Cherry-red spot in Gangliosidosis (GM1), metachromatic macula leukodystrophy, mucolipidosis, Tay-Sachs disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Farber lipogranulomatosis, sialidosis III
Chorioretinitis Congenital infection with cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, or rubella
Corneal cloudiness Mucopolysaccharidosis I and II, Lowe syndrome, congenital syphilis
Pinnae, low set or Trisomies such as 18, Rubinstein-Taybi malformed syndrome, Down syndrome, CHARGE association, cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome, fetal phenytoin effects
Hearing Loss of acuity in mucopolysaccharidosis; hyperacusis in many encephalopathies
CHARGE association, CATCH22, velocardiofacial syndrome, glycogenosis II, fetal alcohol effects, mucopolysaccharidosis I; chromosomal anomalies such as Down syndrome; maternal phenylketonuria; chronic cyanosis may impair cognitive development.
Adapted and updated from Liptak G: Mental retardation and developmental disability. In Kliegman RM, Greenbaum LA, Lye PS, editors: Practical Strategies in Pediatric Diagnosis and Therapy, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders, p 540.
CATCH-22, Cardiac defects, abnormal face, thymic hypoplasia, cleft palate, hypocalcemia, defects on chromosome 22; CHARGE, coloboma, heart defects, atresia choanae, retarded growth, genital anomalies, ear anomalies (deafness).
Table 10-3 Tests of Cognition TEST AGE RANGE SPECIAL FEATURES INFANT SCALES Bayley Scales of Infant Development (3rd ed) 1–42 mo Mental, psychomotor scales, behavior record; weak intelligence predictor
Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale 2–30 mo Used to extend Stanford-Binet downward
Ordinal Scales of Infant Psychological Birth–24 mo Six subscales; based on Piaget’s stages; weak in predicting later Development
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (4th ed) 2 yr–adult Four area scores, with subtests and composite IQ score
McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities 2½–8½ yr 6–18 subtests; good at defining learning disabilities; strengths/weaknesses approach
Wechsler Primary and Preschool Test of 2 ½–7¼ yr 11 subtests; verbal, performance IQs; long administration time; good at Intelligence–Revised (WPPSI-R)
Merrill-Palmer Scale of Mental Tests 18 mo–4 yr 19 subtests cover language skills, motor skills, manual dexterity, and matching ability
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (4th ed) 2 yr–adult Four area scores, with subtests and composite IQ score
Leiter International Performance Scale, Revised 2–20 yr Nonverbal measure of intelligence ideal for use with those who are cognitively delayed, non-English speaking, hearing impaired, speech impaired, or autistic
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale – II (2nd ed) Birth–90 yr Interview/questionnaire; typical persons and blind, deaf, developmentally delayed, and retarded
American Association on Mental Retardation 4–21 yr Useful in mental retardation, other disabilities (AAMR) Adaptive Behavioral Scale children with grouped tests to aid in problem identification and program evaluation. For the child with special needs, this screening ultimately should lead to individualized testing and the development of an IEP that would enable the child to progress comfortably in school. Diagnostic teaching, in which the child’s response to various teaching techniques is assessed, also may be helpful.