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amphipathic end products of cholesterol metabolism that are produced by hepatocytes. Bile acids circulate between the liver and intestine to conserve their mass, and water-insoluble metabolites (e.g., cholesterol) are carried in bile in the form of mixed micelles.
4.
Bile is stored in the gallbladder between meals, where it is concentrated and released when hormonal and neural signals simultaneously contract the gallbladder and relax the sphincter of Oddi.
5.
The liver is critical for disposing of certain substances that would be toxic if allowed to accumulate in the bloodstream, including bilirubin and ammonia.
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SECTION 7The Renal System BRUCE A. STANTON AND BRUCE M. KOEPPEN
Chapter 36 Potassium, Calcium, and Phosphate Homeostasis
Elements of Renal Function
Chapter 34 Solute and Water Transport Along the Nephron: Tubular Function
Chapter 35 Control of Body Fluid Osmolality and Volume
Chapter 37 Role of the Kidneys in the Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
Upon completion of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1.
Which structures in the glomerulus are filtration barriers to plasma proteins?
2.
What is the physiological significance of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
3.
What blood vessels supply the kidneys?
4.
What nerves innervate the kidneys?
5.
What is the location of the kidneys, and what are their gross anatomical features?
6.
What are the different parts of the nephron, and what is their locations within the cortex and medulla?
7.
What are the major components of the glomerulus, and what are the cell types located in each component?
8.
How can the concepts of mass balance be used to measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
9.
Why can inulin clearance and creatinine clearance be used to measure GFR?
10.
Why is plasma creatinine concentration used clinically to monitor GFR?
11.
What are elements of the glomerular filtration barrier, and how do they determine how much protein enters Bowman’s space?
12.
What Starling forces are involved in formation of the glomerular ultrafiltrate, and how do changes in each force affect GFR?
13.
What is autoregulation of renal blood flow and GFR, and which factors and hormones are responsible for autoregulation?
14.
Which hormones regulate renal blood flow?
15.
Why do hormones influence renal blood flow despite autoregulation?
Overview of Renal Function
The kidney presents in the highest degree the phenomenon of sensibility, the power of reacting to various stimuli in a direction, which is appropriate for the survival of the organism; a power of adaptation which almost gives one the idea that its component parts must be endowed with intelligence.
E. STARLING—1909