Corpus allatum activity in vitro during ovarian maturation in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. 1. Radiochemical in vitro assays show that there are large and rapid changes in the spontaneous rate of juvenile hormone synthesis and release during the course of sexual maturation in the locust. 2. Parallel observations on glands incubated with farnesenic acid show that the rate-limiting step is always prior to the stage of esterification of farnesenic acid to the final intermediate, methyl farnesoate. 3. Corresponding changes in oocyte morphometrics do not reveal any clear correlation between endocrine activity of the corpus allatum and either the induction or maintenance of rapid vitellogenesis. 4. Peaks of synthetic activity in the corpus allatum correspond well with the onset of previtellogenic growth in the oocytes. 5. The data do not provide any evidence that 'corpus allatum insufficiency' is responsible for resorption of growing oocytes. 6. It is concluded that short-term in vitro radio-assays provide a valid method for estimating quantitatively the physiological activity of the corpus allatum.


Effects of viscosity and ATP concentration on the movement of reactivated sea-urchin sperm flagella. Spermatozoa from the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus, can be demembranated with solutions containing Triton X-100 and 5mM-CaCl2 and reactivated in ATP solutions containing low concentrations (10(-9)M) Of free Ca2+ ion to give symmetrical bending wave movements, even at very low ATP concentrations. At ATP concentrations of 0.01-0.02 mM the reactivated spermatozoa have beat frequencies near 1 Hz, nearly normal bend angles, and wave-lengths about 50% longer than normal. 2. The effects of increased viscosity, obtained by addition of methyl cellulose to the reactivation solutions, on bend angle and beat frequency decrease with decreasing ATP concentration, and become almost undetectable at 0.01 mM ATP. On the other hand, the effect of increased viscosity on wavelength shows relatively little change with ATP concentration, although it is noticeably reduced at 0.01 mM ATP. 3. These observations suggest that the beat frequency at low ATP concentrations is determined by an intrinsic rate-limiting process, in contrast to the viscocity-limited behaviour at high beat frequencies. Quantitative agreement with the experimental results is obtained with a model in which ATP concentration and viscosity each determine the rates of one step in a two-step reaction cycle which determines the beat frequency. 4. Two other models which can qualitatively explain the effects of ATP concentration and viscosity on flagellar beat frequency fail to show quantitative agreement with the experimental results. In one of these models, ATP concentration determines the maximum rate of shear between filaments. In the other, ATP concentration determines a time delay which is required to bring the active moment into phase with the elastic moments which would be expected to dominate the bending resistance at low beat frequencies.


Sodium activity of insect blood: physiological significance and relevance to the design of physiological saline. The apparent activity coefficients for sodium (gamma'Na) in the blood of six insect species have been calculated from measurements made with sodium-selective electrodes and a flame photometer. In every case gamma Na was significantly lower than that for this cation in free solution (gammaNa). In Periplaneta americana gammaNa varied considerably, during a period of 90 days, so that a relatively constant sodium activity (aNa) was maintained in the blood in the face of large variations in the total sodium content measured by flame photometry. Despite the relative constancy of aNa (of around 0.088M) appreciable fluctuations were observed in the sodium and potassium content of nervous connective over a period of 140 days. The values of aNa and aK were used to devise a satisfactory cockroach saline for use in experiments with isolated nerve cords.


Potassium-induced motion increase in a central nervous ganglion. 1. By means of light-beating spectroscopy, a four-fold increase in the modulation of laser light scattered at right angles by a locust (Schistocerca gregaria, Forskål) ganglion is detected when potassium ions replace sodium ions in the Ringer solution. 2. This is interpreted as an increased level of motion of the scattering particles (size 0.3-3.0 mum, if viscosity is taken to be 0.01 poises). 3. The amplitude of the potassium-response is similar at all frequencies in the range 6.3-150 Hz and is reversible on return to normal (Na+) Ringer. 4. Desheathing the ganglion reduces the half-time of the potassium-response by 3-4 times. 5. By means of photon-correlation spectroscopy it was estimated that less than 10% of the tissue contributes to the motion detected. 6. Cyanide (1-2 mM) typically enhances the potassium-response and renders it irreversible, suggesting that the response is thermally rather than metabolically-driven. In addition, the dependence of both the correlation function and the power spectrum on the scattering angle is in the direction predicted for a diffusive process. 7. Cobaltous ions (2-10 mM), which block calcium entry into nerve cells, depress the potassium-response. 8. It is proposed that potassium-depolarization and the resultant calcium entry into the cells causes a partial liquefaction of the cytoplasms which is detected as an increase in the level of Brownian motion. This mechanism could be used in vesicular release or in growth.


Habituation and inhibition of the crayfish lateral giant fibre escape response. 1. Decrement of the lateral giant fibre escape response was studied in intact, restrained, crayfish and in those with the ventral nerve cord transected at the thoracic-abdominal level. 2. Taps (delivered at rates of 1 per 5 min to the abdomen) depressed responsiveness to about 50% of its inital value in 10 trials, for both intact and operated animals. 3. With additional stimulation, responsiveness dropped to near zero for both groups. Recovery was negligible 2 h later, but nearly complete after an additional 24 h rest. 4. Protection against response decrement in this situation was obtained by directly activating the cord giant fibres 30 msec prior to the tactile stimulus. The directly-elicited giant fibre spikes which follow the tactile stimulus do not influence the course of response decrement. 5. The results establish the decrement as centrally mediated habituation, and minimize the role of receptor alterations or descending neuronal influences in the behavioural change. 6. A comparison is made between the properties of hibituation and the homosynaptic depression of afferent to interneurone synapses that is presumed to be the physiological mechanism of habituation in this situation.


Problems associated with the use of tetraethylammonium to test for monosynaptic connexions. Several investigators of the molluscan nervous system have used TEA, injected into presynptic neurones, to determine whether the connexions made by these neurones are monosynaptic. The increase in spike duration produced by the TEA causes an increase in transmitter release, and hence an increase in the amplitude of the postsynaptic potential if the connexion is direct. If the connexion is indirect, the spike in an intercalated neurone will not be affected by the TEA, and the postsynaptic response will remain constant. Experiments described here show that TEA can cross electrotonic junctions in the gastropod mollusc Planorbis corneus. They also show that each TEA-prolonged presynaptic impulse may produce more than one postsynaptic impulse. A larger postsynaptic potential could therefore be produced by presynaptic injection of TEA in the case of an indirect connexion. This indicates that care must be taken when interpreting the results of experiments using TEA to test for monosynaptic connexions.


Pitfalls in emergency care.

Pitfalls in emergency care. The provision of effective emergency care for patients with life-threatening problems requires a disciplined and systematic approach to comprehensive evaluation and management. It is unfortunately not unusual for serious problems to go unrecognized, for diagnosis to be delayed or for inappropriate treatment to be instituted because one or another basic principle of care is overlooked. This paper presents illustrative cases which stress the importance of 13 common principles for good emergency care: careful history, adequate airway, complete physical examination, evacuation of the stomach, adequate laboratory studies, appropriate follow-up of laboratory results, adequate x-ray examinations, complete patient instructions, avoidance of premature conclusions, adequate preparation for transportation, appropriate timing of discharge, careful establishment of priorities, and adequate records.


Evaluation of suicide risk in adolescents. Self-destructive behavior in the adolescent is a continuum that ranges from drug intoxications to gestures of low lethality to suicide attempts with high lethality of intent. Such behavior should be treated as a signal of long-term stress and strife. A "Psychological biopsy" is outlined for evaluation of the severity and type of perturbation. This focuses on 9 areas of inquiry: the circumstantial lethality of the event; prior self-destructive behavior; depression; hostility; stress; reaction of the parent or parent surrogate; loss of communication; lack of resources; and extremes of parental expectations and control. Adolescents under severe familial and socioeconomic stress, and with a history of acting-out behavior, often respond well to transfer to a more favorable home situation. In cases where there is no apparent familial perturbation, the physician should be alert to the possibility of severe psychiatric disorder. In either case, initial definition of the problem opens the way to a plan for management and support.


Family conference in the case of the cancer patient. The patient with cancer faces a crisis involving many basic questions and major life adjustments. The natural history of the illness may involve progressive loss in the patient's functional capacity, and the patient needs medical, psychologic, and social support. The family of the patient with cancer can provide much help if their potential resources are fully utilized. Conferences involving the patient, family members, and health care professionals allow for open communication, problem-solving, and support for the patient and family through this difficult time. A case is reported illustrating the value of periodic family conferences in the care of a patient with metastatic disease.


Practice objectives and goals; a survey of family practice residents. This study shows that the majority of family practice residents initially become aware of individual community needs for family physicians in either medical school or early in residency training, but the final decision in regard to the selection of a specific community for private practice is not generally made until late in the third year of residency training. When the final decision as to practice location is established, the family practice resident and his family have regarded at least six different factors as significant. Most family practice residents will enter private practice as members of a group practice, rather than as solo practitioners. There is a direct relationship between the population of the family practice resident's home community and the size of the communities being considered for private practice. The most influential recruiting technique is personal contact by the physicians and citizens of the community, whereas the least effective method of recruiting is through printed material distributed through mail service.


Evaluating family practice residents with a problem category index. Using a standard ambulatory coding system as a base, an index of 42 problem clusters encountered in family practice was developed by two Pennsylvania family practice residency programs. Comparisons of frequencies with which these index problems were encountered by physicians in the Family Practice Centers were used to identify the practice patterns of family practice residents and faculty. Analyses of these displays, while largely subjective, produced some interesting general and specific results. The initial study indicates that many problems known to be common in family practice are not identified as such by the physician. When this type of information can be simplified, it is welcomed and found useful by residents and faculty in family practice training programs. A simplified index can be developed and used by any physician without any special equipment.


Continuity of care in family practice. Part 1: dimensions of continuity. This is the first in a series of four articles exploring the issue of continuity of care in family practice. There are four dimensions of continuity of care in family practice: chronological, geographical, interdisciplinary, and interpersonal. Each of these dimensions can be measured by specific actions and can, therefore, be evaluated and learned. Subsequent articles will deal with implications of continuity of care in family practice, its measurement and evaluation, and problems with its integration into family practice residency training.


Continuity of care in family practice. Part 2: implications of continuity. Continuity of care in family practice cannot be adequately described merely in terms of duration. It is not delineated by the nature of a patient's illness, but involves the family physician's ongoing commitment to the patient and his family as persons. An implicit contract exists between the family physician and the patient. This kind of continuity of care provides several important elements related to patient care, such as the feasibility of long-term observations allowing effective diagnosis with less need for extensive one-time workups, the potential for psychotherapy and counseling through a continuing personal relationship, and the opportunity to perceive illness in the context of the whole person and his environment. Continuity of responsibility by the family physician is achievable despite mobility of some patients and is more a matter of the physician's attitude and style of practice than duration of the doctor-patient relationship.


The enuretic child.

The enuretic child. The evaluation and management of enuresis has long been a common and challenging problem in everyday practice. Enuresis is a symptom believed to result from a variety of etiological factors, including genitourinary disease, neurological disturbances, delayed development, allergic reactions, deep sleep, and psychological factors. Although enuresis is frequently a self-limiting condition, every child presenting with this problem deserves a careful work-up and consideration of therapy based on the probable underlying cause. There are five major approaches to therapy of enuresis: psychological, psycho-physiological, medication (particularly imipramine HC1), conditioning therapy, and dietary restrictions. Effective therapy will often involve more than one approach and should be tailored on an individual basis to meet each child's particular needs.


Evaluation and management of corneal foreign bodies. Insults from corneal foreigh bodies range from trivial windblown debris through destructive chemicals, penetrating wounds, and severe secondary infection. History and preliminary examination should begin concurrently, particularly in the case of chemically active compounds. Needed auxiliaries are topical anesthetics, oblique light, magnification, sterile sodium fluorescein for diagnostic staining of surface breaks, removal instruments, and topical antibiotics to reduce the potential of secondary infection. A steadied, seated position for the physician, resting posture with hands supported on the face, and an oblique approach tend to reduce the likelihood of unwanted perforations or scars. An irrigating stream of sterile saline delivered through a 25 gauge short needle on a 5 cc syringe will dislodge most recent foreign bodies. The sterile needle is also available as a spud. Corneal thickness varies from slightly above 1 mm in the periphery to less than 0.5 mm centrally. Therefore, it is essential to have clear visualization of the foreign body in relation to corneal depth. Dislodgment into the anterior chamber or incidental perforation of the cornea generally require hospitalization, intensive antibiotics, and steroid therapy.


Protein reagent modification of cholera toxin: characterization of effects on antigenic, receptor-binding and toxic properties. The effects of protein modification procedures on the biologically most important properties of cholera toxin, i.e. the toxic activity, the GM1 receptor-binding capacity and the antigenic (antibody-fixing) properties, have been studied quantitatively using microgram amounts or less of toxin protein. Most of the 24 group-specific reagents used had either no inhibitory effect on the toxic or the combination of GM1-binding and antibody-fixing properties of cholera toxin, or they had a concomitant inhibitory effect on these activities. Separate testing of GM1- and antibody-binding revealed a close, but not absolute, structural association between these properties, Amino group reactive substances were particularly effective in decreasing the GM1-binding activity, while leucine aminopeptidase had no effect. This suggests that lysine residues may be involved in binding toxin to the acidic GM1 receptor. Sodium dodecylsulphate and mercaptoethanol, which caused dissociation of the subunits of cholera toxin as indicated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, abolished toxicity without inhibiting the concomitant GM1- and antibody-binding properties of the toxin. Similar differential effects were also obtained with three reagents which did not seem to change the aggregation state of the toxin. These substances all had specificity for arginine, suggesting that arginyl residues of the toxin molecule may be involved in a 'toxic site' distinct from the receptor-binding site(s). A selective effect on the toxic site was also found by treating the toxin with carboxypeptidase or trypsin in the presence of urea; in the absence of urea no enzymic effect on any toxin property was noted.


Control of isocitrate lyase in Nocardia salmonicolor (NCIB9701). Nocardia salmonicolor, grown on acetate, commercial D,L-lactate or hydrocarbon substrates, has high isocitrate lyase activities compared with those resulting from growth on other carbon sources. This presumably reflects the anaplerotic role of the glyoxylate cycle during growth on the former substrates. Amongst a variety of compounds tested, including glucose, pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, only succinate and fumarate prevented an increase in enzyme activity in the presence of acetate. When acetate (equimolar to the initial sugar concentration) was added to cultures growing on glucose, there followed de novo synthesis of isocitrated lyase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, with increases in growth rate and glucose utilization, and both acetate and glucose were metabolized simultaneously. A minute amount of acetate (40 muM) caused isocitrate lyase synthesis (a three-fold increase in activity within 3 min of addition) when added to glucose-limited continuous cultures, but even large amounts added to nitrogen-limited batch cultures were ineffective. Malonate, at a concentration that was not totally growth-inhibitory (1mM) prevented the inhibition of acetate-stimulated isocitrate lyase synthesis by succinate, but fumarate still inhibited in the presence of malonate. Phosphoenolpyruvate is a non-competitive inhibitor of the enzyme (apparent Ki 1-7 mM). The results are consistent with the induction of isocitrate or a closely related metabolite, and catabolite repression by a C-4 acid of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, possibly fumarate.


Regulation of growth of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NCIB8250 on L-mandelate in batch culture. Batch culture of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in L-mandelate- or phenylglyoxylate-salts medium showed an unusual non-exponential pattern unless the inoculum had been grown on benzyl alcohol. There were transient accumulations of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol caused by the limitation of L-mandelate oxidation by low activities of benzaldehyde dehydrogenase and the diversion of reducing power to the formation of benzyl alcohol. In vivo enzymic activities were estimated from patterns of substrate utilization in batch cultures containing pairs of substrates. When bacteria previously grown in L-mandelate-salts medium were inoculated into media containing L-mandelate and a second carbon source, metabolism of L-mandelate was arithmetical in the presence of benzoate, catechol or succinate, but accelerated on exhaustion of the second substrate. This indicated  repression of the enzymes involved in L-mandelate oxidation. Inoculation of bacteria grown in benzoate-salts medium into medium containing L-mandelate and benzoate gave diauxie with initial utilization of benzoate. Similar experiments showed that benzoate oxidation was not repressed by catechol and only partially repressed by succinate. Measurement of L-mandelate dehydrogenase, phenylglyoxylate carboxy-lyase and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase I in bacterial extracts showed no evidence for feedback inhibition by intermediates of the pathway. The rates of L-mandelate and benzoate utilization by bacterial suspensions were inhibited by succinate and catechol but not by other intermediates of the pathway.


Stability of protein and ribonucleic acid in Bacillus stearothermophilus. The turnover of protein in a prototrophic strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus during exponential growth in a salts medium with glucose or succinate as carbon source was about 4 %/h and in a richer nutrient broth medium about 23 %/h. Protein degradation under non-growing conditions conformed to a similar pattern. The turnover of RNA (non-messenger) was about 1 %/h in salts medium and about 9 %/h in nutrient broth. The turnover of protein and RNA in the thermophile is thus moderate rather than massive. This conclusion was confirmed by measurement of the decay of a specific enzyme, isocitrate lyase, in the prototroph and of the overall protein turnover in a non-prototrophic strain of B. stearothermophilus. The half-lives of a number of enzyme systems in intact cells of the prototrophic thermophile at its optimum growth temperature showed some variation but indicated a significant rate of inactivation. Such decay of protein in vivo apparently accounts for the moderate protein turnover observed during growth.


An image analysis study of adenovirus type 5-induced crystalline inclusions. A combined electron microscopic and optical diffractometric study of Ad5-induced non-virion protein crystals found in the nuclei of infected KB cells at late times (48 to 72 h p.i.) after infection has been carried out. Data obtained have indicated that the unit cell of the crystal is rectangular and not hexagonal as previously presumed.


[Hereditary recurrent epistaxis].

[Hereditary recurrent epistaxis]. The author has carried out a clinical and genetic investigation of a large family who lives in the south of the Algerian Sahara and comprises 213 individuals belonging to 8 generations. Among the examined members of this family, 105 (49.2%) showed repeated nose bleeding. However, no anomalies of the blood or the coagulation could be found in these patients. From the physical point of view they were all normally developed and vigorous. The distribution of the patients according to age showed no pedilection for any age group (affected individuals between 7 months and 85 years). The condition affected both sexes with a slight predominance in favour of females (53.4% of women against 46.6% of men). The inheritance is autosomal dominant wigh sometimes skipping of one or several generations. In one sibship all 13 members were affected owing to the fact that the father was an affected homozygote, offspring of a marriage between two affected cousins. The author proposes for this new noslological and genetic entity the term hereditary recurrent epistaxis. This capillaropathy has to be distinguished in particular from hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia of Rendu-Osler.


[Surgical correction of facial asymmetry]. It is not possible to group the facial asymmetries in one single nosological entity. However, whatever the origin of these malformations, their surgical treatment is governed by the same principles. In this article, the author attempts to define certain aetiologies:genetic, congenital and developmental, of the minor assymmetries of the face. He then reviews the different techniques in current use, in plastic and reconstructive surgery:autogenic or homogenic tissue grafts (bone, cartilage, derm, fascia, etc.), implants of plastic material, osteotomies. He stresses the use of simple techniques which cause little mutilation, as well as the simultaneous correction of the profile which greatly enhances the aesthetic appearance and the psychological well-being of these patients.


XO/XY mosaicism in a 2 year phenotypic male. A 2-year-old male with bilateral undescended gonads, hypoplastic external auditory canals, large umbilical hernia and XO/XY chromosome mosaicism is described in this communication. Salient features of other similar cases, i.e. XO/XY mosaicism in phenotypic males, from the literature are summarized, showing the wide diversity of manifestations of this syndrome.


The distinction between self and not-self in children and adolescents. The direction and extent of age-related differences in self-definition were studied in 120 students from age 6 to 16 years who were asked to identify 42 items as self or not-self. Total number of self-responses increased with age, and girls responded to slightly more items as self than boys. Body parts, identifying personal characteristics, and psychological processes were identified as self more frequently at all ages than significant others, self-related objects, and possessions. The direction of age-related change was toward greater self-extension and appeared to involve a reconceptualization of self and not-self relations.


Perceptual incongruity and social interaction as determinants of infants' reaction to novel persons. To investigate the contrary position of perceptual incongruity and social interaction theories regarding birth order and reactions to novel persons within the first year of life, novel persons were presented to 96 first and later borns 8 and 12 months of age. Because firstborns, exposed to more positive social interaction within the family within the first year of life, were more positive towards strangers than were the later borns, the authors concluded that by the end of the first year of life the nature of the infant's social interaction within the family, rather than the number of perceptual encounters, is the major determinant of infants' reaction to novel persons in their enviornment.


Manifest anxiety and self-concept: further investigation. Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS), Actual-Self, Ideal-Self, and Self-Ideal Discrepancy results from 134 first-year female nursing students were studied by the multivariate methods of factor analysis and multiple regression. Ideal-Self was less variant than Actual-Self, and correlated significantly with it. Factorial compositions of the three self-conceptual indices uncovered three overlapping factors: a tension-steadiness-worry factor, a well-being factor, and superficial social assets factor. The correlation of MAS with the discrepancy scores was overwhelmingly due to its relationship to Actual-Self, since it was only scarcely related to Ideal-Self, MAS was mainly associated with traits loading on the tension factor and secondarily with the well-being factor. Traits touching upon intellectual efficiency, physical attractiveness, and methodicalness were unrelated to MAS.


A child's emotions and adult authoritarianism as determinants of punishment. The present research attempted to assess the effects of a child's emothins on the severity of punishment suggested by adult subjects who hold authoritarian or nonauthoritarian attitudes about child rearing. The administration of a punishment scale, the dependent measure, to several population suggested that this scale is a reliable measurement instrument. Also, it was found that authoritarians suggested more severe punsihment, but that a child's emotions may have little effect on the level of suggested punishment.


Learning and behavioral correlates in learning-disabled pupils prone to heterozygous thalassemia and sicklemia. The pilot study was designed to vindicate planning for large-scale detection and management of two parallel genetic blood disorders occurring in large numbers of Mediterranean- and black Americans; the heterozygous minor traits of thalassemia (Cooley's anemia) and sicklemia (sickle-cell anemia). Referred pupils (N=191) matched on schools, age, and learning difficulties associated with learning disabilities were compared as to presumed ethnic origin (n Mediterranean = 80; n black = 64; n "others" = 47) and incidence of trait-related learning and behavioral characteristics. Group mean differences on the study's criteria were found to be significant. Both minor-trait prone groups equally indicated the associative effects, while the control group without tradt-predisposition showed a nonsignificant relationship, thus supporting the hypotheses and the need for large-scale research.


Effect of the norepinephrine receptor stimulating agent "clonidine" on the turnover of 5-hydroxytryptamine in some areas of the rat brain. The effect of clonidine (0.05 mg/kg i.p.) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover has been studied in the whole brain and in various cerebral areas of the rat (brain stem, hypothalamus, striatum and "rest" of the brain). In the whole brain, clonidine produced a significant decrease (-23%) in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid level and a slight increase (+7%) in 5-HT level. These variations were not observed in all the cerebral structures. The 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels were reduced in the hypothalamus and in the rest of the brain; they were not significantly altered in the brain stem and increased in the striatum. The effect of clonidine on the 5-HT synthesis has been studied by evaluation of the rises in 5-HT levels induced by pargyline: these rises were found significantly increased in the brain stem and the hypothalamus and not significantly altered in the other cerebral structures. These findings give support to the hypothesis according to which the norepinephrine receptor stimulation inhibits the activtity in the 5-HT neurons: clonidine reduces primarily the relase of 5-HT without an immediate effect on its synthesis. The differences observed among the various cerebral areas might be explained by the fact that relations between nor-epinephrine and 5-HT neurons do not exist identically in all cerebral structures.


Acetylcholine induced responses of plasma LH and prolactin in normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. The effects of intraventricular injection of acetylcholine at doses of 50 mug were studied in male rats. Under ether anesthesia, acetylcholine did not modify plasma prolactin and LH levels. Contrarily, in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital, acetylcholine at the same doses induced significant decreases of prolactin from 10 to 60 min postinjection. LH levels were not modified by treatment. Prolactin responses to acetylcholine were absent during the first 30 min postinjection in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Only a delayed response was detected. In these animals, icv administration of dopamine caused a clear decrease of plasma prolactin levels. A marked rise of LH at 30 and 60 min following acetylcholine injection was found in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Results suggest a catecholaminergic mediation of the prolactin and LH responses induced by acetylcholin in male rats.


Effects of L-tryptophan treatment on central indoleamine metabolism and short-lasting neurologic disturbances in multiple sclerosis. Twelve MS patients were treated with L-tryptophan with or without decarboxylase inhibitor for 30 days, and the daily dose was either 1.5 g or 8 g. Tryptophan, 5-HIAA and HVA were analysed from lumbar punctures before and during tryptophan treatment. Clinical evaluation of MS symptoms was performed before, during and at the end of the tryptophan treatment period as well as after a 30-day placebo period. Tryptophan and 5-HIAA levels were found to be elevated 10 hours after the last dose of L-tryptophan. HVA concentrations remained approximately constant. A slight alleviation of changeable MS symptoms was noticed during the first month. The best response was found in symptoms like motility and bladder disturbances as well as in the mood of patients. These findings are indicative of the neural transmission changes during the rapid functional disturbances in MS.


Absence of cellular hypersensitivity to muscle and thymic antigens in myasthenia gravis. Humoral antibodies to skeletal muscle and its components and to thymus have been demonstrated in the sera of patients with myasthenia gravis. A role for cellular hypersensitivity to similar antigens in the pathogenesis of the disease has been suggested by some reports of the presence of cellular immunity. A detailed immunological study using muscle and thymic antigens, including those prepared from the patients' own tissues, failed to confirm these findings. It is suggested that previous reports of cellular hypersensitivity represent the demonstration of an epiphenomenon.


Spinal cord compression by a rheumatoid nodule. A case, believed to be unique, is reported of spinal cord compression due to an extradural rheumatoid nodule.


Arachnoid calcification producing spinal cord compression. A case of spinal cord compression, presumed to be due to a calcification in the arachnoid, is presented. Its relationship to a previous spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage is mentioned. The literature is reviewed and the relationship of this condition to spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage, previous myelogram, and spinal anaesthetic is stressed.


Scapuloperoneal atrophy with sensory involvement: Davidenkow's syndrome. A patient with scapuloperoneal atrophy of neurogenic type, in whome there was also distal sensory impairment, has been studied with conventional EMG, single fibre EMG, and muscle biopsy. This disorder, described by Davidenkow, may be a distinct entity.


Assessment of the capacity of cerebral collateral circulation using ultrasonic Doppler technique. A new non-invasive method for the assessment of cerebral collateral circulation via the circle of Willis using an ultrasonic directional Doppler flowmeter is described. The technique was found useful in measuring the capacity of cerebral collateral circulation and would be applicable not only in internal medicine but also in neurosurgery.


Granulomatous myopathy: its relationship to sarcoidosis and polymyositis. In three cases of generalized muscle weakness, muscle biopsy revealed well-defined, non-caseating epithelioid granulomata with giant cells. In one of these patients there was, in addition, a high serum CPK and histological evidence of widespread muscle cell degeneration and regeneration, apparently unrelated to the granulomatous process. In a re-examination of the histopathology of these cases, using biopsy material from a fourth case of proven sarcoidosis as a standard, it was concluded that there are no special features of the granulomatous/giant cell process which permit the separation of the case of presumed polymyositis. However, it appeared that granulomata per se do not exert a significant ill effect on surrounding muscle cells, and that evidence of widespread degeneration of muscle cells is the important point of distinction.


Leigh's disease: significance of the biochemical changes in brain. Analysis of five brains from patients with Leigh's disease demonstrates an accumulation of thiamine pyrophosphate and a deficiency of thiamine triphosphate. The enzyme which converts thiamine pyrophosphate to thiamine triphosphate was normally active in two of these brains, suggesting that the inhibitor found in Leigh's disease is probably producing the observed neurochemical changes. Reasons for the histological similarity between Leigh's and Wernicke's diseases are suggested.


Cerebral hydatid disease in Britain.

Cerebral hydatid disease in Britain. Two cases of cerebral hydatid disease are described. This condition, acquired by Britons in Britain, is extremely rare as only two similar cases have been reported before. Details of clinical presentation, investigation and treatment are described.


Subclinical optic neuropathy in multiple sclerosis. How early VER components reflect axon loss and conduction defects in optic pathways. The pathological effect of multiple sclerosis in the visual pathways consists of axonal demyelination and axonal loss. These two consequences of the disease, even in its subclinical stages, are reflected in changes in the initial component of the visual evoked response (VER) affecting its latency, configuration, or both. These abnormal early components of the VER were recorded in 25 patients with multiple sclerosis, only 10 of whom had any indication of visual involvement that could be documented historically or by conventional ophthalmic investigation.


Focal hemisphere and visuoperceptual categorization. Visuoperceptual categorization was investigated in patients with unilateral brain damage by a task in which meaningless shapes had to be classified with reference to a number of prototype patterns. Right brain-damaged subjects with visual field defect turned out to have a narrower categorization span. As this outcome seems to be scarcely consonant with a lower level disorder of visual processing, a major competence of the right hemisphere is suggested for visuoperceptual categorization.


Cognitive recovery after severe head injury. 1. Serial testing on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale was administered serially to 40 severely head-injured adults, and the results compared with a matched group of 40 non-injured men. The scores on the verbal subtests showed less initial impairment and were faster to recover to the level of the comparison group than were the non-verbal subtest scores. Verbal IQ of the head-injury group approached that of the comparison group within about one year of injury, while recovery of Performance IQ continued over about three years.


Extracranial metastases from a glioma in the absence of surgical intervention. A case of metastatic spread to the pleura from a glioma which had not been biopsied or treated surgically is reported. There was no direct extension to extracranial soft tissues, the route of spread apparently being by way of meningeal veins.


Cognitive recovery after severe head injury. 2. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale during post-traumatic amnesia. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) was administered to two matched groups of severely head-injured patients. The first administration was early in the recovery period, when group I was still in post-traumatic amnesia. The WaiS results for this group were significantly lower than those of group II, who were fully conscious. A follow-up at a later stage of recovery found that group I had substantially caught up with group II on the WAIS. At both administrations the WAIS subtest scores were correlated with clinical data, and changes in the pattern of correlations between PTA and full consciousness suggested that the former represents a qualitatively, and not merely quantitatively, distinct phase of recovery.


An investigation of the correlation between abnormal patterns of ocular microtremor and an abnormal pupil reflex in neurological patients. Twenty-two patients and 7 normal subjects at the Burdenko Institute of Neurosurgery, Moscow, have taken part in an investigation in which the direct light reflex to a brief flash, and the high-frequency microtremor of the eyes, have been recorded. The direct pupil reflex recordings obtained with a flash of 20 msec duration and 100 lux intensity at the plane of the pupil were registered from the right eye of each patient. Ocular microtremor recordings were obtained simultaneously from both eyes of 20 of the patients. A set of criteria of abnormality of ocular microtremor, as judged by visual examination of the records, is proposed by the authors. Abnormality of the pupil reflex is assessed in terms of the amplitude, latent period, and time course of the contraction and relaxation phases of the reflex. A strong correlation has been found between the occurrence of an abnormal ocular tremor record and an abnormal pupil reflex. On the basis of this correlation, the authors propose that ocular tremor recordings may be used in diagnosis as sensitive indicators of brain-stem dysfunction.


Anterior horn cell disease seen in South India. Thirty-two patients with clinical evidence of anterior horn cell dysfunction are descirbed. This group of patients could be divided into those with bulbar dysfunction, and those without. Eighth cranial nerve involvement was seen in 10%. The commonest perpheral distribution seen was symmetrical involvement of all four extremities. During the period of follow-up (1 to 5 years) none of the patients without bulbar dysfunction initially developed such symptoms. In all these patients electromyographic evidence of anterior horn cell disease was confirmed. The motor nerve conduction velocities in all of these patients were normal. None of them showed signs of pyramidal tract involvement. Muscle biopsy showed evidence of group fibre atrophy in 10 cases, was normal in 3, and showed a myopathic pattern in 1. Sural nerve biopsy obtained in a single patient was considered histologically normal. Plasma citrate and plasma pyruvate levels obtained in 5 patients of this group, showed elevated values for plasma citrate with normal plasma pyruvate levels. Conspicuous absence of pyramidal signs, elevated plasma citrate, normal plasma pyruvate values and the extremely slow progression suggest that this group of patients are different from other varieties of anterior horn cell dysfunction previously described.


Nerve regeneration and thyroid hormone treatment. On the basis of 3 reports that thyroid hormone treatment stimulates axon outgrowth in rats with nervous system injuries, a 43-year-old patient with an ulnar nerve laceration was given desiccated thyroid (up to 360 mg/day) following nerve suture. The Hoffmann-Tinel sign of sensory axon outgrowth advanced at a rate of 5.0 mm/day in the forearm, approximately 200% faster than the anticipated rate. A good functional result was obtained in 7 months. On the maximum dosage of desiccated thyroid, the patient developed mild weight loss associated with an increased appetite; there was no other sign or symptom of hyperthyroidism. Further investigation of the role of thyroid hormone during nerve regeneration seems warranted.


Some stereological correction formulae with particular applications in quantitative neurohistology. The present report furnishes explicit formulations for correcting the observed nucleolar and nuclear volume fractions of neurons sampled on the basis of the presence of nucleolar profiles when sectioned. Such samples, frequently chosen for quantitative studies in neurohistology, can result in the overestimation ov component volume fractions. The correction formulae are derived by considering theoretical spherical models exhibiting "nucleus-nucleolus" concentricity and eccentricity, and are tested by applying them to analogous neuron populations in rat spinal cord. It is concluded that, with certain reservations, the formulae can be usefully applied to data obtained from nucleolar-biased samples, thereby increasing the reliability of quantitative information gleaned from such samples.


Oligodendroglial cell development in jimpy mice and controls. An electron-microscopic study in the optic nerve. Glial development was studied in the optic nerve of 1- to 28-day-old Jimpy mice and controls. Abnormalities were found in oligodelopment and axons were not affected. These consisted in (a) Increased numbers of glioblastic cells containing lipids and increased occurrence of glial cell death in the premyelination stage; (b) Decreased numbers of maturing oligodendrocytes (i.e. young and active oligodendrocytes) in the period of early myelination; (c) An occurrence of abnormal oligodendroglial cells containing lipids and multimembranous tubes in the period of advanced myelination. The decreased number of maturing oligodendrocytes in the premyelination stage indicates that the lack of myelin in Jimpy mice may be secondary to a disturbance in the differentiation of the oligodendroglial cell line. The occurrence of abnormal, lipid-containing glioblasts and oligodendrocytes may be an expression of a defect in metabolism leading to an abnormality in the association of myelin proteins and myelin lipids.


Spinal cord blood flow measured by a hydrogen clearance technique. Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) has been measured in segments of the thoracolumbar cord of dogs using the hydrogen clearance technique. Clearances were recorded and flows calculated from electrodes placed in grey and white matter. The position of the recording electrodes was marked by diathermy and confirmed in each experiment. The SCBF in the white matter for 82 clearances was 13.7+/-4.5 ml/100 g/min using pentobarbitone anaesthesia. In the grey matter both monoexponential and biexponential clearances were recorded from electrodes placed in grey matter. There was no difference in flows calculated from the monoexponentail and slow components. SCBF from the slow components or monoexponentials was 12.0+/-4.5 ml/100g/min. The flow from the fast component was 69+/-11 ml/100 g/min. with pentobarbitone anaesthesia and 97.5+/-32.9 ml/100g/min with alpha-chloralopse anaesthesia. The flow calculated from the fast component did not correlate to changes of PaCO2. The slow component of any biexponential clearances was used to calculate flows from electrodes placed in the grey matter. There was no significant difference between flows from the grey matter (calculated from the slow component) and the white matter. Simultaneously recorded cortical and sub-cortical -lows were higher than in spinal grey and white matter. There was considerable variation in flow from animal to animal. The area of spinal grey matter is small and surrounded by white matter and the flow recorded from electrodes placed in grey matter is probably the average SCBF representing a mixture of grey and white flow. This will arise because of the rapid diffusibility of hydrogen gas between the tissues. It is therefore difficult to ascribe the flow from a centrally placed cord electrode to a definite anatomical compartment.


Striato-nigral degeneration. Report of a case with an unusually short course and multiple system degenerations. A 50-year-old white woman with an 8-month history of Parkinson's syndrome which did not respond to levodopa therapy was found on pathological examination to have the topographical lesions of striato-nigral degeneration. In addition to those characteristic lesions, an associated degeneration of the optic pathways, from the level of the optic nerve to the geniculo-collicular fibers, of the corticospinal tract and of the olivo-dentate axis, were found. While offering further evidence for the concept of "multiple system degeneration", no pathogenetic relationship either to previous cases of striato-nigral degeneration or to other multiple system degenerations is implied.


Kinetic studies on glial, Schwann and capsular cells labelled with [3H] thymidine in cerebrospinal tissue of young mice. Neuroglia, capsular and Schwann cell renewal and turnover in the cerebellum, the spinal cord and spinal ganglia have been evaluated in 2-months-old mice. The animals received intraperitoneal injections of [3H] thymidine at 8 hr intervals starting on the 28th day of postnatal life for a period of 30 days and were killed 1 hr after the last injection. Substantial numbers of labelled neuroglial cells but no labelled neurons were observed. Oligodendrocytes of the cerebellum and the spinal cord showed higher labelling indices (19.8% and 18.0%, respectively) than astrocytes (10.0%) and Bergmann's supporting cells (7.2%). The labelling indices of capsular cells in the spinal ganglia and Schwann cells in the spinal roots were 35.8% and 25.8%, respectively. The experiments failed to provide evidence for matrix cell layers in the cerebellum, the spinal cord and spinal ganglia. It may be concluded therefore that glial and Schwann cells in these parts of the nervous system proliferate in situ.


"Myotubular Myopathy" and "type I fiber atrophy" in a family. An 11-month-old girl and her mother had similar muscular weakness and wasting shich started in early life and were non-progressive throughout the course of the illness. Muscle biopsy in the girl revealed muscle fibers with central nuclei and surrounding clear areas compatible with myotubular, centronuclear or peri-centri-nuclear myopathy, whereas the biopsy from the mother showed a selective atrophy of Type I fibers without central nuclei. Since the grandfather also had similar clinical features, a heredofamilial neuromuscular disease was thought likely, and it is postulated that the pathological change in the girl represented an earlier, and in the mother a later manifestation of the same disease.


The CSF lipid content in brain atrophy.

The CSF lipid content in brain atrophy. Significantly low CSF values for cholesterol and total lipids were found in a group of patients with brain atrophy in comparison with a control group. It is possible that these changes are a function of reduced brain mass or of defect in brain lipid metabolism in brain atrophy patients. Further metabolic studies are required to clarify the biochemical aspects of brain atrophy.


Neuromyotonia. A mild case.

Neuromyotonia. A mild case. A mild case of the syndrome of generalized, sustained, fine muscular twitchings and impaired relaxation after a vigorous contraction (but without a myotonic response), which is presumably due to peripheral motor nerve hyperactivity is described. In this case, generalized muscle stiffness, deformities of the hands and feet, excessive sweating and an increased basal metabolic rate were not present.


Folate and monoamine metabolism in epilepsy. In 27 drug-treated epileptics there was a significant fall in serum, red cell and CSF folate levels compared with 15 untreated epileptics and 22 neurological controls. The 3 folate parameters were positively correlated with each other and negatively correlated with serum phenobarbitone, diphenylhydantoin and primidone. There was also a significant elevation of CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) in the drug-treated epileptics; but this was not seen until "therapeutic" serum levels of phenobarbitone and diphenylhydantoin had been achieved and was most marked in clinically intoxicated patients. Similar trends were observed in CSF homovanillic acid (HVA). CSF 5HIAA and HVA were positively correlated with each other, especially in the drug-treated patients, in whom both amine metabolites were also negatively correlated with CSF folate. A possible relationship between folate and monoamine metabolism is discussed with particular reference to the antiepileptic and toxic effects of phenobarbitone, diphenylhydantoin and primidone.


Analytical isotachophoresis: a new method for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins. A preliminary report. Isotachophoresis of CSF proteins seems to be a very promising method. Very small CSF samples, a few mul of concentrated and 15-30 mul of unconcentrated CSF, can be quickly analysed (30-60 min), and the results immediately obtained on a recorder. Using unconcentrated CSF, losses due to concentration procedures, are avoided. Low-molecular weight compounds, e.g. in CSF ultrafiltrates, can also be examined. The method gives high resolution, is reproducible, and is easy to perform. The isotachophoretic findings have been compared with those of electrofocusing.


Carbon dioxide-protein interaction in a gas-solid phase. In the course of developing the packaging of protein foods under the carbon dioxide atmosphere, various proteins in a solid state were found to adsorb carbon dioxide gas gradually. The results obtained by the Warburg manometry indicated that 100-1000 mul of carbon dioxide gas was adsorbed at 25 degrees C for 24 hr by gram of purified proteins, dried protein foods and other proteinous materials such as the rabbit hair and raw silk when they were placed in the high partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas. Casein, gelatin and raw silk were revealed to be the better adsorbents comparing with egg albumin, hemoglobin, gluten and others tested in this experiment. This adsorption was found to be almost specific to carbon dioxide gas. Amount of carbon dioxide gas adsorbed by casein and gelatin depended on the moisture content of them. The lower the moisture is, the greater the adsorption amount of carbon dioxide gas increase. Peptones and partial hydrolyzates of gelatin also showed the adsorbability. Oligo-peptides, amino acids and amines were examined too. Among these, L-lysine (free base), L-arginine (free base), histamine and tyramine adsorbed a large amount of carbon dioxide gas while others failed to do so. Some differences, however, were observed between temperature dependence and reversibility of the carbon dioxide gas adsorption by proteins and those by amines and amino acids (free bases). The mode of interaction between carbon dioxide and protein in a gas-solid phase was discussed comparing with the results obtained in a gas-liquid phase. Large contribution of physical adsorption and less contribution of chemical reaction or chemisorption were assumed in the mode of the carbon dioxide-protein interaction.


Action site of antagonists of vitamin B6 in the central nervous system of the frogs and cockroaches. Susceptibility to some antagonists of vitamin B6 was studied in frogs and cockroaches after operational intervention in their central nervous systems, and also in the intack frogs and cockroaches. Thiosemicarbazide, semicarbazide, isoniazide and penicillamine induced wild jumping behavior, and tonic or clonic convulsions in frogs, when the nervous parts posterior to the optic lobe inclusive remained intact. In frog, in which the nervous parts anterior to the diencephalon inclusive had been removed, no convulsions were induced by castrix or 4-deoxypyridoxine in large doses. In cockroaches excessive fluttering of wings and convulsions upon administration of thiosemicarbazide following severance of the central nerve cord between the subesophageal and prothoracic ganglions were induced. Castrix was not a convulsant in the intact frogs and cockroaches.


Effect of diet on enzymes of the brush border of the small intestine and kidney of rats. The effect of diets containing various amounts of casein and starch on enzymes bound to the brush border of the small intestine and kidney of rats were investigated with the following results. 1) Diets with low starch and high casein contents resulted in higher specific activity of leucineaminopeptidase in the small intestine than diets with high starch and low casein contents. Diets with high starch and low casein contents increased the specific activity of maltase. 2) Rat small intestine contains at least two isoenzymes of leucineaminopeptidase: one bound to the brush border and the other not bound to it but recoverable in the soluble fraction. Only the former was influenced by the diet. 3) The maximum velocity (Vmax) of leucineaminopeptidase bound to the brush border was twice as much in rats on a high casein diet as in those on a low casein diet, but the Michaelis constant (Km) was approximately the same in both groups of rats. 4) Leucineaminopeptidase and maltase activities in the kidney were not influenced by diet.


Protein nutrition and aging.

Protein nutrition and aging. Twenty-four female rats consisting of 6 sets of litters were used for the experiment. After weaning, rats were divided into 4 groups and fed with 10, 18, 27 and 36% casein diet. Effect of protein nutrition on aging was examined from the anthropometric and biochemical viewpoint. The difference of growth in body weight, and that of the urinary excretion of creatinine and 17-ketosteroids observed in the early period of growing disappeared by the end of growth period. From 1 year after birth, serum alkaline phosphatase activity and serum cholesterol were also measured. However, effect of protein nutrition on these parameters was not clear due to the scatter of data. The difference in diet did not affect life span in the present experiments, but the effect of the variance of litters on it seemed to be significant between the rats fed 18% casein diet and those fed 10% casein diet. Rats fed high-protein diet had a great number of lesions in the kidney and hypophysis, and often an incidence of tumors.


Long-term mortality study of steelworkers. IX. Mortality patterns among sheet and tin mill workers. As a result of findings of an earlier report in this series, this study examines the updated cause-specific mortality of men employed in the sheet and tin mill areas of the steel industry. In order to investigate possible relationships between occupational responsibilities or exposures and mortality from specific causes, the sheet and tin mills have been subdivided into 13 mutually exclusive work areas. Detailed analysis is limited primarily to white workers due to the small number of nonwhites in these areas. The most important observations are: 1. Increased overall mortality appears for men employed in 1953 in the sheet finishing and shipping area, confirming the findings of Lloyd, et al. The earlier observation of a significant excess in deaths from vascular lesions of the central nervous system does not hold over time. The previously noted excess for this cause may be related to selective factors or an extreme chance observation. The excess in mortality from all causes of death, which occurs over several disease categories, may not be a result of occupational exposures, but rather some selectivity. 2. Significant excesses in mortality from arteriosclerotic heart disease are noted among men employed in batch pickling and sheet dryer operations, which is in agreement with the earlier findings. Increased risks of dying from hypertensive heart disease are seen in the coating area. 3. Cancer of the lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues is found to be a significant source of excess mortality for workers in the heat treating and forging and tin finishing and shipping work areas. 4. Steelworkers employed in the annealing-normalizing work area show an excess in deaths from nonmalignant respiratory diseases, primarily pneumonia. Further study in these areas should attempt to investigate whether factors in the work environment may be responsible for the observed excess mortalities. More specifically, work should be done to find out whether men employed in heat treating and forging and tin finishing and shipping work in close proximity to chemicals or radiation exposure and whether workers employed in the annealing-normalizing area are exposed to any kind of oil, vapor, or chemical which might be irritating or infectious to the respiratory system. A similar analysis for men working in the batch pickling and sheet dryers and coating areas would also be worthwhile. The main emphasis of any future study should lie upon investigating whether the observed excess mortalities are due to any environmental factor, selection for health, or random fluctuation.


Locus of control and competence.

Locus of control and competence. The relation of locus of control and competence in school achievement, social interactions, sports, and home related activities was examined. The sample consisted of 346 ninth-grade students, and competence was measured using self-report, antional battery test scores, grades, and sociometric ratings. Among males, locus of control was significantly related to competent performance only among those subjects who placed a high value on outcomes in each area. Among females, the pattern was exactly reversed. Locus of control and various forms of competence were related only in areas of low interest value. The implications of these findings were discussed.


Deviance and a generalized disposition toward internality: an attributional approach. Two studies were carried out to test the hypothesis, derived from attribution theory, that adolescents might acquire an identity and mediating beliefs about reality (internal locus of control) by deviating from norms when they perceived adults to be powerful. In line with this expectation, the major study found that students rated by teachers as "deviant," but not those rated as "conformant," showed greater internality in beliefs about man (control ideology), p = .024, under conditions of high power. Despite the following limitations or exceptions, attribution theory seemed to best explain the predicted effect: (1) the effect for beliefs about control was nonsignificantly weaker for females then males, perhaps because of different meanings of deviance for males and females and female socialization for conformity rather than independence; (2) in the major study the effect was absent for questions dealing with respondents' personal feelings of control ("self-attributions"); and (3) in both studies there was a tendency for deviant females to show more personal externality (relative to conformers) when perceived power was high.


Restrained and unrestrained eating.

Restrained and unrestrained eating. Nisbett's (1972) model of obesity implies that individual differences in relative deprivation (relative to set-point weight) within obese and normal weight groups should produce corresponding within-group differences in eating behavior. Normal weight subjects were separated into hypothetically deprived (high restraint) and non-deprived (low restraint) groups. The expectation that high restraint subjects' intake would vary directly with preload size while low restraint subjects would eat in inverse proportion to preload size, was confirmed. It was concluded that relative deprivation rather than obesity per se may be the cirtical determinant of individual differences in eating behavior. Consideration was given to the concept of "restraint" as an important behavioral mechanism affecting the expression of physiologically-based hungar.


Identifying emergent leaders from verbal and nonverbal communications. Subject/observers were accurate in identifying emergent leadership hierarchies on four leadership dimensions when provided records of target groups' meetings containing only verbal communications, only nonverbal communications, or both types of behavior. With knowledge of participation rates controlled by covariance, the subject/observers' accuracy scores retained significance in three of the information conditions demonstrating the presence of verbal and nonverbal leadership cues independent of participation rates. The value of verbal and nonverbal communications to identifying leaders varied with the type of leadership hierarchy being identified. The findings are presumed to hold for leader selection as well. The author proposes that the question of why a group member has emerged to fulfill a leadership role in a group be studied from the point of view of group members' selecting leaders or permitting emergence rather than leaders emitting behaviors.


Effects of type and dose of alcohol on human physical aggression. Forty male undergraduates over 21 years of age were provoked following their ingestion of either 1.5 ounces (.045 1) or .5 ounces (.015 1) of 100 proof bourbon or vodka per 40 (18 kg) of body weight. The expression of physical aggression was related to the quantity of alcohol ingested. The high dose of alcohol appeared to instigate and the low dose of alcohol appeared to inhibit aggressive responding. This effect was most pronounced in the vodka conditions. Interpersonal judgments were also influenced by the type and dose of alcohol consumed.


Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Male (N = 248) and female (N = 282) subjects were given the Personal Attributes Questionnaire consisting of 55 bipolar attributes drawn from the Sex Role Stereotype Questionnaire by Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, Broverman, and Broverman and were asked to rate themselves and then to compare directly the typical male and female college student. Self-ratings were divided into male-valued (stereotypically masculine attributes judged more desirable for both sexes), female-valued, and sex-specific items. Also administered was the Attitudes Toward Women Scale and a measure of social self-esteem. Correlations of the self-ratings with stereotype scores and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale were low in magnitude, suggesting that sex role expectations do not distort self-concepts. For both men and women, "femininity" on the female-valued self items and "masculinity" on the male-valued items were positively correlated, and both significantly related to self-esteem. The implications of the results for a concept of masculinity and femininity as a duality, characteristic of all individuals, and the use of the self-rating scales for measuring masculinity, femininity, and androgyny were discussed.


Enhancement of experienced sexual arousal in response to erotic stimuli through misattribution of unrelated residual excitation. In a pretest, three phases of recovery from a standard physical exercise were determined. In Phase 1, subjects experienced high levels of physiological excitation and recognized that their arousal was due to exercise. In Phase 2, subjects maintained substantial excitatory residues from the exercise but felt that their arousal had returned to base level. In Phase 3, subjects' excitatory responses had decayed, and they knew they had recovered from the exercise. Subjects in the main experiment were exposed to an erotic film in the first, second, or third recovery phase after performing the exercise. Subjects viewing the film during the second recovery phase reported being more sexually aroused by the film and evaluated the film more positively than subjects in the other two conditions. Counter to the notion of arousal as a simple energizer of all behavior, these findings were interpreted as supporting excitation-transfer theory, which posits that residual excitation enhances emotional responses to unrelated, immediately present stimuli only when the prevailing arousal cannot be attributed to its actual source.


Personality research: components of variance attributable to the person and the situation. Studies involving personality and situational variables were surveyed. Studies permitting determination of main effects and interactions involving these variables have increased since 1950. In one comparison, situational main effects were significant in 65.5% of the cases, whereas the figure was 31% for individual difference variables and 59.9% for interactions. In another comparison, 35% of situational main effects accounted for more than 10% of the variance, compared with 29% for personality indexes; 19% of the situational variable effects accounted for more than 20% of the variance, compared with 14% of the personality main effects. Low percentages of variance were accounted for by all variables investigated: situational, personality, demographic, and interactions among these variables.


The role of information in attenuating behavioral responses to stress: a reinterpretation of the misattribution phenomenon. Two experiments replicating and extending Ross, Rodin, and Zimbardo were conducted to determine whether reductions in emotional behavior resulted from misattribution of naturally occurring arousal states or from informational factors confounded in previous research. In Experiment 1, arousal or arousal-irrelevant symptoms were attributed to noise or the threat of shock. Subjects receiving arousal symptoms avoided shock less, regardless of attribution. Extended manipulation checks revealed no evidence of differential attribution of arousal. In Experiment 2 subjects heard high or low noise. Arousal symptoms were attributed to noise or threat of shock. Subjects for whom arousal symptoms were attributed to noise and who heard low noise spent more time in shock avoidance than the other three groups. Again there was no evidence of misattribution of arousal. The results are interpreted as indicating that the results of misattribution studies are best explained in terms of the presentation of arousal information in a plausible context.


Attribution theory, insomnia, and the reverse placebo effect: a reversal of Storms and Nisbett's findings. Storms and Nisbett found that insomniacs got to sleep faster than usual on nights when they took placebos believed to be arousal pills. Our study attempted: (a) to replicate the reverse placebo effect using a method of measurement considered more accurate than the original technique, (b) to evaluate the effect of an arousal pill therapy after therapy is discontinued, and (c) to clarify which of two hypotheses better accounts for the effect. Using 42 insomniacs, the design varied whether pills were administered (pill) or withheld (no pill) and whether or not high justification was provided for taking the pills. The high-justification-pill and the high-justification-no-pill groups were given information intended to justify their participation, while the no-justification-pill and no-pill-no-justification groups were treated like the original arousal and control groups. Instead of a decrease in latency to sleep, the no-justification-pill group but not the high-justification-pill troup displayed a typical placebo reaction on nights they took the pills. Our results cast suspicion on the original finding. The lack of response by the high-justification-pill group is discussed in terms of Bem and Kelley's views of attribution theory.


Erotic stimuli and aggression: facilitation or inhibition. The present experiment attempted to reconcile previous results on the relationship of erotic stimuli and aggression. Subjects were either insulted or not insulted prior or subsequent to observing erotic stimuli of varying levels of arousal inducements. It was found, in support of prior research, that mildly erotic stimuli had an inhibiting effect on aggression when viewed subsequent to anger arousal, whereas highly erotic stimuli tended to maintain aggression at a level similar to nonerotic exposure. Prior viewing of erotic stimuli, however, had a facilitative effect on aggressive behavior. It was proposed that erotic stimuli have two components (arousal and attentional shift) that interact with anger arousal to either inhibit or facilitate aggressive behavior. The article considers the implications of this two-component system for future research on erotic and aggressive stimuli.


Effects of movie violence on aggression in a field setting as a function of group dominance and cohesion. In this quasi-experimental field study, delinquent members belonging to two cottages viewed aggressive commercial movies every evening for a week, while at the same time, subjects from two other cottages were exposed to neutral commercial movies. Behavioral observations were obtained through a nonhier-archical, minimally inferential procedure of a time-sampling nature; they were taken during a baseline week (at noon and in the evening), a treatment week (noon and evening) and a posttreatment week (noon). The main immediate effects of the violent films were an overall increase of both active behaviors and physical aggression; the effects on verbal aggression were more persistent but limited to one of the two cottages. On the other hand, more interactions occurred as an immediate consequence of viewing the films in both neutral treatment cottages; moreover, one of these two cottages also decreased its level of physical (short-term effect) and verbal (short- and long-term effects) aggression. In the aggressive treatment cottage, which was most affected, subjects who were most dominant, most popular, and least popular were influenced the most: an opposite effect was exhibited by those subjects who were judged as least aggressive by their peers. Complementary data are presented and discussed; the difference between the single individual laboratory paradigm and the existing group field paradigm is especially stressed.


Inhibition of drug metabolism by hydroxylated metabolites: cross-inhibition and specificity. Inhibition of drug metabolism was studied in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. A hydroxylated metabolite of phenylbutazone (oxyphenbutazone) inhibited the elimination of phenytoin, which is metabolized by oxidative pathways. The biotransformation of a relatively polar and only slightly plasma protein-bound drug, antipyrine, was subject to product inhibition by a hydroxylated metabolite, 4-hydroxyantipyrine. Neither oxyphenbutazone nor 4-hydroxyantipyrine measurably affected the elimination kinetics or metabolic fate of a drug (sulfanilamide) that is not metabolized by oxidative pathways.


Solid-state decomposition of para-substituted salicylic acids. A series of para-substituted salicylic acids, all crystallizing monoclinically and decomposing by decarboxylation, were shown to adhere to Bawn-type kinetics, and the decomposition rate constants were shown to adhere approximately to a Hammett-type relation. The value of the reaction parameter was -8. Both para-substituted salicyclic and benzoic acids occur as dimers in the crystalline state. The mechanism whereby the latter decomposes is speculated to be intermolecular in the sense that the substituent from one dimer interacts with the carboxyl group of a neighboring dimer. In the same sense of the word, the substituted salicyclic acids decompose by an intramolecular mechanism, i.e., within the dimer unit.


GLC determination of carbamazepine suitable for pharmacokinetic studies. A GLC determination of carbamazepine in plasma and urine is described. It is performed by injecting the cyano derivative, which, in contrast to carbamazepine, has bood GLC properties. The method is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies, since it is specific and accurate down to 0.27 mug/ml.


Synthesis and biological evaluation of potential hypoglycemic agents I: Carnitine analogs. A series of 4-dialkylamino-3-hydroxybutyric acid hydrochlorides and methochlorides, analogs of carnitine, was synthesized by treatment of tert-butyl 3,4-epoxybutyrate with the appropriate amine or amine hydrochloride in methanol followed by mild acid hydrolysis. The compounds had no effect on blood glucose or serum fatty acid levels in rats.


Alkaloids of Vinca rosea L. (Catharanthus roseus G. Don) XXXVI: Isolation and characterization of new dimeric alkaloids. In a continuing effort to study thoroughly the alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus, new dimeric alkaloids were isolated and characterized. Structures are proposed for leurocolombine and vinamidine based on UV, IR, PMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and CMR. Pseudovincaleukoblastine diol was identified by PMR and mass spectrometry. Leurocolombine exhibited antimitotic activity and marginal antitumor activity against the Ridgeway osteogenic sarcoma.


Absorption of 3H-benzocaine from ointments following rectal administration in rats. Total radioactivity in the blood of rats for 5 hr following rectal administration of 3H-benzocaine in oleaginous, absorption, emulsion (water-in-oil and oil-in water), and water-soluble ointment vehicles was measured. The release was greatest from the water-soluble vehicle and followed the same relative order as seen in an earlier in vitro experiment. No intact benzocaine was found in the blood using radiochromatography. In vitro hydrolysis of benzocaine by rat blood did not occur as determined with the techniques of this experiment.


Determination of tolmetin in human plasma by GLC and spectrophotometric procedures. GLC and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of tolmetin in plasma were developed. The methods can detect tolmetin in concentrations above 0.5 mug/ml. The plasma levels obtained with a 600-mg dose of tolmetin to a human subject are reported.


GLC determination of procainamide in biological fluids. A GLC method for the determination of procainamide in biological fluids is presented. By using a dipropyl analog of procainamide as an internal standard, both compounds can be chromatographed directly, yielding linear calibration curves and a sensitivity that allows quantitative determination of concentrations as low as 0.1 mug/ml. The extraction procedure was carefully modified to avoid hydrolysis of N-acetylprocainamide, a major metabolite of procainamide. The usefulness of the procedure is demonstrated by following the disappearance of procainamide from the plasma and urine of human subjects treated with the drug.


Molecular connectivity. I: Relationship to nonspecific local anesthesia. A very significant linear correlation was found between a recently proposed connectivity index and molecular polarizability, cavity surface areas calculated for water solubility of alcohols and hydrocarbons, and biological potencies of nonspecific local anesthetics. The simplicity of calculation of the index from the connectivity in the molecular skeleton, together with the very significant correlation, indicates its practical value.


Molecular connectivity. II: Relationship to water solubility and boiling point. The connectivity index, easily computed by arithmetic and based upon the degree of connectedness at each vertex in the molecular skeleton, is shown to give highly significant correlations with water solubility of branched, cyclic, and straight-chain alcohols and hydrocarbons as well as with boiling points of alcohols. These correlations are superior to those based on well-founded theory relating to solvent cavity surface area. An empirical modification to the connectivity index gave an improved correlation for both solubilities and boiling points.


Molecular connectivity. III: Relationship to partition coefficients. The molecular connectivity index is shown to be linearly related to the octanol-water partition coefficients of a variety of monofunctional chemical classes including esters, alcohol, ketones, ethers, carboxylic acids, amines, and hydrocarbons. A modification of the connectivity index, taking into account the valency or degree of unsaturation of an atom, merges the data for all compounds except hydrocarbons. The connectivity index is also shown to be useful for correlating biological activity. These studies indicate that partition coefficients represent empirical quantities having intermediate significance between biological data and the more fundamental property of molecular connectivity.


Size distribution effects in multiparticulate dissolution. The evaluation of models for single-particle dissolution, based on multiparticulate dissolution data, is complicated by the distribution effect present when the particles are not truly monodispersed. By using simulated data, it is shown that remarkably good linearity can be obtained with log-normal powders using an incorrect model. It is suggested that particle-size analysis is necessary to enable calculation of the distribution effect and to prevent this type of misinterpretation. The change in particle-size distribution during dissolution is calculated and shows potential for distinguishing between two, but not all three, of the models investigated. Four theoretical rules for multiparticulate dissolution are stated and discussed. The concept of "time scaling" is presented. By using this procedure, it should be possible to reduce considerably computational errors arising from nonlinear dissolution data. It is demonstrated that dissolution profiles can be transformed to a standard form, enabling the distribution effect to be evaluated without interference from rate or particle-size parameters.


Selective assay of benzoyl peroxide in lotions and creams. A selective titrimetric method for the determination of benzoyl peroxide in lotions and creams was developed. It is based on the work of Horner and Jürgens, in which diacylperoxides, dialkylperoxides, peracids, and alkylhydroperoxides can be determined selectively by iodometry and acidimetry. The proposed assay is stability indicating with respect to peracids. Good recovery data were obtained.


Colorimetric determinations of chlorpheniramine maleate, ephedrine hydrochloride, and guaiacolsulfonate potassium in a cough syrup. Colorimetric methods for the quantitative determinations of chlorpheniramine maleate, ephedrine hydrochloride, and guaiacolsulfonate potassium in a cough syrup containing color (amaranth) are reported. Chlorpheniramine maleate can be assayed using the cyanogen bromide method as reported in the literature. Ephedrine hydrochloride can be assayed using a dye method in which interference from chlorpheniramine maleate is taken into consideration. Guaiacolsulfonate potassium can be assayed by coupling it with 4-aminoantipyrine (the method is similar to the one for phenylephrine hydrochloride). All of the methods are simple, accurate, and precise. The application of the guaiacolsulfonate potassium assay method to commercial dosage forms is reported.


GLC determination of underivatized carbamazepine in whole blood. This report describes a rapid GLC assay for carbamazepine in blood. Carbamazepine is chromatographed directly using phenyl methyl silicone gum as the stationary phase. The calibration curve is linear up to 50 mug/ml, with a lower limit of sensitivity of 1 mug/ml. Other anticonvulsants may be measured simultaneously, and the procedure works equally well with plasma or blood.


Fluorometric determination of 2,3-bis(p-methoxphenyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyrimidine in biological materials. Interest in 2,3-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]-pyrimidine as a potent, orally active, anti-inflammatory agent required a method for its determination in serum, urine, and feces to permit studies of its absorption, metabolism, and excretion. A simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific procedure was developed based on an ethyl acetate extraction of alkaline specimens and subsequent fluorometric analysis of ethanolic solutions of the extract residues. The method is sensitive to 0.2 mug/ml, 0.3 mug/ml, and 1.2 mug/100 mg of drug in serum, urine, and feces, respectively. The overall mean recovery and the standard deviation from biological samples are 99.8 +/- 5.1%. The procedure has been successfully applied to absorption studies in the dog.


Conformationally constrained analogs of mescaline II. The synthesis of methyl-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-piperidyl) acetate is described. In addition, preliminary pharmacological data comparing the compound with mescaline are given.


Bioequivalency of doxycycline products.

Bioequivalency of doxycycline products. The bioavailability of three different brands and three different dosage forms of doxycycline was studied in normal subjects. Single doses, equivalent to 200 mg of doxycycline, were administered to six subjects in a crossover design as the innovator's intravenous solution given orally (Treatment A), the innovator's capsule product (Treatment B), a noninnovator's capsule product (Treatment C), the innovator's oral suspension product (Treatment D), and a second noninnovator's capsule product (Treatment E). All dosage forms contained doxycycline as the hyclate, except the suspension which contained the nonhyclate form. Serum levels were determined periodically over 48 hr, and cumulative urinary excretion was measured concurrently over a 120-hr collection period. No statistically significant differences were observed in any in vivo indicator of bioequivalence when the three capsule products were compared. Consequently, they were judged to be bioequivalent. When these capsule products were compared to the oral solution, no statistically significant differences were observed. However, when the capsules and the suspension were compared, statistically significant differences were found in the rate of absorption. In vitro dissolution tests were also conducted on the three brands of capsules, and times required to achieve 50% dissolution showed rank-order correlation with corresponding absorption rate constants.


Stability of aspirin in liquid and semisolid bases V: polyglycerol esters. The stability of aspirin in decaglycerol tetraoleate, decaglycerol octaoleate, and decaglycerol decaoleate was studied at 4, 26, and 45 degrees. Degradation of aspirin in these polyglycerol esters was temperature dependent. Aspirin demonstrated the greatest stability in decaglycerol octaoleate and the lowest stability in decaglycerol tetraoleate at all temperatures studied. The hydroxyl value and the viscosity of the polyglycerol ester appeared to influence the stability of aspirin.


Microbial transformation of aspidospermine. Thirty actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples and screened for their ability to modify the structure of aspidospermine. One actinomycete culture converted aspidospermine into O-demethylaspidospermine but failed to modify N-deacetylaspidospermine, N-ethyl-N-deacetylaspidospermine, 7-methoxyindole, and 7-methoxytryptophan.


Secretion of electrolytes by the pancreas of the anaestetized rat. 1. HCO-3, Na+ and K+ concentrations were measured in bile-free pancreatic juice collected from fasted and fed anaesthetized rats. 2. Resting flow rates averaged 0.62 mul. g-1 .min-1 (fasted) and 2.8 mul. g-1. min-1 (fed) and the mean HCO-3 concentrations, respectively, were 25.8 and 33.3 mM. 3. In fasted rats, instillation of HCl into the duodenum caused flow rate to increase threefold and HCO-3 concentrations to double (66 mM). Intravenous infusion of pure natural (GIH) secretin caused a fivefold increase in flow rate; HCO-3 concentrations, again, doubled (67.5 mM). Infusion of synthetic secretin produced effects essentially the same as those produced by GIH secretin. 4. Infusion of Boots secretin caused a thirteenfold increase in flow rate (8.32 mul.g-1. min-1) but HCO-3 concentrations rose only slightly (43.3 mM). However, following cessation of infusion, when flow rate approximated the maximum obtained with pure secretin, the HCO-3 concentration was much higher (57.2 mM at 3.19 uml.g-1.min-1). In fed animals the responses were similar but maximum flow rates were greater (12 mul. g-1. min-1). 5. Infusion of caerulein produced a secretory rate slightly less than with Boots secretin (5.06 mul. g-1.min-1) and HCO-3 concentrations were plasmalike (30.2 mM); infusion of the synthetic octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK) gave similar flow rates and HCO-3 concentrations. 6. Infusion of a mixture of caerulein and GIH secretin mimicked closely the effect of Boots secretin. At maximum flow rates (7.6 mul. g-1. min-1) the HCO-3 concentration was 43.7 mM and at lower flow rates (3.90 mul.g-1. min-1) it rose to 54.2mM. 7. It is concluded that the response of the rat pancreas to secretin is qualitatively similar to that of all other vertebrates so far studied, but, relative to other animals, the response is sluggish. In contrast, the rat pancreas responds well to cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulation, yielding a juice with plasma-like HCO-3 concentration. Boots secretin, which is heavily contaminated with CCK, causes a mixed response resembling that of CCK at high secretory rates and that of pure secretin at lower rates. 8. An unexplained feature of rat pancreatic juice was that K+ concentrations, although plasma-like in unstimulated samples, rose to about 8mM when flow rate increases as a result of secretin, but not CCK, stimulation. In all other animals so far studied, the K+ concentration has been found to be independent of flow rate.


Functional and structural changes in mammalian sympathetic neurones following interruption of their axons. The effects of interrupting the axons of principal neurones in the superior cervical ganglion of adult guinea-pigs were studied by means of intracellular recording, and light and electron microscopy. 1. Within 72 hr of axon interruption, the amplitude of exitatory postsynaptic potentials potentials (e.p.s.p.s) recorded in principal neurons in response to maximal preganglionic stimulation declined. E.p.s.p.s were maximally reduced (by more than 70% on average) 4-7 days following interruption, and failed to bring many cells to threshold. E.p.s.p.s. recorded in nearby neurones whose axons remained intact were unaffected. 2. In ganglia in which axon interruption was achieved by means of nerve crush (thus allowing prompt regeneration), mean e.p.s.p. amplitudes began to increase again after about 1-2 weeks. One month after the initial injury many neurones had e.p.s.p.s of normal amplitude, and by 2 months affected neurones were indistinguishable from control cells. Functional peripheral connexions were re-established during the period of synaptic recovery. 3. The mean number of synapses identified electron microscopically in ganglia in which all the major efferent branches had been crushed decreased by 65-70% in parallel with synaptic depression measured by intracellular recording. However synapse counts did not return to normal levels even after 3 months. 4. During the period of maximum synaptic depression, numerous abnormal profiles which contained accumulations of vesicular and tubular  organelles, vesicles, and mitochondria were observed in electron microscopic sections. Injection of horseradish peroxidase into affected neurones demonstrated dendritic swelling which probably correspond to these profiles. 5. Little or no difference was found in the electrical properties of normal neurones and neurones whose axons had been interrupted 4-7 days previously. However, the mean amplitude of spontaneously occurring synaptic potentials was reduced, and the amplitude distribution was shifted. This abnormality of the synapses which remain on affected neurones also contributes to synaptic depression. 6. Counts of neurones in normal and experimental ganglia showed that approximately half the principal cells died 1-5 weeks after crushing the major efferent brances. This finding presumably explains the failure of synapse counts to return to control levels after recovery. 7. If axons were prevented from growing back to their target organ by chronic ligation, surviving neurones whose axons were enclosed by the ligature did not generally recover normal synaptic function. Following ligation, most affected cells died within a month. 8. Thus the integrity of a principal cell's axon is necessary for the maintenance of preganglionic synaptic contacts, and ultimately for neuronal survival. The basis of neuronal recovery from the effects of axon interruption appears to be some aspect of regeneration to the peripheral target.


Differentiation of motoneurones and skeletal muscles in kittens. 1. Isometric contractions of the medial gastrocnemius (fast switch) and soleus (slow twitch) muscles were recorded in kittens ranging in age from 3 to 112 days, as well as in adult cats. 2. It was confirmed that the speed of contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle becomes progressively faster during the first few weeks after birth, whereas contraction times of the soleus muscle show little changes or a slight prolongation during the period of post-natal development. 3. The properties of gastrocnemius (fast alpha) and soleus (slow alpha) motoneurons were examined with intracellular electrodes in kittens at three different stages; 16-20, 61-71 and 100-112 days in age. 4. The axonal conduction velocities of both gastrocnemius and soleus motoneurones increased monotonically throughout the period of development and showed no correlation with post-natal changes in contraction times of the innervated muscles. 5. The duration of after-hyperpolarization in soleus motoneurones became progressively longer with age, while that in gastrocnemius motoneurones remained virtually unchanged during development. 6. The relation between the duration of after-hyperpolarization and the axonal conduction velocity in kitten motoneurones was similar to that observed in axotomized motoneurones of adult cats. 7. It is suggested that fast and slow alpha motoneurones show postnatal differentiation in terms of the duration of after-hyperpolarization and that axotomy leads to 'dedifferentiation' of the motoneurone properties. 8. Post-natal changes in the contractile properties of skeletal muscles were independent of the changes in the duration of after-hyperpolarization of the innervating motoneurones. However, it remains uncertain whether muscle differentiation is independent of the discharge pattern of the innervating motoneurones.


Inhibition of thermal tachypnoea in rabbits following exposure to cold and water deprivation. 1. Rabbits were clipped and exposed in turn to four environmental conditions: control (C), cold exposure (CE), water deprivation (WD) and water deprivation and cold exposure together (WD/CE). 2. Following each type of treatment, the rabbits were exposed for 1 hr to an ambient temperature (Ta) of 35 degrees C. During this time, respiratory frequency (RF), rectal temperature (Tre), activity and oxygen consumption (V02) were recorded. 3. It was found that under both cold exposure and water deprivation conditions, the mean respiratory frequency during the first 30 min of heat exposure was reduced when compared with controls. This was associated with a delay in the onset of thermal tachypnoea. Under conditions of water deprivation and cold exposure together, the mean respiratory frequency was further reduced and the length of the delay was increased. 4. Previous cold exposure led to an increase in the V02 measured at 35 degrees C, whereas the V02, after water deprivation and water deprivation and cold exposure together were not significantly different from the control. 5. Neither the initial Tre nor the change in the Tre during the course of the heat exposure were significantly different from the controls under any of the experimental conditions. 6. It is concluded that both water deprivation and previous cold exposure cause a block to panting in the heat and that the blocking mechanisms involved are closely interrelated. It is also concluded that neither the metabolic rate of the animal nor its initial or final Tre are important factors in determing the degree to which thermal tachypnoea is inhibited.


Potassium-induced increase in oxygen consumption of brown adipose tissue from the rat. 1. In brown adipose tissue, noradrenaline induces an increase in respiration and a depolarization of the cells. The effect of an increase in potassium concentration in a range known to depolarize the brown adipocytes was tested on the O2 consumption. 2. Isolated interscapular brown adipose tissue from the rat was incubated in chambers that allowed O2 consumption to be measured over prolonged periods. 3. 45-50 mM-KC1 were found to induce a more that fourfold increase in O2 consumption, which was stable, reversible and dependent upon the presence of calcium in the meduim. 4. When rats were pre-treated with reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine the KC1-induced increase in O2 consumption was sharply reduced or entirely adsent. 5. The effect of KC1 was greatly inhibited by (-)-propranolol, but not by (+)-propranolol. 6. Moderate increases in O2 consumption induced by low concentrations of potassium were potentiated by desipramine, a drug which is known to block the uptake of catecholamines by adrenergic nerve endings. 7. Surgical denervation caused a decrease in the catecholamine content of the tissue, but had no effect on the KC1 response. 8. It is concluded that in brown adipose tissue, potassium stimulates O2 consumption by causing a release of noradrenaline from nerve endings. This implies that surgical denervation as it is commonly performed on this tissue does not denervate the brown adipocytes but probably only the blood vessels.


Neural systems responsible for the gastric secretion provoked by 2-deoxy-D-glucose cytoglucopoenia. 1. The central structures responsible for the gastrosecretory effect of cytoglucopoenia caused by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) were investigated in 105 cats prepared with chronic gastric fistulae and subjected to various experimental procedures. 2. Bilateral electrolytic lesion of the caudalmost two thirds of globus pallidus almost suppressed the secretory response and caused aphagia and adipsia. 3. Secretion in response to 2-DG and feeding behaviour were entirely blocked after making a lesion in a large ventromedial area of the meso diencephalic transition comprising the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, the ventral tegmental decussation, the red nucleus, a ventral portion of the central grey matter, the interstitial nuclei of Darkschewitsch and of Cajal, the pre-rubral fields, the reticular part of substantia nigra, the internal portion of the cerebral peduncle and the ventral part of the mesencephalic reticular formation. 4. Microinjection of 2-DG in the medial forebrain bundle, at the level of the hypothalamus, caused intense gastric secretion, whereas the same procedure was totally ineffective when the caudalmost two thirds of the globus pallidus were stimulated. 5. Increasing doses of 2-DG, systemically injected, restored the secretory response in volume and acid concentration and output after intercollicular transection of the brain stem. After the transection, secretion of pepsin was only slightly increased when large doses of 2-DG were administered, thus suggesting a differential control of water, acid and pepsin secretion in response to cytoglucopoenia. 6. It is concluded that there are at least three reflex systems involved in gastric secretion due to cytoglucopoenia: (a) a reflex consisting of afferent and efferent pathways in the medial forebrain bundle area; (b) a reflex whose afferent side is from the hypothalamus and efferent side is from the globus pallidus; (c) a reflex with the afferent side probably originating in the liver and the efferent side in the lower brain stem. 7. The pathways involved in the first two arcs run along Nauta's limbic mid-brain circuit. The three systems are possibly related to control of secretion and feeding behaviour.