In determining the needs for niacin, the content of tryptophan in the diet must be considered because tryptophan is converted to niacin. Niacin is stable in foods and withstands heating and prolonged storage. Approximately 70% of the total niacin equivalents in human milk are derived from tryptophan. Pellagra, or niacin deficiency disease, is characterized by weakness, lassitude, dermatitis, photosensitivity, inflammation of mucous membranes, diarrhea, vomiting, dysphagia, and, in severe cases, dementia.
Coenzyme in ketoacid Beriberi: polyneuropathy, calf Inborn errors of lactate Liver, meat, milk, cereals, decarboxylation (e.g., tenderness, heart failure, edema, metabolism; boiling milk nuts, legumes pyruvate → acetyl-CoA ophthalmoplegia destroys B1 transketolase reaction)
Meat, vegetables
Folate DNA synthesis Megaloblastic anemia; neural Goat milk deficient; drug Liver, greens, vegetables, tube defects antagonists; heat inactivates cereals, cheese
D Maintain serum calcium, Rickets: reduced bone Prohormone of 25and Fortified milk, cheese, phosphorus levels mineralization 1,25-vitamin D liver; sunlight
E Antioxidant Hemolysis in preterm infants; May benefit patients with Seeds, vegetables, germ areflexia, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia G6PD deficiency oils, grains
CoA, Coenzyme A; FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. *Biotinidase deficiency.
Vitamin B6 diarrhea, failure to thrive, listlessness, hyperirritability, and Vitamin B6 refers to three naturally occurring pyridines: seizures. Children receiving isoniazid or penicillamine may pyridoxine (pyridoxol), pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. The require additional vitamin B6 because the drug binds to the phosphates of the latter two pyridines are metabolically and vitamin. Vitamin B6 is unusual as a water-soluble vitamin in functionally related and are converted in the liver to the coen-that very large doses (≥500 mg/day) have been associated with zyme form, pyridoxal phosphate. The metabolic functions of a sensory neuropathy. vitamin B6 include interconversion reactions of amino acids, conversion of tryptophan to niacin and serotonin, metabolic reactions in the brain, carbohydrate metabolism, immune Folate development, and the biosynthesis of heme and prostaglandins. The pyridoxal and pyridoxamine forms of the vitamin are destroyed by heat; heat treatment was responsible for vita-
Decision-Making Algorithms min B6 deficiency and seizures in infants fed improperly pro-Available @ StudentConsult.com cessed formulas. Goat’s milk is deficient in vitamin B6.
Dietary deprivation or malabsorption of vitamin B6 in chil- dren results in hypochromic microcytic anemia, vomiting,
Vitamin A Severe deficiency with Infants: 7,500–15,000 U/day IM, followed by oral 5000–10,000 U/day for 10 days. xerophthalmia