compliance and an increased relaxation volume-to-dry weight ratio but no significant change in pulmonary conductance. This suggests that the alterations in large and central airway tone resulting from antigen infusion are mediated predominantly by secondary cholinergic mechanisms while peripheral airway effects are mainly noncholinergic.


Forearm skin and muscle vascular responses to prolonged leg exercise in man. To determine the cutaneous and resting skeletal muscle vascular responses to prolonged exercise, total forearm blood flow (FBF-plethysmography) (5 men) and forearm muscle blood flow (MBF-[125I]antipyrine clearance) (4 men) were measured throughout 55-60 min of bicycle exercise (600-750 kpm/min). Heart rate (HR) and esophageal temperature (Tes) were also measured throughout exercise. FBF showed only small changes during the first 10 min followed by progressive increments during the 10-40 min interval and smaller rises thereafter. For the full 60 min of exercise, there was an average increase in FBF of 8.26 ml/100 ml-min. MBF showed an initial fall with the onset of exercise (on the average from 3.84 to 2.13 ml/100 ml-min) which was sustained or fell further as exercise continued, indicating that increments in FBF were confined to skin. Much of the increase in FBF occurred despite essentially constant Tes. Results suggest that the progressive decrements in central venous pressure, stroke volume, and arterial pressure previously seen during prolonged exercise are due in part to progressive increments in cutaneous blood flow and volume.


Effect of exercise and thermal stress on plasma volume. Six male subjects exercised for 50 min at 25% (light exercise) and 55% (moderate exercise) of their estimated aerobic capacities in environments of 42 degrees C db, 35 degrees C wb and 30 degrees C db, 24 degrees C wb, respectively. Alterations in the hematocrit, hemoglobin, and plasma protein concentrations, and in the activity of an injected aliquot of isotopically labeled albumin were each used to calculate the percentage change in plasma volume occurring during exercise and recovery. Changes in each measure were consistent with a reduction in plasma volume during exercise and a return to preexercise levels during recovery. There was no significant difference between the measures when exercising in the heat, but during the more severe exercise in the cooler environment disproportional changes in protein, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were observed. Disproportional changes were also seen during the recovery phase, when the hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration indicated a more rapid return of the plasma volume to preexercise levels than did either the plasma protein concentration or albumin activity. During moderate exercise and recovery there was a 1% decrease in red cell volume. It is concluded that exercise accelerates the rate of protein movement from extravascular compartments to the intravascular compartment, leading to elevated plasma protein levels during recovery which favor the return of water to the intravascular space. Hemoglobin concentration is considered to be the most reliable measure of plasma volume change during exercise.


Elastic behavior of postmortem human lungs: effects of aging and mild emphysema. The elastic behavior of postmortem human lungs has been studied in an effort to differentiate the effects of normal aging from those of mild emphysema. Static pressure-volume (P-V) curves were measured in 50 lungs obtained from men 15-85 yr of age, including 12 lungs with mild-to-moderate emphysema. The emphysema was quantitatively assessed by gross and microscopic methods. The P-V relationship in all lungs is accurately described by the empirically fitted equation, P = alpha1ea2v. This expression is useful because the two parameters separate the effects of elastic behavior (alpha1) from size (alpha2) on the P-V curve. There is a close negative correlation (R = -0.94) Between age and alpha1 in normal lungs but no significant age dependence of alpha2. Further decreases in alpha1 are found in most emphysematous lungs. Alpha1 is more than 2 SEE below the age-predicted mean in five of nine lungs with minimal emphysema (1-10% by point count) and more than 5 SEE below the mean in the three more severely affected lungs. There is a close correlation (R = +0.90) between alpha1 and the alveolar surface-to-volume ratio in both normal and emphysematous lungs.


Tracheal mucous transport in experimental canine asthma. Tracheal mucous velocity (TMV) was measured in experimental canine asthma. All 10 sensitive dogs exposed to an aerosol of Ascaris suum extract showed a decrease in TMV to about one-third of base-line values within 45 min whereas only half of them (reactors) responded with bronchospasm as measured by a significant reduction in specific respiratory system conductance (SGrs). Mean TMV remained decreased at the end of the 2-h observation period when mean SGrs had returned to base-line values in the reactors. Neither TMV nor SGrs changed in nonsensitive animals who inhaled ragweed antigen. Aerosols of acetylcholine and histamine increased TMV thereby excluding these mediators as responsible for the impairment of mucous transport in asthma. Nebulization of A. suum antigen together with a selective antagonist of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (srs-a) produced a marked increase of TMV in all dogs regardless of whether or not bronchospasm was elicited. This suggests that the observed decrease in TMV may be related to the release of SRS-A during the immunologic reaction.


Cardiac limitation to maximal oxygen transport and changes in components after jogging across the US. Observations were made before and 3-5 days after prolonged endurance jogging an average of 42 miles/day, 6 days/wk for 2.5 mo by a young male adult who voluntarily initiated a run across the United States. Both arterial PO2 and lactic acid increased. In each instance, the first limitation in circulatory delivery of oxygen was a plateau in stroke volume and cardiac output. Afterward, pulse deficit and systemic arterial pressure fell with exercise and heart rate accelerated. Although there was no change in oxygen transport (Q X CAO2), a reduction in stroke volume was exactly balanced by a rise in arterial oxygen content. Vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide, hematocrit, and red cell mass increased, while plasma volume diminished and heart size and total blood volume were unchanged.


Peripheral body temperature and thermogenic drinking in cold-treated rats. Transfer of rats abruptly from air at 5 degrees C to air at 26 degrees C was accompanied by a significant increase in water intake (thermogenic drinking) during the first hour after transfer. A possibility existed that the increased water intake observed under these conditions was attributable to the rapid change in skin temperature. Thus, the objective of this study was  to determine the effect on thermogenic drinking of a slow, as opposed to an abrupt, change in ambient temperature. The results indicated that warming room air rates of either 0.5 or 1.0 centigrade deg/min had no effect on thermogenic drinking when compared with the water intake of rats removed abruptly from cold. Thermogenic drinking does not appear to be initiated by a specific pattern of changes in peripheral temperature relative to colonic temperature.


Effect of ventilation on pulmonary blood volume of the fetal lamb. Blood volume changes in the fetal lung following the onset of ventilation were studied by isotopic measurement of red blood cell and plasma volume in rapidly frozen lungs of ten near term fetal lambs. Total pulmonary blood volumes of fetal lambs ventilated with 3% O2 and 7% CO2 in nitrogen (so that blood gas levels were little changed from fetal values), or with air, were compared with measurements in unventilated lambs. Regional correlations of blood volume and blood flow (measured with isotope-labeled microemboli) within the lungs were also examined. Total pulmonary blood volume averaged 5.6 ml/kg body weight in unventilated fetal lambs and was approximately 43% greated in fetal lambs after 5-20 min of air ventilation, but not significantly different in lambs ventilated with 3% O2 and 7% CO2 in nitrogen. Thus it is ventilation with air, rather than the introduction of gas into the alveoli, which enlarges the fetal pulmonary vascular bed. Regional pulmonary blood volume and blood flow were correlated, though poorly, in air-ventilated lungs, but not in lungs ventilated with 3% O2 and 7% CO2 in nitrogen; this suggests that a common factor may operate to increase both blood flow and blood volume in the fetal lung following the introduction of air.


Recruitment in networks of pulmonary capillaries. To improve our understanding of the pressure-flow characteristics of pulmonary capillaries, we analyzed by means of computer stimulation a theoretical model composed of 50 interconnected nonlinear elements. Each element required a critical pressure across it before flow occurred and there was a subsequent linear pressure-flow region whose slope, or resistance, could be related to the transmural pressure of the element ("distensibility"). The critical pressures and resistances of each element of the network were randomly chosen from distributions. We found that recruitment (i.e., onset of flow) occurred over a large range of network upstream or "arterial" pressures, and that relatively high arterial pressures were required before all elements had no distensibility. Intermittent and reverse flow were commonly seen in some elements as the arterial pressure was raised in steps. These flow reversals were particularly common when the critical pressures and resistances of the elements were inversely related. The critical pressures required for such behavior in the capillary segments of the pulmonary microcirculation were calculated to be extremely small, of the order of 0.02 cmH2O. Pressures of this magnitude might result from sticking of red cells to capillary walls or to each other. The properties of such a network may explain the patchiness of flow in the pulmonary microcirculation and the large range of arterial pressures over which recruitment is observed to occur.


Effect of acute lymphatic obstruction on fluid accumulation in the chest in dogs. The effect of acute obstruction to lymphatic drainage on fluid accumulation in the lungs, pleura, and pericardium was assessed in the intact dog. Catheters were positioned in the venae cavase, right atrium (RA), left atrium (LA), age on fluid accumulation in the lungs, pleura, and pericardium was assessed in the intact dog. Catheters were positioned in the venae cavae, right atrium (RA), left atrium (LA), and aorta (Ao) of nine anesthetized, spontaneouly breathing dogs, and hydrostic and colloid osmotic pressures were continuously monitored. Lymphatic obstruction was achieved by raising systemic venous pressure to either 10 mmHg or 25 mmHg by a combination of fluid infusion and inflation of balloon catheters in the venae cavae for 2 h. The same constant net intravascular filtration pressure was maintained in both groups by appropriate use of saline or colloid-containing fluids. Pleural and pericardial fluids were measured postmortem and lung water content was determined by weighing before and after drying. Failure to detect greater fluid accumulation at the higher obstructing pressure (25 mmHg) than at the lower obstructing pressure (10 mmHg) suggests that over the range of obstructing pressures used there is no acute change in the magnitude of lymphatic drainage in the chest.


Voluntary changes of thoracoabdominal shape and regional lung volumes in humans. We measured regional lung volumes from apex to base in humans during changes in thoracoabdominal shape which we monitored with magnetometers. In erect subjects, voluntary changes of shape at FRC did not change regional volume distribution. In supine subjects, the effect of negative pressure applied to the abdomen and a similar thoracoabdominal configuration achieved by voluntary means were studied. The distribution of regional volumes in both situations was the same as that measured during relaxation at the same overall lung volumes. We concluded that neither voluntary changes in shape nor negative abdominal pressure influenced the human pleural pressure gradient. This result, which differed from findings in animals, was probably because the human chest was relatively stiff and behaved with one degree of freedom; all parts of the human rib cage changed dimensions proportionally while negative abdominal pressure distorted the rib cage of animals.


Oxidation of tryptophan in lysozyme by ozone in aqueous solution. A tryptophan residue in hen's egg-white lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] was modified by ozone in an aqueous solution. One of the six tryptophan residues in the enzyme was oxidized to N'-formylkynurenine with concomitant loss of the enzymatic activity. Physicochemical studies of this modified enzyme (OL-I) revealed that the ozonization of lysozyme in aqueous media resulted in little change of the gross molecular conformation. It was deduced that the modified tryptophan residue in OL-I was possibly located in position 62 (or 63) of the protein.


Substituent effects on substrate activation and Michaelis-Menten Kinetic parameters in the alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of phenyl acetates. The effects of substituents on the steady state and pre-steady state kinetics in alpha-chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1]-catalyzed hydrolysis were studied using substituted phenyl acetates. In the steady state hydrolysis, substrate activation, which had been observed and studied previously for p-nitrophenyl acetate, was also observed for p-bromo, p-chloro-, and m-methylphenyl acetates. Little activation was observed for p-acetyl-, m-nitro-, p-methyl-, and p-methoxyphenyl acetates. Addition of p-dichlorobenzene increased kcat for all substrates examined and greatly diminished the substrate activation for the activatable substrate(s) to activator binding site(s). The value of kcat decreased in accordance with increase of the sigma-value of substituents. On the other hand, kcat/Km (app) showed an opposite sigma- dependence, as was previously observed. In pre-steady state measurements, little burst was observed for more electron-donating substituents than m-nitro. The sigma dependence of kcat is apparently not consistent with the prediction derived from that of kcat/Km (app) on the basis of the usual two-step mechanism with a common acetyl-enzyme intermediate.


Characterization of two glycoasparagines isolated from the urine of patients with aspartylglycosylaminuria (AGU). Two major glycoasparagines (2-acetamido-N-(4'-L-aspartyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glycosylamines) were isolated from the urine of patients with aspartylglycosylaminuria (AGU). They were composed of equimolar amounts of sialic acid, galactose, glucosamine, and aspartic acid. They were isomeric with respect to the position of sialic acid attachment, since they produced the same glycoasparagine on incubation with the neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens. The structure of the resulting sialic acid-free glycoasparagine was determined as beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-Asn based on the following findings. It produced galactose on incubation  with beta-galactosidase, and N-acetyllactosamine and aspartic acid on incubation with 4-L-aspartylglycosylamine amindo hydrolase.


Synthesis and mass fragmentographic analysis of partially O-methylated 2-N-methylglucosamines. A series of partially O-methylated N-methylglucosamines was synthesized by limited-time methylation of methyl-2-N-methylacetamido-2-deoxyglucopyranoside by Kuhn's procedure, followed by acid hydrolysis. These partially O-methylated N-methylglucosamines were separated satisfactorily by gas chromatography on a column of OV-17 on Gas-chrom Q as amino  alditol acetates and identified from their mass spectra. For specific analysis of the methylated aminosugar derivatives, a mass fragmentographic method was established. Methylated aminosugars can be successfully determined in amounts as low as about 1 ng by this method.


Fractionation of glycopeptides by affinity column chromatography on concanavalin A-sepharose. Using [3H]-labeled oligosaccharides, we found that the presence of at least two alpha-mannosyl residues with free hydroxyl groups at C-3, 4, and 6 is required for oligosaccharides to be related by a concanavalin A-Sepharose column. This finding is also applicable to N-[14C]acetylated glycopeptides. Thus, the concanavalin A-Sepharose column might become a useful tool for structural studies of glycopeptides and oligosaccharides and for their fractionation. Glycopeptides prepared from the trypsinate of rat fibroblasts, which has been purified by paper electrophoresis, were further separated into two fractions by chromatography on a concanavalin A-Sepharose column.


Lymphocyte-increasing action and hypocalcemic action of parotid gland extract. It has previously been shown in our laboratory that the hypocalcemic substances purified from the thymus have a potent lymphocyte-increasing action in mice. Then, lymphocyte-increasing activity was examined with bovine parotid gland extracts, which showed a hypocalcemic activity as potent as that of the thymus extracts. The lymphocyte-increasing activity was assayed in the littermates of neonatal mice of Swiss-Webster strain; the materials used for this experiment were purified preparations and several fractions obtained from the parotid gland extracts in the course of purification. It was found that the potency of lymphocyte-increasing activity rose approximately in parallel with the rise in hypocalcemic activity with progress in purification. The final product, which was purified from the gland by isoelectric precipitation at pH 5.4, fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and preparative disc electrophoresis, gave a single band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its intravenous injection in rabbits, in a dose of 10 mug/kg, produced a significant lowering in serum calcium (percent decrease 10.24 +/- 1.06%) compared with control animals given an injection of physiological saline. Intraperitoneal injection of this purified product, in a dose of 0.5 mug/mouse, in the littermates of neonatal mice, also produced a significant increase (ratio of lymphocytes to polymorphs 2.47 +/- 0.07) in lymphocytes compared with control animals injected with physiological saline (L/P ratio 1.57 +/- 0.05). These facts suggest that this purified protein fraction inherently contains both activities, but the possibility cannot be ruled out of slight contamination by a substance having a high activity. On the other hand, a fraction having no activity for lowering serum calcium but which had activity for increasing the lymphocytes was obtained. This is the first paper to report the presence of lymphocyte-increasing substances in the bovine parotid gland and the purification of one of the substances from the gland.


Heterogeneity of the minimum functional unit of hemocyanins from the spider (Argiope bruennichii), the scorpion (Heterometrus sp.), and the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus). The heterogeneity of arthropod hemocyanins was studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunochemical techniques. The spider (Argiope bruennichii), the scorpion (Heterometrus sp.), and the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) were found to have 4, 5, and 5 minimum functional units of hemocyanin, respectively, the apparent molecular weights of which were 79,000, 81000, and 80,000, respectively, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.


Inhibition of rat liver rhodanese by di-, tricarboxylic, and alpha-keto acids. Rat liver rhodanese [EC 2.8.1.1] purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, CM-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 chromatography yielded two active fractions (I & II). Their molecular weights were estimated to be 1.75 X 10(4) (I) and 1.26 X 10(4) (II) by the gel filtration method. Kinetic studies revealed that Fraction I rat liver rhodanese catalyzes thiocyanate formation from thiosulfate and cyanide by a double displacement mechanism. Carboxylic acids such as DL-isocitric, citric malic, pyruvic, and oxaloacetic acid were competitive inhibitors with respect to thiosulfate, whereas fumaric, succinic, and alpha-ketoglutaric acids were noncompetitive inhibitors with respect ot thiosulfate. Incubation of mitochondria with sulfate and alpha-ketoglutaric acid caused a significant decrease in rhodanese activity.


Purification, properties, and molecular features of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger. 4. FHD (flavin-hypoxanthine dinucleotide) has coenzymatic activity equal to that of FAD.


Effect of phosphates on the structure of the actin filament. The fine structure of the purified actin filament was investigated by negative staining. The actin filament polymerized in Tris-HCl buffer and KCl showed a collapsed image different from that of a double stranded helix. Addition of ATP, ADP, or inorganic orthophosphate, however, converted it into a straight filament with typical double strands.


Gizzard Troponin.

Gizzard Troponin. Native tropomyosin from the gizzard was separated into troponin and tropomyosin. The mode of action of the troponin-tropomyosin system of gizzard was shown to be distinclty different from that of skeletal muscle.


Exchange reactions catalyzed by methioninase from Pseudomonas putida. Highly purified methioninase from Pseudomonas putida, which catalyzes alpha, gamma-elimination reactions of homocysteine and its S-substituted derivatives as well as alpha, beta-elimination reactions of cysteine and its derivatives, was found to catalyze exchange reactions between the substituent at the gamma-carbon of homocysteine substrates and exogenously added alkanethiols, forming the corresponding S-alkylhomocysteines. It also catalyzed similar beta-exchange reactions between cysteine and alkanethiols. Thus, all the substrates for the methioninase-catalyzed elimination reactions also appear to be available for the exchange reactions.


Isolation and characterization of a sulfated glycoprotein from rabbit uterus. Crude glycoproteins were extracted with 0.15 M NaCl from the pooled endometrial scrapings of rabbit uteri after treatment with estrogen. The crude glycoproteins were fractionated with ammonium sulfate, followed by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, treatment with CM-Sephadex C-25 and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Subsequently, purification of an acidic glycoprotein was carried out by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and then Sepharose 4B. The results of electrophoresis and enzymatic digestion, together with analytical data and the infrared spectrum indicated that the acidic glycoprotein was a sulfated glycoprotein.


Structural differences in fructans elaborated by streptococcus mutans and Strep. salivarius. D-Fructans synthesized from sucrose by cell-free systems of strains of Streptococcus mutans and Strep. salivarius have been shown by methylation and enzymatic studies to have different glycosidic linkages. The cold water-insoluble D-fructans from Strep. mutans strain BHT and JC-1 have inulin-type structures consisting beta-(2 leads to 1)-D-fructofuranosidic linkages, with average repeating units of 8 and 27 sugar residues, respectively, whereas the water-soluble fructan from Strep. salivarius strain HHT has a levan-type branched structure consisting beta-(2 leads to 6)-D-fructofuranosidic linkages with an average repeating unit of 9 sugar residues. The solubility properties of these fructants are discussed on the basis of the structural differences.


Isolation and characterization of a ganglioside containing fucose from boar testis. A ganglioside containing fucose (fucoganglioside) was obtained from boar testis and purified by silicic acid and DEAE-cellulose column chromatographies and preparative thin layer chromatography. The structure of this ganglioside, determined by chemical and enzymatic methods was: (see article). Its fatty acids were mainly long chain saturated ones (20 : 0, 22 : 0, 24 : 0). Its long chain bases consisted of 27% C(16:1) sphingosine and 68% C(18:1) sphingosine.


Biosynthesis of liver catalase in rats treated with allylisopropylacetylcarbamide. I. Immunochemical assay of catalase in liver cell fractions. Rats were injected twice intraperitoneally with 20 mg of allylisopropylacetylcarbamide (Sedormid) per 100 g of body weight at an interval of 12 hr. The level of catalase [EC 1.11.1.6] in various liver cell fractions was determined both enzymatically and immunochemically 12 hr after the second injection. 1. The decrease in catalase protein assayed by the immunochemical method directly confirmed the inhibition of biosynthesis of the enzyme by this porphyrinogenic drug. 2. The occurrence of a considerable amount of catalase protein with no enzymatic activity was demonstrated both in the peroxisomes and in the supernatant fraction. 3. The amount of catalase-synthesizing polysomes in hepatic cell was reduced in Sedormid-treated rats by the extent comparable to the decrease in the concentration of liver catalase.


Biosynthesis of liver catalase in rats treated with allylisopropylacetylcarbamide. II. Double-labeling of catalase with (14C)leucine and delta-(3H)aminolevulinic acid. Double-labeling of liver catalase [EC 1.11.1.6] with [14-c]leucine and delta-[3H]aminolevulinic acid was carried out both in vivo and in vitro using rats treated with allylisopropylacetylcarbamide (Sedormid). These radioactive precursors were incorporated into catalase at a lower rate than in normal rats. In particular, the incorporation of 3H was remarkably inhibited. The results suggest that the administration of Sedormid can inhibit synthesis of the protein moiety of catalase, and possibly interfere with the binding of heme to the catalase protein.


Increasing content of poly A(+) mRNA of serum-stimulated cells in the absence of ribosome synthesis. When 3T6 cells undergo a serum-induced transition from resting to growing state, the number of ribosomes and the amounts of mRNA increase as the cells prepare for DNA synthesis. We have examined the effect of preventing ribosome synthesis during this transition. When resting cells are stimulated to grow in the presence of 5-fluorouridine, mRNA accumulates normally during the first eight hours, though new ribosome formation is completely blocked by the drug. At later times, mRNA continues to accumulate, but at a reduced rate. The ratio of poly A(+) mRNA to rRNA increases from the value characteristic of resting 3T6 (1.8%) to that of growing 3T6 (2.7%) by five hours, and continues to increase to abnormally high values after this time. Although labelling of tRNA is not affected after brief exposure of cells to fluorouridine, the drug prevents the later accumulation of tRNA that ordinarily occurs following serum stimulation of resting cells. This failure of accumulation is not the result of increased lability of fluorinated tRNA, but is probably due to failure of the transcription rate of pre-tRNA to increase. It is possible that this effect might  be due to a regulatory system coupling tRNA content to ribosome content. In cultures stimulated with serum in the presence of fluorouridine the rate of protein synthesis increases with poly A(+) mRNA content during the first eight hours; it then fails to increase further, possibly because ribosomes become rate-limiting.


The control of liver regeneration by parathyroid hormone and calcium. Following partial hepatectomy in rats, there were two bursts of hepatocyte DNA-synthetic and mitotic activity which were produced by two subpopulations having different rates of (nearly synchronous) proliferative development. Only about 50% of the cells in both subpopulations could initiate DNA synthesis and enter mitosis when exposed to the hypocalcemic conditions in the parathyroprivic rat for 24 hours before partial hepatectomy. The proliferatively incompetent hepatocytes in these hypocalcemic rats could be induced to initiate their DNA synthetic and mitotic activity by an intraperitoneal injection of the calcium-mobilizing parathyroid hormone (50 USP units/100 g) as late as 12 hours after partial hepatectomy. Single intraperitoneal injections of calcium (0.25 mg/100 g) could also restore the proliferative competence of these hepatocytes, but only when injected at specific periods following partial hepatectomy. The injection of calcium 12 to 15 hours after partial hepatectomy induced hepatocytes in the first subpopulation to finish their development and enter mitosis, but did not affect the second, more slowly developing, subpopulation. Calcium had to be injected 25 hours after partial hepatectomy to stimulate proliferation in this second subpopulation. These data suggest that the hepatocytes which became proliferatively incompetent by prolonged exposure to a hypocalcemic environment are proliferatively activated by partial hepatectomy, but their proliferative development stops at a calcium-dependent stage near the end of the pre-replicative phase of development.


Relationship between membrane potential and external potassium in human glioblastoma cells in tissue culture. Cells from a human glioblastoma (TC 526) maintained in tissue culture for ten years had a mean membrane potential of 27 +/- 0.9 mV at an external potassium concentration [Ko] of 5.3 mM. When [Ko] was varied between 2.5 and 5.3 mM, membrane potential changes were close to those predicted by the Nernst equation. At higher [Ko], the Nernstian slope was approached only in the presence of 10(-5) M ouabain, which did not affect membrane potential at a [Ko] of 5.3 mM. An electrogenic sodium pump activated by high [Ko] could explain these findings; such a mechanism has been demonstrated in other tissues.


Arrest of 3T3 cells in G1 phase in suspension culture. 3T3 cells do not grow in Methocel suspension culture, while other permanent cell lines do. The viability of 3T3 cells in suspension remains unchanged for at least three days with respect to plating efficiency, vital staining and resumption of normal growth when transferred into monolayer culture. When monolayer 3T3 cells in G1 phase are suspended they remain in G1 phase. Cells already in S phase which are suspended complete ongoing DNA synthesis and mitosis and then are arrested in the G1 phase. Progress through the cell cycle is reinitiated after suspended cells attach to a surface. When monolayer cells in late G1 phase (just before entering S phase) are put in suspension cultures they do not initiate DNA synthesis.


Polynucleotide aggregates enhance the transport of protein at the surface of cultured mammalian cells. It was known that polycationic polymers enhance the entry of macromolecules into cells. We now show that polynucleotides may have similar effects, when used as large aggregates. Poly(1-vinylcytosine):polyinosinic acid, an inducer of interferon production in human cells, can cause at 40 mug/ml a 75-fold enhancement of albumin uptake by sarcoma cells in culture. Most of this activity (85%) is related to the presence of aggregates retained by 0.65 mu millipore membranes. The prior finding that enhancers of albumin transport have increasing effects with increasing molecular sizes may thus extend to complexes of supramolecular sizes.


Growth of cultured cells from patients with Fanconi anemia. Fibroblast cultures derived from skin biopsies of patients with Fanconi anemia had doubling times (mean of five lines: 30.3 +/- 0.2 hours) significantly longer than randomly selected normal controls (mean of nine lines: 22.9 +/- 0.4 hours). Control cultures grew more slowly in the enriched media RPMI 1640 and McCoy's 5A than in MEM; while a culture from a patient with Fanconi anemia grew more slowly only in McCoy's 5A. Differences in growth characteristics between Fanconi anemia and normal cell cultures may be useful in analyzing the metabolic error determined by the Fanconi anemia gene.


The interaction of chloride with the sulfate transport system of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The effect of Cl- on SO4(-2) efflux was studied in both Cl--containing and Cl--free ascites tumor cells loaded with 35SO4(-2) to test the hypothesis that Cl--SO4(-2) exchange is mediated by the same mechanism responsible for SO4(-2)-self exchange. The addition of Cl--free, 35SO4(-2) loaded cells to a SO4(-2)-free, Cl- medium results in: (1) SO4(-2) efflux that is dependent on the extracellular Cl- concentration (Km = 4.85 mM; ke = 0.048 min-1 at 50 mM Cl-) and (2) net Cl--uptake that exceeds SO4(-2) loss. Both SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate) and ANS (1-anilino-8-napthalene sulfonate) inhibit S04(-2) efflux but are without effect on Cl- uptake. The addition of Cl--containing, 35SO4(-2) loaded cells to a SO4(-2)-free, Cl- medium results in: (1) a slight gain in cellular Cl- and (2) ke for SO4(-2) efflux identical to that for Cl--free cells.


Reversible release of chick embryo fibroblast cultures from density dependent inhibition of growth. Initiation of proliferation in density-inhibited chick embryo fibroblast cultures induced by insulin or trypsin was partially reversed by replacing the medium with supernatants from parallel non-stimulated cultures. Growth stimulation by neuraminidase, pokeweed mitogen, bacterial lipopolysaccharides or purified tuberculin was less, or not at all, affected by this procedure. Medium change per se caused some proliferation in non-stimulated cultures. Increased rate of sugar uptake in insulin-stimulated cultures returned to the level of that in non-stimulated cultures within a few hours after medium change. This reversion took place apparently irrespective of the phase of the cell cycle. Replacing the medium with supernatant from non-stimulated cultures induced a rapid decline in subsequent thymidine incorporation during the first S-phase, and completely abolished the second peak of DNA synthesis. The fraction of cells irreversibly committed to mitosis increased when the time after stimulation increased. Less than three hours' incubation with insulin or trypsin was needed to initiate proliferation of a significant fraction of the cell population. It is concluded that reversion of the initiated cycle of a given cell is no more possible after the cell has entered the S-phase.


Myonemal contraction of Spirostomum. III. The thermal dependence of contraction, relaxation and excitation-contraction coupling. A microphotometric technique that displays rapid length changes of Spirostomum has been used to follow the variation with temperature of these kinetic parameters of myonemal contraction: contraction rate, relaxation rate and stimulus duration at threshold. In each case the exponential form of the relationship indicated that the gross rate constant might be equated with the limiting rate constant, k, of a driving chemical reaction, and from standard expressions of chemical kinetics the change in activation free energy appropriate to this reaction has been computed.


A comparison of the in vitro activity of metronidazole, tinidazole, and nimorazole against Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli. The in vitro activities of metronidazole, nimorazole, and tinidazole were compared against 69 strains of obligately anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli. Geometric mean MICs were 0-34, 1-05, and 0-28 mug/ml respectively. Thirty-six strains were also tested by the disk method. Correlation between MIC and diameter of the zones of inhibition was poor.


Comparison of antibiotic discs from different sources. Antibiotic discs from Oxoid, Mast, AB Biodisk, Difco, and Baltimore Biological Laboratories were compared, where discs of similar antibiotic content were available, in diffusion-sensitivity tests against organisms of known sensitivity. Discs from Oxoid and Mast gave zones 1-5 mm larger than discs from other manufacturers with penicillin 2 units, ampicillin 10 mug, cephalothin 30 mug, methicillin 10 mug, carbenicillin 100 mug, erythromycin 15 mug, chloramphenicol 50 mug, and trimethoprim 1-25 mug, while discs containing aminoglycoside antibiotics, lincomycin, fusidic acid, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, penicillin 10 units, and polymyxin B gave similar zone sizes whatever the source. Where tested, different batches of single discs from the same source did not vary significantly in antibiotic content as indicated by variation in zone size; but with some antibiotics Multodisks gave larger zones than single discs from the same source. The implications of these differences are discussed.


An evaluation of two methods of bacteriocine typing of organisms of the genus Proteus. An assessment of two simple methods of typing Proteus isolates using bacteriocines is described. The methods chosen were those of Cradock-Watson and Al-Jumaili. It has been shown that the use of liquid bacteriocine preparations is more satisfactory than methods involving proteocine production in solid media. For example, no non-typable isolates were encountered and a large number of strains were demonstrated. This method is therefore proposed for use in a routine diagnostic laboratory.


Anaerobic and aerobic skin bacteria before and after skin-disinfection with chlorhexidine: an experimental study in volunteers. The amount, composition, and localization of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in the normal skin before and after disinfection were the subject of a volunteer study. The superficial bacterial flora were sampled by velvet pad imprints, and the deep flora were determined from whole skin biopsies. Only one anaerobic species, Propionebacterium acnes, was encountered even though other and more strict anaerobic bacteria could have been grown with the anaerobic technique employed. Staphylococcus albus dominated among the aerobic superficial bacteria, while diphtheroids, Micrococcus spp., and lactobacilli occurred sporadically. The deep aerobic bacteria were present in a significantly greater amount than the anaerobic. A two-step cleansing/disinfection procedure was evaluated in vivo in volunteers as well as in surgical patients, and aqueous cetrimide/chlorhexidine (Savlon) followed by chlorhexidine in alcohol (Hibitane) almost eradicated both the superficial and deep anaerobic and aerobic skin flora.


Septicaemia due to Corynebacterium haemolyticum. The clinical and microbiological features of a case of septicaemia due to Corynebacterium haemolyticum are described. Isolation of the organism from blood cultures taken at the time of admission, immediate response to penicillin, presence of agglutinating antibodies in high titre in the patient's serum, and our failure to find evidence of infection with any other pathogen suggests a causative role.


Platelet counts during normal pregnancy. Eleven reports of platelet counts were found in the literature which reported a progressive increase, no change, or a progressive fall during pregnancy. The counts had been made using venous or capillary blood, with either simple dilution or red cell lysis prior to enumeration in a haemocytometer, with or without phase-contrast microscopy. It was therefore decided to examine whole blood platelet counts taken during normal pregnancy. Results from 405 venous blood samples, using an electronic platelet counter, confirmed the finding of a significant progressive fall in platelet counts during normal pregnancy, the lowest counts falling in some women outside the recognized normal range of values.


Platelet aggregability in relation to impaired consciousness after head injury. ADP-induced platelet aggregation was studied for up to six weeks in 34 patients with head injuries. The patients were divided into three groups according to the degree of impaired consciousness assessed by a clinical coma scale, and change in platelet aggregation was related to the coma score. Platelet aggregation was markedly reduced in all eight patients dying within 24 hours of injury. All 17 patients who remained unconscious for four days or more showed decreased platelet aggregation up to nine days after admission, the most marked effect being on the second day. Platelet function in this group returned to normal within 16 days. Nine patients with only slightly impaired consciousness also showed subnormal platelet aggregation during the first few days with a return to normal by the fourth day. Platelet counts remained within normal limits in all groups. We suggest that during coma following head injury brainstem dysfunction induces neurohumoral changes in the blood which are responsible for a decrease in platelet function.


Serum fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products as a prognostic index in acute myocardial infarction. A study of the prognostic value of serum fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in 137 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction showed a positive correlation between high FDP levels and poor prognosis. Both the frequency of complications and the mortality were related to increased levels of FDP, the highest of which were found between the fourth and eighth days after infarction.


Diagnostic significance and source of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in cerebrospinal fluid of children with a variety of neurological disorders. Two hundred and thirty-four cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from 183 different children were analysed for total lactate dehydrogenase (LD) activity and LD isoenzyme distribution. The LD activities were elevated in the CSF of patients with meningitis, especially with bacterial infections, and with central nervous system (CNS) leukaemia. The CSF LD isoenzyme patterns of both groups generally reflected the number and distribution of lymphocytes and granulocytes in the CSF. Increases in CSF LD levels also occurred in patients with other neurological disorders, such as hydrocephalus, raised intracranial pressure, and epileptic seizures. However, no significant increases in CSF LD activity nor abnormality of the isoenzyme distribution were noted in children who had had a non-specific febrile convulsion.


Lability of human creatine kinase isoenzymes at 37 degrees C: a complication of electrophoretic separation. The activity of the brain specific isoenzyme of creatine kinase is shown to fall off rapidly at 37 degrees C, particularly in the presence of albumin. Dithiothreitol cannot reverse this lability. The implications of this  finding suggest that electrophoretic techniques which use incubation methods to detect the brain specific isoenzyme of creatine kinase may underestimate the true activity.


Trichoepithelioma and pigmented nevus. A combined malformation. The occasional occurrences of combined hamartomas composed of nevus cell nevi and adnexal tumors are not chance happenings. Pigmented nevi are malformations consisting of nevus cells together with various connective tissue and epithelial components. The proliferation of these components results in the combined malformations, whose occurrence, we believe, is more supporting evidence for the idea that pigmented nevi may have other components besides nevus cells.


Cellular activity in the dermis surrounding the hair bulb in alopecia areata. The metabolic activity of the cells in the connective tissue surrounding the hair bulb has been studied by radioautography in alopecia areata and in normal scalp, using in vitro incorporation of tritiated thymidine, uridine, histidine, leucine and proline. In alopecia areata, the hair bulbs are blocked in the anagen IV stage and DNA, RNA and protein synthesis are restrained. Cells in the papilla, as well as the cellular infiltrate, display a very low rate of metabolic activity. During regrowth in alopecia areata, the activity of endothelial cells is increased in the papillary and peribulbar layers before DNA, RNA and protein synthesis are restored in the epithelial cells of the hair bulb. The dermal and epithelial labelling patterns eventually reach levels comparable to those observed in an induced anagen IV state of a normal scalp. It is concluded that the progression from anagen IV to a further stage represents a critical period in the growth of hair that would closely depend upon an adequate metabolic function of the connective tissue. It is impaired in alopecia areata.


Dimensions of behavior problems among Oglala Sioux adolescents. A factor analytic study of the Quay-Peterson (1967) Behavior Problem Checklist among American Indians indicated cross-cultural factor similarity for conduct problems. Personality problems and inadequacy-immaturity did not replicate across cultures. Results are discussed in the context of Sioux culture.


Facial attractiveness and personal-social development. The relationship between physical attractiveness and personal-social development was examined. The entire third, fourth, and fifth grade school population (N=440) was administered a self-concept and peer acceptance measure. School pictures of these children were then rated into attractive and unattractive groups (N = 84). Three separate three-factor (sex X attractiveness X grade) analyses of variance indicated attractive children were more socially accepted than their unattractive peers and had higher self-concepts.


The reward value of peers. A variable influencing the efficacy of filmed modeling in modifying social isolation in preschoolers. Sixteen socially isolate preschoolers were classified as peer- or non-peer-oriented on the basis of their responses to a test devised to measure the reward value of peers. Half of the subjects in each classification were assigned to a modeling treatment and viewed a film depicting appropriate social behavior in the nursery school; half served as controls and saw an animal film. Peer-oriented modeling film subjects increased significantly more in their peer social interactions at posttest and follow-up assessments than did the non-peer-oriented modeling group. In addition, both peer-oriented and non-peer-oriented modeling groups were significantly higher on peer interaction than the control groups. Alternative and supplemental procedures for increasing isolate preschoolers' social interaction are discussed.


The effects of reward and punishment on reaction times and autonomic activity in hyperactive and normal children. The performance of hyperactive and control children was compared on a delayed reaction time task under three reinforcement conditions: reward, punishment, and reward plus punishment. Hyperactives had slower and more variable reaction times, suggesting an attentional deficit. Although each of the three reinforcement conditons was successful in improving reaction times for both subject groups, reward led to a significant increase in impulsive responses in the hyperactive children. Autonomic data revealed that reward also increased arousal to a greater extent than punishment or reward plus punishment. Although resting skin conductance was not different in the two groups of subjects, hyperactives produced fewer specific autonomic responses to signal stimuli.


Conners' Teacher Rating Scale for use in drug studies with children--an empirical study. Their classroom teachers rated 291 schoolchildren, grades kindergarten through 6, on Conners' Teacher Rating Scale, developed for and used widely in drug studies in children. Scores were found to be significantly lower than those reported for a similar group of 92 New York children and considerably less than those of a group of 64 children receiving medication for deviant behavior. Boys generally had higher scores for acting-out-type behavior while girls scored higher on neuroticism. The factor structure in this sample showed some differences from that in Conners' original analysis but they are insufficient for any change in the widely accepted scoring system, except perhaps to add a fifth factor of sociability.


A comparison of objective measures of activity and distractibility in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children. In a 15-minute free-play and a 5-minute test session, 13 measures of activity, distractibility, and parental ratings of activity were obtained on three groups of children, consisting of 16 boys referred to a psychological services center for evaluation of possible hyperactivity, 16 referred to that same center for problems other than hyperactivity, and 20 obtained from the local community. Subjects were boys with average intelligence between the ages of 4 and 12 years. Results indicated that the multiple measures of activity and distractibility had significant but relatively low order correlations among themselves. These relationships varied as a function of the subject group. However, there was no sonsistent relationship between the measures of activity and distractibility. The pattern of relationships obtained suggested that both activity level and distractibility are not homogeneous, unidimensional constructs. Results also indicated that boys referred for hyperactivity displayed greater wrist activity in free play, tended to display greater ankle activity in free play, had significantly correlated wrist and ankle activity, and were rated by their parents as more active than other children. This pattern suggested a global restlessness in children referred for hyperactivity that distinguishes them from other children.


Adolescent verbal behavior. An investigation of noncontent styles as related to race and delinquency status. This investigation assessed the relationship of race and delinquent status with the noncontent verbal behavior of adolescent males. A standardized videotape interview was used to ensure consistent stimulus presentation. Sixteen white and sixteen black delinquents were compared with equal numbers of nondelinquents on the noncontent verbal measures of total time (performance time), units (frequency), and latency. It was predicted that nondelinquents would be more verbal than delinquents and whites would be more verbal than blacks. No racial differences were found. Delinquents, however, were found to talk significantly less than nondelinquents and to have significantly longer verbal latencies. Discussion of these results centered on the verbal demand characteristics of certain settings, such as classrooms and court hearings.


The comparison of antisocial and prosocial children on multicriterion measures at summer camp. Eighty-four prosocial children and 14 children defined as antisocial according to various diagnostic measures utilized by the professional therapeutic community were compared as to incidences of prosocial, nonsocial, and antisocial behaviors exhibited at a summer camp. Additionally, the children and their group counselors completed various inventories posited to measure antisocial behavior. A time-sampling procedure used to secure behavioral measurements on the children each day, when possible, during 60-minute intervals for a 5-week period, revealed no significant differences on prosocial,nonsocial, and antisocial behavior. Self inventories provided data contradictory to the behavioral data. The results of the study are discussed in terms of the difficulties involved in operationalizing the concept of antisocial behavior and the possibility that the antisocial children may have been labeled.


[Breast cytology. Its place in the diagnosis of tumors]. Our work consists in the review of the experience in our hospital over 9 months and 110 cases in which tumours of the breast were seen. In most of them a clinical study, a radiological study, a thermographic study and a cytological and histological study was carried out. This shows that an examination of the ctyology is a very useful addition to the work-up to be carried out before therapy is started. The difficulty in cytology of the breast lies in the obviously serious problems in interpretation of the appearances, and explains why there are 2.7% of false negatives and 0.9% of false positives. All the same we think that we can find out how to lessen the number of these failures in diagnosis by a better knowledge of the traps to be found in breast cytology. Far from being a substitute for pathological anatomy, cytology is an indispensable complement to the study of the pathology of the breast.


To die young, to die old management of terminal illness at age 20 and at age 85: case reports. Death and dying in an 85-year-old woman. In conclusion, preparing for death is a developmental task. Whether faced with acute illness or old age, the inevitability of death comprises part of the mental life of all of us. As with all other developmental tasks, the quality of mastery depends on mastery of earlier developmental tasks and the related adaptive capacities of the ego. Mrs. F. had the good fortune of family support, concrete help in the household, and casework treatment that many of the aged do not have. However, past experiences, coupled with an ability to work out problems and to utilize available external resources, helped her to work through feelings about her own impending death.


[The carotid piezogram in obstetrics].

[The carotid piezogram in obstetrics]. The carotid piezogram is a very simple test. The graph illustrates the elasticity of the arteries and the peripheral resistance. It is the best way of evaluating the vascular state of the pregnant woman when vascul-renal syndromes occur in pregnancy. The authors have studied three elements in the graph and their modifications resulting from the different types of vasculo-renal syndromes. The piezogram is a valuable test for fetal prognosis: the degree of hypotrophy and the risk of fetal death. Furthermore the piezogram sometimes may be the only alarm signal before the other clinical or paraclinical features for prognosis occur. In any case the piezogram give the best information. Furthermore, it can uncover the rise in peripheral resistance which is the cause of certain fetal hypotrophies when nothing else would point to the vascular system being affected. Often an abnormal piezogram is found for the first time in pregnancy and the graph becomes normal in the months after delivery. Pregnancy may be considered as a "test for vascular function" when vascular functional troubles will show up for a short time, not to declare themselves again for perhaps another ten to twenty years. The piezogram therefore is very valuable as a long-term prognostic tool for the mother.


[Determination of prolactin].

[Determination of prolactin]. Prolactin is a pituitary stimulating hormone which is capable of inducing and maintaining lactation. The recent introduction of very sensitive methods of estimating the levels have led to its isolation and identification of its physico-chemical characteristics in the human and also to the physio-pathological study of its secretion. The authors demonstrate a human homologous radio-immune level estimating technique which uses a human anti-prolactin serum obtained from the rabbit human prolactin highly purified with iodine 125 using the lacto-peroxydase method. This radio-immune level estimation constitutes a feasible and satisfactory approach for the base level of prolactin. The spread of results which have been obtained, however, showed that one sole estimation is not sufficient. The authors draw attention to the need to carry out dynamic tests of stimulation or of braking in order to reveal possible abnormalities of prolactin secretion.


Some experiences in consulting to a community of retired soldiers. This paper describes how a general psychiatrist entering a stable community of retired soldiers worked within the community's bounds and utilized its unique resources to augment its mental health services.


[Clear cell vaginal adenocarcinoma in young girls. Apropos of a personal case]. A personal case which has been studied has given the authors the opportunity of analysing the characteristics of clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in a young girl. Adhesions are most often discovered in cases of metrorrhagia or discharge about the time of puberty. Thence as a friable tumour on the anterior wall of the vagina. Usually diethylstilboestrol has been given during intrauterine life. Histologically clear cell carcinomata of the vagina are characterised by a glandular structure in which large cells with large nuclei and clear cytoplasm as well as small cells with "tapestry-maker nail patterns" are found together. Treatment is surgical: total colpohysterectomy with conservation of the ovaries, with lymphadenectomy and with conservation of a vaginal cavity. Prevention consists in screening those who have been exposed to the risk and treating lesions that have been found, but above all in care in using estrogens in pregnant women.


[Role of varicocele in male sterility].

[Role of varicocele in male sterility]. After they had analysed 50 cases of varicocoele the authors decided to put in writing some of their ideas. They conclude that varicocoele is often sub-clinical, localised to the right side, bilateral only in a number of cases. Although neither the sperm count nor the histology of the testes show specific pathological features, treatment of the condition brings worthwhile rewards. About 40% of patients father pregnancies.


The telencephalon of the sea catfish Galeichthys felis. The sea catfish is a relatively abundant teleost fish. Its placement on the phylogenetic scale remains in question, although its brain resembles grossly those of some of the other teleosts which also possess pedunculated olfactory bulbs. The forebrain of Galeichthys felis consists of two hemispheres which lack lateral ventricles. They are joined at the midline by a thin membrane ventromedially and by the hippocampal and anterior commissures. The telencephalic hemispheres are overlaid by a single, ventrolaterally attached membrane which is continuous rostrally with the roofs of the olfactory ventricles. Six basic nuclear regions are evident in the telencephalon of the sea catfish: a dorsomedial, a ventromedial, a ventral, a lateral, a dorsal and a central. Dorsomedially, the primordial hippocampal formation is divided into an anterior continuation, a primordial dentate gyrus, a primordial cornu ammonis and a primordial subiculum. Ventromedially, the precommissural septum consists of the medial septal nucleus (pars dorsalis and pars ventralis), the lateral septal nucleus and the nuclei of the hippocampal and anterior commissure. Ventrally, the medial and the lateral zones and the medial island constitute the tuberculum olfactorium. The primordial general pallium comprises the dorsal area. Laterally, the primordial piriform cortex and the prepiriform region overlie the relatively large primordial amygdaloid complex, which includes an anterior anygdaloid nucleus, a primordial corticomedial amygdaloid nucleus and a primordial basolateral amygdaloid nucleus. The hyperstriatum, the neostriatum, and paleostriatum augmentatum and the paleostriatum primitivum constitute the central region. Basic fiber systems in Galeichthys felis which are homologous to those of higher vertebrates include the medial and the lateral olfactory tracts, the fornix, the medial and the lateral forebrain bundles, the stria medullaris pathways and the stria terminalis. In spite of the lack of lateral telencephalic ventricles in this form, nuclear areas were defined which, on the basis of topography, cellular morphology and fiber pathways, were homologized with the six basic regions found in the forebrain of higher vertebrates. The basic pattern of the fiber pathways present in the sea catfish corresponds to that found in the other submammalian vertebrates.


On the normal histochemistry of trace metals in the brain. Timm's sulphide silver method is generally regarded as a sensitive histochemical method for transition metals, group 2b metals, and heavy metals. It has been used frequently both for investigating the localization of metals normally present in various tissues and, in animal experiments, for tracing the distribution of metals administered in toxic amounts. The present author has standardized the method to ensure a reproducible, strong, sulphide silver staining in the central nervous system of the rat, and made the following light microscopic findings, briefly summarized: 1) White matter is only very lightly stainable, some of this stain clearly being confined to glial perikarya and processes. 2) The staining of glia (in white and grey matter) is differentiated both according to region and type of cell. 3) The latter is also true for neuronal somata. 4) Within the neuropil there are sharp borders as well as diffuse gradients with respect ot staining density. Most of the stain is confined to granules about the size of synaptic boutons. The staining of neuropil in the cerebral cortex has received special emphasis: It is stronger than in most other regions and its exquisite laminar distribution faithfully reproduces known synaptic fields, suggesting a close association with certain fibre systems or types of synapses. This conclusion is supported by the previous electron microscopic finding of precipitate within the large hippocampal mossy fibre boutons, and by preliminary electron microscopic and experimental data for other laminae and fields within the hippocampus. The histochemical validity of the sulphide silver method has been extensively discussed elsewhere. It seems appropriate to conclude that the staining pattern described light microscopically gives a valid picture of the distribution of one or more, but not all, important transition metal fractions within the brain. The use of intravital chelation for manipulating the stainable metals are discussed. Several basal questions to be answered on the path towards an understanding of their functions are suggested. Thus a solid factual basis should be provided upon which to start a rational search for disturbances of their functions.


The spino - cerebellar tracts in rabbit. In young mature rabbits the spinal cord was damaged within lateral funicles and adjacent parts of the dorsal and ventral funicles. After 5-8 days of survival, control examinations were performed to find the extension of the lesion of the spinal cord, as well as studies of the cerebellum by Nauta method to investigate the site of the changed nervous fibres. After injuring the spinal cord on the level of neuromer C3 the degeneration of nervous fibres was found on both side within the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum. In the anterior lobe the degeneration referred to lobules I up to the anterior part of lobule V; in the posterior lobe it referred to lobule VIIIa, and VIIIb of the vermal zone, as well as to the adjacent parts of the hemispheres. When the spinal cord was damaged on the level of neuromer Th7 the degeneration of nervous fibres was seen in the same regions of the cerebellum, but mainly on the side of the lesion. When the spinal cord was damaged on the level of neuromer L2 the fibres changed by degeneration were met within the same regions of the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum, but mostly on the side opposite the lesion. The changes were smaller in this region than in the two kinds of lesions discussed before. The results allow to assume that the ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts end in the same regions of the cortex of the vermal zone and the intermediate zone of the anterior and posterior cerebellar lobe. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract seems to end on the same side, while the ventral spino-cerebellar tract ends almost exclusively on the opposite side of the symmetry plane.


[Morphological and histological study of neocortex of bovides (Antilopinae, Cephalophinae) and Tragulidae with comments on evolutionary development]. 1. Macroscopical and histological studies on the neocortex of the cerebrum of small Artiodactyla (Tragulidae, Cephalophinae, Antilopinae) lead to some informations on the level of evolution of these animals. 2. A big part of the macroscopical investigations (pattern of sulci, relations between bodyweight and brainweight on the one hand and surface of neocortex on the other hand) already had been realized by HAARMANN and OBOUSSIER (1972). Therefore in this paper only the results for the Tragulidae and Cephalophus sylvicultor are added. The first are relatively primitive, while the latter obviously is a higher developed animal. C. sylvicultor fits into the general scheme of the brain of the Cephalophinae. 3. The investigations are complemented by microscopical investigations (histology of the neocortex: number of nerve cells per volume unit, gray cell and cortex coefficient, thickness of the neocortex). The knowledge of the evolution level obtained by macroscopical methods is confirmed. The Tragulidae are clearly separated from the other Artiodactyla as primitive animals, whereas the Cephalophinae measured with the cortex coefficient are the most developed, most "intelligent" Bovidae so far analyzed in this paper. The Antilopinae reach only lower coefficients. This subfamily may be separated into three groups (Antilopini, Neotragini, Oreotragus). The differences between the Antilopinae and the Cephalophinae are not so striking as between these Bovidae and the Tragulidae.


Golgi studies on the amygdaloid nuclei of the cat. The amygdaloid complex was studied in the cat in Golgi-Kopsch stained section series. Golgi type I (or long axon) neurons are present in all the amygdaloid nuclei. They vary in the different nuclei in shape, arrangement and in size but all have axons that leave the amygdala to establish connections with other regions. They usually have one or more initial locally arborizing collaterals. Two types of interneurons with short axons (Golgi type II) can be distinguished especially in the basal, lateral, cortical nuclei and in the amygdaloid area. One type has an axon arborizing by repeated dichotomical ramifications or in a fountain-like manner, but it does not extend beyond the span of the dendritic tree. The other type has more the character of the neurogliform cells with extremely delicate, beaded processes, the axon and dendrites cannot be easily distinguished. A third type of interneurons was observed in the lateral and basal nuclei. This type of interneurons has a longer axon, which divides into two branches, one arborizes in the neighborhood of the cell body, the other passes on for a further distance to terminate in other nuclei of the complex. The classification of this cell type, hence, is a matter of argument. The intraamygdaloid course of fibers associated with the stria terminalis was studied. The terminal arborizations of the afferent component were observed in the cortical and basolateral nuclei, the afferent component of the stria originates from cells in the central, cortical and medial nuclei. A reciprocal connection between the preamygdaloid part of the piriform cortical areas and the ventrolateral part of the amygdala could be ascertained. Terminal arborizations of some of these cortical afferents were observed in the basolateral nuclei.


[Postnatal development of Rattus norvegicus B. cortical neurons and the influence of trauma]. The differentiation of the pyramid neurons during ontogenesis and the effects of a trauma on the process of neuron differentiation and synaptogenesis were investigated in the rat cerebral cortex after Golgi-impregnation. 1. There are temporal differences in the differentiation of the processes of cortical neurons. Axons differentiate earlier than dendrites, apical dendrites earlier than basal ones. 2. Varicosities in the processes of cortical neurons during the early postnatal period are regarded as a feature of growth processes. 3. The appearance of the dendritic spines is an important process in the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of cortical neurons. 4. The different cortical layers show a different degree of differentiation during development. The deeper layers precede the upper layers in the process of differentiation. 5. Ingrowing afferents have an essential influence on the differentiation - especially on the differentiation of the dendritic postsynaptic structures. 6. The cortex of 6 month old rats shows no principle differences in comparison with 24 days old animals. It is concluded that the visible differentiation processes of cortical neurons are nearly finished 24 days post partum. 7. As an effect of the trauma a considerable loss of dendritic spines of layer III and V pyramid cells is found in addition to general degeneration features. 8. The following factors are thought to be responsible for the loss of spines: (i) transneuronal processes with spine degeneration and subsequent phagocytosis of the synaptosome. (ii) destruction of differentiation furthering afferents results in differentiation defects of the neuron with the failure of further postsynaptic differentiation (spines).


A morphological study of the lateral olfactory areas of the telencephalon in the mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. This study concerns the morphological description of the nuclear groups and fiber tracts in the olfactory areas in the lateral wall of the hemisphere of the gerbil. The sense of olfaction is assumed to play an important role in the gerbil's behavior (see Vol. 15, Sect. 4). The hippocampal formation, amygdala and corpus striatum are well-developed and differentiated structures in the gerbil. These areas receive either direct or indirect olfactory connections through such pathways as the medial and lateral olfactory tracts. Other fiber tracts such as the anterior commissure, fornix, stria terminalis and the lateral forebrain bundle, carrying somatic and/or visceral fibers, as well, distribute olfactory impulses to numerous areas of the gerbil's brain. The lateral forebrain bundle (perhaps the major correlative fiber tract for olfactory, visceral and somatic impulses) begins in the striatum and terminates in the ventral thalamus and midbrain tegmentum. From there fibers are sent to the spinal cord, thereby effecting voluntary motor responses.


[Capillary vessels connecting cells in rat brain]. A method for their demonstration and the morphological characteristics of a type of small cells found in adult rat brains are presented. In lightoptical levels these cells have a simple shape. With their usually unbranched processes these cells are bridging generally two, seldom three or more blood capillaries.


The isocortex of the ox (Bos taurus). I. The sulci and gyri. A simplified scheme of the functionally important gyri and the sulci delimiting these areas, in the ox, is presented. The criteria used are the cyto- and myelo-architecture of the different areas and their correlation with the available physiological information of the nearest ungulates. The preparation of the brain map and experimental studies to determine the thalamocortical connections and later electrophysiological studies are thus possible. The following conclusions have been drawn: 1. The coronoansate sulci are the equivalents of the central sulcus of man. 2. The cruciate sulcus delimits the motor cortex caudally. 3. The equivalent of the calcarine sulcus of man, is the caudal part of the intralimbic sulcus, the axial sulcus of the striate area. 4. The suprasylvian sulcus forms the equivalent of the parietooccipital fissure of man. 5. The equivalent gyri of the isocortical areas of man are defined and the mechanical processes involved in the deformation pattern of the sagittaly oriented gyri of the subprimate mammals resulting in the coronal gyral pattern of man, are described.


The isocortex of the ox (Bos taurus). II. The cortical types, serial sections and brain map. 1. The cerebral hemispheres of the bovine brain have been studied by making serial sections in the different planes and employing Nissl, myelin and silver (protargol) methods. 2. Ten different cortical (architectural) types have been determined. 3. The somatomotor (Ms I, Ms II), somatosensory (Sm I, Sm II), auditory and visual areas of the cerebral cortex have been delimited. 4. A brain map with a symbolic scheme, has been prepared, based on the cyto- and myeloarchitectural findings and comparative experimental work on the nearest ungulates, other subprimates and primates including man. 5. The importance of the general eulaminate cortex, and its abundance in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes of man, which distinguish the human from the other brains are indicated. 6. It is concluded that the preparation of a brain map for this species, is the first step towards future experimental, neurophysiological and related fields of work.