Seven foramina and fissures provide apertures through which structures enter and leave the pterygopalatine fossa (Fig. 8.155):
The foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal communicate with the middle cranial fossa and open onto the posterior wall.
A small palatovaginal canal opens onto the posterior wall and leads to the nasopharynx.
The palatine canal leads to the roof of the oral cavity (hard palate) and opens inferiorly.