The anterior wall is formed by the vertebral bodies of the vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and associated ligaments.
The lateral walls and roof are formed by the vertebral arches and ligaments.
Within the vertebral canal, the spinal cord is surrounded by a series of three connective tissue membranes (the meninges):
The pia mater is the innermost membrane and is intimately associated with the surface of the spinal cord.