[Regulation of histogenesis in the axial organ of echinoderms (Echinodermata) according to findings from diffusion chamber cultivation]. Fragments of axial organs of different echinoderms were cultivated together with the gonad epithelium in the diffusion chambers made of millipore filters impermeable for cells (VUFS). Under these conditions, the histogenesis of amoebocytes suffered definite changes: the number of middle amoebocytes increased 2-3 times and that of large amoebocytes decreased correspondingly. Similar results were obtained not only under the direct contact of two tissues, but also under the contact realized through the millipore filter impermeable for cells. Corticosteroid agents of vertebrates did not influence the histogenesis of amoebocytes in Echinodermata.


[Rna transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in Acetabularia mediterranea]. The biosynthesis of nuclear RNA, its transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and distribution in the cytoplasm were studied in Acetabularia mediterranea under different light conditions. It was shown that the nuclear RNA incorportate 3H-uracil more rapidly in the darkness and the transport of labeled RNA from the nucleus slowed down after the transfer of plants in the cold medium in the darkness. To study the distribution of nuclear RNA in the cytoplasm, the 3H-uracil labeled nuclei were transplanted in the rhizoids of unlabeled plants, the dikaryons obtained were kept for different time in the light and in the darkness and the content of 3H-RNA was determined in different stem regions. It was shown that the transport of 3H-RNA in the cytoplasm is slowed down in the darkness and it is distributed by the basal-apical gradient. RNA is rapidly accumulated in the apical stem zone in the light and redistributed afterwards in the basal stem zones. The problem of relationship between the polarity and nuclear RNA distribution in Acetabularia is discussed.


[Determination of optimal conditions for physical and chemical inactivation of nuclei for obtaining haploid and anuclear loach (Misgurnus fossilis L.) embryos]. The doses of X-irradiation sufficient for obtained truly haploid and anuclear embryos of the loach were determined. Mitomycin C in concentrations arresting the development at the late blastula stage (100-500 mcg/ml) was tested for the purposes of chemical enucleation of embryos. The data obtained allowed to recommend the following doses of X-irradiation to obtained the 100% inactivation of one or both the paternal genomes and haploid and anuclear embryos of the loach: 40 kr for eggs and 60 kr for testes. Mitomycin in the concentrations tested did not cause the 100% enucleation of embryos.


[New muscle formation following transplantation of muscle treated with trypan blue]. The sources and mechanism of muscle formation de novo were investigated under the transplantation of skeletal muscle fibers treated in the 1% water solution of Trypan Blue for 48 hrs after Levander under skin and in omentum in rabbits and rats. In some cases the pieces of Trypan Blue stained muscles were placed in the diffusion chambers. Besides, 3H-thymidine autoradiography was used. It was established that after the above described treatment the muscles appeared morphologically as necrotized. They do not develop in the diffusion chambers in which cells do not penetrate. Under the transplantation of such muscles under skin and in omentum, they are phagocytized and disintegrate and in the close neighbourhood myoblasts arise which transform into muscle tubules and differentiated cross-striated muscle fibers. If prior to the transplantation the rats--recipients were labeled by 3H-thymidine, the muscle fibers formed de novo with the labeled nuclei, i. e. from the recipient cells in omentum where there are no muscles, apparently from polyblasts. Under the definite experimental conditions, myoblasts appear to arise from cells of non-myogenic origin by means of induction.


[Characteristics of lymphocytoid cells detected during post-radiation bone marrow recovery]. As a result of complex study of lymphocyte-like cells which arise in the regenerating bone marrow of sublethally irradiated mice, it was established that: (1) X-cells precipitate in the 2nd and, partially, 3rd fractions of the albumin gradient, i. e. in the same fractions as the stem cells of intact animals; (2) X-cells do not belong to polypotent hemopoietic stem cells; (3) X-cells belong to B-lymphocytes, i. e. to thymus-independent lymphocytes.


[Compensatory renal hypertrophy after nephrectomy in newborn rats]. The process of the kidney compensatory hypertrophy in young rats has been studied after nephrectomy on the 2nd day of life. The intact kidney was investigated by morphometrical and electron microscopical methods from the 1st day till the 3rd month after operation. The kidney compensatory hypertrophy in the early postnatal ontogenesis is accompanied by the acceleration of growth and differentiation of renal structures. The hypertrophy involves three successive steps: (1) functional tension of ultrastructures; (2) expressed hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cells; (3) structural-functional specialization. Among the cellular factors of the kidney compensatory growth at this age, the main role is played by the process of cell hyperplasia.


[Intracellular distribution of creatine kinase isoenzymes in the brains and hearts of rats at different stages of postnatal development]. The total activity and range of the creatine kinase (CK) isozymes have been studied in the homogenate and subcellular fractions (nuclei, mitochondria, cytoplasm) of the rat brain and heart during postnatal ontogenesis. The total activity of CK in the brain and heart of newborn rats was found to be 4 and 2 times less, resp., than in those of adults. The age patterns were established in the activity of cytoplasmic (CK-1, CK-2 and CK-3) and mitochondrial (CK-4) isozymes. During the whole postnatal development the rat brain contains only one cytoplasmic isozyme, CK-1. In the heart of newborn rats, as compared with adults, the content of CK-1 and CK-2 is much higher and that of CK-3 lower. On the 12-15th day of life the range of the CK isozymes approaches that characteristic of adult animals. The activity of CK-4 was found in the brain on the 5-7th day of life and in the heart on 12-15th day. In the range of the CK isozymes in the adult brain the content of mitochondrial CK amounts to 19.3% and in the heart to 16.5%. The data obtained complement the literary ones suggesting the low level of energy-forming processes in the brain and heart cells at the early stages of the rat postnatal development.


[Dynamic characteristics of growth of the root system of a plant and methods of determining it]. A method of description for the dynamics of growth of the plant root system is considered. The methods are proposed for the qualitative analysis of the dynamics of growth and the quantitative determination of such a value as the time of active consumption of substances by an individual root region until its suberification. The corresponding calculation was performed for the oat and the barley.


[Temperature sensitivity of mutations in species of the virillis group of Drosophila. III. The maternal influence and dominance of lethals in D. virillis Sturt. X D. littoralis Sokolov hybrids]. Lethal mutations sensitive to the temperatures 17 and 31 degrees were found in D. virilis. The phenocritical stage for the heat-sensitive mutation begins from the 2nd half of the 3rd larval instar. The specific stage for the cold-sensitive mutation was not found. The mutations are recessive under intraspecific and interspecific (D. littoralis female XD. virilis hermaphrodite) crossing. They are inherited as dominant in the hybrids D. virilis female XD. littoralis hermaphrodite due to the maternal effect of the D. virillis egg cytoplasm.


[The dynamics of the specific activity of newly synthesized RNA during loach embryo development]. The transport of the stable form of newly synthesized RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm has been studied in the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) development. Following the pulse labelling with 3H-uridine, the embryos were cultivated in the medium with non-labelled uridine and actinomycin D. The cell homogenate was fractionated and the specific activity of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs was determined. It was shown that a great part of newly synthesized RNA degraded within the nucleus and its insignificant part was preserved in the nucleus for several hours. The exit of stable RNA in the cytoplasm depends on the developmental stage. This part of RNA was found to stay in the nucleus at the stages of early--midblastula and leave it in the beginning of gastrulation. At the later developmental stages the newly synthesized RNA passes in the cytoplasm immediately.


[Regionalization of protein synthesis in hydra]. An autoradiographic assay of protein biosynthesis (by 3H-leucine incorporation) in buds and adults Hydra attenuata has shown that in the process of bud growth the following states of protein synthesis regionalization can be distinguished: absence of local differences, state of local differences, and state of hypostomal peak characteristic of the adult Hydra. The protein synthesis regionalization and the morphological segmentation are independent in the process of bud growth.


[Dating pregnancy times in rats and the effect of ovum supermaturation on the quantity of live embryos]. The fecundity of white rats was compared for the night and morning matings (late and early). The mating of animals at the stage of oestrus for 1.5 hrs early in the morning is the optimum one for obtaining females with the precisely dated time of pregnancy. The progeny of females fertilized after 10-11 hours in the morning, i. e. 9-11 hrs after the ovulation, decreases almost twice at the expense of embryonic mortality both prior and after the implantation due to the low viability of "overmatured" eggs.


Pulmonary function in asthmatic children during thalassotherapy. In 39 asthmatic children, 5-14 years of age, sent to the Kinderkurheim Satteldüne for a 6 week course of thalassotherapy, the following pulmonary function studies were tested serially: Vital capacity (VC), one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), maximal mid-expiratory flow rate (MMFR) and peak flow rate (PFR). Results expressed as mean values per week of the group as a whole, showed subnormal results at initial testing in all 4 parameters measured. Improvement followed rapidly with the final level generally achieved during week 2. However, statistical analysis showed the differences between the initial and each of the subsequent values to be insignificant with one exception in the FEV1 values. Thus the clinical improvement observed in most patients during thalassotherapy could not be substantiated by pulmonary function tests.


[Electrical resistance of cerebrospinal fluid in inflammatory diseases of central nervous system in children (author's transl)]. The specific electrical resistance of the cerebrospinal fluid was measured by means of conductometry in 14 cases of meningitis purulenta, 17 cases of meningitis serosa, 10 cases of encephalitis and in 32 control subjects. The mean value was found to be significantly increased in meningitis purulenta in comparison to the control group. The differences between the average values of the electrical resistance concerning other groups studied were found to be unsignificant. In some cases the initially increased electrical resistance of cerebrospinal fluid observed in the acute state of the disease reached the normal levels at the time of clinical improvement. The presumable causes of these phenomena are discussed.


[Tasks and significance of investigations in paediatric sport medicine (author's transl)]. Hitherto there have been hardly any paediatric investigation into the effect of sport on children,--apart from physiological ones, (Rutenfranz). Yet these days children take part in sporting activities as a matter of course, and frequently very heavy demands are made on them. It therefore appeared appropriate to initiate these investigations. The basic requirements for the evaluation of the physical capacity of each individual child are successive examinations of the effects of each type of sport on the cardiovascular system, pulmonary function, locomotor system, metabolism, and the psychology of healthy children. The following investigations are therefore deemed desirable: electrocardiogram, respiration rate, respiratory volume, respiratory gas analysis, blood pressure, body temperature, electro-encephalogram, electro-myogram, gravity and pressure (acceleration) effects, and psychological assessment. It is necessary to examine both the immediate stress and strain, on the child, which can at times assume dangerous proportions, as well as the more long-term effects which can be of a positive nature (effect of training), or of a negative nature (detriments). A further basic of paediatric sport investigations is the evaluation of consequences of climate and altitude in relation to sport. But one must also examine the effects of individual types of sport on children with diseases of the heart, lungs, metabolism, locomotor system, and central nervous system, from the point of view as to which type of sport can be expected of such children which might be beneficial or might be detrimental. Paediatric sport examination should also demonstrate ways and means how disadvantageous effects of sport can be avoided and as a consequence, the results of the serial investigations must be of benefit in the assessment and counselling of the individual child.


[Experimental studies concerning the metabolism, the nutriture, and the requirement for vitamin B6 in childhood (author's transl)]. The study presented gives details about vitamin B6 metabolism in infancy and childhood. After a short review about the history of vitamin B6, some details are given about the chemical structure, the metabolism, and the functions of vitamin B6. The description of some modern methods for the determination of vitamin B6 follows. The experimental part describes the relationship between vitamin B6 nutriture of the pregnant woman and the B6 status of her newborn infant. Then some studies about the vitamin B6 nutriture of the preterm and the full term infant follow, giving some details about the maturation time of enzymes in vitamin B6 metabolism itself. The last chapter deals with the vitamin B6 deficiency syndromes in infancy and childhood. The relations between vitamin B6 and iron deficiency anemia on the one hand and vitamin B6 and celiac disease on the other hand represent some other new investigations in this field.


[Long-term out-patient treatment of children with asthma with a theophylline-ephedrine-hydroxyzine combination (author's transl)]. Drug combinations play an important role in the day-to-day management of asthmatic out-patients. The long-term use of such a combination (Marax) was assessed in 46 asthmatic children aged 1;6 to 13;8 years who were followed up for a maximum of 7 years. Using a daily dosage of up to 16 mg/kg bodyweight more than 80% of children showed definite improvement leading to prevention or significant reduction of acute attacks and clearly reduced dyspnoeic states between attacks. Patients with very severe forms appeared to be influenced less favourably. Spirometric values were obtained in some of the patients and indicated reduction of obstruction. Patients with intrinsic and extrinsic asthma responded satisfactorily. The value of a long-term prophylactic treatment is discussed. These preliminary results appear to support this form of therapy.


Aversive cigarette smoking with an habitual, excessive smoker. A 39-yr.-old patient was exposed to aversive cigarette smoking consisting of rapid smoking, handling of cigarette litter, and warm smoky air for 6 wk. He reduced from a baseline of 140 cigarettes per day to less than 20 at end of treatment. Follow-ups at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 9 mo. indicated a smoking rate of approximately 25% of baseline.


Discrimination by rhesus monkeys of diets containing supplemental amino acids. Following an opportunity to demonstrate a preference for water with or without the addition of the amino acid isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan at a concentration proportional to that in whole egg protein, 9 monkeys were subjected on 4 occasions to a 7-day experimental week when they received an isocaloric diet containing only one-fourth the amount of protein of their normal diet. An identical low-protein diet supplemented with one of the above amino acids, again at a concentration proportional to that in egg, was presented for an equivalent period during the experimental week and the amounts consumed of each diet were compared. Ss failed to exhibit a preference or an aversion for water supplemented with any of the amino acids; however, all low-protein diets supplemented with an amino acid were consumed in greater quantities than a low-protein diet lacking a supplement. On Days 6 and 7 of the experimental weeks when protein depletion was most severe, Ss significantly (p less than .05) preferred the diet supplemented with isoleucine to a diet lacking the supplement.


Increasing reading comprehension of two hyperactive children: preliminary investigation. The differential effectiveness of oral and silent reading on comprehension was evaluated for two third-grade children who were hyperactive and who displayed comprehension deficits. Oral reading resulted in significantly fewer comprehension errors than did silent reading. Time to read a story and number of comprehension errors were negatively correlated. Several possible mechanisms involved in the effect of responding orally were discussed.


Self-concept and participation in children's gymnastics. 20 third grade children participating in a community athletic program of gymnastics were not significantly different on either academic or movement related self-concept measures from 15 children who did not participate in an athletic program. Academic and movement self-concepts were related but were more situationally specific than general.


Time perception: effects of introversion/extraversion and task interest. 32 extraverted and 32 introverted college students rated the interest value and estimated the duration of 3-min. intervals filled with reading. There were 3 dull and 3 interesting readings. It was hypothesized that time perceptions of extraverts and introverts would differ when their interest in the task was dissimilar. But no personality differences in time perception and few in interest were found; both extraverts and introverts judged the intervals to be shorter when the reading was interesting.


Is the reaction time-movement time relationship 'essentially zero'? It was hypothesized that, if RM-MT correlations are "essentially zero," then the magnitude of that correlation should not be subject to variation due to the manipulation of various experimental variables. In this experiment, Ss were tested with either RT-MT together or done separately. Results indicated significant relationships for 18 males but not for 18 females. The "essentially zero" position was discussed as being procedurally specific.


Perceptual vigilance and defense revisited: evidence against Blum's psychoanalytic theory of subliminal perception. Blum's (1954) interpretation of psychoanalytic theory leads him to predict that Ss will defend against a threatening stimulus which is just below a recognition threshold and be vigilant toward the same stimulus when it is farther below the same threshold. 7 males and 9 females were presented the same four Blacky pictures, at the same speed and illumination, and using the same procedure as Blum. The results offered no support for the theory of perceptual vigilance or defense. The many weaknesses inherent in Blum's theory and supporting methodology were discussed.


Visual search through words and nonwords in horizontal and vertical orientations. In a repeated measurement design, 18 college women searched for target letters in 18 lists of common words, rare words, and nonwords arranged either vertically or horizontally. The mean search time in seconds for three trials in each of six conditions was expected to be significantly slower for nonwords than for words and for vertical orientations than for horizontal orientations. More importantly, a significant interaction was predicted between direction of search and the type of list searched. Results confirmed earlier findings that the two main effects were significant; the significant interaction provided empirical evidence that consideration needs to be given to both intraword redundancy and direction of visual search.


Further comparison of video tape and face-to-face interviewing. Previous search has suggested strong similarity of data from the Standardized Video Tape Interview and face-to-face interview procedures. This hypothesis was substantiated by further analysis of the effects of subject variables and their possible differential interaction with the two interview modes. Although no interview mode and/or interviewer-interviewee interactions as such were found, several significant interviewer's sex differences were found and explanations offered.


Effect of target separation on selective attention. A visual search task, in which subjects searched circular stimulus displays for two instances of a prespecified target, was used to investigate the effects of target-separation on accuracy. When a comparison was made of the total number of targets correctly located at each separation, no significant differences were found, and this suggested that, within the range of separations (maximum of 2.53 degrees) examined, the selective processing of the relevant items was not influenced by the distance separating them. Also, assuming that the redundancy of target items increased the probability of a target being perceived, the differences between the number of first targets correctly located and the number correct in a single target condition, were in the predicted direction. However, they failed to reach significance.


Peripheral vision training in reading speed and comprehension. Of two groups of 8 college students receiving 15.75 hr. of speed reading training, an experimental group was given an additional 2.25 hr. of peripheral vision training. Peripheral vision increased for both groups, but reading speed improved only in the trained group. Reading comprehension scores were not affected.


Anchor effects and figural aftereffects: a comparative psychophysical investigation. Perceptual contrast effect was studied from two points of view, as a special anchor effect and as a special figural aftereffect. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of stimulus onset asynchrony on contrast and assimilation effects, induced and measured by different psychophysical methods. Stimuli were circular beams of light projected on screens (Delboef type of illusion). When anchor and series stimuli were shown and the latter were judged by means of a rating scale, stimulus onset asychrony had no substantial influence on the contrast effect (Exp. I). When the constant method was applied, however, the asynchrony altered the shape of the contrast effect considerably (Exp. II).


Helium pressure effects on avoidance behavior in rats breathing high nitrogen pressures. 3 rats given avoidance training and then exposed to 7, 13, and 19 ATA breathing nitrogen, then to 25, 31, and 37 ATA breathing helium, showed increased avoidance response rates above established baselines to 19 ATA followed by a decline. Narcotic effects of nitrogen were not reduced differentially by addition of helium.


Abstract conceptualization in schizophrenia: a fundamental psychological deficit? Wright (1975) has recently argued that impairment in abstract conceptualization is an important schizophrenic deficit. We contend that the data to which he refers are insufficient support for that conclusion. Although schizophrenics' performance on sorting tasks may be less efficient than that of some other groups, the significance of this finding is debatable. A differential deficit in conceptual ability has not been shown and the confounding effects of third variables have not been ruled out. In addition, the validity of sorting techniques in measuring abstraction has not been adequately established. These methodological issues have a more general applicability to the study of psychopathology. Appreciation of them and a more specific definition of "acceptable evidence" would reduce considerably the continuing state of confusion in research on psychological deficit.


Visual aesthetic complexity, attractiveness and diversive exploration. Ratings by 60 Ss showed a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between attractiveness and complexity of 15 paintings of human figures while rated interest tended to increase with complexity. Ss most often selected and least often rejected paintings rated highly attractive and moderately complex for further viewing.


Visual significance of pupillary response to an auditory task. Subjects simultaneously performed visual and auditory detection tasks. Pupillary dilation accompanies increased cognitive load such as that caused by the auditory tasks. Errors in the visual task increased when the auditory task became more difficult. The increase was greater when the effects of pupillary dilation were blocked by an artificial pupil.


Monaural ear differences for same-different reaction times to speech with prior knowledge of ear stimulated. Morais and Darwin's (1974) finding of a right-ear advantage for speech on a "same-different" reaction-time task under monaural stimulation was replicated with 8 Ss who knew before each block of trials which ear would be stimulated. The effect cannot be accounted for in terms of a lateral bias in voluntary attention.


Pupillary measurement and release from proactive inhibition. One of the explanations of release from proactive inhibition in short-term memory is that the subjects re-attend to the items on the release trial because the items are different from the previous ones. It is further assumed that this increase in attention causes the relase items to be learned better than the preceding items. This experiment measured the pupils of the subjects' eyes while they were participating in a proactive-inhibition release-type task. The results showed no increase in attention, as indexed by pupil size, on the release trial. This did not support the attentional explanation of the proactive-inhibition release phenomenon.


Effect of subliminal stimuli on consumer behavior: negative evidence. The study corrected methodological weaknesses found in previous experiments designed to test the contentions of motivational research theorists that subliminal stimulation can affect buying behavior. The words "Hershey's Chocolate" were presented to a group of 18 experimental Ss below a forced-choice detection threshold. The 19 control Ss had a blank slide superimposed over the same background media. In a highly controlled buying situation neither experimental nor control Ss purchased Hershey's products, but on comparable chocolate products, the experimental Ss bought 5 and the control Ss, 3. A second study tested 15 experimental and 12 control Ss with the stimulus presented just below a recognition threshold. No experimental Ss bought Hershey's; two control Ss did. No support was found for the claims of motivational research theorists.


Attention in performance of a complex skill by retarded children. Try materials were used to train 9 retarded children to attend to differences in colors and shapes of objects, and Frostig worksheets were used to train the children to attend to left-to-right directionality. Evidence suggests Ss' ability to attend to these characteristics was generalized to a complex bead-stringing task on which significant gains in performance were found immediately after 15 days of practice with training materials and after a 6-mo. interval of no further training or practice.


Two-part stimulus integration and specific reading disability. 29 dyslexics and 29 control children were presented with two halves of a black cross, one-half being presented at varying interstimulus intervals after the other half. Both dichoptic and binocular presentations were used and separation thresholds were at greater interstimulus intervals for the dichoptic condition. Dyslexics had thresholds at greater intervals than controls. These differences were significant and there was no significant interaction of group by dichoptic condition. The relative magnitudes of difference between dyslexics and controls were as previously reported by Stanley and Hall (1973) and support the notion that dyslexics have longer visual persistence than controls.


Instructional, pacing, and feedback control of respiratory behavior. Procedures designed to affect respiration rate and amplitude were assessed for 4 groups of 8 subjects each. The groups were exposed to combinations of procedures providing feedback for decreasing respiration amplitude, pacing respiration rate, and instructions on rate and amplitude of breathing. After an initial baseline, effects were examined during both treatment and self-management phases for respiratory activity and concurrent heart-rate and electromyogram activity. Reliable effects of pacing on respiration rate, and a slight, but non-significant effect on amplitude were observed. No effects were observed for any heart-rate or electromyogram measures.


Creative perceptions of Hungarian and American Students. The creative self-perceptions on Something About Myself of 227 Hungarian and 672 American high school and college males and females were compared. Americans obtained significantly higher mean scores on Environmental Sensitivity, Self strength and Intellectuality as well as on the Total Scale, whereas Hungarians obtained significantly higher scores on Initiative, Individuality, and Artistry. The observed differences to variability in cultural emphasis.


Delay in retention of forms.

Delay in retention of forms. 10 forms were drawn on the palms of 48 subjects who were without vision. Subjects were then required haptically to explore three forms and choose the drawn shape. Three intervals, 0, 5, and 15 sec., were inserted between the presentation of the drawn form and the choice. It was expected that there would be a decline in the accuracy of form recognition with an increase in delay. Form recognition was significantly superior with no delay and loss of shape information seems to occur rather quickly since there was no significant difference in the accuracy of form recognition between the two longer delays.


Note on decision time/movement time relationships in normal and depressed subjects. It has been suggested that under normal conditions, there is no relationship between decision and movement time components of response latency. However, for normal Ss, induced elevation of decision time produces conpensatory reductions in movement time. Psychomotor retardation, commonly observed in depressive patients, shows in the main, elevations for decision time. Such patients should also produce compensatory reductions in movement time. This was found not to be so. While 15 controls exhibited no relationship between decision and movement times, 30 depressive Ss exhibited a positive one. The result was discussed in terms of a post hoc postulate of motivational deficit among depressive patients.


Field articulation and linguistic structures. The relation of field articulation to sensitivity to linguistic structures was explored. Subjects (23 males and 23 females) were given the rod-and-frame test and then made true-false judgments of sentences varying in grammatical and semantic complexity. While increased complexity did increase the difficulty of true-false judgments of sentences, the latencies of these judgments were unrelated to the scores on the rod-and-frame test. These results were discussed in terms of the generality of previous studies reporting a relationship between field articulation and linguistic abilities.


Color preferences, extraversion, and neuroticism of art students. Color preferences of 190 art students (Götz & Götz, 1974, 1975) were compared with the corresponding scores on extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N). It was found that the preferences of a group of 27 highly gifted young artists were different from preferences of average and less gifted Ss who had little or no artistic practice. In the latter group extraverts and ambiverts mainly preferred primary and secondary colors (light clear and dark clear tones included), while introverts preferred tertiary colors (earth colors) and achromatics. However, in the group of highly gifted Ss no significant differences between positive and negative rankings in both color categories were found. Neuroticism had no effect on color preferences; this holds for introverts and extraverts and for each single color.


Dichotic ear preferences of stuttering children and adults. 39 stutterers and 39 normal speakers indicated their ear preferences for dichotically presented words and digits. A single response mode for both dichotic words and digits was selected to study speech perception. Stutterers showed significantly less of the normal right-ear preference for dichotic words and digits than non-stutterers. The proportion of stutterers who failed to demonstrate a right-ear preference for dichotic words was significantly greater than for non-stutterers. 18% of the stutterers and none of the non-stutterers showed reversed or a left-ear preference for dichotic digits. Although non-stuttering children and adults performed alike on the dichotic tasks, the right-ear dichotic-words scores of stuttering children were significantly smaller than those of adult stutterers. The results are related to an early notion that stuttering may be related to mixed dominance and recent evidence showing that large percentages of older stuttering children show spontaneous remission of stuttering.


Relationship between pulse pressure, arteriosclerosis, and a visual reversal phenomenon. Varying numbers of Ss were studied on a task producing a perceived reversal in the direction of rotating objects. Ss were required to indicate when reversal in the direction of rotation of the percept occurred for the first time. Low initial reversal time coincided with high pulse pressure which is an indicator or arteriosclerotic processes. The relationship of initial reversal time and pulse pressure existed for all Ss with histories of cerebro-vascular accident, amputees secondary to diabetes mellitus, and many control Ss (a nonpatient group of higher socio-economic and intellectual levels) who had a poor health history regarding high blood pressure and/or diabetes mellitus. In contrast, control Ss with no cardio-vascular or diabetic problems had high initial reversal times or no reversal at all. Initial reversal time was stable over a short as well as longer periods of time. Initial reversal time may be useful as an adjunct in the prognosis of arteriosclerotic pathology.


Pupillary changes during encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. 6 subjects were each auditorily presented six lists of 7-digit numbers for retention intervals of 0, 5, and 10 sec. Pupil size was recorded during stimulus presentation, retention, interval, and recall of items. Results indicated that pupil dilation occurred during encoding and retrieval of stimulus items. Pupillary constriction was found during the retention interval when rehearsal was presumed to occur.


Electromyograph responses and performance success estimates as a function of internal-external control. For 12 externally scoring college women, marginally significant correlations of EMG recordings with self-estimates of success in tensing forearm muscles (-.50) and with success in relaxing these muscles (-.54) were obtained. Similar correlations for 12 internally scoring women were much smaller. Analysis of variance of means had indicated no differences in ability of these groups to control muscles of the forearm.


Effect of color in rearing and testing environment on the behavior of young domestic chicks. Young domestic chicks were reared individually in compartments of four different colors and then tested either in a color-preference test with stationary objects (N equals 128) or with a moving stimulus (N equals 128). For each type of test we used four background colors in the test arena. The dependent variables included color preferences, following behavior and emotional responses of the young chicks. The results showed no significant effects of the color of the arena-background in either test situation. The color of the rearing compartment was a significant factor affecting color preferences in the test with stationary objects. In both test situations the colors red, and then green, were the most potent in affecting the color preferences and emotional responses exhibited by the chicks.


[Bone marrow scintigraphy in anemia caused by impaired hemopoiesis. Respective values of technetium colloids and indium-transferrin]. Thirty-six patients with different types of bone marrow failure have been studied by double scintigraphy, with 99mTc-colloids and 111In.-transferrin. The observed results are compared to those obtained by bone marrow biopsy and ferro-kinetic studies. Despite our imperfect knowledge of the physiology of indium, and the non-selectivity of this tracer for the erythropoietic line, the good correlation observed in most cases between scintigraphy with 111In. and ferro-kinetics and bone marrow histology is an argument which favours the clinical use of this tracer. A striking difference between the results of scintigraphy with Tc-colloids and scintigraphy with 111In. was noticed in chronic erythroblastopenias, and in most of the aplastic anemias, primitive or due to partial leukemic involvement of the bone marrow. It is suggested that this double study may have an interest for the prognosis in these cases. In patients with lymphoma, treated by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, In. and Tc scintigraphies show an extension of active bone marrow to normally inactive zones. It indicates a severe defect of the normally active zones, and appears to be a contra-indication for any supplementary chemotherapy. In myeloid metaplasias, this study may be useful for the choice of treatment, by giving precise indications on the degree of splenic erythropoiesis and of bone marrow cellular depletion.


[Treatment of malignant melanomas. Trial of D.T.I.C. by intra-arterial infusion]. D.T.I.C. appears more and more to possess the characteristics of an effective chemical agent in the treatment of naevocarcinoma. Having been able to include it in a mixed chemotherapy programme used in a group of 44 patients, we report here our findings. This is a preliminary study, the results of which will have to be confirmed in time on a larger group of patients over a longer period of observation.


[Mesenteric-caval anastomosis using an interposed dacron graft. Apropos of 5 cases]. Five meso-caval shunts with the use of dacron prostheses are reported in the adult. Any other type of portocaval decompression was impossible in 2 cases (splenoportal thrombosis) but this procedure was elected in 3 cases (2 Budd Chiari syndromes, 1 cirrhosis with perihepatitis). This operation proved to be technically simple and satisfactory. A cirrhotic patient died 5 days later, because of acute hepatic necrosis, the four others cases being followed by a smooth postoperative course with a favorable effect on hemorrhage and/or ascites. Thrombosis of the graft was not observed (3 angiographic controls, 2 clinically obvious patencies). The follow-up is too short (maximum one year) to extend the indications of this appealing technical procedure.


[Intravascular hemolysis. Assessment by determination of haptoglobin, hemopexin and orosomucoid]. In 100 patients suffering from intravascular haemolysis, a "protein profile" was made on the basis of measurement of haptoglobin, haemopexin and orosomucoid. The estimations were carried out using a rapid precise automatic technique using monospecific immune serum. The results obtained indicate that these tests are sensitive and reliable.


[Measurement of the blood levels of antiepileptic drugs. I. General principals]. The authors report some basic notions on the pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs, and the informations given by serum level determinations of anticonvulsants. It is not conceivable to treat epileptics without taking into account these facts. But it is neither necessary nor desirable to measure blood levels of antiepileptic drugs in every patient.


[Measurement of the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. Application to patients with angina pectoris with normal coronography. Study of 10 cases]. A study of 2-3 D.P.C. (diphosphoglycerate) and of P50 (PO2 of half-saturation of blood at pH 7.40, PCO2 40 torr and temperature 37 degrees C) was carried out in ten subjects: eight women and two men suffering from angina pectoris with no evidence of obstruction on their coronary arteriograms. The study was made with the subjects at rest, in the absence of any acute coronary episode. The results show that these patients have a normal affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen: the 2-3 D.P.G. was 13.05 +/- 2.2 muM.g-1 Hb; P50 was 26.7 +/- 1.3 torr; Hill's "n" was 2.65 +/- 0.29. Deviation to the right of the oxyhaemoglobin curve may be seen, after effort or during a provoked attack, but this movement to the right seems to be the result rather than the cause of the myocardial ischaemia.


[Practical value of the measurement of red cell volume in polyglobulia]. The practical interest of the direct measurement of the red blood cell volume in clinical haematology remains a matter of discussion. A retrospective study of 385 cases with high haematocrit values shows that the measurement of RBC volume is useful for the diagnosis between true and spurious polycythemia only when the haematocrit value is slightly increased (until 52 p.cent in women and 55 p.cent in men). At the higher values of haematocrit, the direct measurement of the RBC volume does not help for the diagnosis between primitive and secondary polycythemia, but may be useful for the choice of the treatment.


[Osteomalcaia and chronic pancreatis. 5 cases]. The authors report five cases of an association between osteomalacia and chronic calcifying pancreatitis. The pancreatic involvement, which was pain-free in four patients, resulted in all cases in enzyme insufficiency with steatorrhoea. The deficiency-type osteopathy was highly vitamin sensitive. Aetiological study of these cases of osteomalacia revealed the constant presence of factors aggravating the vitamin deficiency, playing a role by increasing deficient intake or malabsorption, or by increasing Vitamin D requirements. It thus appears that hypovitaminosis D alone, of particular severity, was sufficient to result in the appearance of clinically evident osteomalacia. Such a vitamin deficiency, necessary when the intestinal mucosa is intact, is only rarely encountered, which accounts for the extreme rarity of osteomalacia in association with chronic pancreatic disorders.


[Valvular tube gastrostomy].

[Valvular tube gastrostomy]. Valvular tube gastrostomy was performed on 90 patients whose lesions necessitated permanent alimentary gastrostomy. 60 were cases of cancer of the oesophagus where the tumor could not be removed, and 30 were cancers of the oropharynx. 10 (11 p.cent) died within one month of surgery, but slackening of the sutures was an attributable cause in none of these cases. 4 succumbed to their cancer before the sixth month. The functional results of those surviving more than 6 months were examined: -- 75 p.cent had very good results; -- 17 p.cent had mediocre results, but feeding was still possible; -- 8 p.cent had bad results and a second operation was necessary.


[Practical value of the measurement of red cell volume in anemia]. In most cases of anemia, haematocrit is a good index of the degree of the red blood cell mass decrease; however, in the patients with renal deficiency, hyposideremic anemia, or severe hemolysis, a variable response of the plasma volume to anemia makes any measurement of the hematocrit a poor index of the red cell mass; in patients with splenomegaly, an excess of plasma volume makes any measurement of the treatment. The direct measurement of the red cell mass appears to be useful in clinical practice in many cases with anemia.


[Early detection of venous thromboses of the lower limb in traumatology by labelled fibrinogen]. In emergency traumatology, the iodine 125 labelled fibrinogen test is useful in the early detection of phlebitis in patients in whom the routine use of heparin is not possible--fractures of the cervical spine, severe cranial trauma, elderly subjects. It makes possible the institution of appropriate heparin therapy, without waiting for clinical signs to become evident. We noted that isotopic venous thromboses occured very frequently and very early, and that clinical signs, when present (50 p. cent of cases) occurrer 24 to 48 hours after the appearance of isotopic signs.


[Chronic nephropathy in saturnism. Comparative elimination of lead by classic chelating agents and peritoneal dialysis]. The authors report one case of saturnism with chronic nephropathy. In a 49 years old Caucasian male, the diagnosis was suggested by the following findings. Two acute abdominal crisis associated with a severe increase in blood pressure and a slight but significant elevation in the lead concentration in blood (1 mg/l) and urine (0,42 and 0,60 mg/24 h). The chronic poisoning was explained by the high lead concentration in the drinking water used by the patient. Despite chronic renal failure, a significant lead urinary chelation was obtained after infusion of Edetate calcium disodium (8 mg/24 h). Although E.D.T.A. keep its value for diagnosis this chelating agent is less effective on lead removal than the peritoneal dialysis (15 mg over a 36 hour-period) which appears to be the most useful method for treatment in case of chronic nephropathy.


[Fulminating hepatitis caused by glue thistle (Atractylis glummifera-L.), poisoning. Anatomo-pathological study of 4 cases]. The toxicity of the "glue thistle" is well known in Algeria. 10 children were involved in a case of collective poisoning. Only two survived. Histo-pathological studies were made in four cases, the clinical and histological picture being that of a fulminating hepatitis with major hepatocellular necrosis.


[Appendical innervation in the long types of Hirschsprung's disease. Histological and histoenzymatic study]. On the basis of the fact that the autonomic innervation of the appendix reflects that of the caecum, that appendicectomy is easier and less dangerous than multiple biopsies of the wall of the colon and that frozen section and later study, with the aid of a rapid histoenzymatic technique, is more convenient than that of small fragments which are always difficult to orientate, the authors recommend this investigation in cases in which a syndrome of obstruction in the neonatal or postnatal period poses the problem of the diagnosis and emergency treatment for total absence of colonic ganglia.


[Proof of the absence of prostaglandin secretion by a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with functional diarrhea]. In a patient who had undergone surgery for a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and with multiple hepatic metastases and severe diarrhoea, prostaglandins PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2alpha measured in peripheral venous blood and hepatic venous blood were normal in level and closely comparable, i.e. without gradient. Arachidonic acid, a PGs precursor, labelled with Iodine 131 was not taken up in the plaques of hypofixation seen with bengal rose and technetium sulphate. Finally, aspirin and indomethacin failed to relieve the diarrhoea. It is suggested that PGs were not secreted by the hepatic metastases and could not therefore be considered responsible for the diarrhoea.


Partition coefficient of 133Xe between blood and eye tissues. The relative solubility coefficient of 133Xe and the tissue-blood partition coefficient for the aqueous humour vitreous body, conjunctiva and external eye muscles of the rabbit were determined in vitro at 37 degrees C and at various haematocrit values. The partition coefficient for haematocrit 40 was: for the aqueous humour 0,49 ml/ml, for the vitreous body 0,50 ml/ml, for the conjunctiva 0,81 ml/g and for the external eye muscles 0,77 ml/g. It was found that the solubility of 133Xe in rabbit erythrocytes is about 50 per cent higher than that in human red cells. The consequences of this fact for the precision of blood flow measurements by the method of tissue clearance are discussed.


Tc-99m labeled complexes of aldehydes and glutamate as cholescintigraphic agents. Tc-99m pyridoxylidene glutamate has proven to be an excellent biliary scanning agent, far superior in many respect to the commonly used I-131 rose bengal. The preparation of the compound as previously reported by Baker et al is too time consuming and requires the use of an autoclave which is not available in most nuclear medicine departments. In our facility, we have been preparing similar compounds using several aldehydes and monosodium glutamate to make labeled complexes having the same pharmacological characteristics. The mixture of monosodium glutamate, aldehyde, and Tc-99m pertechnetate is made slightly alkaline, purged with helium, and placed in a sealed vial. The vial, which is protected by a wire basket, is then heated in a laboratory oven at 130 degrees C for a period of 15 to 20 minutes. During this time, the technetium is reduced to a lower valence state and bound to the complex formed. Chromatographic data show that these compounds are chemically similar to that previously reported. The compounds prepared concentrate in the gall bladder of the rabbit in less than 10 minutes. Kinetic studies have been performed on dogs with a scintillation camera and small digital computer to measure rates of blood clearance, liver and gall bladder uptake, and excretion into the intestine. The aldehyde -- glutamate complex promises to be a useful scanning agent for the diagnosis of biliary and hepatocellular diseases.


Combined scintigraphic study of the lung: what does the inhalation study add? In 175 patients the results of combined isotope studies i. e. inhalation and perfusion scintigraphy were compared with those of chest x-ray. The absorbed radiation dose due to the inhalation study calculated for whole body was 3 mrad/500 muCi, lungs 380 mrad/500 muCi, ovaries 0.3 mrad/500 muCi and testes 0.03 mrad/500 muCi. In 44 of our cases the isotope studies suggested the presence of a vascular occlusion, not detectable on the x-ray film in 36 cases. In the remaining 8 cases the inhalation study was found to add to the precision of the diagnosis. In nearly all other cases it was not found to have any diagnostic value.


The use of discriminatory values for thyroid uptake and free thyroxine index. The distributions of 4 hour 132I neck uptake and 20 minute 99mTcO4 thyroid uptake in euthyroid patients were found to conform closely to a log normal distribution, from which a statistical normal range may be obtained. More accurate discriminatory values for determining thyroid status may be established by plotting intersecting distribution curves for hypo-, hyper- and euthyroid groups. Subdivision by age and by the presence or absence of a palpable thyroid reveals considerable variations from which a series of more accurate discriminatory values may be established for these subgroups. For Free Thyroxine Index (T4RT3 index) more accurate discriminatory values were also obtained by similar methods; while no significant variations related to age or palpable thyroid were observed, subdivision of the patients into two groups referred as suspected hypothyroidism and suspected hyperthyroidism yielded a further small improvement in accuracy.


[Anemia in terminal kidney insufficiency: ferrokinetics, erythrocyte survival times and erythrocyte enzymes in chronic dialysis patients]. Radio-iron utilization was nearly normal in these patients, only bilateral nephrectomized patients showed a reduced radio-iron utilization. Red blood half-life span was shortened in all patients, well corresponding to the degree of anemia. Parameters of erythropoesis like plasma iron clearance, bone marrow transit time, erythron iron turnover, non erythron iron turnover and hemolysis iron turnover failed to quantitate disorders of red blood cell regeneration in these patients. No defect in red blood cell enzyme activity could be demonstrated. Enzymes of glycolysis were increased corresponding to the reduced erythrocyte half-life span.


The synthesis and chemical properties of 3-chloromercury-2-hydroxipropyl-urea. A simple and rapid method for the synthesis of 3-chloromercury-2-hydroxipropyl-urea has been described. It has been concluded that highest yields are obtained by the synthesis of 197HgO and allyl urea in the ratio of 2.5 : 1. Stability of the final preparation was investigated after thermal sterilization and standing at room temperature. It has been proved that the inorganic mercury-197 is not released. Radiochemical purity was controlled by chromatographic method using pyridine, n-butanol and water (3 : 10 : 3 v/v) as a solvent. The results obtained indicate that the preparation is applicable for human use.


[Sources of error in the radioimmunochemical determination of digoxin in serum]. In a study with numerous samples of serum we compared 5 Digoxin RIA and evaluated the reliability of tests by simultaneous determinations. There were found considerable differences in the determinations with the various RIA for the same serum; evident differences also were recorded in the recovery and in the reproducibility of the assays. Among some other sources of error the dependence of temperature and of the duration of the dextran-charcoal separation were observed; therefore, the charcoal incubation is recommendable at 4 degrees C. Each laboratory which is able to perform the determinations of digoxin concentrations in the serum should declare its own range for the therapeutic and toxic levels for the used RIA in collaboration with the clinicians.


Computation of muscle blood flow by 133Xe clearance using polynomial fitting techniques. A polynomial fitting technique suitable for small computers has been developed for calculation of the muscle blood flow function by the 133Xe clearance method. An application of the method for blood flow measurements in the lower limbs during hyperaemia is presented. The calculated maximum blood flow and peak time values were closely correlated with the manually elicited results.


[Radiation sterilization of disposable medical equipment]. In the Institute of Nuclear Research in Warsaw, the double-function linear electron accelerator LAE 13/9 has been operating since 1972, currently yielding radiation in the amount equivalent to 1 millon Ci of cobalt 60, thus providing unique research possibilities. The author has discussed the technical base in Poland and Comecon Member Countries, and planning and prognostic in this respect in other countries, as well.


[Determination of radiation dosage for radiosterilization of disposable medical equipment]. The study on radiation resistance of 17169 microbial clones was performed including 15376 clones of bacteria isolated from the factory rooms in which injection needles were manufactured and those adjacent to strong sources of ionizing radiation. Out of this number of examined clones, there were selected 955 clones which survived the radiation doses of 2-4 Mrad. Basing on analysis of resistant bacteria according to radiation, the dosages for sterilization of disposable medical equipment are proposed.


[Ionic polymers in medicine].

[Ionic polymers in medicine]. Basing on literature data, recent developments in the application of synthetic ion-containing polymers in medicine were presented. These compuonds could serve as drugs (e.g. antibacterial or antiheparin agents) and also (e.g. after crosslinking) as endoprostheses or as antithrombogenic coatings. Application of ionenes and cationomeric urethanes, which are studied at presentmost intensively, was described. Mechanism of the influence of ionenes on bacteria and of ionenes or cationic urethanes on heparin was given.


[Resistance of polysterenes and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer to sterilizing doses of accelerated electron radiation]. The results of the study on the resistance of certain home-made polystyrenes to sterilizing doses of accelerated electron radiation are shown. The properties of studied materials were found to undergo no changes after sterilization and one-year's storage which, in a majority of cases, qualifies them suitable for manufacture of medical and bacteriological equipment to be sterilized in electron accelerators. One of the materials under study - type KM polystyrene with increased impact resistance - was found to be relatively unstable in its commercial form before irradiation. The styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, although completely radiation resistant within the examined dosage range, requires special caution because of free actylonitrile found in extracts.


[Study of polyolefine plastics for the manufacture of medical and bacteriological equipment to be sterilized in electron accelerators]. The resistance of several kinds of polyethylenes and polyproylenes to sterilizing doses of accelerated electron radiation was studied. Polypropylene Polypro J-600 articles were shown to be unfit for sterilization using isotope sources with low-power dosages, and the use of electron accelerator was found to enable their radiation sterilization.


[Bone, joint, spinal and pelvic-spinal localizations of sarcoidosis (apropos of a case)]. Authors report on one case of particularly flourishing and evolutive sarcoidosis that conditioned numerous manifestations among which stand out lesions interesting one hip and one sacro-iliac articulation and also extensive and destructive bone lesions. This case is for them an opportunity for recalling the major facts related with bone lesions and articular manifestations of sarcoidosis and for calling attention on the spinal and pelvic-spinal involvements. The latter, when signs of bone lysis exist, are evocative of a neoplasm. More often, spondylodiscitis, coexisting sometimes with spindle-like paravertebral pictures, let think of tuberculosis. Confusion would be unavoidable if such facts, in spite of their rareness, were not better known.


[Benign asbestosic pleurisies (apropos of 3 cases)]. Report is made on three cases of benign asbestosic pleural effusions that occured in subjects of more than 60 years in age that had had moderate but long occupational contact with asbestos (between 18 and 40 years). We are dealing here with pleural effusions that have an insidious onset and a chronic course, serofibrinous in nature for the three cases, moderately exsudative, with a relatively few accelerated blood sedimentation rate, a level of protids between 34 and 58 g/l and a level of dextrose between 0,70 and 1,15 g/l. Relapses were noted in two of the patients. In two of these cases existed associated pleural calcifications. Important sequelae persist after the cure that consist in pachypeuritis, and one of these cases was submitted to surgery. Confirmation of the diagnosis was found in the surgical material that contained asbestosic bodies; the sputum of the same patient contained also ferruginous bodies. The research of an occupational contact with asbestos has to be systematically performed in the case of subjects that exhibit, after a certain age, an apparently cryptogenetic pleural effusion.


[Bronchography in children].

[Bronchography in children]. In spite of improvement in the exploratory techniques of the respiratory tract, tracheo-bronchography preserves numerous indications in the study of children's congenital or acquired bronchopneumopathies. The main indications of this investigation consist in the detection of bronchectasies or in the exploratory study of chronic and relapsing bronchial diseases. The investigation makes possible to precise the severity of the disease, to value the results of the medical management and, at last, to select the patients amenable to surgery. Another indications are to be found in the appraisal of some malformative broncho-pneumopathies, with special reference to lung hypoplasias and sequestrations. The technical conditions of the investigation have largely benefited of short duration general anesthesy and of various material improvements (televised fluoroscopy, orientable catheters of small calibre).


[Value of the measurement of ventilatory and circulatory components in CO2 ductance]. Authors bring forth the results of the determination of CO2 ductances in 28 patients : 14 cases of pulmonary arterial thrombosis, 7 cases of diffuse interstitial fibrosis recognizing various etiologies, 4 cases of endothoracic sarcoidosis and 3 cases of pure restrictive syndrome due to functional amputation of some territories. The global CO2 ductance is lowered in 24 cases. In each one of these cases the PACO2 determination makes possible to decompose the global ductance into a ventilatory ductance and a circulatory ductance. The circulatory ductance is lowered in the case of pulmonary arterial thrombosis; the ventilatory component is lowered in the case of restrictive syndromes and in the case of diffuse interstitial fibrosis. For what concerns the pulmonary arterial thrombosis, authors discuss then the value of the information contained in the expression of the CO2 arterial-alveolar gradient on the one hand, and in the circulatory component of the ductance on the other hand. At last, the determination of the ductances appears interesting in the supervision of the course of various diseases.


[Flow rates and pulmonary volumes in athetosis patients with speech disorders]. In 9 controls and in 10 athetosic subjects, authors performed a pneumotachographic registering of ventilation under rest conditions for each phase and determined : the phase duration, the delay between the onset of the phase and the moment where the maximal output occurs, the output reached at the first 1/10th of second after phase change. These determinations were performed in 189 cycles in the controls and in 257 cycles in the athetosic subjects. For each cycle, ventilation and frequency reported to one minute were reckoned, and the relation was established between the duration of expiration and inspiration and between the time necessary for the output to reach its maximal level and the phase duration. The hereafter mentioned facts were noted : in the athetosic subjects there exists a tachypnea for normal ventilation figures, a proportional lengthening in the expiration duration with a reduced mean output; in the beginning of the phase, the output gets increased more rapidly and reaches a higher level than in the controls; then a slow and irregular decrease occurs. Inspiration is rapid and regular. The most perturbed expiration is to be found in the athetosic subjects who exhibit the most severe vocal disorders. These expiratory anomalies appear to be bound with a poor thoracic and laryngeal motor controlling during the passive phase of the respiration, whereas the automatic inspiratory movement takes place in a normal mood.


[Alveolar microlithiasis (apropos of a case)]. One new case of alveolar microlithiasis is reported on that includes, besides the radio-clinical investigations, complete functional exploratory studies and anatomic authentications. Authors recall the diagnostical procedures and our present ignorance of the pathogenesis of this curious entity; no valid therapy is presently able to check the relentless course towards progressive respiratory deficiency.


Purification of an acidic structural protein from rat skin using Triton X-100. An acidic protein was extracted with neutral-salt solutions from rat skin. When precipitated by dialysis against dilute acetic acid, the structural protein was separated from contaminating soluble collagens and other soluble proteins. The precipitate was dissolved in buffers containing 1% Triton X-100 and purified to apparent size and charge homogeneity by chromatography on a DEAE Bio-Gel A column. Triton X-100 was necessary for achieving nondestructive disaggregation of the protein which could be reversed by dialyzing out the detergent against methanol-dilute acetic acid.


Purification of growth-promoting peptides and proteins, and of histones, by high pressure silica gel chromatography. A rapid method for the purification of histones and a variety of growth-promoting proteins and peptides by chromatography on silica gel has been developed. The isolation of the growth-promoting components of serum has been hampered by excessive losses associated with the use of water-based purification mens in acidic methanol-H2O solutions (eg. insulin, albumin, the somatomedins) provides a basis for purification on high-pressure silica gel columns, while peptides and histones can be purified in similar solvents. After column chromatography, the solvent is removed by flash-evaporation, or the protein may be precipitated directly from the solvent by neutralization of the pH and the addition of ethanol. The retention of biological activity (eg. somatomedin-C binding to insulin receptors and cell-growth stimulation) and recovery are excellent.


An improved system for preparative starch block electrophoresis. A starch block electrophoresis system is described which includes (a) a single-unit Lucite electrophoresis chamber, (b) temperature control with a circulating water bath and casting resin-coated brass cooling plate, (c) continuous monitoring of block surface temperature and (d) an easily-assembled apparatus for rapid elution of protein from the starch segments.


A large scale procedure for purification of desmosine and isodesmosine. A rapid large scale procedure was devised for the purification of desmosine and isodesmosine from ligamentum nuchae elastin. The method makes use of the hydrophilic nature of the desmosines which preferentially absorbs to cellulose fibers in mixtures of organic solvents. Resolution of the isomers was achieved on a polystyrene resin column.


Remyelination after transient compression of the spinal cord. Transient mild compression of the spinal cord produces a lesion in which demyelination with preservation of axon continuity is the predominant nerve fibre change. This damage is repaired by oligodendrocytes which produce complete though abnormally thin and short internodes of myelin along demyelinated stretches of axons. When compression is more severe, this damage is also repaired by Schwann cells which migrate into the spinal cord from nearby root entry zones and form complete segments of peripheral nervous system-type myelin around demyelinated central axons.


The bioavailability of carbamazepine.

The bioavailability of carbamazepine. Two aspects of the correlation of plasma carbamazepine level with drug dose in patients taking carbamazepine tablets indicated the possibility that the drug may be incompletely and variably absorbed from the alimentary tract of man. To investigate this possibility, pharmacokinetic studies were undertaken in six volunteers, who were given increasing single doses of carbamazepine in tablet form at appropriate intervals. These studies gave evidence of slow, and probably incomplete, absorption of carbamazepine. After administration of carbamazepine in a specially-prepared solution to 5 of the subjects, rapid absorption of the drug occurred, and in 4 subjects more drug was absorbed than when the same normal dose was given as tablets. It was concluded that the pharmaceutical formulation of carbamazepine tablets limits the bioavailability of the drug, and that problems may arise if the bioavailability of the drug is to be increased.


Tay Sachs disease in a child and management of a subsequent pregnancy. A case is reported illustrating the typical features of Tay-Sachs disease, the light microscopy and ultrastructure of the stored material in the condition, and the feasibility of prenatal diagnosis of the disorder.


The action of thalidomide on the peripheral nervous system of the embryo. The mode of teratogenic action of thalidomide is unknown. A new radiological interpretation of thalidomide-induced limb malformations suggested that pathological changes should be sought in the sensory ganglia. Newborn rabbits with thalidomide-induced limb defects were examined histologically, and failure of maturation of dorsal root ganglion cells was demonstrated. This neuronal immaturity supports the radiological hypothesis of embryonic neuropathy, which is proposed as the underlying pathology of the limb deformities due to thalidomide.


A case of spontaneously resolving "papilloedema". A case of spontaenously resolving bilateral papilloedema in an obese 38 year old woman subject to cluster headache is reported. The aetiology of the condition remained obscure after neurological and biochemical investigation.


Neuromyelitis optica following infectious mononucleosis. A case of moderatley severe neuromyelitis optica following infectious mononucleosis is described as the first reported instance of this complication. Total recovery occurred. Rapid improvement followed the commencement of corticosteroids. It is postulated that the pathological process was one of postinfectious demyelination.


Periodic alternating nystagmus.

Periodic alternating nystagmus. A typical case of periodic alternating nystagmus is described. Periodic alternating nystagmus is a form of horizontal or horizontal-rotary jerk nystagmus of which the most characteristic feature is an alternation in direction at regular intervals. The condition appears to be not as rare as has been believed previously and may indicate a lesion in the upper part of the medulla.


Opsoclonus with myoclonus.

Opsoclonus with myoclonus. A further case of opsoclonus with myoclonus is described. When this syndrome occurs in childhood an associated neuroblastoma should be excluded. In the majority of cases at all ages no underlying disease will be found, although a preceding history of minor upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infection may be elicited, suggesting that a possible encephalitis affecting brain stem mechanisms may be the cause. The prognosis is, as a rule, excellent although full recovery may not occur for many months. Corticosteroids and nitrazepam may have a place in the treatment of severely affected patients with distressing symptoms.


The value of the brain scan and cerebral arteriogram in the Sturge-Weber syndrome. In a series of eight patients with the Sturge-Weber syndrome, the brain scan was shown to be the most accurate, non-invasive, diagnostic test, being abnormal in all eight patients. In four cases examined by cerebral arteriography, this study was also conspicuously abnormal. Some of the neurological disturbances occurring in these patients are more likely to be due to transient ischaemic attacks and cerebral infarctions than to epilepsy.


A family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Leber's optic atrophy. A family has been studied in which members of 4 generations were affected by the hypertrophic type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by electrophysiological studies and by sural nerve biopsy. 10 members of the family, 8 males and 2 females, developed optic atrophy of acute onset with progression over a period of two to six months. The history of visual failure, its maternal inheritance, and the neuro-ophthalmological findings of optic atrophy with bilateral central scotomata were typical of Leber's optic atrophy. 2 members of the family suffered from both Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Leber's optic atrophy. There have been a few previous reports of optic atrophy associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and in the present family both conditions appeared to have been inherited independently.


The low intracranial pressure syndrome.

The low intracranial pressure syndrome. The syndrome of low intracranial pressure may develop in a variety of circumstances, e.g. after lumbar puncture, following head injury and intracranial operations. It sometimes occurs after viral meningitis. The case history is described of a woman in whom the disorder was unusually severe and persistent. Interesting radiological features were observed, the appearances being those of herniation of the brain towards the tentorial opening. Simple measures of treatment produced dramatic and lasting relief.


Mechanisms in cerebral lesions in trauma to high cervical portion of the vertebral artery--rotation injury. Three cases have been described illustrating the mechanisms and effects of lesions from acute rotation injury to the vertebral artery. These indicate that the portion of artery at risk is in the C1 to C2 region, where stretching and shearing strains can produce intramural dissection and haemorrhage. Such changes can radically alter flow to produce acute arterial obliteration or later cerebral embolism. Such alteration can also produce a change in relationships between artery and surrounding structures and thus cause intermittent occlusion of a vertebral artery upon cervical rotation.


Amine turnover in migraine.

Amine turnover in migraine. Excretion of the vaso-active amines tyramine, serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline and histamine and blood levels of serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline and histamine, were estimated in 10 patients before, during and after an attack of migraine.  During the headache process there was a statistically significant fall in the excretion of tyramine and a similarly significant rise in the excretion of serotonin.  Excretion of the other 3 amines showed no significant fluctuation during the various phases of the migraine attack.  Blood levels of serotonin were significantly lower during headache than during freedom from headach. whilst whole blood histamine was significantly higher only during the postheadach phase.  The meaning of the latter observation is not obvious.  The above results are discussed in the light of recent reports that tyramine is the substance responsible for headache attacks in patients who have a history of dietary migraine.  Reasons are offered as to why this is unlikely to be the case.


The headaches of phaeochromocytoma.

The headaches of phaeochromocytoma. Of 27 patients  with phaeochromocytoma, 20 were subject to headaches as a part of their symptom complex and 7 were not, in spite of the fact that 4 of the latter had experienced other forms of headache at other times. There was no correlation between the proportion of noradrenaline to adrenaline produced by the tumour and the presence or absence of headache or the nature of the headache. Liability to headache appeared to be linked with the rate of change in blood pressure and was not related to absolute values of blood pressure. Two patients experienced a "funny turn" typical of catecholamine release during a spontaneous migraine headache. The migraine headache became pulsatile and severe in one patient but was unaltered in the other. The variable duration and intensity of the headache in different patients can be explained by the pressor and cranial vasoconstrictor effects of the secreted amines which respectively enhance and diminish vascular headache.


Fluctuations of plasma phenytoin levels on single dose and twice daily dose regimes. Eight chronic refractory epileptics were studied with regard to frequency of administration of phenytoin. There were no excessive fluctuations in plasma levels when the total drug dose was given as a single daily dose, and the clinical state of the patients was unchanged from that on twice daily dosage.


Fibre function and perception during cutaneous nerve block. In awake human subjects, neural responses in cutaneous nerves to electrical stimulation were recorded with intrafascicular tungsten micro-electrodes. Changes in the activity of individual fibre groups during blocking procedures were recorded and correlated with simultaneous alterations in the perception of standardized stimuli. Light touch sensibility in hairy skin was mediated by A-beta-gamma fibres, cold and pinprick by A-delta fibres and warmth and dull pain by C fibres.


Geniculate hemianopias: incongruous visual defects from partial involvement of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Quantitative perimetric studies in 4 patients with involvement of a lateral geniculate nucleus revealed strikingly incongruous defects in the corresponding homonymous fields of vision. The patterns of these hemianopias are analysed and correlated anatomically with established retinotopic projections on the six cellular laminae of the geniculate nucleus. Incongruous wedge-shaped field defects appear to be pathognomonic of focal disease in the dorsal crest of the geniculate nucleus. Other patterns typify lesions of the medical or lateral horns of the nucleus. On theoretical grounds monocular hemianopic defects should result from unilaminar geniculate lesions, but this perimetric sign awaits confirmation. In each case of geniculate disease where the retinal nerve fibre layer has been examined specifically for efidence of retrograde homonymous atrophy, typical hemiretinal signs were found to be present.


Muscular dystrophy in young girls.

Muscular dystrophy in young girls. Muscular dystrophy occurred in four girls. In only one of these was the syndrome both proximal and with pseudo-hypertrophy, thus clinically resembling the x-linked Duchenne type of the disease. The evidence for a primary dystrophic process existing in the four individuals is based on the laboratory findings of very high serum creatine kinase levels, myopathic E.M.G. appearances and muscle biopsies. However, each case is clinically different (one is proximal with contractures, another limb girdle with facial involvement and the fourth is distal) and worthy of documentation. The recent demonstration of a neurogenic basis for several myopathies previously considered to be dystrophic in nature has not caused us to revise our view that true muscular dystrophy does occur in girls but that the "Duchenne-like" type is rare.


Enteric coated levo-dopa in clinical practice. The results of a clinical trial of enteric coated Levo-dopa are described for nineteen patients with Parkinsonism. Twelve cases comprise the nuclear group and all were intolerant to therapeutic doses of standard Levo-dopa. Seven cases were receiving Levo-dopa for the first time. Treatment periods ranged from three to twelve months. Of the whole group, 84% have improved. Of the poor responders to standard Levo-dopa 58% have improved markedly and the remaining 42% have improved to a moderate degree using clinical criteria. The mean stabilization dose was 1.5 grams daily and using the Mann-Whitney U test the difference is highly significant when comparison is made with the stabilization dose of 3.0 grams for standard Levo-dopa (P less than .001). The method of stabilization is described; the commonest initial stabilization period is three weeks. Side-effects are dose-related. No side-effects have appeared in 60% of the patients and only mild or transient side-effects have appeared in 20%. A characteristic toxic reaction is described. This enteric-coated preparation of the drug appears to control the "on-off" phenomenon in at least 50% of cases with this problem. The preparation is suitable for routine use in outpatients but added care is required to ensure that vitamin tonics are rigorously avoided. Two deaths are recorded during the trial, but analysis shows them to be unrelated causally to the therapy. Enteric coated Levo-dopa is recommended as the primary treatment in all new cases where Levo-dopa therapy is indicated. No adverse interactions have occurred with other commonly used anti-Parkinsonian drugs.


Frontal agraphia, (including a case report). Frontal agraphia has always been a subject of interest, although very few documented case reports have been published. A 57 year old male clerk, suffering from adenocarcinoma of the signoid colon, presented with mild headache and difficulty in writing. Minor features of dysphasia could be detected, but there were no alexia, agnosia or apraxia. Brain scan and angiography confirmed a metastasis in the posterior part of the left prefrontal region. The patient was able to write single letters, and had no difficulty with automatic writing or copying. The writing of words and of sentences was more affected. After a brief review of the literature and discussion, the authors concluded that frontal agraphia is related to frontal lobe diorders, especially the inability to translate verbal signals into motor behaviour (i.e. writing).


[Classification of mental phenomena as the highest integration level of man's relationship to the environment (with remarks on the phenomenon of altered states of consciousness)]. In recent years mystical ideas have been spreading concerning "altered states of consciousness" as "new dimensions of experience and transpersonal communication". An analysis is given of the class-conditioned character of these concepts deriving from the insecure social conditions existing under moribund imperialism. This is contrasted with the dialectical materialist concept of psychic phenomena as the highest integration level of man's relationship to the environment. Psychic phenomena are interpreted not as epiphenomena but as an expression of the new quality attained in the evolution of man as a social being in the central control of all functions of man's organism.


[Neuropsychiatric disorders in children of divorced marriages]. From the standpoint of polyethiological methods of treating children's neuropsychiatric disorder images, the present paper is concerned with the question of environmental morbific agents which play a part in the genesis of these disorders. The results have made it clear that children of divorced marriages have to be treated at medical establishments for psychiatric disorders more frequently than those coming from normal family relationships, with a marked dependence on the environment to be observed in certain groups of diagnoses. The encephalopathic child must be regarded as being particularly endangered. Suggestions are given as to the prophylaxis of such disorders, which must primarily be oriented towards the family.


[Tryptophan metabolism research in oligophrenic children. 4.: Activity and possibility of activating hepatic kynureninase after vitamin B6 treatment]. In 8 selected test persons of the 3rd series of experiments who were showing signs of pathological kynureninase activity, hepatic kynureninase was again established after 3 week's treatment with large doses of vitamin B6. The enormous in-vivo activation of the kynureninasis established goes to prove that apoenzyme synthesis may be stimulated by pyridoxine. On the basis of these results and the relative frequency of disorders dependent on B6, the question arises whether children from endangered families should not be given prophylactic vitamin B6 treatment from birth.


[Effect of the factor "frequency of words" on temporal and structural characteristics of speech reaction in patients with motor-efferent and motor-afferent aphasia]. The effect of the factor "Frequency of the words" on the speech and the structure of the actualised verbal responses in patients with motor aphasia has been studied. It was established that the rate of the verbal associations occurence depended on the frequency of the word-stimulus and on the probable frequency of the response - stimuli with low frequency prolong the time of the actualisation, especially of the period of sound realisation. Alterations in the psycholinguistic structure of the associative responses were detected - the percentage of the syntagmatic links in both forms of motor aphasia diminished in stimuli with low frequency, which showed that the difficulties in the processes of combination increased. In repeating, reading aloud, writing to dictation with and without pronouncing low frequency words, the number of the mistakes increased and parallel to that the possibilities for their correction decreased. In words with high frequency, reverse correlation to these mentioned above have been established. The results from the study suggested that in preparing the program for the reparative education in patients with motor aphasia, we could rely not only on the "round-about ways" for the reconstruction of the impaired speech system, but also to enlarge considerably the support of its "preserved links". Such a "link" undoubtedly is the considerably preserved speech content of high frequency words.


[Fetishistic practices in youth].

[Fetishistic practices in youth]. The author, after giving an outline of various theories of the genesis of sexual malpractices in general and so-called fetishistic practices in particular, tries to show, by reference to the behavior shown by several normally intelligent and socially fully integrated young persons, that juvenile fetishism cannot be considered a perversion in the proper sense of the word. Also, the results of observations made on these young persons show that biological factors play a minor role in the genesis of sexual malpractices. Disturbed social learning processes in the realm of interhuman relations are considered to be essential to the development of abnormal practices.


[Influence of temperature on the bioelectric conductivity of peripheral motor nerve]. 14 persons were examined electro-neurographically before and after cooling with an ice bag. The following results were found. A slight decrease of the motor conductivity is verified. This decrease in function is shown most markedly in the slowly-conducting motor neurons. At the cooling borderlines reactions with increased function are discernible. For the clarification of the relevance of changes of the nerve conductivity, further investigations with methodic variants are necessary.


A functional effect of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and in some other dopamine-rich parts of the rat brain. Dopamine (5 to 50 mug) applied bilaterally to the nucleus accumbens of reserpine-nialamide pretreated rats produced a marked dose-dependent rise in coordinated locomotor activity, devoid of stereotypies such as gnawing, rearing and licking seen after dopamine application (50 mug) to the neostriatum. The locomotor activity was completely blocked by pimozide, but not by phenoxybenzamine. The effects of apomorphine or d-noradrenaline was similar to those of dopamine. In contrast, l-noradrenaline produced a "convulsive" syndrome devoid of coordinated locomotor activity, and this convulsive syndrome could be completely blocked by phenoxybenzamine but not by pimozide. Release of endogenous dopamine by d- or l-amphetamine (10 and 50 mug) in the nucleus accumbens produced a rise in coordinated activity, the d-isomer was about 4 times as potent as the l-isomer, and the effect of the d-isomer was blocked completely by alpha-methyltyrosine. Bilateral application of trifluoperazine (2.5 mug) to the nucleus accumbens completely blocked the effect of systemically administered d-amphetamine (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg), but similar application to the area of the central nucleus of the amygdala or the neostriatum was much less effective. Partial protection of the endogenous dopamine stores against the depleting action of reserpine by local application of metatyramine to the nucleus accumbens resulted in a higher level of basal activity than in control animals. Application of dopamine or noradrenaline to the area of the central nucleus of the amygdala or to the olfactory tubercles did not lead to any consistent changes in locomotor activity. The nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercles contained most of the dopamine in the limbic forebrain, with noradrenaline more evenly distributed. These data suggest that the nucleus accumbens plays an important role in the locomotor activity in rats.


Effects of d-amphetamine on the incorporation of carbon atoms of D-glucose into the brains of differentially-housed mice. Mice were housed either individually ("isolated") or in groups of 20-25 ("aggregated") for 5-9 weeks or for 22 weeks. A decreased incorporation of radioactivity into brain from subcutaneously-administered U-14C-D-glucose occurred in "isolated" mice as compared to grouped animals. Amphetamine, administered before labelled glucose, produced a dose-dependent decrease of radioactivity which was selective to the brains of the "isolated" mice. The data support the correlation between isolation-induced changes in behavior and central metabolic pathways and indicate further that these changes may be altered by administration of psycho-active agents.


Plasma renin activity in depressed patients treated with increasing doses of lithium carbonate. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in the supine position and after active upright stance in patients with endogenous depression and in a group of healthy volunteers serving as controls. In the depressed patients, PRA was further investigated in the same conditions during treatment with increasing doses of lithium carbonate. Basal PRA values were lower in depressed patients than in normal controls, particularly in the upright stance, and tended to rise gradually during lithium therapy. These findings suggest that lithium may work as a stimulant of the renin-angiotensin system, and possibly as an antidepressant, by way of producing functional activation of the norepinephrine system independent of its action on the water and electrolyte balance.


The effect of caffeine on human performance, alone and in combination with ethanol. The effect of caffeine (300 mg/70 kg) on cognitive, perceptual and motor functions was investigated both alone and in combination with ethanol (0.75 g/kg) in 68 healthy student volunteers of both sexes. A test battery consisting of standing steadiness, simple and complex reaction time, manual dexterity, numerical reasoning, perceptual speed and verbal fluency was used. Placebos for both drugs were included. Caffeine was administered in decaffeinated coffee immediately after finishing drinking the alcoholic beverage. A peak plasma ethanol concentration of 92 +/- 4 mg/100 ml occurred at 40 min which was not modified by caffeine. Caffeine did not antagonise the ethanol-induced decrement in performance except in the reaction time tests. Caffeine alone caused a significant increase in body sway at 40 min.


Pharmacokinetics of nomifensine in man.

Pharmacokinetics of nomifensine in man. Nomifensine pharmacokinetics were determined in healthy volunteers after the oral administration of 50 mg of the drug. Peak plasma levels of 95-177 ng/ml were attained within 1 to 4 hrs, and the apparent plasma half-lives ranged from 3.3 to 4.9 hrs. Assuming 100% bioavailability the drug has a relatively large apparent volume of distribution. From these findings it appears that the pharmacokinetics profile of nomifensine is considerably different from those of other known antidepressants. Implications for dosages schedules are discussed.


Psychological adaptation to isolator therapy in acute leukaemia. Treatment under conditions of gnotobiotic isolation can augment the stress of adaptation to a diagnosis of leukaemia. Identification of the psychological problems experienced in isolator treatment can contribute to the effective maintenance of therapy. Individual patterns of adjustment to treatment relate to the psychological mechanisms of defence employed to contend with the dependent position enforced by isolation. Psychiatric assessment can assist both patients and nursing staff with the management of their separate difficulties in this unfamiliar treatment situation. Psychological features of isolator treatment in ten patients with acute leukaemia are described and suggestions proposed for psychological management of patients under isolator conditions.


Denial revisited: reflections on psychosomatic theory. Certain clinical observations cast doubt on the validity of the traditional psychological explanation of psychosomatic disorders, which invokes the concept of a psychodynamic conflict derived from psychoanalytic theory. Psychosomatic patients appear to be unable to describe feelings in words, show a marked paucity of fantasy, and do not make significant internal psychological changes in these areas in the course of psychodynamically oriented psychotherapy. It is suggested that neurophysiological hypotheses may be more useful for understanding psychosomatic processes and specifically that disturbances in the function of the palleostriatral dopamine tract are related to psychosomatic disorders. Testable inferences from this hypothesis are proposed, including the suggestion that clinically and neurophysiologically, schizophrenia and psychosomatic disorders are the obverse of one another.


Some dynamic and transactional aspects of family theraphy with psychotic patients. The application of family therapy to families with psychotic patients involves both technical and theoretic observations and underpinnings. The implications of these for the understanding of certain family dynamics and the use of family therapy in general are investigated. The rhythm of real participation and observation on the therapist's part and the utilization of co-therapists is contrasted with a more authoritarian, 'director' model of intervention. Tendencies in these families towards frozenness and immobility, as well as splitting and chaos, must be counteracted, and are reflected in interactions and transactions between co-therapists. The importance of unravelling these patterns and aiding therapists in the framework of a specially designed, ongoing supervisory seminary is stressed.


Indications for psychotherapy in a psychiatric clinic population. A survey. As a part of a larger project of trying to differentiate the therapies for inpatients in a psychiatric clinic, we have made a half year's survey of the patients' needs for short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Our findings point to less than 10% of the inpatients being able to profit from this kind of therapy. These findings and their implications are discussed briefly.


Treatment of anorexia nervosa by the integration of behavior therapy and psychotherapy. Anorexia nervosa has been approached by a variety of therapeutic regimens. These regimens have addressed themselves to either the underlying psychological problems or the eating disorder. By integrating behavior therapy and psychotherapy, the author proposes a treatment plan which addresses both problems simultaneously. Psychotherapy and behavior therapy are theoretically integrable; their integration produces a treatment consistent with dynamics underlying anorexia nervosa; and this treatment produces, during a relatively short hospital stay, rapid weight gain and a foundation for continued psychotherapy. The case of a 22-year-old female is presented which describes the treatment by the proposed intergrated model with documentation of the results at discharge and at 3 months and 1 year follow-up.


A concept of analytical treatment for patients with psychosomatic disorders. Report on the psychosomatic phenomenon and its consequence for therapy. With the Paris school the author holds the view that the 'pensée opératoire' is pathognomic for the psychosomatic patient. This archaic, 'automatistisch-mechanistisch' thinking is a consequence of defects in the sphere of the physiological pre-ego. Certain typical findings, such as reduplication and mechanized object relations are seen as correlates of disturbances in the patient's early identification processes. Analytical therapy must thus aim at shifting the all but inaccessible psychosomatic phenomenon into a historical perspective. The psychological event can set in only when the patient has discovered the connexion between his somatic reaction patterns and the emotions he is beginning to feel for the security-giving therapist. An account of the development of the treatment of one patient (Birgit) illustrates the author's concept of analytical therapy in psychosomatics. The 'facilitating environment' helped the patient Birgit to differentiate herself from her dual object and thus to be able to cathect the level of the triangular relationship. The concept of the model ward led on to the development of an ambulatory method of therapy, 'relaxation analytique', which is based on investigations into the concept of the holding function. 'Taking care' of the patient is function of the therapist's own inner attitude, of his being prepared to do everything to encourage the therapeutic regression. The correlate of this attitude, on the side of the patient, is the sense of security which is an essential condition for the 'new beginning' to set in.


Sturge-Weber syndrome.

Sturge-Weber syndrome. Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis (Sturge-Weber syndrome) is described with a typical case history.


A multi-purpose contour projector for use in radiotherapy treatment planning. The multi-purpose contour projector is a compact piece of apparatus of simple design made entirely in the physics workshop and mould room. Its introduction to the planning department has standardised and simplified the localisation technique so as to make the system more accurate. The device is now used routinely on all head and neck moulds.


[The complete colon examination (author's transl)]. The radiologist must assume complete responsibility for the preparation and examination of the entire colon including the rectum. He must cooperate with and constantly check his findings with the colonoscopist. When one considers the increasing patient load, we cannot expect that all radiologists will be willing or able to assume the additional effort to produce Welin's precise results routinely. However, even with these examiners, the air contrast method can still fulfill the role of a precise and ultimate examination, especially in certain selected high risk groups. What Dr. Leo Rigler has said about lung cancer also  applies to tumors of the colon. No matter how great or sophisticated the mental ability and our tools in differential diagnosis, it is all in vain if we do not find the lesion. Not to find the lesion is the irrevocable error.


Cleansing of the colon without enemas.

Cleansing of the colon without enemas. Several methods have been used to cleanse the large bowel prior to roentgen examination and rectoscopy for more than ten years. A method with administration of a salt solution (SALAX) in combination with different oral laxatives (Cascara sagrada, Dantron,  Bisacodyl) without cleansing enemas is described. Hospitalized patients should have an individual preparation while ambulatory patients are almost completely cleansed if they carefully follow the given instructions.