{
    "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": " (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion",
    "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": " (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310 to earn their third Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 7",
    "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": " American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers",
    "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": " 201",
    "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": " champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season",
    "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": " American football game",
    "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": " Bay Area at Santa Clara, California. As this was the 50th Super Bowl, the league emphasized the \"golden",
    "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": " (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (N",
    "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": " American football game",
    "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": " (AFC",
    "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": " American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310 to earn their",
    "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": " an American football game",
    "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": " (AFC",
    "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": " an American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC",
    "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": " 2015 season. The American Football Conference (",
    "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": " with various gold",
    "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": " the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated",
    "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": " an American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC",
    "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": " Bowl 50 was an American football game to determine the champion of",
    "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "FC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion",
    "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": " ",
    "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": " American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015",
    "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": " an American football game to determine",
    "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": " American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310 to earn their third",
    "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": " an American football game",
    "56d600e31c85041400946eae": " 24\u201310 to earn their third Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 7,",
    "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": " defeated",
    "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": " third Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 7, 2016, at Levi's Stadium in the",
    "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": " the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season",
    "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "5 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (",
    "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": ", and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals",
    "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "1 record, and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable",
    "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "uable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals ",
    "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": " denied the New England Patriots a chance to defend their title from Super Bowl XLIX by defeating them 20\u201318 in the AFC Championship Game.",
    "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL",
    "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "\u201315 in the NFC Championship Game and advanced to",
    "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": " the AFC Championship Game. They joined the Patriots, Dallas Cowboys, and Pittsburgh Steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl",
    "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": " a chance to defend",
    "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "1 record, and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable",
    "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": " season with a 15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They defeated",
    "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": ", and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315 in the NFC",
    "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": " founded in 1995. The Broncos finished the regular season with a 12\u20134 record",
    "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": " finished the regular season with a 15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They",
    "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": " with a 15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP",
    "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": " Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315 in the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl",
    "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": " regular season",
    "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": " denied the New England Patriots a",
    "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "1 record, and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals ",
    "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": " denied the New England Patriots a",
    "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "uable Player (MVP). They defeated",
    "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": " NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl",
    "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "The Panthers finished the regular season",
    "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "uable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona",
    "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL",
    "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": " Panthers finished the regular season with a 15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton was named",
    "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": " lead in Super",
    "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": " defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including",
    "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": " seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller",
    "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": " 50",
    "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": " fumble which they recovered for a touchdown",
    "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": " Super Bowl 50 and never",
    "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": " lead in Super Bowl 50 and never",
    "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": " seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a",
    "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": " sacks, and two forced f",
    "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": " Super Bowl 50",
    "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": " Super",
    "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": " never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into",
    "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": " MVP, recording five solo tackles",
    "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven",
    "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": " they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller was named Super Bowl MVP, recording five solo tackles, 2\u00bd",
    "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": " lead in Super Bowl 50 and",
    "56d601e41c85041400946ece": " 50 and never trailed. Newton was",
    "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": " Super Bowl MVP, recording five solo",
    "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": " lead in Super Bowl 50 and never",
    "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": ". Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked",
    "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": " was",
    "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": " for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller was named Super Bowl MVP, recording five solo tackles, 2\u00bd sacks, and two",
    "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": " defense, which sacked him seven times and forced",
    "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": " him seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including",
    "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": " Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by",
    "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": " U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30",
    "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": " an average of $5 million",
    "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": " Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl",
    "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": " 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million",
    "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": " was headlined by the British",
    "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": ".S., and charged",
    "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": " Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.,",
    "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": " Bowl XLVIII halftime shows, respectively. It was the third-most watched U.S.",
    "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": " show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest",
    "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": " Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows, respectively. It",
    "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": " an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50",
    "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": " in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a ",
    "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S",
    "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": " Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial",
    "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": " was headlined by the British rock",
    "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": " show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest",
    "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": " for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was",
    "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": " during the game. The Super Bowl 50",
    "56d602631c85041400946ed8": " Bey",
    "56d602631c85041400946eda": " was headlined by",
    "56d602631c85041400946edb": " U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a ",
    "56d602631c85041400946edc": " Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and",
    "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": " commercial during the",
    "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl",
    "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": " Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows, respectively. It was the third-most watched",
    "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": " the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl",
    "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "50th Super",
    "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": " it would be \"an important game",
    "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": " Roger Good",
    "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": " Commissioner",
    "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": " Bowl \"spectacular",
    "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Good",
    "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": " the 50th Super",
    "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": ", NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th Super",
    "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "th Super Bowl \"spectacular\" and that it",
    "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "2, NFL Commissioner Roger Good",
    "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": " be",
    "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": ": New Orleans' Mercedes",
    "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": " Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium",
    "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": ": New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium",
    "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920b": "' Mercedes-Benz Superd",
    "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life",
    "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9580": " to",
    "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": " sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami",
    "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9582": " sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area",
    "56d20564e7d4791d00902612": "' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium",
    "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": " Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium",
    "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": " to",
    "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": " the bids to three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco",
    "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": " Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium",
    "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": " Stadium, and the San Francisco",
    "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": " Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun",
    "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": " to",
    "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": " league",
    "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": " home team 49",
    "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": " The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times (tied for most",
    "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": " finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10",
    "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": " by the",
    "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": "The",
    "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "IX",
    "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "1985 (Super Bowl XIX), held at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California, won by the home team 49",
    "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": " were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted",
    "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "'s Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area",
    "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": " Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10",
    "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "ied for most with New Orleans), with the most recent one being Super Bowl XLIV in 2010. The San Francisco Bay",
    "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": " XIX",
    "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "2, that the two finalists were Sun",
    "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": ", 2012, that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has",
    "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "16, 2012, that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted",
    "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": ", 2012, that",
    "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": " XLIV in 2010.",
    "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "iami area has previously hosted the event 10 times (tied for most with New Orleans), with the most recent one being Super Bowl",
    "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": ", 2012, that the",
    "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": " The",
    "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": " for most with New Orleans",
    "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "'s Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 201",
    "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": " owners at their spring meetings",
    "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": " is the first Super",
    "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": " Area since Super Bowl X",
    "56be5523acb8001400a50330": " stadium opened in 2014",
    "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "2013, NFL owners at their",
    "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": " the San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 198",
    "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": " Area since Super Bowl X",
    "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": " in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium",
    "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": " at their spring meetings in Boston voted",
    "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": " 1985, and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII took",
    "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": " owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1",
    "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": ". The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the",
    "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "21, 2013, NFL owners at their",
    "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": " spring meetings in",
    "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014. It is",
    "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": " is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl X",
    "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": " $1.2 billion stadium opened in 201",
    "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "2013, NFL owners at their",
    "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": " since Super Bowl XIX in 198",
    "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": " is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl X",
    "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": " $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014. It is the first Super",
    "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "1",
    "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": " to have completed a",
    "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": " one of four teams to have made eight appearances",
    "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": " last Super Bowl appearance prior to",
    "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": " both conferences met in the Super Bowl.",
    "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": " season, the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl.",
    "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": " season, the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl",
    "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": " The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super",
    "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": " season, the number one seeds from both conferences",
    "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": " the third straight season",
    "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": " Super",
    "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "VIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise",
    "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "VIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise",
    "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": ", the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten teams to have",
    "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": " one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one",
    "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": " teams to have",
    "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": " record, while",
    "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": " third straight season, the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten",
    "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": " acquired a 15\u20131 record, while",
    "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": " running back DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin",
    "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": " to a 16-game schedule in 1978. Carolina started the season ",
    "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": " running back DeAngelo Williams and",
    "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": " Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history,",
    "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": " and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in",
    "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": " running back DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers had their",
    "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": " ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers had their",
    "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": " Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin",
    "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": " Kelvin Benjamin",
    "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": " since the league expanded to a 16",
    "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": " the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16",
    "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": " DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history",
    "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": " top wide receiver",
    "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": " receiver Kelvin Benjamin",
    "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": " a torn ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to",
    "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": " back DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin",
    "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": " Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin",
    "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": " top wide receiver Kelvin",
    "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": " wide receiver Kelvin",
    "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": " Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least",
    "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": " of his best seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636, while recording a career",
    "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "636, while recording a career-high",
    "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": " six Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl quarterback Cam Newton had one of his best seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636,",
    "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "icho",
    "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": " Pro Bowl",
    "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": " career-best quarterback rating of 99",
    "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": " with talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl quarterback Cam Newton had one of his",
    "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": " 1,104 yards",
    "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": " selections. Pro Bowl quarterback Cam",
    "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": " with talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl",
    "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": " Panthers offense, which led the NFL in scoring (500 points), was loaded with talent",
    "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": " best seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and",
    "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": " 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards. Other key receivers included veteran Jerricho Cotchery (39 receptions",
    "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": " 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards. Other key receivers included veteran Jerricho Cotchery (39 receptions",
    "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": " selections. Pro Bowl quarterback Cam Newton had one of his best seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636,",
    "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": ". Pro Bowl",
    "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": " Pro Bowl fullback Mike Tolbert, who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for",
    "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "icho Cotchery (39 receptions",
    "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": " boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl",
    "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": " talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Pro",
    "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": " the team with a career high seven interceptions, while also racking up 88 tackles and Pro Bowl cornerback Josh Norman, who",
    "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": ", while also leading the NFL in interceptions",
    "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": " the NFL in interceptions with 24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle",
    "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": " the team with a career high seven interceptions, while also racking up 88 tackles and Pro Bowl cornerback Josh Norman, who",
    "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": " the league, while also leading the",
    "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": " defensive end Kony Ealy, who had 5 sacks in just ",
    "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": " up",
    "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": " two.",
    "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": " also leading the NFL in interceptions with 24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short led the team",
    "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": " interceptions, while also racking up 88 tackles and Pro Bowl cornerback Josh Norman, who",
    "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "\u00bd sacks. The Panthers line also featured",
    "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": " while also leading the NFL in interceptions with 24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle",
    "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": " Behind them, two of the Panthers",
    "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": " with 24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11, while also forcing",
    "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": " the Denver Broncos underwent numerous coaching changes, including a mutual parting with head coach John Fox (who had won four division",
    "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": " in the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the Denver Broncos underwent numerous coaching changes, including a mutual parting with head coach John Fox",
    "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": " Manning",
    "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": " divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the Denver Broncos underwent numerous coaching changes, including a",
    "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": ", due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his",
    "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": " San Diego Chargers, resulting in Manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading",
    "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": " loss in the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the Denver Broncos underwent numerous",
    "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": " as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season. Osweiler was injured, however, leading to Manning's return during the Week",
    "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": " (who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos head coach),",
    "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "), and the hiring of Gary Kubi",
    "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": " championships in his four",
    "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": " of the regular season. Osweiler was injured,",
    "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": " John Fox (who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos head coach), and the hiring of Gary Kubiak as the",
    "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": " changes, including a mutual parting with head coach John Fox (who had won four divisional championships in his four years as",
    "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": " Under Kubiak, the Broncos planned to install a",
    "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": " summer",
    "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": " changes, including a mutual parting with head",
    "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": " head coach), and the hiring of Gary Kubi",
    "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": " as well as Manning having his worst statistical season since",
    "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": " John Fox (who",
    "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": " career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17",
    "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": " big element of",
    "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": " Pro",
    "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": " with a career-low 67.9",
    "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": " yards and",
    "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": " leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns, while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards. Running back Ronnie Hillman also made a",
    "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": " passer rating",
    "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": " with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing",
    "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": " Thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns, while Emmanuel Sanders caught 76 passes for",
    "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": " scoring with 355 points and did not have any Pro",
    "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": " touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast,",
    "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": " and nine touchdowns, with ",
    "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": " for 1,967 yards",
    "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": " back C. J. Anderson was the team's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns, while also catching 25 passes for ",
    "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": " a career-low",
    "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": " for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating",
    "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": " nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In",
    "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": " 1,135 yards and six scores, while adding another 106 yards returning punts. Tight end Owen",
    "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": " returning",
    "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": " and Malik Jackson each had 5",
    "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": " ranked",
    "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": " ranked first",
    "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": " Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson each had 5\u00bd sacks. Pro Bowl linebacker",
    "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "The Broncos' defense ranked first in the NFL yards allowed (4,530) for",
    "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "The Broncos",
    "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "530) for the first time in franchise history, and fourth",
    "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "\u00bd sacks. Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller led the team with",
    "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": " time in franchise history, and fourth in points allowed (296). Defensive ends Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson each had 5\u00bd sacks.",
    "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": " for the first time in franchise history, and fourth in points allowed (296). Defensive ends",
    "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "The",
    "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "' defense ranked first in the NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time in franchise history",
    "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": " total tackles with 109, while",
    "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": " 5\u00bd sacks. Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller",
    "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": " furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year",
    "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year",
    "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": " up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a",
    "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": " to win 31\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year",
    "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": "The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the divisional round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious",
    "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": " running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious",
    "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "24",
    "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year earlier",
    "56d701280d65d214001982b8": " the NFC Championship Game, 49\u201315, racking up 487 yards and forcing seven",
    "56d701280d65d214001982ba": " beat the Seattle Seahawks in the divisional round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious",
    "56d701280d65d214001982bc": " and then holding off a furious",
    "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": " the NFC Championship Game, 49\u201315, racking",
    "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "24, avenging their elimination from a year",
    "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": " to win 31\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona",
    "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "ing their elimination from a year",
    "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": " defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20\u201318, by intercepting a pass on New England",
    "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": " left on the clock. Despite",
    "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "al",
    "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": " the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20",
    "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": " by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX",
    "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "al round, 23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in the",
    "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "The Broncos",
    "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "al",
    "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": " divisional round, 23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes",
    "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": " defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in",
    "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": " defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20\u201318, by intercepting a pass on New England",
    "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": " the season",
    "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": " the clock.",
    "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": " divisional round, 23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the",
    "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": " Game, 20\u201318, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the",
    "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "al",
    "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "olina suffered a major setback when Thomas Davis, an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went",
    "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": " veteran who",
    "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": " way to play in the Super Bowl. His prediction turned out to be accurate.",
    "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": ". Despite this",
    "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": " Thomas",
    "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": " the Super Bowl. His prediction turned out",
    "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": ". Despite this",
    "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": " Despite this, he insisted he would still find a way to play in the Super Bowl. His prediction turned out to be accurate.",
    "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": " who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career",
    "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": " a major setback when Thomas Davis, an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a",
    "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": " already overcome three ACL tears in his career",
    "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": " tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game. Despite this, he insisted he would still find a",
    "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": " to victory",
    "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": " lead two different",
    "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": " Vice President of Football Operations and General",
    "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": ", who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is",
    "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": " to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bow",
    "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": " first quarterback ever to lead",
    "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": " first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bow",
    "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": " who led the Broncos to",
    "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": " multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The past record was held by John",
    "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": " ever to lead two different",
    "56d704430d65d214001982de": " quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at",
    "56d704430d65d214001982e0": " multiple Super Bowls. He is",
    "56d704430d65d214001982e1": " at age 39. The past record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory",
    "56d704430d65d214001982e2": " also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The past record was held by John",
    "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": " also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super",
    "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": " to victory",
    "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": " two different teams to multiple Super",
    "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": " age",
    "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": " was the #1 pick in their draft",
    "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": " first Super Bowl",
    "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": " set the record for the largest age difference between opposing Super Bowl quarterbacks at 13",
    "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": " Newton for Carolina and Von Miller for Denver. Manning and Newton also set the record for the largest age",
    "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": " #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011. The matchup also pits the top two picks of",
    "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": " on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while",
    "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": " first Super Bowl",
    "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": " #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was",
    "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": " pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1 selection of the 199",
    "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": " who was the #1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was",
    "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": " Von Miller for Denver. Manning and Newton also set the record for the largest age",
    "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": " Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes",
    "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": " first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their",
    "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": " #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was",
    "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": " will be the first Super",
    "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": " the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XX",
    "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": ".",
    "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": ".",
    "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "' defeats in Super Bow",
    "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": ".",
    "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": " defeats in Super Bowls",
    "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": " and Kubi",
    "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": " Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XXIV, this will be the first",
    "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": " Atlanta Braves field director Ed Mangan stated that the field was in \"great shape\" for gameday",
    "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": " Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; during the inaugural season, the field had to be re",
    "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": " the NFL re-sodded the field",
    "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": " due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in the",
    "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": " the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss",
    "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": " during the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times",
    "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": " Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss a",
    "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": " Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; during the inaugural",
    "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": " was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl;",
    "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": " over whether Levi's",
    "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": " of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; during the inaugural season,",
    "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": " a Super Bowl; during the inaugural",
    "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": " of a high enough quality",
    "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": " the NFL re-sodded the field",
    "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": " rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants. Elway stated, \"We",
    "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": " jerseys, losing in Super Bowl XII, XXII, XXIV, and XLVIII.",
    "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": " the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC",
    "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": " Elway stated, \"We've had Super Bowl success in our white uniforms.\" The Broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants",
    "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": " the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants. Elway stated, \"We",
    "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": ",",
    "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": " wore matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's last",
    "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": " the Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white",
    "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": " Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants.",
    "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "As the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants",
    "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": " white uniforms.\"",
    "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": " white uniforms.\" The Broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXX",
    "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": " home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams,",
    "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": " Bowl was the Pittsburgh Steelers; they defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21\u201310 in Super Bowl XL 10 seasons",
    "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": " Super Bowl XXXII, Denver wore blue jerseys, which was their primary color at the time. They also lost Super Bowl XXI when they wore",
    "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": " practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at",
    "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": " Marriott",
    "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": " and stayed",
    "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": " Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara",
    "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": " Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott",
    "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": " used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at",
    "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": " practice facility and stayed",
    "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "The Panthers used the San Jose",
    "56d70d240d65d21400198326": " the",
    "56d70d240d65d21400198327": " Panthers used the San Jose",
    "56d70d240d65d21400198328": " Jose Marriott.",
    "56d70d240d65d21400198329": " Jose State practice facility",
    "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": " San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San",
    "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": " at the",
    "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": " Jose Marriott.",
    "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": ". The Broncos",
    "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": ". Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative, explained that",
    "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": " games with Roman numerals, a practice established at",
    "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": " games with Roman numerals, a practice established at Super Bowl",
    "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": ". Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative, explained that a primary reason for the change was",
    "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": " of branding Super Bowl games",
    "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": " Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named using Arabic numerals as",
    "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals, a practice established",
    "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals, a",
    "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": " practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals, a practice established at Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended",
    "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": " brand and creative, explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with",
    "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": " Super Bowl LI. Jaime Weston, the league's",
    "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": " a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthet",
    "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": " use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI. Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative, explained that",
    "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": ". Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative, explained that",
    "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": ", would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named using Arabic numerals",
    "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": ". Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative, explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthet",
    "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": " tie into the \"Golden Super Bowl\"; gold-tinted logos were implemented across the NFL's",
    "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": " promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season to tie into the \"Golden Super Bowl\"; gold-tinted logos were",
    "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "-tinted logos were",
    "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": " of the 50-yard line",
    "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": " the NFL's properties and painted on fields, the numbering of the 50-yard line on fields was colored gold, and beginning on",
    "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "immed logos. Gold footballs were given to each high school that has had a player or coach appear in the Super Bowl",
    "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "Various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season",
    "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": " promotions and initiatives",
    "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "Golden",
    "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "\" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero, featuring games and activities that will highlight the Bay Area",
    "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero, featuring games and activities that will highlight the Bay Area's technology, culinary creations",
    "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": " technology",
    "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": " Moscone Center in San Francisco. In addition, \"Super",
    "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": " \"Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero, featuring",
    "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": " San Francisco. In addition, \"Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin",
    "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": " Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. In addition, \"",
    "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": " Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. In addition, \"Super Bowl City\" opened on January ",
    "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": " Center in San Francisco. In addition, \"Super Bowl City\" opened",
    "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": " Bowl Week. San Francisco mayor Ed Lee",
    "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": " Francisco",
    "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": " technology",
    "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": " was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. In addition, \"Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin",
    "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": " games and",
    "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": " 30 at Justin Herman",
    "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": " Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. In addition, \"Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman",
    "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "\" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on",
    "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event",
    "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": " food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors",
    "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": ", including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at",
    "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": " Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser",
    "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": " $2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food",
    "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": " worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer",
    "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": " Clara University,",
    "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": " the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food",
    "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": " other anc",
    "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": " Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bell",
    "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": ", there are $2 million worth",
    "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": " held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the",
    "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": " held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities,",
    "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": " afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday",
    "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": " Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening",
    "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": ", which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super",
    "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": " held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional",
    "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": " day, which was typically held on the",
    "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": " day",
    "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": " game",
    "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": " game, was moved",
    "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "'s media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday",
    "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": " on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center",
    "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": " to",
    "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": " media",
    "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": " was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was",
    "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": " on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re",
    "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": " on",
    "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": " held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media",
    "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on",
    "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": ", the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought disabled veteran and",
    "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": ", the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have",
    "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": " million through sponsors including Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel",
    "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": " the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual",
    "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": " first time, the Super Bowl",
    "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": " the first time, the",
    "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": ", the Super Bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl. The host",
    "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": " first time",
    "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": " Bowl 50 Host Committee and",
    "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": " with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl.",
    "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": ", Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health",
    "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": " of all money",
    "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": " Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development",
    "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be \"",
    "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be \"the most giving Super Bowl ever\", and will",
    "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and",
    "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": " money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area.",
    "56d71d150d65d21400198370": " aid with youth development",
    "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "The",
    "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": " all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic",
    "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": " Trophy, the \"50\"",
    "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "50\" will be designed by Tiffany & Co",
    "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": " 18-karat gold-plated \"50\". Each digit will weigh 33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (",
    "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": " lb (30 kg).",
    "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": " Each digit will weigh 33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb",
    "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": " Trophy, the \"50\" will be designed by Tiffany & Co",
    "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": " total of 66 lb (30 kg",
    "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": " Trophy, the \"50\" will be designed by Tiffany & Co",
    "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": " to the Vince Lombardi Trophy that all Super Bowl champions receive, the winner of",
    "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": " will weigh 33 lb",
    "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": " the game was televised by CBS, as part",
    "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": " the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast",
    "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": " with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines. CBS introduced new features",
    "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": " the contest, with",
    "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": " cycle",
    "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used",
    "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": " on the sidelines. CBS introduced",
    "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": " as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL.",
    "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": ", the game was televised by CBS, as",
    "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": " States, the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast",
    "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": ", as part of",
    "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": ", as part",
    "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": " United States, the game was televised by CBS, as",
    "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": " Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines. CBS introduced new features during",
    "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": " cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL. The network's lead broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest",
    "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": " view of plays and \"bullet time\" effects. (An earlier",
    "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": " broadcast television partners of the NFL. The network's lead broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest,",
    "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": " not have a Spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game (though per league policy, a separate",
    "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "-the-air viewers). The game was called by ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football",
    "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": " Super Bowl. Unlike NBC and Fox, CBS does not have a Spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game (",
    "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": " exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the",
    "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "On December 28, 2015, ESPN Deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with CBS and",
    "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": " NBC and Fox, CBS does not have a Spanish-language outlet of",
    "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": ", and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe. ESPN Deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage,",
    "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": " was called by ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Alleg",
    "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": ", and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe. ESPN Deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage, while Martin, Allegre,",
    "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": " Spanish-language broadcaster of the game, marking the third dedicated Spanish-language broadcast of the Super Bowl. Unlike NBC",
    "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": " own that could broadcast the game (though per league policy, a separate Spanish play-by",
    "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "ports",
    "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": " streams of the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox",
    "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": " CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One and other digital media players (such",
    "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": "ivity, streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service. The ESPN De",
    "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": " provided digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One and other digital",
    "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": " digital streams of the game via CBSS",
    "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": " only provided to Verizon Wireless",
    "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": " streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service. The",
    "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": " of the game via CB",
    "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "ports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10,",
    "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": ".com, and",
    "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "such as Chromecast and Roku",
    "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": " streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon",
    "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": " and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One and other digital media players (",
    "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "As opposed to broadcasts of primetime series, CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows",
    "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": " Colbert following the game. Following a break for",
    "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "As opposed to broadcasts of primetime series, CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night",
    "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": " its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late",
    "56d720c70d65d21400198396": " special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game. Following a break for late local programming, CBS also aired",
    "56d720c70d65d21400198397": " with",
    "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "etime series, CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows",
    "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": " for a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26, the advertisements had not yet sold out. CBS mandated that all advertisers purchase a",
    "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "5,000,000, a record high price",
    "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": " a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26, the advertisements had not yet sold out",
    "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": " price for a Super Bowl ad. As of",
    "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": " rate",
    "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": ". As of January 26, the advertisements had not yet sold out. CBS mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on",
    "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": " a multi-year contract with Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer manufacturer",
    "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": " set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement",
    "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": " January 26, the advertisements had not yet sold out. CBS mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on",
    "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": " purchase a package covering time on",
    "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": " for a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26, the advertisements had not yet sold out",
    "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "26, the advertisements had not",
    "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": " price for a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26, the advertisements had not yet",
    "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "000, a record high price for a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26, the advertisements had not yet sold out",
    "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": " Wish Coffee beat out nine other contenders from",
    "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": " Coffee beat out nine",
    "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": " aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks",
    "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": " Death Wish",
    "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": " charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish",
    "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": " commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the United",
    "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "Books sponsored",
    "56d722330d65d214001983a7": " charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee beat",
    "56d722330d65d214001983a8": " aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the United States for the free advertisement.",
    "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "30-second commercial",
    "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "Books sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired",
    "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": " Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the Super Bowl",
    "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": " of the Shadows",
    "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": ": Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle, Lionsgate paid for Gods of Egypt, Paramount paid for Teenage Mutant Ninja",
    "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": " paid for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows and 10 Cloverfield Lane, Universal paid for The Secret",
    "56d723560d65d214001983ac": " for Gods of Egypt, Paramount paid",
    "56d723560d65d214001983ad": " Lane, Universal paid for The Secret Life of Pets and the debut trailer for Jason Bourne and Disney paid",
    "56d723560d65d214001983ae": " Studios and Walt Disney Studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during",
    "56d723560d65d214001983af": " Captain America: Civil War, The Jungle Book and Alice",
    "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": " Walt Disney Studios paid for movie trailers to be",
    "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": " Universal Studios and",
    "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": " Studios and Walt Disney Studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during",
    "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": " Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters.",
    "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": ", Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray will",
    "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "-game",
    "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": " and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim",
    "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": " Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer",
    "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announc",
    "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America",
    "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": " Fouts",
    "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": " and James Lofton and Mark Malone",
    "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announc",
    "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": " sideline reporters.",
    "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": " Malone as",
    "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": " with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color",
    "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": " play-by",
    "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "lan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and",
    "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "A (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) will carry the game, with Dave Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaff",
    "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": " flagship stations of each station in the markets of each",
    "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "-by-play and Eugene Robinson and Jim Szoke on color commentary.",
    "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": " of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls",
    "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": " will carry their local play-by-play calls. In Denver, KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) will",
    "56d724620d65d214001983be": " calls. In Denver, KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) will carry the game, with Dave",
    "56d724620d65d214001983bf": " and Ed McC",
    "56d724620d65d214001983c0": " on its sister station WBT-F",
    "56d724620d65d214001983c1": " KRFX (103.5 FM) will carry the game, with Dave Logan on play-by",
    "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": " will carry the game, with Dave Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey on color commentary. In",
    "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": " their local play-by-play calls. In Denver, KOA (850 AM)",
    "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": " will carry the contest. The BBC will carry its own British English broadcast, with Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky",
    "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": " Bo",
    "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": " Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky Bo",
    "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": " Live and 5",
    "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": " Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live and ",
    "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "VP of Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterback) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game. No plans were announced regarding the recognition",
    "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "VP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning",
    "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": " and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton",
    "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": " the locker room preparing for the game. No plans were announced regarding the recognition",
    "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": " and current Broncos quarterback) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game. No plans were announced regarding the recognition of Harvey",
    "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": " introduction of 39 of",
    "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": ". No plans were announced regarding the recognition of Harvey",
    "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": " and",
    "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": " of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning (MVP of Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterback) was shown",
    "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": " honor of the 50th Super Bowl, the pre",
    "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "VP",
    "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": " and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning (MVP of Super",
    "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": " Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super",
    "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": " while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language",
    "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": " the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (",
    "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Six-time Grammy winner",
    "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Mat",
    "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": " Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner",
    "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "empty",
    "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": " the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (ASL",
    "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": " Grammy winner and",
    "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": ")",
    "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": " while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language",
    "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "empty",
    "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": " Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee",
    "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": " the British rock group",
    "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": " November 2015, reports surfaced stating that \"multiple acts\" would perform",
    "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": " be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated",
    "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": " collaborated with Coldplay on",
    "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "multiple acts\" would perform during the halftime show. On December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock",
    "56d725790d65d214001983d8": " to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who",
    "56d725790d65d214001983da": " the",
    "56d725790d65d214001983db": ", the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi",
    "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": " would perform during the halftime show. On December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by",
    "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": " late November 2015, reports surfaced stating that \"multiple acts",
    "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": " who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with",
    "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": " be headlined by",
    "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "20 yards",
    "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": " dug in over the next three plays. First, linebacker Shaq Thompson tackled Ronnie Hillman for a 3-yard loss. Then after an",
    "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": " dug in over the next three plays. First, linebacker Shaq Thompson tackled Ronnie Hillman for a 3-yard loss. Then after",
    "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": " opening kickoff and started out strong with Peyton Manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen",
    "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "18",
    "56d728a10d65d21400198413": " kickoff and started out strong with Peyton Manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels",
    "56d728a10d65d21400198414": " pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a ",
    "56d728a10d65d21400198415": " yards to the Panthers 14-yard line, but Carolina's defense dug in over the next three plays. First, linebacker Shaq",
    "56d728a10d65d21400198416": " Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson moved the",
    "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": " of carries by C. J. Anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the Panthers 14-yard line",
    "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": " a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell",
    "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": " for a 3\u20130 lead on a Brandon McManus ",
    "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": " kickoff and",
    "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": " of",
    "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": " showed the pass was complete. A few plays later, on 3rd-and",
    "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": " an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge",
    "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "unted,",
    "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": " quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a",
    "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": " disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed",
    "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "After each team punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete",
    "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "unted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass Jerr",
    "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "-yard pass Jerricho Cotchery, but the call",
    "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": " a Broncos touchdown, giving the team a 10\u20130 lead. This was the first fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl",
    "56d728e00d65d21400198420": " a replay challenge. CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed",
    "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": " referee Mike Carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed",
    "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": " on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line, linebacker Von Miller",
    "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": " retired referee Mike Carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete",
    "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": " punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass Jerricho Cotchery",
    "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "After",
    "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": " punt from both teams, Carolina got on track with a 9-play, ",
    "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": " ",
    "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": " 9-play, 73-yard scoring drive. Newton completed 4 of 4 passes",
    "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": " 9-play, 73-yard scoring drive.",
    "56d729180d65d21400198426": " a punt from both teams",
    "56d729180d65d21400198427": " punt from both teams, Carolina",
    "56d729180d65d21400198428": " 9-play, 73",
    "56d729180d65d21400198429": " teams, Carolina got on track with a 9",
    "56d729180d65d2140019842a": " Nor",
    "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": " from both teams, Carolina got on track with a ",
    "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "After a punt from both teams, Carolina got on track with a 9",
    "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "umble while being tackled",
    "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": " a fumble while being tackled by safety",
    "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": " Stewart, which linebacker Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers soon took the ball back when defensive",
    "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": " line. However, the Panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end Kony Ealy",
    "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": " recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However",
    "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": " lost",
    "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": ", the Panthers soon took the ball back",
    "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": " the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end Kony Ealy tipped a Manning pass to himself and",
    "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": " safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos",
    "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": " line with 1:55 left on the clock. The Panthers could not",
    "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": " a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker",
    "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": " punt, Carolina drove to the Broncos 45-yard line.",
    "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": " safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers soon took the ball",
    "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "back Mike Tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40",
    "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr. on the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play",
    "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": " score on their opening drive of the second half when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted G",
    "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": " second half when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr. on the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play.",
    "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "ed to score on their opening drive of the second half",
    "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": " drive of the",
    "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": " Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play. But the Broncos defense halted the drive on",
    "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": " completed a ",
    "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "-yard line on their second offensive play. But",
    "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "22 yards, setting up McMan",
    "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": " when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr. on the Denver 35-yard",
    "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": " yards, setting up McMan",
    "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": " points when Graham Gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt. After the miss, Manning completed a pair of passes to",
    "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": " the second half when",
    "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": " in the third quarter, but early in the fourth",
    "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": " quarter, but early in",
    "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": " no more scoring in the third quarter",
    "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": " would be no more scoring in the third quarter, but early in the fourth, the Broncos drove to the Panthers ",
    "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": " fourth, the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy knocked the ball out of",
    "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": " but early in the fourth, the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy",
    "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": " the next play, Ealy knocked the ball out of",
    "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": " drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy knocked the ball out of",
    "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": " in",
    "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "-yard line. On the next play,",
    "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "There would be no more scoring in the third quarter, but early in the",
    "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": " the third quarter, but early in the fourth, the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line",
    "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": " of",
    "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": " to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On",
    "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": " a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On the next play,",
    "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": " soon faced 3rd-and",
    "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": " to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On",
    "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": " line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On",
    "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": ", Denver's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays, but a holding penalty on cornerback Josh Norman gave the Broncos a",
    "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": " with a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and",
    "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": " line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On the next play",
    "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": " on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning",
    "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": " a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On",
    "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": " game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On",
    "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": " On",
    "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": ":",
    "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": " regulation,",
    "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": " yards.",
    "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": " yards and a touchdown, along with four receptions for 10 yards. Miller had six total tackles (five solo",
    "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": " for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns",
    "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "-season. Newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards, with one interception. He was also the team's leading",
    "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": " tackles, three sacks, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery, and an interception. Defensive End Charles Johnson had four total tackles, a",
    "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": ". Ware had five total tackles and two sacks. Ward had seven total tackles, a fumble recovery, and an interception. McMan",
    "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": ". Ware had five total tackles and two sacks. Ward had seven total tackles, a fumble recovery, and an interception. McMan",
    "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": " interception and zero touchdowns. Sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards. Anderson was the game's",
    "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": " the team's leading",
    "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": " with four receptions for 10 yards. Miller had six total tackles (five solo",
    "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": " yards. Miller had six total tackles (five solo), 2\u00bd sacks, and two forced fumbles. Ware had",
    "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": " yards. Miller had six total tackles (five solo), 2\u00bd sacks, and two forced fumbles. Ware had",
    "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": " receptions for 10 yards. Miller had six total tackles (five solo",
    "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": " yards. Miller had six total tackles (five solo), 2\u00bd",
    "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": " for 83 yards. Anderson was the game's leading rusher",
    "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": " from individuals and teams. Denver won despite being massively",
    "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": " previous record was 244 yards by the Baltimore Ravens in Super",
    "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": " individuals and teams. Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194)",
    "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": " Their 194 yards and",
    "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": " Super",
    "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": " Bowl 50 featured numerous records",
    "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": " from individuals and teams. Denver won despite being massively outg",
    "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "Super Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals",
    "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a Super Bowl",
    "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": " 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a Super Bowl winning team. The",
    "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": " Super",
    "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": " were both the lowest totals ever by a Super Bowl winning team. The previous",
    "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": " Bowl 50 featured numerous records",
    "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": " Super Bowl, and all of them",
    "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "man and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin. Though Chopin was born in the village of \u017belazowa Wola, about 60 km (",
    "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": " and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin. Though Chopin was born in",
    "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": " Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie, who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity",
    "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": " on",
    "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": " of the most famous people born in Warsaw was Maria",
    "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": ". At the east end of the park, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier",
    "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "15.5",
    "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": " here walking around freely, and royal carps in the pond. The Wilan\u00f3w Palace Park, dates back to the second half of",
    "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": " second half of the 17th century. It covers the area of 43 ha. Its central French-styled area corresponds to the",
    "57336755d058e614000b5a40": " area corresponds to the ancient, baroque forms of the palace. The eastern section of the park, closest to the Palace, is",
    "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": " are 13 natural reserves in Warsaw \u2013 among others, Bi",
    "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": " 13 natural reserves in Warsaw \u2013 among others, Bielany Forest, Kabaty Woods, Czern",
    "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": " Lake. About 15 kilometres (9 miles) from Warsaw, the Vistula river's environment",
    "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "any Forest, Kabaty Woods, Czerniak\u00f3w Lake. About 15 kilometres (",
    "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": " Forest, Kabaty Woods, Czerniak\u00f3w Lake. About 15 kilometres (9 miles) from Warsaw, the Vistula",
    "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": " city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants. In addition",
    "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": " numbers of foreign-born inhabitants. In addition to the Polish majority, there was a significant Jewish minority in",
    "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": " Jews constituted 219,000 (around 34% percent). Warsaw's prewar Jewish population of",
    "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": " significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants",
    "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": " than 350,000 constituted about 30 percent of the city's total population. In",
    "57339555d058e614000b5df4": " one of the most prestigious, the National Defence University,",
    "57339555d058e614000b5df5": " of Warsaw was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most",
    "57339555d058e614000b5df6": ",",
    "57339555d058e614000b5df3": " the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential",
    "57339555d058e614000b5df7": " most influential Polish academic center, in Krak\u00f3w. Warsaw University of Technology is the second academic school of",
    "57339902d058e614000b5e70": " The",
    "57339902d058e614000b5e71": ",639.10 sq ft), and plants covering",
    "57339902d058e614000b5e72": " It is surrounded by green. The University Library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on ",
    "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "6, is home to over two million items. The building was designed by",
    "57339902d058e614000b5e74": " library \u2013 the University Library",
    "573399b54776f41900660e64": " but what followed",
    "573399b54776f41900660e65": " mentioning that",
    "573399b54776f41900660e66": "Like many cities in Central",
    "573399b54776f41900660e67": " followed was very",
    "57339a554776f41900660e74": " and education center. While the Maria Sk\u0142odows",
    "57339a554776f41900660e75": ". The",
    "57339a554776f41900660e76": " the highest-reference hospital in all of",
    "57339a554776f41900660e77": "-Central",
    "57339a554776f41900660e78": "ology it is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in Europe. The clinical section is located in a",
    "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "Thanks to",
    "57339ad74776f41900660e87": " venues, including the Teatr Wielki, the Polish National Opera, the Chamber Opera, the National Philharmonic",
    "57339ad74776f41900660e88": " Days, the International",
    "57339ad74776f41900660e89": " to",
    "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": " and Science, Warsaw hosts many events and festivals. Among the events worth particular attention are: the International Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric",
    "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "), was the best example of \"Polish monumental theatre\". From the mid-1930",
    "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": " Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326), was the best example",
    "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": "gr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from",
    "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "9, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon",
    "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": " Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the",
    "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": " predict when they would",
    "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": " people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish",
    "57339dd94776f41900660ece": " events. Each Midsummer\u2019s Eve, apart from the official floating of wre",
    "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": ". The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of",
    "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "ianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw",
    "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": " of expositions the",
    "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": " of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the",
    "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": " examples of expositions the most notable are: the world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest",
    "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": " of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum. From among Warsaw's 60",
    "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": " of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of",
    "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": " for independence",
    "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": " found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katy\u0144",
    "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": " Warsaw and history of Poland can be found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katy\u0144 Museum which preserves the memory of the crime",
    "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": " to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland can be found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum and",
    "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": " can be found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum and",
    "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": " concerts, shows and creative workshops. The Centre currently realizes about 500 projects a year. Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art",
    "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": " and international artists and promotes art in many other ways. Since 201",
    "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": " realizes about 500 projects a year. Zach\u0119",
    "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "17th century Royal Ujazd\u00f3w Castle currently houses Centre for Contemporary Art, with",
    "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": " ways. Since 201",
    "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "0. They also won the country\u2019s championship in 1946, and won the cup twice as well",
    "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": " have significantly fewer supporters, yet they managed to win Ekstraklasa Championship",
    "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "lasa Championship in 2000. They also won the country\u2019s championship in ",
    "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": " significantly fewer supporters, yet they managed to win Ekstraklasa Championship in 2000. They also won the country\u2019s championship in 194",
    "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": " cup twice as well",
    "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": " mermaid (syrenka) is Warsaw's symbol and can be found on statues throughout",
    "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": " and on the city's",
    "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": " least the mid-14th century.",
    "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": " document the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding",
    "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "ka) is Warsaw's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the",
    "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Trit",
    "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": " is that long ago two of Triton's",
    "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": " by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of",
    "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": " origin of the legendary figure",
    "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": " seas. One of",
    "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": " Polish lawyer Tadeusz \u0141empicki. Better than anyone else she",
    "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": " married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz \u0141empicki. Better than anyone else",
    "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": " parents",
    "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": " Singer, which he described in many of his novels: Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me",
    "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": " parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz \u0141",
    "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": " FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing. The city is a significant centre",
    "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "2 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the",
    "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": " Stock Exchange is one of the largest and most important in Central and Eastern",
    "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "able city in the world. It was",
    "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": " liveable city in the",
    "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "1313,",
    "5733140a4776f419006606e1": " first historical reference to Warsaw dates back",
    "5733140a4776f419006606e2": " historical reference to Warsaw dates back to the year",
    "5733140a4776f419006606e3": " Warsaw dates back to the",
    "5733140a4776f419006606e4": " dates back to the year ",
    "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": " Polish Academy of Sciences and the University of Warsaw, two opera houses, theatres, museums, libraries and",
    "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "-centre of Warsaw with its picturesque Old Town in 1980",
    "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": " Roman Catholic archdiocese (left bank of the Vistula) and diocese (right bank), and possesses various",
    "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": " notably the Polish Academy of Sciences and the University of Warsaw, two opera houses, theatres, museums",
    "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": " with its picturesque Old Town in 1980",
    "57332442d058e614000b5720": "\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259/ (also formerly",
    "57332442d058e614000b5721": "\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa), meaning \"belonging to Warsz\",",
    "57332442d058e614000b5722": "\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259",
    "57332442d058e614000b5723": "cis\u0142aw; see also etymology of Wroc\u0142aw. Folk et",
    "57332442d058e614000b5724": "\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259",
    "57332562d058e614000b5730": "\u00f3w was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement",
    "57332562d058e614000b5731": " settlement was established on the site of a small",
    "57332562d058e614000b5732": " and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa.",
    "57332562d058e614000b5733": " similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Wars",
    "57332562d058e614000b5734": " and Jazd\u00f3w (12th/13th century). After Jazd\u00f3w was raided",
    "5733266d4776f41900660712": " Warsaw Confederation, formally establishing religious freedom in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to its central location between the Commonwealth's capitals of",
    "5733266d4776f41900660713": " the General Sejm, permanent from 1569. In 1573 the city gave its",
    "5733266d4776f41900660714": "9",
    "5733266d4776f41900660715": " became the seat",
    "5733266d4776f41900660716": " permanent from 1569. In 1573 the city gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation, formally establishing religious freedom",
    "57332a734776f41900660726": " was annexed by the",
    "57332a734776f41900660727": " the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1796, when it was annexed by",
    "57332a734776f41900660728": " capital of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth until",
    "57332a734776f41900660729": " the capital of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1796, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia to become",
    "57332a734776f4190066072a": " Napoleon's army in 1806, Warsaw was made the capital of the newly created Duchy of Warsaw. Following the Congress of Vienna",
    "57332b66d058e614000b5758": " occupied by Germany from ",
    "57332b66d058e614000b5759": " from areas controlled by",
    "57332b66d058e614000b575a": " controlled",
    "57332b66d058e614000b575b": " returned to Warsaw on 11 November and set up what became the Second Polish Republic, with Warsaw",
    "57332b66d058e614000b575c": " ",
    "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": " the fighting ended, almost all survivors were",
    "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": " was defended till September 27",
    "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "After the German Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 began",
    "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "1 September 1939 began the Second World War, Warsaw was defended till September 27",
    "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": " Poland on ",
    "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "1944, the Red Army was deep",
    "57332e48d058e614000b5763": " London gave orders to the underground Home Army (AK) to try to seize control of Warsaw from the Germans before the Red Army arrived.",
    "57332e48d058e614000b5764": " days. Eventually the Home Army fighters and civilians",
    "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "1944, the Red Army was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw.",
    "57332e48d058e614000b5766": " pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw. Knowing that Stalin",
    "57332f81d058e614000b5776": " under a Communist regime set up by the conquering Soviets, the \"Bricks for Warsaw\" campaign was initiated, and large prefabric",
    "57332f81d058e614000b5777": " set up by the conquering Soviets",
    "57332f81d058e614000b5778": ", and large prefabric",
    "57332f81d058e614000b5779": " set up by the conquering Soviets, the \"Bricks for Warsaw\" campaign was initiated, and large prefabricated housing projects",
    "57332f81d058e614000b577a": " set up by the conquering Soviets, the \"Br",
    "573330444776f41900660758": " movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there. In 1979",
    "573330444776f41900660759": " understood them as the",
    "573330444776f4190066075a": " the face\" of Poland: Let Thy Spirit descend",
    "573330444776f4190066075b": " citizens who understood",
    "573330444776f4190066075c": " the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there",
    "5733314e4776f4190066076a": " from the Baltic Sea, 523 km (325 mi) east",
    "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "aw",
    "5733314e4776f4190066076c": " in east-central Poland about 300 km (",
    "5733314e4776f4190066076d": " east-central Poland about 300 km (190 mi) from the Carpath",
    "5733314e4776f4190066076e": " the",
    "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": " on two main geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley",
    "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": " geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces.",
    "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "aine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces. The",
    "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": " geom",
    "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "ologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the",
    "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": " visible moraine escarpment. Aeolian sand with a number of dunes parted by peat swamps or small ponds cover",
    "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": ". They consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the",
    "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": ". The left",
    "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups",
    "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": " moraine plateau has only a few natural",
    "57335fcad058e614000b5970": ",",
    "57335fcad058e614000b5971": " mixture of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of",
    "57335fcad058e614000b5972": " the turbulent",
    "57335fcad058e614000b5973": " the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction. After liberation, rebuilding began as in other cities",
    "57335fcad058e614000b5974": " and country.",
    "573361404776f4190066093c": "czko merchant family (1562), building called \"The Negro\" (early 17th",
    "573361404776f4190066093d": " structures of the early baroque the",
    "573361404776f4190066093e": " burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings",
    "573361404776f4190066093f": ". John's Cathedral (14th century),",
    "573361404776f41900660940": " churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most",
    "573362b94776f41900660974": " in numerous noble palaces and churches during the later",
    "573362b94776f41900660975": " The most impressive examples of rococo architecture are",
    "573362b94776f41900660976": "1688\u20131692). The most impressive examples of rococo architecture are Czapski Palace (1712\u2013172",
    "573362b94776f41900660977": "apski Palace (1712\u20131721), Palace of the Four Winds (1730s) and Visitationist Church (fa\u00e7ade",
    "573362b94776f41900660978": "1688\u20131692). The most impressive examples of rococo architecture are",
    "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": " and the Br\u00fchl Palace",
    "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "th-century architecture. Some 19th-century buildings in the Praga district (the Vistula",
    "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "th-century architecture. Some 19th-century buildings in the Praga district (the Vistula\u2019s right bank) have been restored",
    "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": " authorities after the war (like mentioned Kronenberg Palace and Insurance Company Rosja building) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style (",
    "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": " maintained. Warsaw\u2019s municipal government authorities have decided to rebuild the Saxon Palace and the Br\u00fchl Palace, the most distinctive buildings",
    "5733647e4776f419006609ae": " of Warsaw. Pawiak",
    "5733647e4776f419006609af": " also many places",
    "5733647e4776f419006609b0": " now occupied by a",
    "5733647e4776f419006609b1": " places commemor",
    "5733647e4776f419006609b2": " now occupied by a Mausole",
    "573368044776f41900660a29": " spaces in the city include the Botanic Garden and the University Library garden. They",
    "573368044776f41900660a2a": " displays plants of subtropics from",
    "573368044776f41900660a2b": " northern Mokot\u00f3w, where was the first horse",
    "573368044776f41900660a2c": " within the city borders, there are also: Pole Mokotowskie (a big park in the northern Mok",
    "573368044776f41900660a2d": " there are also: Pole Mokotowskie (a big park in the northern Mok",
    "573368e54776f41900660a53": " floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas (natural forests, wetlands along the V",
    "573368e54776f41900660a54": " of close-to-wilderness areas (natural forests, wet",
    "573368e54776f41900660a55": " borders of Warsaw, is the",
    "573368e54776f41900660a56": " (natural forests, wetlands along the V",
    "573368e54776f41900660a57": " Forest. Bielany Forest nature reserve is connected",
    "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": " to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses. The first remedial measure was the Warsaw area enlargement",
    "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "9",
    "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": ",",
    "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": " c. 1,300,000 people",
    "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "ving the population growth in the following years. It also",
    "57338007d058e614000b5bda": " city. According to the 1901 census,",
    "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": " years later",
    "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": " census, out of ",
    "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": ". According to the 1901 census,",
    "57338007d058e614000b5bde": ",189 Protest",
    "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": " Poland is a commune (gmina). A city is also a commune \u2013 but with",
    "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": " in Poland is a commune (gmina). A city is also a commune \u2013 but with",
    "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": " with the city charter",
    "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "asta",
    "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": " is vested in a unicameral Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 60",
    "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": " comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself",
    "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": " years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council",
    "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "eral Warsaw City Council (",
    "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": " is called President. Generally, in Poland, the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents",
    "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": " or these, where already was president before 1990. The first Warsaw President was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695\u20131696).",
    "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": " of Warsaw is called President.",
    "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "zej Menich (1695\u20131696",
    "57338255d058e614000b5c11": " Warsaw President was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695\u2013",
    "573382d24776f41900660c37": " domestic and international companies",
    "573382d24776f41900660c38": " city centre (\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many",
    "573382d24776f41900660c39": " many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2006, 304,016 companies were registered in the",
    "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "r\u00f3dmie\u015bcie), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies.",
    "573382d24776f41900660c3b": " agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2006, ",
    "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": " trading until World War II. It was re-established in April 1991, following the end of the post-war communist control of",
    "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": " From",
    "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "7",
    "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "7 and continued trading until World War II. It",
    "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": " continued trading until",
    "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": ", later renamed FSO 125p when the license expired) and the Polonez. The last two models listed were also",
    "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": " the Polonez. The last two models listed were also sent",
    "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": " the Polonez. The last two models listed were also sent",
    "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": " Fiat 125p (under license",
    "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": " the decades, including the Warszawa, Syrena, Fiat 125p",
    "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population is",
    "573166ede6313a140071cef3": ". It stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260",
    "573166ede6313a140071cef4": " ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River",
    "573166ede6313a140071cef5": " other names)",
    "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "\u02c8\u0282ava] ( listen); see also other names) is",
    "5732b6b5328d981900602021": " see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the V",
    "5732b6b5328d981900602022": ". It stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260",
    "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "th most-populous capital city in the European Union",
    "5732b6b5328d981900602024": " from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666",
    "5732b6b5328d981900602025": " the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (",
    "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": " a region in France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"",
    "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": ") were the people who in the 10",
    "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": ": Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10",
    "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "ish and Roman-Gaulish populations",
    "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "Norman: Nour",
    "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": " for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gal",
    "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": " a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed",
    "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": " cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and",
    "56dde0379a695914005b9636": " name \"Normans\" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz",
    "56dde0379a695914005b9637": " \"Northman\" or directly",
    "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": " into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy",
    "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "y of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fief",
    "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": " destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included",
    "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": ", its populations did not differ from Picardy or the \u00cele-de-France, which",
    "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": " Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-R",
    "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": " replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of",
    "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": " more than a generation. Many Normans of Italy, France and England eventually served as avid Crusaders under the Italo-Norman prince Bohem",
    "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": " established a foothold in Southern Italy (the Me",
    "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": " of Salerno when a Saracen attack occurred",
    "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "zzogiorno).",
    "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": " two most prominent Norman families to arrive in the Mediterranean were descendants of Tancred of Hauteville and the Drengot family",
    "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "uke of Apulia and Calabria\". He promptly awarded their elected leader, William Iron Arm, with the",
    "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": " Malta from the Sar",
    "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": " and Malta from the Saracens",
    "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": ", and his younger brother Roger the Great Count. Roger's",
    "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": " forge a unique government. Under this state, there was great religious freedom, and alongside the",
    "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": ", Arabs",
    "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "Institutionally, the Normans combined the administrative machinery of the Byzantines, Arabs, and Lombards with their own conceptions of",
    "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": " to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byz",
    "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": ". By then however, there were already Norman",
    "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": " mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Herv\u00e9 in the 1050s. By then however,",
    "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": " serving as far",
    "56de10b44396321400ee2593": " Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction",
    "56de10b44396321400ee2594": " by Raimbaud. They even lent their ethnicity",
    "56de10b44396321400ee2595": ".",
    "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "ors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo",
    "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": " Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan peninsula as a footh",
    "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": " Byzantium. The city's garrison resisted until February 1082,",
    "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": " merchants who had settled there. The Normans were now free to penetrate into the hinterland; they took Io",
    "56de15104396321400ee25b7": " the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command",
    "56de15104396321400ee25b8": " few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Boh",
    "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "emond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged",
    "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": " invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of",
    "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": " the betrayal of high Byz",
    "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": " road to a third attack in",
    "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": " date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most",
    "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "el",
    "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "ans were in contact with England from an",
    "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": " eventually produced closer ties of blood through",
    "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": " Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut,",
    "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": " from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a",
    "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": " refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him",
    "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": " II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of",
    "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and",
    "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": " Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants",
    "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": " descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nob",
    "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": " traditions. In the course of the Hundred Years' War, the Norman aristocracy often identified themselves as",
    "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": " history after their invasion at Bannow Bay in 1169. Initially the Normans maintained a distinct culture and ethnicity. Yet",
    "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": " to the",
    "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": " than the Irish themselves.\"",
    "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": " Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who",
    "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": " Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland",
    "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "ants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar",
    "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": ". King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland",
    "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": " Bruce, as",
    "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": " as Robert the",
    "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": " charged him with defending",
    "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": " Conquest of England, the Normans had come into contact with Wales",
    "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": " set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with",
    "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": " the Conquest, however,",
    "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": ", Roger de Tosny travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for himself from Moorish lands, but failed. In ",
    "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": " wars long before the First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Ant",
    "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": " an independent principality around that city. Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crusader kingdom",
    "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": " instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crus",
    "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": ". After the successful Siege",
    "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": " opened a new chapter in the history of the island,",
    "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": " storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it",
    "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": " Messina",
    "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": " sister and his fian",
    "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": " with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed",
    "56de40da4396321400ee2708": " of Montferrat. The local barons abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard",
    "56de40da4396321400ee2709": " with",
    "56de40da4396321400ee270a": " the conquest of the island",
    "56de41504396321400ee2714": "While in Limassol, Richard the Lion-Heart married Ber",
    "56de41504396321400ee2715": " Cyprus, and Berengaria Queen",
    "56de41504396321400ee2716": ", Richard the Lion-Heart married Berengaria of Navarre, first-born daughter of King Sancho VI of Navarre.",
    "56de48f34396321400ee2770": " more important than it seemed. The island occupied a key",
    "56de48f34396321400ee2771": " rapid Anglo-Norman conquest proved more important than it seemed. The island",
    "56de49564396321400ee277a": " Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de",
    "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": " of",
    "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": " to Henry III of Castile. In 1418, Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethenc",
    "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": " of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III of Castile. In 1418, Jean's",
    "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "ernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary",
    "56de4a474396321400ee2787": " customary of Normandy, originally Summa de legibus Normanniae",
    "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": " the military landscape. Their style was characterised by",
    "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": " as a new stage in",
    "56de4b074396321400ee2793": " of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that",
    "56de4b074396321400ee2794": " that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic. In southern Italy, the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic, Lombard",
    "56de4b074396321400ee2795": " the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the",
    "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": " and patronising intellectual pursuits,",
    "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": " proliferation of scriptoria and the reconstitution of a compilation of lost illuminated manuscripts.",
    "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": " of Religion in the 16th century and French Revolution in the 18th success",
    "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": " art is the Bayeux Tapestry, which is not a tapestry",
    "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "stry but a work of embroidery. It was commissioned by",
    "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": " but a work of embroidery. It was",
    "56de51244396321400ee27ef": ". Many churches preserve sculptured fonts, capitals, and more importantly mosaics, which were common",
    "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": " classical music in the 11th century. F\u00e9c",
    "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": ". At F\u00e9camp, under",
    "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "andy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul",
    "56de52614396321400ee27fc": " they continued the",
    "56de52614396321400ee27fd": " Saint Evroul, a tradition",
    "56de52614396321400ee27fe": ", several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery",
    "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": " \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430; 10 July 1856 \u2013 7 January 1943) was a Serbian American",
    "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": " July 1856 \u2013 7 January 1943) was a Serbian American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical",
    "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": " Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430; ",
    "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": " 7 January 1943) was a Serbian American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist best known for his contributions",
    "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": " (Serbian Cyrillic: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422",
    "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": " best known for",
    "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": ": \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430; 10 July 1856 \u2013 7 January 194",
    "56df9ee138dc421700152108": " and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City. He soon struck",
    "56df9ee138dc421700152109": " gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States",
    "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": " emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison",
    "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": " electrical engineering before",
    "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "phony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York",
    "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": " 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New",
    "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": " York City. He soon struck out on his own with financial backers, setting up laboratories and companies to develop a",
    "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": " Edison in New York",
    "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": " and companies to develop a range of electrical devices. His patented AC induction motor and transformer were licensed by George Westing",
    "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": " New York City. He soon struck out on his own with financial backers, setting up laboratories and companies to develop a",
    "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "3) pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices. He tried to put these ideas to practical use in an ill-fated attempt",
    "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "ouncements on",
    "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "enerators, electrical",
    "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": ", and made early (1893) pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his",
    "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": " unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project. In his lab he also conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge",
    "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": " high-frequency power experiments in New York and Colorado Springs, and made early (1893) pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his",
    "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": ", and made early (1893) pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices. He",
    "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "ypal \"mad scientist\". His patents",
    "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "al \"mad scientist\". His patents earned him a",
    "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "121,154 He lived most of his life",
    "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": " for his achievements and showmanship, eventually earning him",
    "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": " 1960 the General",
    "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": " him a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal \"mad scientist\". His patents earned him a considerable amount of money,",
    "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": ". His work fell into relative obscurity after his death, but in ",
    "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": " culture as an archetypal \"mad scientist\". His patents earned him a considerable amount",
    "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": " his own projects with",
    "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": " family in the village of Smiljan, Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia",
    "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": " Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia). His father, Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian Orthodox priest. Tesla",
    "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": " on 10 July [O.S. 28 June] 1856 into a Serb family in",
    "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": ". 28",
    "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": " June] 1856 into a Serb family in the village",
    "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": " father, Mil",
    "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "6 into a Serb family in the village of Smiljan, Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia). His father, Mil",
    "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": " for",
    "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "] 1856 into a Serb family in",
    "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "1,",
    "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "-riding accident when Nikola was five. In 1861, Tesla attended the \"Lower\" or",
    "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "Tesla was the fourth of five",
    "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": " an older",
    "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": " five children. He had an older brother named Dane",
    "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "-riding accident when Nikola was five. In 1861, Tesla attended the \"",
    "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": ". He had an older brother named Dane and three",
    "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "Tesla was the fourth of five children. He had an older brother named Dane and three sisters, Milka, Angelina",
    "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": " Frontier. Tesla was able to perform integral calculus in his head, which prompted his teachers to",
    "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": ".:32 The classes were held in German, as it was a school within the Austro-Hungarian Military",
    "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": ", Tesla moved to Karlov",
    "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": " the Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.:32 The classes were held in",
    "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": " to Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107",
    "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": " influenced by a math teacher Martin",
    "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": " Military Frontier. Tesla was able to perform integral calculus",
    "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "In 1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gym",
    "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": " which prompted his",
    "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": " Sekuli\u0107.:32",
    "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": " cholera; he was bedridden for nine months",
    "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": " Tesla contracted cholera; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times. Tesla's father, in a moment of despair",
    "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": ". Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera; he was bedridden for nine months",
    "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "; he",
    "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": " he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times. Tesla's father, in a",
    "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": " returned to his birthtown, Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera; he was bedridden for nine months",
    "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "; he was bedridden for nine months",
    "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": " his birthtown, Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera; he was bedridden",
    "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": " Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera; he was bedridden for nine months",
    "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "3, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera; he was bedridden for nine months",
    "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": " into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away to Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There",
    "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "In 1874, Tesla evaded being drafted into the",
    "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": " into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smil",
    "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "ro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away to Toming",
    "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": " There",
    "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": " Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away to Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There",
    "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "ro-Hungarian Army in Smil",
    "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "ro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away to Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac.",
    "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "b. Tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger",
    "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": " Military Frontier scholarship. During his first year, Tesla never missed a lecture, earned the highest grades possible, passed nine exams (nearly twice as many",
    "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": " Austria, on a",
    "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": ". During his first year, Tesla never missed a lecture, earned the highest grades possible,",
    "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": " professors to his father, warning that unless he were removed from the school",
    "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": " Austria, on a Military Frontier scholarship. During his first year, Tesla never missed a lecture, earned the highest grades possible, passed nine exams (n",
    "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": " year, Tesla never missed a lecture, earned the highest grades possible, passed nine exams (n",
    "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": ". During his first year, Tesla never missed a lecture, earned the",
    "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": " Polytechnic in Graz",
    "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": " weren",
    "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": " grades possible, passed nine exams (nearly twice as many required",
    "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": " severed all relations with his family to hide the fact",
    "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "9, Milutin Tesla went to Maribor to beg",
    "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": " where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month. He spent",
    "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "9, Milutin Tesla went to Maribor to beg his son to return home, but Nikola refused. Nikola suffered",
    "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": " in the Mur River. Tesla went to Maribor (now in Slovenia), where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a",
    "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "9, Milutin Tesla went to Maribor to beg his son to",
    "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "9, Milutin Tesla went to Maribor to beg",
    "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": " relations",
    "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": " Graz and severed all",
    "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "9, Milutin Tesla went to Marib",
    "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": " under",
    "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": " (",
    "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": " residence permit. On 17 April 1879, Milutin Tesla died at",
    "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for",
    "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": " to Gospi\u0107",
    "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": " he died of a stroke). During that year, Tesla taught a large class of students in his old school, Higher Real Gym",
    "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": " Tesla died at",
    "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "9, Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for not",
    "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": " a residence permit. On 17 April 1879, Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified",
    "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": " to",
    "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": " to help him leave Gospi\u0107 for Prague",
    "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": " him leave Gospi\u0107 for Prague where he was to study. Unfortunately, he arrived",
    "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": " uncles",
    "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": " together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107 for Prague where he was to study. Unfortunately, he arrived too late to enroll at Charles-Ferd",
    "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": " enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107 for Prague where",
    "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": " where he was to study. Unfortunately, he arrived too late to enroll at Charles-Ferd",
    "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": " enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107 for Prague where",
    "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": " as a draftsman in the Central Telegraph Office instead. Within a few months, the Budapest Telephone Exchange",
    "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": " Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company, then under construction, was not functional, so he worked as a drafts",
    "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": " position. During his employment, Tesla made many improvements to the Central Station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier, which was",
    "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": " Tesla moved to Budapest to work under Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange",
    "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": " Budapest to work under Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival",
    "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company, then under construction",
    "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": " Exchange. Upon arrival",
    "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "In 1881, Tesla moved to Budapest to work under Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest",
    "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": " a draftsman in the Central Telegraph Office instead. Within a few months, the Budapest Telephone Exchange",
    "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": " work at his Edison Machine Works on",
    "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": ". Tesla's work for",
    "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": " Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements to",
    "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": ", designing and making improvements to electrical equipment. In June 188",
    "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": " by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower",
    "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": " solving more",
    "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": " by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side. Tesla's work for",
    "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": " for the Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements",
    "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": ":57\u201360 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to",
    "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": " by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed",
    "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": " Edison offered a US$10 a week raise over Tesla's US$18 per week salary; Tesla refused the offer",
    "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": " direct current generators. In 1885, he said that he could redesign Edison's inefficient motor and generators,",
    "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": " task of completely redesigning the Edison Company's direct current generators. In 1885, he said that he could redesign Edison's inefficient motor and generators",
    "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": " Edison",
    "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "ing the Edison Company's direct current generators. In 1885",
    "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "\":54",
    "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": " Tesla's name, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla and also had designs for dynam",
    "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": " and also had designs for dynam",
    "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": " and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's",
    "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": " The",
    "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": " Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting",
    "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": " lighting company in Tesla's name, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The company",
    "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": " electric",
    "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "After leaving Edison's company Tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance",
    "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": " and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's",
    "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "1886, Robert Lane and",
    "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": " of motors and electrical transmission equipment and also seemed to think it",
    "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": ". He even lost control of the patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu",
    "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": " per day. Tesla considered the winter of 1886/",
    "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": ". They eventually forced Tesla out leaving him penn",
    "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": " He had to work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch dig",
    "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": " was better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems. They eventually forced Tesla out",
    "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": " also seemed to think it was better to develop an electrical",
    "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": " patents would go \u2153 to Tesla, \u2153",
    "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": " agreement that",
    "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": " handle his patents. Together in April 1887 they formed the Tesla Electric Company with an",
    "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": " other ideas",
    "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "\u2153 to Tesla, \u2153 to Peck and Brown, and \u2153 to fund development. They set up",
    "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "1886 Tesla met Alfred",
    "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": " generated patents would go \u2153 to Tesla, \u2153 to Peck and Brown, and \u2153 to fund",
    "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": " on Tesla's patents and other ideas",
    "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": ". Brown,",
    "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": " built in Europe and the United States because of its advantages in long",
    "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": " The motor used polyphase current which generated",
    "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": " Tesla developed at",
    "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": " transmission. The motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor (a principle Tesla claimed to have conceived in 188",
    "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "1887",
    "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": " on alternating current, a power system",
    "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "One of the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating",
    "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "One of the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current",
    "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": " in Europe and the",
    "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "). Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company reported",
    "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": " for which Westinghouse had been trying to secure patents. Westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less,",
    "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": " for which Westinghouse had been trying to secure patents. Westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less, rotating magnetic",
    "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": " his induction motor",
    "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": " Ferraris,",
    "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": " Italian physicist Galileo Ferraris,",
    "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": " Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company reported to George Westinghouse that Tesla had a",
    "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": " Engineers working for the Westing",
    "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "-based induction motor presented in a paper in March 1888 by the Italian physicist Galileo Ferraris,",
    "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": " on a similar commutator-less, rotating",
    "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": " 188",
    "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor. Westinghouse also hired Tesla for one year for the large fee",
    "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": " today's dollars) per month to be a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs.",
    "56e05900231d4119001ac051": " cash and stock and a royalty of $2",
    "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": " motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each",
    "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "000 in cash and stock and a",
    "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": " cash and stock and a royalty of $2",
    "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": " Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2",
    "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": " constant",
    "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": " frequency of Tesla's motor), although they soon found that, since Tesla's",
    "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": " Tesla worked in Pittsburgh, helping to create an alternating current system",
    "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": " year, Tesla worked",
    "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": " current system to power the city's streetcars. He found the time there frustrating because of conflicts between him and the other Westinghouse",
    "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": " helping to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars. He found the time there frustrating because of conflicts between him",
    "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": " being waged between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse that had been simmering since Westinghouse's first AC system in 1886 and",
    "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": " holding all the patents for DC and the incandescent light and Westinghouse using his own patented AC system to power",
    "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": " being waged between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse that had been",
    "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": " of the patent, both in 1888, put Tesla firmly on the \"AC\" side of the so-called \"War of Currents,\"",
    "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": " the so-called \"",
    "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": " motor and Westinghouse's subsequent licensing of the patent, both in ",
    "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": " induction motor and Westinghouse's subsequent licensing of the",
    "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": " competition resulted in Edison Machine Works pursuing AC development in 1890 and by",
    "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "house's first AC system in ",
    "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "1893, George Westinghouse won the bid to",
    "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": " in the history of AC power,",
    "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "bian Exposition in Chicago with alternating current, beating out a General Electric bid by one million dollars. This World's",
    "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "bian Exposition in",
    "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": " with alternating current, beating out a General Electric bid",
    "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": " to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago with alternating current",
    "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": " Electric bid",
    "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "inghouse won the bid to light the ",
    "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": " history of AC power, as Westinghouse demonstrated the safety, reliability, and efficiency of",
    "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": ". Over several years there had been a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to utilize power generated by the falls",
    "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "act Construction Company sought Tesla",
    "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": " most reliable",
    "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": " the competing systems. Tesla advised Adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable",
    "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": " a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to utilize power generated by",
    "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": " would be best to",
    "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": " generated at the falls. Over several years there had been a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to utilize power",
    "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": " best to utilize power generated by the falls with many systems being proposed by several US and European companies including two-phase",
    "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": " Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction",
    "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": " a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies",
    "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": " the two companies in 1896 Westinghouse was still cash-strapped",
    "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": " mid 1890",
    "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": " warfare. To secure further loans, Westinghouse was forced to revisit Tesla's",
    "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": " AC",
    "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": " cash",
    "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": " with Westinghouse Electric. Although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896 Westinghouse",
    "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": ", at the age of 35, Tesla became a naturalized citizen",
    "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": " a natural",
    "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": " of the United States, and established his South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later another at 46 E. Houston Street, in New York. He lit",
    "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": " States, and established his South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and",
    "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": " of",
    "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": " Tesla became a naturalized",
    "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": " 35, Tesla became a naturalized citizen of the United States, and established",
    "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "30 July ",
    "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": " American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner",
    "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": " Radio",
    "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": " Radio",
    "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "unner (along with the Institute of",
    "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": " Engineers, the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE, from 1892 to 1894",
    "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": " the forerunner (along with the Institute of",
    "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": " the 5th Avenue laboratory fire of March 1895. Tesla is",
    "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "1894, Tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of \"",
    "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": " may have inadvertently captured an X-ray image",
    "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "4, Tesla began investigating what",
    "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": " His early experiments were with Crookes tubes, a cold cathode electrical discharge tube. Soon after, much of Tesla's early research\u2014hundreds of",
    "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": " the",
    "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": " of gas discharge tube. The only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on",
    "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": " discharge tube. Soon after, much of Tesla's early research\u2014hundreds of invention",
    "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": " were with Crookes tubes, a",
    "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": " experiments in X-ray imaging, developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own",
    "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": " terminal vacuum",
    "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": " vacuum tube of his",
    "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": " 1896,",
    "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": " of Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen's discovery of X-ray",
    "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "6, after hearing of Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen's discovery of X-ray and X-ray imaging (radiography), Tesla proceeded to do",
    "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": " his own experiments in X-ray imaging, developing a high energy",
    "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": " or braking",
    "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": " the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various",
    "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": " to a lesser extent, by nitrous acid. Tesla incorrectly believed that X-rays were longitudinal waves, such as those produced in waves in plas",
    "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": " many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes. He believed early",
    "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": " to",
    "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": " not caused",
    "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": " single-node X",
    "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": ". In his many notes on the early investigation",
    "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": " the",
    "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": " devices. In his many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to",
    "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": " great progress developing an efficient version of Tesla's induction motor and Westinghouse Electric started branding their",
    "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "'s induction motor and Westinghouse Electric started branding their complete polyphase phase AC system as the \"Tesla Polyphase System",
    "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": " the \"Tesla Polyphase System\", noting how they believed Tesla's patents",
    "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": " using a device he constructed",
    "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": " as the Egg of",
    "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": " 1934, the New York Herald Tribune published an",
    "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": " while experimenting with his single-electrode vacuum tubes; a minute particle would",
    "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": ", pass out of the tube, and physically strike",
    "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": " Herald Tribune published an article on Tesla",
    "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": ", the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the National Electric Light",
    "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": " the transmission by radio waves go back as far as lectures and demonstrations in 189",
    "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": " lectures",
    "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": " trained monkey hidden inside. Tesla tried",
    "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "\u2014which he dubbed \"teleautomaton\"\u2014to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. The crowd that witnessed the demonstration made outrageous",
    "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat\u2014which he dubbed \"teleautomaton\"\u2014to the public during an electrical exhibition at",
    "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "1898, Tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat\u2014which he dubbed \"teleautomaton\"\u2014",
    "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": " public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. The crowd that witnessed the demonstration made outrageous",
    "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "-ever transatlantic",
    "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "In",
    "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": " beginning of years of patent battles over radio with Tesla's patents being upheld in 1903, followed by a reverse decision in",
    "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": " transmitter.\" When Guglielmo Marconi made his famous first-ever transatlantic radio transmission in",
    "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": " Tesla was granted patents for a \"system of transmitting electrical energy\" and \"an electrical transmitter.\" When Guglielmo Marconi made his famous",
    "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": " Peak to Paris.[citation needed] The 1978 book Colorado Springs Notes, 189",
    "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "9, Tesla moved to Colorado Springs, where he would have room for his high-voltage, high",
    "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": ", where he would have room for his high-voltage, high-frequency experiments; his lab was located near Foote Ave. and Kiowa St",
    "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": " Springs, where he would have",
    "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": ". The great distances and the nature of what Tesla was detecting from lightning storms confirmed his belief",
    "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": " electricity, observing",
    "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": " he observed stationary waves during this time. The great distances and the nature of what Tesla was detecting from lightning storms confirmed his belief",
    "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": " feet long. Thunder from the released energy was heard 15 miles away in",
    "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": " energy was heard 15 miles away",
    "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": " with dis",
    "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": " feet",
    "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "ripple Creek, Colorado. People walking along the street observed sparks jumping between their feet",
    "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": " Exper",
    "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": ",",
    "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "owatts of high frequency energy liberated, it was found that",
    "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": " found that the dynamos in",
    "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": " mentioned them in a letter to",
    "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": ". He mentioned them in a letter to reporter Julian Hawthorne at the Philadelphia North American on",
    "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": " 1899 and in a December 1900 letter about possible discoveries in the new century to the Red Cross Society where he",
    "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": " Tesla",
    "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "During his time at his lab",
    "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": ",000 for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system. Instead, Tesla used the money",
    "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": " Jacob Astor IV invested $100,000 for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system. Instead, Tesla used the",
    "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": " Astor IV invested $100,000 for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system. Instead, Tesla used the money",
    "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": ",000",
    "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": " two years later to satisfy a debt",
    "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": " lab was torn down in 1904",
    "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "citation needed] His lab was torn down in 1904,",
    "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": " left Colorado Springs.[citation needed] His lab was torn down",
    "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": " experiments had prepared Tesla for",
    "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": " had prepared Tesla",
    "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "-Atlantic wireless",
    "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": " where all the money had gone, Tesla responded by saying that",
    "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": " he was affected by the Panic of 1901, which he (M",
    "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": " that he was affected by the Panic of 1901, which he (Morgan) had caused. Morgan was shocked by the",
    "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "1901, Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to",
    "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": " Tesla's relationship with Morgan.[improper synthesis?] Over the next five years, Tesla wrote over 50 letters to Morgan, pleading",
    "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": " to Morgan",
    "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": " from England to Newfoundland, terminating Tesla's relationship with Morgan.[improper synthesis?] Over the next five years, Tesla wrote over",
    "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": " several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested",
    "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": " birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) ",
    "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts)",
    "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "150 kil",
    "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": " the",
    "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": " oscillator. While experimenting with mechanical oscillators at his Houston Street lab, Tesla allegedly generated a resonance",
    "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": " Houston Street lab, Tesla allegedly generated a resonance of several buildings. As the speed grew, it is said that the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency",
    "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": " frequency",
    "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": " danger, he was forced",
    "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": " In 1912, he crafted \"a plan to make dull students bright by saturating them uncon",
    "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "Tesla theorized that the application of electricity to the brain enhanced intelligence. In ",
    "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": " superintendent of New York City schools",
    "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": ". Tesla claims, be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field or 'b",
    "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": " the",
    "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": " countries. Eventually, he sold Wardenclyffe for $20,000 ($472,500 in today's dollars). In ",
    "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": " After the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in",
    "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": " the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his",
    "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": " Tesla sought overseas investors. After",
    "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": " must add that if he was dreaming,",
    "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "1917 edition of the magazine Electrical Experimenter Tesla post",
    "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": " been noted to have a superficial resemblance to modern radar). Tesla was incorrect in his assumption that high frequency radio waves would penetrate water but",
    "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": " who helped develop France's first radar system in the 1930",
    "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": " Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla; however, on",
    "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": " prize that year was being awarded to Sir William Henry Br",
    "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": " a Reuters news agency report from London had the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla; however",
    "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": " William",
    "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": " other",
    "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": " prize (although Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915 and",
    "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": " rumors, neither Tesla nor Edison won the prize",
    "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "although Edison did receive one of",
    "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": " (VTOL aircraft) and then be \"gradually tilted through manipulation of the",
    "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": " off vertically (VTOL aircraft) and then be \"gradually tilted through manipulation of the elevator devices\" in flight until it was",
    "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": " than $1,000.:251 Although the aircraft was probably impractical, it may be the earliest known design for what became the tiltrotor/",
    "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": " patent, U.S. Patent 1,655,114, for a biplane capable of taking off vertically",
    "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": " pay for",
    "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": " the Westinghouse Electric &",
    "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": " one biographer (",
    "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": ", expenses the Company would pay for the rest of Tesla's",
    "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": ", in an annual birthday celebration interview, Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance",
    "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "1935, in an annual birthday celebration interview, Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over",
    "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": " any terrestrial distance, a related new means",
    "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": " an annual birthday celebration interview, Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance, a",
    "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": " celebration interview, Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance, a",
    "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": " the fall of",
    "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": " of",
    "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "In",
    "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": ", after midnight one night, Tesla left the Hotel",
    "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "1937, after midnight one night, Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral",
    "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": ". The press variably referred to it as a \"peace",
    "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": " de Graaff",
    "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": " a \"teleforce\" weapon after studying the Van de Graaff generator. The press variably referred to it as a \"peace ray",
    "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "ably referred to it as a \"peace ray\" or death ray. Tesla described the weapon as capable of being used against ground-based infantry or",
    "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": " claims concerning a \"teleforce\" weapon after studying the Van de Graaff generator. The press vari",
    "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": " tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage",
    "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": " 1937, at a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray, Tesla stated, \"But it is not an experiment ... I have built",
    "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": " used it. Only a little time will pass before I can give",
    "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": " luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray, Tesla stated, \"But it is not an experiment ... I have built, demonstrated and used",
    "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": " Tesla stated, \"But it is not an experiment ... I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little time will pass before",
    "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": " the technical description of a \"superweapon that would put an end to all war.\" This treatise is currently in",
    "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": " Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media, concerning charged particle beam weapons. Tesla",
    "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "rated",
    "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "rated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media, concerning charged particle beam weapons. Tesla published the document in an attempt to exp",
    "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "rated Non-dispers",
    "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "During the period in which the negotiations were being conducted",
    "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "During the period in which the negotiations were being conducted, Tesla said that efforts had been made to steal",
    "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": " papers had been scrutinized, but the thieves, or spies, left empty-handed. He said",
    "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": " E. Campbell Funeral Home at Madison Ave. and 81st",
    "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": " January 1943, at the age of ",
    "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": " E. Campbell Funeral Home at Madison Ave. and 81st St. A long-time friend and supporter of",
    "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": ". His body was later found by maid Alice Monaghan after she had entered Tesla's room, ignoring the \"do not disturb\" sign",
    "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": " examined the body and ruled that the cause of death had been coronary thrombosis. Tesla's remains were taken to",
    "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": " days later, the FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian to seize",
    "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": " Tesla's belongings, even",
    "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": " to seize Tesla's belongings, even though Tesla was an American citizen. Tesla's entire estate from the Hotel New Yorker and other",
    "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": " entire estate from the",
    "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": " Maria\" and \"Tamo daleko\" were played in the background. On 12 January,",
    "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": " written by Slovene-American author Louis Adamic live over the WNYC radio while violin pieces \"Ave Maria\" and \"Tamo",
    "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": " violin pieces \"Ave Maria\" and \"Tamo daleko\" were played in the background. On 12 January, two thousand people attended a state",
    "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": " in the background. On 12 January, two thousand people attended a state funeral for Tesla at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine. After the funeral",
    "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": " in the background. On 12 January, two thousand people attended a state",
    "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "1952, following pressure from Tesla's nephew, Sava Kosanovi\u0107",
    "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": " ashes",
    "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": " Kos",
    "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": " shipped to Belgrade in 80 trunks marked N.T. In 1957,",
    "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": " Sava Kosanovi\u0107, Tesla's entire estate was shipped to Belgrade in 80 trunks marked N.T. In 1957,",
    "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": " patents worldwide for his inventions. Some of Tesla's patents are not accounted for, and various sources have discovered some that have lain hidden",
    "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": " United States, Britain, and Canada, but many other patents were approved in countries around the globe.:62 Many inventions developed by Tesla were",
    "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": " accounted for. Many of Tesla's patents were in the United States, Britain, and Canada, but many",
    "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "'s patents were in",
    "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "Tesla worked every day from ",
    "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "Tesla worked every day from 9:00",
    "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later, with dinner from exactly 8:",
    "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": ":",
    "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": " his toes one hundred",
    "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": "For exercise, Tesla walked between 8 to 10",
    "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": " for each foot every night, saying that it stimulated his",
    "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": " squished",
    "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": " Tesla said that he did not believe in telepath",
    "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": ", \"In a second you would know it. Now, isn't that wonderful? By what process does the mind get at all this?\" In",
    "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": " Tesla said that he did not believe in tele",
    "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": " he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily. Tesla spent over $2,000",
    "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": " to nurse back to health. He said that",
    "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "Near the end of his life, Tesla walked to the park every",
    "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": " his life, Tesla walked to the park",
    "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": " her so her",
    "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": " (1.88 m) tall and",
    "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": " (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg), with almost no weight variance from 1888 to",
    "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "), with almost no weight variance from ",
    "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "Tesla was 6 feet 2",
    "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": " books, and supposedly possessed a photographic memory.:33 He was a polyglot, speaking",
    "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": " books, and supposedly possessed a photographic memory.:33 He was a polyglot, speaking",
    "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": " stricken with illness. He suffered a peculiar affliction in which bl",
    "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": " he would be able to envision",
    "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "izing complete books,",
    "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": " than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.:43, 301 On one",
    "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": " called him at ",
    "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": ", sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.:43, 301",
    "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": " one occasion at his laboratory, Tesla worked for a period of 84 hours without sleep or rest.:208 Kenneth Swezey, a journalist whom Tesla",
    "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": " ... work[",
    "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": " madly in love with him.[citation needed] Tesla, though polite and soft-spoken, did",
    "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": ", I made too great a sacrifice to my work ...\" There have been numerous",
    "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": " scientific abilities.:33 However, toward the end of his life, he told a reporter, \"Sometimes I feel that by not marrying, I made too",
    "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": " as",
    "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "ained in his soul.\" Tesla's friend, Julian Hawthorne",
    "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "wood Johnson described him as attaining a \"distinguished sweetness,",
    "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": " himself with his work. However, when he did engage",
    "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "ocial and",
    "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": " was a good friend of Francis Marion Crawford,",
    "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": " in his lab and elsewhere. Twain notably described Tesla's induction motor",
    "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": " Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey. In middle age, Tesla became a close friend of Mark Twain;",
    "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": " times and openly expressed disgust for overweight people",
    "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": " subordinate to go home and change her dress",
    "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": " subordinate to",
    "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "Tesla could be harsh at times and openly expressed disgust",
    "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": " could",
    "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": " such thing as an electron creating an electric charge (he believed that if electrons existed at",
    "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": " had nothing to do with electricity).:249",
    "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": " thing as an electron creating an electric charge (he believed that if electrons existed",
    "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "istic towards theories about the conversion of matter into energy.:247 He was also critical of",
    "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": " was generally antagonistic towards",
    "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": " about the conversion of matter into energy.:247 He was",
    "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": " working",
    "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": " own physical principle regarding matter and energy",
    "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": " started working on in 1892, and in 1937, at",
    "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": " an",
    "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": " of an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics. His opinion stemmed from the",
    "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": ", like",
    "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": " however, to push it further. In a 1937 interview",
    "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": " many of",
    "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": " women would become the dominant sex in the",
    "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "1926, Tesla commented on the ills of the social subs",
    "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": " women and the struggle of women toward gender equality, and indicated that",
    "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": " of",
    "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": " not",
    "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": " post-World War I environment in a printed article, \"Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will",
    "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": " printed article, \"Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War",
    "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": " he had a profound respect for both Buddhism and Christianity",
    "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": " Later in his life, he did not consider himself to be a \"believer in the orthodox sense",
    "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": " a \"believer in the orthodox sense,\" and opposed religious fanaticism. Despite this,",
    "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": " to End War\", published in 1937, Tesla stated:",
    "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": " religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made. For example, in his article,",
    "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": " due to other statements that he made. For example, in his article, \"A Machine to End",
    "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "ography of Nikola Tesla, compiled and edited by Ben Johnston; The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla, compiled and edited by David",
    "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": " Tesla, compiled and edited by Ben Johnston; The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla",
    "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "; The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla,",
    "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": " freely available on the web, including the",
    "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "Many of Tesla's writings are freely available on the web",
    "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": " Energy,\" published",
    "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": " theater, comics",
    "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": " has",
    "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": ", music, live theater",
    "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": " from more than 70 pioneers in science",
    "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": " Time magazine put him on its cover. The cover caption \"All the world's his power house\" noted his contribution to electrical power generation. He received",
    "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": " engineering, including",
    "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": " put him on its cover. The cover caption \"All the world's his",
    "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": " power house\" noted his contribution to electrical power generation. He received congratulatory letters from more than 70 pioneers in science and engineering, including Albert",
    "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": " theoretical computer science that",
    "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": ", and relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is understood to be a task",
    "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": " theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on",
    "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "ifying the amount of resources needed to solve",
    "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "). One of the roles of computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers",
    "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": " needed to solve them, such as time and storage",
    "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": " as the amount of",
    "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": " resources, whatever the algorithm used. The theory",
    "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": " classify problems that can or cannot be solved with appropriately restricted resources. In",
    "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": " key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the amount of resources needed by",
    "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": " a problem, whereas the latter asks a more general question",
    "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": " devoted to analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm to solve a problem, whereas the latter asks a more general question about all possible algorithms",
    "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": " every instance. The input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance, and should not be confused with the problem itself. In",
    "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": " solution for every instance.",
    "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": " the problem of prim",
    "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": " referred",
    "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": " with a solution for every instance. The input string for a computational",
    "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": " consider the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem: Is there a route of at most 200",
    "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "2000 kilometres passing through all of Germany's 15 largest cities?",
    "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": " Germany's 15 largest cities? The quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use",
    "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "., the set {0,1}), and thus the strings are bitstrings",
    "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": " alphabet. Usually, the alphabet is taken to",
    "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": " the strings are bitstrings",
    "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": ". As in a real-world computer, mathematical objects other than",
    "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": " instance",
    "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": " objective is to decide, with the aid of an algorithm, whether a given input",
    "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": " can be viewed as a formal language, where the members of the language are instances whose output is yes, and the",
    "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": " objects of study in computational complexity theory. A",
    "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": " the central objects of study in computational complexity theory. A decision problem is a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or",
    "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": " A decision problem can be",
    "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "An example of a decision",
    "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": " The problem consists in deciding whether the given graph is",
    "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": " following. The input is an arbitrary graph. The problem consists in deciding whether the",
    "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": " where a single output (of a total function) is expected",
    "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": "able",
    "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": " is expected for",
    "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": " computational",
    "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": " single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more",
    "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": " is tempting to think that the notion of function problems is much richer than the notion of decision problems",
    "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": " than the notion of decision problems. However, this is not really the case, since function problems can be recast as decision problems",
    "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": " the difficulty of",
    "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": " wish to see how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem. However, the running time may, in general, depend",
    "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": " may, in general, depend on the instance. In particular, larger instances will require more time to solve. Thus the time required to solve a problem",
    "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": " one may wish to see how much time",
    "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": " of solving a computational problem, one",
    "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": " time taken can be expressed",
    "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": " worst-case time complexity T(n) is",
    "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": " n,",
    "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": " says that a problem can be solved with a",
    "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": " polynomial in n, then the algorithm is said to be a",
    "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": ". Indeed, this is the statement of the Church\u2013Turing thesis. Furthermore, it is known that everything that can be computed on",
    "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": ". Indeed, this",
    "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": ". Turing machines are not intended as a practical computing technology, but rather as a thought experiment representing",
    "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": ". Indeed, this is the statement of the Church\u2013Turing thesis.",
    "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": " use random bits are called randomized algorithms. A non-deterministic Turing machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an added feature",
    "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": ". The ability to make probabilistic decisions often helps algorithms solve",
    "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": " use random bits are called",
    "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": " into many possible",
    "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": " machine is the most basic Turing machine, which uses a fixed set of rules to determine its future actions. A probabilistic Turing machine is a",
    "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": " of Turing machines are used to define complexity classes, such as deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines,",
    "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "istic",
    "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "istic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, quantum Turing machines, symmetric",
    "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": " the standard multi-tape Turing machines have been proposed in the literature, for example random",
    "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": " access machines. Perhaps surprisingly, each of these models can be converted to another",
    "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": " machine models different from the standard multi-tape Turing machines have been proposed in the literature",
    "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": " What all these models have in common is that the machines",
    "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "However,",
    "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": " algorithms, but",
    "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": " computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources. For example, a non-deterministic Turing machine",
    "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": " possibilities at once. The non-deterministic Turing machine has very little to do",
    "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": " a given amount of time and space, a computational model",
    "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": " a precise definition of what it means to solve a problem using a given amount of time and space, a computational model such as the deterministic",
    "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": " what it means to solve a problem using a given amount of time and",
    "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": " given amount of time and space, a computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine is used. The time required by a",
    "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": ". Although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources, any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource.",
    "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "empty",
    "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": " the Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity, circuit complexity",
    "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": " the Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity measures used in complexity theory",
    "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": " be made",
    "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": ", worst and average case complexity refer",
    "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": " measure) of different inputs of the same size",
    "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": " best,",
    "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": " worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring",
    "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": " for sorting is O(n log n). The best case occurs when each pivoting divides the list in half, also needing O",
    "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": " solves the problem of sorting a list of integers that is given as the input",
    "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "oting",
    "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": " the field of analysis of algorithms. To show an upper bound T(n) on the time complexity of a problem",
    "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": " one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required",
    "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": " worst-case complexity, unless specified otherwise. Analy",
    "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": " amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem",
    "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "or similar resources, such as space consumption), one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by the",
    "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": " the big O notation, which hides constant factors and smaller terms. This makes the bounds independent of the",
    "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": " smaller terms. This makes the bounds independent of the specific details",
    "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": " constant factors and smaller terms. This makes the",
    "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": " bounds are usually stated using the big O notation",
    "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": ".",
    "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "Of course, some complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework. Thus, a typical complexity class has a definition like the",
    "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "empty",
    "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": " chosen machine model. For",
    "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": " on the chosen machine model. For instance, the language {xx | x is",
    "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": " time above by some concrete function f(n) often yields complexity",
    "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": ", the language {xx | x is any binary string} can be solved in linear time on a multi-tape Turing machine, but necessarily requires",
    "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": " computation",
    "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": " important complexity classes can be defined by bounding the time or space used by the algorithm",
    "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "Many important complexity classes",
    "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "Many important complexity classes can be defined by bounding the time or space used by the algorithm. Some important complexity classes",
    "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": " of counting problems (not decision problems). Classes like IP and AM are",
    "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "Other important complexity classes include BPP, ZPP and RP, which are defined using probabilistic Turing",
    "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": " are defined using Boolean circuits; and BQP and Q",
    "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": " RP, which are defined using probabilistic Turing",
    "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": " classes include BPP, ZPP and RP, which are defined using probabilistic Turing machines;",
    "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": ", it is desirable to prove that relaxing the requirements on (say) computation time indeed defines a bigger set of problems. In particular, although",
    "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": " requirements on (say) computation time indeed defines",
    "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": " interesting to know if",
    "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": " computation time indeed defines a bigger set of problems. In particular, although DTIME(n",
    "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": " the complexity classes",
    "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "The time and space hierarchy theorems form the",
    "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": " us that P is strictly contained in EXPTIME, and the space hierarchy theorem tells us",
    "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": " complexity classes. For instance, the time hierarchy theorem tells us that P is strictly contained in EX",
    "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": " difficult than Y, and we say that X reduces to Y. There are many different types of reductions",
    "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": " and we say that X reduces to Y. There are many different types of reductions, based on",
    "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": " of one problem into another problem",
    "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": " an algorithm for Y, X is no more difficult",
    "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "Many complexity classes are defined",
    "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": " the problem of multiplying two integers. This means an algorithm for multiplying",
    "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "The most commonly used reduction is a polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction process takes polynomial time.",
    "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": " most commonly used reduction is",
    "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "The most commonly used reduction is",
    "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": " is not more difficult than multiplication, since squaring can be",
    "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": ". A problem X is hard for a class of problems C if every problem in C can be reduced to X. Thus no problem in C is",
    "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": " course,",
    "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": " course, the notion of hard problems depends on the type of reduction being used.",
    "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "ates the concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class",
    "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": " one might say that X is one of the hardest problems",
    "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": " NP is not solved, being able",
    "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": " X is one of the hardest problems in",
    "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": " the ones most likely not to be in P.",
    "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": " deterministic Turing machines are special non-determin",
    "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": " mathematical abstraction modeling those",
    "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": " problems that people would like to solve efficiently, but for which no efficient algorithm is known, such as the",
    "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": " is called the Cobham\u2013Edmonds",
    "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": " is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is called the Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis.",
    "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": " P equals NP is one of the most important open questions in theoretical computer science because of the wide implications of a solution. If the answer",
    "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": " most important open questions in theoretical computer science because of",
    "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": " can be shown to",
    "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "ization problem are examples of problems believed to be NP-intermediate. They are some of the very few NP problems not known",
    "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": " problems in NP that are neither in P",
    "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": " NP that are",
    "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": " unsolved problem in complexity theory is whether the graph isomorphism problem",
    "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": " determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic. An important unsolved problem in complexity theory is whether the graph isomorphism",
    "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": " is believed that graph",
    "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": " graphs",
    "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "orphism",
    "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": " computational",
    "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": " of a given integer. Phrased as a decision problem, it is the problem",
    "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": " is the computational problem of determining the",
    "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": " than k. No efficient integer factorization algorithm is known, and this fact forms",
    "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": " RP, BPP, PP, BQP, MA, PH, etc., it is possible that all",
    "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": ". For instance P \u2286 NP \u2286 PP \u2286 PSPACE, but",
    "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": " PP, BQP, MA,",
    "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": " \u2286 PP \u2286 PSPACE, but it is possible that P = PSPACE. If P is",
    "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": " complement problems (i.e. problems with the yes/no answers reversed",
    "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": " the same lines, co-NP is the class containing the complement problems",
    "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": " equal",
    "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "i.e. problems with the yes",
    "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": " can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. Again, there",
    "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": " all problems that",
    "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": " L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P",
    "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "Similarly, it is not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P",
    "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": " (the set of all problems that can be solved",
    "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": " complexity theory, problems that lack polynomial-time solutions are considered to be intractable for more than the smallest inputs. In fact, the Cobham\u2013",
    "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": " this sense include those that are EXPTIME-hard. If",
    "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": " solutions to be useful, are known as intractable problems. In complexity theory, problems that lack polynomial-time solutions are considered",
    "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": " Presburger arithmetic has been shown not to be in P, yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most cases. Similarly",
    "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": " of them are. For",
    "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "ability means in practice is open to debate. Saying that a problem is not in P does not imply that",
    "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": " decision problem in Presburger arithmetic has been shown not to be in P, yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable",
    "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": ", algorithms can solve the NP-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time and SAT solvers routinely handle large instances",
    "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": " was the definition of Turing",
    "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": " various researchers. Most influential among these was the definition of Turing",
    "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": " various researchers. Most influential among these was the definition of Turing",
    "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": ", numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers. Most influential among these was the definition of Turing machines by Alan Turing in 1936",
    "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": " numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers. Most influential among these was the definition of Turing machines by Alan Turing in 1936, which turned",
    "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": " computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper \"On the Computational Complexity of",
    "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": " Fort",
    "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": " attributed",
    "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": " beginning",
    "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": " computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper \"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\" by Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearn",
    "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": " (1956), a pioneer in the field from the",
    "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "1960), Raymond Smullyan's study of rudimentary sets (1961), as well as Hisao Yam",
    "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": " studying problems solvable by Turing machines with specific bounded resources include  John",
    "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": " theorems regularly assume some concrete choice of input encoding, one tries to keep the discussion abstract",
    "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "-theoretic theorems regularly assume some concrete choice of input encoding, one tries to keep the discussion",
    "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": " ax",
    "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": " developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his",
    "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "um developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms and proved an important result",
    "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": " Blum",
    "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": " first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or",
    "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": " a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy,",
    "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": " first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university",
    "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": " must",
    "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": " who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials",
    "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": " and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training",
    "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": " may vary among cultures. Teachers may",
    "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": " vary",
    "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": " vary among cultures. Teachers",
    "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": " teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or",
    "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": " teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as",
    "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": " a transient or ongoing role,",
    "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": " formal education can take place through home schooling. Informal learning may be",
    "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": ". Informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills",
    "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "igious and spiritual teachers, such as gurus, mullahs,",
    "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "igious",
    "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": " teachers, such as gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas, may teach religious texts such",
    "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": " the Quran, Torah or Bible",
    "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": " may be carried out by paid professionals.",
    "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "empty",
    "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": " or in the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals.",
    "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": ", which is called homeschooling, or in the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried",
    "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": " homeschooling, or in the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals. Such professionals enjoy a status in some societies",
    "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": " field",
    "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": " accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors",
    "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": " accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization",
    "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "acurricular activities. In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student",
    "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": " protect the public interest through cert",
    "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": " update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers. Around the world many governments operate teacher's colleges,",
    "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": " the world many governments operate teacher's colleges, which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through cert",
    "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": " governments",
    "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": " instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers",
    "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": " taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs. In many situations teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing",
    "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": " of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers,",
    "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": " standards of",
    "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": " out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving",
    "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": ", providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into",
    "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": " student learning, often",
    "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": ", teachers facilitate student learning, often in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors. A teacher who teaches on",
    "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": " or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors",
    "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": ". A teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as",
    "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": " lesson plan that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills. Different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy. When deciding",
    "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": " plan that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills. Different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy.",
    "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": " to use teachers consider students' background knowledge, environment, and their learning goals as well as standardized curricula as determined by",
    "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": " use teachers consider students' background",
    "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": " are often referred to as pedagogy. When deciding",
    "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": ", or a practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. The teacher may",
    "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": ", lesson",
    "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": " or a practical skill. A teacher may",
    "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": " determined by the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of",
    "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": ". A teacher may",
    "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": " educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding",
    "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": " meet the needs of all students in the classroom. Pedagogy can be thought of in two manners. First, teaching itself can be taught in many",
    "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": " comes into play when a teacher assesses the pedagog",
    "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "ogy",
    "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": " students on particular skills",
    "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": " relationship between children and their teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist",
    "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": " each session during the week and may have ten or more different teachers. The relationship between children",
    "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": " ten or more different teachers. The relationship between children and their teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist",
    "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": " the most significant difference",
    "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": " teachers and children. In primary schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week",
    "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": " approaches for primary education do exist. One of these, sometimes referred to as a \"platoon\" system, involves placing a group of students",
    "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": " students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects",
    "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": " throughout",
    "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": " United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education do exist. One of these, sometimes referred to as a \"platoon",
    "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": " The",
    "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": " new trend amongst educational institutions. Co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in",
    "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": " cognitive potential. Co-te",
    "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "Co-teaching has also become a new trend",
    "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to",
    "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "empty",
    "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": " act as a substitute parent, with",
    "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": " act as a substitute",
    "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": " of school discipline",
    "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "al",
    "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": " normal",
    "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": " common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world. Most Western countries, and some others",
    "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": " corporal punishment (spanking or paddling or caning or str",
    "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "al punishment (",
    "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "apping",
    "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": " or birching",
    "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": " Arkansas,",
    "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "al punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree",
    "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": " corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a",
    "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": " South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though",
    "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": " a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi",
    "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": " some Asian",
    "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": " by can",
    "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "ing, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of",
    "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": " other countries. It requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time in the school day (such",
    "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": " punishments in schools in the United States, the UK, Ireland, Singapore and other countries. It requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time",
    "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": " time in the school day (such",
    "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": " detention is",
    "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": " work, write",
    "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": " prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate",
    "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": " balanced with immediate and fair punishment for mis",
    "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": " will",
    "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": ". Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior.",
    "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": " teacher who is",
    "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": " modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently. This",
    "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": " amongst the majority of academics, some",
    "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "citation needed] Such individuals claim that many problems with",
    "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": " advocate a more assertive",
    "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": ". In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries, classroom discipline and",
    "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": " that the educational goals in",
    "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": ", however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality",
    "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "otypical view reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms",
    "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": " receive disproportionate resources. Given",
    "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": ", leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught. In response, teachers may",
    "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": " can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and",
    "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": " the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and",
    "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": " sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little",
    "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": " schools alike. They also claim that in",
    "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "ious, and",
    "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": " Primarily because",
    "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "atically passed by the entire school community, and a good judicial system for enforcing these laws, is a school in which community discipline",
    "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": " Primarily because rules and regulations are made by the community as a whole, thence the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation, rather than confrontation",
    "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "Since teachers can affect how students perceive the course materials",
    "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": " learning experience towards the course materials.",
    "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": " been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials",
    "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": " towards the course materials and students can affect",
    "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": " that exhibit enthusiasm can lead",
    "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": " exhibit enthusiasm can lead to students who are more likely to be engaged,",
    "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": " students' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom. Controlled, experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonver",
    "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": " shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions,",
    "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": " intrinsic",
    "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "thusiastic",
    "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": " learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic",
    "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": " higher levels of intrinsic motivation. Teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm which feed student interest",
    "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": " own learning process. The concept of mere exposure indicates that the",
    "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": " influence",
    "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": " Here, personal success",
    "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial",
    "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "iastic teachers are",
    "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": " success with personal achievement",
    "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": " effective teachers. Effective teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making",
    "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": " these teachers. Teachers that",
    "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": ". Effective teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision",
    "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": " teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught",
    "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": " get out of the subject matter. The three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching, enthusiasm about the students,",
    "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching, the more the student will get out of the subject",
    "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": " way a teacher promotes",
    "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": " the course they are",
    "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": " they are teaching, the more the student will get out of the subject matter.",
    "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": " Association of University Women reported that 9.6% of students",
    "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts. A study by the",
    "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": " administrator or other adult; sometime during their educational career",
    "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": " American Association of University",
    "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": " courts. A study by the American Association of University Women",
    "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": " England showed a 0.3% prevalence of sexual abuse by any",
    "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": " group that included priests,",
    "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": " and case workers as well as teachers. It is important to",
    "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": " study",
    "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "empty",
    "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": " Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused",
    "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": " for statutory rape \"is a real anomaly in the law",
    "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": " who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape \"is",
    "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": " the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape \"is a real anomaly in the law",
    "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": " National Association of Schoolmasters Union",
    "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": " said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register and that prosecution",
    "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of",
    "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": " health",
    "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": " administrative personnel, working",
    "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": " of",
    "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": " several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress,",
    "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": " the figure for",
    "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": " UK teachers",
    "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": " stress, twice",
    "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": " the figure for the average profession. A 2012 study found that teachers experienced",
    "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": " that 42% of UK teachers experienced",
    "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": ". Organizational interventions, like changing",
    "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": " mentoring, changing the work environment,",
    "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": " effective in helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers.",
    "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "izational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks and mentoring, changing the work environment, and offering promotions",
    "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": " bonuses, may",
    "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": " in a university",
    "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": " or college. Governments may require certification",
    "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": " begin teaching after graduation. In addition to certification",
    "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": " and differences",
    "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": ". Governments may require certification by",
    "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "/high",
    "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": " Australia follows the three-tier model which includes primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (secondary schools/high schools) and tertiary education (univers",
    "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "AFE colleges",
    "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": " by secondary education (secondary schools/high schools) and tertiary education (universities and/or TAFE",
    "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": " and territories. Generally, education in Australia follows the three-tier",
    "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": " by the private sector, businesses and sponsors",
    "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": " post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's",
    "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "yr. Teachers have the option to teach for a public school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private",
    "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": " called Lehramtstudien (Te",
    "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": ") and higher level secondary schools (Gymnasium). Salaries for teachers depend on the civil servants' salary index scale",
    "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "ymnasium). Salaries for teachers depend",
    "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": " teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes, called Leh",
    "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "alschule) and higher level secondary schools (Gymnasium). Salaries for teachers depend",
    "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": " teachers in Ireland depend mainly on seniority (i",
    "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": ".e. holding the position of principal, deputy principal or assistant principal), experience and qualifications",
    "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": ", deputy principal or assistant",
    "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": " to \u20ac53,423 for a teacher with 25 years service. A principal of a large school with many years experience and several qualifications",
    "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": " be paid from Oireachtas funds",
    "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": " are required to be registered with the",
    "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": " a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching",
    "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": " Teaching Council; under Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 200",
    "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": " by",
    "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": " to teaching and",
    "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "ting has been introduced for new entrants to the teaching profession. These procedures apply to teaching and also to non-teaching posts and those who refuse vet",
    "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": " introduced for new entrants to the teaching profession. These procedures apply to teaching and also to non-teaching posts",
    "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": " Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers ranged from \u00a320,133 to \u00a341,004 in September 2007, although some salaries can",
    "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "aries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers ranged from \u00a320,",
    "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": " teachers ranged from \u00a320,133 to \u00a341,004 in September 2007,",
    "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "20,133 to \u00a341,004 in September 2007,",
    "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "7, although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities. Preschool",
    "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": " programs to attract people",
    "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": " growth; opportunities will vary",
    "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": ", especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retire",
    "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": " teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent",
    "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "ments, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic",
    "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": " an all graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing to teach is to complete",
    "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": " graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing to teach is to complete a programme of Initial",
    "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": " a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the \"Standard for Full Registration\" has been met.",
    "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": " with the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS). Teaching in Scotland is an all graduate profession and",
    "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": " Scotland",
    "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": " Head, and Head teachers",
    "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": " with",
    "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "For the salary year beginning April 2008",
    "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": " two modules per year.) Promotion to Principal Teacher positions attracts a salary of between \u00a334,566 and \u00a344,616; Deputy Head,",
    "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "427 for a Probationer, up to \u00a332,583 after 6 years teaching, but",
    "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "8/09, 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used Welsh as",
    "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": " educated either wholly or largely through the medium of Welsh: in 2008/09, 22 per cent of classes in maintained",
    "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": " United Kingdom. For example, a significant number of students all over Wales are educated either wholly or largely through the",
    "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": " all age groups through nurseries, schools",
    "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": " elsewhere in the United Kingdom. For example, a significant number of students all over",
    "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": " such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years suggest",
    "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": " the average age of teachers in Wales is falling",
    "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": " suggest that the average age of",
    "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": " previous years. A growing cause of concern are that attacks on teachers in Welsh schools which reached an all-time high between 2005 and ",
    "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": " teachers being younger than in previous years. A growing cause of",
    "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": " getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can",
    "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching",
    "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": " the requirements for getting a license to teach",
    "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": " long as ten",
    "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": "In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years",
    "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": " report for K-12 teachers, elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning",
    "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": " salary was $51,009. In a salary survey report for K-12 teachers, elementary school teachers had",
    "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": " salary earning $39,259. High",
    "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": " had the highest median salary earning $41,855. Many teachers take advantage of the opportunity to increase their income by",
    "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": " increase their income by supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities. In addition",
    "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "There are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity,",
    "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "-official to official position, as opposed to the unofficial positions",
    "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": " spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity, across all three major traditions - (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Den",
    "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": " teachers",
    "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": " a family to provide spiritual guidance",
    "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": " the teacher is an office in the Aaronic priesthood, generally conferred on young",
    "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": " Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the teacher",
    "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": " role of \"spiritual teacher\" may be filled by many individuals in the",
    "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": " Church), the teacher is an office in the Aaronic priesthood, generally conferred on young boys or recent converts",
    "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": " guru, and, in many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on",
    "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": " is known as a guru, and, in many traditions",
    "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": " teacher is known as a",
    "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": " known as a",
    "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": " Dharma in Tibet are most commonly called a Lama. A Lama who has through",
    "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": " often many times, in order to continue their Bodhisatt",
    "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": " be",
    "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": " Dharma in Tibet are most commonly called a Lama. A Lama who has through phowa and siddhi",
    "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": " has through phowa and siddhi",
    "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": " opposed to exoteric, or actions-oriented, e.g",
    "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": " ranging from",
    "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": " is a Qutb - and of traditions passed down from initiate to",
    "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "as",
    "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "as, who teach of the",
    "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "\u02d0\u03b8\u0259r/ or /\u02c8lu\u02d0\u00f0\u0259r/; German: [\u02c8ma\u0250\u032fti\u02d0",
    "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "\u03b8\u0259r/ or /\u02c8",
    "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "Martin Luther (/\u02c8lu\u02d0\u03b8\u0259r/ or /\u02c8lu\u02d0\u00f0\u0259r/; German",
    "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "lu\u02d0",
    "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "\u028at\u0250] ( listen); 10 November 1483 \u2013 18 February ",
    "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": " faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin.",
    "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": " Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority and office of the Pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely",
    "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": " taught that salvation and",
    "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": " salvation and subsequently eternal life is",
    "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": " of the Pope by teaching that",
    "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": " the",
    "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": " fostered the development of a standard version",
    "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": " it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture.",
    "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": " development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced",
    "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": ") made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version",
    "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": " later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (n\u00e9e Lindemann) on 10 November 148",
    "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": " later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (n\u00e9e Lindemann) on 10 November 1483 in Eisle",
    "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "her, later Luther) and his wife",
    "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": " (",
    "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": ") on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Sax",
    "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": " University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse. He was made to wake at four every",
    "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": " 19, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse. He",
    "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": ", which he",
    "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": " he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse. He was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as \"a day of",
    "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": " of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises.\" He received his master's degree in 1505.",
    "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": " used to question men and institutions, but not God. Human beings could learn about God only through divine revelation, he believed,",
    "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": " university that",
    "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": ", William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel. He was deeply influenced by two tutors",
    "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": " immediately, believing that law represented uncertainty. Luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing particular interest in",
    "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": " father's wishes,",
    "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "He later attributed his decision to an event: on 2 July 1505, he was",
    "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": " trip home. During a thunderstorm, a lightning bolt struck near him. Later telling his father he was terrified",
    "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": " an event: on 2 July 1505, he was",
    "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": " July 1505, he was returning to university on horse",
    "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": " near him. Later telling his father he was terrified",
    "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": " Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his",
    "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "ian",
    "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself",
    "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": " Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage,",
    "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "oting himself to fasting",
    "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "In 1507, he was ordained to the priesthood, and in 1508, von Staup",
    "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": " the priesthood, and in 1508,",
    "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": ", he was ordained to the",
    "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "itz, first dean of the newly founded University of Wittenberg, sent for Luther",
    "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": ". He received a bachelor's degree in Biblical studies on 9",
    "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": " 1512, was received",
    "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": " having been",
    "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": " on ",
    "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": " Doctor of Theology and, on ",
    "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": " having been called to the position of Doctor in Bible. He",
    "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": ", was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic",
    "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": " the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.",
    "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": " sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome",
    "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "6, Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar and",
    "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": " 1516, Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar and papal commissioner for indulgences",
    "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": " his letter a copy of his \"Disputation of Martin Luther",
    "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": " of Mainz, protesting the sale of indul",
    "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": " bishop, Albert of Mainz, protesting the sale of indulgences. He enclosed in his letter",
    "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": " the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences\", which came to be known as The Ninety-Five Th",
    "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": " that Luther",
    "56f80143aef2371900625d68": " soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven') springs.\"",
    "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that",
    "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from pur",
    "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "atory (also attested as '",
    "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": " on account of such false assurances",
    "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": " on",
    "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": " those",
    "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": " slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances.",
    "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": " in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances",
    "56f8046faef2371900625d71": " by no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate. Yet",
    "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "gences for the living",
    "56f8046faef2371900625d73": " by no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather a reflection of his capacity to",
    "56f8046faef2371900625d74": " contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate. Yet if Tetzel overstated the matter in regard to",
    "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": " Kr\u00e4mer, G\u00f6tz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard",
    "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": " that he",
    "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "According",
    "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "tz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Pra",
    "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "mer, G\u00f6tz Trenkler,",
    "56f8074faef2371900625d79": " friends of Luther translated",
    "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": " Theses from Latin into German and printed and widely copied them",
    "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "95 Theses from Latin into German and printed and widely copied them,",
    "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": " Theses from Latin into German and printed and widely copied them, making the controversy one of the first in history",
    "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": " until January ",
    "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": ",",
    "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "'s writings circulated widely, reaching France, England, and Italy as early as",
    "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": ", England, and Italy as early as ",
    "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": " one of his most creative and productive. Three of his best-known works were published in 1520:",
    "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": " productive. Three of his best-known",
    "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": " books of Hebrews, Romans",
    "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": " 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the",
    "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As",
    "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": ", the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use",
    "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": " by the Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he",
    "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": ".\" Faith, for Luther, was a gift from God; the experience of being justified by faith was \"as though I",
    "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": " teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication On the Bondage",
    "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "L",
    "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": " as entirely the work of God",
    "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": " understand justification as entirely the work of God. This teaching",
    "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": " of",
    "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": " salvation\" was the first of two points that",
    "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": " became the foundation for the Reformation.",
    "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": " against",
    "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "burg did not reply to Luther's letter containing",
    "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg did not reply to Luther's letter containing the ",
    "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": " half was to go to the building of St Peter's Church",
    "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": " heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome. He needed the revenue from the indulgences to",
    "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": " the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome. He needed the revenue from the indul",
    "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": ", and",
    "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": " against Luther, which served only to harden the reformer's anti-papal theology",
    "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": " care as is proper.\" Over the next three years he deployed",
    "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": " he deployed a series of papal theologians and en",
    "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": " Leo X was used to reformers and heretics, and he responded slowly",
    "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "putation with Luther's colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak. Luther's boldest",
    "56f81393aef2371900625daa": " January 1519, at Altenburg",
    "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "ony, the",
    "56f81393aef2371900625dac": " in the debate was that Matthew 16:18 does not confer on pop",
    "56f81393aef2371900625dad": " 1519, at Altenburg",
    "56f81537aef2371900625db3": " with the papal bull (edict) Exsurge",
    "56f81537aef2371900625db4": " including the 95 Theses, within 60 days. That autumn, Johann Eck proclaimed the",
    "56f81537aef2371900625db5": " the papal bull (edict) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from",
    "56f81537aef2371900625db6": ". That autumn, Johann Eck proclaimed the bull in Me",
    "56f81537aef2371900625db7": " he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from",
    "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": " the Diet of Worms. This",
    "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": " Theses fell to the",
    "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": " the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms, a town on the",
    "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "The enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 18 April 1521",
    "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": " 95 Theses fell to",
    "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": " Eck",
    "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": " to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response",
    "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": " speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier, presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him",
    "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": " laid out on a table and asked",
    "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": " whether he stood by their contents. Luther confirmed he was their author,",
    "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": " this speech, Luther raised his arm \"in the",
    "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": " salute of a knight winning",
    "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": " end of this speech, Luther raised his arm",
    "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": " end of this speech",
    "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "L",
    "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": " words to be unreliable, since they were inserted before \"May God help me\" only in later versions of the speech",
    "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "Luther refused to recant his writings. He is sometimes",
    "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "ant",
    "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": " May 1521, declaring Luther an outlaw, banning his literature,",
    "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": " May 1521, declaring Luther an outlaw, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest: \"We want him to be apprehended and punished",
    "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": " of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 152",
    "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": " a notorious heretic.\" It also",
    "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": " next five days, private",
    "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": " to as \"my Patmos\", Luther translated the New Testament",
    "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": " included a",
    "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": " had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made",
    "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": " from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings. These included a",
    "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "amed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates, and a \"Refutation of",
    "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": " his",
    "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": " favor is a sin. All humans are sinners by nature, he explained, and God's grace",
    "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": " Luther wrote to Melanchthon on the same theme",
    "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": " can",
    "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": " nature, he explained, and",
    "56f84485aef2371900625f71": " pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church",
    "56f84485aef2371900625f72": " the summer of 1521",
    "56f84485aef2371900625f73": " the whole congregation. His essay On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected",
    "56f84485aef2371900625f74": " On the",
    "56f84485aef2371900625f75": " the heart of Church practices. In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idol",
    "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": " was centered on the prophecy of the Little Horn in Daniel 8:9\u201312",
    "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "1 Luther dealt largely with prophecy",
    "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": " in Daniel 8:9\u2013",
    "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": " in Daniel 8",
    "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "1 Luther dealt largely with prophecy, in which he broadened the foundations of the Re",
    "56f84760aef2371900625f81": " developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas",
    "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, embarked on a radical programme of",
    "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "ouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid",
    "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "burg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which",
    "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "istracy. After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 152",
    "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "ittenberg on 6 March 1522.",
    "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": " by writing, but only by my personal presence and living word.\" For eight days in Lent, beginning",
    "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": " to trust God's",
    "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": " writing, but only by my personal presence and living word.\" For eight days in Lent, beginning on Invocavit Sunday, ",
    "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6 March 1522. He wrote to",
    "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": " among us! His words, through divine mercy, are bringing",
    "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": ". After the sixth sermon, the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector: \"Oh, what joy has Dr.",
    "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": " effect",
    "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": " among us",
    "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": " immediate. After the sixth",
    "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": " or modifying the new church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he signalled",
    "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": " about reversing or modifying the new church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he signalled",
    "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": " church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he sign",
    "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": " the Zwickau prophets, he now faced a battle against not only the established Church but also the radical reformers who threatened",
    "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": " or modifying the new church",
    "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": " the peasantry on a smaller scale since",
    "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "achers such as Zwickau prophet Nicholas Storch and Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the",
    "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": " M\u00fcntzer",
    "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": " radicalism further afield. Preachers such as Z",
    "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": " his victory in Wittenberg, Luther was unable",
    "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "ia, he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents, monasteries, bishops' palaces, and libraries. In Against",
    "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": " he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities. During a tour",
    "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": " reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities. During a tour of Thuringia, he became enraged at the widespread burning",
    "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": " tour",
    "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": " temporal authorities. During a tour of Thuringia, he became enraged at the widespread burning",
    "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": " justified his",
    "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": ":1\u20137 that all authorities",
    "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": ", in the German case, the divine right of the princes. Second, the violent actions of rebelling, robbing, and plunder",
    "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": " justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds. First, in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government, they were ignoring Christ's counsel",
    "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": " choosing violence over lawful submission to",
    "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": " down their weapons; others felt betrayed. Their",
    "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "hausen on 15 May 1525, followed by M\u00fcntzer's execution,",
    "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "'s backing for the uprising, many rebels laid down their weapons; others felt betrayed.",
    "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": ", brought the revolutionary stage of the Reformation to a close. Thereafter, radicalism found a",
    "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": " felt betrayed. Their defeat by the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen on ",
    "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "ora, one of 12 nuns he",
    "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": " the",
    "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": " Luther married Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from",
    "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": " me into marriage.\" At the time of their marriage",
    "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "istercian",
    "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "agen, Justus Jonas",
    "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "us Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas",
    "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": " and the wedding banquet were left out, and were made up two weeks later on ",
    "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": " the",
    "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": " wife as witnesses. On the evening of the same day, the couple was married by Bugenhagen. The ceremonial walk to",
    "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": " a wife, as I feel at present. Not that I am insensible to my flesh or",
    "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": " wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage. He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds, but his decision to marry surprised",
    "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": " but Luther",
    "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": " including Andreas Karlstadt",
    "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "stadt and",
    "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "Luther and his wife moved into a former monastery, \"The Black Cloister,\" a wedding present from the new elector John the",
    "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": ",\" a wedding present from the new elector John the Steadfast (1525\u201332). They embarked on",
    "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": " his wife moved",
    "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "or John the",
    "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "or John the Steadfast (1525\u201332). They embarked on",
    "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": " the",
    "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": " direction in which he moved.\" From 1525 to 1529, he established a supervisory",
    "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": " himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church.",
    "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": " choosing their own",
    "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": " experience and a territorial church including all in a given",
    "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": " avoid confusing or upsetting the people, Luther avoided extreme change",
    "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": " consistent evolution",
    "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": " another",
    "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": " questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign\". The elector authorised",
    "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": " concentrated on the church in the Electorate",
    "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": " did not intend it as a replacement for his ",
    "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": " did not intend it as a replacement for his ",
    "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "\"; and the Mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine",
    "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": ", Luther",
    "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "\"; and the Mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread. He retained the elevation of the host and chalice",
    "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": " during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony, which began",
    "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "-nigh unskilled and",
    "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "uther and his colleagues introduced the new order of worship during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony, which began in 152",
    "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": " also assessed the standard of pastoral care and Christian",
    "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": ". \"Merciful God, what misery I have seen,\" Luther wrote, \"the common people knowing",
    "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": " devised the catechism as a method of imparting",
    "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "Luther devised the catechism as",
    "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "chism as a method of imparting the basics of",
    "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": " of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers",
    "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of",
    "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": " \"Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes,\" he wrote, \"I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because",
    "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": " in volumes,\" he wrote, \"I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because",
    "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": " personal works. \"Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes,\" he wrote, \"I am quite cool and not at all eager about",
    "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": " catechism is one of Luther's most personal works.",
    "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": " a Saturnian hunger, I would rather see them all devoured. For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine, except",
    "56f86966aef2371900626053": " the Larger Catechism was effective for pastors. Using",
    "56f86966aef2371900626054": " teach their children; likewise the Larger Cate",
    "56f86966aef2371900626055": " teach their children; likewise the Larger Catechism was effective for pastors. Using the",
    "56f86966aef2371900626056": " German vernacular, they expressed the Apostles",
    "56f86966aef2371900626057": "uther's Small C",
    "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": " the translation until",
    "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": " For in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of Christian doctrine, namely, that we are",
    "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": " in Romans 3:28, he replied in",
    "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": " translation of the New Testament in ",
    "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": " of his",
    "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": " used the variant of German spoken at the S",
    "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "'s translation used the variant of German spoken",
    "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": " spoken at the",
    "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": " impediments and difficulties so",
    "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": " the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to",
    "56f86e91aef2371900626067": " for German-language publications, Luther's version quickly became a",
    "56f86e91aef2371900626068": " Bible",
    "56f86e91aef2371900626069": " contribution to the",
    "56f86e91aef237190062606a": " Bible translation. As such, it made",
    "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "al imagery, it played a major role in",
    "56f87000aef2371900626071": "n-writer, authoring hymns such as \"Ein feste Burg ist",
    "56f87000aef2371900626072": "Luther was a prolific hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as \"Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott\" (\"A Mighty",
    "56f87000aef2371900626073": " Mighty Fortress Is Our God\"), based on Psalm 46, and \"Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her\" (\"From Heaven Above",
    "56f87000aef2371900626074": " hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as \"Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott\" (\"A Mighty Fortress Is",
    "56f87000aef2371900626075": " authoring hymns such as \"Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott\" (\"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God\"), based on Psalm 46,",
    "56f8720eaef237190062608f": " frequently evoked",
    "56f8720eaef2371900626090": " hymns were frequently evoked by particular",
    "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "'s hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation",
    "56f8720eaef2371900626092": " by the",
    "56f8720eaef2371900626093": " prompting Luther to write the hymn \"Ein neues Lied wir heben an\" (\"",
    "56f87392aef2371900626099": "arian rather than catechetical, and 20th-century Lutherans rarely use the hymn",
    "56f87392aef237190062609a": "'s 1524 creedal hymn \"Wir glauben all an einen Gott\" (\"We All Believe in One True God\") is a",
    "56f87392aef237190062609b": " ",
    "56f87392aef237190062609c": "-century hymnals tended to label the hym",
    "56f87392aef237190062609d": " hymn \"Wir glauben all an einen Gott\" (\"We All Believe in One True God\")",
    "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": " for",
    "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": " exactly",
    "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "immelreich",
    "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": " the Lord's",
    "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": " im Himmelreich\", corresponds exactly to Luther",
    "56f87760aef23719006260cc": " 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a",
    "56f87760aef23719006260cd": " seven other hymns were published in",
    "56f87760aef23719006260ce": " zu dir\" (\"From depths of woe I cry to you\") in 1523 as a hymnic",
    "56f87760aef23719006260cf": " In a collaboration with Paul Speratus, this and seven other hymns were published in",
    "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "ns for use in German worship. In a collaboration with",
    "56f879bdaef23719006260de": ", look down from heaven\"). \"Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland\" (Now come,",
    "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "h darein\" (\"Oh God, look down from heaven\"). \"Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland\" (Now come,",
    "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": " Gebot\" and \"Mensch, willst du leben seliglich\". His \"G",
    "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "iland\" (Now come, Savior of the gentiles),",
    "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": " loben schon\" (\"We should now praise Christ\") and Veni Creator Spiritus to \"Komm, Gott Sch\u00f6",
    "56f87e95aef237190062610a": " Herr zum Jordan kam\" (\"To Jordan came the Christ our Lord\") reflects the structure",
    "56f87e95aef237190062610b": " substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism in the Small C",
    "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "n \"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam\" (\"To Jordan came the Christ our Lord\") reflects the structure",
    "56f87e95aef237190062610d": " came the Christ our Lord\") reflects the structure and substance of his",
    "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "1 hymn \"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam\" (\"To Jordan came the",
    "56f88025aef237190062611e": " included in early Lutheran hym",
    "56f88025aef237190062611f": " hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation.",
    "56f88025aef2371900626120": " of the Reformation. He supplied four of eight songs of the First Lutheran hymnal Achtliederbuch, 18 of 26 songs of",
    "56f88025aef2371900626121": " in early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the",
    "56f88025aef2371900626122": " A",
    "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": " nicht mit uns diese Zeit, BWV 14",
    "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "ns inspired composers to write music. Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his",
    "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "Luther's hymns inspired composers to write music. Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his",
    "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": " music. Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them, namely Christ lag",
    "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": " Jordan kam, BWV 7, Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 62, Gelobet seist du, Jes",
    "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "thon",
    "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "anchthon, throughout his life Luther maintained",
    "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": " false doctrine to believe that a Christian's soul sleeps after it is separated from",
    "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": " sleeps after it is separated from the body in death; and,",
    "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": " described",
    "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": " about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from",
    "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": " theologians such as Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this issue",
    "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": " theologian Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann",
    "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": " analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this issue",
    "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "sed vigilat) and experiences visions\". Francis Blackburne in 1765 argued that John Jortin misread this and other",
    "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": " (sub noctem intrat in cubiculum su",
    "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "e in 1765 argued that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther,",
    "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": " does not sleep (anima non sic dormit), but wakes (sed vigilat) and experiences visions\". Francis Blackburne in 1765 argued",
    "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": " \"the soul does not sleep (anima non sic dormit), but wakes (sed vigilat) and experiences visions\".",
    "56f88c37aef2371900626176": " sacram",
    "56f88c37aef2371900626177": " I, Landgrave of Hesse, convoked",
    "56f88c37aef2371900626178": " and Swiss",
    "56f88c37aef2371900626179": " achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen, the exception being the nature of the Eucharist \u2013 the sacram",
    "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "In October",
    "56f88eafaef2371900626194": " Presence of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine, which he called the sacramental union, while his opponents believed God to",
    "56f88eafaef2371900626195": " he called the sacramental union, while his opponents believed God to be only spiritually or symbolically present. Z",
    "56f88eafaef2371900626196": ", Martin Bucer, and Johannes Oecolampadius, differed on the significance of the words spoken by Jesus",
    "56f88eafaef2371900626197": ", Martin Bucer, and",
    "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "anchthon, Martin Bucer, and Johannes Oecolampadius, differed",
    "56f8907faef23719006261b2": " signing",
    "56f8907faef23719006261b3": " The",
    "56f8907faef23719006261b4": " the Eucharist, the Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Aug",
    "56f8907faef23719006261b5": " of the",
    "56f8907faef23719006261b6": " the Marburg",
    "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": " sense",
    "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": " enemy that faith has; it never comes to",
    "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": " the sense that questions of faith could",
    "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": " claims he was a fideist into",
    "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": " us in His Word, are in presence of reason sheer",
    "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": " the Reformation continued, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity. In his later years, Luther grew",
    "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": " the",
    "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": " to Christianity. In his later years, Luther grew more hostile toward the",
    "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": " conversion by proving that the Old",
    "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": " wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the Old Testament could",
    "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "quy, Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast Ottoman army. Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his",
    "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": " defeatism. He saw the Turks as a scourge sent to punish Christians by God, as agents of",
    "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": " V",
    "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": " the Marburg Colloqu",
    "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": " with",
    "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam,",
    "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": " read a Latin translation",
    "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": " read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several",
    "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": " Luther read a Latin translation of",
    "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": ", Luther read a Latin translation of",
    "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": " \u2013 serving",
    "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "ben \u2013 preached a sermon in which he claimed that God's gospel, not God's moral law (the",
    "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": ") \u2013 serving",
    "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": " a sermon in which he claimed that God's gospel, not God",
    "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": " a sermon in which he claimed that God's gospel, not God's moral law (the Ten",
    "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": " the law as the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin",
    "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": " one hand, what",
    "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": " reaffirms, on the one hand, what",
    "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": " Luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law, even if it",
    "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": " the one hand, what has been called the \"second use of the law,\" that",
    "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "On the other hand, Luther also points out that the Ten Commandments",
    "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": " condemning judgment but as an expression of",
    "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": " the Ten Commandments \u2013 when considered not as",
    "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": " Ten Commandments \u2013 when considered not as God's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal",
    "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": " not as God's condemning judgment but as an expression",
    "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "The Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of",
    "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": " sacrament of baptism, are a present foreshadowing of the believers'",
    "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": " to them",
    "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": " to marry one of his wife's ladies-in",
    "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "thon, and Bucer, citing as a precedent the polygamy",
    "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "ians were not prepared to make a general ruling, and they reluctantly advised the landgrave that if he was determined, he should marry secretly and",
    "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": " wife",
    "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": " Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I, Land",
    "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": ", evildoers, or whatever they like, while they too",
    "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": ", though",
    "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": " career,",
    "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": " had",
    "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": " about the Jews throughout his career",
    "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": " Their Lies), and Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlecht Christi",
    "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": " Their Lies), and Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlecht Christ",
    "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "\u00fcgen",
    "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": " the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren L\u00fcgen (On the Jews and Their",
    "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "'s other major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren",
    "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": " issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was",
    "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": " to",
    "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": " Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia. Josel of Rosheim, the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews",
    "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to",
    "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": " the Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia. Josel",
    "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "rich Himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940",
    "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": " acquired the status",
    "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": " anti-Jewish rhetoric contributed significantly",
    "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": " the most widely read",
    "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": " to the development of antisemitism in Germany, and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an \"ideal underpinning\"",
    "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": " Protestant",
    "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory.\" According",
    "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": " regional church confederations issued",
    "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "On 17 December 1941",
    "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": " agreeing",
    "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": " is a world of difference between his belief in salvation and a racial ideology.",
    "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": " his work as opportunistic. Biographer Martin Brecht points out that \"There is a world of difference between",
    "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": " it is anachronistic to view his work as a precursor of",
    "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": " Luther fatefully became one of the 'church fathers' of anti-Semitism and thus",
    "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": " anach",
    "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": " Rose argues that he caused a \"hysterical and demonizing mentality\" about Jews",
    "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": ", even if his",
    "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": " its adherence rather than the Jews as an ethnic group\u2014their violence lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion",
    "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": " the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism. Ronald Berger writes that Luther is credited with \"Germanizing the Christian critique of Judaism and establishing anti",
    "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": " that, even if his views were merely anti-Judaic\u2014that is, opposed to Judaism and its",
    "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": " Edwards in his book Luther's",
    "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "1531\u201346 (1983), suggest that",
    "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "1\u201346 (1983), suggest that since Luther's increasingly antisemitic views developed during the",
    "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": " such as Mark",
    "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": " U. Edwards in his book Luther's Last Battles:",
    "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "s, Lutheran Church denominations have rep",
    "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": " the 1980s, Lutheran",
    "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "ations have rep",
    "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": " he claimed that from his research he",
    "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": ", including M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, vertigo, fainting, tinnitus, and",
    "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": " for years, including M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, vertigo",
    "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": " had been suffering from ill health for years,",
    "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": " including M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, vertigo",
    "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "Luther had been suffering from ill health",
    "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "-tempered and even harsher in his writings and",
    "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": " saying, \"Dear husband, you are too rude,\" and he responded, \"They are teaching me to be rude.\" In",
    "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": " writings and comments. His wife Katharina was over",
    "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": " writings and comments. His wife Katharina was overheard saying, \"Dear husband, you are too",
    "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": " him short-tempered and even",
    "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": " concluded",
    "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": " urgency to expel from all German territory,\" according to L\u00e9on Poliakov. James Mackinnon writes that it concluded",
    "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "fiery summons to drive the Jews",
    "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": " death. It was \"entirely devoted to the obd",
    "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": " with a \"fiery summons",
    "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "feld twice in late 1545 to participate in the",
    "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": " to Mansfeld, was taken because of his concern for his siblings' families",
    "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": ": Albrecht, Philip, John George, and Gerhard",
    "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": " was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mans",
    "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": " mining trade.",
    "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": " companions, Justus Jonas and Michael Coelius, shouted loudly, \"Re",
    "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": " awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot",
    "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": " (Ps. 31",
    "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": " a.m",
    "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": " were successfully concluded on 17 February 1546. After 8 a.m",
    "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": " his speech, and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45",
    "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": " of his speech, and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a",
    "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": " Eisleben, the city of his birth. He was buried in the Castle Church in Witten",
    "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": " died shortly afterwards at ",
    "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "2:45 a.m. on ",
    "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": " later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from \"We",
    "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": " had written his last statement. The statement",
    "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": " later",
    "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "1540s, printed images of Luther that emphasized his",
    "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": " Catholic",
    "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": " to the spread of Protestantism. In contrast to images of frail Catholic",
    "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "\u2014behavior that was a stark contrast",
    "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": " Luther was presented as a stout man with a \"double chin, strong mouth,",
    "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "Luther is honoured",
    "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": " with a",
    "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "Luther is honoured on 18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran",
    "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "L",
    "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": " commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar",
    "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": ", Santa Barbara, and Ventura. The more extensive 10-county",
    "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": " California",
    "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": " Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Ventura. The more extensive 10-county",
    "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": ", often abbreviated SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California's southern",
    "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": ", Los Angeles, Orange",
    "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "gion, one of the 11 megareg",
    "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "g",
    "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": " United States. The megaregion's",
    "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "gion's area is more expansive, extending east into",
    "5705e33f52bb891400689650": " Nevada, and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana",
    "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "; and the El Centro area. Out of",
    "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": " through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population encompasses seven metropolitan",
    "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": " the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego. Southern California's population",
    "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": " stretching along the",
    "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": " the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire",
    "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": " the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona, and the Mojave Desert at the border with the state of",
    "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": " with the state of",
    "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": " is the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River",
    "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "ave Desert at the border with the state of Nevada. To the south",
    "5705e63175f01819005e7720": " San",
    "5705e63175f01819005e7721": " population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California",
    "5705e63175f01819005e7722": " southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as",
    "5705e63175f01819005e7723": " California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of",
    "5705e63175f01819005e7724": " of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and",
    "5705e99452bb891400689688": ", San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the",
    "5705e99452bb891400689689": ", Orange,",
    "5705e99452bb89140068968a": " Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the",
    "5705e99452bb89140068968b": " Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties",
    "5705e99452bb89140068968c": " Angeles, Orange,",
    "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": " Los Angeles in southern California.",
    "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": " the motion picture industry. Headquartered in southern California are The Walt Disney Company (which also owns",
    "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": " is also",
    "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": " picture, television, and music",
    "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": " Angeles, is also a name associated with the motion picture industry. Headquartered in southern California are The Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC), Sony",
    "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": " southern California as well, including Trestles, Rincon, The Wedge, Huntington Beach, and Malibu,",
    "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": " Quiksilver, No Fear, RVCA, and Body Glove are all headquartered here. Professional skateboarder Tony Hawk, professional surf",
    "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": " grown",
    "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": " all",
    "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": " all headquartered here.",
    "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": " popular beaches, and the",
    "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "empty",
    "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": " beaches, and the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and",
    "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": " beaches, and the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby",
    "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "\u00b0 9' 58.23\" latitude, around 11 miles (18 km) south of San Jose; however,",
    "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": " designation, and definitions of what constitutes southern California vary. Geographically, California's north-south midway point lies at exactly 37\u00b0 9",
    "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": " of San Jose; however, this does not coincide with popular use of the term. When the state is divided into two areas (northern and southern",
    "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": " designation, and definitions of what constitutes southern California vary. Ge",
    "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": " vary. Ge",
    "5705eee952bb8914006896de": " Mexico ruled California,",
    "5705eee952bb8914006896df": ", and political disputes raged between the Californios of",
    "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": " no official definition for the northern boundary of southern California, such a division has existed from the time when Mexico ruled California, and political disputes raged",
    "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": " the northern boundary",
    "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": " of southern California, such a division has existed from the time when Mexico ruled California, and political disputes raged between",
    "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": " southerners in",
    "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": " Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in",
    "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "Subsequently, Californios (dissatisfied with ine",
    "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": " Counties\" of southern",
    "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": " southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from Northern California. The",
    "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": " county\u2014Imperial\u2014to that",
    "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": " Los Angeles Times defined southern California as including \"the",
    "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": " Riverside, San Diego, Ventura and Santa Barbara.\" In 1999, the Times added a newer county\u2014Imperial\u2014to that list",
    "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": " Orange, Riverside, San Diego, Ventura and Santa",
    "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": " Riverside,",
    "5705f36452bb891400689718": " is most commonly divided and promoted by its regional tourism groups as",
    "5705f36452bb891400689719": " the Automobile Club of Southern",
    "5705f36452bb89140068971a": " State Automobile Association and the Automobile Club of Southern",
    "5705f36452bb89140068971b": " regional",
    "5705f36452bb89140068971c": " tourism groups as consisting of northern, central, and southern California regions. The two AAA Auto Clubs of the state,",
    "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": " megalopolis. Much of southern California is famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways",
    "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": " home to some of the largest urban areas in",
    "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "veloped. It is the third most populated megalopolis in the",
    "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": " urban environment, home",
    "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "veloped. It is the third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megal",
    "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": ". The cities and communities along Interstate 15 and Interstate 215 are so inter-related",
    "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "an Bernardino area",
    "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": " the east, the United States Census Bureau considers the San Bernardino and Riverside County areas, Riverside-San Bernardino area as a separate metropolitan area from",
    "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "ula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire.",
    "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "rieta have as much connection with",
    "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "requent rain and many sunny days",
    "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": " rare in the Southwest of the state, it occurs on the Southeast of",
    "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": " with",
    "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": " Summers are hot and",
    "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": " many sunny days",
    "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": " Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches",
    "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": " the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a",
    "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "ologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumber",
    "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "Southern California consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumber",
    "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": " and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major",
    "5705fec152bb89140068977a": " 4.0. The magnitude 6.7 1994 Northridge earthquake was particularly destructive, causing a substantial number of deaths, injuries,",
    "5705fec152bb89140068977b": " magnitude 6.7 1994 Northridge earthquake was particularly destructive, causing a substantial number of deaths, injuries",
    "5705fec152bb89140068977c": " has about 10,",
    "5705fec152bb89140068977d": " all of",
    "5705fec152bb89140068977e": ".S. history,",
    "5705ffde52bb891400689784": ".7+ earthquake, such",
    "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "+",
    "5705ffde52bb891400689786": " the San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone. The USGS has released a",
    "5705ffde52bb891400689787": " magnitude ",
    "5705ffde52bb891400689788": ".7+ earthquake, such as the",
    "570602fa52bb89140068979e": " culturally, politically, and economically into distinctive regions, each containing its own",
    "570602fa52bb89140068979f": " is divided culturally,",
    "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": " culturally, politically, and economically into distinctive",
    "570603c475f01819005e7882": "0 United States Census, southern California has a population of 22,680,010. Despite a reputation for high growth rates, southern California's rate",
    "570603c475f01819005e7883": " of 22,680,010. Despite a reputation for high growth rates, southern",
    "570603c475f01819005e7884": ",010. Despite a reputation for high growth rates, southern California's rate grew less than the state average of 10",
    "570603c475f01819005e7885": " reputation for high growth rates, southern California's rate grew less than the state average of 10.0% in",
    "570603c475f01819005e7886": " Area",
    "5706074552bb8914006897d4": " and multiple metropolitan divisions. The region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five",
    "5706074552bb8914006897d5": " Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan area, and Oxn",
    "5706074552bb8914006897d6": ", and Bakersfield",
    "5706074552bb8914006897d7": " area, Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan area, and Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura metropolitan area",
    "5706074552bb8914006897d8": " areas that exceed five million in population. These are the Greater Los Angeles Area at 17,786,419, and San Diego\u2013Tiju",
    "570607f575f01819005e78b4": " California",
    "570607f575f01819005e78b5": " people",
    "570607f575f01819005e78b6": " 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1",
    "570607f575f01819005e78b7": " exception of San Bernardino and",
    "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "at 1.3 million people), both in southern California, are the two largest cities in all of",
    "5706094b52bb8914006897de": ". It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed",
    "5706094b52bb8914006897df": " States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of",
    "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": " biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader",
    "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": " is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum,",
    "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": " upon",
    "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": " pictures,",
    "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": " the",
    "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": " have",
    "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": " pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries",
    "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": " have been major industries. In one of",
    "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": " B",
    "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": " Downtown",
    "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": " home to many major business districts.",
    "57060cc352bb89140068980e": " Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including the Downtown Los Angeles central business district as well as those lining the Wilshire",
    "57060cc352bb89140068980f": " including Century City, Westwood and Warner",
    "57060cc352bb891400689810": "endale and Downtown",
    "57060cc352bb891400689811": " Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including the Downtown Los",
    "57060df252bb891400689820": "Financial Centre, University Town which are in San Bernardino and Downtown",
    "57060df252bb891400689821": "/Financial Centre, University Town",
    "57060df252bb891400689822": " area",
    "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": " districts; as well",
    "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": " as well as the Irvine business centers of The Irvine Spectrum",
    "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": " the Irvine business centers of The Irvine Spectrum,",
    "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": " Irvine",
    "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": " center",
    "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": " central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley, Del",
    "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": " city is filled with",
    "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": " San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel",
    "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "owntown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though",
    "570610b275f01819005e792a": ") and the third by international passenger volume (see Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic); San Diego International Airport the busiest single",
    "570610b275f01819005e792b": "'s busiest general aviation",
    "570610b275f01819005e792c": "'s busiest general aviation airport; major commercial airports at Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank and Long",
    "570610b275f01819005e792d": " United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic",
    "570610b275f01819005e792e": ") and the third by international passenger volume (see Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic); San Diego International Airport the busiest single runway",
    "5706111a52bb89140068984c": ", Metrolink, run out of Downtown Los Angeles, connecting Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange,",
    "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "empty",
    "5706111a52bb89140068984e": " Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego counties with the",
    "5706111a52bb89140068984f": " of the seven lines of the commuter rail system, Metrolink, run out",
    "570611c475f01819005e793c": " Port of",
    "570611c475f01819005e793d": " to",
    "570611c475f01819005e793e": " commercial port; the adjacent Port of Long Beach, the United States' second busiest container",
    "5706139252bb891400689864": " these include 5 University of California campuses (Irvine, Los Angeles, Riverside, Santa Barbara, and",
    "5706139252bb891400689865": "st these include 5 University of California campuses (Irvine, Los Angeles, Riverside, Santa Barbara, and San Diego",
    "5706139252bb891400689866": " San Diego); 12 California State University campuses (Bakersfield, Channel Islands, Dominguez Hills, Full",
    "5706139252bb891400689867": " Coast is a moniker that has gained use as a descriptor for the region's diversified technology and industrial base as well as its multitude of prestigious",
    "5706139252bb891400689868": " Tech Coast is a moniker that has gained use as a descriptor for the region's diversified technology and industrial base as well as its multitude of prestigious",
    "5706143575f01819005e7950": " include teams from the NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (",
    "5706143575f01819005e7951": "LA Galaxy).",
    "5706143575f01819005e7952": " from the NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (Los",
    "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers",
    "5706143575f01819005e7954": " (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA",
    "5706149552bb891400689880": " teams in Los Angeles \u2014 the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA \u2014 that both played at the StubHub Center",
    "5706149552bb891400689881": " Major League Soccer teams in Los Angeles \u2014 the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA \u2014",
    "5706149552bb891400689882": " Galaxy and Chivas USA \u2014 that both played at the StubHub Center and",
    "5706149552bb891400689883": " ",
    "5706149552bb891400689884": " League Soccer teams in Los Angeles \u2014 the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA \u2014",
    "570614ff52bb89140068988a": " and there is a longtime rivalry between the",
    "570614ff52bb89140068988b": " southern California. The UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division",
    "570614ff52bb89140068988c": " The UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac-12 Conference, and there is a longtime rivalry between",
    "570614ff52bb89140068988d": " The UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field",
    "570614ff52bb89140068988e": " southern California. The",
    "5706155352bb891400689894": "by is",
    "5706155352bb891400689895": "by is also a growing sport in southern",
    "5706155352bb891400689896": " particularly at the high school level, with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as an",
    "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "ed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite",
    "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": " ",
    "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "ed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, BSkyB became the UK's largest digital subscription television",
    "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": " the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite",
    "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": " Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, BSkyB became the UK",
    "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "08 season. In May 2006",
    "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": " legal battle",
    "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": " increase of ",
    "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": " to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four for \u00a31.3bn. In",
    "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": " thereby making them a competitor by default, BSkyB was",
    "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": " a part of the ONdigital consortium, thereby making them a competitor by",
    "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": " this platform: Sky News, Sky Three, and Sky Sports News",
    "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": " consortium, thereby making them a competitor by",
    "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": " default",
    "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": " and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra",
    "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": " for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels",
    "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": " the functions of Sky+. In February 2011 BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box",
    "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": ", limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade",
    "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": " Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February",
    "57094d489928a8140047150a": " DVB CAMs (conditional-access modules). BSkyB has design authority over all digital satellite receivers capable of receiving their service. The receivers",
    "57094d489928a8140047150b": " built",
    "57094d489928a8140047150c": " DVB CAMs (conditional",
    "57094d489928a8140047150d": " all digital satellite receivers capable of receiving their service.",
    "57094d489928a8140047150e": " receivers",
    "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": " on",
    "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": " \"substantially more value\" by including HD channels and Video On",
    "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "kyB and Virgin Media became",
    "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "kyB and Virgin Media became involved in",
    "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": ", BSkyB and Virgin Media became involved in a dispute over the carriage of Sky channels on cable TV. The failure to renew the existing carriage agreements",
    "570960cf200fba1400367f01": " plus \"",
    "570960cf200fba1400367f02": " 2013, the English High Court of Justice found that Microsoft\u2019s use of the term \"SkyDrive\" infringed on",
    "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "3, the English High Court of Justice found",
    "570960cf200fba1400367f04": " \"SkyDrive\" infringed on Sky\u2019s right",
    "570960cf200fba1400367f05": " On 31 July 2013, BSkyB and Microsoft announced their settlement, in which Microsoft will",
    "570961aa200fba1400367f15": " on",
    "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and",
    "570961aa200fba1400367f17": " on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert",
    "570961aa200fba1400367f18": " as introducing new channels. The service continued",
    "570961aa200fba1400367f19": " chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee",
    "570963a5200fba1400367f33": " telephone services to consumers and businesses in the United Kingdom. It is the UK's largest pay-TV broadcaster with",
    "570963a5200fba1400367f34": " serves the United Kingdom",
    "570963a5200fba1400367f35": " Kingdom. Sky",
    "570963a5200fba1400367f36": " which serves the United Kingdom. Sky provides television and broadband internet",
    "57096505ed30961900e84082": ", a range of products and services",
    "57096505ed30961900e84083": " Q, a range of products and services",
    "57096505ed30961900e84084": ", a range of products",
    "57096505ed30961900e84085": " of receiving and displaying UHD broadcasts",
    "57096505ed30961900e84086": " and mobile applications. The Sky Q set top boxes introduce a new user interface, Wi-Fi",
    "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": " Dolby Digital soundtracks for recent films, although these are only accessible with a Sky+ box. Sky+ HD material is broadcast using MPEG-4",
    "570966e0200fba1400367f50": " boxes including modems for a return path. Sky News, amongst other channels,",
    "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "-day EPG use the proprietary OpenTV system, with set-top boxes including modems for a return path. Sky News,",
    "570966e0200fba1400367f52": " of the HD material uses the DVB-S2 standard. Interactive services and 7-day EPG use the proprietary OpenTV system, with set",
    "570966e0200fba1400367f53": " Movies and Sky",
    "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": " Sky Digital was launched in 1998 the new service used the Astra 2A satellite which was located at the 28.5",
    "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "2\u00b0E. This was subsequently followed by more Astra satellites as well as Eutels",
    "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": " the new position at 28.5\u00b0E came to be used",
    "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "33C) at 28.5\u00b0E), enabled the",
    "570967c4ed30961900e840be": ".5\u00b0E orbital position",
    "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "22 May 2006. Prior to its launch, BSkyB claimed that 40,000 people had registered to receive the",
    "5709686c200fba1400367f78": " to its launch,",
    "5709686c200fba1400367f79": " week before the launch, rumours started to surface",
    "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": ", Sky+ HD, on 22 May 2006. Prior to its launch,",
    "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": " launch, rumours started to surface that BSkyB was having supply issues",
    "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": " shelve plans to withdraw its channels from Freeview and replace them with subscription channels, due to possible lost advertising",
    "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": " on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media. However, industry sources believe BSkyB will",
    "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "'s services re-branded as Virgin Media. However, industry sources believe BSkyB will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its",
    "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "kyB announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial",
    "57096b66200fba1400367fab": " a day",
    "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": " (9.75/10.600",
    "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": " fitted at the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation; most digital receivers will",
    "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "Provided is",
    "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "600",
    "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "75/10.600 GHz) which is fitted at the end of the dish and pointed at the correct",
    "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "battering ram",
    "57096e1ced30961900e84103": " fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from \u00a318m to \u00a334m per year to keep control of the rights.",
    "57096e1ced30961900e84104": " all live matches, up to 60 per year from the 199",
    "57096e1ced30961900e84105": " talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season. ITV",
    "57096e1ced30961900e84106": " were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period",
    "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": ",",
    "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": ", free carriage on a BSkyB leased transponder, or actual payment for being carried",
    "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": " access to BSkyB's EPG for a fee, ranging from \u00a315\u2013100,",
    "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": " part of their operating licence from Ofcom. Any channel which can get carriage on a suitable",
    "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": " can get carriage on a suitable beam",
    "57097051ed30961900e84132": " services. Key selling points were the improvement in picture",
    "57097051ed30961900e84133": " service was officially launched on 1 October 1998 under the name Sky Digital, although",
    "57097051ed30961900e84134": "B's digital",
    "57097051ed30961900e84135": " points were the improvement in picture and sound quality, increased number of channels and an interactive service branded Open.... now called",
    "57097051ed30961900e84136": " new service and Sky's analogue services. Key selling points",
    "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "HDTV) capable set top box, although from",
    "57097141200fba1400367ffa": " made a number of statements over the years, suggesting that more linear HD channels are on",
    "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "DTV) capable set top box, although from 30 November ",
    "57097141200fba1400367ffc": " in the future. Nonetheless,",
    "57097141200fba1400367ffd": " service to carry a modest selection of HD content. Virgin Media",
    "57097b50200fba140036804d": ", the broadcaster said its reach into 36% of households in the UK represented an audience of more",
    "57097b50200fba140036804e": "'s direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes",
    "57097b50200fba140036804f": " became available in 10 million homes in 2010, Europe's first pay-TV",
    "57097b50200fba1400368050": "-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010, Europe's first pay",
    "57097b50200fba1400368051": " to achieve that milestone. Confirming it had reached its target, the broadcaster said",
    "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": " benefits agency was checking claimants' \"Sky TV bills",
    "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": " reported in 2012 that the UK government",
    "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": " alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the",
    "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": " Daily Mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' \"Sky TV bills to establish",
    "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": " government's benefits agency was checking claimants' \"Sky TV bills to establish",
    "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": " suppliers able to secure additional capped payments if their channels meet certain performance-related targets. Currently there is no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional",
    "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": " of \u00a330m for the channels with both channel suppliers able to secure additional capped payments if their channels meet certain",
    "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "empty",
    "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": " part of the agreements, both BSkyB and Virgin Media agreed to terminate all High Court proceedings against each other relating to the carriage of",
    "57097d63ed30961900e84200": " Demand and High Definition content which had previously been",
    "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": " of Victoria is highly diversified: service sectors including financial and property services,",
    "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": " Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of",
    "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": " is highly diversified: service sectors including",
    "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": ", health, education, wholesale,",
    "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": " of Victoria is highly diversified:",
    "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": ". Conditions on the gold fields were cramped and unsanitary; an",
    "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "igrants arrived from all over the world to search for gold, especially from Ireland and China. Many",
    "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": " arrived from all over the world to search for gold, especially from Ireland and China",
    "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": " for gold, especially from Ireland and China. Many Chinese miners worked in Victoria, and their legacy is particularly strong in Bendigo",
    "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "igrants arrived from all over the world to search for gold, especially from Ireland and",
    "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "2006, the Victorian Legislative Council elections were held under a new multi-member proportional representation system. The State of Victoria was divided into",
    "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "able Vote. The total number of upper",
    "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "ates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by Single",
    "570d26efb3d812140066d492": " of Victoria was divided into eight electorates with each electorate represented",
    "570d26efb3d812140066d493": " with",
    "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": " of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist",
    "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": " some rural and regional centres. The Nationals",
    "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": " main support lies in Melbourne's more affluent eastern and outer suburbs, and some rural and regional centres. The Nationals",
    "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "-left Australian Labor Party (AL",
    "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": "P), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia",
    "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": " with 26.7% of the Victorian population, followed by",
    "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": " the Uniting Church. Buddhism is the state's largest non-Christian religion, with 168",
    "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": " Anglicans and members of the Uniting Church. Buddhism is the state's",
    "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": " group in the state with 26.7% of the Victorian population, followed by",
    "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": " Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in",
    "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": " largest city",
    "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": " of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port",
    "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "Victoria (abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia. Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state",
    "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia. Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state and its second-most populous state",
    "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": " Victoria is bordered by Bass Strait and",
    "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": " European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a large number of Aboriginal peoples, collectively known as the Koori. With Great",
    "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": " area now constit",
    "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": ", collectively known as the Koor",
    "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": " east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The",
    "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": ". With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in ",
    "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": ",000",
    "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": " 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of Victorian farmland are sown for",
    "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": " sq",
    "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": ",",
    "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": " (10,000 sq",
    "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": " three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum, depending on the provision",
    "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": " written constitution enacted in 1975, but based on the",
    "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": " state responsibility. The Victorian Constitution can",
    "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": ". The Victorian Constitution",
    "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": " Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855, which establishes the Parliament",
    "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F) during summer and 15 \u00b0C (59 \u00b0F) in winter. Except at",
    "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "'s highest maximum temperature since World War II, of 48.",
    "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": " (59 \u00b0F) in winter. Except at cool mountain",
    "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": ".",
    "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": " hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts. Average temperatures exceed 32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F) during summer and 15 \u00b0",
    "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": " government selective schools, Melbourne High School for boys, MacRobertson Girls' High School for girls, the coeducational",
    "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": " schools. Private schools also receive some public funding. All schools must comply with government-set curriculum standards. In",
    "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": " Victoria Department of Education . Students do not pay tuition fees, but some extra costs are levied. Private fee",
    "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": " affiliated with Protestant churches. Victoria also has several private Jewish and Islamic primary",
    "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": " several private Jewish and Islamic primary",
    "570d3468b3d812140066d543": " Ford, Toyota",
    "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "'s statement in February 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017. Holden's announcement occurred in May 2013, followed by Ford",
    "570d3468b3d812140066d545": " will mean that Australia will no longer be a base for the global car industry",
    "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "'s announcement occurred in May 2013, followed by Ford's decision in December of the same year (Ford's Victorian plants\u2014in",
    "570d3468b3d812140066d547": " Australia will no longer be a base for the global car industry, with Toyota's statement in February 2014 outlining a closure year of 201",
    "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "ate climate of Gippsland in the",
    "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": ", King River, Campaspe River, Loddon River, Wimmera River, El",
    "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "Victoria contains many top",
    "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "yrn",
    "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "6,600 ft), with Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m (6,516 ft). There are",
    "570d391fb3d812140066d575": " Victoria. The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east-west through the centre of Victoria.",
    "570d391fb3d812140066d576": " again at Falls Creek on 3 July 1970",
    "570d391fb3d812140066d577": " highest parts of the ranges. The state's lowest minimum temperature of \u221211.7 \u00b0C (10.9",
    "570d391fb3d812140066d578": ". Average temperatures are less than ",
    "570d391fb3d812140066d579": " winter",
    "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": " and public railway operators who operate",
    "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": " include: Metro Trains Melbourne which runs an extensive, electrified, passenger system throughout",
    "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": " owned by the Victorian Government, operates a concentrated service to major regional centres, as",
    "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": " several",
    "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": " electrified, passenger system throughout",
    "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": ", Victoria",
    "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": " lower house) and the Legislative Council (the upper",
    "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": ", with Daniel Andrews the current Premier",
    "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": ") and the Legislative Council (the upper house). Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier",
    "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": " the Legislative Assembly (the lower house) and the Legislative Council (the upper house",
    "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": " 1851, writs were issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council, and the absolute independence of Victoria from New South Wales was established",
    "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "1851\u2013",
    "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": " were issued for the election",
    "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": " still in 1851 gold was",
    "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": " for the election of",
    "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": " teachers",
    "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "2010, Victoria had 1,548 public schools, 489",
    "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": " private schools. Over 61 per cent of private students attend",
    "570d44abb3d812140066d600": " public schools, 489 Catholic schools and 214 independent schools. Just",
    "570d44abb3d812140066d601": ",800 in private schools. Over 61 per cent of private students attend Catholic schools.",
    "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "13.7 million. Most ab",
    "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": " centre of dairy",
    "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": " catch, bringing in A$46 million, followed by southern rock lobster",
    "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "60",
    "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": " catch, bringing in A$46 million, followed by southern rock lobster worth A$13.7 million. Most ab",
    "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": ". Victorian lines mainly use",
    "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": " trunk routes, as well as a number of branch lines in",
    "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": " freight operators and",
    "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": " tourist railways operating over lines which were once parts of a state-owned system. Victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm",
    "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": " freight operators and numerous tourist railways operating",
    "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": " drummers, and",
    "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": " the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half",
    "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": " of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was",
    "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": " drummers, and 39 privates",
    "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": " reform the administration (particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees",
    "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "4 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"",
    "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against",
    "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": " the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the",
    "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": " of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\"). This was crushed by British troops, but",
    "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": " house of parliament. It is responsible for managing areas of government that are not exclusively the Commonwealth's, by",
    "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": " for managing areas of",
    "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": " house of parliament.",
    "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": " is the public face of government",
    "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": " is the public",
    "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "During 2003\u201304, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17% to",
    "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": " the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17% to $",
    "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": " 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than",
    "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": " gross value. As of 2004, an estimated 32,463",
    "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": " billion. This represented 24% of national agricultural production total gross",
    "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": " part in tourism in Victoria,",
    "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": " at Phillip Island, the Grand Annual Steeplech",
    "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": " others occur in regional cities,",
    "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "elong and numerous local festivals such as the popular Port Fairy Folk Festival, Queens",
    "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": " Warrnambool and the Australian International Airshow at Geelong and numerous local",
    "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "ot numbers peaked",
    "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "uguenots gained influence and",
    "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": " central parts of France, about one-eighth the number of French Catholics. As Hug",
    "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": " French Catholics. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew, in spite of",
    "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "ug",
    "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "atory pun on the name Hugues by way of the Dutch word Huisgenoten (literally housemates), referring to the connotations of",
    "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "literally housemates), referring to the connotations of a somewhat",
    "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": " to the connotations of a somewhat related word in German Eidgenosse (",
    "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "ted nature of Swiss republicanism in his time, using a clever derogatory pun on the name Hugues by way of the Dutch",
    "57106185b654c5140001f8df": " on",
    "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": ", Guyard de Moulin. A two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version based on his",
    "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": " to the spread of the Protestant movement and development of the Reformed church in France. The country had a long history of struggles with the papacy by",
    "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": " languages was important to the spread of the Protestant movement and development of the Reformed church in France. The country had a long history of",
    "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": " papacy by the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived. Around 1294, a French version of the Scriptures was prepared by the Roman",
    "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": " languages was important to the spread",
    "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": " city's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the Huguenots. T",
    "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": " \"villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9\" that the Edict",
    "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": " important of the 66 \"v",
    "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": " important",
    "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": " among the most important of the 66 \"villes de",
    "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "ck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived",
    "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": " The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of",
    "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": " of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon",
    "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "uguenots settled at the Cape of",
    "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "uenots",
    "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "Barred by the government from settling in New France, Huguenots led by Jess\u00e9 de Forest, sailed to North America in ",
    "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": " la Nouvelle-Amsterdam (the French church in New Amsterdam). This parish continues today",
    "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "ug",
    "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "red by the government",
    "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": " la Nouvelle-Amsterdam (the",
    "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "In the early years, many Huguenots also settled in the area of present-day Charleston, South Carolina",
    "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "5, several Huguenot families of Norman and Carolingian nob",
    "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": " Baronies, they prospered as slave owners",
    "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": " owners on the Cooper, Ashep",
    "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": " Carolingian nobility and descent",
    "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": " a coalition",
    "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": " French attacked the Dutch Republic",
    "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": " Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic",
    "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": " III of Orange, who later became King of England, emerged as the strongest opponent of king",
    "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "uguenots considered the wealthy and Calvinist Dutch Republic, which led the",
    "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": " military privileges of the Huguenots to be abolished following their defeat. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of",
    "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": " political and military privileges of the Huguenots to be abolished following their defeat",
    "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "uenots had fled France by the early 18",
    "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "au (1685), which abolished all legal recognition of Protestantism in France, and forced the Huguen",
    "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": " many of its members opposed the Huguenots.",
    "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": ".",
    "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": " attacked",
    "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "omew",
    "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": " attacked as they attempted to meet for worship. The height of this persecution was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre when",
    "57108073b654c5140001f927": " de' Medici, became more intolerant of Protestantism",
    "57108073b654c5140001f926": " The uprising occurred a decade following the death of",
    "57108073b654c5140001f928": " Huguen",
    "57108073b654c5140001f929": "1621 and 1629. revolted against royal authority. The",
    "57108073b654c5140001f925": " royal authority. The uprising occurred a decade following the death of Henry IV, a Huguenot before converting to Catholicism, who had protected Protest",
    "57108198b654c5140001f937": " itself",
    "57108198b654c5140001f938": "ot, even after centuries of exile. Long",
    "57108198b654c5140001f939": "ot, even after centuries of",
    "57108198b654c5140001f93a": " heritage, aided by the Society's genealogical research services",
    "57108198b654c5140001f93b": " some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast",
    "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "uguenot immigrants did not disperse or settle",
    "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": " societies or congregations; one in the city",
    "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": " different parts of the country, but rather, formed three societies or congregations; one in the city of New York, another 21 miles north of",
    "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": " settle in different parts of",
    "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": " formed three societies or congregations; one in the city of",
    "57108d69b654c5140001f983": " Amsterdam population was Huguen",
    "57108d69b654c5140001f984": " Huguen",
    "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "antes,",
    "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "75,000 to ",
    "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes",
    "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": " this last connection, the name could suggest the derogatory inference of super",
    "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": " was haunted by the ghost of",
    "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": " of being in Purgatory came back to harm the living at night. It was in this place",
    "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "uguon",
    "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": " place in Tours that the pr\u00e9tendus r\u00e9",
    "571090abb654c5140001f995": "ots worked as weavers. The Weavers, a half-t",
    "571090abb654c5140001f996": " a",
    "571090abb654c5140001f997": "ots worked as weavers. The Weavers, a half-t",
    "571090abb654c5140001f998": "uen",
    "571090abb654c5140001f999": "Other evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots in Canterbury includes a block of houses in Turnagain Lane, where weavers",
    "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": " use, and",
    "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "oughal and Waterford",
    "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": " areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there. Examples include the Huguenot District",
    "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": " and Waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries. Numerous signs of Huguenot presence can still be seen",
    "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "uguenots served as mayors in Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford in the ",
    "57109275b654c5140001f99f": " which opened settlement to religious dissenters. By the time of the French and Indian War (the North American front of the Seven",
    "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain, as many Huguenots had occupied important places",
    "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": " Huguenots from France created a brain drain, as many Huguenots had occupied important places in society. The kingdom did not fully recover",
    "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": " of Huguenots from France created a brain drain, as",
    "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": " settle in New France may help to explain that colony's slow rate of",
    "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": ", followed by brief periods of peace, continued for nearly another quarter-century. The warfare was definitively quelled in 159",
    "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "The pattern of",
    "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": " warfare, followed by brief periods of peace, continued for nearly another quarter-century. The warfare was definit",
    "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "8, when",
    "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "ively quelled in 1598, when Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry",
    "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": " the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants, many of whom became intellectuals, doctors and business",
    "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": " costly for France. It precip",
    "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": ", required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration. It proved disastrous to the Huguenots and costly for France.",
    "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "ade Protestant services,",
    "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": " costly for France. It precip",
    "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "uguenots was part of the French colonisers who arrived in Brazil in 1555 to found France Antarctique. A couple",
    "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": " couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the Guanabara Bay, present-day Rio de Janeiro, and settled in a small island",
    "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": " Huguenots was part of",
    "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": ".[citation needed] A group of Huguenots was part of the French",
    "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": " them from attack from the Portuguese troops and Brazilian Native Americans. It was an attempt to establish a French",
    "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": " French",
    "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": " Toit, Duvenhage(Du Vinage), Franck, Fouche,",
    "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": " (Durand), du Toit,",
    "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": " Bus",
    "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": " for South Carolina; Jack",
    "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": " to warn Thomas Jefferson and others that Tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him",
    "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": " Articles of Confederation for South Carolina;",
    "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": ", as was Henry Laurens, who signed the Articles of Confeder",
    "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": " that Tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for crimes against the king; Francis Marion, and a number",
    "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "Some Huguenots settled in Bedfordshire, one of the main centres of the British lace",
    "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": " these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the East Midlands lace industry,",
    "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "shire, one of the main centres of the British lace industry at the time. Although",
    "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": " Bedfordshire, one of the",
    "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": " Berlin, the Huguenots created two new neighbourhoods: Dorotheenstadt and Friedrich",
    "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "0, one-fifth of the city's population was French speaking. The Berlin Huguenots preserved the French language in their church",
    "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": " decided to switch to German in protest against the occupation of Pr",
    "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": ". By 1700, one-fifth of the city's population",
    "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": ". By ",
    "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": " and under",
    "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": " this, Huguenots (with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 1,000,000) fled to surrounding Protestant countries",
    "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "uguenots (",
    "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": " estimates ranging from 200,000 to 1,",
    "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": ": the rugged C\u00e9vennes region in the south. In the early 18th century",
    "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": " time. A September 1565 French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine failed when its ships",
    "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": " Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River in what is today Jacksonville, Florida. The effort was the first at any permanent",
    "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": ". A September 1565 French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine failed",
    "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": " Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River in what is",
    "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": " Johns River in what is today Jacksonville",
    "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": " Florida and the present-day Southeastern U.S., and founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris",
    "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": " to establish a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer Jean Ribault led an",
    "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": " voyage, and the outpost was abandoned",
    "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": " Southeastern U.S., and founded the outpost of Charles",
    "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": " U.S., and founded the outpost of Charles",
    "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": " migrated from England to the colony of",
    "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "ots still resident at Manakintown. Of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement, many had died;",
    "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": ", colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known",
    "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "1700 several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to",
    "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "ots migrated from England to the colony of Virginia, where the English Crown had promised them land grants in Lower",
    "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": " Hug",
    "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": " during the first years of the Dutch Revolt (1568\u20131609). The",
    "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "uenot Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers. Louise de Coligny, daughter of the murdered H",
    "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": " Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first years of the Dutch",
    "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "). The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination",
    "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": " Protestants Naturalization Act,",
    "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": " the 1708 passage of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act, an estimated 50,000 Protestant Walloons and Hug",
    "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": " after the 1708 passage of the Foreign Protest",
    "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "ization Act, an estimated 50,000 Protestant Walloons and Huguenots fled",
    "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": " passage of the Foreign",
    "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": " by an act of parliament for Protestants' settling in Ireland. Huguenot regiments",
    "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "uguenot regiments",
    "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": ", many Huguenots settled in Ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, encouraged",
    "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": ", Port",
    "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": " for Protestants' settling in Ireland. Huguenot regiments",
    "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": " Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken to establish a Hug",
    "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "\u00fccken to establish",
    "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": " still living in the region. Some members of this",
    "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "\u00e9s established a thriving glass-making works, which provided wealth to the principality for many years. Other founding families created enterprises based on textiles and such",
    "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": " and",
    "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "The bulk of Huguenot \u00e9migr\u00e9s relocated to Protestant European nations",
    "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "uguen",
    "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": " Denmark, Sweden",
    "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": " East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec, where they",
    "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": " relocated to Protestant European nations",
    "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": " France, who reigned long before the Reformation. He was regarded by",
    "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": " for the word to have spread into common use in France, it must have originated in the French language. The \"Hugues hypothesis\" argues",
    "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "ues hypothesis\" argues that the name was derived",
    "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": " Gallicans and Protestants as a noble",
    "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": " spread into common use in France, it must have originated in the French language. The \"H",
    "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": " the Reformed church included the pro-reform and Gallican Roman Catholics, such as Jacques Lefev",
    "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": " 1455\u20131536",
    "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": " not be controlled by",
    "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "evre (c. 1455\u20131536). The Gal",
    "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": " church, on the principle that the religion of France",
    "57111428b654c5140001faff": " place in other towns in the",
    "57111428b654c5140001fb00": ". Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August \u2013 3 October 1572, Catholics killed thousands of Huguen",
    "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "24 August \u2013 3 October 1572, Catholics killed thousands of Huguen",
    "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "uguenots in Paris. Similar massacres took place in other towns in the weeks",
    "57111429b654c5140001fb03": " Massacre of 24 August \u2013 3 October 1572, Catholics killed thousands of Huguen",
    "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": " the throne in 1643 and acted increasingly aggressively to force the Huguen",
    "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": " the Huguenots to convert. At first he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to",
    "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "ict of",
    "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": " the H",
    "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": " which included",
    "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": " Island Sound, seemed to be the great location of the Huguenots in New York. It is said that they landed on",
    "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "New Rochelle, located in the county of Westchester on the north shore of Long Island Sound, seemed to be the great location of",
    "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": ", seemed to be the great location of",
    "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": " Long Island Sound, seemed to be the great location of the Huguenots in New York. It is said that they landed on",
    "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": " Jacob Leisler",
    "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "uguenot congregations",
    "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "urnames for their children well into the nineteenth century. Assimilated, the French made numerous contributions",
    "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": " adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities, which led to their assimilation. Their descendants",
    "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": " congregations (or individuals",
    "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": " the late Colonial and early Federal periods. For example, E.I. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier, established the Eleuther",
    "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": " teaching in Rotterdam",
    "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": " finished writing and publishing",
    "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "ot refugees in the Netherlands was Pierre Bayle. He started teaching in Rotterdam, where he finished writing and publishing his multi",
    "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": " prominent Huguenot refugees in the Netherlands was Pierre Bayle. He started teaching",
    "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": " Bayle. He started teaching in",
    "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "The French Protestant Church of London was established by Royal Charter in 1550. It is now located at Soho Square",
    "57111992b654c5140001fb44": " of Huguenot refugees from Tours, France drew off most of the workers of its great silk mills which they had built",
    "57111992b654c5140001fb45": " Old",
    "57111992b654c5140001fb46": " French Protestant Church of London was established by Royal Charter in 1550. It is now located at Soho",
    "57111992b654c5140001fb47": " Royal Charter in 1550",
    "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "formed states in Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots established themselves in Germany, 20",
    "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "formed states in Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly",
    "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": " Germany and Scandinavia",
    "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "avia. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots established themselves in Germany, 20,",
    "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": " safe haven in the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots established themselves in Germany",
    "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": " William, Elect",
    "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": " to settle in his realms, and a number of",
    "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": " Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their",
    "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "ick William, Elector of Brandenburg, invited",
    "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": " William, Elector of Brandenburg, invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose to positions of",
    "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": ", water",
    "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": " the combustion products. Non-combustion heat",
    "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": " power, nuclear power or ge",
    "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": " at a high pressure",
    "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": " transforms into steam",
    "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": " first commercially successful true engine, in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine",
    "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": " power and transmit it to a machine, was the atmospheric engine, invented by",
    "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": " a machine, was the atmospheric engine, invented by Thomas Newcom",
    "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": " first commercially successful true engine",
    "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": " first commercially successful true engine, in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine, was the atmospheric",
    "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": " Merthyr Ty",
    "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": " the engine and increased its efficiency. Trevith",
    "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "-east England became the leading",
    "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": " the United Kingdom and, on 21 February 1804, the world's first railway journey took place as",
    "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": " first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick in the United",
    "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": " the boiler. Injectors became popular in the 1850s but",
    "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": " jet usually supplied",
    "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": " cycle and most",
    "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": " jet usually supplied",
    "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": " cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump to recycle or top",
    "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": " stages",
    "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": " expansion engines respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to",
    "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": " stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the",
    "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the",
    "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": " expansion engines respectively. These engines use",
    "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": " the latter usually had fixed or limited cutoff. The combined setup",
    "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": " the expense of increased friction and wear, and the mechanism tended to be complicated.",
    "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": " a separate, variable cutoff expansion",
    "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": " may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the fire",
    "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "'s firebox. If the water level drops",
    "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": " plugs may be present in the crown",
    "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": " the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the",
    "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": " If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators",
    "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": " By 1883, engines that could",
    "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": " patented",
    "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": " obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,",
    "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": " The stationary steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution, allowing factories to locate where water power",
    "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": " machinery to",
    "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": " steam-powered \"engines\" known were, like the aeolipile, essentially experimental devices used by",
    "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": " al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 162",
    "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "engines\" known were, like the aeolipile, essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the",
    "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": " engine being the aeolipile described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria. In the following centuries, the few steam-powered \"engines\" known",
    "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": " steam engine stretches back as far as",
    "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": " use.",
    "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": " came into",
    "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": " expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the",
    "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": " giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency",
    "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": " efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the",
    "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": " part of the 19th century. Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above",
    "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "The final major evolution of the steam engine",
    "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": " engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century, where their efficiency, higher",
    "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": " major evolution of the",
    "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": " piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower), have fewer moving parts, and provide rotary power directly instead of through a connecting rod",
    "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": ", most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called various",
    "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": " various",
    "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": " appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox). In some cases",
    "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": " for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources, most commonly from burning",
    "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": " developed horsepower. It was routinely used by engineers",
    "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": " by 1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard",
    "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": " useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine",
    "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for",
    "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": " steam engines is the steam engine indicator. Early versions were in use by 1851",
    "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "ylinder simple at 90\u00b0 out of phase",
    "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "ylinder",
    "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "ylinder simple at 90\u00b0 out",
    "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": " each stroke (counterflow",
    "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": " most reciprocating piston engines,",
    "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": " most reciprocating piston engines, the steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke (counterflow), entering and exhausting from",
    "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": " each stroke (counterflow), entering and exhausting from",
    "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": " The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes",
    "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": " the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and",
    "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": " providing an",
    "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": " arising from the usual counter",
    "57114b1a2419e31400955575": " simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of",
    "57114b1a2419e31400955576": " oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder.",
    "57114b1a2419e31400955577": " to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one",
    "57114b1a2419e31400955578": " is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not",
    "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": " separate source of water feeding the boiler",
    "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": " feeding the boiler is supplied. Normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic and",
    "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": " in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working",
    "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": " \"open loop\" system, where the exhaust steam is directly",
    "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": " modern coal-fired power station. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a gas turbine) is why",
    "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": " turbine",
    "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": " Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is",
    "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": " entry",
    "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": " entry temperatures are typically 565 \u00b0C (the creep limit of stainless steel) and cond",
    "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": " use driving machinery in factories, mills and mines; powering pumping stations; and propelling transport",
    "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": " to an increase in",
    "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": " in the",
    "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": " machinery in factories, mills and mines; powering pumping stations; and propelling transport appliances such as railway locomotives, ships",
    "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": " as railway locomotives, ships, steamboats and road vehicles. Their",
    "571153422419e3140095557d": " pinion Middleton Railway. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Dar",
    "571153422419e3140095557e": " opened in 183",
    "571153422419e3140095557f": " the Catch Me Who Can in 1808.",
    "571153422419e31400955580": "Trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomot",
    "571153422419e31400955581": "ick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomot",
    "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "f high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a",
    "5711541350c2381900b54a70": ", increasing the efficiency of the engine. By staging the expansion in multiple",
    "5711541350c2381900b54a71": " Woolf high-pressure compound engine",
    "5711541350c2381900b54a72": " then enters",
    "571154c72419e31400955587": " percentage to the 80",
    "571154c72419e31400955588": " steam turbines is in electricity generation (in the 1990s about 90% of the world's electric",
    "571154c72419e31400955589": "The main use for steam turbines is in electricity generation (in the 1990",
    "571154c72419e3140095558a": " the 1990s about 90% of the world's electric production was by use of steam turbines)",
    "571154c72419e3140095558b": " use of steam turbines) however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power",
    "571155ae2419e31400955591": "The Rankine cycle is the fundamental therm",
    "571155ae2419e31400955592": " used in virtually all steam power production applications. In the 1990s",
    "571155ae2419e31400955593": " steam",
    "571155ae2419e31400955594": " (boiling water producing steam, condensing exhaust steam, producing liquid water)) to",
    "571155ae2419e31400955595": " The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser.",
    "571156152419e3140095559b": " by burning one bush",
    "571156152419e3140095559f": " order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of",
    "571156152419e3140095559e": " introduced by Watt in",
    "571156152419e3140095559d": " its \"duty\". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order",
    "571156152419e3140095559c": "duty\". The",
    "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": " the early 20th century, when advances",
    "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": " power until the early 20th",
    "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": " dominant source of power",
    "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": " the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the",
    "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": " used to raise water from below, then it used steam pressure to raise it higher. Small engines were effective though",
    "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": " steam pressure to raise it higher. Small engines were effective though",
    "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": " steam pressure to raise it higher. Small engines were effective though larger models were problematic. They proved only to have a limited lift height and were prone",
    "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": " developed in 1698 by Thomas Sav",
    "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": " It used condensing steam to create a vacuum which was used to raise water from below,",
    "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": " be made small",
    "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": " engine",
    "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "0 Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick",
    "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": " faster, or more powerful, depending on the",
    "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": " for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications. Thereafter, technological developments",
    "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": " progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam.",
    "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": " exploiting the potential",
    "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": " recip",
    "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": " of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines. The company Energiprojekt AB in Sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the",
    "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": " alternative to internal combustion engines. The company Energiprojekt AB in Sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam.",
    "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": " cooling towers use the rejected heat to evaporate water; this water is kept separate from the condensate, which circ",
    "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": " and is used in locations where water is costly. Evapor",
    "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": " the condenser is then put back into the boiler via a pump. A",
    "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": " about 3600 cubic metres of make-up water every",
    "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": " flow from oceans, rivers, lakes, and often by cooling towers which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal. The resulting condensed hot water",
    "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": " to",
    "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": " Watt were building. The governor could not actually hold a set speed, because it would assume a new",
    "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": " governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning.",
    "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": " was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton saw",
    "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": " oscillation whenever there was a speed change.",
    "57115e532419e314009555af": " engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880;",
    "57115e532419e314009555b0": " for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880; it was not universally popular",
    "57115e532419e314009555b1": " road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880; it was not universally popular in railway locom",
    "57115e532419e314009555b2": " of compounding was",
    "57115e532419e314009555b3": "0; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated. This is partly due to the harsh railway operating",
    "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": " a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum",
    "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": " rather, shortening the admission event",
    "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": " for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually \"shortening the cutoff\" or rather, shortening the",
    "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": " or rather, shortening the admission event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as",
    "57115f652419e314009555b9": " de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the",
    "57115f652419e314009555ba": " patented a steam",
    "57115f652419e314009555bb": " contact with the water being pumped",
    "57115f652419e314009555bc": ". In 1698 Thomas Savery",
    "57115f652419e314009555bd": " a piston, and",
    "57115ff82419e314009555c3": " (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series",
    "57115ff82419e314009555c4": " they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications, such as a ship's propeller",
    "57115ff82419e314009555c5": " efficient if they rotate at relatively high speed, therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications, such as a ship's propeller",
    "57115ff82419e314009555c6": " efficient if they rotate at relatively high speed, therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications, such as a ship's propeller",
    "57115ff82419e314009555c7": " rotors (rotating discs) mounted on",
    "5711607f2419e314009555cd": " the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines. For mobile applications steam has",
    "5711607f2419e314009555ce": ". Recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam both as a component of cog",
    "5711607f2419e314009555cf": " than for internal combustion engines. For mobile",
    "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "ers generally",
    "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "The weight of",
    "571161092419e314009555d7": " have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day",
    "571161092419e314009555d8": " Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine.",
    "571161092419e314009555d9": " is",
    "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "mospheric\". They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing",
    "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": " partial vacuum generated by condensing",
    "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": " powered",
    "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": " They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam, instead of the pressure of expanding steam",
    "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "oulton and Watt's early engines used half as much coal as John Smeaton's improved version of Newcomen",
    "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": " not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user",
    "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": " as an ultimate fail-safe. Such safety",
    "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": " too high; one",
    "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": " typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler. One end",
    "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": " go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically designed as",
    "5711628a2419e314009555dd": " and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the Rumford medal the",
    "5711628a2419e314009555de": " separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the Rumford medal",
    "5711628a2419e314009555e1": " engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff",
    "5711628a2419e314009555df": " engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff",
    "5711628a2419e314009555e0": ", patented in 1849, which was a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and",
    "571163172419e314009555e7": " influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing",
    "571163172419e314009555e8": " power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam. The experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine",
    "571163172419e314009555e9": " of scientific theory that influenced",
    "571163172419e314009555ea": " much to the development of thermodynamic",
    "571163172419e314009555eb": "er Joseph Black, who also advised Watt on experimental procedures. Watt was also aware",
    "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": " to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point",
    "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": " being in its liquid phase at this point. By condensing the fluid, the work required by the pump consumes only ",
    "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": " the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point. By condensing the",
    "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": " the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point",
    "5711651050c2381900b54acb": " water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation, and superhe",
    "5711651050c2381900b54acc": " the boiler during operation, cond",
    "5711651050c2381900b54acd": " recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation, and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam",
    "5711651050c2381900b54ace": " is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin",
    "5711651050c2381900b54acf": " components are",
    "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": " superseded by the",
    "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": ", as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during World",
    "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": " as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during World",
    "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": " where high vessel speed was",
    "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": ". Prior to and during World War I, the expansion engine dominated marine applications where",
    "571166352419e314009555f1": " electrical",
    "571166352419e314009555f2": " an electrical",
    "571166352419e314009555f3": " locomotives did meet with some success for",
    "571166352419e314009555f4": " drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator. Nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power",
    "571166352419e314009555f5": " locomotives were manufactured. Some",
    "5711669550c2381900b54adf": " condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages.",
    "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": " Rankine cycle and isothermal (constant temperature) processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle. In this cycle a pump is used to pressurize the",
    "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": " is sometimes referred to as a practical Carnot cycle because, when an efficient turbine is used, the TS diagram begins",
    "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": " begins to resemble the Carnot",
    "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "constant pressure) processes in the Rankine cycle and isothermal (constant temperature) processes in the theoretical Carn",
    "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": " the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (not",
    "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "8",
    "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": " mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe,",
    "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": " with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the",
    "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": ".",
    "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": " chemical element",
    "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is",
    "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "ogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides)",
    "571bb2269499d21900609cad": " helium. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a",
    "571bb2269499d21900609cac": " oxides) with",
    "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": ") with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after",
    "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": " atomic number 8. It is a member of the",
    "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": " element with symbol O and atomic number ",
    "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": " and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably ox",
    "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": " ox",
    "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": " as do the major inorganic compounds that are constituents",
    "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": " as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that are constituents",
    "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": " of organic molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates",
    "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "thetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of",
    "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": " of",
    "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": " and bone",
    "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": " organisms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that are constituents",
    "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "thetic action of living",
    "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": " caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air's volume before extinguishing the subjects.",
    "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": " showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaere",
    "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": " necessary for combustion. English chemist John Mayow (1641\u20131679) refined this work",
    "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "us. In one experiment he found that placing either a mouse or a",
    "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": " container over water caused the water to rise and",
    "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": " showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus. In",
    "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "aereus. In one experiment he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water",
    "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": " replace one-fourteenth of the air's volume before extinguishing the subjects.",
    "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": " closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air's volume before extinguishing the subjects.",
    "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": " gas he named",
    "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": " candles",
    "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "In the meantime, on August 1, ",
    "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": " afterwards.\" Priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled \"An Account of Further Discover",
    "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": " noted that",
    "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": " clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a",
    "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": " afterwards",
    "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": " conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priest",
    "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": " Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named \"deph",
    "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "One of the first known experiments on",
    "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": " by the 2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In",
    "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": " Philo's work by observing that a",
    "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "neumatica, Philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel's neck with water resulted in some water",
    "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": " vessel",
    "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "nd century",
    "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": " known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE Greek writer",
    "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": " a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel's neck",
    "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": " of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the",
    "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": " heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion. Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel, but nevertheless the source of",
    "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": " explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels",
    "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": " released in combustion",
    "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": ". Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as",
    "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": " Combustion hazards also apply to compounds of",
    "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": " combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels",
    "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": " and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark",
    "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": " combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark",
    "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "ants and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion",
    "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": " to",
    "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": " instead of the 1\u20443 normal pressure that would be used in a mission.[k",
    "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": " energetically. Steel pipes and storage vessels used",
    "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": " therefore the design and manufacture of O\n",
    "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": " the Apollo",
    "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": ". The",
    "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": " as a fuel; and therefore",
    "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": " and manufacture of O\n2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized. The",
    "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": " is composed in large part of oxides of silicon (silica SiO\n2",
    "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": " oxide Al\n2O\n3, in bauxite and corundum), iron (iron(III) oxide Fe\n",
    "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "), iron (iron(III) oxide Fe\n2O\n3, in hematite and rust), and calcium carbonate (in limestone).",
    "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "'s mantle, of much larger mass than",
    "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": " crust",
    "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": " oxide Al\n2O\n3, in bauxite and corundum), iron (iron(III) oxide Fe\n2O\n",
    "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": " oxide Al\n",
    "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": " and calcium carbonate (in limestone).",
    "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "8 times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of",
    "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": " atoms in compounds would normally",
    "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": " atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of about 16. In 1805",
    "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": " hypothesis",
    "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": " example, Dalton assumed that water's formula was HO, giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8",
    "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "ly combustible materials that leave little residue, such as wood or coal, were thought to be made mostly of phlog",
    "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": ",",
    "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": " leave",
    "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "ustible substances that corrode",
    "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": " of phlogiston; whereas non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron",
    "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "ly described based on level of theory, but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent double",
    "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "ically bonded to each other. The bond can",
    "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": " each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory, but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent double",
    "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "ically bonded to each other. The bond can",
    "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "ically bonded to each other. The bond can be variously described based on",
    "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "ppsala,",
    "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "xygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph",
    "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "xygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priest",
    "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": " Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in",
    "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": " helped to discredit the",
    "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": " antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two.",
    "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": " oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially",
    "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": " two unpaired electrons as found in dio",
    "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": " the",
    "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": " The highest energy, partially",
    "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": " when tin and air were heated in a closed",
    "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": " increase",
    "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": " was no",
    "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": " tin",
    "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": " had been consumed. He also noted",
    "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": " shield for the planet. Near the Earth's surface, it is a pollutant formed",
    "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "3) is usually known as ozone and is a very reactive allot",
    "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "3) is usually known as ozone and is a very",
    "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": " that",
    "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": " in the UV region of the spectrum, the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet",
    "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": " that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence). O2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of",
    "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": " that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see",
    "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "pe of elemental oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen, O\n2. It",
    "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": " energy of other double bonds or pairs of single bonds in the biosphere and responsible for the exothermic reaction of",
    "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": " is called dioxygen, O\n2. It is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere",
    "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": " von Linde and British engineer",
    "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "ar was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to",
    "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": " producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by German engineer Carl von Linde and British engineer William Hampson. Both men lowered",
    "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": ". The first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by German engineer Carl von Linde and British engineer William Hamp",
    "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "xygen is",
    "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "20 \u00b0C (7.6 mg\u00b7L\u22121).",
    "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": " approximately 1 molecule of dissolved O\n2 for every",
    "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "20 \u00b0C (7.6 mg",
    "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "\u22121).",
    "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": " hydrogen and helium. About 0.9% of the Sun's mass",
    "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "phere, air,",
    "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": " chemical element by mass in the Earth's bios",
    "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "'s biosphere, air, sea and",
    "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": ", after hydrogen and helium. About 0.9%",
    "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": " oxygen. Only a few drops of the liquid were produced in either case so",
    "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": " scientists realized that air could be liquefied, and its components isolated, by compressing and cooling it.",
    "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": " method,",
    "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "By",
    "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "ist and physicist Raoul Pierre Pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy carbon dioxide, which in",
    "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": " were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios in the Sun, believed to be",
    "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": " the primordial solar nebula. Analysis of a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft",
    "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": " exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft has shown that the",
    "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": " from the Earth, the Moon, Mars, and meteorites, but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios in",
    "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": " reference values for the isotope ratios in the Sun, believed to be the same as those of the primordial solar neb",
    "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": " electron spins are paired",
    "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": " spins are paired. It is much",
    "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": " are paired. It is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se. In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water",
    "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": " species of molecular O\n2 in which all the electron spins are paired. It is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is",
    "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": " towards common organic molecules",
    "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "ologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and",
    "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": " During periods of lower global temperatures, snow and rain from that evaporated water tends",
    "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": " the climate was like millions of years ago",
    "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": " rate than water molecules",
    "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": " molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18; this disparity increases at lower temperatures. During periods",
    "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": " remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance",
    "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": " nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a",
    "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation can",
    "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": " scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health",
    "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "rophotometric absorption",
    "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": " to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic",
    "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": " magnetic",
    "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": " impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field, because of",
    "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": ", O\n2 molecules are paramagnetic. That is, they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence",
    "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "In the triplet form, O\n2 molecules are",
    "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": " ion (O\u2212\n2) and hydrogen peroxide (H\n2O\n2), are dangerous by-products of oxygen",
    "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": " species, such as superoxide ion",
    "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": " species, such as superoxide ion (O\u2212\n2) and hydrogen peroxide (H",
    "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": " dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms. Parts of",
    "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": " the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack. Oxygen is toxic to obligately ana",
    "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": " condenses at 90.20 K (",
    "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": " red (in contrast with the blue",
    "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": " color caused by absorption in the red (in contrast with the blue",
    "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": " color caused by absorption in the red (in contrast with the blue",
    "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "90.20 K (\u2212182.95 \u00b0C, \u2212297.31 \u00b0F), and freezes at",
    "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "s may reduce amounts of O\n2 in eutrophic water bodies. Scientists assess this aspect of water",
    "571cc8815efbb31900334def": " decay of these organisms and other biomaterials may reduce amounts of O\n2 in eutrophic water bodies. Scientists assess this aspect of water quality",
    "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": " content. Water polluted with plant nutrients such as nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae by a process called eutrophication",
    "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": " their",
    "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "ility of O",
    "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": " was almost nonexistent in Earth's atmosphere",
    "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": " bacteria evolved, probably about 3.5 billion years ago. Free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the Paleoproterozo",
    "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": ".3 billion years ago).",
    "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "Free",
    "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": ".3 billion years ago). For the first billion years, any free oxygen produced by these organisms",
    "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas",
    "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": " its three main reservoirs",
    "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": " is the result of the oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of",
    "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": " Earth",
    "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": " result of the oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three",
    "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": " molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O\n2. Simultaneously,",
    "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": " the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O\n2. Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is",
    "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "\n2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical ze",
    "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": " absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90",
    "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": " supply",
    "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "xygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water",
    "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "Oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen",
    "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": " oxygen",
    "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": " unless certain assumptions are made",
    "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": " be used: if AC is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive",
    "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": ", found in Japan, California, and Las Vegas, Nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O\n",
    "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "ic, has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports. Oxygen bars are establishments, found in Japan",
    "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": " of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports. Oxygen bars are establishments, found in Japan",
    "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": " for a fee. Professional athletes, especially in",
    "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": ", has a",
    "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": " increase the partial pressure of O\n2 around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff.",
    "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": " special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of O\n2 around the patient and",
    "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": " the medical staff. Carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene, and decompression sickness (the '",
    "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": " displace carbon monoxide from the heme group of hem",
    "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "ive heart failure), some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure, and any disease that impairs the",
    "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "congestive heart failure), some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure, and any disease that impairs the",
    "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": " respiration, so oxygen supplementation",
    "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": " the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy",
    "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": " but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow",
    "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": " written as",
    "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": " presence of air and become coated with a",
    "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": " the presence of air and become coated with",
    "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "gativity,",
    "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": " other elements to give corresponding oxides. The surface of most metals, such as aluminium and titanium,",
    "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": " Pull",
    "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": " supplied to them in",
    "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": " of oxygen\" as cabin safety instructions dictate, forces iron filings",
    "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": " the masks \"to start the flow of oxygen\" as cabin safety instructions dictate, forces iron filings",
    "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": " oxygen tanks, cryogenics and chemical compounds. For reasons of economy,",
    "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": " convert",
    "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": " often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers, since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of",
    "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": ". For reasons of economy, oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers, since one liter of",
    "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": " cryogenics and chemical compounds. For reasons of economy, oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers",
    "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": " contain oxygen are (where \"R\" is an organic group): alcohols (R-OH); ethers (R-O-R); ketones (",
    "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": " ketones (R-CO",
    "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": " three atoms.",
    "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "H); ethers (R-O-R); ketones (R-CO-R); aldehydes (R-CO-H); carbox",
    "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": " ket",
    "571cde695efbb31900334e16": ", contain no oxygen. Of the organic compounds with biological relevance, carbohydrates contain the",
    "571cde695efbb31900334e17": " element",
    "571cde695efbb31900334e18": " almost all biomolecules that are important to (or generated",
    "571cde695efbb31900334e19": " proteins contain oxygen (due to the presence of carbonyl groups",
    "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": " by) life. Only a",
    "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": ",",
    "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": ", its most feared effect for divers) can occur by breathing an air",
    "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": " convuls",
    "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "\n2 partial pressure more than 60 kPa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis",
    "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "2 partial pressures greater than 160 kPa (about 1.6 atm) may lead to convulsions (normally fatal for divers). Ac",
    "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": " applications, such as in some modern space suits, or in early spacecraft such as",
    "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": " gas is, in general, about 30 kPa (1.",
    "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": " causes no damage due to the low total pressures used. In the case of spacesuits, the O",
    "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "ally more than normal sea-level O\n2 partial pressure (for more information on this, see space suit and arterial blood gas",
    "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "\n2 in space",
    "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": " composition at standard pressure or 2.",
    "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": " partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at standard",
    "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": " 50% oxygen composition at standard",
    "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": " (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5",
    "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": ".[j]",
    "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": " Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria",
    "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": " of",
    "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "3 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum",
    "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": " Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) proclaimed",
    "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": " when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting",
    "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "The crisis had a major",
    "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": " a rift within NATO. Some European nations and Japan sought to disassociate themselves from United States foreign policy in the Middle East to avoid being targeted",
    "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": " on international relations and created a rift within NATO. Some European nations and Japan",
    "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": " rift within NATO. Some European nations and Japan sought to disassociate themselves from United States foreign policy in the Middle East",
    "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": ", 1971, the United States unilaterally",
    "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": " 1971,",
    "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": " according to market demand). Shortly thereafter, Britain followed, floating the pound sterling",
    "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": ", the United States unilaterally pulled out of the Bretton Woods Accord",
    "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": ") in amounts far greater than before. The result was a depreciation of the dollar",
    "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": " institutional",
    "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": ", OPEC",
    "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": " contributed to the \"Oil Shock\". After 1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation.",
    "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": " the \"Oil",
    "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": " October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt, with support from",
    "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "3, Syria and Egypt, with support from other Arab nations, launched a surprise attack on Israel, on Yom",
    "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": " 1973, Syria and Egypt, with support from other Arab nations, launched a surprise attack",
    "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": " other Arab nations, launched a surprise attack on Israel, on Y",
    "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": " close US ally. Weeks later, the Shah of Iran said",
    "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "3, OPEC raised the posted price of oil by 70%, to $5.11 a barrel. The",
    "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "3, OPEC raised the posted price of oil by 70%, to $",
    "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": " announced it would embargo oil shipments to the United States. Saudi",
    "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "5",
    "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": " production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met. On October 19",
    "57261dab38643c19005ad037": " in",
    "57261dab38643c19005ad038": " its fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, known as Wah",
    "57261dab38643c19005ad039": " exacerbated political tensions, particularly in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia spent over 100 billion",
    "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": " been",
    "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": " tensions, particularly in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia spent over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping",
    "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": " prior",
    "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": " equality between both parties prior to 1973. The possibility that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR was of more",
    "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "1973. The possibility that the Middle East could become another",
    "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": " to the US than oil. Further, interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match",
    "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": " immediate demands to address the threats to U.S",
    "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": " US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats",
    "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": " a negative influence on",
    "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": " by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international",
    "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "conomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts",
    "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": " The UK had traditionally been an ally of Israel, and Harold Wilson's government supported the Israelis during the Six-Day War",
    "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": " of",
    "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": " UK and France received almost uninterrupted supplies (having",
    "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": ". Of the nine members of the European Economic Community (EEC), the Netherlands faced a complete embargo, the UK and France received almost uninterrupted supplies (",
    "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": " the Israelis during the Six-Day War. His successor, Ted Heath, reversed this policy in 1970, calling for Israel to withdraw to",
    "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": " an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of",
    "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": " nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own",
    "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": " its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973\u201374 became",
    "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": " on Sundays. Sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil. The Netherlands imposed prison sentences for those who",
    "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": " the British to heat",
    "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "empty",
    "57264cac708984140094c1b4": " to be sold at a higher price to encourage",
    "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "1972 and increasing by",
    "57264cac708984140094c1b7": " addressed",
    "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": " E. Simon as the first Administrator",
    "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": " not increasing. In other states, lines at gasoline stations were common. The American Automobile Association",
    "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "In 1973, Nixon named William E. Simon",
    "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": " consumed in 1972, which worked for states whose populations were not increasing",
    "57264efddd62a815002e8134": " Reserve began in 1975,",
    "57264efddd62a815002e8135": ", Bill Clinton signed the National Highway Designation Act, ending the federal 55 mph",
    "57264efddd62a815002e8136": " a national maximum speed",
    "57264efddd62a815002e8137": " km/h) was imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act. Development of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve began in 1975, and in 197",
    "57264efddd62a815002e8138": " imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act. Development of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve began in 1975, and in 1977 the",
    "572650325951b619008f6fa9": " greater interest in renewable energy, nuclear power and domestic fossil",
    "572650325951b619008f6faa": "-mentality thinking, promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities. Instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while",
    "572650325951b619008f6fab": " ignore market and technology realities. Instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while",
    "57265200708984140094c237": "classified documents revealed that the U.S. was so distraught",
    "57265200708984140094c238": " so distraught by the rise in oil prices and",
    "57265200708984140094c239": " a conversation between U.S. Secretary of Defense James Schles",
    "57265200708984140094c23a": " Kuwait, and possibly Abu Dhabi in military action was decided upon. Although the Soviet response to such an act would likely",
    "57265360dd62a815002e819a": " East, Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71",
    "57265360dd62a815002e819b": " Japan was the",
    "57265360dd62a815002e819c": " to the Middle East, Japan was the country",
    "57265360dd62a815002e819d": " 7",
    "57265360dd62a815002e819e": " imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970. On November 7,",
    "57265526708984140094c2bd": " only one sign of insecurity in the region, also marked by increased American weapons sales, technology, and outright military presence. Saudi",
    "57265526708984140094c2be": " increased American weapons sales, technology, and outright military presence. Saudi Arabia and Iran became increasingly dependent on American",
    "57265526708984140094c2bf": " threats, including increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues. Both states were competing for pre",
    "57265526708984140094c2c0": " including increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues. Both states were competing for pre",
    "57265526708984140094c2c1": " Khome",
    "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": " Toyota Corona, the Toyota Corolla, the Dats",
    "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": " crisis reduced",
    "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": " cars. Japanese imports, primarily the Toyota",
    "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": " large cars. Japanese imports",
    "572659535951b619008f703f": " lamented the small size of the",
    "572659535951b619008f7040": " Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810",
    "572659535951b619008f7041": " introduced larger cars",
    "572659535951b619008f7042": " both Toyota and Nissan (then known",
    "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": " followed by the Mazda Truck",
    "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": " introduced, such as the Toyota Hil",
    "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": " introduced",
    "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": " Ford, Chrysler, and GM, respectively. Later the",
    "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": " North America forced General Motors, Ford and Chrysler to introduce smaller and",
    "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": " to introduce smaller",
    "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "ylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by",
    "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": " Dodge Omni / Plymouth Horizon from Chrysler, the",
    "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": " Ford and Chrysler",
    "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": " the 1974 Mustang I were a prelude to the DOT \"downsize\" revision of",
    "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "pertaining to safety bumpers), and compacts like the 1974 Mustang I were a prelude to the DOT \"down",
    "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": " 1977, GM's full-sized cars reflected the crisis. By 1979, virtually all \"full-size\" American cars",
    "57265e11708984140094c3bb": " were divided. Saudi Arabia,",
    "57265e11708984140094c3bc": " and in ",
    "57265e11708984140094c3bd": " 1981, its production was surpassed by that of other countries. Additionally, its own",
    "57265e11708984140094c3be": " 1981, its production was surpassed",
    "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": " known as Project Apollo, was",
    "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was",
    "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "'s administration as a three-man spacecraft to follow the one-man Project Mercury which put the first Americans in space, Apollo was",
    "5725b41838643c19005acb82": ",",
    "5725b41838643c19005acb83": " which accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 196",
    "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "6. Gemini missions developed",
    "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": " for an Apollo Applications Program",
    "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": " from",
    "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "6. Gemini missions developed",
    "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": " the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test. After the",
    "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "launch test. After the first landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astroph",
    "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": " manned lunar landing, despite the major setback of a 1967",
    "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": " achieving its goal of manned lunar landing, despite the major setback of a",
    "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": " its goal of manned lunar landing, despite the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch",
    "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": " the first manned spacecraft to",
    "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": " Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the",
    "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": " in sending manned missions beyond low Earth",
    "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": " manned missions beyond low Earth orbit.",
    "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": " was conceived during",
    "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": " carry",
    "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": " Mercury. While the Mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three astronauts. Possible missions included ferry",
    "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": " program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960",
    "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": " Mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would",
    "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": ". On",
    "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": " and a propulsion and equipment module. On August 30, a",
    "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": " at a series of Space Task Group conferences. Preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a",
    "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "den announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a",
    "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": " election of 1960, Kennedy had been speaking out against the \"missile gap\" that he and",
    "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": " Up to the election of 1960, Kennedy had been speaking",
    "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": " over",
    "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": " had been speaking out against the \"missile",
    "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": " 196",
    "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "On April 12, 1961, Soviet",
    "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "aut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly",
    "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut",
    "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": " support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would",
    "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": " B.",
    "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "On April 20, Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking Johnson to look into the status",
    "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": " to",
    "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": " approximately one week later, concluding that \"we are neither making maximum",
    "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": " directing the nation's manned space program from NASA's Langley Research Center. So Gilruth was",
    "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": " program would exceed the",
    "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "ley Research Center. So Gilr",
    "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": " nation's manned space program from NASA's Langley Research Center. So",
    "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "craft Center (MSC). A site was",
    "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": " IB",
    "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "grow the Canaveral launch facilities in Florida. The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the Saturn I and IB rockets at the",
    "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": " mammoth rocket required for",
    "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": " for the manned lunar mission, so",
    "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": " LOC included Launch Complex ",
    "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": " cubic meter) Vertical Assembly Building (VAB) in which the space vehicle (launch vehicle and spacecraft) would be assembled on a Mobile",
    "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic",
    "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": " Launch Complex 39, a Launch Control Center, and a 130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic",
    "5725c123271a42140099d131": ", he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization",
    "5725c123271a42140099d132": " skills in his organization, so he recruited Dr. George E. Mueller for a high management job. Mueller accepted, on the",
    "5725c123271a42140099d133": " Webb then worked with Associate Administrator (",
    "5725c123271a42140099d134": " that in order",
    "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "-ranking",
    "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": " so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips, who gained a reputation for his effective management of the Minuteman program",
    "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "4,",
    "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": ". Phillips, who gained a reputation for his effective management of the Minut",
    "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": " his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among",
    "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": " 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous",
    "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": " feared that",
    "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": " Earth orbit, would be extremely",
    "5725c604271a42140099d185": " publicizing the workability of the approach. In late 1961 and early 1962, members of the Manned Spacecraft Center",
    "5725c604271a42140099d186": " a hybrid EOR",
    "5725c604271a42140099d187": " of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas",
    "5725c604271a42140099d188": "-h",
    "5725c604271a42140099d189": " Apollo program, represented a turning point",
    "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "ner, who had expressed his opposition to manned spaceflight to Kennedy before the President took",
    "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": " had left NASA, to chair his own \"Space Vehicle",
    "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": " the Moon, hired Golovin, who had left NASA, to chair his own \"Space Vehicle",
    "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": " had left NASA, to chair his own \"Space Vehicle Panel\", ostensibly to monitor, but actually to second-g",
    "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": " proposal to candidate Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) contractors. Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once",
    "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": " Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was \"still subject to final review\". Webb held firm,",
    "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": " the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day",
    "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": " until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was \"still subject to final review\". Webb held firm, and issued a request for proposal to",
    "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": " the lander spacecraft to be used as a \"lifeboat\" in the event of",
    "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": " of allowing the lander spacecraft",
    "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": " event of a failure of the command ship",
    "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": " a \"lifeboat\" in the event of",
    "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "M) in which the crew would spend the entire direct-ascent mission and lift off from the lunar surface for the return trip",
    "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": " one of several service modules providing propulsion and electrical power, sized appropriately for the space station, c",
    "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": " station, cislunar, and lunar landing missions. Once Kennedy's Moon landing goal became official, detailed design began of a Command/",
    "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": " the only component of the Apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as the program evolved from the early Apollo study designs.",
    "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": " cabin, designed to carry three",
    "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": " Apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as",
    "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": " Its exterior was covered with an ablative heat shield, and had its own reaction control system (RCS) engines to control its attitude and",
    "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": " feet (3",
    "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": " propellants, and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants. A high-gain S-band antenna",
    "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": " for long-distance communications on the lunar flights.",
    "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": " communications on the lunar",
    "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": " for long-distance communications",
    "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": " with a service propulsion engine and",
    "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": " Module. A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as Block I which would be used",
    "5725cda338643c19005acd40": " take advantage of the lessons learned in Block I",
    "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "North",
    "5725cda338643c19005acd42": " should be continued as Block I which would be used for early testing, while Block II, the actual lunar spacecraft, would incorporate the docking",
    "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": " descent propellant, surface stay consumables, and surface exploration equipment. The ascent stage contained the crew cabin, ascent",
    "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": " the Moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the Command Module. Not designed to fly through",
    "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": " Earth's",
    "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": " its fuselage was designed totally without aerodynamic considerations, and was of an extremely lightweight construction. It consisted of separate",
    "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": ", the Saturn series",
    "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": " Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very",
    "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": " work on plans for very large launch vehicles, the Saturn series, and the even larger Nova series",
    "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": " The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of",
    "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": " with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches",
    "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": " with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS",
    "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled",
    "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "The Saturn IB",
    "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": " was an upgraded version",
    "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": " used",
    "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": " The S",
    "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": " kN) and capability to restart the engine for",
    "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": " the",
    "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "The three-stage",
    "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": " feet (110.6 m) tall with its 96,800-pound (43,900 kg) lunar payload. Its",
    "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": " Apollo astronauts were chosen from the Project",
    "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": " Apollo astronauts were chosen from the Project Mercury and Gemini veterans, plus from two later astronaut groups. All missions were commanded by",
    "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": " were",
    "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": " (sometimes three) Gemini veterans. Dr. Harrison Schmitt, a geologist, was the first NASA",
    "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": " and Apollo 12",
    "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": " NASA mission\". The medals were awarded posthumously to Grissom, White, and Chaffee in 1969, then to the",
    "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": " Director's orders during their flight. The NASA Administrator in October, 2008",
    "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": " Walter M. Schirra, Donn Eisele, and Walter Cunningham, were awarded the lesser NASA Exceptional Service Medal",
    "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": " 32 of these astronauts its highest",
    "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": " all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for \"distinguished",
    "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": " down 4,577 nautical",
    "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km",
    "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "ital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB.",
    "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "1 km",
    "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": " lunar extravehicular activity (EVA). The traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear \"fishbowl\" type for greater visibility",
    "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": " Saturn IB.) The Block II crew positions were titled Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP",
    "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": " AS-206, a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS",
    "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "After an unmanned LM test flight AS-206, a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM",
    "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "-206, a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS-207/208, or",
    "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": " backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans James McDivitt and David Scott",
    "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": " Apollo programs, selected the",
    "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": " programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie Donn",
    "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": " astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Gr",
    "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": " Pilot",
    "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": ", since the validation",
    "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": " CSM would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight, and AS-205 would have been devoted to",
    "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": " been devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft",
    "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": " 1966, the AS-205 mission",
    "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": " \"tiger team\" to investigate North American's problems and identify corrections. Phillips documented his findings in a December 19",
    "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": " findings in a December 19",
    "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": " December 19 letter to",
    "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": " program director Samuel Phillips to head a \"tiger team\" to investigate North American's",
    "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": " to name their flight Apollo 1 as",
    "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "-supplied to internal power. If successful, this would be followed by a more rigorous",
    "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": " in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center. A \"plugs-out\" test was",
    "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": " at North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center. A \"plugs-out\"",
    "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": " the morning of January 27, 196",
    "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": " 196",
    "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "-out test began on the morning of January 27,",
    "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": ", 1967,",
    "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": " began on",
    "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": " the",
    "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": " concluded that \"deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control.\" At the insistence of NASA Administrator",
    "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "s as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (AS",
    "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": " of Congress. While the determination of responsibility",
    "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": ", changes were made",
    "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": " oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials. The",
    "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": " II space suits",
    "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": " opening door. NASA discontinued the manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights",
    "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": " made in the Block II spacecraft and operational procedures, the most important",
    "5725df1838643c19005ace15": ".",
    "5725df1838643c19005ace16": " to be successfully accomplished before the next ones could be performed, and it was unknown how many tries of each",
    "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "7, Mueller approved a sequence of mission types which had to be successfully accomplished in order to achieve",
    "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "entry speed. This was followed",
    "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": " Module",
    "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": " the CSM caused by the",
    "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": " Saturn",
    "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "204) was the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37 on January 22, 196",
    "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": " for Apollo 1. The LM engines were successfully test-fired and restarted, despite a computer programming error which cut short the",
    "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": " (AS-204) was the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad ",
    "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": " engine was fired in abort mode, known as a \"fire-in-the-hole\" test, where it was lit simultaneously with",
    "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": " error which cut short the first",
    "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "8 was planned to be the",
    "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": " the D mission in December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V",
    "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": " 8 was planned to",
    "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": ",",
    "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": " Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon instead, deferring the",
    "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "196",
    "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": ". Armstrong and Aldrin performed the first landing at the Sea of Tranquility",
    "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "rin. Armstrong and Aldrin performed the first landing",
    "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "emini veteran crew consisting of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin. Armstrong and Aldrin performed the first",
    "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": " Armstrong and Aldrin performed the first landing at the Sea of Tranquility",
    "5725e44238643c19005ace35": " distance",
    "5725e44238643c19005ace36": " \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L",
    "5725e44238643c19005ace37": " a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Survey",
    "5725e44238643c19005ace38": " November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"P",
    "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": " missions through Apollo 20. NASA publicized",
    "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": " enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20. NASA public",
    "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": " of the CSM and LM for the last five missions, along with the payload",
    "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": "15 Saturn Vs were enough",
    "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": " through Apollo 20. NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites, with plans to increase the mass",
    "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": " Commander",
    "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": ", with two rookies.",
    "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": " missions to be crewed with a single veteran as Commander, with two rookies. Apollo 13 launched Lov",
    "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": " first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as Commander,",
    "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": " landings",
    "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "; this",
    "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": " of",
    "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": " eliminated Apollo 20. NASA's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing, and NASA also had to make funds available for",
    "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": " first landing in 1969, it was decided to use",
    "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": " age",
    "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": " Solar System, that are largely absent on Earth. One important rock found during the",
    "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": " for the basaltic",
    "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": " extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating techniques. They range in age from about ",
    "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": " impact crater.) All samples returned from the Moon are highly brecciated as a result of being subjected to",
    "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": " micrometeoroid impact craters, which",
    "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": " to the thick atmosphere. Many show signs of being subjected to high pressure shock waves that are generated during impact events",
    "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "5",
    "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": " costs which presented an",
    "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "posium on project costs which presented an estimate of the Apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly",
    "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": " hardware. The Apollo Extension Series (Apollo X,) proposed up to 30 flights to",
    "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": " Lunar Module Adapter (SLA) to house a",
    "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": " was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop to be built in orbit from an empty S-IVB Saturn upper stage, and grew into",
    "5725ef6838643c19005acece": " was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space, and launched in 1973",
    "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": " and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a Saturn V. It was",
    "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": " make",
    "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": " with an Apollo Telescope Mount, the solar telescope that would have been used on the Apollo Telescope Missions. Skylab's last crew departed the",
    "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "2008, Japan Aerospace",
    "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": " of the",
    "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": " evidence of the halo surrounding the Apollo 15 Lunar Module blast crater while orbiting above the lunar surface. In",
    "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": " back to",
    "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": " the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of",
    "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": " of Genesis, on Christmas Eve, 1968",
    "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": " the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of",
    "5725f239271a42140099d35d": " tapes.",
    "5725f239271a42140099d35e": " This resulted in lunar footage that",
    "5725f239271a42140099d35f": " a special Apollo TV camera which recorded",
    "5725f239271a42140099d360": " recorded by a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast",
    "5725f239271a42140099d361": ". This resulted in lunar footage that had to be converted",
    "5725f39638643c19005acef7": " of $230,000, the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by",
    "5725f39638643c19005acef8": " did",
    "5725f39638643c19005acef9": ",000, the surviving",
    "5725f39638643c19005acefa": " archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center. The",
    "5725f39638643c19005acefb": " to remove random noise and",
    "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": " law is a body of treaties and legislation",
    "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": " main sources of primary law are the Treat",
    "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": " laws of European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law are",
    "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "ies establishing the European Union. Secondary sources include regulations and directives which are",
    "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": " main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources",
    "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "ies establishing the European Union. Secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the Treaties. The legislature of the European Union is principally composed of",
    "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": " European Union member states. The three sources of",
    "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": " law is a body of treaties and legislation",
    "5725c28a271a42140099d150": " of European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law are",
    "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": " such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member states. The three sources",
    "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": " laws of European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law are",
    "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": " main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources include",
    "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": " is",
    "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": " the Court of Justice",
    "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "ives,",
    "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": " member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member",
    "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": " law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state",
    "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": " the European Union. Where the",
    "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": " law can be enforced by the courts of member states.",
    "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": " member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member",
    "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": " lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have",
    "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": " courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights European Union",
    "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": " law is applied by the courts of member",
    "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": ", the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state under",
    "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": " law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state",
    "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": " applied by the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights European Union",
    "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "ute\" its basic governance structure. The EU's primary constitutional sources are the Treaty on European Union (TEU",
    "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": " agreed or adhered to among the governments of all 28 member states. The Treaties establish the EU's institutions, list their powers and responsibilities,",
    "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "\" its basic governance structure. The EU's primary constitutional sources are the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and",
    "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": " the European Union (TFEU), which have been agreed or adhered to among",
    "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": " The EU's primary constitutional sources are the Treaty on European Union (",
    "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": " and its member states. The TEU establishes that European Union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states,",
    "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "). The Treaties contain formal and substantive provisions, which frame policies of the European Union institutions and determine the",
    "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": " force, unless stated otherwise, and are generally concluded for an unlimited period. The TEU",
    "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": " The TEU",
    "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": ", for example the Faroe Islands, from the",
    "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": " contain formal and substantive provisions, which frame policies of the European Union institutions and determine the division of competences between the European Union and",
    "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": " EU",
    "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": " The TEU provides that commitments entered into by the member states between themselves before the treaty was signed no longer apply.[vague]",
    "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": " responsible for external relations, for example Gibraltar and the \u00c5land islands. The TEU allows the European Council to make specific provisions for regions",
    "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": " more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (",
    "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": " made during",
    "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": ", and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the M",
    "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": " signed to complete the",
    "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": " and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957",
    "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": " rules for coal",
    "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": " then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome",
    "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": " Act 1986, to further the development of a more social Europe in the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, and to make minor",
    "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": " and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maa",
    "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": " Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules",
    "57264865dd62a815002e8062": " constitutional document.",
    "57264865dd62a815002e8063": " law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a",
    "57264865dd62a815002e8064": " was enacted. Its substance was very similar",
    "57264865dd62a815002e8065": " came into force. Instead, the Lisbon Treaty was enacted. Its substance was very similar",
    "57264865dd62a815002e8066": " also produced a",
    "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": " Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never",
    "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform",
    "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": " more transparent;",
    "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": " it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum",
    "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": " executive body of the European Union.",
    "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "completely independent\" and not",
    "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": " proposal, except where the Treaties",
    "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": ") adds that Commissioners should be \"completely",
    "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": " adopted on the basis of a",
    "572691545951b619008f76e1": "The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1",
    "572691545951b619008f76e2": ") of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"",
    "572691545951b619008f76e3": " suggestion, giving reasons. The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker) sets the agenda",
    "572691545951b619008f76e4": " This means that the Commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure, although the Council",
    "572691545951b619008f76e5": " Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"",
    "57264e455951b619008f6f65": " particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999",
    "57264e455951b619008f6f66": ", on the Council's recommendation. The President of the Council and",
    "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices",
    "57264e455951b619008f6f68": ", particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it eventually",
    "57264e455951b619008f6f69": " state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices",
    "5726926a5951b619008f7709": " one main case, Commission v Edith Cresson where the European Court of Justice held that a Commissioner giving her dentist a job, for which he",
    "5726926a5951b619008f770a": " Parliament",
    "5726926a5951b619008f770b": " having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts",
    "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "ured by Parliament in 1999, and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations. This resulted in one main",
    "5726926a5951b619008f770d": " eventually resigned due to corruption allegations",
    "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": " has a monopoly on initiating legislation,",
    "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "ensure the whole Commission (",
    "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": " According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes \"the principle",
    "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": " such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the Commission with one million signatures. TFE",
    "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": " Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of",
    "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": " proportional representation or a single transferable vote.",
    "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": " process",
    "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": " the Parliament on issues which affect them. Parliament elections, take place every five years, and votes for Members of the European Parliament in member states",
    "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": " According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes \"the principle",
    "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": " the rights such as publicising their views and submit",
    "5726545f708984140094c2a5": " the member states. The heads of government of member states also conven",
    "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "The second main legislative body is the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of",
    "5726545f708984140094c2a7": " second main legislative body is",
    "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities'.",
    "5726545f708984140094c2a9": " (currently former Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk) is meant to 'drive forward its work', but it does not itself 'legisl",
    "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": " Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states",
    "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": " body is",
    "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": " body is the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of",
    "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "necessary",
    "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": ", where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just",
    "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": " The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not",
    "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "To make",
    "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": " three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (",
    "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": " make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the \"ordinary legislative procedure\" that applies for most EU",
    "572695285951b619008f774b": " must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those",
    "572695285951b619008f774c": "U",
    "572695285951b619008f774d": " legislation, TFEU article ",
    "572695285951b619008f774e": " must vote by qualified majority to approve changes, but by unanimity to block Commission amendment. Where the different institutions cannot agree at",
    "572658435951b619008f7025": " of Justice of the",
    "572658435951b619008f7026": " a higher European Court of Justice",
    "572658435951b619008f7027": " has played an important role in the development of EU law, by",
    "572658435951b619008f7028": " economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial",
    "572658435951b619008f7029": ", who are supposed to \"poss",
    "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "The judicial branch",
    "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": " the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial",
    "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": " deals with cases that contain more public importance",
    "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": " of",
    "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": ", who are supposed to \"poss",
    "57265e455951b619008f70bb": " Justice, repeating its view in Van Gend en Loos, said member states \"albeit within limited spheres, have restricted their sovereign",
    "57265e455951b619008f70bc": " and to themselves\" on",
    "57265e455951b619008f70bd": " to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems. Within the EU itself, the Court of Justice",
    "5726975c708984140094cb1f": " only the Commission could have brought a claim",
    "5726975c708984140094cb20": " the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This",
    "5726975c708984140094cb21": " claim, not Mr Costa. However, in principle, Mr Costa was",
    "572699db5951b619008f7799": ",",
    "572699db5951b619008f779a": " the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human",
    "572699db5951b619008f779b": " has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights. In",
    "572699db5951b619008f779d": "acy over national law where this agreed in the",
    "572699db5951b619008f779c": " has the final say",
    "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": " Union's governance structure,",
    "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "ives, citizens or corporations were said in 1986 to not be allowed to",
    "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to",
    "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": " will grant an injunction, in order",
    "57269bb8708984140094cb95": " Court",
    "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "atie der Belastingen it was held that the provisions of the Treaties (and EU Regulations) are directly effective, if they are",
    "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "\" confer a right on citizens or companies to bring claims, they could do so. Historically, international treaties had only allowed states to have legal claims",
    "57269bb8708984140094cb98": " Commission v Italy the Court of Justice held that Italy had",
    "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": " (if clear",
    "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": " the",
    "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": " persuasively argued that Directives should create rights and duties for all citizens. The Court of",
    "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": " view was instantly controversial, and in the",
    "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": " Signalson and Securitel the Court of Justice held that a business called CIA Security could defend",
    "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": " member state cannot enforce conflicting laws",
    "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": " it can be invoked between",
    "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce",
    "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": " member state cannot enforce conflicting laws",
    "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": " Civil Code provisions, on contracts lacking cause or defrauding creditors",
    "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "Fourth,",
    "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": " itself",
    "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": " often called this \"indirect effect",
    "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": " law are rules",
    "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": " affect how European Union law is interpreted and applies. In formulating these principles, the courts have",
    "5726a09f708984140094cc39": " since the 1950s. According to the general principle of proportionality the lawfulness",
    "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "portionality is recognised one of",
    "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": " since the 1950s. According to the general principle of proportionality the lawfulness of an action depends on",
    "5726a14c708984140094cc51": " who act",
    "5726a14c708984140094cc52": " clear and precise, and its legal implications foreseeable, specially when applied to financial",
    "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "The concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of",
    "5726a14c708984140094cc54": " law it means that the",
    "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "Fundamental rights, as in human",
    "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": " European Court of Justice in the late 60s and fundamental rights are now regarded as integral part of the general principles of European Union law",
    "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": " principle of European Union law as the need to ensure that European Union measures are compatible with the human rights enshrined in",
    "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": " member states should be prevented from violating human rights, hence the establishment of the European Convention on Human Rights",
    "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": ", to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that",
    "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": " is legislative and administrative actions by European Union",
    "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": " fundamental rights. It was not",
    "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": " by providing in Article 6(1) that \"The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter",
    "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "7 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in Article 6(1) that \"The Union",
    "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": " recognised",
    "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": " Article 6(1) that \"The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter",
    "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": " a chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam",
    "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": " Chapter was developed in 1989 by the \"",
    "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": " representatives, namely UNICE, the employers' confederation, the",
    "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": " Social Chapter is a chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering",
    "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": " chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law",
    "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": " adopted in 1989 by",
    "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": " the then",
    "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "9 by 11 of the then 12 member states",
    "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": " 12 member states. The UK refused to",
    "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": " the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 199",
    "5726a5525951b619008f78de": " the 1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce consultation in businesses, and the",
    "5726a5525951b619008f78df": " to government",
    "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": ",",
    "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": ", the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy, which allowed",
    "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": " and",
    "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": ", Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany in 1951 following the second World War",
    "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": " between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany in 1951 following the second World War",
    "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": " in the production of coal and steel as members felt that its dominance had contributed to the outbreak of",
    "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": " Steel Community",
    "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": " dealing. Article 102 allows the European Council to regulations to govern merg",
    "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "al",
    "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": " anti-competitive agreements in Article",
    "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": " of",
    "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": " trade even",
    "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": " on the Functioning of the European Union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free",
    "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": " of a \"social market economy\" was only introduced into EU law in 2007, free movement",
    "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "While the concept of a \"social market economy\" was only introduced into EU law in 2007",
    "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": " the concept of a \"social market economy",
    "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": " France French",
    "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": " the",
    "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": " Court of Justice reasoned that freedom of association",
    "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": " Union is",
    "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": " France French farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments",
    "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": " eyes. A \u2018neutral and objective statement\u2019 was enough to protect consumers. If member states place considerable obstacles",
    "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": " measures the Court of Justice has developed more justifications: either those in article 36, or additional \"mandatory\" or \"overriding\" requirements such",
    "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": ", but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products. For such \"indirect\" discriminatory (or \"indistinctly applicable\")",
    "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": " rules apply to all goods neutrally, but may have a greater practical effect on imports",
    "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "36, or additional \"mandatory\" or \"overriding\" requirements such as consumer protection, improving labour standards, protecting",
    "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": " the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, the EU harmonised restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising, to forbid conduct that distorts",
    "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "justifiable",
    "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": " form of promotion enabling [a trader]",
    "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "en v Gourmet AB",
    "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": " entitled to",
    "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "wan community, which provided for everyone's material needs irrespective of",
    "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": " Court of Justice held that Mr Steymann was entitled to stay, so long as there was at least an \"indirect quid pro quo",
    "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": " Justice",
    "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": " economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a \"factor of production\". However, from the ",
    "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": " Bolzano. The Court of Justice, giving \"horizontal\" direct",
    "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": " Li\u00e8ge the habitual transfer fees.",
    "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": " that workers can take up employment, conclude contracts, and not",
    "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": " require Mr Angonese to have",
    "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": " out the main provisions on equal treatment of workers.",
    "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": " access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms",
    "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": ", should be more access, albeit with qualifying periods.",
    "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": " a \"fundamental\" status of",
    "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": " the EU has increasingly been seen as",
    "5726c002708984140094d073": " member state government and a private party can",
    "5726c002708984140094d074": " the market, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also protects the \"freedom of establishment\" in",
    "5726c002708984140094d075": " Court of Justice held the Commission had not proven",
    "5726c002708984140094d076": " generally",
    "5726c002708984140094d077": ", have a right to set up an enterprise without unjustified restrictions. The Court of Justice has",
    "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": " the coast of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, from a European ship, prompted the Commission to look into legislation",
    "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "2006, a toxic waste spill off the coast of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, from a European ship, prompted",
    "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": " Commissioner Stavros Dimas stated that \"Such highly toxic waste should never have left the European Union\". With countries such as",
    "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": " crimes\". The competence for the Union to do this was contested in 2005 at the Court of Justice resulting",
    "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": " commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging",
    "5726c3da708984140094d0da": ", in Van Bins",
    "5726c3da708984140094d0db": " as normal and necessary. The Court requires that the individual circumstances",
    "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": " fall within article 56, a restriction can be justified under article 52 or overriding requirements",
    "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": ", and there were less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor protection.",
    "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": " could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the Netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the UK. The UK",
    "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": " the Daily Mail newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the Netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the UK. The UK",
    "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": " harmonised. By contrast, in Centros Ltd",
    "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": " services",
    "5725b81b271a42140099d097": " Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica or Amaz\u00f4",
    "5725b81b271a42140099d098": " Spanish: Selva Amaz\u00f3nica, Amazon\u00eda or usually Amazonia; French: For\u00eat amazonienne; Dutch: Amazoneregenw",
    "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "eregenwoud), also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most",
    "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": " (Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica or Amaz\u00f4nia; Spanish: Sel",
    "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": ": Selva Amaz\u00f3nica, Amazon\u00eda or usually Amazonia; French: For\u00eat amazonienne; Dutch:",
    "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": ": Selva Amaz\u00f3nica, Amazon\u00eda or usually Amazonia; French: For\u00eat amazonienne;",
    "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "The Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica or Am",
    "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": " is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,",
    "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": ": Selva Amaz\u00f3nica, Amazon\u00eda or usually Amazonia; French: For\u00eat amazonienne; Dutch",
    "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": ", is a",
    "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": " the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most",
    "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": " Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica or Amaz\u00f4nia; Spanish: Selva Amaz",
    "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "The Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica or",
    "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": ",500,000 square kilometres (2,100",
    "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": " Selva Amaz\u00f3nica, Amazon\u00eda or usually Amazonia; French: For",
    "5725be0f271a42140099d117": " the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may",
    "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "Paleogene extinction event,",
    "5725be0f271a42140099d119": " of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From",
    "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": " across the continent. From 66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations",
    "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "34 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations during the last 34",
    "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "a, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed sav",
    "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": " the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.",
    "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": " of the dinosaurs and the wet",
    "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": " event",
    "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "Following the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical",
    "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": " event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest",
    "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": " the continent. From 66\u201334 Mya, the",
    "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": " However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial",
    "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "a, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0.",
    "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": " event,",
    "5725c071271a42140099d127": " drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern",
    "5725c071271a42140099d128": " Atlantic, while to the",
    "5725c071271a42140099d129": " the drainage basin of",
    "5725c071271a42140099d12a": " the Solim",
    "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "ocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of",
    "57283d173acd2414000df78f": " that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent",
    "57283d173acd2414000df790": " the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern",
    "57283d173acd2414000df791": " Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake;",
    "57283d173acd2414000df792": " to",
    "57283d173acd2414000df793": " Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water",
    "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": " was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus",
    "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": " flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes Mountains",
    "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": " Amazon",
    "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": " it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split",
    "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": " basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side",
    "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": " data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon",
    "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": " Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia",
    "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": " in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last",
    "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "forest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation.",
    "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": " vegetation over the last 21,000 years",
    "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "forest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglac",
    "572841772ca10214002da1a7": " Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes",
    "572841772ca10214002da1a8": " was. Some scientists argue",
    "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "yses of sediment deposits",
    "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "forest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment",
    "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": " Some",
    "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": " been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM",
    "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": " paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was",
    "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": " of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during",
    "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": " the air, 43 million tons of dust are windbl",
    "5725c63438643c19005acca0": " to the Amazon: an",
    "5725c63438643c19005acca1": " an average 182 million tons of dust",
    "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "600 km) over the",
    "5725c63438643c19005acca3": " the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average 182 million",
    "5728455bff5b5019007da078": " by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out",
    "5728455bff5b5019007da079": " windblown out of the Sahara each year, at 15 degrees west longitude, across ",
    "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "IPSO satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average 182 million tons of dust",
    "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": " the Amazon: an average 182 million tons of dust",
    "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": ",600 miles (2,600 km) over the Atlantic Ocean (some dust falls into the Atlantic), then at 35 degrees West longitude at the",
    "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": " windblown out of the Sahara each year, at 15 degrees west longitude",
    "5729ea263f37b319004785be": " million tons of dust are",
    "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": ": an average 182 million tons of dust",
    "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": ", across 1,600",
    "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "IPSO satellite has measured the amount of",
    "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": " large population through agriculture given the poor soil. Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of",
    "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "forest was only ever sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given",
    "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": " dwellers. By 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it",
    "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": " thought that the Amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil",
    "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": ": Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. She",
    "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": " thought that the Amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain",
    "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": " time, it",
    "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "cheologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and",
    "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": " as described in her",
    "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "forest was only ever sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil",
    "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": " as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. She claimed that a population density of 0",
    "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": " Amazon rainforest was only",
    "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": " Betty Meg",
    "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "ponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia",
    "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": " the length of the Amazon River",
    "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": " Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine wilderness, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such",
    "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": " flourishing",
    "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": " to travel the length",
    "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "rellana, rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought, was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon",
    "5729edd56aef051400155112": " de Orellana in 1542. The BBC's Unnatural Histories",
    "5729edd56aef051400155113": " of the Amazon River was Francisco de",
    "5729edd56aef051400155114": " the length of",
    "5729edd56aef051400155115": " first European to travel the",
    "5729edd56aef051400155116": "bian civilizations",
    "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted",
    "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": " that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed",
    "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": " is now widely accepted as a product of",
    "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "ta (black",
    "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": " environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed",
    "5729ef266aef05140015511c": " as a product of indigenous soil management",
    "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "Terra preta (black earth),",
    "5729ef266aef05140015511e": " forest, is now widely accepted",
    "5729ef266aef05140015511f": " preta (black earth), which is",
    "5729ef266aef051400155120": " over large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management. The development of this fertile",
    "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": " to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date",
    "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": " region",
    "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": " home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of",
    "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": " and mammals. To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds,",
    "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": " plant",
    "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants",
    "5729f0db6aef051400155127": " is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2",
    "5729f0db6aef051400155128": " species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date",
    "5729f0db6aef051400155129": ",294 birds, 427 mammals, 428",
    "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": " to",
    "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "2001 study finding a quarter square kil",
    "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": " of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247",
    "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": " highest on Earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter",
    "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": ") of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247",
    "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": " remaining",
    "5729f2646aef051400155130": " study finding a quarter square kilometer",
    "5729f2646aef051400155131": ") of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,",
    "5729f2646aef051400155132": "2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) of Ecuador",
    "5729f2646aef051400155133": " species is the highest on Earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62",
    "5729f2646aef051400155134": " an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered",
    "5729f3831d0469140077967b": " rainforest contains several species",
    "5729f3831d0469140077967c": ". Among the",
    "5729f3831d0469140077967d": " a hazard. Among the largest predatory creatures are the black caiman, jaguar",
    "5729f3831d0469140077967e": " dart frogs secrete lip",
    "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "The rainforest contains several species",
    "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": " main sources of deforestation in the Amazon",
    "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": " main sources of deforestation in the Amazon are human settlement and development",
    "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": " the conversion of forested areas to non-fore",
    "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "ed areas to non-",
    "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": " The main sources of",
    "5729feaf6aef051400155188": ",000 to 587,000",
    "5729feaf6aef051400155189": ", conducted by Leydim",
    "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": " for livestock pasture. Currently, Brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States. New research however, conducted by Leydim",
    "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": " the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock pasture. Currently, Brazil",
    "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": " for livestock pasture. Currently, Brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States. New research however, conducted by Leydim",
    "572a005f1d046914007796b7": " mi per year) was 18% higher than in the previous five years (19,018 km2 or 7,343 sq mi per",
    "572a005f1d046914007796b8": " the previous five years (19,018 km2 or 7,343 sq mi",
    "572a005f1d046914007796b9": " five years (19,018 km2 or 7,",
    "572a005f1d046914007796bb": " to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the Amazon. The first two highways successfully opened up the rainforest",
    "572a005f1d046914007796ba": " five years (19,018 km2 or 7,343 sq mi",
    "572a020f6aef051400155198": "10% of the carbon stores in ecosystems\u2014of the",
    "572a020f6aef051400155199": " accumulated 0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons of",
    "572a020f6aef05140015519a": " within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming. Amazonian evergreen forests",
    "572a020f6aef05140015519b": " account",
    "572a020f6aef05140015519c": " primary productivity and 10% of",
    "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": " change caused by greenhouse gas emissions shows that the Amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures, leading to an almost complete",
    "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": " temperatures,",
    "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": " climate change across many different models are not consistent in their estimation of any rainfall response, ranging from weak increases to strong decreases. The result indicates",
    "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": " conditions of severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures, leading to an almost complete loss of rainforest cover in",
    "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": " change",
    "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": " forested territories. Meanwhile, the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of",
    "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": " in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to fight for",
    "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": " continue to disappear,",
    "572a064a3f37b31900478660": " prim",
    "572a064a3f37b31900478661": " destroyed by def",
    "572a07c11d046914007796d5": " commercial interests. Using handheld GPS devices and programs like Google Earth, members",
    "572a07c11d046914007796d6": " from commercial interests. Using handheld GPS devices and programs like Google",
    "572a07c11d046914007796d7": " of remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin",
    "572a07c11d046914007796d8": " interests.",
    "572a07c11d046914007796d9": " strengthen their territorial claims. Currently, most tribes in the Amazon do",
    "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": " the classification of tree growth stages within different parts",
    "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": " map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions, the classification of tree growth stages within",
    "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": " map the Amazon's",
    "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": " map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions, the classification of tree growth stages within different parts",
    "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": " the Amazon",
    "572a0b101d046914007796e9": " parts of the Amazon basin",
    "572a0b101d046914007796eb": " the worst drought in one hundred years, and there were indications that 2006 could",
    "572a0b101d046914007796ec": " hundred years, and there were indications that 2006 could",
    "572a0b101d046914007796ed": " and there were indications that 2006 could",
    "572a0b101d046914007796ea": " A July 23, 2006 article in the",
    "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "forest experienced another severe drought, in some ways more extreme than the 200",
    "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": " ways more extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximate ",
    "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": ". The affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3",
    "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": " experienced another severe drought, in some ways more extreme than the",
    "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": " severe drought, in some ways more extreme",
    "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": " ctenophore, /\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/ or /\u02c8ti\u02d0",
    "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "bs\u2019 \u2013 groups of cilia which they use for swimming \u2013 they are the largest animals that swim by means",
    "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259",
    "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": " are the largest animals that swim by means",
    "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": " from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 pher\u014d '",
    "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/ or /\u02c8ti",
    "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": " groups of cilia which they use for swimming \u2013 they are the largest animals that swim by means",
    "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "/; from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 pher\u014d 'carry'; commonly known as comb",
    "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/; singular ctenophore, /\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254",
    "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": " which they use for swimming \u2013 they are the largest animals that swim by means",
    "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": " Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 pher\u014d 'carry'; commonly known",
    "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "ylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the \u2018combs\u2019 \u2013 groups of cilia",
    "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "\u02d0",
    "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": " species feed. In",
    "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": " ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging",
    "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": ", taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the",
    "5725c337271a42140099d163": " prey ranging from microscopic larvae and",
    "5725c337271a42140099d164": " are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustace",
    "5725c337271a42140099d165": "lasts, sticky cells that capture prey. The phylum has",
    "5725c337271a42140099d166": " and the coastal beroids, which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of",
    "5725c337271a42140099d167": "Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking",
    "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "ids, in which the adults of most species lack combs, and the coastal beroids, which lack tentacles and prey on other c",
    "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": ", including the flattened, deep-sea platyctenids, in which the adults of most species",
    "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": " taking",
    "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "ores are predators, taking prey ranging from",
    "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": " microscopic larvae and",
    "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": " hermaphrodites\u2014a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing",
    "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "ites\u2014a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning",
    "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": " hermaphrodites\u2014a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm",
    "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": " planktonic and in",
    "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "maphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times. Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids",
    "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "\u2014a single animal can produce both eggs",
    "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": " animal can produce both",
    "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": " they hatch. The young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids, gradually changing into their adult shapes as they",
    "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": " hermaphrodites\u2014a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not",
    "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": " can produce both eggs and sperm at the same",
    "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": " both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times. F",
    "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": " can fertilize",
    "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": " it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate.",
    "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": ",",
    "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "ophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to",
    "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "ores may be abundant during",
    "5725c69738643c19005accb9": ", but in",
    "5725c69738643c19005accba": " locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In b",
    "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "Cten",
    "5725c69738643c19005accbc": " the Black Sea, where it",
    "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": " the",
    "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": " as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytopl",
    "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": " predation by ctenophores may control the",
    "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": " difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control",
    "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": " ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally",
    "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": " more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerst\u00e4tten as far",
    "5725c91e38643c19005accec": " years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated, and the majority view at",
    "5725c91e38643c19005acced": " groups appeared relatively",
    "5725c91e38643c19005accee": " because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of",
    "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "ores",
    "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "st\u00e4tten as far back as the",
    "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": " c",
    "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "st\u00e4tten as far back as the early Camb",
    "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "fish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals).",
    "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": ": cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs. Ctenophores",
    "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "ylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anem",
    "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": " bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles",
    "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": " and less complex than",
    "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "ophores form an",
    "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "aterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both",
    "572646655951b619008f6ec1": " both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles",
    "572646655951b619008f6ec2": " by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs. Ctenophores are distinguished from",
    "572646655951b619008f6ec3": " muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs. Ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having collob",
    "572647d0708984140094c14b": " middle cell layer, and as a result some recent text books classify ctenoph",
    "572647d0708984140094c14c": " three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer. Hence c",
    "572647d0708984140094c14d": " sandwich a middle layer of jelly-like material, which is called the mesoglea in cnid",
    "572647d0708984140094c14e": "Like",
    "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": " that use cilia (\"hairs\") as their main method of locomotion. Most species have",
    "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "anging from about",
    "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": " called comb rows,",
    "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": " in)",
    "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": " with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range of body plans. Coastal species need",
    "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "ic",
    "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": " it is very difficult to capture them intact for study. In addition oceanic species do not preserve well, and are known mainly",
    "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "ylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range of",
    "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": " center that acts as a stomach; and a system of",
    "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": " muscles; a pharynx (\"throat\"); a wider",
    "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": " acts as a stomach;",
    "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": " the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal: the mouth and pharynx; the roots of",
    "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": " that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal can",
    "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": " the comb rows extend only part of the distance from the aboral pole towards the mouth. The \"combs\" (also",
    "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": " are used for swimming",
    "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": " which are used for swimming. The rows are oriented to run from",
    "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": " comb rows, called swimming-plates, which are used for swimming. The rows are oriented to run from near the mouth (the",
    "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": " bears usually eight comb",
    "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "tenophores control their buoyancy, but experiments have shown that some species rely",
    "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "tenophores control their buoyancy, but experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure",
    "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": " the body cavity may",
    "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": " bulk and decrease its density, to avoid sinking. Conversely if they move from brackish to full-strength",
    "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": " is determined by the animal's \"mood\", in other words the overall state of the nervous system. For example, if a ctenophore",
    "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": ", a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of",
    "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "ore does not automatically try to keep the statolith resting",
    "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": " with trailing tentacles captures prey, it will often put some comb rows",
    "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": " mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a",
    "57265746dd62a815002e8218": " opposite sides of the body extends",
    "57265746dd62a815002e8219": " common coastal \"",
    "57265746dd62a815002e821a": " the mouth at the narrow end, although",
    "57265746dd62a815002e821b": " more",
    "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "-shaped; the common coastal \"sea gooseberry",
    "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": " cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora; and they are coiled when relaxed, while the tentilla of all other known c",
    "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": " have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to",
    "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": " capture",
    "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "idermis, and have three main components: a domed head with vesicles (chambers) that contain",
    "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "ippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla (\"little tentacles\"), although a few genera have simple tent",
    "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "bs\" beat in a metachron",
    "572659ea5951b619008f7052": " species",
    "572659ea5951b619008f7053": " balancer in the statocyst a ciliary groove runs",
    "572659ea5951b619008f7054": " each balancer in the statoc",
    "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": ", which are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth. Their incon",
    "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": " running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes (rather than trailing far behind, as in",
    "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": " Their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in conv",
    "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "The Lobata have a pair",
    "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": " than trailing far behind, as in the Cydippida). Between the lobes on either side of the mouth, many species of",
    "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "obates have eight comb-rows, originating at the aboral pole",
    "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": " comb-rows, originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond",
    "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": " the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes; in species with (",
    "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "L",
    "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": " large pharynx, just inside the large",
    "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": " as Nuda, have no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside",
    "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "oida, also known as Nuda, have no",
    "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "oid",
    "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": " several thousand large cilia are able to \"bite\" off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow",
    "57265e97708984140094c3c3": " surface",
    "57265e97708984140094c3c6": ".5 meters (4.9 ft) long, and can undulate slowly",
    "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "oral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the",
    "57265e97708984140094c3c5": ". There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the",
    "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "\") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral",
    "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": " surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular \"foot\". All but one of",
    "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": " tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface",
    "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "oral surface. They",
    "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": " direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles",
    "572683075951b619008f7513": " males and females at the same time \u2013 except that in two species of the genus Ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex",
    "572683075951b619008f7514": " of the genus Ocryopsis",
    "572683075951b619008f7515": " pores in the",
    "572683075951b619008f7516": " all species are hermaphrodites",
    "572683075951b619008f7517": " in other words they function as both males and females at the same time \u2013 except that in two species of the genus",
    "572684365951b619008f753f": ", and juveniles of",
    "572684365951b619008f7540": "ized eggs is direct, in other words there is no distinctive larval form, and juveniles of all groups generally",
    "572684365951b619008f7541": " the flat, bottom-dw",
    "572684365951b619008f7542": " gradually develop the body forms of their parents. In some groups, such",
    "572684365951b619008f7543": " most species the juveniles gradually develop the body forms of their parents. In some groups,",
    "572686fc708984140094c8e5": " over their bodies. Detailed statistical investigation has not suggested the",
    "572686fc708984140094c8e6": " bodies. Juveniles will luminesce more brightly in relation to their body size than adults, whose luminescence is diffused",
    "572686fc708984140094c8e7": " Juveniles will luminesce more brightly in relation to their body size than adults, whose luminescence is diffused over their bodies. Detailed",
    "572686fc708984140094c8e8": " species, including Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea",
    "5726887e708984140094c917": " predators",
    "5726887e708984140094c918": " them to",
    "5726887e708984140094c919": "pea feeds exclusively on salps, close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies, and juveniles of",
    "5726887e708984140094c91a": " that form large chain-like floating colonies, and juveniles of Lampea attach themselves like parasites to salps that",
    "5726887e708984140094c91b": "ps, close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain",
    "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "ores.",
    "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "ores used to be regarded as \"dead ends\" in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic",
    "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": " be regarded as \"dead ends\" in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of",
    "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": " it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals.",
    "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": " It is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators, although the combs sometimes remain intact long",
    "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": " short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of",
    "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic",
    "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": " via the ballast tanks of ships, and has",
    "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": " tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops",
    "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": " the",
    "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": " mid-1990s only two specimens good",
    "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": " bodies,",
    "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "ores",
    "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": " where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens",
    "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": " was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were known, both members of",
    "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": " million years ago, is very similar to Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period. De-Gan Shu",
    "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "-Gan Shu",
    "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": " rows of cilia, used for filter feeding. They suggested that Stromatoveris was an evolutionary \"aunt\" of cten",
    "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": " frond-like fossil Stromatoveris, from China's Chengjiang lagerst\u00e4tte and",
    "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": " They suggested that Stromat",
    "57269016708984140094ca41": " relationship",
    "57269016708984140094ca42": " the early evolution of animals and the origin of multicellularity. It has been the focus of debate",
    "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "tenophores",
    "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "ores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae, it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydipp",
    "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "-like",
    "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "-shaped body and a pair of",
    "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": " was 520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California,",
    "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": " FREZ-noh), the county seat of Fresno County, is a city in the U.S",
    "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": " FREZ-noh), the county seat",
    "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "),",
    "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "-noh), the county seat of Fresno County, is a city in the U.S. state of California. As of 2015",
    "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": " hugely productive",
    "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": " its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station",
    "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": " Southern Pacific line.",
    "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": " established",
    "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": ". Soon there was a store around the station",
    "5725d183271a42140099d23d": " 94.0% white, 3.3%",
    "5725d183271a42140099d23e": ", German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown. In 1940, the Census Bureau",
    "5725d183271a42140099d23f": " 2.7% Asian",
    "5725d183271a42140099d240": "3% black and 2.7% Asian. (Incongruously, Chinatown was primarily",
    "5725d183271a42140099d241": " 1940, the Census Bureau reported Fresno's population as 94.0% white",
    "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": " Bank",
    "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": " known today as Visa Inc",
    "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "olve a balance (earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In 1976",
    "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": ". After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the first successful credit card",
    "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": ", Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gest",
    "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, \"Walking Into Fresno\", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill",
    "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "ken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous \"WWVA Jamboree\" radio and television show in Wheeling,",
    "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "ion of the world-famous \"WWVA",
    "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": " the city",
    "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "ing, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lu",
    "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": " is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway. Roeding Park, near Downtown Fresno",
    "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": " land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen Japanese",
    "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": " large public parks, two in the city",
    "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": ". Roeding Park, near Downtown",
    "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": " two in the city",
    "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": ".",
    "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": " (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Water Tower",
    "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "1880s and",
    "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": " Among them, the original Fresno",
    "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": " in 1964. Renamed the Fulton Mall, the area contains the densest collection of historic buildings in Fresno. While the Fulton",
    "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": " commercial district before being converted into one of the nation's first pedestrian malls in 1964. Renamed the Fulton Mall",
    "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Fulton Street in Downtown Fresno was Fresno's main financial",
    "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "4. Renamed the Fulton Mall, the",
    "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": " Street in Downtown Fresno was Fresno's main financial and commercial district before being",
    "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": " Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue. Although parts of Sunnyside are",
    "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": " Fresno's far southeast",
    "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": " Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue",
    "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": " Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue. Although parts of Sunn",
    "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": " Sunnyside is on Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are",
    "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "The popular neighborhood known as the Tower District is centered around the historic Tower Theatre, which is included on the National List of",
    "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": " popular neighborhood known as the Tower District is centered around the historic Tower Theatre, which is included on the National List of Historic",
    "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": " popular neighborhood known as the Tower District is centered around",
    "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": " one-half mile south of Fresno City College. Although the neighborhood was known as a residential area prior, the early commercial establishments of the",
    "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": " known as the Tower District is centered around the historic Tower Theatre, which is included on the National List of Historic",
    "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": " a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s.[citation",
    "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": " and suburban flight, the neighborhood revival followed the",
    "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": " significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970",
    "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": " the late 1960s and 1970s.[citation needed",
    "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": ".[citation",
    "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "stores",
    "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": " theater and nightclubs,",
    "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": " nightclubs, as well as several independent shops and bookstores, currently operating on or near Olive Avenue, and",
    "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": " businesses",
    "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "The neighborhood features restaurants, live theater and",
    "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": " The area includes many California Bungalow and American Craftsman",
    "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": ", many of which have been restored in recent decades. The area includes",
    "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": " Style architecture, Mediterranean Revival Style",
    "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": " decades. The area includes many California Bungalow and American Craftsman style homes, Spanish Colonial Revival Style",
    "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": " Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between First Street on the west to Cedar Avenue on",
    "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": " Vista Tract. The",
    "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": " Alta Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between First Street on the",
    "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": ". The",
    "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "ch Avenue on the south, Cedar Avenue on the east, the rear property line of Platt Avenue (east of Sixth Street",
    "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": " The neighborhood lies southwest",
    "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": " extends to the city limits to the west and south. The neighborhood is traditionally considered to be the center of Fresno",
    "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "\" of Fresno, also often called \"Southwest Fresno\", is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city. The neighborhood lies",
    "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": " also includes significant Mexican-American and Asian-American (principally Hmong or Laot",
    "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "The \"West Side\"",
    "5725f00938643c19005aced7": " which extends from Fresno Street in Southwest Fresno about 20 mi (32 km) west to Kerman, California",
    "5725f00938643c19005aced8": " neighborhood includes",
    "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "ney, which extends from Fresno Street in Southwest Fresno about 20 mi (",
    "5725f00938643c19005aceda": " millionaire",
    "5725f00938643c19005acedb": " length, Kearney Boulevard",
    "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": " the neighborhood is also home to several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the Fresno Housing",
    "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": " the neighborhood, and some new section 8 apartments have been built along Church Ave west of Elm St. Cargill Meat",
    "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": " by the Fresno Housing Authority. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development has also built small subdivisions of single-family homes",
    "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "0s by the Fresno Housing Authority. The US Department of Housing",
    "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": " homes",
    "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": " cover 22 miles (",
    "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": " 22 miles (35 km) between Highway 99 and Friant Dam. The park's numerous",
    "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": " the Lewis S.",
    "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": ". When complete, the Lewis S.",
    "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": " Woodward, a long",
    "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": " law to allow personal aircraft",
    "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": " nation's first planned aviation community",
    "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": " needed] and there are now",
    "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": " certain roads. Sierra Sky Park was the first aviation community to be built",
    "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "Form",
    "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": " freezing lows annually, with the col",
    "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": " by a semi-arid climate",
    "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": " winters and hot and dry summers, thus displaying Mediterranean characteristics. December",
    "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": " BSh), with mild, moist winters and hot and dry summers, thus displaying Mediterranean characteristics. December and January are the col",
    "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": " a semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen BSh), with mild, moist",
    "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": " Fresno is 115 \u00b0F (46.1 \u00b0C), set on July 8, 1905, while the official record low is ",
    "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "100 \u00b0F (37.8 \u00b0C)+, 90 \u00b0F",
    "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "115 \u00b0F (",
    "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "6, 1913. The average windows for 100 \u00b0F (37.8 \u00b0C)+, 90 \u00b0F (32",
    "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": " record high temperature for Fresno is 115 \u00b0F (46.1 \u00b0",
    "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "1,700.6",
    "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": " Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density",
    "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": " The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%) White, 40,960 (8.3%) African American, ",
    "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": " Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density",
    "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "6%) White, ",
    "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": " age of 18 living in them",
    "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": ",511 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them",
    "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11,698 (7.4%) had a",
    "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": " had children under the age of 18 living in them, 69",
    "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": " of 18 living in them, 69,284 (43.",
    "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": " of 1,427.9 square miles (3,698 km2). The racial makeup of the city was 50.2%",
    "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": " were 427,652 people, 140,079 households, and 97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was ",
    "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "140,079 households,",
    "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": ".9 people per square mile (",
    "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "0, there were 427",
    "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": " KMJ-TV, which debuted on June 1, 1953. KMJ is now known",
    "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "-TV, which debuted on June ",
    "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": " affiliate KGPE, CW affiliate KFRE, FOX affiliate KMPH, MNTV affiliate KAIL, PBS affiliate",
    "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": " San Francisco",
    "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": " KGPE, CW affiliate KFRE, FOX affiliate",
    "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": " by State Route",
    "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": ") comes from the west via Mendota, and from",
    "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "Yosemite Freeway/Eisenhower Freeway) comes into Fresno from",
    "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "no is served by State Route 99, the main north/south freeway that connects the major",
    "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": " the largest",
    "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "1950s, the decision was made to build what is now Interstate 5",
    "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": " to an Interstate highway. When the Interstate Highway",
    "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": " directly linked to an Interstate highway. When the Interstate Highway System was created in the 1950s, the decision was",
    "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": " recently renovated historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno. The Bakersfield-Stockton main",
    "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "lines of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific",
    "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": " rail service is provided by Amtrak",
    "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": " cross in Fresno, and both railroads maintain railyards within the city; the San Joaquin Valley Railroad",
    "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "ards within the city; the San Joaquin Valley Railroad also operates former Southern Pacific branchlines heading west and south out of the",
    "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": " RAND Corporation, funded by",
    "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": " Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication",
    "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": " Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault",
    "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": " the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switch",
    "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": " concept",
    "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": " the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense",
    "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "ers until the",
    "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": " characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted",
    "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": " while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted",
    "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "able services",
    "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": " dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each",
    "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": " of information transmitted",
    "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": " time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted",
    "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": " time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted",
    "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": " case of a shared physical medium (such as radio",
    "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": " forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic",
    "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": " switches or routers). Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes",
    "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": " case of a shared physical medium (such as radio",
    "5726356938643c19005ad300": " forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic",
    "5726356938643c19005ad301": "Packet",
    "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, surviv",
    "5726249538643c19005ad080": ", first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961",
    "5726249538643c19005ad081": " developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation for the US Air",
    "5726249538643c19005ad082": " Force into",
    "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": " networks, first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626",
    "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": " Force into survivable communications networks, first presented to the Air",
    "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": " of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P",
    "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": " for the US Air Force into surviv",
    "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": " National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than",
    "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": ", UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as",
    "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": " Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing",
    "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "Starting in 1965, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing",
    "5726378238643c19005ad313": ". A member of Davies' team (Roger Scantlebury) met Lawrence Roberts at the 1967 ACM",
    "5726378238643c19005ad314": " developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's",
    "5726378238643c19005ad315": "an's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK",
    "5726385e271a42140099d797": " packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery. Each packet is labeled with a destination",
    "5726385e271a42140099d798": " The packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery. Each packet is labeled with a destination address",
    "5726385e271a42140099d799": " destination address, source",
    "5726385e271a42140099d79a": " may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet. This precludes the need for a",
    "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": " error checking. Address information is only",
    "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": ". The packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in",
    "5726398589a1e219009ac589": " and an entry is added to the switching table in each network node through",
    "5726398589a1e219009ac588": " the connection set-up phase, when the route",
    "57263b1638643c19005ad333": " LANs across wide area networks. However, X.25 and well as Frame Relay have been supplanted by the",
    "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "ABM). X.25 connections are typically established for each communication session",
    "57263b1638643c19005ad334": ".25 connections are typically established for each communication session, but",
    "57263b1638643c19005ad336": " but it does have a feature allowing a limited amount of traffic to be passed across the UNI without the connection-oriented handshake. For",
    "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": ". Before the introduction of X.25",
    "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": " SITA",
    "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "1969. Before the introduction of X",
    "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "ET and SITA HLN",
    "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": " for Apple Macintosh computers. It",
    "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": " for a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk system automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network",
    "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": " inter-network",
    "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "90s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server.",
    "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": " the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using unreliable datagrams",
    "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": " It was the first",
    "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": " developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally",
    "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": " by Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in",
    "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": " the first",
    "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "puters. It evolved into one of the first",
    "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "net is a suite of network protocols",
    "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": " protocols",
    "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": " computer sales and service",
    "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": "aus",
    "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": ". He decided that a",
    "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": " service, apparently the world's first commercial online",
    "5726414e271a42140099d7e5": "1966 as the Michigan",
    "5726414e271a42140099d7e6": " a means to help the state's educational and economic development. With initial support from the State of",
    "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": " three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help",
    "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": " data network in the United States. It was founded",
    "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": " director Larry Roberts as a means of making ARPANET technology public. He had tried to interest AT",
    "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": " data network in",
    "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "et was the first",
    "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf9": " He had tried to interest AT&T in buying the technology, but the monopoly's reaction was that this was incompatible with their",
    "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": " a large public network that supported",
    "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": " switched technology and used X.25, SNA",
    "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": " communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used X.25, SNA",
    "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": " network headquartered in San Jose, CA that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used X",
    "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": " public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated",
    "572643de5951261400b5195a": "s including",
    "572643de5951261400b5195b": "25 host interface",
    "572643de5951261400b5195c": " kinds of X.25",
    "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": " public X.25 network operated by Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia in the early 1980s, AUSTPAC was Australia's first",
    "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": ". Started by Telecom Australia in the early 1980s, AUST",
    "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": " an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra",
    "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": " the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041), the name also",
    "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": " 1 was the public switched data network operated by the",
    "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "1 was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT",
    "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": " the network and the connected users via leased lines",
    "5726462b708984140094c117": "ANET,",
    "5726462b708984140094c118": " a significant role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development",
    "5726462b708984140094c119": " due to funding or authorization limitations. It played a significant",
    "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": ", built the first Internet2 Network, called Abilene, in 1998 and was a prime investor in",
    "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "west, built the",
    "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": ", built the first Internet2 Network",
    "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": ", Internet2 announced a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network, boosting its capacity from 10 G",
    "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": " first Internet2",
    "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": " coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF",
    "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": " by the National Science Foundation (NS",
    "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": " name given to several nationwide backbone networks operating at speeds of 56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T",
    "572648d1708984140094c15d": "NS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed inter",
    "572648d1708984140094c15e": "-3c (155 Mbit/s), and OC-12c (622 M",
    "572648d1708984140094c15f": "-sponsored",
    "572648d1708984140094c160": " Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NS",
    "572648d1708984140094c161": "vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science",
    "57264684708984140094c123": "The Black Death is thought to have",
    "57264684708984140094c124": " to have",
    "57264684708984140094c125": " thought to",
    "57264684708984140094c126": " rats that were regular passengers on",
    "57264684708984140094c127": " to",
    "572647935951b619008f6ec9": " disease, caused by",
    "572647935951b619008f6eca": " pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by",
    "572647935951b619008f6ecb": " caused",
    "572647935951b619008f6ecc": " by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in",
    "572647935951b619008f6ecd": " plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by",
    "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea",
    "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": " siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease",
    "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": " over",
    "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": " at the port city of",
    "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": " siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the",
    "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "1349 when a ship landed at Ask\u00f8y, then spread to Bj\u00f8rgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally",
    "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": " northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain,",
    "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": " spread to Bj\u00f8rgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland",
    "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": "1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 134",
    "572648ed5951b619008f6f07": " Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348",
    "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": " various countries in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading",
    "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": "The plague struck various countries in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent",
    "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": " the eastern coast to cities",
    "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": " in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent",
    "57264a74708984140094c18b": "14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on Danish history by J.I. Pontanus: \"Vulgo",
    "57264a74708984140094c18c": " the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern",
    "57264a74708984140094c18d": ") claimed that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in",
    "57264a74708984140094c18e": ") claimed that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 163",
    "57264a74708984140094c18f": " and from its effects, they called it the black death\"). The name spread through Scandin",
    "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": " the king",
    "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": ". Today, this is known as the Miasma theory. The word 'plague' had no",
    "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": " Miasma theory. The word 'plague' had no special significance at this time, and only the recurrence of",
    "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": " knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical",
    "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": " the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Y",
    "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": " dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the",
    "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": " usually transmitted",
    "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": " pestis, also responsible",
    "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": " was the French-Sw",
    "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": " that \"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague\". He was able to adopt the epidemi",
    "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "quet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that \"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary",
    "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6": " bubonic plague\". He",
    "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": " the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague\". He was able",
    "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": " the second edition in 1908",
    "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a": " painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a",
    "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": " scientists. The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30\u201375% and symptoms including fever of 38\u201341",
    "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c": "onic plague, 80 percent die within eight days. Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate",
    "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d": " 38\u201341 \u00b0C (100\u2013106 \u00b0F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a",
    "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": " The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate",
    "57264e2f708984140094c1e1": "2010, the open",
    "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": " into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed",
    "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": " the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR",
    "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": " October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper",
    "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": " by",
    "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": " two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches",
    "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p.",
    "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": " two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves.",
    "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1": ") were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y",
    "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": " and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves. Surveys of plague pit remains in France and",
    "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": " Schuenemann",
    "57264fe65951b619008f6fa2": ". Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in ",
    "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "field burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011",
    "57264fe65951b619008f6fa4": ". Based on",
    "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": " J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality",
    "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": "rewsbury in",
    "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": " conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations. In 1984 zoologist Graham Twigg produced the",
    "5726509bdd62a815002e815d": " who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14",
    "5726509bdd62a815002e815e": "iologist",
    "5726516a708984140094c223": " that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered",
    "5726516a708984140094c224": " the plague is as important as",
    "5726516a708984140094c225": " as",
    "5726516a708984140094c226": " of",
    "5726516a708984140094c227": " plague in England, and even estimates of overall population at",
    "57265285708984140094c25b": " unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas",
    "57265285708984140094c25c": " accounts of the",
    "57265285708984140094c25d": "onic plague theory point out that the symptoms of",
    "57265285708984140094c25e": " significance; and that the DNA results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere, despite extensive samples from",
    "57265285708984140094c25f": " the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from",
    "5726534d708984140094c26d": " that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as",
    "5726534d708984140094c26e": " similar to Ebola. Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there",
    "5726534d708984140094c26f": " have been put",
    "5726534d708984140094c270": " the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor (200",
    "5726534d708984140094c271": " of anthrax",
    "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28": " a death rate of about a third. The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population. Half of Paris's population of ",
    "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29": " the Middle",
    "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "%",
    "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "60% of",
    "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": " widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third",
    "572654e2708984140094c2b7": " throughout the 14th to ",
    "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "aben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671. The",
    "572654e2708984140094c2b9": " every year between",
    "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": " 1300, and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million. By the end of 1350,",
    "5726559edd62a815002e81c9": " absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million",
    "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": " figures from as high as 7 million to as low as",
    "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": " figure as low as 2 million. By the end of 1350, the Black Death subs",
    "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "1490",
    "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": " The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into",
    "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": " Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present",
    "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present",
    "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": " people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th",
    "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14%",
    "57265700dd62a815002e820f": " the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some",
    "57265700dd62a815002e8210": " first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some ",
    "57265700dd62a815002e8211": ",000 inhabitants. More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of",
    "57265700dd62a815002e8212": " Great Northern War (1700\u201321, Sweden v. Russia and allies) killed about 100,000 in Sweden, and ",
    "5726577f708984140094c301": " world. Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850.",
    "5726577f708984140094c302": "The",
    "5726577f708984140094c303": " between 1500 and 1850. Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30 to 50",
    "5726577f708984140094c304": " the Islamic world. Plague was present in at least one location",
    "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "eous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock",
    "572657d9dd62a815002e8231": " rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt",
    "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in ge",
    "572657d9dd62a815002e8233": " illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock",
    "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": " is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a",
    "57265d08708984140094c397": " the",
    "57265d08708984140094c398": " the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which is called the asthenosphere. There is an intimate coupling",
    "57265d08708984140094c399": " of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere,",
    "57265d08708984140094c39a": " into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which is called the asthenosphere.",
    "57265d08708984140094c39b": "vection currents always move in the same direction, because the oceanic lith",
    "57265f605951b619008f70db": " a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of",
    "57265f605951b619008f70dc": " move across the surface of the Earth over geologic time. They also provided a",
    "57265f605951b619008f70dd": " tectonics provided a physical basis for",
    "57265f605951b619008f70de": " observations of the solid Earth",
    "57265f605951b619008f70df": " the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, where two plates move apart.",
    "57266193dd62a815002e832a": " waves in reverse to image the interior of the",
    "57266193dd62a815002e832b": " to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of",
    "57266193dd62a815002e832d": ", with a crust and lithosphere on top, the mantle below (se",
    "57266193dd62a815002e832e": " of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere on top",
    "57266193dd62a815002e832c": " of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a",
    "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": " most recent eon with an expanded scale. The second scale compresses the most",
    "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": " most recent eon",
    "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": " recent eon. Therefore, the second scale shows the",
    "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": " from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this",
    "572665ff708984140094c4c3": " the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks",
    "572665ff708984140094c4c4": " must be younger than the fault",
    "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "ains",
    "572665ff708984140094c4c6": " normal fault",
    "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": " the",
    "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": " components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (",
    "572667e2f1498d1400e8de92": " found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is",
    "572667e2f1498d1400e8de93": " and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions",
    "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": " found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For",
    "572669a9dd62a815002e8416": " the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks. As organisms exist at the same time period",
    "572669a9dd62a815002e8417": " period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of",
    "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": " of the formations in which they are found. Based on",
    "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": " laid out by William",
    "572669a9dd62a815002e841a": " principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance",
    "57266c015951b619008f7237": "th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated",
    "57266c015951b619008f7238": " the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to",
    "57266c015951b619008f7239": " the 20th century",
    "57266c015951b619008f723a": " geological science was facilitated",
    "57266c015951b619008f723b": " other methods. This changed the understanding of",
    "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": " of applications. Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a",
    "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": " through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice. These are",
    "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": " rock units which do not contain radioactive isot",
    "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "For many geologic applications, isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock",
    "5726701add62a815002e84c8": " two primary ways: through faulting",
    "5726701add62a815002e84c9": " rock units",
    "5726701add62a815002e84ca": " other than muds, do not significantly change in volume, this is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding. In the shallow crust",
    "5726701add62a815002e84cb": " horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds,",
    "5726701add62a815002e84cc": " crust, where brittle",
    "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": " is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning. Normal faults drop",
    "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": ". Stretching of units can result in their",
    "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": " faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning. Normal faults drop rock units",
    "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "; in fact, there is a location within the Maria Fold and Thr",
    "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": ". This typically results in younger units being placed below older units. Stretch",
    "572673f5708984140094c69b": " depositionally and intr",
    "572673f5708984140094c69c": " intrusively, often occurs during deformation. Fault",
    "572673f5708984140094c69d": " accommodation space for the material to deposit. Deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity. Volcanic ashes",
    "572673f5708984140094c69e": " rock",
    "572673f5708984140094c69f": " These sediments are deposited on the rock unit",
    "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": " and intrusive rocks have been metamorphosed, fault",
    "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": " for example, consist almost",
    "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": " Canyon in the southwestern United States contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since Cambrian time. Other",
    "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": " sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand",
    "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": " single environment, and",
    "572677e7708984140094c723": "; investigate past and current life and biogeochemical pathways, and use geophysical methods to investigate the subsurface.",
    "572677e7708984140094c724": " history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the",
    "572677e7708984140094c725": " of positions of rock units and their deformation). In many cases, geologists also study modern soils,",
    "572677e7708984140094c726": "ophysical methods to investigate the subsurface.",
    "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": " identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections",
    "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": " where the minerals can be identified",
    "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": " rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the",
    "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": " field, petrologists identify",
    "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "fring",
    "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": " temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes. This research can be",
    "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": " and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral",
    "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": " phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes.",
    "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "ologic samples",
    "57267d52708984140094c7da": " structure of the rocks. They also plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand",
    "57267d52708984140094c7db": "ine structure of the rocks. They",
    "57267d52708984140094c7dc": " the rocks which gives",
    "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": " structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic",
    "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": " orogenic wedges, which are",
    "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": " along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. In the analog versions of these experiments, horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a",
    "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": " mountains are",
    "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": " the analog versions of these experiments, horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop, which results in realistic",
    "57268066708984140094c821": " returned from the field, such as those from drill cores. Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical",
    "57268066708984140094c822": " that can be returned from the field, such as those from drill cores. Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of",
    "57268066708984140094c823": "ic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs can be combined to produce a better view of the",
    "57268066708984140094c824": "ic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and",
    "57268066708984140094c825": " the laboratory, stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraph",
    "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "igraphers look for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units within the drill cores. Other scientists perform stable is",
    "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": " section in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition. Magnetic stratigraph",
    "57268220f1498d1400e8e219": " biostratigraphers",
    "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": " absolute bounds on the timing and rates",
    "572683f95951b619008f7525": " the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al",
    "572683f95951b619008f7526": " H. Garrison, are of",
    "572683f95951b619008f7527": ", are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to",
    "572683f95951b619008f7528": " H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the",
    "572683f95951b619008f7529": " geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to",
    "57268527708984140094c8bf": " the Earth to the Royal",
    "57268527708984140094c8c0": " often viewed as the first modern geologist.",
    "57268527708984140094c8c1": "James",
    "57268527708984140094c8c2": " the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his paper, he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order",
    "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": " of a Geological Map, and published in the Society's",
    "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": " Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being",
    "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": " task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped",
    "572686ac5951b619008f75ad": " United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being",
    "572686ac5951b619008f75ac": ". In 1807, Ma",
    "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of",
    "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": " slow geological processes have occurred throughout",
    "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": " still occurring today. In contrast, catastrophism is the theory that Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic",
    "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": ". This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring today. In",
    "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": " first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles",
    "5726642f5951b619008f7157": "n \u02c8ta\u026an/; Locally: i/nju\u02d0\u02cck\u00e6s\u0259l \u0259",
    "5726642f5951b619008f7158": "RP: i/\u02ccnju\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0252",
    "5726642f5951b619008f7159": "\u02ccnju",
    "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "\u02d0s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0252",
    "5726642f5951b619008f715b": " Tyne (RP: i/\u02cc",
    "5726651ff1498d1400e8de30": " by Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son. The city grew as",
    "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "those, William the Conqueror's eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14",
    "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": " Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th",
    "5726651ff1498d1400e8de33": " developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was",
    "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": " trade in the 14th century, and later became a major coal mining area. The port",
    "5726660d5951b619008f71b1": " Newcastle was P",
    "5726660d5951b619008f71b2": " Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded",
    "5726660d5951b619008f71b3": " a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor",
    "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": " West Road. The course of the \"Roman Wall\" can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend\u2014the \"",
    "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": " what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius",
    "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": " Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the",
    "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": " Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress.",
    "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "'s northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a",
    "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": " Elizabeth in ",
    "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": " the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6",
    "57266783f1498d1400e8de86": " shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside, giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle",
    "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": " prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to Newcastle was first recorded contextually",
    "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": " royal act restricted",
    "57266783f1498d1400e8de89": " restricted all shipments of coal from T",
    "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "esses known as the Hostmen. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time,",
    "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": " the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks",
    "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": " to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s about 7,",
    "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8": " they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks",
    "57266a15f1498d1400e8def9": ", to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families",
    "57266a15f1498d1400e8defa": " to transfer coal from the",
    "57266ab3dd62a815002e8434": " the",
    "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": " gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644 the Scots",
    "57266ab3dd62a815002e8436": " Tyne, Cromwell",
    "57266ab3dd62a815002e8437": "1644 the city was then besieged for many months and was eventually stormed ('with roaring",
    "57266ab3dd62a815002e8438": " the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured",
    "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": " heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse",
    "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": " city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. This revolution resulted in the urbanization of",
    "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": " Revolution. This revolution",
    "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": " a powerhouse of the",
    "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": " a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. This revolution resulted in the urbanization of the city. In 1817",
    "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": " Castle Keep, originally recorded",
    "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df79": ". Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be travers",
    "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7a": " parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street",
    "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": " large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval",
    "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7c": " or 'chares', most of which can only",
    "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": " Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson,",
    "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": " foodie street category. A portion of Grainger Town",
    "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a2": " late German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikola",
    "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a3": "lassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 183",
    "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": " described Newcastle",
    "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": " ground, though",
    "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": ", lying immediately north of the",
    "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": " the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United",
    "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": " Moor, lying immediately north of",
    "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6": "Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately",
    "57267076708984140094c601": "-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting",
    "57267076708984140094c602": " has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments",
    "57267076708984140094c603": " tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments",
    "57267076708984140094c604": " by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including",
    "57267076708984140094c605": " the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary",
    "572671165951b619008f72b7": " and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets",
    "572671165951b619008f72b8": " heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger,",
    "572671165951b619008f72b9": " Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and",
    "572671165951b619008f72ba": " historic heart",
    "572671e55951b619008f72d7": " one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was celebrated with",
    "572671e55951b619008f72d8": " most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was celebrated with a grand",
    "572671e55951b619008f72d9": " ",
    "572671e55951b619008f72da": " a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event. With",
    "572671e55951b619008f72db": "inger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market. At the time of",
    "57267383dd62a815002e8552": " a similar latitude, due to the warming influence of the",
    "57267383dd62a815002e8553": "\u00f6",
    "57267383dd62a815002e8554": " locations in the world at a similar latitude, due to the warming influence of the",
    "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "The climate in Newcastle is oceanic (K",
    "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "The",
    "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03a": " store as well as one of",
    "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03b": " Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store",
    "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": " store. Emerson Bainbridge",
    "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": " expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The",
    "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03e": " Eldon Square Shopping Centre",
    "5726769c708984140094c711": "on Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city",
    "5726769c708984140094c712": " shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's",
    "5726769c708984140094c713": " Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the New",
    "5726769c708984140094c714": " Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas",
    "5726769c708984140094c715": " Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city",
    "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ac": " most rapidly",
    "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": " be found in areas such",
    "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": " the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing",
    "5726778df1498d1400e8e0af": "yneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor",
    "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": " on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape",
    "572678c0dd62a815002e863e": "7.8%), in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside",
    "572678c0dd62a815002e863f": " of",
    "572678c0dd62a815002e8640": " with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6%, and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011",
    "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": "fl",
    "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": ", the authority is one of few authorities to",
    "572679c35951b619008f73db": " UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189",
    "572679c35951b619008f73dc": " to the UK Government's returned",
    "572679c35951b619008f73dd": " returned",
    "572679c35951b619008f73de": " of Newcastle had a population of ",
    "572679c35951b619008f73df": " city",
    "57267a94f1498d1400e8e122": " average being 38.6). Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors. There is a strong",
    "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": " have Scottish or Irish ancestors. There is a strong",
    "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": " the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 (the national average being 38.6). Many people",
    "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "). Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors. There is a strong",
    "57267a94f1498d1400e8e126": " in Newcastle is ",
    "57267b65dd62a815002e86a6": "iations not",
    "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": " after the end of",
    "57267b65dd62a815002e86a8": " and Norman French\u2014the Geordie",
    "57267b65dd62a815002e86a9": " the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins",
    "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "s of",
    "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "stot\" (\"bounce\") and \"hadaway\" (\"go away\"",
    "57267c63dd62a815002e86d7": " area, such as \"Canny\" (a versatile word meaning \"good\", \"nice\" or \"very\"), \"hacky",
    "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "\" and \"hyem\", meaning \"child\" and",
    "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "\"), \"netty\" (\"toilet\"), \"hoy\" (\"throw\", from the Dutch gooien, via West Frisian), \"",
    "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": " such as \"Canny\" (a versatile word meaning \"good\", \"nice\" or \"very\"), \"hacky",
    "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": " in the whole of the UK, with an average level of 80.",
    "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": " the noisiest city in the whole of the UK, with an average level of 80.",
    "57267ce7708984140094c7cb": "In a report, published in early February 2007 by the Ear Institute at the University College London, and Widex, a Danish hearing aid",
    "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": " a Danish",
    "57267ce7708984140094c7cd": "In a report, published in early February",
    "57267de1f1498d1400e8e194": " pubs, bars and nightclubs around the Bigg",
    "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": " the Bigg Market, and other popular areas for nightlife are Collingwood Street, popularly referred to as the '",
    "57267de1f1498d1400e8e196": " the Quayside area of the city centre. There are many bars on the Bigg Market,",
    "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "clubs around the Bigg Market and the",
    "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": ",",
    "57267f695951b619008f74bd": " as Sarah Siddons",
    "57267f695951b619008f74be": " for fifteen years (1791\u20131806). He brought members of his famous acting family such as Sarah Siddons and John Kemble out of",
    "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "). He brought members of",
    "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the famous Kemble family successfully managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years",
    "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "The city has a proud",
    "5726800add62a815002e8750": " contains many theatres. The largest, the Theatre Royal on Grey Street, first opened in 183",
    "5726800add62a815002e8751": " Royal on Grey Street, first opened in 1837, designed by John",
    "5726800add62a815002e8752": ". The largest, the Theatre Royal on Grey Street",
    "5726800add62a815002e8753": " the Theatre Royal",
    "5726800add62a815002e8754": "res. The largest, the Theatre Royal",
    "572680865951b619008f74e7": " the 'Lit & Phil",
    "572680865951b619008f74e8": " known as the",
    "572680865951b619008f74e9": "The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil')",
    "572680865951b619008f74ea": " as a \u2018conversation club,\u2019 its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit",
    "572680865951b619008f74eb": " building was designed by",
    "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": " with performances by",
    "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fb": " takes place in April. In May, Newcastle and Gateshead host the Evolution Festival, a music festival",
    "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fc": " the",
    "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": ". In May, Newcastle and Gates",
    "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": " the",
    "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": " UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place every June",
    "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "ly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement",
    "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": ", takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides",
    "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": " UK's biggest free community environmental festival",
    "57268341f1498d1400e8e240": " UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place",
    "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": " annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi",
    "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24e": " music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts",
    "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is",
    "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": " Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival\u2014an annual festival providing",
    "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24d": " providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The S",
    "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "0. Venom",
    "5726847f708984140094c8ac": " covered by Geordie ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne in 1990. Venom, reckoned by many",
    "5726847f708984140094c8ad": " strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, \"Fog on the Tyne\" (1971), was covered by Ge",
    "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "farne are a folk-rock group with a strong",
    "5726847f708984140094c8af": ". Venom, reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene",
    "57268525dd62a815002e8806": " \u2014the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation\u2014alongside two new screens, a roof extension containing the T",
    "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the Old",
    "57268525dd62a815002e8808": " United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation\u2014alongside two",
    "57268525dd62a815002e8809": " November 2006 and May 2008; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated",
    "57268525dd62a815002e880a": " cinema relocated to the Old Town Hall, Gateshead. In May 2008 the Tynes",
    "57268692dd62a815002e8826": " life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum; in ",
    "57268692dd62a815002e8827": " highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage",
    "57268692dd62a815002e8828": " Centre for Life with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's ship",
    "57268692dd62a815002e8829": " in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities merged with the Great North Museum (Hancock Museum); Seven Stories a museum dedicated",
    "57268692dd62a815002e882a": " from around the world and Northern England and the Newburn Hall",
    "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e2": " Night of the Fire (1939), though by and large the action is",
    "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": " The 1971 film Get Carter was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked",
    "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": " is On the Night of the Fire (1939), though by and large the action is",
    "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": "-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes",
    "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "1) and Payroll (1961), both",
    "572687e1dd62a815002e8852": " based at Brough Park in Byker",
    "572687e1dd62a815002e8853": " League (B",
    "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": " Gosforth Park. The city is also home to the Newcastle Eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new Sport Central",
    "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": " Blaydon), which has taken place on 9 June",
    "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "castle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park. The city is also home to the Newcastle Eagles basketball team who play their home games at",
    "57268885dd62a815002e886a": " km) from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near Ponteland and is the larger of",
    "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "7 km) from the city",
    "57268885dd62a815002e886c": " city near Ponteland and is the larger of the two main airports serving the North",
    "57268885dd62a815002e886d": " the northern outskirts of the city near Ponteland and is the larger of",
    "57268885dd62a815002e886e": " city centre",
    "572689385951b619008f761b": " the UK. Opened in 1850",
    "572689385951b619008f761c": ", work was completed on the stations historic entrance. Glazing was placed over the",
    "572689385951b619008f761d": " the stations historic entrance",
    "572689385951b619008f761e": ". The station is one of only six",
    "572689385951b619008f761f": ", is to the east",
    "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": " Northern",
    "572689b6dd62a815002e8891": " East Coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to London King's Cross, with a journey time of about three hours, these services",
    "572689b6dd62a815002e8892": "Country trains serve destinations in Yorkshire, the Midlands and the South West. First TransPennine Express operates services",
    "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": " London King's Cross, with a journey time of about three hours",
    "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": " of trains to London King's Cross, with",
    "57268a8fdd62a815002e88ce": ", a system of suburban and underground railways",
    "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": " were opened in 1991 and 2002. It was developed from a combination of existing and",
    "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": " the Tyne and Wear Metro, a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Tyne and Wear. It was opened in five phases",
    "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": " served",
    "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": " Tyne and Wear Metro, a system of suburban and underground railways covering",
    "57268bb25951b619008f7645": " tracks, signalling and overhead wires are",
    "57268bb25951b619008f7646": ".'",
    "57268bb25951b619008f7647": " replaced all ticket machines and introduced",
    "57268bb25951b619008f7648": " an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system",
    "57268bb25951b619008f7649": " programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations - part of the transition to smart ticket",
    "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "rough to York and Doncaster; the A69 heading west to Carlisle; the A",
    "57268d1b708984140094c9ce": " Newcastle Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south to London; the A19 heading south past Sunderland and Middlesb",
    "57268d1b708984140094c9cf": " the A1 (",
    "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "rough to York and Doncaster; the A69 heading west to Carlisle; the A696, which becomes the A68 heads past",
    "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": " central Northumberland and central Scottish Borders, the A167, the old \"Great North Road\", heading south to Gates",
    "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": " both the West and East ends via the city centre with some services extending out to the MetroCentre, Killingworth, Wallsend and Pont",
    "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": " the city; Arriva North East, Go North East and Stagecoach North East. There are two major bus stations in the city",
    "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": " bus companies providing services in the city;",
    "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9": "3 main bus",
    "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3ea": " are two major bus stations in the city: Haymarket bus",
    "57269120708984140094ca59": ", Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of",
    "57269120708984140094ca5a": " quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off road cycle route networks",
    "57269120708984140094ca5b": " objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks",
    "57269120708984140094ca5c": " routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off road cycle route networks",
    "57269120708984140094ca5d": " strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the local council social",
    "5726934f5951b619008f771d": " from low-cost air services",
    "5726934f5951b619008f771e": " Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated late 2008. Since summer 2007, Thomson",
    "5726934f5951b619008f771f": " to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 \u2013 the company cited high fuel",
    "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "uiden (near Amsterdam). The DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden",
    "5726934f5951b619008f7721": " International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways run a service to IJmuiden (near Amsterdam).",
    "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": "-funded 11 to 18",
    "57269526dd62a815002e8a4f": " are a number of successful state",
    "57269526dd62a815002e8a50": " eleven LEA-funded 11 to 18 schools and seven independent schools with sixth",
    "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "There are eleven LEA-funded 11 to 18 schools and seven independent schools with",
    "57269526dd62a815002e8a52": "aton",
    "57269698dd62a815002e8a6c": " origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from Durham University on",
    "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": " Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in",
    "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": ". Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in",
    "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": " Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and",
    "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": ". Newcastle University has its origins in the",
    "572699b55951b619008f778f": " of ",
    "572699b55951b619008f7790": " with its elegant lantern tower of",
    "572699b55951b619008f7791": ". All three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches. St Mary's became a cathedral in 1850",
    "572699b55951b619008f7792": " three cathedrals, the Anglican St. Nicholas,",
    "572699b55951b619008f7793": " as parish churches. St Mary",
    "57269b165951b619008f77b3": " of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church",
    "57269b165951b619008f77b4": " more",
    "57269b165951b619008f77b5": " was begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726",
    "57269b165951b619008f77b6": " present building was begun in the 12th",
    "57269b165951b619008f77b7": ". This older church",
    "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": " at",
    "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": " facility",
    "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "40 years after its launch in January 195",
    "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": " City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, The Tube. BBC North East and C",
    "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": " at City Road for over 40 years after its launch in",
    "57269d745951b619008f77d7": " Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's student's union building during term",
    "57269d745951b619008f77d8": " station in the area. Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's student's union building",
    "57269d745951b619008f77d9": " launched on 8 June 2007, the first full-time community radio station in",
    "57269d745951b619008f77da": " students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's student's union",
    "57269d745951b619008f77db": " broadcasting on Hospedia  and",
    "57269e80f1498d1400e8e520": " Avison,",
    "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": " the city. Ironmaster, metallurgist",
    "57269e80f1498d1400e8e522": " upon Tyne in ",
    "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "vison, the leading British composer of concertos in the 18th century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and",
    "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "bert",
    "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "icians Eric Burdon, Sting, Mark Knopfler, Alan",
    "57269fab5951b619008f7808": " and Neil Tennant lived in Newcastle. Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch were both former pupils of R",
    "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "Musicians Eric Burdon, Sting, Mark Knopfler, Alan Hull, Cheryl Cole and Neil Tennant lived in",
    "57269fab5951b619008f780a": " Alan",
    "57269fab5951b619008f780b": " entertainers Ant and Dec and international footballers Michael Carrick and Alan",
    "5726710b708984140094c61d": " objects. It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The V&A is located",
    "5726710b708984140094c61e": " London, is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over",
    "5726710b708984140094c61f": ", is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4",
    "5726710b708984140094c620": " the V&A), London, is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent",
    "572680ac708984140094c83d": "is\" because of its association with Prince Albert, the Albert Memorial and the",
    "572680ac708984140094c83e": " Chelsea, in an area that has become known as \"Albertopolis\" because of its association with Prince Albert, the Albert Memorial and the major cultural",
    "572680ac708984140094c83f": " abbreviated as the V&A), London, is the world's largest museum of",
    "572680ac708984140094c840": "&A), London, is the world's largest museum of",
    "572680ac708984140094c841": " Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London,",
    "57268294708984140094c877": ",000 m2) and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years of art, from ancient times to the present",
    "57268294708984140094c878": "12.5 acres",
    "57268294708984140094c879": " covers 12.",
    "57268294708984140094c87a": " costumes, silver, iron",
    "57268294708984140094c87b": "12.5 acres (51,000",
    "572685cd5951b619008f7573": " origins",
    "572685cd5951b619008f7574": " its origins in the Great Exhibition of 1851, with which Henry Cole, the museum's first",
    "572685cd5951b619008f7575": " Cole",
    "572685cd5951b619008f7576": " its origins in the",
    "572685cd5951b619008f7577": " with which",
    "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": " what",
    "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": " were",
    "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37a": ". In the following year, late night openings were introduced, made possible by the use of gas lighting. This was to enable in the words",
    "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": ". In the following year, late night openings were",
    "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37c": " June 1857. In the following year, late night openings were introduced, made possible by the use",
    "57268f2c708984140094ca25": " half visitors. This was organised by the Council of Industrial Design established by the British government in 1944 \"to promote by all practicable means the",
    "57268f2c708984140094ca26": " 1946, attracting nearly a million and a half visitors. This was organised by the Council of Industrial Design established by",
    "57268f2c708984140094ca27": " half visitors. This was organised by the Council of Industrial Design",
    "57268f2c708984140094ca28": " return of the collections after the war, the Britain",
    "57268f2c708984140094ca29": " visitors. This was organised by the Council of Industrial Design established",
    "572691d7708984140094ca6d": " programme to young people",
    "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "-rock band Gryphon, who explored the lineage",
    "572691d7708984140094ca6f": " a rock concert. The V&A presented a combined concert/lecture by British progressive folk-rock band Gryphon, who explored the lineage of media",
    "572691d7708984140094ca70": " band Gryphon, who explored the lineage of mediaeval music and instrumentation and related how those contributed to contemporary music 500 years later. This innovative",
    "57269656708984140094cafd": "&A brand although it would be funded through and operated independently.",
    "57269656708984140094cafe": "&A is in discussion with the University of",
    "57269656708984140094caff": " City Council and the Scottish Government with a view to opening a new \u00a343 million gallery in Dundee that would use the V&A brand although",
    "57269656708984140094cb00": "&A is in discussion with the University of Dundee, University of Abertay, Dundee City Council and the",
    "57269656708984140094cb01": " the V&A brand although it would be funded through and operated independently. As of 2015, with costs estimated at \u00a376 million, it is",
    "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": " 1852, it was not until",
    "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": " the building have a complex history, with piecemeal additions by different architects. Founded in May 185",
    "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9a": "emeal additions by different architects. Founded in May 1852,",
    "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9b": " the",
    "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9c": " in May",
    "57269c06708984140094cba1": " designed and built in 1864\u201369. The style adopted for this part of",
    "57269c06708984140094cba2": " All the work on the",
    "57269c06708984140094cba3": " mosaic figures depicting famous European artists of the Medieval and Renaissance period. These have now been removed to other areas of the museum.",
    "57269c06708984140094cba4": "sculpture); Titian (painting); thus representing the range of the museums collections, Godfrey Sykes also designed the terracotta",
    "57269c06708984140094cba5": ". W. Moody and has architectural details",
    "57269d68708984140094cbd7": "The interiors of the three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers. The Green Dining Room 1866\u201368 was the work of",
    "57269d68708984140094cbd8": " Room 1866\u201368 was the work of",
    "57269d68708984140094cbd9": " the three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers. The Green Dining Room",
    "57269d68708984140094cbda": " moulded plaster foliage on",
    "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "an influences. The lower part of",
    "5726a0205951b619008f781b": " General) Henry Young Darracott Scott, also of the Royal Engineers. He designed to the north west of",
    "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "7 feet (2.1 m) in length",
    "5726a0205951b619008f781d": " also of the Royal Engineers. He designed to the north west of the garden the five-storey School for Naval Architects (also known as",
    "5726a0205951b619008f781e": " at the museum was Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young",
    "5726a0205951b619008f781f": " Engineers the next architect to work at the museum was Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott, also",
    "5726a2445951b619008f7861": " for the decoration, the terracotta embellishments were again the work of",
    "5726a2445951b619008f7862": " decoration, the terracotta embellishments were again the work of Godfrey Sykes, although sgraffito was used to decorate the east",
    "5726a2445951b619008f7863": " embellishments were again the work of Godfrey Sykes, although sgraffito was",
    "5726a2445951b619008f7864": " of Godfrey Sykes, although sgraffito was used to decorate the",
    "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "ie Gardner, these lead to a passage through the building. Scott also",
    "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": " a competition in 1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place",
    "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": " in Scotland, but the detail is Classical. The main windows to the galleries are also mullioned and transomed, again",
    "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": " a competition in 1891 to extend the museum. Construction took",
    "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": " windows to the galleries are also mullioned and transomed, again",
    "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "190",
    "5726a9ff708984140094cd4b": " Albert appears within the main arch above the twin entrances, Queen",
    "5726a9ff708984140094cd4c": " around the arches and entrance, sculpted by Alfred Drury.",
    "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": " entrance, sculpted by Alfred Drury. These fa\u00e7ades surround four levels of galleries. Other areas designed by Webb include the Entrance Hall and",
    "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": " around the arches and entrance, sculpted by Alfred Dr",
    "5726a9ff708984140094cd4f": " Drury. These",
    "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9e": "s and early 196",
    "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9f": "0s saw little in the way of",
    "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": " available for other than",
    "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": " The 1950s and early 1960s saw little in",
    "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "In the immediate post-war years there was little money available for other than essential repairs",
    "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": " galleries were redesigned in the 1990s including the Indian, Japanese, Chinese, iron work",
    "5726afeb708984140094cdd8": "1990s including the Indian, Japanese, Chinese, iron work, the main glass galleries and the main silverware gallery which was further",
    "5726afeb708984140094cdd9": " iron work, the main glass galleries and the",
    "5726afeb708984140094cdda": " the Gilbert Bayes sculpture gallery; in 200",
    "5726afeb708984140094cddb": " work,",
    "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": " redesigned by Kim Wilkie and opened as the John Madejski Garden, on",
    "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": " on 5 July 2005. The design is a subtle blend of the traditional and modern,",
    "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": " John Madejski Garden, on 5 July 2005. The design is a subtle blend of the",
    "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": " to use the area for receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes. This is in front of the bronze doors",
    "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab3": " garden was redesigned by Kim Wilkie and opened as the John Madejski Garden, on 5 July 2005",
    "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e4": " by the V&A. With over ",
    "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": ", over 750,000 papers and paraphernalia, and over 700,000 photographs from around the world,",
    "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e7": " models, photographs, elements from buildings and original drawings. With the opening of the new gallery, the RIBA Drawings",
    "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": " Collection has been transferred to the museum, joining the already extensive",
    "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e8": " Architects opened the",
    "5726b6e05951b619008f7b99": " represented, but many European (especially Italian) and American architects' drawings are held in the",
    "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": " Inigo Jones, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Nicholas Hawksmoor, William Kent, James Gibbs,",
    "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9b": " but many European (especially Italian) and American architects' drawings are held",
    "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": " and in some cases models of their buildings, in the",
    "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": " Palladio are the largest in the world, other Europeans well represented are Jacques Gentilhatre and Antonio",
    "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": " rare survivor of the Great Fire of London, there is a brick portal from a London house of the English Restoration period and a fireplace from",
    "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "3\u201335 from the chateau of Montal. There are several examples from Italian Renaissance buildings including, portals",
    "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6c": "sgate with",
    "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6d": "er window dated 1523\u201335 from the chateau of Montal. There are several",
    "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "As well as period rooms, the collection includes parts of buildings, for example the two top",
    "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": ", opened in 200",
    "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a": " East, Central Asia and Afghanistan. A masterpiece of Islamic art is a 10th-century",
    "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": ", ranging from the early Islamic period",
    "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "The V&A holds over 19,000",
    "5726bc505951b619008f7c7d": ", ranging",
    "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c0": " art are the most comprehensive and important in the West comprising nearly 60,000 objects",
    "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c1": " art are the most comprehensive and important in the West comprising nearly 60,",
    "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": " art are the most comprehensive and important in the West comprising nearly 60,000 objects, including about 10,000 textiles and ",
    "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c4": " religious nature, Hindu",
    "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": " nearly 60,000 objects, including about 10",
    "5726bf325951b619008f7cfd": " from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea. The T. T. Tsui Gallery",
    "5726bf325951b619008f7cfe": " art from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea. The T. T. Tsui Gallery of",
    "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": " works of art from the countries of East",
    "5726bf325951b619008f7d00": ",000 works of art from the countries of East",
    "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": " Far Eastern collections include more than 70,000 works of art from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea.",
    "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": " to ",
    "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": " exhibits date from 1550 to 1900, but one of the oldest pieces displayed is the 13th-century",
    "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fda": " the work of Ando Hiroshige, graphic works include printed books, as well as a",
    "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": " one of the oldest pieces displayed is the 13th-century",
    "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": " Inr\u014d",
    "5726c80c5951b619008f7de7": "The smaller galleries cover Korea, the Himal",
    "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": " kingdoms and South East Asia. Korean displays include green-glazed ceramics, silk embroideries from officials' robes and",
    "5726c80c5951b619008f7de9": "aming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl made between 500 AD and 2000. Himalayan items include important early",
    "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": " Himalayan items include important early Nepalese",
    "5726c80c5951b619008f7deb": " Himalayan kingdoms and South East Asia. Korean displays include green-glazed ceramics, silk embroideries from officials' robes and gle",
    "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "5. Their contents include a large",
    "5726c9a4708984140094d170": " For",
    "5726c9a4708984140094d171": ", and Forster III, quite small in size, dated between 1490 and ",
    "5726c9a4708984140094d172": ". The Codex consists of three parchment-bound manuscripts, Forster I, Forster II",
    "5726c9a4708984140094d173": ". The Cod",
    "5726cc11dd62a815002e9086": "16th centuries include: the E",
    "5726cc11dd62a815002e9087": " of Arc, Rouen. also the Victorian",
    "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": " in the library are as diverse as Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter. Illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12",
    "5726cc11dd62a815002e9089": " Hours, Bruges; 1524 Charter illuminated by Lucas Horenbout, London; the Armagnac manuscript",
    "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": ", Reims; Missal from the Royal Abbey of",
    "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": " Image Department) at the Victoria and Albert Museum collection catalog used to be",
    "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": " the 1990s, but those electronic files were not available to the library users. All of the archival material at the National Art Library is",
    "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": " items in the collection",
    "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": " used from the 1980s to the 1990s, but those electronic files were",
    "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": " using",
    "5726cfa3708984140094d209": " and Albert Museum\u2019s Word and Image Department was under the same pressure being",
    "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": ". That project was entitled the Factory Project to reference Andy Warhol and to create a factory",
    "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": " was entitled the Factory Project to reference Andy Warhol and to create a factory to completely digit",
    "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": " Albert Museum\u2019s Word and Image Department was",
    "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": " digit",
    "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": " and craftspeople is",
    "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": " work of British artists and craftspeople is on display, but also work",
    "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b": " wallpaper. Designers and artists whose work is on display in the galleries include Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Grinling Gibbons, Daniel Mar",
    "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6c": " Thomas Chippendale, Pugin,",
    "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": " is on display, but also work produced by European artists that was purchased or commissioned by British patrons, as well",
    "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": " link design to wider trends in British culture. For instance, design in the Tudor period was influenced",
    "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecda": " in Britain. In the Stuart period, increasing trade, especially with Asia, enabled wider access to luxuries like carpets, lac",
    "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": " spread of printed books and",
    "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdc": " in British culture. For instance, design in the Tudor period was influenced by the spread",
    "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": ", design in the Tudor period was influenced by",
    "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": " two large, skylighted rooms two storeys high housing hundreds of plaster casts of sculptures, friez",
    "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": " two store",
    "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": " is the Cast Courts in the sculpture wing, comprising two large, skylighted rooms two storeys high housing",
    "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": " of the museum",
    "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "One of the most dramatic parts of the museum is the Cast Courts in the sculpture wing,",
    "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e4": " porcelain, from the first factory in Europe",
    "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": " the first factory in Europe to discover the Chinese method of making porcelain. Among the finest examples are the Meissen Vulture from ",
    "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e6": " Among the finest examples are the Meissen Vulture",
    "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e7": " Europe to discover the Chinese method of making porcelain. Among the finest examples are the Meissen Vulture from 1731 and the M\u00f6llendorff",
    "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e8": " is Meissen porcelain, from the first factory in Europe to discover the Chinese method of",
    "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": " potters, such as Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach as well as Mintons & Royal Doulton are",
    "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd9": " & Royal Doulton are represented in the collection. There is an extensive collection of Delftware produced in",
    "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": " and Switzerland. There is an unrivalled collection of Italian maiolica and lustreware from Spain. The",
    "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": " represented in the collection. There is an extensive collection of Delftware produced in both",
    "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": " represented",
    "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": " has over 6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia.",
    "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": " years of glass making, and has over 6000 items from Africa, Britain",
    "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": " of glass making, and has over 6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America",
    "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "4000 years of glass making, and has over 6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia. The earliest glassware on",
    "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "4000 years",
    "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee52": " displayed",
    "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": " mezzanine are the work of Danny Lane",
    "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee54": "zzanine are the work of Danny Lane, the gallery covering contemporary glass",
    "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": " gallery in 2005. In this latter gallery stained glass is displayed alongside silverware",
    "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee56": " work of Danny",
    "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c4": " John",
    "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": " and 2,000 old master works, including works by: D\u00fcrer",
    "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c6": " Dominique Ingres, David Wilkie,",
    "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": " Auguste Dominique Ingres, David Wilkie, John Martin, Samuel Palmer, Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, Lord",
    "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "burn, Thomas Girtin",
    "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed8": " Costume sketches, design notebooks, and other works on paper are typically held by the Word and Image department. Because everyday clothing from previous er",
    "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "0 to the present. Costume sketches, design notebooks, and other works on paper are typically held by the Word and Image department. Because everyday clothing",
    "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": " paper are typically held by the Word and Image department. Because everyday clothing from previous",
    "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedb": " to the present. Costume sketches, design notebooks, and other works on paper are typically",
    "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": " is the most comprehensive in Britain, containing over 14,000 outfits plus accessories, mainly dating from",
    "5726e4eedd62a815002e9438": "\u00f3bal",
    "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "chy, Christian Dior",
    "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "\u00f3bal Balenciaga, Yves Saint Laurent, Guy L",
    "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "\u00f3bal Bal",
    "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": " the collection include Coco Chanel, Hubert de Given",
    "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": " of Italian and French Renaissance objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865, and includes several cassone. The John Jones Collection of",
    "5726e680dd62a815002e946f": " and includes several cassone. The John Jones Collection of French 18th-century art and furnishings was left to the museum",
    "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "ages collection of",
    "5726e680dd62a815002e9471": " and includes several cassone. The John Jones Collection of French 18",
    "5726e680dd62a815002e9472": "son donated several pieces of art Nouveau furniture to the museum, which he had acquired",
    "5726e834dd62a815002e94a4": " 1580 from Antwerp City Hall, attributed to Hans Vredeman de Vries. One of the finest pieces of continental furniture",
    "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "eman de Vries. One of the finest pieces of",
    "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": "aid doors, dated 1580 from Antwerp City Hall, attributed to Hans Vredeman",
    "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": " doors, dated 1580 from",
    "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": " the finest pieces of continental furniture in the collection is the Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet dated c1750 from",
    "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": " for Catherine the",
    "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": " the present day, as well as jewellery designs on paper. The museum",
    "5726e9c65951b619008f8249": " the world and",
    "5726e9c65951b619008f824a": " Catherine the Great, bracelet clasps",
    "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": " collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from Ancient Egypt to the present day, as well",
    "5726ee28708984140094d656": "% of the collection) is divided",
    "5726ee28708984140094d657": " ",
    "5726ee28708984140094d658": " The collection includes the earliest known piece of English silver with a dated hallmark, a silver gilt beaker",
    "5726ee28708984140094d659": " represented in the collection include Paul de Lamerie and Paul Storr whose Castlereagh",
    "5726ee28708984140094d655": " modernist to contemporary silver; European silver",
    "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": " Reichenau Crozier. The Burghley Nef, a salt-cellar, French,",
    "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": " Burghley",
    "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a0": "One of the rare",
    "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": " rare",
    "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a2": " is the Becket Casket dated c1180 to contain relics of St Thomas Becket, made from gilt copper, with enamelled scenes",
    "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": " for the collection and keep it available to",
    "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": " gallery closed 25 February 2010, a decision which was highly controversial. An online petition of",
    "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": " Parliament",
    "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": " closed 25 February 2010, a decision which was highly controversial. An online petition of over 5",
    "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9": " online petition of over 5,100 names on the Parliamentary website led to Chris Smith asking Parliament about",
    "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bc": "650 European oil paintings, 6800 British water",
    "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bd": " loan to the museum, from Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II",
    "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": " to the museum, from Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II",
    "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": " includes about 1130 British and 650 European oil paintings",
    "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": "istine Chapel, of the lives of Peter and Paul from the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. There is also on",
    "5726f4a0708984140094d6e9": "olyte Delaroche.",
    "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": ", mainly by contemporary British artists, and",
    "5726f4a0708984140094d6eb": " Sheepshanks donated 233 paintings, mainly",
    "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": " number of drawings to the museum with the intention of forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art', a role since taken on by Tate Britain;",
    "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "In 1857 John Sheepshanks donated 233 paintings, mainly by contemporary British artists, and a similar number of",
    "5726f755708984140094d737": " by Fran\u00e7ois Boucher including his portrait of Madame de Pom",
    "5726f755708984140094d738": " Child) that formed part",
    "5726f755708984140094d739": " works were French, for example Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child) that formed part of the Jones bequest of",
    "5726f755708984140094d73a": " 260 paintings and miniatures (not all the works were French, for example Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child) that formed part",
    "5726f90b708984140094d75d": "ocomotion of 1887, this consists of 781 plates. These sequences of photographs taken a",
    "5726f90b708984140094d75e": "6",
    "5726f90b708984140094d75f": " consists of 781 plates. These sequences of photographs taken a fraction of a second apart capture images of different animals and humans",
    "5726f90b708984140094d760": "One of the more unusual collections",
    "5726f90b708984140094d761": "ocomotion of 1887, this consists of 781 plates. These sequences of photographs taken a fraction of a",
    "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": " other periods Byzantine and Anglo Saxon ivory sculptures, British, French and Spanish medieval statues and carvings, the Renaissance, Baroque, Neo",
    "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": " sculpture collection at the",
    "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "The sculpture collection at the V&A is the most comprehensive",
    "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": " European sculpture in the world. There",
    "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "on c. 1622\u20133), Giovanni Battista Foggini",
    "5726fc63dd62a815002e9707": "Samson and the Philistines), Massimiliano Soldani Benzi, Antonio Corradini, Andrea Brustolon",
    "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "\u20133), Giovanni Battista Foggini, Vincenzo F",
    "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "1 metres in height by 5.4 metres square, it includes a",
    "5726fc63dd62a815002e970a": " Italian, Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical sculpture",
    "5726fe95dd62a815002e9732": " in the museum",
    "5726fe95dd62a815002e9733": " the museum collection",
    "5726fe95dd62a815002e9734": " by more than 20 works in the museum collection",
    "5726fe95dd62a815002e9735": " acknowledgement of Britain's support of France in World War I, although",
    "5726fe95dd62a815002e9736": " of the sculptor's work outside France; these were given to the museum by",
    "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "ostino Carlini, Thomas Banks, Joseph Nollekens, Joseph Wilton, John Flaxman, Sir Francis",
    "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": " Ag",
    "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": " and Europeans who were based in Britain and whose work is in the collection include Nicholas Stone, Caius Gabriel C",
    "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": " the collection include Nicholas Stone,",
    "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": " up to 1950; this has involved loans by other museums, including Tate",
    "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": " loans",
    "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": " the chronology of the works on display up to 1950; this has involved loans by other museums, including Tate Britain",
    "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": " and Michael Hintze sculpture galleries in 2006 it was decided to extend the chronology of the works on display up",
    "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": " now on view. These galleries concentrate",
    "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": " of more than 53,000 examples, mainly western European though all populated continents are represented, dating from the 1st century",
    "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": " textiles consists of more than 53,000 examples, mainly western European though all populated",
    "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": " embroidery, lace, tapestry",
    "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": " sil",
    "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": " than 53,000 examples, mainly western",
    "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": " the collection is the four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries, very rare 15th-century tapestries",
    "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": " tapestry. A highlight of the collection is the four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries, very rare 15th-century tape",
    "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": " tape",
    "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "ereon, the oldest known surviving European tapestry. A highlight",
    "57270541dd62a815002e97cc": ". A highlight of",
    "57270676dd62a815002e97f0": " has",
    "57270676dd62a815002e97f1": "14th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt, is also held by the collection. The collection has numerous examples of various types of textiles",
    "57270676dd62a815002e97f2": "stry of",
    "57270676dd62a815002e97f3": " tapestry of 1887), rugs and carpets",
    "57270676dd62a815002e97f4": " earliest surviving examples of European quilting, the late 14th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt, is also held by the",
    "57270817708984140094d8c7": " Theatre & Performance galleries, formerly the Theatre Museum, opened in March 2009. The collections are stored by the V&A, and are available",
    "57270817708984140094d8c8": " galleries, formerly the Theatre Museum, opened in",
    "57270817708984140094d8c9": " stored by the V&A, and are available for research, exhibitions and other shows",
    "57270817708984140094d8ca": "&A Theatre & Performance galleries, formerly the Theatre Museum, opened in March 2009. The collections",
    "57270817708984140094d8cb": " live performance in the UK since Shakespeare's day, covering drama, dance, musical theatre, circus, music hall",
    "57270ab9708984140094d8f7": "ator's work include \"preventive\"",
    "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": " of the collections, and covers all the collections held by the V&A and the V&A Museum of Childhood",
    "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": " items, correct packaging, mounting and handling procedures during movement and display to reduce risk of damaging objects. Activities include controlling the museum environment",
    "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": " is",
    "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": " include \"preventive\" conservation this includes: performing surveys",
    "57267b755951b619008f7433": "\u2013ABC Television Group, a subsidiary of Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company. The network is part of the Big Three",
    "57267b755951b619008f7434": " Networks",
    "57267b755951b619008f7435": " Television Group, a subsidiary of Disney Media Networks division of The",
    "57267b755951b619008f7436": " subsidiary of Disney",
    "57267b755951b619008f7437": " a subsidiary of Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company. The network is part of the Big",
    "57267ca75951b619008f7469": " Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to",
    "57267ca75951b619008f746a": " its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC. In the",
    "57267ca75951b619008f746b": " as the successor to",
    "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "12",
    "57267ca75951b619008f746d": " the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following",
    "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "ated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States and its territories. Most Canadians have access to at least one U",
    "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "United States border)",
    "57267f1cdd62a815002e8742": " States and its territories. Most Canadians have access to at least one U.S.-based ABC affiliate, either over-the-air",
    "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": " of",
    "57267f1cdd62a815002e8744": "communications Commission that allow pay television providers to replace an American station's signal with the feed of a Canadian broadcaster to protect",
    "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": " radio in the United",
    "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": " was",
    "5726808bdd62a815002e8778": " was dominated by three companies: the Columbia",
    "5726808bdd62a815002e8779": " NBC Red. The NBC Blue Network was created in 1927",
    "5726808bdd62a815002e877a": " 1927 for the primary purpose of testing new programs",
    "572681ab708984140094c85d": " with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regarding its difficulties in establishing new stations, in a radio market that was already",
    "572681ab708984140094c85e": "In 1934, Mutual filed a",
    "572681ab708984140094c85f": ", Mutual filed a complaint with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regarding its difficulties in establishing new stations, in a radio market",
    "572681ab708984140094c860": "FCC)",
    "572681ab708984140094c861": " the United States and, according to the",
    "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": " against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, and gave the mandate to do so",
    "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": " decided to sell NBC",
    "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": " rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, and",
    "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": " were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 194",
    "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": " Mark",
    "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "Edward John",
    "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": " to resell his station with the FCC's approval",
    "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": " Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain",
    "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": " of",
    "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a2": " chain",
    "57268739708984140094c8ed": ". However, ABC made a name for itself by utilizing the practice of counterprogramming, with which it often placed shows of its own",
    "57268739708984140094c8ee": " made a name for itself by utilizing the practice of counterprogramming,",
    "57268739708984140094c8ef": " performances conducted by Paul Wh",
    "57268739708984140094c8f0": " public service, it aired symphony performances conducted by Paul Whiteman, performances from the Metropolitan Opera, and",
    "57268739708984140094c8f1": " Music Society of Lower Basin Street announced by Milton Cross. The network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes,",
    "57269260dd62a815002e89ea": " linked to that",
    "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "house Disney and Jetix; although Disney also sold its 33% stake in European sports channel Eurosport",
    "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": " Disney, Playhouse Disney and Jetix; although Disney also sold its 33% stake in European sports channel Eurosport for $155",
    "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": " ESPN network in the 1990s, and policies enacted in the 2000",
    "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": " enacted in the 2000s by Disney Media Networks (which included the expansion of several of the company's U.S.-based cable networks including Disney",
    "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": " network",
    "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": " to increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties. As a result, ABC was forced to sell all of its",
    "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": " ABC Films selling programs to networks not owned by ABC. The arrival of satellite television ended the need for ABC to",
    "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": " network of wholly and",
    "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5c": " the United Paramount Theatres model, tried to",
    "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": "[where?], leading ABC to learn of subsidiaries in that region. Goldenson tried international",
    "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": " use on ABC the same strategies he had made in expanding UPT's theater operation to the international market. Leonard",
    "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5f": " a 5% stake in two new domestic networks, the Mainichi Broadcasting System in 1951 and Nihon Educational",
    "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb60": ", following the United Paramount Theatres model",
    "5726e5ac708984140094d51b": " Awards (which are",
    "5726e5ac708984140094d51c": ",",
    "5726e5ac708984140094d51d": " rights to the Academy",
    "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": " Awards (which are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis), American Music Awards, Disney Parks Christmas Day",
    "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": ", Country Music Association Awards and the CMA Music Festival. Since 2000,",
    "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef30": " his successor Ryan",
    "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef31": " on a one-year hiatus to provide coverage of the international millennium festivities, though Clark's traditional",
    "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "'s",
    "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": " his successor Ryan Seacrest); the only exception was",
    "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": " by his successor Ryan Seacrest); the",
    "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": " The View",
    "5726e671dd62a815002e9465": " The Edge of Night, following its cancellation by CBS in ",
    "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": " shows",
    "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": " The View and The Chew",
    "5726e671dd62a815002e9468": " network, having aired since",
    "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "12:00",
    "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6c": " for ABC's",
    "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": ".m. Eastern Time (9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Pacific) and, during college football season",
    "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": " at",
    "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": " schedule, occasional theatrical films which were acquired by the network in the early to mid-200",
    "5726e860708984140094d579": " the new medium of",
    "5726e860708984140094d57a": " a radio station (New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco and Detroit).",
    "5726e860708984140094d57b": ". To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, one for each market where it owned",
    "5726e860708984140094d57c": ". To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for",
    "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa0": " of its competing networks, CBS and NBC, even though",
    "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": " of",
    "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": " of an outsider",
    "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": " of 1949, ABC found itself",
    "5726ea06dd62a815002e950a": " to become an independent entity, separating itself from Paramount Pictures. For its part,",
    "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": " Paramount Theatres (UPT)",
    "5726ea06dd62a815002e950c": " become an independent entity, separating itself from Paramount Pictures. For its part, ABC",
    "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": " Paramount Theatres (UPT) was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court to become",
    "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": " of bankruptcy, with only five owned-and-operated stations and nine full-time affiliates. Its revenues,",
    "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff2": " to diversify itself at the time), approached",
    "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff3": " would have forced that network to sell its New York City and Los Angeles stations at the very least",
    "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff4": " at the time), approached",
    "5726ed12708984140094d645": " ABC, funded by UPT, becoming a viable and competitive",
    "5726ed12708984140094d646": " applications, among the issues the Commission was slated to address was whether to approve the UPT-",
    "5726ed12708984140094d647": " new station license applications, among the issues the Commission was slated to address was whether to approve the",
    "5726ed12708984140094d648": " the FCC's Sixth Report and Order announced the end of its freeze on",
    "5726edeff1498d1400e8f024": " on the air on August 10, 1948, with its first broadcast running for two hours that evening. ABC's",
    "5726edeff1498d1400e8f025": "-TV in New York City (later re-called WABC-TV), signed on the air on August",
    "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "'s flagship owned-and-operated station, WJZ-TV",
    "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "'s other owned-and-operated",
    "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c6": ", but the decade was also marked by the network's gradual transition to color",
    "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": " marked by the rise",
    "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c8": " but the decade was also marked by the network's gradual transition to color. On September 30, 1960, ABC premiered The Flint",
    "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": ", 1960, ABC premiered The Flintstones, another example of counter",
    "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "'s shares in the Disneyland theme park for $7.5 million",
    "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": " for $7.5 million and initiated discussions to renew ABC's television contract for Walt Disney Presents, which was due to expire in 1961",
    "5726f0865951b619008f82e7": " Disneyland theme park for $7.5 million and initiated discussions to renew ABC's television contract for Walt",
    "5726f0865951b619008f82e8": " Walt",
    "572734af708984140094dae3": " a program which would cause the",
    "572734af708984140094dae4": " around the screen and settle in the bottom-right corner. The network hired the Troika Design Group to design and produce its 2001\u201302 identity",
    "572734af708984140094dae5": " dot\", in which comic book",
    "572734af708984140094dae6": " its circle logo",
    "572735a15951b619008f86bf": " based around the network's \"",
    "572735a15951b619008f86c0": " time lineup). A new four-note theme tune was introduced alongside the package, based around",
    "572735a15951b619008f86c1": " graphical identity, designed by Pittard Sullivan, featuring a small black-and-white \"ABC Circle\" logo on",
    "572735a15951b619008f86c2": " using a minimalist graphical identity,",
    "572736625951b619008f86d1": ", ID",
    "572736625951b619008f86d2": " founding, ID sequences had the logo appear in a gold CGI design on",
    "572736625951b619008f86d3": " season, appearing initially only for 60 seconds at the beginning of an act or segment, before",
    "572736625951b619008f86d4": "1983, for the 40th anniversary of the network's founding, ID sequences had the logo appear in a",
    "572736fc5951b619008f86d9": " variants was a ",
    "572736fc5951b619008f86da": " saw the emergence of many graphical imaging packages for the network in which based the logo's setting mainly on special lighting effects then under development",
    "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "1970s and 1980s saw",
    "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": " designer Paul Rand redesigned the ABC logo into its best-known (and",
    "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "2, graphic designer Paul Rand redesigned the ABC logo into its best-known",
    "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c0": " best-known (and current) form, with the lowercase letters \"abc\" enclosed in a single black circle.",
    "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c1": " Herbert Bayer in the 1920s,",
    "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": " NBC's radio division, as well as the distribution rights to CBS's, and the Mutual Broadcasting System during the 1990s) as",
    "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "2005",
    "5727387b5951b619008f86eb": " and September 2005, rumors circulated that Disney\u2013ABC was considering a",
    "57273954708984140094db05": " network in fourth place",
    "57273954708984140094db06": " However, during the 2004",
    "57273954708984140094db07": " 2004, ABC's average viewership declined by ten ratings points, landing the network in fourth place, behind NBC, CBS",
    "57273954708984140094db08": " 2004, ABC's average viewership declined by ten ratings points",
    "57273a0d708984140094db0d": "2002 saw the debut of the network's",
    "57273a0d708984140094db0e": " Disney Chairman/CEO Michael Eisner outlined a proposed realignment of the ABC broadcast network day parts with the similar unit in its cable channels",
    "57273a0d708984140094db0f": " time with ABC Family. ",
    "57273a0d708984140094db10": "'s",
    "57273abef1498d1400e8f4da": " Time Warner Cable removed ABC owned-and-operated stations from the cable provider's systems in four markets (WABC-TV in New York City,",
    "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": "0",
    "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "0",
    "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": " Time Warner Cable to restore the stations, doing so on the afternoon of May 2. ABC ended the ",
    "57273b69dd62a815002e99d6": " entered the 2000s with hits",
    "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": " of Disney and new series such as My Wife and Kids and According to Jim, all of which managed to help ABC stay ahead of the",
    "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": " the previous decade such as The Practice, NYPD Blue and",
    "57273c195951b619008f8721": " premiered",
    "57273c195951b619008f8722": ", a game show based on the British program of the same title. Hosted throughout its ABC tenure by Regis Philbin, the program",
    "57273c195951b619008f8723": "ed throughout its ABC tenure by Regis Philbin, the program became a major ratings",
    "57273c195951b619008f8724": "In August 1999, ABC premiered a special series event, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, a game show based on the British program of",
    "57273d19708984140094db3d": "5",
    "57273d19708984140094db3e": " special conference in",
    "57273d19708984140094db3f": " the merger at a special conference in New York City on January",
    "57273d19708984140094db40": " 31",
    "57273d19708984140094db41": "/ABC for $19 billion. Disney shareholders approved the merger at a special conference in New York City on January",
    "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f508": " the 1965\u201366 season that",
    "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f509": ", ABC's issues with its transition to color became secondary compared to the network's financial problems; in",
    "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": " season that color became the dominant format",
    "57273ef15951b619008f8751": " flagship stations \u2013 WJZ, WJZ-FM and WJZ-TV \u2013 changed their respective callsigns",
    "57273ef15951b619008f8752": "Z-TV \u2013 changed their respective",
    "57273ef15951b619008f8753": " their operations to",
    "57273f9d708984140094db51": " decisions because of financial problems and the FCC's long period of indecision.",
    "57273f9d708984140094db52": "1958. Despite the promise of non-interference between ABC and UPT, Goldenson had to",
    "57273f9d708984140094db53": " emerged regarding the directions taken by ABC and UPT. In 1950, Noble appointed Robert K",
    "57273f9d708984140094db54": " in 1958. Despite the promise",
    "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": " had existed at that time between film and television,",
    "5727403af1498d1400e8f527": "At the same time he made attempts",
    "5727403af1498d1400e8f528": " time he",
    "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": " mixed success to adapt some of its most successful films as ABC television series, and showcase these adaptations as part of the wheel series Warner Bros",
    "57274118dd62a815002e9a1d": " with mixed success to adapt some of its most successful films as ABC television series, and showcase these adaptations as",
    "57274118dd62a815002e9a1e": " with mixed success to adapt some of its most successful films as ABC television",
    "57274118dd62a815002e9a1f": " of its most successful films as ABC television series, and showcase these adaptations as part of the wheel series",
    "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": " Goldenson at the end of 1953 for ABC to agree to finance part of the Disneyland project in exchange for producing a television program for the",
    "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "500,000 and accrued a guarantee of $4.5 million in additional loans, a third of the budget intended for the",
    "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": " Disney and his brother Roy contacted Goldenson at the end of 1953 for ABC to agree to finance part of the Disneyland project",
    "572741aaf1498d1400e8f541": "500,000 and accrued a guarantee of $4.5 million in additional loans,",
    "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": " ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which was",
    "572742daf1498d1400e8f551": " ABC's seven owned-and-operated",
    "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": ", a former program manager at WCFL in Chicago who was approached by ABC Radio president Harold L.",
    "572742daf1498d1400e8f553": " Allen Shaw, a former program manager at WCFL in Chicago who was approached by ABC",
    "5727436af1498d1400e8f558": "-length dramatic films directed by such",
    "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "$",
    "5727436af1498d1400e8f55a": "-for-TV movies since the early 1960s. The Movie of the Week broadcast feature-length",
    "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": " his 1971 film Duel) that were produced on an average budget of $400,000\u2013$450,000. Hits",
    "572743fb708984140094db93": " appeal",
    "572743fb708984140094db94": " in audience share were greatly helped by the fact",
    "572743fb708984140094db95": " to color; the decade as a whole would mark a turning point for",
    "5727448b5951b619008f87a1": " schedule; the program became a hit",
    "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": " game of the week until 2006",
    "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": " Night Football helped earn ABC regularly score an audience share of 15%\u201316%; ABC Sports managed the budget for",
    "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": " that in turn saw MNF move to ESPN, took over as the league's marquee game.",
    "57274633dd62a815002e9a4e": " to pass",
    "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": " Syndication Rules, a set of regulations aimed at preventing the major networks from monopolizing the broadcast landscape by barring them from owning any of",
    "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": " networks",
    "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": " Citing limited profitability of its cinemas, ABC Great States, the Central West division of ABC Theatres,",
    "572746d3dd62a815002e9a67": " Cigarette Smoking Act which banned cigarette",
    "572746d3dd62a815002e9a68": " January ",
    "572746d3dd62a815002e9a69": " April ",
    "572747dd5951b619008f87a9": " Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966, became the network's program development manager. He helped bring about ideas for many",
    "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "s, Michael Eisner, who joined ABC in 196",
    "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "unes",
    "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": " the early 1970",
    "572748745951b619008f87b1": " morning news-talk program Today. Its first attempt at such competition was AM America; however, that",
    "572748745951b619008f87b2": " was producing its own morning program The Morning Exchange, which debuted in 1972 and was now locally pre-empting AM America; it was",
    "572748745951b619008f87b3": "'s namesake programming division. In 1974, ABC premiered the detective series",
    "572748745951b619008f87b4": " president of ABC Television, convinced Fred Silverman to become the first president and director of programming of the independent television production subsidiary ABC Entertainment",
    "5727492f708984140094dbb5": " Hutch, Charlie's Angels, The Bionic Woman, Fantasy Island and Battlestar Galact",
    "5727492f708984140094dbb6": " superhero-themed series for the network including Kung Fu, The Six Million Dollar Man, Wonder Woman, Starsky & Hutch, Charlie's Angels",
    "5727492f708984140094dbb7": " ABC in 1978 to become president of NBC's entertainment division. The rousing success of Happy Days also led to",
    "572749d7dd62a815002e9a90": " during 1977: January saw the premiere of Roots, a miniseries based on an Alex Haley novel that was published the previous year;",
    "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "eries based",
    "572749d7dd62a815002e9a92": ";",
    "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": " turned out to be a ratings success",
    "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": " novel that was published the previous year; in",
    "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": " land previously occupied by an abandoned warehouse on the corner of Columbus Avenue and West",
    "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "Meanwhile",
    "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": " ABC",
    "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": "one Arledge was named president",
    "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": " anchor (",
    "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": " its first episode received harshly negative reviews,",
    "57274baff1498d1400e8f5de": " Downs",
    "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": " mix of in-depth stories and interviews, with Hugh Downs appointed as its anchor (later paired alongside his former Today colleague Barbara Walters). In February 197",
    "57274cac708984140094dbdd": " order to compete with CNN, ABC proposed a 24",
    "57274cac708984140094dbde": " News Now, a 24-hour news channel distributed for viewing on the Internet and mobile",
    "57274cac708984140094dbdf": " news channel called ABC Cable News, with plans to launch the network in 1995; however",
    "57274cac708984140094dbe0": ",",
    "57274d905951b619008f87e1": " much of the 2007\u201308 season affected the network in 2007\u201308 and 2008",
    "57274d905951b619008f87e2": "2007\u201308 season affected the network in 2007\u201308 and",
    "57274d905951b619008f87e3": " halted production of network programs for much of the 2007\u201308 season affected the network in 2007\u201308 and",
    "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": " a partnership with Apple Inc. to make individual episodes of",
    "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": " partnership with",
    "57274e6a5951b619008f87f3": ", Disney\u2013ABC Television Group merged ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios into a new division, ABC",
    "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": " Group merged ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios into a new division, ABC Entertainment",
    "57274f07708984140094dbed": "The",
    "57274f07708984140094dbee": " of its fourth season in the fall of 2009;",
    "57274f07708984140094dbef": " network began running into some trouble in the ratings by 2010. That year, the sixth and final season of Lost became the",
    "57274f07708984140094dbf0": " by 2010",
    "5727504b5951b619008f881d": ". However, between the publication and implementation of these regulations",
    "5727504b5951b619008f881e": " its fin",
    "5727504b5951b619008f881f": " its",
    "5727504b5951b619008f8820": " as a syndication distributor, and ABC Circle Films as a production company",
    "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": ") handles domestic television distribution, while Disney\u2013ABC International Television (formerly known as Buena Vista International Television",
    "57275273dd62a815002e9b17": "ama Productions/Palomar theatrical library",
    "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "Also",
    "57275273dd62a815002e9b19": " although Disney\u2013ABC Domestic Television (formerly known as Buena Vista Television) handles domestic television distribution, while Disney\u2013ABC International",
    "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": " include WABC-TV and WPVI-TV, the first two stations to carry the network's",
    "57275339dd62a815002e9b29": " As of March 2015[update], ABC has eight owned-and-operated stations, and current and pending affiliation agreements with",
    "57275339dd62a815002e9b2a": " eight owned-and-operated stations, and current and pending affiliation",
    "57275339dd62a815002e9b2b": " affiliation",
    "572754b5dd62a815002e9b44": "6, consisted of a television screen containing the letters \"T\" and \"V\", with",
    "572754b5dd62a815002e9b45": " a vertical ABC microphone in the center, referencing the network's roots in radio. When the ABC-UPT merger was",
    "572754b5dd62a815002e9b46": " creation in 1943. The network's first logo, introduced in 1946, consisted of a television screen containing",
    "57275573708984140094dc45": " network's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3 standard definition. All of the network's programming has been presented in HD since January 2012",
    "57275573708984140094dc46": ". All of the network's programming has been presented in HD since January 2012 (with the exception of certain holiday",
    "57275573708984140094dc47": ", Extreme Makeover: Home Edition became the only",
    "57275573708984140094dc48": " only remaining program on the network's",
    "57275650708984140094dc5f": " by various companies carry the network feed in 480i standard",
    "57275650708984140094dc60": " networks",
    "57275650708984140094dc61": " network feed in 480i standard definition either due to technical considerations for affiliates of other major networks",
    "57275650708984140094dc62": " in 720p high definition, the native resolution format for The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties. However, most of Hearst",
    "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": " forensic investigation drama Body of Proof being the only one that was renewed for a second season. The network also struggled to establish new",
    "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": " & Sisters led to its cancellation, and the previous year",
    "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": " into its 2010\u201311 schedule: ABC's",
    "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "'s troubles with sustaining existing series and gaining new hits spilled over into its 2010\u201311 schedule: ABC's dramas during",
    "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": " (following backlash from fans, ABC sold the rights to both shows to Prospect Park, which eventually revived the soaps on Hulu for one",
    "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": " Live, The Revolution, failed to generate satisfactory ratings and was in turn canceled after only seven months. The 201",
    "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b8": " April 14, 2011, ABC canceled the long-running soap",
    "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": " ABC canceled the long-running soap operas All My Children and One Life to Live after 41 and ",
    "5727590df1498d1400e8f6ba": ", ABC sold the rights to both shows to Prospect Park, which eventually revived the soaps on Hulu for one additional season in 201",
    "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6ca": " years, finished the season in first place in the 18\u201349 demographic for the",
    "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": " holdovers",
    "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cc": " time slot despite being bookended by Last Man Standing and Shark Tank) and Suburgatory. NBC,",
    "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": " saw the cancellations of holdovers The Neighbors (which languished in its new Friday time slot",
    "57275a505951b619008f889f": " of two family sitcoms that anchored the network's revamped Wednesday comedy lineup, The Middle and Modern",
    "57275a505951b619008f88a0": " during this season were the midseason crime dramedy Castle as well as the success of two family sitcoms that anchored",
    "57275a505951b619008f88a1": " crime dramed",
    "57275a505951b619008f88a2": " network's Friday night schedule, gradually helping make ABC a strong competitor (after being paired with 20/20 and beginning with the 201",
    "57275bfb708984140094dc97": " debut of NYPD Blue, a gritty police procedural from Steven Bochco (who created Doogie Howser, M",
    "57275bfb708984140094dc98": ", with Thomas Murphy taking over as president before ceding control to Robert Iger. September 1994 saw",
    "57275bfb708984140094dc99": " departed from Capital Cities/ABC in February 1994, with",
    "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": " Iger. September 1994 saw",
    "57275bfb708984140094dc9b": " Doogie How",
    "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6da": " again allowing networks to hold interests in television production studios. That same year, Capital Cities/ABC purchased the French animation studio DIC Entertainment; it also",
    "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": " again allowing networks to hold interests in television production studios. That same year, Capital",
    "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dc": " the FCC repealed the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules, once again allowing networks to",
    "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": " Interest",
    "57275e125951b619008f88d7": " by consolid",
    "57275e125951b619008f88d8": " to invest in other properties and programming. In May 1960, ABC purchased Chicago radio station WLS, which had shared airtime with W",
    "57275e125951b619008f88d9": "0",
    "57275e125951b619008f88da": " on the same path that it began to take in the mid-1950s",
    "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": " created by Edgar Scherick through his company Sports Programs, Inc.",
    "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": " network's market share. On April 29, 1961",
    "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": " believed that sports could be a major catalyst in improving the network's market share. On April 29, 196",
    "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": " with NBC and CBS, ABC's management believed that sports could be a major",
    "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f706": " Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, was renamed as",
    "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": " as the American",
    "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": "citation needed] its recording division was renamed ABC Records in 1966. In December of that year, the ABC television network premiered The Dating Game",
    "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f709": "In 1965",
    "57276166dd62a815002e9bd8": " American television landscape during the 1970s and early 1980s (by 1980, the three major networks represented 90%",
    "57276166dd62a815002e9bd9": " American television landscape during the 1970s and early 1980s (by 1980,",
    "57276166dd62a815002e9bda": " and early 1980s (by 1980, the three major networks represented 90% of all prime",
    "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb": "s and early 1980s (",
    "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "3, ABC sold KXYZ to the Infinity Broadcasting Corporation. On",
    "5727623a5951b619008f8922": " 1983, ABC sold KXYZ to",
    "5727623a5951b619008f8923": " arts service, The Entertainment Channel, into a single cable channel called Arts & Entertainment Television (",
    "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "XYZ to the Infinity Broadcasting Corporation. On January",
    "572763a8708984140094dcd9": " position as president to Daniel B. Burke while remaining ABC's chairman and CEO. Capital Cities/ABC reported revenues of $",
    "572763a8708984140094dcda": "465 million. Now at a strong second place, the network entered the 1990s with",
    "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "In 1990, Thomas S. Murphy delegated",
    "572763a8708984140094dcdc": " additional family-friendly hits including America's Funniest Home Videos (which has gone on to become the longest-running prime time entertainment program",
    "572763a8708984140094dcdd": " revenues of $465 million.",
    "572764855951b619008f8951": "/Pacific",
    "572764855951b619008f8952": " at 12:00 p.m. Eastern/Pacific",
    "572764855951b619008f8953": " featuring the talk/lifestyle shows The View and The Chew and the soap opera General Hospital. ABC News",
    "572764855951b619008f8954": " provided from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. weekdays (with a",
    "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": " and Delaware are the only U.S. states where ABC does",
    "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": " Salisbury, Maryland affiliate WMDT). ABC maintains affiliations with",
    "57276576dd62a815002e9c1a": ", Massachusetts-licensed WLNE; and Delaware is served by WPVI and Salisbury, Maryland affiliate WMDT). ABC maintains affiliations with",
    "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "T). ABC maintains affiliations with",
    "57276690708984140094dd01": " a",
    "57276690708984140094dd02": " stations and affiliates have had their own facilities",
    "57276690708984140094dd03": " 195",
    "57276690708984140094dd04": " 1950s, ABC has had two main production facilities: the ABC Television Center (now The",
    "5727678e5951b619008f8973": " America and Nightline are broadcast from this particular facility. ABC News has premises a little further",
    "5727678e5951b619008f8974": " at 1500 Broadway on land in Times Square owned by a development fund for the 42nd Street Project; opened in 1999",
    "5727678e5951b619008f8975": " the 42nd Street Project; opened in 1999, Good Morning America and Nightline are broadcast from this particular facility. ABC News has premises",
    "5727678e5951b619008f8976": " the 42nd Street",
    "572768d9708984140094dd13": " which is carried on most traditional cable and IPTV providers. The Walt Disney Company is also a part-owner of Hulu (as part",
    "572768d9708984140094dd14": "OD service called ABC on Demand, which is carried on most traditional cable and IPTV providers. The Walt",
    "572768d9708984140094dd15": " including a traditional VOD service called ABC on Demand, which is carried on most traditional cable and IPTV providers. The Walt Disney Company is also",
    "572768d9708984140094dd16": "OD service called ABC on Demand, which is carried on most traditional cable and IPTV",
    "572769e85951b619008f8985": " order to encourage live or same-week (via both DVR and cable on demand) viewing, with day-after-air streaming on either service limited",
    "572769e85951b619008f8986": " after their original broadcast. In addition, ABC on",
    "572769e85951b619008f8987": " episodes of the network's shows are usually made available on",
    "572769e85951b619008f8988": " provided by the",
    "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": " carries a simpler gloss design than the previous version, and contains",
    "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": " the network's upfront presentation on May 14",
    "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": " promotions for the 2013\u201314 season during the network's upfront presentation on May",
    "57276a8f5951b619008f8998": "par",
    "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b2": "% ($117 million). However that year, ABC had only 14 primary affiliates compared to the 74",
    "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "% ($117 million). However that year, ABC had only 14 primary affiliates compared to the 74 that carried the majority of",
    "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "),",
    "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b5": " had only ",
    "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "As",
    "57276d7f708984140094dd40": " television in the 2000s, which allowed stations like",
    "57276d7f708984140094dd41": " a result, with the exception of the largest markets, ABC was relegated to secondary status on one or",
    "57276d7f708984140094dd42": " a",
    "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "3, 1958, the Disneyland anthology series was retitled Walt Disney Presents",
    "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": " a fifth of all primetime series on American television in",
    "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd2": ", 1958, the Disneyland anthology series",
    "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": " April 1959",
    "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": " began",
    "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "Due to pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production, as the major networks began airing theatrically released films,",
    "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": " as the major networks began airing theatrically released films, ABC joined CBS and NBC in broadcasting films on Sunday nights",
    "5727705f5951b619008f89f6": " viewership (with its audience share having increased",
    "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": " the major networks began airing theatrically released films, ABC joined CBS and NBC in broadcasting films on Sunday nights in 1962, with the launch",
    "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "On December 7, 1965, Goldenson announced a merger proposal with ITT to ABC management; the two companies agreed to the",
    "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": ";",
    "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "6. The FCC approved the merger on December 21, 1966; however, the previous day (December",
    "572771a5f1498d1400e8f843": "; the two companies agreed to the deal on",
    "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": " of Capital Cities Communications",
    "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": " March 16, 1985, ABC's executive committee accepted the merger offer",
    "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": " officer of Capital Cities Communications, contacted",
    "57277373dd62a815002e9d27": " contacted Leonard Goldenson about a proposal to merge their respective companies. On March 16, 1985",
    "57277373dd62a815002e9d28": " Capital Cities Communications,",
    "572774cf5951b619008f8a51": " \u2013 added four television stations (WP",
    "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": " president of ABC News and ABC Sports. In February 1986,",
    "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": " approval on September 5, 1985.",
    "572774cf5951b619008f8a54": "child Publications and four newspapers (including The Kansas City Star and Fort Worth Star-Telegram). It also",
    "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": " on September 5, 1985. After the ABC/Capital Cities merger was finalized on January 3, ",
    "57277585708984140094de2b": " of",
    "57277585708984140094de2c": "1986. After nearly a decade of ratings trouble,",
    "57277585708984140094de2d": " far",
    "57277585708984140094de2e": ", Cheers and",
    "57277585708984140094de2f": "As far as programming",
    "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": " late 1980",
    "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": ", ABC revamped its Friday night schedule around family",
    "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": " that briefly programmed",
    "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c7": " initial success of these series, ABC revamped its Friday night schedule around family-friendly",
    "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": " Roone Arledge was named president of ABC Sports; the company also founded",
    "572776e85951b619008f8a80": " companies",
    "572776e85951b619008f8a81": " purchase Houston radio stations KXYZ and KXYZ-FM for $1 million in shares and $1",
    "572776e85951b619008f8a82": " new FCC ownership regulations that allowed broadcasting companies to own a maximum of seven radio stations nationwide in order",
    "572776e85951b619008f8a83": " that allowed",
    "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": " late 1950",
    "5727780a5951b619008f8a9e": " ",
    "5727780a5951b619008f8a9f": "1950s that the ABC",
    "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": " increase in advertising revenues between 1953 and 1958, the network only had a national reach",
    "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": " not until the late ",
    "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": " NBC and CBS in the",
    "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": " of counterprogramming against its competitors\", offering a strong lineup of programs that contrasted with those seen on its rival networks, which",
    "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": " seen",
    "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": " its competitors\",",
    "57277af2708984140094dec3": " launched",
    "57277af2708984140094dec4": " streaming services",
    "57277af2708984140094dec5": " existing streaming portal at ABC.com and a mobile app for smartphones and tablet computers; in addition to providing full-length episodes",
    "57277af2708984140094dec6": " of ABC programs, the service allows live programming streams of",
    "57277bfc708984140094ded9": "The Sinclair Broadcast Group is the largest operator of ABC stations by numerical total, owning or providing services to",
    "57277bfc708984140094deda": " Birmingham market,",
    "57277bfc708984140094dedb": " and two additional subchannel-only affiliates; Sinclair owns the largest ABC subchannel affiliate by market size, WABM-DT",
    "57277bfc708984140094dedc": ", W",
    "57277bfc708984140094dedd": " as Cleveland, Phoenix, Detroit and Denver), and through its ownership of Phoenix affiliate KNXV, Las Vegas affiliate KTNV-TV",
    "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": ", 2007",
    "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": " the on-air design was intended to emphasize the availability of ABC content across multiple",
    "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e78": " developed by Troika, the on-air design was intended to emphasize the availability of ABC content across multiple platforms (in particular",
    "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e79": " particular",
    "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": " the southern part of the Tampa market including the station's",
    "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "TV). KQTV is licensed to St. Joseph, Missouri, which is designated by Nielsen as a separate",
    "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": " in Kansas City",
    "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea7": " the",
    "57269e8a5951b619008f77f5": " uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast",
    "57269e8a5951b619008f77f6": "ing",
    "57269e8a5951b619008f77f7": " massacres of the civilian populations \u2013 especially in the Khwarezmian",
    "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": " Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed \"Genghis Khan\", he started the",
    "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "ing",
    "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "sons. He died in",
    "5726a00d708984140094cc26": " died,",
    "5726a00d708984140094cc27": " location.",
    "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "Before G",
    "5726a00d708984140094cc29": " empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He",
    "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": " probably born in 1162 in Del\u00fc\u00fcn Boldog, near Burkhan Khaldun mountain",
    "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "\u00fcjin was probably born in 1162 in Del\u00fc\u00fcn Boldog, near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and",
    "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": " probably",
    "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b": " was probably born in 1162 in Del\u00fc\u00fcn Boldog, near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and Kherlen",
    "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": " Tem\u00fcge, and one",
    "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbd": " three brothers named",
    "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "un, and Tem\u00fcge, and one sister named Tem\u00fclen, as well as two half-brothers named Begter and",
    "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": " and one sister named Tem\u00fclen",
    "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": " the head",
    "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "For",
    "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": " years, Hoelun and her children",
    "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": " surviving primarily on wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small",
    "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "ujin's older half-brother, began to exercise the power of the eldest male in the",
    "5726a5f65951b619008f7903": "), but with the help of a sympathetic guard, the",
    "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "In",
    "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": ", the Tayichi'ud. The Tayichi'ud enslaved Tem\u00fcjin (reportedly with a cangue",
    "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": " prisoner by his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud",
    "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "'s former allies, the Tayichi'ud. The Tayichi'ud enslaved Tem",
    "5726a784708984140094ccff": " Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often",
    "5726a784708984140094cd00": " lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances",
    "5726a784708984140094cd01": "jin's mother Hoelun taught him many",
    "5726a784708984140094cd02": " grew up",
    "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c34": " around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective",
    "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": " after B\u00f6rte's marriage to Tem\u00fcjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Tem\u00fc",
    "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": " empress",
    "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": ", Tem\u00fcjin married B\u00f6rte of the Onggirat tribe when",
    "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38": "te's marriage to Tem\u00fcjin, she",
    "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": " names of sons were documented, daughters were not. The names of at least six daughters are known, and while they played significant",
    "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": " three more sons, Chagatai",
    "5726a9ed5951b619008f796b": "i (1187\u20141241), \u00d6ged",
    "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "1241), and Tolui (1190\u20131232). Genghis Khan also had many other children with his",
    "5726a9ed5951b619008f796d": " were documented, daughters were not. The",
    "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": ", who was Khan of the Keraites,",
    "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": " his ascent to power by offering himself as an ally (or, according to other sources, a vassal) to his father's anda",
    "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": " began his ascent to power by offering himself as an ally (or, according to other",
    "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a5": "al) to his father's anda",
    "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": " father's anda",
    "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "ha supported the traditional Mongolian aristocracy, while Tem\u00fcjin followed a meritocratic method, and attracted",
    "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "han of the Mongols. However, Jamuk",
    "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cc": "ukha supported the traditional",
    "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd": " the traditional Mongolian aristocracy, while Tem\u00fc",
    "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": " proclamation by the shaman Kokoch",
    "5726ae32708984140094cdab": " law, the Yassa code, Tem\u00fcjin promised civilians and soldiers",
    "5726ae32708984140094cdac": ", the Yassa code, Tem\u00fcjin promised civilians",
    "5726ae32708984140094cdad": ", Tem\u00fcjin promised civilians and",
    "5726ae32708984140094cdae": ",",
    "5726af765951b619008f7a51": " ruptures between Toghrul and Tem\u00fcjin was Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter",
    "5726af765951b619008f7a52": " eldest son of Tem\u00fcjin, a sign of disrespect",
    "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "hrul allied himself",
    "5726af765951b619008f7a54": " both factions and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamukha,",
    "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": " a title used by the rulers of the",
    "5726b0985951b619008f7a92": " surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Tem\u00fcjin. In",
    "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "uruldai elected Jamukha as G\u00fcr Khan, \"universal ruler",
    "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": " The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Tem\u00fcjin. In 1201, a khuruld",
    "5726b0985951b619008f7a95": "ans did not",
    "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": " his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to",
    "5726b1d95951b619008f7ace": "jin again offered his friendship to Jamukha,",
    "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf": " again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to",
    "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": " not want disloyal men in his",
    "5726b879708984140094cf01": " and conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of",
    "5726b879708984140094cf02": " a series of betrayals and conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamuk",
    "5726b879708984140094cf03": " showed a deep interest",
    "5726b879708984140094cf04": " Khan (",
    "5726b879708984140094cf05": " early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be",
    "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf1": "due the Merkits",
    "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": " Khan\".",
    "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": " Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites",
    "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": " also to be posthumously declared the founder of the Yuan",
    "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": " managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans,",
    "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b": "1211,",
    "5726bb645951b619008f7c3c": " the conquest of Western Xia, Geng",
    "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": " the pass. At this engagement fought at Badger Pass the Mongols massacred hundreds of thousands of Jin troops. In 1215",
    "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": " thousands of Jin troops. In 1215",
    "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "In 1211",
    "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": " Liao dynasty). Genghis Khan decided to conquer the",
    "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": " younger general, Jebe,",
    "5726bd655951b619008f7ca1": " Qara Khitai (also known as the",
    "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "lug,",
    "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": " China against the Western Xia and Jin dynasty. Therefore, Genghis sent only two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against",
    "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "iting internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters, leaving",
    "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": " force, the",
    "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "itai more vulnerable to Mongol conquest. As a result, Kuchlug's army was defeated west",
    "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": " resort to inciting internal revolt among Kuch",
    "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": ", leaving",
    "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": " using the Silk Road, and he initially",
    "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f77": "In the early 13th century, the Khwarazmian dynasty was governed by Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad. Genghis Khan",
    "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": " Kh",
    "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": " the caravan that came from Mongolia, claiming that the caravan contained spies and therefore was a conspiracy against Khware",
    "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": " century, the Khwarazm",
    "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": " and his sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmian Empire. After compiling intelligence from many sources Geng",
    "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": " army under Genghis Khan, generals and his sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khware",
    "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": " division",
    "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": " division into the northeast of Kh",
    "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": " northeast of Khwarezmia. The second division under Jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of Khwarzemia",
    "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": "'s army was split by diverse intern",
    "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": " by diverse internecine fe",
    "5726c3b3708984140094d0d1": " diverse internecine feuds and by the Shah's decision",
    "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": " cities. This fragmentation was decisive in Khwarezmia's",
    "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": " army into small groups concentrated in various cities. This fragmentation was decisive in Khwarezmia's defeats",
    "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5": "The Mongols' conquest, even by their own standards, was brutal. After the capital Sam",
    "5726c4c8708984140094d0f6": " standards, was brutal. After the capital Samark",
    "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": " After the capital Samark",
    "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "and",
    "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": " enemies",
    "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": " attacked",
    "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": " a",
    "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": " and",
    "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": ", artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia, young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mong",
    "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": " defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days.",
    "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": " twelve days. Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia, young men who had not",
    "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9046": ". There is no",
    "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9047": "0",
    "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": " northern",
    "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9049": " Battle of Kalka River in 1223, Subutai's forces defeated the larger Kievan force. They also may",
    "5726c9b0dd62a815002e904a": ", writing in Mosul some 1100 miles away from the event. Various historical secondary sources - Morgan, Chambers, Grousset - state that the",
    "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "ures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of",
    "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": " captives of the abundant green",
    "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": " conquest of",
    "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "utai back to Mongolia",
    "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "enghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the",
    "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43a": "hou",
    "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": ", immediately after returning",
    "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": " took Xiliang-fu[disambiguation needed]. One of the Tangut generals challenged the Mongols",
    "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "atory attack on the Tanguts. His armies quickly took Heisui, Ganzhou, and Suzhou (not the Suzhou",
    "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "6",
    "57272dd55951b619008f8697": " capital of Ning Hia and continued to advance, seizing Lintiao-fu, Xining province, Xindu-fu",
    "57272dd55951b619008f8698": " Khan's army attacked and destroyed the Tangut",
    "57272dd55951b619008f8699": " Lintiao-fu, Xining",
    "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "his",
    "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "u, Xining province, Xindu-fu, and Deshun",
    "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": " about G",
    "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": " of Genghis Khan was already a significant topic during the later years of his reign",
    "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": " invasion of the Khwarez",
    "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": " a significant topic during the later years of his reign, as he reached old age. The long running paternity discussion about G",
    "57272ff2708984140094dabd": " of them Khan in their own right, while appointing one of his sons as his successor. Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper",
    "57272ff2708984140094dabe": " his empire",
    "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "his Khan decided to give the throne to \u00d6gedei. \u00d6gedei was seen by Genghis Khan as",
    "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "enghis Khan was aware of the friction between his sons (particularly between Chagatai and Jochi) and worried of possible conflict between them",
    "5727311d5951b619008f86ab": "Joch",
    "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "3,",
    "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "Jochi died in 1226, during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratchnevsky, have commented on",
    "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": " father's lifetime. Some scholars,",
    "5727311d5951b619008f86af": " during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratch",
    "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": " the fall of Yinchuan, the capital of Western Xia",
    "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": " of his death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia, illness, falling from his horse",
    "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "In August 1227, during the fall of Yinchuan, the capital of Western",
    "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": " during",
    "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": " the Western Xia",
    "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": " presumably to his birthplace in Khentii Aimag, where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the Onon River and",
    "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": " customs of his tribe. After he died, his body was returned to Mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in Khentii Aimag,",
    "572732f8f1498d1400e8f476": " Khan asked to be buried without",
    "572732f8f1498d1400e8f477": " Mausoleum, constructed many years after his death",
    "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "horoo) in Mongolia to protect it",
    "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "oleum from its position at the 'Lord's Enc",
    "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e": "In 1939 Chinese Nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from",
    "57273455f1498d1400e8f48f": "ist soldiers took the mausoleum from",
    "57273455f1498d1400e8f490": "In 1939 Chinese Nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from its position at the '",
    "57273581708984140094daeb": " impossible to find (the same manner of burial as the Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun). Other tales",
    "57273581708984140094daec": " be Genghis Khan's palace in rural",
    "57273581708984140094daed": " Mongolia, which raises the possibility",
    "57273581708984140094daee": " that",
    "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b5": " Mongol Empire was governed by a civilian and military code, called the Yassa, created by Genghis",
    "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": " Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy",
    "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6": " The Mongol Empire",
    "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": " governed by a civilian and military code, called",
    "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": " the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy. The exception was the role",
    "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": " long",
    "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": "enghis Khan, Ong Khan,",
    "57273887dd62a815002e99a4": " religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance because Mongol tradition",
    "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": " and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance because Mongol tradition had long held",
    "572739a75951b619008f86f7": ", Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals",
    "572739a75951b619008f86f8": " have established",
    "572739a75951b619008f86f9": "olian historians say that towards the end of his life, Geng",
    "572739a75951b619008f86fa": " historians say that towards the end of his life, G",
    "57273b1a5951b619008f8709": " by him. He also realised that such administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities",
    "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by the Mongol army after the Jin dynasty was",
    "57273b1a5951b619008f870b": " the Jin dynasty honestly and so did he; also he did not consider his own",
    "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "'Ts",
    "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": ", and regarded them as close advisors, often extending them the same privileges and trust normally reserved for close family members. He allowed them to make decisions on",
    "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": " own",
    "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e4": " and Subutai, and regarded them as close advisors, often extending them the same privileges and trust normally reserved for close family members. He allowed",
    "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": " the Mongol Empire capital Karakorum. Muqali, a trusted lieutenant, was given command of the Mongol forces",
    "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "enghis Khan put absolute trust in his generals, such as",
    "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": " resources",
    "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": " driving them in front of the army, and adopting new ideas, techniques and tools from the people they conquered, particularly in employing Muslim and Chinese",
    "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": " certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army,",
    "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": " new ideas, techniques and tools from",
    "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa": " to popular belief, Genghis Khan",
    "57273dccdd62a815002e99fb": "enghis Khan did not",
    "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "enghis Khan",
    "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd": "'s expansion continued for a generation or more after Genghis's death in ",
    "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": " Road under one cohesive political environment. This allowed increased communication and trade between the West, Middle East and Asia",
    "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": " all his soldiers. In Turkey, Genghis Khan is looked on as a great military leader, and it is popular for male children",
    "57273eecf1498d1400e8f520": "Genghis Khan",
    "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": " political environment. This allowed increased communication and trade between the West, Middle East and",
    "5727404b708984140094db59": " 1990s the memory of Genghis Khan with",
    "5727404b708984140094db5a": " powerful revival partly because of his perception during the Mongolian People's Republic period.",
    "5727404b708984140094db5b": " revival partly because of his perception during the Mongolian People",
    "5727404b708984140094db5c": " He is looked upon positively by Mongol",
    "5727404b708984140094db5d": " is not uncommon for Mongolians to refer to their country as \"G",
    "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": " likeness are endorsed on products, streets, buildings,",
    "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": " Mongolia today, Genghis Khan's name",
    "57274126dd62a815002e9a26": ", from liquor bottles to candy products, and on the largest denominations of 500, 1,",
    "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": " Genghis Khan's",
    "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": ".",
    "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": " regarded as one of the prominent leaders",
    "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": " Mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions",
    "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": " political and ethnic identity because there was",
    "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": " as one",
    "57275250708984140094dc25": " the People's Republic of China",
    "57275250708984140094dc26": "'s Republic of China with some viewing him positively in the Inner Mongolia region where",
    "57275250708984140094dc27": " of China with some viewing him positively in the Inner Mongolia region where there are a monument and buildings about him and where there",
    "57275250708984140094dc28": " number of Mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million, almost twice the population of Mongolia. While",
    "57275250708984140094dc29": " the population of Mongolia. While Genghis Khan never conquered all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest and",
    "572753af708984140094dc2f": " East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan is almost universally condemned as",
    "572753af708984140094dc30": " Steven R. Ward wrote that \"",
    "572753af708984140094dc31": "In the Middle East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan is almost universally condemned as",
    "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "'s descendant Ghazan Khan would",
    "572754cd5951b619008f8864": " and even Gaza. According to the works of the Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, the Mongols",
    "572754cd5951b619008f8865": " return to beat the Egyptian Mamluks right out of Levant",
    "572754cd5951b619008f8866": "uks of Egypt, but Hulagu's descendant Ghazan Khan would return to beat the Egyptian Maml",
    "572754cd5951b619008f8867": " Hulagu's descendant Ghazan Khan would return",
    "572756715951b619008f8877": "perors were proud descendants of Genghis Khan and particularly Timur, they",
    "572756715951b619008f8878": " Genghis Khan and particularly Timur, they clearly distanced themselves from the Mongol atrocities committed against the Kh",
    "572756715951b619008f8879": " distanced themselves from the Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Pers",
    "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis",
    "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "reading",
    "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69c": " by the Mongols",
    "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": "ised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning \"o",
    "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e": " version of the Mongolian and Turkic word teng",
    "572758c3dd62a815002e9b78": " Chinghiz, Ch",
    "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": " Chinese: \u6210\u5409\u601d\u6c57; pinyin: Ch\u00e9ngj\u00eds\u012b H",
    "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "ingiz, Chinese: \u6210\u5409\u601d\u6c57; pinyin: Ch",
    "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": " Khan, Chinggis Qan, Djingis Kahn,",
    "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": " of ways in different languages such as",
    "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "The word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma",
    "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": ".",
    "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "arma",
    "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "), meaning \"drug\", \"",
    "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "), meaning \"drug\", \"medicine\" (or \"",
    "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": " quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also",
    "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": " through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business",
    "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": " physiological effects on the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optimisation of",
    "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": " professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles",
    "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": " also",
    "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": " manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consultants spending more time working with",
    "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3": " considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy) but instead",
    "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": ". In the UK the role of a PhT has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy",
    "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": " on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy",
    "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": " UK is considered a health",
    "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": ". The Latin translation De Materia Medica",
    "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "oc",
    "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": ". The Latin translation De Materia Medica (Concerning medical substances) was used a basis for many medieval texts, and was built upon by",
    "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": " Carystus (4th century BC) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants. He wrote several treatises",
    "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "les of Carystus (4th century BC) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of",
    "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": " Code (701) and re-stated in the Y\u014dr",
    "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": " assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In",
    "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": " pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the Taih\u014d Code (701) and re-stated in the Y\u014dr",
    "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": ") and the early Nara period (710\u2013794), the men who",
    "5726dcbddd62a815002e9324": "In Japan, at the end of the Asuka period (538\u2013",
    "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "\u0101zi (Rhazes) (865",
    "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936\u20131013",
    "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "4),",
    "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": " develop",
    "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": " Canon of Medicine. Of great impact were also the works",
    "5726deed5951b619008f80c5": "an monastery, opened in 1317; and in the Town Hall Square of Tallinn",
    "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": " inside the Franciscan monastery, opened in 1317; and in the Town Hall",
    "5726deed5951b619008f80c7": " Town Hall",
    "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": " Tall",
    "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": " located inside the Franciscan monastery, opened in 1317; and in the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia,",
    "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": " equipment, etc., specified in legislation. Where it",
    "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": " while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients. Pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with",
    "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": " once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispens",
    "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": " the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment",
    "5726e08e5951b619008f8113": " requirements",
    "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "/oncology, HIV/AIDS, infectious disease, critical care, emergency",
    "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": " including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e., drug interactions) and patient compliance",
    "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": " regimens, safety of medications (i.e., drug interactions) and patient compliance issues (in the hospital and at home) many pharmacists practicing in",
    "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "in the",
    "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": " the community setting. Most hospital medications are",
    "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": " and adequate facilities. Several hospital",
    "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": " the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible",
    "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": " pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intraven",
    "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": " products for patients including total parenteral",
    "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9404": "armacists provide direct patient care services that optim",
    "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": ", wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement",
    "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "ists care for patients in all health care settings,",
    "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9407": " the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics",
    "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "armacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the",
    "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": " reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispens",
    "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "-specific",
    "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": " comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy, and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to",
    "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": " identifying goals of therapy,",
    "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": " for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory",
    "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": " a separate board certification. The official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy",
    "5726e985dd62a815002e94dc": " system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority. In some states such",
    "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": ". federal health care system (including the",
    "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": ". The official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharm",
    "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "\") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching",
    "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "i.e. \"cognitive services\") than on actual dispensing of",
    "5726ea985951b619008f8263": " focuses more on medication regimen review (",
    "5726ea985951b619008f8264": ". \"cognitive",
    "5726ea985951b619008f8265": " now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some community pharmacies employ consultant",
    "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": " traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take. Internet",
    "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": " where another customer might overhe",
    "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": " those that",
    "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": " by which the medications are requested and received. Some customers consider this to be more convenient",
    "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": " where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take. Internet pharmacies (also",
    "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": " criticized as potentially dangerous, especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk",
    "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": " pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some",
    "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": " Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to",
    "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": " valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order",
    "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": " valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription",
    "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": " a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid.",
    "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "-patient relationship. There are many instances where a practitioner issues a",
    "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": " a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid.",
    "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": " particular concern with Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular",
    "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": ",",
    "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "-patient relationship. There are",
    "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": " licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid.",
    "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": ", there has been a push to legalize importation of medications",
    "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": " other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug",
    "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": " States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. While in",
    "5726f0e35951b619008f82fa": " Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers,",
    "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": " there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in",
    "5726f2375951b619008f830f": " science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology",
    "5726f2375951b619008f8310": " areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work",
    "5726f2375951b619008f8311": " informatics is",
    "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "Ph",
    "5726f2375951b619008f8313": " informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology",
    "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": " complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike",
    "5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff": " provide lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs",
    "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": " as cancer",
    "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": " and rhe",
    "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": ", and rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication",
    "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": " only pharmacists may supply",
    "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": ".",
    "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that",
    "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": " that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription",
    "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": " only pharmacists",
    "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": " law also exists in Austria for general physicians if the nearest pharmacy is more than ",
    "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": " in the United Kingdom, there are",
    "5726f635dd62a815002e9658": " some rural areas in the United Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians",
    "5726f635dd62a815002e9659": " the United Kingdom",
    "5726f7715951b619008f838d": " of a conflict of interest and/or the",
    "5726f7715951b619008f838e": " a financial self-interest in \"diagnosing\" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness",
    "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers",
    "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "\" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can",
    "5726f7715951b619008f8390": " risk of a conflict of interest",
    "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": " more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient",
    "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": " non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual. The result is a",
    "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "MTM) includes the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients. Such services include the thorough analysis of all medication (prescription",
    "5726f868dd62a815002e9687": " care skills",
    "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "ists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply",
    "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": " (as in Alberta and British",
    "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": " remuneration",
    "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": " in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews",
    "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": " (Meds",
    "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": " Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (",
    "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": " the mortar and pestle and the \u211e (rec",
    "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": " two symbols most commonly associated with",
    "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": " organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hy",
    "5726fa525951b619008f83fa": " symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries are the",
    "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": " early 20th century. Pharmacy",
    "5726e65e708984140094d53d": " function",
    "5726e65e708984140094d53e": " system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism",
    "5726e65e708984140094d53f": " from viruses to paras",
    "5726e65e708984140094d540": " within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents",
    "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": " function",
    "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": " system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism",
    "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": " from viruses to paras",
    "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": " pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own",
    "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": " variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic",
    "5728eff82ca10214002daade": " cell-mediated immunity. In humans, the blood\u2013brain barrier, blood\u2013c",
    "5728eff82ca10214002daadf": " To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms",
    "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": " variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue",
    "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": " within",
    "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": " is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism",
    "572a14af3f37b319004786c4": " within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly,",
    "5726eb785951b619008f8275": " detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense",
    "5726eb785951b619008f8276": " pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes",
    "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "ization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutral",
    "5726eb785951b619008f8278": " system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain",
    "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "ukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and invertebrates.",
    "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": " the immune system; however",
    "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": " adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system;",
    "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": " pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such",
    "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2": " the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodef",
    "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": " diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In",
    "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": " Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening",
    "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": " infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such",
    "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6": " active than normal, resulting in recurring and life",
    "5728f2e26aef051400154896": " in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency",
    "5728f2e26aef051400154897": " occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans,",
    "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "iciency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of",
    "5728f2e26aef051400154899": " In contrast",
    "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f166": " to disease. The earliest known reference",
    "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f167": " and function of the immune system. It originates from",
    "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": " century, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs",
    "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": " century, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs",
    "5728f3724b864d1900165116": " people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse",
    "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "ology is a science",
    "5728f3724b864d1900165118": " is a science that examines the structure and",
    "5728f3724b864d1900165119": " studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC",
    "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": " breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response. Innate immune systems are found in all",
    "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": ". In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate",
    "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": " prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate,",
    "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": " found in all",
    "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": " layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If",
    "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": " entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific",
    "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": " bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response.",
    "5728f7774b864d190016512e": " antigens (",
    "5728f7774b864d190016512f": " organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system.",
    "5728f7774b864d1900165130": " and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and",
    "5728f7774b864d1900165131": "Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self",
    "5728f7774b864d1900165132": " depend on the",
    "5728f9882ca10214002dab5a": " system. The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of micro",
    "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": " among broad groups of microorganisms,",
    "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": " send out alarm signals, many of which (but",
    "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": " encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system. The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors,",
    "5728fb002ca10214002dab6a": " protect organisms from infection, including mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many",
    "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": ", the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that",
    "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": " leaves",
    "5728fb002ca10214002dab6d": " barriers protect organisms from infection, including mechanical, chemical, and biological",
    "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": " from infection, including mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects",
    "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7": "ical barriers also protect against infection",
    "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": ", and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they become",
    "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "ions serve as a chemical barrier following",
    "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": " barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory",
    "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": " are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions",
    "5728fd206aef05140015494c": " and gastrointestinal tracts,",
    "5728fd206aef05140015494d": " genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and",
    "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space",
    "5728fd206aef05140015494f": " for",
    "572900f73f37b31900477f69": " infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and",
    "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": ", swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue. Inflammation is produced by",
    "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": " infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue.",
    "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": " blood cells; chemokines that",
    "572900f73f37b31900477f6d": " infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused",
    "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "agocyte, it becomes trapped in an intracellular vesicle called a phagosome, which subsequently fuses with another",
    "572905ce1d04691400778f84": ", which subsequently fuses with another vesicle called a lysosome to form a phagolysosome. The pathogen is",
    "572905ce1d04691400778f85": "ocytosis is",
    "572905ce1d04691400778f86": " or particles. Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens, but",
    "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "ocytes generally patrol the body searching",
    "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": " most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase",
    "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": " the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase of inflammation, particularly as a result",
    "5729081d3f37b31900477fad": "utrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils",
    "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": " travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found",
    "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "phages are ph",
    "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "inophils, basophils, and natural killer",
    "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": "-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system. The innate leukocytes include the",
    "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": ". These cells identify and eliminate pathogens, either by attacking larger pathogens through contact or by engulfing and then killing microorganisms.",
    "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": " innate leukocytes include the phagocytes (mac",
    "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": " tissues that are in contact with the external environment; therefore, they are located mainly in the skin, nose",
    "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": " as",
    "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": " in no way connected to the nervous system. Dendritic cells serve",
    "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "Dend",
    "5729f06f1d04691400779674": " complex) \u2013 a situation that can arise in viral infections of host cells",
    "5729f06f1d04691400779673": " directly attack invading microbes. Rather, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or",
    "5729f06f1d04691400779675": " killer cells, or NK cells",
    "5729f06f1d04691400779676": " \"natural killer\" because of the initial notion that they",
    "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "ogen-infected cells.",
    "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": ". The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific \"non-self\" antig",
    "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": " body by \"memory cells\". Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly",
    "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": " T cell. In addition there are regulatory T cells which have a role in modulating immune response. Killer T",
    "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": " helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II MHC molecules.",
    "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": " T cell.",
    "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": " only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen) have been processed and presented in combination with a \"self\" receptor called a major histocom",
    "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": " been processed and presented in combination with a \"self\" receptor called a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule",
    "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": " cells, each type",
    "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": " T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or",
    "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": " that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens",
    "5729f39a6aef051400155150": ".",
    "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and",
    "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "-receptor, which recruits molecules inside the T cell (e.g.,",
    "5729f4b41d0469140077968c": " cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The",
    "5729f4b41d0469140077968d": " than observed for killer T cells, meaning many receptors (around",
    "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": "ceptor, which recruits molecules inside the T cell (e.g., Lck) that are responsible",
    "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": " molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized",
    "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": " cells and share the characteristics of",
    "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "unconventional' T cell subsets bearing",
    "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": " subsets are also part of the innate immune system, as restricted TCR or NK receptors may be used as pattern recognition receptors. For example, large",
    "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": " cells) possess an alternative T cell receptor (TC",
    "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "\u03b4 T cells",
    "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": " antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell",
    "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa": " pathogens when antibodies on",
    "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": " pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen.",
    "5729f799af94a219006aa707": ". Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen",
    "5729f799af94a219006aa708": " is \"adaptive\" because",
    "5729f799af94a219006aa709": " to replicate, some of their offspring become",
    "5729f799af94a219006aa70a": " and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory",
    "5729f8516aef05140015516c": " IgG, is transported",
    "5729f8516aef05140015516d": ". Breast milk or colostr",
    "5729f8516aef05140015516e": " are particularly vulnerable to infection. Several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother. During pregnancy,",
    "5729f8516aef05140015516f": " protection are provided by the mother. During pregnancy, a particular type of antibody, called IgG, is transported from mother to baby directly",
    "5729f9953f37b3190047861f": " preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. By contrast, male sex hormones such as testosterone",
    "5729f9953f37b31900478620": ", female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases",
    "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "imulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematos",
    "5729f9953f37b31900478622": " the sensitivity of the immune system. For example",
    "5729fa40af94a219006aa70f": " proteins such as NFIL3, which have been shown to be closely intertwined with both",
    "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": " diminished effect and may result in lower antibody production, and a lower immune response, than would",
    "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "3,",
    "5729fb003f37b31900478627": ", notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vitamin D levels in the elderly.",
    "5729fb003f37b31900478628": " is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are",
    "5729fb003f37b31900478629": " a person",
    "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": " decreasing vitamin D levels in the elderly. As people age, two things happen that negatively affect their vitamin D",
    "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": " with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens",
    "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": " T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper",
    "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": " cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in",
    "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": " response of the immune system to",
    "5729fd111d046914007796a5": " but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are",
    "5729fd111d046914007796a6": " plant",
    "5729fd111d046914007796a7": " associated with pathogens known as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plant produces a",
    "5729fd111d046914007796a8": " plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals",
    "5729fd111d046914007796a9": " to prevent the spread",
    "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "active immune responses comprise the",
    "5729fe5c3f37b31900478630": " comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the",
    "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": " immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system",
    "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": " of immune dysfunction,",
    "5729fefbaf94a219006aa739": " the immune system are inactive. The ability of",
    "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": " of the components",
    "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": " ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished",
    "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": " or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. The ability of",
    "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d": "50 years of age due to immunosenescence. In",
    "5729ffda1d046914007796af": ", as well as its inducibility. With infectious disease remaining one of the",
    "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": " behind vaccination (also called immunization) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop specific immunity against that",
    "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": ". This deliberate induction of an immune response is successful",
    "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": " acquired following infection by activation of B and T cells. Active immunity can also be generated",
    "572a019f3f37b31900478643": " ability to elude host immune responses. Therefore, pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host, while evading detection or destruction by",
    "572a019f3f37b31900478644": " type II secretion system. Alternatively, using a type III secretion system, they may insert a hollow tube",
    "572a019f3f37b31900478645": " Therefore, pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host, while evading detection or",
    "572a019f3f37b31900478646": " pathogen depends",
    "572a02483f37b3190047864b": " regarding histocompatibility or the complex \"two-signal\" activation of T cells. The self/nonself",
    "572a02483f37b3190047864c": " theory (",
    "572a02483f37b3190047864d": " a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself",
    "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "ne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis",
    "572a03086aef0514001551a2": " inflammation. Glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs; however",
    "572a03086aef0514001551a3": " control the effects of",
    "572a03086aef0514001551a4": " or azathioprine. Cytotoxic drugs inhibit the immune response by killing dividing cells such as activated T",
    "572a03086aef0514001551a5": " drugs such as cyclosporin prevent T cells from responding",
    "572a04d51d046914007796cd": " contrast, during wake periods differentiated effector cells, such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), peak in",
    "572a04d51d046914007796ce": " any intruding pathogens. As well during awake active times, anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol",
    "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "otoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic",
    "572a04d51d046914007796d0": " and CTLs (cytotoxic",
    "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": " foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows",
    "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": " the gene CYP27B1, which is the gene responsible for converting the pre-hormone version of vitamin D, calcidiol into the",
    "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": " vitamin D, the steroid hormone calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with",
    "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": " This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid",
    "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "itriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin",
    "572a06af3f37b31900478667": ". Antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component",
    "572a06af3f37b31900478668": " called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved",
    "572a06af3f37b31900478669": ", and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity. The complement system and phagocytic cells are also used by most forms",
    "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": " recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly",
    "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": " distinct",
    "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "oglobulins and",
    "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": " of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules",
    "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": " of the adaptive immune system occurred",
    "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": " defense mechanism, called the restriction modification",
    "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": " unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacterioph",
    "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": "ponent, adaptive immune system arose with the",
    "572a096e6aef0514001551e7": "-based humoral response",
    "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": " In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held, among others, by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, stated",
    "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": " end of the 19th",
    "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": " Koch and Emil von Behring, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (m",
    "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": " an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immun",
    "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": " everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have",
    "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": " on to become cancers. Tumor cells often have a reduced number of MHC class I molecules on their surface",
    "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": " immune system and go",
    "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": " detection by killer T cells",
    "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": " the immune response; for example by secreting the cytokine TGF-\u03b2, which suppresses the activity of",
    "572a0bf96aef051400155204": ". They are divided into four classes (Type I \u2013 IV",
    "572a0bf96aef051400155205": " mechanisms",
    "572a0bf96aef051400155206": " (Type I \u2013 IV) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction. Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate",
    "572a0bf96aef051400155207": " time course of the hypersensitive reaction. Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction,",
    "572a0bf96aef051400155208": " own tissues. They are divided into four classes (Type I \u2013 IV) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of",
    "572a0ce11d046914007796fd": "An evasion strategy used by several",
    "572a0ce11d046914007796fe": " of its life-cycle inside host cells, where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement.",
    "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": " to hide within the cells",
    "572a0ce11d04691400779700": " inside host",
    "572a0ce11d04691400779701": " to hide within the cells of their host (also called intracellular pathogenesis). Here, a pathogen spends most of its",
    "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": " for another, allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response.",
    "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": " This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which",
    "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": " for another, allowing it",
    "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping",
    "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": " found on normal cells. To the immune system, these antig",
    "572a0f073f37b31900478680": " important role of the immune system is to identify",
    "572a0f073f37b31900478681": ". The antigens expressed by tumors have several sources; some are derived from onc",
    "572a0f073f37b31900478682": " levels",
    "572a0f073f37b31900478683": " while others are the organism",
    "572a10cd6aef051400155222": " neutralizing immune response, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses",
    "572a10cd6aef051400155223": " the",
    "572a10cd6aef051400155224": " is not immun",
    "572a10cd6aef051400155225": "-administered with an immunogenic compound, as is sometimes the case",
    "572a10cd6aef051400155226": " particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger",
    "572a12386aef051400155234": "In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation,",
    "572a12386aef051400155235": " the innate and the adaptive immunity. First, during the early slow-wave-sleep stage, a sudden",
    "572a12386aef051400155236": " consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both",
    "572a12386aef051400155237": " functions affecting both the innate",
    "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "ytic cascade that amplifies the",
    "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": " activated by complement binding",
    "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": " of complement molecules, which are also proteases. After complement proteins initially bind to the micro",
    "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": " initially bind to the microbe, they activate their protease activity, which in turn activates other complement proteases",
    "57271c235951b619008f860b": "), in Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution and in East Germany to oust their communist governments,",
    "57271c235951b619008f860c": " with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange",
    "57271c235951b619008f860d": " earliest massive implementations was brought about by Egyptians against the British occupation in the 1919 Revolution. Civil disobed",
    "57271c235951b619008f860e": " many nonviolent resistance movements in",
    "57271c235951b619008f860f": " 1919 Revolution. Civil disobedience is one of the many ways people",
    "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "), in Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution and in East Germany to oust their communist governments, In South Africa in",
    "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": " British occupation",
    "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": " Revolution. Civil disobedience is one of",
    "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": " Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution and in East Germany to oust their communist governments, In South Africa in",
    "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": ". It has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in India (Gandhi's campaigns for independence from the British",
    "57271f125951b619008f8635": " that she must obey her conscience rather than human law. She is not at all afraid of the death he",
    "57271f125951b619008f8636": "bes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her",
    "57271f125951b619008f8637": " which Ant",
    "57271f125951b619008f8638": "ipus, defies Creon",
    "57271f125951b619008f8639": " former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying",
    "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "igone, in which Antigone, one of the daughters of former King",
    "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": " the oldest depictions of civil disobed",
    "5728d5793acd2414000dffb5": " of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current",
    "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": " of the daughters of former King of",
    "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "ocles' play Antigone, in which Ant",
    "5727213c708984140094da35": " of a new form of social action. It is perhaps the first modern[vague] statement",
    "5727213c708984140094da36": " the first modern[vague] statement of the",
    "5727213c708984140094da38": " later that year, that begins with the images of",
    "5727213c708984140094da39": " Peterloo",
    "5727213c708984140094da37": " Peterloo massacre of 1819, poet Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy later that year, that begins with the images",
    "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": " the stir",
    "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "loo massacre of 1819, poet Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy later",
    "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a": " Mask",
    "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c": " wrote the political poem The Mask",
    "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "9, poet Percy",
    "572726c9708984140094da7b": "-war demonstrators, juvenile",
    "572726c9708984140094da7e": " in modern times, become utterly debased. Marshall Cohen notes, \"It has been used to",
    "572726c9708984140094da7c": " describing the activities of muggers, arsonists, draft evaders",
    "572726c9708984140094da7d": " a federal official. Indeed, for Vice President Agnew it has",
    "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": " for Vice President Agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities",
    "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": " that the term \"civil disobedience\"",
    "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": " has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly debased. Marshall Cohen notes, \"It has been used",
    "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": " federal official. Indeed, for Vice President Agnew it has",
    "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "-word describing the activities",
    "572807802ca10214002d9bf8": " is",
    "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": " \"the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of",
    "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "ical problems and gramm",
    "572807802ca10214002d9bfb": "the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature on",
    "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": " In reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself",
    "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": " term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing",
    "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "atical",
    "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": " a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties. Like Alice in Wonderland, he often finds that",
    "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": ", nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience.",
    "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": " the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing",
    "57280f974b864d1900164370": " the state and its laws",
    "57280f974b864d1900164371": " sovereign branches of government, conflict. For instance, if the head of government of a country were to refuse to",
    "57280f974b864d1900164372": " as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse",
    "57280f974b864d1900164373": " laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government",
    "57280f974b864d1900164374": " defined",
    "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": " the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially two",
    "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "'s",
    "5728d9403acd2414000e001d": " disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to",
    "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": " relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional imp",
    "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": "Civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and",
    "572812e74b864d19001643ce": " this definition is disputed by Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs.",
    "572812e74b864d19001643cf": " is disputed by",
    "572812e74b864d19001643d0": ", since only individuals act, only individuals can act unjustly. When the government knocks on the door, it is",
    "572812e74b864d19001643d1": " More than this, since only individuals act",
    "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "au's political philosophy",
    "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": " individuals act, only individuals can act",
    "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": " definition is disputed by Thoreau",
    "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": " is the final judge of",
    "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": " since",
    "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": " or tax collector whose hand hits the wood",
    "5728151b4b864d1900164428": " theories of civil disobed",
    "5728151b4b864d1900164429": " is only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non",
    "5728151b4b864d190016442a": ", banks, and private universities can be justified if it reflects \"a larger",
    "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities. Brown",
    "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": " Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the",
    "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": " against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non",
    "5728dc2d3acd2414000e007f": " that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the",
    "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": " of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to",
    "572818f54b864d190016446c": " is more effective than open disobedience. This assumes that common morality does not have",
    "572818f54b864d190016446d": " instance, find that assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience. This assumes that common morality",
    "572818f54b864d190016446e": " is usually recognized that lawbreaking, if it is not",
    "572818f54b864d190016446f": " might, for instance, find that assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience. This assumes that common",
    "572818f54b864d1900164470": "It is usually",
    "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": " a lawyer wishes to help a client",
    "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": " be publicly announced in order to",
    "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": ", if it is not done publicly, at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience.",
    "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": " be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience. But Stephen Eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules",
    "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": " be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience. But Stephen Eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules",
    "57281c594b864d19001644a2": " means,\" but holds that they do not have",
    "57281c594b864d19001644a3": ". Black's Law Dictionary includes non-violence",
    "57281c594b864d19001644a4": "' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest. Civil disobedients' refraining",
    "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "There have been debates as to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-viol",
    "57281c594b864d19001644a6": " disobedience.",
    "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": " be non-violent.",
    "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": " rebellion is much more destructive; therefore, the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying disobed",
    "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": " its definition of civil disobedience.",
    "5728df634b864d1900164fe6": " been argued that, while both civil disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal",
    "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": " as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to",
    "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "-re",
    "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": " one's political wishes on some other issue. Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government (or",
    "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": " their repeal, or to exert pressure to",
    "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": " attempt to",
    "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9": " judged \"wrong\" by an",
    "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": " on the grounds that they are judged \"wrong\" by",
    "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": " they are judged \"wrong\" by an",
    "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec": " Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government (or to change cultural",
    "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed": " by an individual conscience, or as",
    "572822233acd2414000df555": " are met",
    "572822233acd2414000df556": " that committed by Thoreau, but these sometimes go unnoticed. Thoreau, at the time of",
    "572822233acd2414000df557": " of all the",
    "572822233acd2414000df558": " of pagan images in the",
    "572822233acd2414000df559": "armed Jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation",
    "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "ience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail conditions, or the",
    "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": " refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met",
    "5728e3c33acd2414000e0133": " such as favorable bail conditions, or the release of all the",
    "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "[citation needed]. Unarmed Jews gathered in the streets",
    "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": " disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail conditions, or the release of all the",
    "572825a92ca10214002d9efe": " of acts, undertaken in",
    "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": " different illegal acts. Bedau writes,",
    "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "au writes, \"There is a whole class of acts, undertaken in the",
    "572825a92ca10214002d9f01": " have chosen a variety of different illegal acts. Bedau writes, \"There is a whole class of",
    "572825a92ca10214002d9f02": " (e.g. trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation",
    "5728e5224b864d1900165032": " bystander, somewhat inane...The remoteness",
    "5728e5224b864d1900165033": " the name of civil disobedience, which, even if they were widely practiced, would in themselves constitute hardly more",
    "5728e5224b864d1900165034": " the connection between the disobedient act and the objectionable law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurd",
    "5728e5224b864d1900165035": " illegal acts",
    "5728e5224b864d1900165036": " least to",
    "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": " criminalized behavior is",
    "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": " criminalized behavior is pure speech, civil disobedience can consist simply of",
    "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": " government and unwillingness to stand for its policies. For example, Joseph Haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New",
    "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": " example would be WBAI's broadcasting the track \"Fil",
    "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": " cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech, civil disobedience can consist simply of",
    "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": " simply of engaging in the forbidden speech. An example would be WBAI's broadcasting the track \"Filthy Words\" from a George Carlin",
    "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": ". An example would be WBAI's broadcasting the track \"Filthy Words\" from a George Carlin",
    "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "ized behavior is pure speech,",
    "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": " speech, civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech. An example would be WBAI's",
    "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": " such as illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes",
    "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": " they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order",
    "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": " to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table.\"",
    "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": " engage in moral dialogue, nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table",
    "57282dfb4b864d190016466c": " forms of civil disobedience,",
    "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": " be considered",
    "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": "ging, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins, make it more difficult for",
    "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": " disobedience, such as illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks,",
    "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": " by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue, nevertheless they",
    "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": " the",
    "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": " with men and not with parchment that I quarrel--and he has",
    "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": ", the suspect may need to decide whether or not to grant a consent search",
    "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": " principles that apply in other criminal investigations and arrests arise also in civil disobedience cases. For example, the suspect may need to decide",
    "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": " cases. For example, the suspect may need to decide whether or not to grant a consent search of his property, and whether",
    "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": " which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established, or else",
    "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": " in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of",
    "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": " because",
    "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": " is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because",
    "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": " all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established, or else suffer the penalties",
    "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": " to the punishment prescribed by law, while others believe that defending",
    "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01da": " much debate on this point, as some believe that it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to",
    "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": " civil disobedient's duty to",
    "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": " to the punishment prescribed by law, while others believe that defending oneself",
    "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": " disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law, while others believe that defending oneself in court will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law",
    "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "ent Action sponsored a protest",
    "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": " Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August",
    "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": " nuclear test site near Las Vegas, Nevada,",
    "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": " Committee for Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August 1957, at the Camp Mercury nuclear test site near Las",
    "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": " known civil rights attorney, Francis Heisler, had volunteered to defend the arrested persons, advising them to plead \"nolo contendere\", as an",
    "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": " to",
    "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": " Zinn writes, \"",
    "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97e": " rule connected with civil disobedience. The key",
    "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": ".",
    "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "ients, as in the case of",
    "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": " upon me for what in law is a deliberate crime and what appears to me to be the highest duty",
    "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": " some activists have opted",
    "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": " am here to . . . submit cheerfully to the highest penalty",
    "5728eef92ca10214002daab4": " to use solidarity",
    "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": " who are violating the greater law are the members of the Navy\". As a result, the judge increased her sentence from 40 to 60",
    "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": ", a defendant who was involved in a movement to stop",
    "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": " a speech explaining",
    "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": "ience defendants choose",
    "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": " movement to stop military exercises by trespassing on",
    "5728facd4b864d1900165170": " fine, or to use the proceedings as a forum to inform",
    "5728facd4b864d1900165171": " fine, or to",
    "5728facd4b864d1900165172": " the public of",
    "5728facd4b864d1900165173": " to use the proceedings as a forum",
    "5728facd4b864d1900165174": " as a forum",
    "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": " may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which",
    "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": " nor of social benefit. Therefore, conscientious lawbreakers must be punished. Michael Bayles argues that if a person violates a law",
    "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "les argues that if a person",
    "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": ", while disobedience may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscient",
    "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef9": " while disobedience may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscient",
    "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": " two types of civil disobedience: \"Indirect civil disobedience involves violating",
    "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": " to excuse the perpetrators of illegal protests from punishment on the basis of their challenging the legality",
    "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": ".\" During the Vietnam War",
    "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": " and to present",
    "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": " violating a law which is not, itself, the object of protest, whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence of a particular law by breaking that",
    "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "lee argues, \"Bringing in deterrence at the level of justification detracts from the law\u2019s engagement in a moral dialogue with the offender as",
    "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": " of criminal punishment. Brownlee argues, \"Bringing in deterrence at the level of justification detracts from the law\u2019s",
    "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": " is a major goal of criminal punishment. Brownlee argues, \"Bringing in deter",
    "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": " criminal",
    "57273a465951b619008f86ff": " to nine percent",
    "57273a465951b619008f8700": " an",
    "57273a465951b619008f8701": " a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated",
    "57273a465951b619008f8702": " of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing",
    "57273a465951b619008f8703": ". Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of",
    "57273cca708984140094db33": " manages",
    "57273cca708984140094db34": "Large-scale construction requires",
    "57273cca708984140094db35": " is essential. Those involved",
    "57273cca708984140094db36": " a",
    "57273cca708984140094db37": " is essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider zoning requirements, the environmental impact of the job,",
    "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4fe": " often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering. It includes large public works, dams,",
    "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": ", heavy civil or heavy engineering. It includes large public works,",
    "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "way",
    "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": " works, dams, bridges, highways, water/wastewater and utility distribution. Industrial includes refin",
    "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": " bridges, highways, water/wastewater and utility distribution. Industrial includes refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and",
    "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": " they are doing outside their home country). In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments. It was divided as transportation, petroleum",
    "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": " largest global firms (Top-250, by amount of work they are doing outside their home country). In 201",
    "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "Engineering News-Record (ENR)",
    "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "Record (ENR) is",
    "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a": " a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction. To recognize the",
    "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North",
    "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": " Classification System have",
    "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": ", heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering",
    "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": " a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project. Although building construction",
    "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": " of buildings. The majority of building",
    "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": " is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs",
    "57274046dd62a815002e9a15": " is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a",
    "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": " to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or",
    "572742bd5951b619008f8785": " conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice. Materials readily",
    "572742bd5951b619008f8786": ", local regulations, economies of scale (custom designed homes are often more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople. As residential",
    "572742bd5951b619008f8787": ", local regulations, economies of scale (custom designed homes are often more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople. As residential",
    "572742bd5951b619008f8788": " authority regulations and codes of practice.",
    "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "D printing technology. In",
    "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": " techniques of building",
    "572744aff1498d1400e8f58a": " technology are already",
    "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": " it possible to flexibly construct small commercial",
    "572745c6708984140094db9a": " the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the",
    "572745c6708984140094db99": " usually involves the translation of",
    "572745c6708984140094db9b": "ized",
    "572745c6708984140094db9c": " construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings",
    "572745c6708984140094db9d": " and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts. The",
    "57274e0d708984140094dbe5": " previously separated specialties, especially among large firms",
    "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": " specialties, especially among large firms. In the past",
    "57274e0d708984140094dbe7": " firms. In the past, architects,",
    "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": " is toward integration of previously",
    "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "-build, partnering and construction management. In general, each of these project structures allows the",
    "57274e975951b619008f87fa": " the services of architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design",
    "57274e975951b619008f87fb": " establishing relationships with other necessary participants",
    "57274f67708984140094dbf5": " problems exist when the present",
    "57274f67708984140094dbf6": ". Underbids happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project. Cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding",
    "57274f67708984140094dbf7": " happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project. Cash flow",
    "57274f67708984140094dbf8": " projects",
    "5727502f708984140094dc07": " funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the expected monetary flow",
    "5727502f708984140094dc08": "ortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the",
    "5727502f708984140094dc09": " plan for the financial management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker",
    "5727502f708984140094dc0b": " work and materials involved to a proper valuation. Cost overruns with government projects have occurred",
    "5727502f708984140094dc0a": " obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over",
    "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "um",
    "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": ", or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad \u2013 bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements",
    "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": " adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal",
    "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": " not benefit the owner. Some legal",
    "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": " are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential",
    "572751b4708984140094dc1b": " money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive. Thus, the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side",
    "572751b4708984140094dc1c": " each of which all parties must carefully",
    "572751b4708984140094dc1d": " each",
    "572751b4708984140094dc1e": " each of which all parties must carefully consider. A contract is the exchange of",
    "572751b4708984140094dc1f": " construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations, each of which",
    "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": " new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project.",
    "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "ure\" or \"strategic\" alliances. The focus on co-operation is to amelior",
    "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "ate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and advers",
    "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": " a growing",
    "572753335951b619008f8853": " tender the works, and manage the works from inception to completion. There are direct contractual links between the architect's client and the main",
    "572753335951b619008f8854": " the main contractor. Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the",
    "572753335951b619008f8855": " common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized. In",
    "572753335951b619008f8856": " coordinator. His or her role",
    "572753335951b619008f8857": " architect's client and the main contractor. Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor. The procedure continues until",
    "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": " she likes best and hires the appropriate contractor. Often,",
    "57275411dd62a815002e9b31": " accomplish these goals. The owner selects the ideas he or she likes best and hires the appropriate",
    "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": " phase 1, they design phase 2. This is in contrast to a design-bid-build",
    "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": " owner produces a list of requirements for a project, giving an overall view of the project's goals. Several D&B contractors",
    "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": " goals. Several D&B contractors present different ideas about how to accomplish these goals. The owner selects the ideas he or she likes",
    "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": " specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable",
    "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": " contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked",
    "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": " marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage",
    "572754fff1498d1400e8f663": ", contractors are typically required to verify and have existing",
    "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": " required to verify",
    "572755b7708984140094dc4d": " to statistics tracked by the Census Bureau",
    "572755b7708984140094dc4e": " rate.",
    "572755b7708984140094dc4f": " $960 billion in annual revenue according to statistics tracked by the Census Bureau",
    "572755b7708984140094dc50": " rate",
    "572755b7708984140094dc51": " the United States, the industry in 2014 has around $",
    "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": " salaries than in the UK for example. The average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the",
    "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": " sectors and locations in the construction and built environment industry. The results",
    "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "eration between different roles, sectors",
    "572756fe708984140094dc71": " one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational",
    "572756fe708984140094dc72": " of",
    "572756fe708984140094dc73": ". In 2009, the fatal occupational injury rate",
    "572756fe708984140094dc74": ". In",
    "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": " not administered by local, state or national governments;",
    "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": " nonstate",
    "572746addd62a815002e9a60": " cheaper, depending on a talent the student may",
    "572746addd62a815002e9a61": " the student may have (e.g. sport scholarship, art scholarship, academic scholarship), financial need, or tax credit scholarships that might be available",
    "57274712708984140094dbad": " tertiary institutions. Private education in North America covers the whole gamut",
    "57274712708984140094dbae": " and Canada, the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational",
    "57274712708984140094dbaf": " and Canada, the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never",
    "57274712708984140094dbb0": " institutions. Private education in North America covers the whole gamut of educational activity, ranging from pre-school to",
    "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": " including",
    "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": " boarding schools and day schools. Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends on many factors, including",
    "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": ") and year 13 (upper sixth). This category includes university-prepar",
    "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": " schools",
    "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": " schools. Tuition at",
    "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": " Other religious groups represented in the K-12 private",
    "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": " who attend. Others",
    "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": " form a subcategory of private schools. Some such schools teach religious",
    "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": " schools offer a higher quality of education.",
    "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": " and the social status of the 'old",
    "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": " Australia may be favoured for many reasons: prestige and the social status of",
    "57274971708984140094dbbb": " 'elite schools'. Many of the '",
    "57274971708984140094dbbc": "-aligned",
    "57274971708984140094dbbd": " the best",
    "57274971708984140094dbbe": " of the best known independent schools also belong to the large, long-established religious foundations, such as the Anglican Church, Un",
    "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9a": " private schools in",
    "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": ".1% to 7.8% (including rise from 0.5% to 6.1% in the former GDR",
    "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": " also not possible to abolish these rights. This unusual protection of private schools was implemented",
    "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9d": " the future. Still",
    "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9e": " private schools in Germany is in Article 7, Paragraph 4 of",
    "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": " scholarships",
    "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": ". The percentages of public money could reach 100",
    "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "atz",
    "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": " to operate outside of",
    "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": " of these",
    "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": " organizations or rarely, religious groups and offer a type of education which is not available at public schools. Most of these",
    "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": " schools. Most of these schools are vocational schools",
    "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": " So, in a",
    "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": " certificates",
    "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6": " of",
    "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": " the purpose of this definition, only receipt of financial aid is considered, not land purchased from the government",
    "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa4": ". While official data does not capture the real extent of private schooling in the country, various studies have",
    "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "a form",
    "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": " who check compliance and to fewer schools in a country that has the largest adult",
    "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa7": " have to satisfy a number of infrastructure and human resource related criteria to get Recognition",
    "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa8": " license) from the",
    "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": " number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State. If the",
    "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": " unusual",
    "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": " to",
    "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": ", private schools (Irish: scoil phr\u00edob",
    "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": " phr\u00edobh\u00e1ide",
    "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f6": " lands still belonged to the schools. While Chinese primary schools were allowed to retain Chinese as the medium of instruction, Chinese secondary",
    "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": ". This caused an uproar among the Chinese and a compromise",
    "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": " the schools would instead become \"National Type\" schools. Under such a system, the government is only in charge of",
    "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": " the National School system. This caused an uproar among the Chinese and a compromise",
    "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5fa": " Malaysia's independence in 1957, the government instructed",
    "57274e145951b619008f87e7": " private",
    "57274e145951b619008f87e8": ".",
    "57274e145951b619008f87e9": " government funds are called 'aided' schools. The private 'un-aided",
    "57274e145951b619008f87ea": " by private individuals, private organizations and religious groups. The ones that accept government funds are called 'aided' schools. The private",
    "57274e145951b619008f87eb": " the middle-class families send their children to such schools, which might be in their own city or far off, like boarding schools. The medium of",
    "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "88 private schools in New Zealand, catering for around 28,000 students or 3.",
    "57274eca5951b619008f8800": ", catering for around 28,000 students or 3",
    "57274eca5951b619008f8801": "3.7% of the entire student population. Private school numbers have been in decline since the mid-",
    "57274eca5951b619008f8802": " schools in New Zealand, catering for around 28,000 students or 3.7% of the entire student population",
    "57274eca5951b619008f8803": " result of many private schools opting to become state-integrated schools, mostly due of financial difficulties stemming",
    "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "iate School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in",
    "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "esan School for Girls in Auckland, St Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in",
    "57274f49f1498d1400e8f620": " as King's College and Diocesan School for Girls in Auckland, St Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in",
    "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "'s Collegiate School in Hamilton, St Peter's",
    "57274f49f1498d1400e8f622": " is a recent group of private schools run as a business, with schools throughout",
    "5727500f708984140094dbfd": " of educational services, accounting for about 7.5% of primary enrollment, 32% of secondary enrollment and about 80%",
    "5727500f708984140094dbfe": " enrollment and about 80% of tertiary enrollment. Private schools have proven to be",
    "5727500f708984140094dbff": " regulations",
    "5727500f708984140094dc00": " Private schools have proven to be efficient in resource utilization. Per unit costs in private schools are generally lower when compared to public",
    "5727500f708984140094dc01": "% of secondary enrollment and about ",
    "572750df5951b619008f882f": " Education Service Contracting scheme of the government provides financial assistance",
    "572750df5951b619008f8830": " away from public high schools because of enrollment overflows. The Tuition Fee Supplement is geared to students enrolled in priority courses in post-secondary and non",
    "572750df5951b619008f8831": " enrolled in priority courses in post-secondary and non-degree programmes, including vocational and technical",
    "5727515f708984140094dc11": " Schools Act",
    "5727515f708984140094dc12": " since. After the abolition of apartheid, the laws governing private education in South Africa changed significantly. The",
    "5727515f708984140094dc13": " of the oldest schools",
    "5727515f708984140094dc14": ", the laws governing private education in South Africa changed significantly. The South African Schools",
    "5727515f708984140094dc15": " of 1996 recognises two categories of schools: \"public\" (state-controlled) and \"independent\" (which includes",
    "57275409708984140094dc35": " the apartheid era, parents at white government schools were",
    "57275409708984140094dc36": " tend to produce better academic results than government schools",
    "57275409708984140094dc37": " parents at white government",
    "572754dd708984140094dc3b": " the private school gets paid the same amount as municipal schools. Over 10% of",
    "572754dd708984140094dc3c": "In Sweden, pupils are free to choose a private school and the private school gets paid the same amount as municipal schools. Over",
    "572754dd708984140094dc3d": " amount as municipal schools. Over",
    "572754dd708984140094dc3e": " paid the same amount as municipal schools. Over",
    "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "% of Swedish pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008. Sweden is",
    "572756265951b619008f886d": " prefer to be called independent schools, because of their freedom to operate outside of government and local government control. Some of these are also",
    "572756265951b619008f886e": " pupils aged up to 13 years old",
    "572756265951b619008f886f": " school\"",
    "572756265951b619008f8870": " schools",
    "572756265951b619008f8871": " schools. The name \"public school\" is based on the fact that the schools were open to pupils from anywhere, and not merely to those from a",
    "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": " South, many white students migrated",
    "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "1954 decision in the landmark court case Brown v",
    "572757bef1498d1400e8f692": " of the United States, after the",
    "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": " States",
    "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "paratory. Since the 1970s, many of these \"segregation academies\" have shut down, although some continue to operate.[citation",
    "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": " funds, and donations",
    "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6af": ", scholarship/voucher funds, and donations and grants from religious organizations or private individuals. Government funding for religious schools is",
    "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": " restrictions or possibly forbidden, according to the courts' interpretation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment or individual state Blaine Amendments. Non",
    "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b1": ", and donations and grants from religious organizations or private individuals. Government funding for religious schools is",
    "572759665951b619008f8883": " schooling in the United States has been",
    "572759665951b619008f8884": " long as states may set standards for educational accomplishment. Some of the",
    "572759665951b619008f8885": " since the beginnings of compulsory education in Massachusetts in 1852. The Supreme Court precedent appears to favor educational choice, so long as states may",
    "572759665951b619008f8886": " long as states may set standards for educational accomplishment. Some of the most relevant Supreme Court case law on this is as follows: Runyon",
    "572759665951b619008f8887": " parents, since the beginnings of compulsory education in Massachusetts in 185",
    "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": ", and nearly $50,000 for boarding schools. However, tuition did not cover operating",
    "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": ". The leading schools such",
    "572759dbdd62a815002e9b96": " day schools in New York City, and nearly $50,000 for boarding schools. However, tuition did not cover",
    "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": " $50,000 for boarding schools. However, tuition did not cover operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools. The leading schools such as the",
    "5727aa413acd2414000de921": " first benefactor), Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher",
    "5727aa413acd2414000de922": " of higher",
    "5727aa413acd2414000de923": " Harvard (its first benefactor), Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of",
    "5727aa413acd2414000de924": " century, and by the 19th century Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War,",
    "5727aa413acd2414000de925": " President and Fellows of Harvard College) is its first chartered corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained",
    "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": " 18 million volumes. Harvard's alumni include eight U.S. presidents, several foreign heads of state, 62 living billionaires, 335 Rhodes Scholars",
    "5727aeac3acd2414000de988": " is a large, highly residential research university. The nominal cost of attendance is high, but the University's large end",
    "5727aeac3acd2414000de989": " largest academic and private library system, comprising 79 individual libraries with over 18",
    "5727aeac3acd2414000de98a": "Harvard is a large, highly residential research university. The nominal cost of",
    "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": " the University's large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. It operates several arts, cultural, and scientific",
    "5727aec03acd2414000de991": "85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston;",
    "5727aec03acd2414000de992": " Institute for Advanced Study\u2014with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area: its 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is",
    "5727aec03acd2414000de993": " organized into eleven separate academic",
    "5727aec03acd2414000de994": " organized into eleven separate",
    "5727aec03acd2414000de995": " metropolitan area: its 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3 miles (5 km",
    "5727afa82ca10214002d93c2": " in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts",
    "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": " formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was initially called",
    "5727afa82ca10214002d93c4": "New College\" or \"the college at New Towne\". In 1638",
    "5727afa82ca10214002d93c5": " College\"",
    "5727afa82ca10214002d93c6": " home for North",
    "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": " but many",
    "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": " to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers",
    "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": " years the College trained many",
    "5727b8df3acd2414000dea99": " ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist, Calvinist parties.:1\u2013",
    "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": " the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year",
    "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": " the power of reason and free will became widespread among Congregationalist ministers, putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with",
    "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": " intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the \"divine plan\" in",
    "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": " Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both",
    "5727c0402ca10214002d9566": " lectures",
    "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": " the secularization of American higher education, he",
    "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": " the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was",
    "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bc": " curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American",
    "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "3) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the",
    "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": ". In 1943, he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the",
    "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": " reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education",
    "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": " at Radcliffe, though more and more took Harvard classes. Nonetheless, Harvard's undergraduate population remained predominantly male, with about four",
    "5727c69d3acd2414000dec14": " trend throughout higher education in the United States. Harvard's graduate schools",
    "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": " Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe. Following",
    "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": " main campus is centered",
    "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": " House in downtown Boston, and extends into the surrounding",
    "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": " the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. Harvard Yard itself",
    "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c": " km) west-northwest of",
    "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": ", are located on a 358-acre",
    "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": " School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358",
    "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": " campuses",
    "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d72": " across",
    "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": " shuttle service and/or a tram. Plans also call for sinking part of Storrow Drive (at Harvard's expense) for replacement with",
    "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": " of land in Allston, a walk across the Charles",
    "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "400 professors, lecturers, and instructors instruct 7,200 undergraduates",
    "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": "2,400 professors,",
    "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "uates and 14,000 graduate students. The",
    "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3": " and instructors instruct 7",
    "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": " students. The school color is crimson,",
    "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": " in 2011, up from $28 billion in September 2010 and $26",
    "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c5": "8, necess",
    "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": " has the largest university endowment in the world. As of September 2011[update], it had nearly regained the loss suffered during",
    "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": ". In",
    "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "0 and $26",
    "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": " Consul Duke",
    "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "rown",
    "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "ophisticated or by special interest groups.\" However,",
    "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f": " \"more selective, lower transfer-in\". Harvard College accepted",
    "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40": " for the class of 2019",
    "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41": " under-re",
    "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": " under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities, yet for the class of 2016 an Early Action program",
    "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": " to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration",
    "5727d3843acd2414000ded6a": " outside of their concentration. Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight General Education categories: Aesthetic and",
    "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b": " required to complete courses in eight General Education categories: Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding, Culture and Bel",
    "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "eligible program requiring a senior thesis and/or",
    "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": " programs operate on a semester calendar beginning in early September and ending in mid-May. Undergraduates typically take four half",
    "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": ". Students graduating in the top 4\u20135% of the class are awarded",
    "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": " degrees",
    "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "13",
    "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": " was $38,000, with a total cost of attendance of",
    "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": ",000 to $80,000 pay only",
    "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": " attend, including room and board. Families with incomes between",
    "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": " the 2012\u201313 school year annual tuition was $38,000, with a total cost of",
    "5727d6faff5b5019007d969a": " 80 individual libraries holding over ",
    "5727d6faff5b5019007d969c": " Library System is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly 80",
    "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": " University Library System is centered in Widener",
    "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": " in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding over 18 million volumes. According",
    "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5e": " cultural, and scientific museums. The Harvard Art Museums",
    "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": ",",
    "5727d88b4b864d1900163e60": " operates several arts,",
    "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17": " Academic Ranking of",
    "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": " university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of",
    "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": " World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011",
    "5727da564b864d1900163e8e": "42 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League. Harvard",
    "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": ". Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University",
    "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "es in 42 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League. Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University culminating in The",
    "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc": " no longer one of the country's best as it often was a century ago during football's",
    "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fd": " is played. In 1903, Harvard Stadium introduced a new era into football with the first",
    "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe": " is",
    "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "'s early days (it won the",
    "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The",
    "5727dc473acd2414000dee44": " Malkin Athletic Center, known as the \"MAC\", serves",
    "5727dc473acd2414000dee45": " teams. The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the \"MAC\", serves",
    "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": " Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between",
    "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": " several other sports, such as the Harvard Crimson men",
    "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": ". The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one",
    "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebd": " Game by",
    "5727de862ca10214002d9860": ", John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B",
    "5727de862ca10214002d9861": " Donovan; Canadian political leader Michael Ignatieff",
    "5727de862ca10214002d9862": " Ki-moon; American political leaders John Hancock",
    "5727de862ca10214002d9863": " Ki-moon; American political leaders John Hancock, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D",
    "5727e0474b864d1900163f08": " Tatyana Ali,",
    "5727e0474b864d1900163f09": " Du Bois; philosopher Henry David Thoreau; authors Ralph Waldo",
    "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": " O'Brien; actors Tatyana Ali, Nestor Carbonell, Matt Damon,",
    "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": " E. B. Du Bois;",
    "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": " Herschbach and George M. Whitesides, computer scientists Michael O. Rabin and Leslie Valiant, Shakespeare scholar Stephen Green",
    "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": " scholars such as biologist E. O. Wilson, cognitive",
    "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": " Herschbach and George M. Whitesides, computer scientists Michael O. Rabin and Leslie Valiant",
    "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": " placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits; with an estimated population",
    "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": " most populous in the United States. Jacksonville is the principal city in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with a population of 1",
    "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": " the U.S. state",
    "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "Jacksonville is",
    "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e": " population in the U",
    "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": " on the banks of the St",
    "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": " of northeast Florida and is centered on the banks of the St",
    "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678": ". Johns",
    "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": " on",
    "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a": " northeast Florida and is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line",
    "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "ount",
    "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "ount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay form the third largest military presence in the United States. Significant factors in the local",
    "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": " and civilian deep",
    "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "ount Island Command",
    "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": " area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ec",
    "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": " thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some",
    "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": " of North Florida team discovered some of",
    "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": " of years. On Black Hammock Island",
    "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": ". On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve,",
    "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": " de Laudonni\u00e8re",
    "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": " in 1562 calling",
    "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": " Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because",
    "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "uenot explorer Jean Rib",
    "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": ", on the St. Johns near the main village of the Saturiwa. Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Men\u00e9nd",
    "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06": " a town, laying out the streets and plats. They soon named the town",
    "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": " more than",
    "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08": " French and Indian War, and the British soon",
    "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": " Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole",
    "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": " Wacca Pilatka and",
    "5728128cff5b5019007d9c76": " supply point for hogs and cattle being shipped from Florida to aid the Confederate cause. The city was blockaded by Union forces, who gained",
    "5728128cff5b5019007d9c77": " hogs and cattle",
    "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "1862 just outside Jacksonville proper resulted in the first Confederate victory in Florida. In February 1864 Union forces left Jacksonville and",
    "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "aded by Union forces, who gained control of the nearby Fort Clinch. Though no battles were fought",
    "5728128cff5b5019007d9c7a": " the nearby Fort",
    "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": " a worthy place for tourism.",
    "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "ver Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 188",
    "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "ilded Age, Jacksonville",
    "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": " President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 188",
    "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and",
    "5728170d3acd2414000df443": ". Spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in",
    "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "On May 3, 1901, downtown Jacksonville",
    "5728170d3acd2414000df445": " to spread rapidly. In just eight hours, it swept through 146 city blocks, destroyed",
    "5728170d3acd2414000df446": " eight hours,",
    "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "based filmmakers were attracted to Jacksonville's warm climate, exotic",
    "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": " Over the course of the decade, more than 30 silent",
    "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": " excellent rail",
    "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": " exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheap labor",
    "57281ab63acd2414000df493": " most large cities in the United States, suffered from negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after World War",
    "57281ab63acd2414000df494": " led residents to move to",
    "57281ab63acd2414000df495": " most",
    "57281ab63acd2414000df496": " negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after World War",
    "57281ab63acd2414000df497": " of rapid urban sprawl after World War II. The construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in",
    "57281bb84b864d190016449a": " the",
    "57281bb84b864d190016449b": " recommended that the city of Jacksonville",
    "57281bb84b864d190016449c": " city's tax base dissipated, leading to problems with funding education, sanitation",
    "57281bb84b864d190016449d": " 1958, a study recommended that the city of Jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base",
    "57281d494b864d19001644be": " for government reform. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a",
    "57281d494b864d19001644bf": " began to arise among many of the city's officials",
    "57281d494b864d19001644c0": " network. After a grand jury was convened",
    "57281d494b864d19001644c1": " investigate, 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign. Jacksonville Consolidation, led by J. J. Daniel and Claude",
    "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": " the plan. On October 1, 1968, the governments merged",
    "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": " held in 1967, voters approved the plan. On October 1, 196",
    "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": " consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan. On October",
    "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": " a consolidation",
    "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "1967",
    "572820512ca10214002d9e72": " area of 874.3 square miles (",
    "572820512ca10214002d9e73": " city in land area in the contiguous United States; of this, 86.66% (757.7 sq",
    "572820512ca10214002d9e74": " in the contiguous United States; of this, 86.66% (757.7 sq mi or",
    "572820512ca10214002d9e75": ", the city has a total area of 874.3 square miles (2,",
    "572820512ca10214002d9e76": " or 1",
    "572821274b864d1900164510": "'s",
    "572821274b864d1900164511": "-story Wells",
    "572821274b864d1900164512": " skyline",
    "572821274b864d1900164513": " Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in ",
    "572821274b864d1900164514": " is the Bank",
    "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "K\u00f6ppen Cfa), with mild weather during winters and hot and humid weather during summers. Seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the",
    "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": " the south Atlantic region of the United States, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6pp",
    "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": " region of the United States, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6pp",
    "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": "est months are from November through April.",
    "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": ". High heat indices are common for the summer months in the area, with indices above 110",
    "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": " It is common for thunderstorms to erupt during a typical summer afternoon. These are caused by",
    "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": " 82 F in",
    "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": " January to 82 F in July. High temperatures average 64 to 92",
    "572824f13acd2414000df58f": " hurricanes than most",
    "572824f13acd2414000df590": " severely damaged",
    "572824f13acd2414000df591": " only received one direct hit",
    "572824f13acd2414000df592": " east coast",
    "572824f13acd2414000df593": " direct hit from a hurricane since 1871; however, Jacksonville has experienced hurricane or",
    "572826634b864d19001645be": " the United States. As of 201",
    "572826634b864d19001645bf": " most populous city in Florida",
    "572826634b864d19001645c0": " the most populous city",
    "572826634b864d19001645c1": " and 366,273 households in the city. Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population, with a total population of 5",
    "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "8% were married couples, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.",
    "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "As of 2010[update], there were 366",
    "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": ".4% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.",
    "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": ".2% had a female house",
    "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee": " United Nations University reports",
    "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": " at United Nations University reports that the richest 1%",
    "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": " study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports",
    "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": ". The three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest",
    "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": " and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession. In October 2015, Credit Suisse published a study which shows global",
    "5729d36b1d04691400779607": "% now own nearly half of the world's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession.",
    "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "% now own",
    "5729d36b1d04691400779609": " nearly $41 trillion in 2008",
    "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": " World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults",
    "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": " wealth",
    "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "According",
    "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": " richest Americans \"have more wealth than half of all Americans combined.\" According to the New York Times on July 22",
    "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "400 richest Americans \"have more wealth",
    "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": " Times on July 22, 2014,",
    "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "\". In September 201",
    "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "\" of the Forbes richest 400 Americans \"grew up in",
    "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "hest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom ",
    "5729d44b1d04691400779614": " to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans \"have more wealth than",
    "5729d44b1d04691400779615": " on July 22, 2014, the \"richest 1 percent in the United States",
    "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "oclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution",
    "5727e9523acd2414000def96": " to differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic",
    "5727e9523acd2414000def97": " by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers",
    "5727e9523acd2414000def98": " inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value",
    "5727e9523acd2414000def99": " value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic",
    "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": " economics views inequalities",
    "5729d51d3f37b31900478590": " of income as arising from differences in value added by labor",
    "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": ", landlord).",
    "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": " (worker, capitalist/business owner,",
    "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "oclassical economics views",
    "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": " labor inputs (workers)",
    "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": " Marxian analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers",
    "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": " under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits. Over the long-term",
    "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "In Marxian analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure",
    "5729d609af94a219006aa661": " army of labour\"). This process exerts a downward pressure on wages. The substitution of capital equipment for labor (",
    "5729d609af94a219006aa662": " inputs, increasing unemployment (the \"",
    "5729d609af94a219006aa663": " increases the organic composition",
    "5729d609af94a219006aa664": " capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits. Over the long",
    "5729d609af94a219006aa665": ") under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits",
    "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": " by the employer, but rather by the market",
    "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": " the employer",
    "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": " employer",
    "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": " a purely capitalist mode of production (i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers) the",
    "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": " a",
    "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": " employer, but rather",
    "5729d878af94a219006aa66c": "i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot",
    "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": " limit the number of workers",
    "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": " of",
    "5729d878af94a219006aa66f": " professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations",
    "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": " dish-washing or customer service. Competition amongst workers tends to drive",
    "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": ") will result in a low wage for that job. This is because",
    "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "-washing",
    "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": " through",
    "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": ", since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position. Professional and labor organizations may limit",
    "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": " where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a",
    "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": " where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (",
    "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": " the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply",
    "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": " large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) will result in a low wage for that job.",
    "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": " job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount",
    "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec": " the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (",
    "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": " involve the pursue of new products, services, or underserved market needs. The economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends",
    "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": " at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often",
    "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": " is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter (\"push\" motivations",
    "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations (\"pull\") such as vocation and more likely to",
    "5729de24af94a219006aa689": " hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (",
    "5729de24af94a219006aa68a": "self-employment). However, most of it is",
    "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": " at the individual level (self-employment). However, most",
    "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": " based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter (\"",
    "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "On the other hand",
    "5727ef664b864d1900164060": " a result of the change in tax regime. Additionally, steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of",
    "5727ef664b864d1900164061": ", either increasing it or decreasing it, provided that income does",
    "5727ef664b864d1900164062": " rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system. A progressive tax is a tax by",
    "5727ef664b864d1900164063": " the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on",
    "5729e02f1d04691400779639": " is an indicator for the effects of such",
    "5729e02f1d0469140077963a": " is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system. A",
    "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": " is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases. In a progressive tax system, the level of the top tax",
    "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": " is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system. A progressive tax is a tax",
    "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": " factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals' access to education. Education,",
    "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": " creates high wages for those with this education, however, increases in education first increase and then",
    "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": ". Education, especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers, creates high wages for those with this education,",
    "5727f05b4b864d190016406b": " factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals' access to education. Education, especially in an area where there",
    "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": " because it helps to unleash the productive potential of",
    "5729e1101d04691400779641": " factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals' access to education. Education",
    "5729e1101d04691400779642": " who are unable to afford an",
    "5729e1101d04691400779643": " increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as",
    "5729e1101d04691400779644": " factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals' access to education. Education, especially",
    "5729e1101d04691400779645": " important factor in the creation of inequality is",
    "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b": " disparity",
    "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": " with the Standard & Poor",
    "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": " economists with the Standard & Poor",
    "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": " that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of",
    "5729e1e36aef0514001550ba": " with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the",
    "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": " economists with the Standard",
    "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "4, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency",
    "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": " that the",
    "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": " $105 billion",
    "5727f2714b864d1900164072": ", which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor. High school education during the period was designed to equip",
    "5727f2714b864d1900164073": " the present high school education, which is",
    "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "0\u2013194",
    "5727f2714b864d1900164075": "1910",
    "5727f2714b864d1900164076": " gap in male and female education may indicate",
    "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees. This decrease in wages caused a period of",
    "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": " labor. High school education",
    "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": " of skilled labor. High school education during the period was",
    "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": " students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work. In fact",
    "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": " mass high school education",
    "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7": " support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes. Despite popular prejudices to the contrary, the U",
    "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": " Schmitt and Ben Zipperer (",
    "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": " the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality.",
    "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9": " and Ben Zipperer (2006)",
    "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": " regulation along with the",
    "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": " the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction",
    "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business",
    "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "PR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one",
    "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": " liberalism and the reduction of business",
    "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": " experience steep surges in inequality. He points out that",
    "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": " rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very",
    "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "ociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized",
    "5727f7523acd2414000df110": " the decline",
    "5729e4291d04691400779651": " very low levels of inequality, and",
    "5729e4291d04691400779652": " changes and globalization, which were also experienced",
    "5729e4291d04691400779653": " very low levels of inequality, and",
    "5729e4291d04691400779654": " of organized labor in the United",
    "5729e4291d04691400779655": " gap",
    "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": ".",
    "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "ization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale.",
    "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": " economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale. When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled",
    "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": " shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale. When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers",
    "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": " from a global to a domestic scale. When rich countries trade with poor countries,",
    "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": " economist Paul Krugman",
    "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": " liberalization may shift economic",
    "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "ically confirm the",
    "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "illed workers in the poor countries may see increased wages. Trade economist Paul Krugman",
    "5727fd123acd2414000df185": " in favor of",
    "5727fd123acd2414000df186": " Knowledge and Decisions, claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due",
    "5727fd123acd2414000df187": " Knowledge and",
    "5727fd123acd2414000df188": " there is a Gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market. Several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap",
    "5729f1c13f37b319004785e7": " that in US",
    "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": " to consider factors other than pay when looking for work",
    "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": " than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work, and",
    "5729f1c13f37b319004785ea": " market. Several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap. On",
    "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": " relocate. Thomas Sowell",
    "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab": " low levels of development have",
    "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": " large part the result of stages of development. According to Kuznets",
    "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "ist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development. According to",
    "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": " wealth. As a country develops, it acquires",
    "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": " wealth. As a",
    "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": " levels of economic inequality",
    "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": " economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development. According to Kuznets, countries with low levels of development have",
    "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e0": "ist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part",
    "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": " that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development. According to",
    "57287b322ca10214002da3be": ", recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after",
    "57287b322ca10214002da3bf": " data. However, more recent testing of this theory with superior",
    "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": " United States during its High school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter.[citation needed] However, recent data shows that the",
    "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": " will eventually decrease given time. As",
    "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": " sector.[citation needed]",
    "5729f3883f37b319004785f2": " did fall",
    "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": " relationship between level",
    "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": " bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets curve. Kuznets demonstrated this relationship using",
    "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": " will eventually decrease given time.",
    "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": " newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy",
    "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": " the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities. According to",
    "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": " created wealth concentrates",
    "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": " concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities. According to",
    "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": " beneficiaries of the new wealth",
    "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": " created",
    "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": " is a theoretical[according to whom?] process by which, under certain conditions, newly created wealth",
    "5729f4273f37b319004785fe": " newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities. According to this theory, those",
    "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": " concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities",
    "5729f4e46aef051400155157": " it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering competition to cut prices, profits and large compensation.",
    "5729f4e46aef051400155156": " by the",
    "5729f4e46aef051400155158": " for rare",
    "5729f4e46aef051400155159": " bid up compensation for rare",
    "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": " serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained",
    "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": " social problems",
    "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": " of",
    "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": " of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates",
    "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": " from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level",
    "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": " researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of",
    "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": " Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality",
    "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": ". High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth",
    "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": " not only because",
    "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": " inequality in the United States",
    "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because it generates redistrib",
    "572a06866aef0514001551be": "t have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births",
    "572a06866aef0514001551bf": " mental illness, homicides, teenage births",
    "572a06866aef0514001551c0": " found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage",
    "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity,",
    "572a06866aef0514001551c1": " Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births",
    "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": " stomach",
    "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": ", where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent",
    "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "80 years) and Japan (82) \u2013 where income was more equally distributed \u2013 was longer.",
    "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": " led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes",
    "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": " led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly",
    "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "F",
    "572a07a86aef0514001551d3": " that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of \"Health and Social",
    "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": " factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems \"more common in countries with bigger income",
    "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": " is income inequality. Creating an index of \"Health and Social",
    "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "\" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems \"more common in countries with bigger income inequalities\", and more",
    "572a0a391d046914007796df": " in homicide rates related to inequality. They estimated that about half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by",
    "572a0a391d046914007796e0": " of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by differences in the amount of",
    "572a0a391d046914007796e1": "2) found a similar relationship worldwide.",
    "572a0a391d046914007796e3": " to inequality. They estimated that about half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by differences in the amount of inequality in each",
    "572a0a391d046914007796e2": " countries with undeveloped countries, as well as studying areas within countries. Daly et al. 2001 found that among",
    "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "\"",
    "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": ". A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced",
    "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": " of",
    "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": " example of reduced \"distributive efficiency\" within society, that decreases marginal utility of wealth and thus the sum total of personal utility",
    "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": " equality will have higher aggregate utility. Some studies have found evidence for this theory, noting that in societies where inequality is lower",
    "572a0c541d046914007796f3": " is",
    "572a0c541d046914007796f4": " than the",
    "572a0c541d046914007796f5": " the libertarian Cato Institute states that \"the weight of the evidence shows that the run",
    "572a0c541d046914007796f6": " income inequality",
    "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "ervative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should",
    "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": ", within the United States and around the world,",
    "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": " easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low. This has given the American economy a tendency to go \"",
    "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": " that \"systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial '",
    "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": " United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [",
    "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "ating and declining purchasing",
    "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": " with",
    "572a0e0e1d04691400779708": " correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality prevent not just economic",
    "572a0e0e1d04691400779709": " rich) increases, then GDP growth actually declines over the medium term, suggesting that the benefits do not trickle down. In contrast",
    "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": " quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education. According",
    "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "not",
    "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": " inequality",
    "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "intana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative",
    "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "intana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect",
    "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": "odes self-esteem promoting social dis",
    "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": ". High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because",
    "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "itz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand. Economist Branko Milanovic,",
    "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": " in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand. Economist Branko Milanovic, wrote in 2001",
    "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": ", wrote in 2001 that, \"The view that income inequality harms growth \u2013 or that improved equality can help sustain growth \u2013 has become",
    "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "200",
    "572a1046af94a219006aa791": " years. ... The main reason for this shift is the increasing",
    "572a11663f37b31900478693": " A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance",
    "572a11663f37b31900478694": " associated",
    "572a11663f37b31900478695": "fections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development.",
    "572a11663f37b31900478696": " may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach",
    "572a11663f37b31900478697": ". A 199",
    "572a12381d0469140077972d": " Robert Barro, found that there is \"little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment\". According to work by Bar",
    "572a12381d0469140077972e": "1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in",
    "572a12381d0469140077972c": " Robert Barro, found that there is \"little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and",
    "572a12381d0469140077972b": " Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study",
    "572a12381d0469140077972f": " Barro, found that there is \"little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and",
    "572a13841d0469140077973b": " income inequality and",
    "572a13841d0469140077973c": " challenges this notion",
    "572a13841d0469140077973d": "uznets",
    "572a13841d0469140077973e": " increases, then decreases. Economist Thomas Piketty",
    "572a13841d0469140077973f": " the",
    "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df": " a positive effect on economic development",
    "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": " because",
    "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1": " increased income inequality",
    "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": " on economic development. According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced",
    "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "2011 incorrectly stated that",
    "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": " with high inequality would",
    "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": " acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of",
    "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": " economic growth can potentially play in human development,",
    "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": " the central role economic growth can potentially",
    "572a1a5c6aef051400155288": " The effect of economic growth on poverty reduction \u2013 the growth elasticity of poverty \u2013 can depend on",
    "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and",
    "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": " and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. Much un",
    "572a1ba46aef051400155290": "registered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements.",
    "572a1ba46aef051400155291": " developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. Much unregistered property is held in informal form",
    "572a1ba46aef051400155292": " countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. Much unregistered property is",
    "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": " number of researchers (",
    "572a1c943f37b319004786e2": " in the US \u2013 is caused in part by income inequality. David Rodda noted",
    "572a1c943f37b319004786e3": "da noted",
    "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": " the US \u2013 is caused",
    "572a1c943f37b319004786e5": ". David Rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units decreased",
    "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": ", certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the costs of housing, pensions, education and health care",
    "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": " equipped to manage their",
    "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": " the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of",
    "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": " difficult to",
    "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": " costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to manage their finances",
    "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": " created as the waste/pollution is cleaned up better afterwards (",
    "572a1f086aef0514001552c1": "nets Curve (E",
    "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": " more",
    "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": " poor people",
    "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": " of the means of production by a class of owners, creating",
    "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": " of production by a class of owners, creating",
    "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": " of production by a class of owners, creating",
    "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": " the population is dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary. In order",
    "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": " portion of the population lives off unearned property income",
    "572a20816aef0514001552e4": " taxation), and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force. However, Noz",
    "572a20816aef0514001552e5": " Nozick",
    "572a20816aef0514001552e6": " Some see Rawls's argument as a justification for capitalism since even the poorest",
    "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "z",
    "572a20816aef0514001552e8": " under capitalism; others believe only a strong welfare state can satisfy Rawls",
    "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "\u201d through increasing functionings (the things a person values doing), capabilities (the freedom to enjoy functionings) and agency",
    "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": " the human development approach \u2013 looks at income inequality and poverty as form of \u201ccapability deprivation\u201d. Unlike",
    "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": " the end itself. Its goal is to \u201cwid[en] people\u2019s choices and",
    "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": " things a person values doing), capabilities (the freedom",
    "572a213e6aef0514001552f2": " functionings (the things a person values doing",
    "572a2224af94a219006aa823": " woman from receiving an education or working outside the home. There may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic, or there could be rampant violence",
    "572a2224af94a219006aa824": "\u2019s capabilities are lowered, they are in some way deprived of earning as much income",
    "572a2224af94a219006aa825": " deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise. An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy",
    "572a2224af94a219006aa826": " man; gender roles and customs may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home. There may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic",
    "572a2224af94a219006aa827": " way deprived of earning as much income as they would",
    "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": " appears as a blue British police box,",
    "5727efabff5b5019007d98e3": ", which was a common sight",
    "5727efabff5b5019007d98e4": " by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor,",
    "5727efabff5b5019007d98e5": " a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts",
    "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": ",",
    "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f2": " of",
    "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f3": " cult television favourite. The show has influenced generations of British",
    "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": " television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series. The programme originally",
    "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": " a cult television favourite. The show has influenced generations of",
    "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": " British television",
    "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": ". The transition from",
    "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": " well as the differing approach to the role that each brings, under the concept of regeneration into",
    "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": " plot of the show, as well as the differing approach to the role that each brings, under the concept",
    "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": " each brings, under the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation. The show's premise is that this is",
    "5727f18c3acd2414000df067": " the plot means that, on occasion, different Doctors have met each other. Peter Capaldi took on",
    "5727f2583acd2414000df087": " of the primary character",
    "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "Doctor Who follows",
    "5727f2583acd2414000df089": " of the primary character, a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gallif",
    "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": " \"The Doctor\". He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen Mark I Type 40 TARD",
    "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": " follows the adventures of the primary character, a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gall",
    "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": " gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his",
    "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": " usually humans, as he has found a fascination with",
    "5727f3193acd2414000df0a7": " usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth. He often finds events",
    "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": " and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans",
    "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": " alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans",
    "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": ". When the script was presented",
    "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a33": " mainly responsible for developing the programme, with the first format document for the series being written by",
    "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": " BBC TV at 17:16:",
    "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": " on BBC TV at 17:",
    "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": " so adamant that we shouldn't make it. Had we had anything else ready",
    "5727f5622ca10214002d9a44": " produced",
    "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": " Than 30 Years in the TARDIS) it was effectively,",
    "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": " the programme for 26 seasons, broadcast on BBC 1. Falling",
    "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": " BBC 1. Falling viewing numbers, a decline in the public",
    "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": " a decline in the public perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw",
    "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "While in-house",
    "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": " hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show",
    "5727f678ff5b5019007d9958": " a venture",
    "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": " BBC hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the",
    "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": " expatriate who worked for Columbia Pictures' television arm in the United States, had approached the BBC about such a venture as early as July",
    "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": " with the episode \"Rose\" on BBC One on 26 March 2005. There have since been nine further series",
    "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": " finally returned with the episode \"Rose\" on BBC One on",
    "5727f746ff5b5019007d9963": " step down after the 2017 finale",
    "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": " since been nine further series",
    "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": " announced that he would",
    "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7c": " the 1996 telefilm. This is similar to the 1988 continuation of Mission Impossible, but differs from most other series relaunches",
    "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": " continuation of Mission Impossible, but differs from most other series relaunches which have either been rebo",
    "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": " is similar to the 1988 continuation of Mission Impossible, but differs from most other series relaunches which have either been reboots (for",
    "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": " original 1963\u20131989 series[note 2] and the 1996 telefilm. This is similar",
    "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "5 version of Doctor Who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963\u20131989 series",
    "5727fc7f4b864d1900164160": " ten minutes due to extended news coverage of the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy the previous",
    "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": " the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy the previous day; whereas in fact",
    "5727fc7f4b864d1900164162": " blackouts across the country, and they broadcast it again on 30 November ",
    "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": " power blackouts",
    "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": "It has been claimed that the transmission of the first episode",
    "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": " culture, signifying in humour",
    "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": " from behind') the sofa\" entered British pop culture, signifying in humour the",
    "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": " a television programme while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it. The phrase retains this association with Doctor Who, to the point that in ",
    "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": " behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa\" entered British pop culture, signifying in humour the stereotypical",
    "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind",
    "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "A BBC audience research survey conducted in 1972 found that, by their own definition of violence (\"any act[s",
    "5727fed73acd2414000df1a2": " own definition of violence (\"any act[s] which may cause physical and/or",
    "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": " that, by their own definition of violence (\"any act[s] which",
    "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": ", hurt or death to persons, animals",
    "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": " and/or psychological injury, hurt or",
    "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": " one of the people who conceived the idea",
    "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": " become",
    "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": " a time machine. In 1996,",
    "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": " idea of a police box as a time machine. In 1996, the BBC applied for a trade mark to use the TARDIS' blue",
    "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a90": " of the TARDIS has become firmly linked to the show in the public's consciousness; BBC scriptwriter Anthony Coburn",
    "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": " 1963 until 6 December 1989. During the original run,",
    "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": ". Notable exceptions were: The Daleks' Master Plan, which aired in 12 episodes (plus an earlier one-episode teaser, \"Mission",
    "572800b03acd2414000df1f3": " story (or \"serial\") \u2014 usually of",
    "572800b03acd2414000df1f4": " formed",
    "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": ")",
    "572801823acd2414000df1fb": " on overseas commercial channels), and an extended episode broadcast on Christmas Day. Each series includes several standalone and multi",
    "572801823acd2414000df1fc": " (60 minutes with adverts, on",
    "572801823acd2414000df1fd": " Christmas Day. Each series includes several standalone and multi-part stories, linked with a loose story arc that resolves in the series finale",
    "572801823acd2414000df1fe": " episode broadcast on Christmas Day",
    "572801823acd2414000df1ff": " serial format changed for the 2005 revival, with each series usually consisting of 13 45-minute, self-contained episodes (60 minutes with",
    "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "'s The",
    "5728023a4b864d19001641f5": " most common format), 45-minute episodes (for Res",
    "5728023a4b864d19001641f6": "826 Doctor Who instalments have been televised since 1963, ranging between",
    "5728023a4b864d19001641f7": " instalments have been televised since 1963, ranging between 25",
    "5728023a4b864d19001641f8": "5, and the revival), two feature-length productions",
    "572803493acd2414000df229": " wiped",
    "572803493acd2414000df22a": " 1973, large amounts of older material stored in the BBC's",
    "572803493acd2414000df22b": "note 3] wiped, or suffered from poor storage which led to severe deterioration from broadcast quality. This included many old episodes of Doctor Who",
    "572803493acd2414000df22c": " older material stored in the BBC's various video tape and film libraries were either destroyed,[",
    "572803493acd2414000df22d": " ",
    "572804522ca10214002d9b94": " fans have also been retrieved, as well as excerpts filmed",
    "572804522ca10214002d9b95": " from the archives of other countries who bought",
    "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "Some episodes have been returned to the BBC from the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast,",
    "572804522ca10214002d9b96": ". Short clips from every story with the exception of Marco Polo, \"",
    "572804522ca10214002d9b98": " the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast, or by private individuals who acquired them by various means.",
    "572805363acd2414000df26d": " through Amazon.com. Subsequent animations made in 2013 include The Tenth Planet, The",
    "572805363acd2414000df26e": "\"Official\" recon",
    "572805363acd2414000df26f": " Cosgrove Hall, reconstructed the missing episodes 1 and 4 of The Invasion (1968), using remastered audio tracks and the comprehensive stage",
    "572805363acd2414000df270": " through Amazon.com. Subsequent animations made in 201",
    "572805363acd2414000df271": ", on MP3 CD-ROM, and as special features",
    "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": " of the main character. This was first prompted by original star William Hartnell's poor health. The actual term \"regeneration\" was not initially",
    "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": " undergoing a \"renewal,\" and the Second Doctor underwent a \"change",
    "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": " the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting of the main character. This was",
    "57280757ff5b5019007d9b45": " past",
    "57280757ff5b5019007d9b46": "nell's poor health. The actual term",
    "572808bf4b864d190016429a": " and the 1996 TV film would later establish that a Time Lord can only regenerate 12 times",
    "572808bf4b864d190016429b": "dryn Undead and the 1996",
    "572808bf4b864d190016429c": " times, for a total of 13 incarnations. This line became stuck",
    "572808bf4b864d190016429d": " that a Time Lord can only regenerate 12 times, for a total of ",
    "572808bf4b864d190016429e": " the ",
    "572809ab4b864d19001642ae": " who have headlined",
    "572809ab4b864d19001642af": " incarnation of the Doctor known as the War Doctor in the run-up to the show's 50th anniversary special \"The Day of the Doctor\". He",
    "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "In addition to those actors who have headlined the series",
    "572809ab4b864d19001642b1": "lined the series, others have",
    "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": " as a hitherto unknown",
    "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": " reprise the role of their",
    "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "e returned to star with Peter Davison, and Tom Baker appeared in previously unseen",
    "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": " 1973's The Three Doctors, William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton returned alongside Jon Pertwee. For 1983",
    "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": " 1983's The Five Doctors, Troughton and Pert",
    "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": "on returned alongside Jon Pertwee. For 1983's The Five Doctors",
    "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca8": ". To celebrate the 40th anniversary in 2003, an audio drama titled Zagreus featuring",
    "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca9": ". Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy appeared together in",
    "57280cac2ca10214002d9caa": " returned",
    "57280cac2ca10214002d9cab": "2003, an audio drama titled Zagreus featuring Paul McGann, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Peter",
    "57280cac2ca10214002d9cac": " 1999 audio adventure The Sire",
    "57280e323acd2414000df349": " (1983), the Fifth Doctor explicitly confirmed that he",
    "57280e323acd2414000df34a": " the Eleventh Doctor similarly calls himself \"the Eleventh\" in \"The Lodger\". In the 2013 episode \"The Time of the Doctor",
    "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "awdryn Undead (",
    "57280e323acd2414000df34c": " the Fifth Doctor explicitly confirmed that he was then currently in his fifth incarnation. Later that same year",
    "57280e323acd2414000df34d": " the first incarnation (although the other faces depicted may have been incarnations of the Time Lord Morbius).",
    "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": " of",
    "57280f0d3acd2414000df35c": ", shows",
    "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "The programme's first serial, An Unearthly Child, shows that the Doctor has a granddaughter, Susan Foreman. In the 196",
    "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "7 serial, Tomb of the Cybermen, when Victoria Waterfield doubts the Doctor",
    "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": " granddaughter, Susan Foreman. In the",
    "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": " constant feature",
    "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": " \u2013 generally a human \u2013 has been a constant feature in Doctor Who since",
    "5728103eff5b5019007d9c33": "The companion figure \u2013 generally a human \u2013 has been a constant feature in Doctor Who since the programme's inception in 1963.",
    "5728103eff5b5019007d9c34": " Ann",
    "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "3. One of the roles of the companion is to remind the Doctor of his \"moral duty\". The Doctor's first companions seen on",
    "572811434b864d190016438c": " (",
    "572811434b864d190016438d": " Darvill), whilst out-of-sync meetings with River Song (Alex Kingston) and Clara",
    "572811434b864d190016438e": " with Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman)",
    "572811434b864d190016438f": " the first to travel with a married couple, Amy Pond (",
    "572811434b864d1900164390": " Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill), whilst out-of-sync meetings with River Song (",
    "572812142ca10214002d9d2a": " classic",
    "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": " at a time: the Autons with the Nestene Consciousness and Daleks in series",
    "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": " show's",
    "572812142ca10214002d9d2d": " Russell T Davies stated his intention",
    "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": " step at a time: the Autons with the Nestene Consciousness and Daleks in series 1, Cybermen in series 2",
    "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "The Dalek race, which first",
    "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": ", which first appeared in",
    "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": " The Daleks are Kaled",
    "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": ". The Daleks are Kaled",
    "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "1963, are Doctor Who's oldest villains. The Daleks are Kaleds from the planet Skaro, mutated by",
    "572813b52ca10214002d9d68": " is the Doctor's archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires to",
    "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": " Conceived as \"Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes\", the character first appeared in 1971",
    "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "The Master is the Doctor's archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires to rule",
    "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "enemy, a ren",
    "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": " is the Doctor's archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires to rule the universe. Conceived as \"Professor Moriarty",
    "572814882ca10214002d9d72": " in 2005, Derek Jacobi provided the",
    "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "201",
    "572814882ca10214002d9d74": " the character's re-introduction in the",
    "572814882ca10214002d9d75": " a female incarnation or \"Time Lady,\" going by the name of \"Missy",
    "572814882ca10214002d9d76": ", Derek Jacobi provided the character's re-introduction in the 2007 episode \"Utop",
    "572816213acd2414000df429": " theme",
    "572816213acd2414000df42a": " theme tune up to the",
    "572816213acd2414000df42b": "The original theme was composed by Ron Grainer and realised",
    "572816213acd2414000df42c": " by Delia Derbyshire of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, with assistance from",
    "572816213acd2414000df42d": " Radiophonic Workshop, with assistance",
    "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "0",
    "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": " a Time Lord in season 23 (198",
    "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": " Dominic Glynn's arrangement for the season-long serial The Trial of a Time Lord in season 23 (",
    "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": " (1980), which was in turn replaced by Dominic Glynn's",
    "572817802ca10214002d9db4": "6). Keff McCulloch provided the new arrangement for the Seventh Doctor's era which lasted from",
    "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": " again by Gold, was introduced in the 2007",
    "5728185f3acd2414000df45d": " arrangement of the theme, once again by Gold, was introduced in the 2007 Christmas special",
    "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": " for the 2010 series. He was responsible for a new version of",
    "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": " was introduced in the 2007 Christmas",
    "5728185f3acd2414000df45f": " episode, \"Voyage of",
    "572819864b864d190016447e": " the group Mankind, which reached number 24 in the UK charts. In",
    "572819864b864d190016447f": " Pertwee, who had played the Third Doctor, recorded a version of the Doctor Who",
    "572819864b864d1900164480": " pop music over",
    "572819864b864d1900164481": "s, Jon Pertwee, who had played the Third Doctor, recorded a version of the Doctor Who theme with spoken lyrics,",
    "572819864b864d1900164482": "s, Jon Pertwee, who had played the Third Doctor, recorded a version of the Doctor Who theme with spoken lyrics",
    "57281a952ca10214002d9dea": " musical contributor during the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson, who is also well known for his theme and incidental music for Blake's 7,",
    "57281a952ca10214002d9deb": "/Tom Baker periods, ending with The Horns of Nimon (1979). He",
    "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": "15 years was Dudley",
    "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": " 15 years was",
    "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": " Planet of Giants (196",
    "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfa": " by the BBC",
    "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfb": " revived series has been",
    "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": ", introducing the different sections of the concert. Murray Gold and Russell T Davies answered questions during the interval and Dale",
    "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "All the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by Murray Gold and Ben Foster and",
    "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": " filmed mini-episode \"Music of",
    "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1e": " releases have been released since 2005. The first featured tracks from the first two series, the second and third featured music from",
    "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": "0",
    "57281cb22ca10214002d9e20": " featured music from the third and fourth series respectively. The fourth was released on 4 October 2010 as a two disc special edition and contained music",
    "57281cb22ca10214002d9e21": " been released since 2005. The first featured tracks from the first two series, the second and third featured music from the third and fourth",
    "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": " The soundtrack for Series 5 was released on 8 November 2010. In February 2011, a soundtrack was",
    "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": " run. The logo used",
    "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": " for the First Doctor (and briefly for",
    "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": " The",
    "57281f203acd2414000df4f8": " (and briefly for the Second Doctor) was reused in a slightly modified format for the 50th anniversary special \"The",
    "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": " television movie featuring the Eighth Doctor was an updated version of the logo used for the Third Doctor. The logo from ",
    "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "mania\"",
    "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9d": "ed and waned over the decades, with three notable periods of high ratings. The first of these was the",
    "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": " John F. Kennedy, the first episode of Doctor Who was repeated with the second episode the following week. Doctor Who",
    "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9f": " as a",
    "57282036ff5b5019007d9da0": "ing the day",
    "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": " a leading",
    "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": " at 16 million.[citation needed] Figures remained respectable into the 1980s, but",
    "572821ceff5b5019007d9db4": " and the",
    "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": " 1979, viewership peaked at 16 million.[citation needed] Figures remained respectable into the 1980s,",
    "572821ceff5b5019007d9db6": " was",
    "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": " in",
    "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": " four episodes have ever had their premiere showings on channels other than BBC One.",
    "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": " its d\u00e9but on 23 November (the actual date of the anniversary) on a number of PBS stations two days prior to",
    "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": ". The 1983 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors had its d\u00e9but on 23 November (the actual date of the anniversary) on a",
    "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd8": " to its BBC One broadcast. The 1988 story Silver Nemesis was",
    "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed6": " a strong fan base since its inception, having been exclusively first run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (",
    "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed7": " with repeats on ABC2. The ABC",
    "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed8": " repeated episodes; of note were the weekly screenings of all available",
    "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed9": ", the show has had a strong fan base since",
    "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": " Corporation (ABC) since January 1965. The ABC has",
    "572825714b864d1900164590": " The Three Doctors and aired each series (several years late)",
    "572825714b864d1900164591": " The Talons of Weng-Chiang was cancelled as a result",
    "572825714b864d1900164592": " a result of accusations that the story was racist; the story was later broadcast in the 1990s on cable station Y",
    "572825714b864d1900164593": " with TVO's status as an educational channel. Its airing of The",
    "572825714b864d1900164594": " bookended by science-fiction writer Judith Merril who would introduce the episode and then,",
    "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": ", Billie Piper recorded a special video introduction. CBC began airing series two on 9 October 2006 at",
    "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "9 October 2006 at",
    "572826762ca10214002d9f2e": " over the closing credits; for the broadcast of \"The Christmas Invasion\" on 26 December 2005, Billie",
    "572826762ca10214002d9f2f": " for each episode (including a trivia question as part of a",
    "572826762ca10214002d9f30": " the Canadian broadcast, Christopher Eccleston recorded special video introductions for each episode (including a trivia question as part of",
    "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": " Australia,",
    "5728274cff5b5019007d9e27": " in the United Kingdom, Australia,",
    "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": " BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States. Every fully extant serial has been",
    "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "MD",
    "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": " on Laserdisc and many have also been released on",
    "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "1980s, Jon Pertwee and Colin Baker",
    "572828383acd2414000df5c4": ". In the early 1970s, Trevor Martin",
    "572828383acd2414000df5c5": "s, Trevor",
    "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "s",
    "572828383acd2414000df5c7": " on stage numerous times. In the early 1970s, Trevor Martin played the role in Doctor Who",
    "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": " reprised his role of Jack Harkness from the",
    "572829532ca10214002d9fa3": " the success of the 2005 series produced by Russell T Davies, the BBC commissioned Davies",
    "572829532ca10214002d9fa4": " entertainment company Starz debuted in 2011. The series was predominantly set in the United States, though Wales remained part of the show's setting.",
    "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": " Three",
    "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": " the 2005 series produced by Russell",
    "57282f204b864d190016468a": " Day 2007 and a full series began on 24 September 2007. A second series followed in 2008",
    "57282f204b864d190016468b": " developed by CBBC; a special aired on New Year's Day 2007 and a full series began",
    "57282f204b864d190016468c": " the Eleventh Doctor alongside former companion actress Katy Manning reprising her",
    "57282f204b864d190016468d": ", was developed by CBBC; a special aired on New Year's Day ",
    "57282f204b864d190016468e": "1 \u2013 uncompleted due to the death of Elisabeth Sladen in early ",
    "5728303e4b864d19001646aa": " 1993, for the franchise's 30th anniversary, another charity special, titled Dimensions in",
    "5728303e4b864d19001646ab": " featuring all of the surviving actors who played the",
    "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": " in",
    "5728303e4b864d19001646ad": " the franchise's 30th anniversary, another charity special, titled Dimensions in Time was",
    "5728303e4b864d19001646ae": " viewers",
    "572831512ca10214002da04a": " made for Comic Relief and later released on VHS. An affectionate parody of the television series, it was split into four segments,",
    "572831512ca10214002da04b": " Relief and later released on VHS. An affection",
    "572831512ca10214002da04c": " special, Doctor",
    "572831512ca10214002da04d": " the television series,",
    "572831512ca10214002da04e": " special, Doctor",
    "572833662ca10214002da086": ".",
    "572833662ca10214002da087": " Who in popular culture and other science fiction,",
    "572833662ca10214002da088": " the character of Oliver on Coupling (created and written by current show runner Steven Moffat) is portrayed as a Doctor",
    "572833662ca10214002da089": " fiction, including Star Trek",
    "572833662ca10214002da08a": " other science fiction, including Star Trek: The Next Generation (\"The Neutral Zone\") and",
    "572834524b864d1900164716": ". Ten years later, the first original Doctor Who audio was released on LP record; Doctor Who and the",
    "572834524b864d1900164717": "-related",
    "572834524b864d1900164718": ". Ten years later, the first original Doctor Who audio was released on LP",
    "572834524b864d1900164719": " of",
    "572834524b864d190016471a": " P",
    "572835854b864d190016472e": " audios on CD.",
    "572835854b864d190016472f": " McG",
    "572835854b864d1900164730": ". The earliest of these featured the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors,",
    "572835854b864d1900164731": " series Destiny of the Doctor, produced",
    "572835854b864d1900164732": " McGann's Eight Doctor joining the line in 2001. Tom Baker's Fourth Doctor began appearing for Big Finish",
    "572836732ca10214002da0dc": " line of original fiction was launched, the Virgin New Adventures and Virgin Missing Adventures. Since the relaunch of the programme in 2005, a",
    "572836732ca10214002da0dd": " an extensive line of original fiction was launched, the Virgin New Adventures and Virgin Missing Adventures. Since the relaunch of the",
    "572836732ca10214002da0de": "1991 an extensive line of original fiction was launched, the Virgin New Adventures and Virgin Missing Adventures. Since",
    "572836732ca10214002da0df": " from the mid-sixties through to the present day. From 196",
    "572836732ca10214002da0e0": " Numerous non-fiction books about",
    "572837402ca10214002da0f4": " by the BBC, there have also been novels, comics, short stories, audio books, radio plays, interactive",
    "572837402ca10214002da0f5": " the creation of the Doctor Who character by BBC Television in the",
    "572837402ca10214002da0f6": "1960",
    "572837402ca10214002da0f7": " the Doctor Who character by BBC Television in the",
    "572838323acd2414000df737": " Series and five consecutive (2005\u20132010) awards at the National Television Awards during Russell T Davies' tenure as executive producer",
    "572838323acd2414000df738": " Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005\u20132010) awards at the National Television Awards during",
    "572838323acd2414000df739": " awards at the National Television Awards during Russell T Davies' tenure as executive producer. In 2011",
    "572838323acd2414000df73a": " for Best Actor and in 2016",
    "572838323acd2414000df73b": " Russell T Davies' tenure as executive producer. In",
    "57283a392ca10214002da118": " a TV drama",
    "57283a392ca10214002da119": ", the Peabody Awards",
    "57283a392ca10214002da11a": " DVD and book sales,",
    "57283a392ca10214002da11b": " Guinness World Records as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world, the \"most successful\" science fiction series of all time\u2014",
    "57283a392ca10214002da11c": ". During its original run,",
    "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa4": " 1975, Season 11 of the series won a Writers' Guild of Great Britain award for Best Writing in a Children's Serial. In ",
    "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": " Programmes of the 20th century, produced by the British Film Institute and voted on by industry professionals. In ",
    "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa6": "' Guild of Great Britain",
    "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "untie Awards\" as the culmination of their \"TV60\" series, celebrating ",
    "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": ", Season 11 of the series won a Writers' Guild of",
    "57283ce72ca10214002da14c": " five BAFTA TV Awards,",
    "57283ce72ca10214002da14d": " the highest-profile and most prestigious British television award for which the series has ever been nominated.",
    "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": " highest-profile and most prestigious British television award for which the series",
    "57283ce72ca10214002da14f": " received recognition from critics and the public, across various awards ceremonies. It won five BAFTA TV Awards, including",
    "57283ce72ca10214002da150": " Best Drama Series (twice), Best Screenplay/Screenwriter (thrice",
    "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc6": "antasy award for films and series, six times (every year since 2006, except for 200",
    "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc7": " the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for films and series, six times (every year since 200",
    "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "The Big Bang\" (2011), and \"The",
    "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc9": ", the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for films and series, six times (every year since 2006, except for 200",
    "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fca": " Form of the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for films and series, six times (every",
    "57283e652ca10214002da166": ", hurls a soap sponge at it) and Lenny Henry",
    "57283e652ca10214002da167": " Dalek invades his bathroom \u2014 Milligan, naked, hurls a soap sponge at it) and Lenny Henry. Jon Culshaw frequently",
    "57283e652ca10214002da168": " Who has been satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including Spike Milligan (a Dalek invades his bathroom",
    "57283e652ca10214002da16a": " \u2014 Milligan",
    "57283e652ca10214002da169": "k",
    "57283c464b864d19001647c8": " Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C) is a private research university",
    "57283c464b864d19001647c9": ". The university, established in 1890, consists of The College, various graduate programs, interdisciplinary committees organized into four academic research divisions",
    "57283c464b864d19001647ca": " Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C) is a private research university in Chicago. The university",
    "57283c464b864d19001647cb": "The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C) is a private research university in Chicago. The university,",
    "57283c464b864d19001647cc": " private research university in Chicago. The university, established in 1890, consists of The College, various graduate programs, interdisciplinary committees organized into four",
    "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": " department helped",
    "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": " the development of various academic disciplines, including: the Chicago school of",
    "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": ": the Chicago school",
    "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "University of Chicago scholars have played a",
    "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fc0": " analysis, the",
    "57283f014b864d19001647e8": " Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891,",
    "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "ate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller",
    "57283f014b864d19001647ea": " curriculum",
    "57283f014b864d19001647eb": " Chicago was",
    "57283f014b864d19001647ec": " William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in",
    "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": " was created and incorporated as a coeducational, secular institution in 189",
    "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "1890 by the American Baptist Education",
    "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": " land donated by Marshall Field. While the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not",
    "57284142ff5b5019007da00d": " the campus'",
    "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": " philanthropist John D. Rockefeller on",
    "572843304b864d1900164848": " affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. Under the terms of the affiliation, the schools were required to have",
    "572843304b864d1900164849": ": Des Moines College, Kalamazoo College,",
    "572843304b864d190016484a": ", fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students, affiliated with several regional colleges and universities: Des Moines College",
    "572843304b864d190016484b": ". In 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. Under the terms of",
    "572843304b864d190016484c": " and universities: Des Moines College",
    "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": " academics over athletics, instituted the undergraduate college's liberal-",
    "57284456ff5b5019007da060": ",",
    "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": " athletics, instituted the undergraduate college's liberal-arts curriculum known as the Common Core, and organized the university",
    "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": ". Hutchins eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics, instituted the undergraduate college's liberal-",
    "57284456ff5b5019007da05d": " Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office; the university underwent many changes during",
    "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": " of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In response, the university became a major sponsor of",
    "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": " In response, the university became a major sponsor",
    "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": " student applications declined as a result of increasing",
    "57284618ff5b5019007da0ab": " the neighborhood's architecture and street plan. During this period the university, like Shimer College and 10 others, adopted an early entr",
    "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": " the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of",
    "572847ff3acd2414000df869": " students occupied President George Beadle's office in a protest over the",
    "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": " 196",
    "572847ff3acd2414000df86b": " must sustain an extraordinary",
    "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": " experienced its share of student unrest during the 196",
    "572847ff3acd2414000df86d": "0s, beginning in 1962",
    "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": ". Booth donated $300 million to the university's Booth School of Business, which is the largest gift in the university",
    "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": " mid-2000",
    "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "From the mid-2000s, the university began a number",
    "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": " projects. In 2008, the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the Milton Friedman Institute which attracted both support and controversy",
    "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": " expansion projects. In 2008, the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the Milton Friedman Institute which attracted both support and controversy",
    "57284b904b864d19001648e2": " by two University of Chicago trustees and plotted by Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb. The Main Quadrangles consist of six",
    "57284b904b864d19001648e3": "The",
    "57284b904b864d19001648e4": " The Main Quadrangles consist of six quadrangles, each surrounded by",
    "57284b904b864d19001648e5": ", each surrounded by buildings, bordering",
    "57284b904b864d19001648e6": " Chicago campus, which",
    "57284d484b864d1900164900": " to become the home of the Harris School of Public Policy Studies by",
    "57284d484b864d1900164901": "After the 1940s, the Gothic style on campus began to give way to modern",
    "57284d484b864d1900164902": " campus began to give way to modern styles. In 1955, Eero Saarinen",
    "57284d484b864d1900164903": "enstein Library, the largest building on campus, a brutalist structure designed by Walter Netsch",
    "57284d484b864d1900164904": " to the construction of buildings both north and south of the Midway, including the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle (a complex designed by Sa",
    "57284e9fff5b5019007da150": "201",
    "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": " of Chicago. The Center in Paris, a campus located on the left bank of the Seine in Paris, hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs",
    "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": " the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago.",
    "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": " maintains campuses in Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago. The Center in Paris, a campus located on the left bank of",
    "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": " London,",
    "5728501aff5b5019007da166": " plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts, and is composed of ",
    "5728501aff5b5019007da167": " members including the university President. Directly beneath the President are the Provost, fourteen",
    "5728501aff5b5019007da168": " the Directors of Arg",
    "5728501aff5b5019007da169": " a board of",
    "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": " governed by a board of trustees. The Board of Trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts, and is composed of",
    "5728510f4b864d1900164936": " independent academic institutions, including Fermilab, Argonne National Laboratory",
    "5728510f4b864d1900164937": " bodies of the University of Chicago",
    "5728510f4b864d1900164938": " the College, four divisions",
    "57285213ff5b5019007da180": " interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions",
    "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "isters interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions",
    "57285213ff5b5019007da182": " Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 50 academic majors and 28 minors. The college's academics are divided into five divisions",
    "57285213ff5b5019007da183": ": the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the",
    "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "17 students, and are generally",
    "572853e8ff5b5019007da189": "3\u20132014 school year, 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the Core",
    "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": " under the Core. Undergraduate courses at the University of Chicago are known for their demanding standards, heavy",
    "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "3\u20132014 school year, 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under",
    "572855973acd2414000df925": " for K-12 students and day care), the",
    "572855973acd2414000df926": " academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools. It operates the University of",
    "572855973acd2414000df927": "graduate schools. It operates the",
    "572855973acd2414000df928": " institutions and programs apart from its",
    "572855973acd2414000df929": " and",
    "572856beff5b5019007da190": " contains one of the largest collections of print volumes",
    "572856beff5b5019007da191": " Chicago Library system encompasses",
    "572856beff5b5019007da192": " 9.8 million volumes, the 11th most among library systems in the United States. The university",
    "572856beff5b5019007da193": " volumes, the 11th most among",
    "572856beff5b5019007da194": " University of Chicago Library system encompasses six libraries that contain a total of 9.8 million volumes, the 11th most among",
    "57285841ff5b5019007da19a": " campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute\u2014a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies",
    "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": " the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with a number",
    "57285841ff5b5019007da19c": " for Near Eastern studies",
    "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": " Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with",
    "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": " a number of National Resource Centers",
    "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": " about the",
    "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": " in",
    "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "The University of Chicago has been the site of",
    "57286010ff5b5019007da1cd": " experiment",
    "572861cc4b864d190016495e": " October 2012, five",
    "572861cc4b864d190016495f": " UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the",
    "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "va. The center includes spaces for exhibitions, performances",
    "572861cc4b864d1900164961": " and David Logan",
    "572861cc4b864d1900164962": " and David Logan Center for the Arts opened in",
    "572863363acd2414000df985": ", the University of Chicago enrolled 5,",
    "572863363acd2414000df986": ",",
    "572863363acd2414000df987": " MC",
    "572863363acd2414000df988": " College of the University of Chicago had an",
    "572863363acd2414000df989": "1530, the average MCAT score for entering students in the Pritzker School of Medicine in",
    "572864542ca10214002da2de": " III as members of the University Athletic Association (UAA). The university was a founding member of the Big Ten Conference",
    "572864542ca10214002da2df": " members of the University Athletic Association (UAA). The university was a founding member of",
    "572864542ca10214002da2e0": " In 1935, the University of Chicago reached the Sweet Sixteen. In",
    "572864542ca10214002da2e1": " was a founding member of the Big Ten Conference and participated in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball and Football and was a regular participant in the Men",
    "572864542ca10214002da2e2": " the University Athletic Association (UAA).",
    "5728659f4b864d190016498a": " (",
    "5728659f4b864d190016498b": ". Notable extracurricular groups include the University of",
    "5728659f4b864d190016498c": " Recogn",
    "5728659f4b864d190016498d": " (",
    "5728659f4b864d190016498e": ". The university's competitive Model United Nations team",
    "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": " sports club, arts groups, and more are funded by The University of Chicago Student",
    "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": ". It is led by an Executive Committee, chaired by a President with the assistance of two Vice Presidents, one for Administration and",
    "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": " groups, and more are funded by The University of Chicago Student Government. Student Government is made up of graduate and undergraduate students",
    "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "All Recognized Student Organizations, from the University",
    "572867543acd2414000df9a1": " the fraternities form the University of Chicago Interfraternity Council. In",
    "572867543acd2414000df9a2": "aternities and seven sororities at the University of Chicago, as well as one co-ed community service fraternity, Alpha Phi Omega.",
    "572867543acd2414000df9a3": "ities are members of the National Panhellenic Conference, and ten of the fraternities form the University of Chicago Interfraternity Council.",
    "572867543acd2414000df9a4": " fraternity, Alpha Phi Omega. Four of the sororities are members of the National Panhellenic Conference, and ten of the fratern",
    "572867543acd2414000df9a5": "aternities",
    "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": " to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list. Since 1963, the Festival of the Arts (FOTA) takes",
    "5728683b3acd2414000df9b0": "OTA) takes over campus for 7\u201310 days of exhibitions and interactive artistic endeavors. Every January,",
    "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "Every May since 1987, the University of Chicago has held the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt, in which large teams",
    "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": " is home to Doc Films, a student film society founded in 1932 that screens films nightly at the university. Since ",
    "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": " of students",
    "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": " MF Global CEO as well as former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine, McKinsey & Company founder and author of the first management accounting textbook",
    "57286951ff5b5019007da20f": " the third richest man in America",
    "57286951ff5b5019007da210": " Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man in America Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs and MF Global CEO as well",
    "57286951ff5b5019007da211": " well as former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine, McKinsey & Company founder and author of the first management accounting textbook",
    "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "sey, Arley D. Cathey,",
    "57286ab72ca10214002da31e": " United",
    "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": " David Axel",
    "57286ab72ca10214002da320": " the founder of modern community organizing Saul Alinsky,",
    "57286ab72ca10214002da321": " United States Senator from Vermont and 2016 Democratic Presidential Candidate Bernie Sanders, and",
    "57286ab72ca10214002da322": " the field of government and politics include the founder of modern community organizing Saul Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to President Bill Clinton David Axel",
    "57286bf84b864d19001649d4": " Lauren Oliver, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth, Canadian",
    "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": " York Times bestseller Before I Fall",
    "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": " New York Times bestseller Before I Fall Lauren Oliver, Pulitzer",
    "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": " winning writer Saul Bellow, political philosopher, literary critic and author",
    "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": " winning writer Saul",
    "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": " Glass, dancer, choreographer and",
    "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "ographer and leader in the field of dance anthropology Katherine Dunham",
    "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": " field of dance anthropology Katherine Dunham, Bungie founder and developer of the Halo video game series Alex Ser",
    "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": " of the 2014 documentary film Life Itself Roger Ebert, director, writer, and comedian Mike Nichols, film director and screenwriter Philip Kauf",
    "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": " and entertainment, minimalist composer",
    "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": " contributor to the scientific research of extraterrestrial life, and Edwin Hubble, known for \"Hubble's Law\", NASA astronaut",
    "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": " astronomers Carl Sagan",
    "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": " for \"Hubble's",
    "57286ec63acd2414000df9d4": " one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA, experimental physicist Luis Alvarez",
    "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": " the scientific research of extraterrestrial life",
    "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": " laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory, Gary Becker, an important",
    "572870b2ff5b5019007da223": " Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, George Stigler, Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory, Gary Becker,",
    "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": " President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, George Stigler",
    "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": " Becker, an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics, Herbert A. Simon, responsible",
    "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": " psychologist John",
    "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": " John B. Watson, American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Inn",
    "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": " John B",
    "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": " Michelson, elementary charge calculator Robert A.",
    "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": " the creator of the first nuclear reactor Enrico Fermi, \"the father of the hydrogen bomb\" Edward Teller",
    "572872dd2ca10214002da380": " physics have",
    "572872dd2ca10214002da381": " speed of light calculator A. A. Michelson, elementary charge",
    "572872dd2ca10214002da382": " of light calculator A. A. Michelson, elementary charge calculator Robert A. Millikan, discoverer of",
    "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "\u00f3n, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek",
    "5728742cff5b5019007da247": "\u00f3n, Nobel",
    "5728742cff5b5019007da248": "\u00f3n, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich",
    "5728742cff5b5019007da249": " the developer of the",
    "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "\u00f3n, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T",
    "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "ichiro N",
    "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": " Rajan,",
    "5728759cff5b5019007da25c": " Cronin",
    "5728759cff5b5019007da25d": "ne, Nobel prize winning physicist",
    "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "iro Nambu, Nobel prize winning physicist James Cronin",
    "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": " Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143",
    "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style. His realm was",
    "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": ": Yehe Yuan Ulus",
    "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": " until 1368, after which its Geng",
    "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba": " Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin",
    "572860e03acd2414000df977": " Mongol Empire. In",
    "572860e03acd2414000df978": " a successor to the Mongol Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty. It was the khanate ruled by the successors of M\u00f6ngke",
    "572860e03acd2414000df979": " the succession of former",
    "572860e03acd2414000df97a": " dynasty. It was the khanate ruled by the successors of",
    "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": " establishing the Yuan",
    "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": " Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n",
    "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": " Kubl",
    "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n; Wade\u2013Giles: Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan",
    "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": " name Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143",
    "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": " united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the ste",
    "572863c72ca10214002da2d5": " Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia",
    "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": " Turkic tribes",
    "572863c72ca10214002da2d7": " the reign of Genghis' third son, \u00d6gedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in",
    "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "ppes and became Great Khan in ",
    "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "itan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (\u5289\u9ed1",
    "572864dd4b864d1900164977": " Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala",
    "572864dd4b864d1900164978": " Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (\u5289\u9ed1\u99ac, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala",
    "572864dd4b864d1900164979": " the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tian",
    "572864dd4b864d190016497a": " to the Mongols to fight",
    "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "\u79c9\u76f4, Shih Ping-chih). Shi Bingzhi was married to a Jurchen woman (surname Na",
    "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": " woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives. The s",
    "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": " them",
    "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "urchen wives were Mo-nien and Na-ho;",
    "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "urchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and",
    "572867212ca10214002da2f2": " military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China. The Mongol force that invaded southern China",
    "572867212ca10214002da2f3": " that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they",
    "572867212ca10214002da2f4": "ke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China. The Mongol force that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they",
    "572867212ca10214002da2f5": " Chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources",
    "572867212ca10214002da2f6": " that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256. He died in 1259 without",
    "572867d72ca10214002da2fc": " years of",
    "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": " years of Kublai Khan's reign. Ogedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai and",
    "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": " Ogedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai and threatened the western frontier of Kublai's domain. The hostile but weakened",
    "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "Instability troubled the early years of Kublai Khan's reign. Oged",
    "572867d72ca10214002da300": " The hostile but weakened Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south. Kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage",
    "572869b84b864d19001649ae": " structure of past Chinese dynasties unchanged",
    "572869b84b864d19001649b0": " money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on",
    "572869b84b864d19001649b2": " after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of",
    "572869b84b864d19001649b1": " interests",
    "572869b84b864d19001649af": "ublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese",
    "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": " Ching and describes the \"origin of the universe\"",
    "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "aliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now",
    "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": " Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near",
    "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": " constructing a new city near the former",
    "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": ", now modern Beijing, in ",
    "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": " Khan promoted commercial, scientific, and cultural growth. He supported the",
    "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": ".",
    "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": ".",
    "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": " commercial, scientific, and cultural growth. He supported the merchants of the Silk Road trade network by protecting the",
    "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": " commercial, scientific, and cultural growth. He supported the merchants of the Silk Road trade network by protecting the Mongol postal",
    "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "eng",
    "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "anyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Qu",
    "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": " the",
    "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": " the Duke Y",
    "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": " the southern Duke Y",
    "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": " besieged",
    "57286d4f2ca10214002da329": " government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive",
    "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": " northern China",
    "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": " in line with the tradition of Mongol and",
    "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": " in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a",
    "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": " government faced financial difficulties after 1279. Wars and construction projects had drained the Mong",
    "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": " victory against Burma. The expeditions were ham",
    "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": " political scandals. Mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems. Kublai's second invasion of Japan in 1281 failed",
    "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": ". Kublai's second invasion of Japan in 1281 failed because of an inauspicious typhoon. Kublai botched",
    "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": " financial problems. Kublai's second invasion of Japan in 1281 failed",
    "57286ead2ca10214002da346": "Following the conquest of Dali in 1253, the former ruling Duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general, recognized as imperial officials",
    "57286ead2ca10214002da347": " This emerged as early as the",
    "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "3, the former ruling Duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general",
    "57286ead2ca10214002da349": " 1253, the former ruling Duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general, recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, Ming, and",
    "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": " the Yuan, Ming, and Qing-era governments, principally in the province of",
    "57286f373acd2414000df9db": " was a competent emperor. He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign",
    "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": " fourth Yuan emperor, Buyantu Khan",
    "57286f373acd2414000df9dd": " Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite. He had been mentored by Li Meng, a Confucian academic.",
    "57286f373acd2414000df9de": " to actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mong",
    "57286f373acd2414000df9df": " Affairs (Chinese: \u5c1a\u66f8\u7701), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials. Starting in",
    "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": " years, from 1321 to 132",
    "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to ",
    "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": " only two years, from 1321 to",
    "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": " son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321",
    "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": " institutions of the Great Yuan\"), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty begun by his father",
    "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "'s son Ragibagh succeeded to the throne in Shang",
    "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": " the emperor (Emperor Wenzong) in Khanb",
    "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "du in 1328, Tugh Tem\u00fcr was recalled to Khanbaliq by the Qipchaq commander El Tem",
    "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": " by the Qipchaq commander El Tem\u00fcr. He was installed as the emperor (Emperor Wenzong) in Khanbaliq,",
    "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": " Tem\u00fcr died in Shangdu in 1328, Tugh Tem\u00fcr was recalled",
    "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "9 and designed to undertake \"a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment\". The",
    "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "ize Chinese learning was",
    "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "ize Chinese learning was founding the Academy of the Pavilion of the",
    "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": " contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring Confucian",
    "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": " Chinese learning was founding the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature (Chinese: \u594e",
    "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": " He also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long",
    "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "an became as",
    "572871bd3acd2414000dfa05": " To",
    "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "izong), the last of",
    "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "bal (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Togh",
    "572872822ca10214002da374": " years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness",
    "572872822ca10214002da375": "The final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace. In time, Kublai Khan's successors",
    "572872822ca10214002da376": " influence on other Mongol",
    "572872822ca10214002da377": " Mongol lands across Asia",
    "572872822ca10214002da378": ", famine, and bitterness among the populace. In time, Kublai Khan's",
    "57287338ff5b5019007da232": " as droughts, floods and the",
    "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "1354, when Toghtogha led a large army",
    "57287338ff5b5019007da234": " from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of",
    "57287338ff5b5019007da235": " a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels,",
    "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "0s onwards,",
    "572878942ca10214002da3a2": " dynasty. The major cultural achievements",
    "572878942ca10214002da3a3": " written",
    "572878942ca10214002da3a4": " its decline; the communications between",
    "572878942ca10214002da3a5": " achievements were the development",
    "572879574b864d1900164a14": " musical instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to Islam, by Muslims of Central",
    "572879574b864d1900164a15": " conversion to Islam, by Muslims of Central Asia, of growing numbers of",
    "572879574b864d1900164a16": " were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to Islam",
    "572879574b864d1900164a17": " period dates the conversion to Islam",
    "572879574b864d1900164a18": " performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to Islam, by Muslims",
    "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": " and back date from this time.",
    "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": " recorded travels by Europeans to China",
    "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": " back date from this",
    "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "et",
    "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": " first recorded",
    "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "365",
    "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": " was tasked with many public works projects and helped the Yuan reform the lunisolar calendar to provide an accuracy of ",
    "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": " extensive public works. Among Kublai Khan's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer Guo Shoujing, who was tasked with many public",
    "57287c142ca10214002da3d3": " many public",
    "57287c142ca10214002da3d4": " undertook extensive",
    "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": " Song dynasty and",
    "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db": " of China. In the historiography of Mongolia, it is generally considered to be the continuation of the Mongol",
    "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "ol Empire. Mongols are widely known to worship the Eternal Heaven, and according to",
    "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": " historiography of Mongolia, it",
    "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": " Yuan dynasty was",
    "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": " of bureaucracy created by Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire, including that of the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens",
    "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": " bureaucracy created by Kubl",
    "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": "ans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists. While the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost",
    "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": " the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens",
    "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": " Chinese",
    "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f": " been introduced since",
    "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": " and Tang dynasties) gave a Sinic",
    "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": " involving Mongols and Semuren, who had separate courts of",
    "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42": " Tang dynasties) gave a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the",
    "57287e512ca10214002da3f8": "ags-pa script, a unified script for spelling Mongolian, Tibetan",
    "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": " and Chinese languages, was preserved in the court until the end of",
    "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "Since its invention in 1269, the 'Phags-pa",
    "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": " its invention in 1269, the 'Phags",
    "57287e512ca10214002da3fc": " the imperial blood purely",
    "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274": " of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of dec",
    "57287ee3ff5b5019007da275": " family of the Yuan dynasty",
    "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": " for their tours of duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and",
    "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": ". Another important consideration regarding Yuan",
    "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": " arts occurred or continued in their development, including the areas of painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and",
    "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": " and of the newer qu form. One of the important cultural developments during the Yuan",
    "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": " in the arts occurred or continued in their development, including the areas of painting, mathematics",
    "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": " tends to come to mind when people think of",
    "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. The establishment of the",
    "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": " number of Muslims in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never",
    "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": " Buddhism",
    "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f": "ates, the Yuan",
    "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": " Islam, and Christianity. The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased",
    "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": " method is described in the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303. The opening",
    "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "ijie (1249\u20131314)",
    "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": " one unknown. His method is described in the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303. The opening pages contain a diagram of",
    "5728804b4b864d1900164a49": " a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown. His method is described in the Jade",
    "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a": " unknown. His method is described in the Jade",
    "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": " construction of calendars. He was one of the first mathematic",
    "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": " first mathematic",
    "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": " or possibly by the work of Arab astronomers. There are no explicit signs of Muslim influences in the Shoushi calendar, but Mongol rulers",
    "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": " construction of calendars. He was one of the first mathematicians in China to",
    "5728809f2ca10214002da410": " in China to",
    "572881022ca10214002da416": " were divided into non-Mongol physicians called otachi and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by",
    "572881022ca10214002da417": " court came from diverse cultures",
    "572881022ca10214002da418": " court came from diverse cultures. Healers were divided into non-Mongol",
    "572881022ca10214002da419": " court came from diverse cultures. Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called otachi and traditional Mongol sham",
    "572881022ca10214002da41a": "ans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from",
    "572881704b864d1900164a50": "Four Great Schools\" that the Yuan",
    "572881704b864d1900164a51": " of the empire. Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols as they expanded towards the west. Chinese",
    "572881704b864d1900164a52": ". All four schools were based on",
    "572881704b864d1900164a53": " foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine",
    "572881704b864d1900164a54": " of the Yuan had \"Four Great Schools\" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty. All four schools were based on the",
    "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": " Christians of the Yuan",
    "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": " the reign of Kublai. Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family",
    "572881d34b864d1900164a5c": " for treating the imperial family",
    "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": ". The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai. Huih",
    "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": " practiced in China",
    "572882242ca10214002da420": " Kingdom of",
    "572882242ca10214002da421": "ols through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries",
    "572882242ca10214002da422": ". Chinese printing technology was transferred to the Mongols through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries. Some Yuan documents such as",
    "572882242ca10214002da423": " the Mongols through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries. Some Yuan documents such as Wang Zhen's Nong Shu were printed with",
    "572882242ca10214002da424": " documents such as Wang Zhen's Nong Shu were printed with earthenware movable type, a technology invented in",
    "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": " in 1275. The",
    "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": " Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister Bolad was sent to Iran",
    "5728827b2ca10214002da42c": " money of",
    "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": " The",
    "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": " money, but switched to bronze plates",
    "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": " not given the degree of esteem",
    "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "ocratic-bureaucratic",
    "572883153acd2414000dfa71": ". Nevertheless, socially the educated Chinese elite were in general not given",
    "572883153acd2414000dfa72": " Khan was the product of",
    "572883153acd2414000dfa73": " Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureauc",
    "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": " using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands. Han Chinese were moved to Central Asian",
    "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": " in China, the Mongols also sent",
    "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": " the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese",
    "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": " same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in",
    "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": " sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara",
    "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": " and other Islamic practices like circumcision, as well as Kosher butchering for Jews, forcing them",
    "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "ols and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim communities had a Chinese surname which meant \"barracks\" and could also mean \"",
    "57288428ff5b5019007da290": " the Mongols. The Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang had Muslim generals like Lan",
    "57288428ff5b5019007da291": " against them,",
    "57288428ff5b5019007da292": " end,",
    "5728848cff5b5019007da298": " to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a",
    "5728848cff5b5019007da299": " an indication of their actual social power",
    "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": ". Mote wrote that the usage of the term",
    "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": " four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth, but just entailed \"degrees of privilege\" to which they were entitled",
    "572885023acd2414000dfa83": " the classes and the reason",
    "572885023acd2414000dfa84": " ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked",
    "572885023acd2414000dfa85": " reason for",
    "572885023acd2414000dfa86": " lower they were ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought",
    "572885023acd2414000dfa87": " classes and the reason",
    "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": " Koreans at the court the Korean King objected, then the Mongol Emperor Kub",
    "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "uked the Korean King, saying that the Uighur",
    "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "When the Mongols placed the Uigh",
    "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": " Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last, because",
    "572885c44b864d1900164a78": ", consisting of present-day Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi",
    "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "bei",
    "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": ", consisting",
    "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": " Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq",
    "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": " Region, consisting of present-day Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, the south-eastern part of present-day Inner",
    "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "\u0272a] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a",
    "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "\u025bnj\u0259/;",
    "5728dab94b864d1900164f98": " [\u02c8k\u025b\u0272a] ( listen)), officially the Republic of",
    "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "\u02c8k\u025b\u0272a] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and",
    "5728dab94b864d1900164f9a": " officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country",
    "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": " climate is cooler in the savannah grasslands around the capital city, Nairobi, and especially closer to Mount Kenya",
    "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "za region, there is",
    "5728de0e2ca10214002da9de": "Kenya has a warm",
    "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": " Victoria, the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world. This gives way to temperate and forested hilly areas in the neighboring western region",
    "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": " is cooler in the savannah grasslands around",
    "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": " humans since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-C",
    "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac3": " Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since",
    "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": " part of,",
    "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac5": " which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the",
    "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": " Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic",
    "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": ", but perhaps linked to the Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words Kir",
    "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": ",",
    "5728f5376aef0514001548c6": " Kenya. The origin of",
    "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": " Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version. Others",
    "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": " contrary\u2014a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /\u02c8k\u025bnj\u0259/. An 1882",
    "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": " name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version. Others",
    "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": " and Keg",
    "5728f9cf4b864d1900165166": "Big Five\" game animals",
    "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": " of Africa, that is the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant, can be found in",
    "5728f9cf4b864d1900165168": " lion, leopard, buffalo, rhin",
    "5728f9cf4b864d1900165169": " of Africa, that is the lion",
    "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": ", that is the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant, can",
    "5728fa576aef051400154920": " that",
    "5728fa576aef051400154921": " the area more than 20 million years ago. Recent findings near Lake Turkana indicate that hominids such as Homo habilis",
    "5728fa576aef051400154922": " million years ago. Recent findings near Lake Turkana indicate that homin",
    "5728fa576aef051400154923": " that primates roamed the area more than ",
    "5728fa576aef051400154924": " the Pleistocene epoch. During excavations at Lake Turkana in 1984, paleoanthropologist",
    "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3b": " Barbosa claimed that \"Mombasa is a place of great traffic",
    "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3c": " Mombasa into a major port city and established trade links with other nearby city-states, as well as commercial",
    "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": " major port city and established trade links with other nearby city",
    "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": " traditionally been a friendly port city for foreign powers. In 1414, the Chinese trader and explorer Zheng He representing the Ming Dynasty",
    "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef6": " the cities that line the Kenyan coast is the",
    "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef7": " the centuries, the Kenyan Coast has played host to many merchants and explorers",
    "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "as the Protectorate was generally known",
    "5729024f1d04691400778f60": " World War I in August ",
    "5729024f1d04691400778f61": " World War I in August 1914, the governors of British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known",
    "5729024f1d04691400778f62": " East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known",
    "5729024f1d04691400778f63": "1914, the governors of British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known",
    "572903d96aef0514001549a4": " people, most of whom had no land claims in European terms",
    "572903d96aef0514001549a5": " members of the Kikuyu people, most of whom had no land claims in European",
    "572903d96aef0514001549a6": " central highlands were already home to over a million members of the Kikuyu people, most of whom had no land",
    "572903d96aef0514001549a7": " a million members of the Kikuyu people, most of whom had no",
    "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": " Dedan Kimathi on 21 October 1956 in Nyeri sign",
    "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "15 January 1954 and the subsequent",
    "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": " Itote (aka General China) on 15 January 1954 and the subsequent interrogation",
    "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": " on ",
    "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": " interrogation led to a better",
    "572906e23f37b31900477f8d": " to \"moderate\" local rivals, it was the Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta that formed a government",
    "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": " to \"moderate\" local rivals, it was the Kenya African National Union (KANU",
    "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": " Protectorate of Kenya so that all of Kenya would be one sovereign, independent state. In",
    "572906e23f37b31900477f90": " The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end on 12 December 1963 with independence being",
    "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Despite British hopes of handing power to \"mod",
    "572909406aef0514001549dc": ". This was seen as the climax of a very undemocratic",
    "572909406aef0514001549dd": " of the mlolongo (queuing) system, where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot. This was",
    "572909406aef0514001549de": " very undemocratic regime and it led to widespread agitation for constitutional reform. Several contentious clauses, including one that",
    "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": ". The President is both",
    "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": ". Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the",
    "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": ". There was growing concern especially during former president",
    "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": ". The Judiciary is",
    "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": " the Senate. The",
    "57290b21af94a219006a9fcf": "'s Corruption Perception Index (CPI),",
    "57290b21af94a219006a9fd0": "PI), a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of",
    "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1": " Index (CPI), a metric which",
    "57290b21af94a219006a9fd2": " which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries. In 2012, the nation placed",
    "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "-election against the main opposition",
    "57290d811d04691400778fd0": " the Presidential elections, President Kibaki under",
    "57290d811d04691400778fd1": " of National",
    "57290d811d04691400778fd2": " below international standards. After a split which took a crucial ",
    "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": " TAABCO Research and Development Consultants in Nairobi \u2013 in the magazine D+C Development and Cooperation. For example, the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation",
    "57290e153f37b31900477fda": ". For example, the Truth, Justice and Re",
    "57290e153f37b31900477fdb": " and Reconciliation Commission initiated community dialogues",
    "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": " the election riots, the government and civil society organisations started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future, said Agnes R. M. Aboum",
    "57290ee2af94a219006a9fff": "On 28 February 2008, Kibaki and Odinga signed an agreement on the formation of",
    "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "28 February 2008, Kibaki and Odinga signed an agreement on the formation of a coalition",
    "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": ", Kibaki and Odinga",
    "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "aki and Odinga signed an agreement",
    "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": " PNU",
    "57290f963f37b31900477feb": "The new office of the PM will have power and",
    "57290f963f37b31900477fec": " Africa. The deal brought Kibaki's PNU and Odinga's ODM together",
    "57290f963f37b31900477fed": " be occupied by an elected MP who will be the leader of",
    "57290f963f37b31900477fee": " the PM will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions",
    "57290f963f37b31900477fef": " new office of the PM will have power and authority to",
    "572913626aef051400154a30": " change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution",
    "572913626aef051400154a31": " on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide",
    "572913626aef051400154a32": " change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously",
    "572913626aef051400154a33": " the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution",
    "572913626aef051400154a34": " constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President.",
    "572914441d04691400779025": " against",
    "572914441d04691400779026": "yatta signed a Security Laws Amendment Bill, which supporters of the law suggested was necessary to",
    "572914441d04691400779027": "ed on democratic freedoms. The governments of the United States, Britain, Germany and France also collectively issued",
    "572914441d04691400779028": ", President Uhuru Kenyatta signed a Security Laws Amendment Bill, which",
    "572914441d04691400779029": " December 2014, President Uhuru Kenyatta signed a Security Laws Amendment Bill, which supporters of the law suggested was necessary to guard",
    "572914f46aef051400154a46": " the United States as president. In July ",
    "572914f46aef051400154a47": "3 for both President Kenyatta and Deputy President William",
    "572914f46aef051400154a48": " visit the",
    "572914f46aef051400154a49": " both President Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto related to the 2007 election aftermath, US President Barack Obama chose not",
    "572915621d0469140077902f": " missions around the world. Further, in the aftermath of the national elections of",
    "572915621d04691400779030": " December ",
    "572915621d04691400779031": " deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world. Further, in the aftermath of the national elections of December ",
    "572915e43f37b31900478005": " armed forces,",
    "572915e43f37b31900478006": "Kenya\u2019s armed forces, like many government institutions in the country, have been tainted by corruption allegations. Because the operations of",
    "572915e43f37b31900478007": " like many government institutions in the country, have been tainted",
    "572915e43f37b31900478008": "ya\u2019s armed forces,",
    "572916f16aef051400154a56": " of 0.519, ranked 145 out of 186 in the world. As of 2005, ",
    "572916f16aef051400154a57": " most advanced economy in east and central Africa, and",
    "572916f16aef051400154a58": " Kenya",
    "572916f16aef051400154a59": " of 186 in the world. As of 200",
    "572917743f37b3190047800d": "% of GDP. 22% of GDP still",
    "572917743f37b3190047800f": " now[when?] contributes 62% of GDP. 22% of",
    "572917743f37b31900478010": " the service sector, boosted",
    "572917743f37b3190047800e": " expansion in telecommunication and financial activity over the last decade, and now[when",
    "572917ff6aef051400154a5e": "ya's services sector,",
    "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": " growth",
    "572917ff6aef051400154a60": " steady growth in most years since",
    "572917ff6aef051400154a62": " steady growth in most years since independence and by the",
    "572917ff6aef051400154a61": " contributes 61%",
    "572918bd3f37b31900478016": " sector. In 2005 agriculture, including forestry and fishing, accounted for 24% of GDP, as well as for 18% of wage",
    "572918bd3f37b31900478017": " GDP, as well as for 18% of wage employment and 50% of revenue from exports. The principal cash crops are tea,",
    "572918bd3f37b31900478015": " (GDP), after the service",
    "572918bd3f37b31900478018": " for 18%",
    "57291a7b1d0469140077903f": " by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had",
    "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "rid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers",
    "57291a7b1d04691400779041": " Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping",
    "57291a7b1d04691400779042": "ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers",
    "57291a7b1d04691400779043": " International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers",
    "57291b461d04691400779049": "id areas and farmers in other regions often leave food to rot in the fields because they cannot access markets. This was last seen in August",
    "57291b461d0469140077904a": " coffee",
    "57291b461d0469140077904b": " Livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna",
    "57291b461d0469140077904c": ", pyrethrum",
    "57291b461d0469140077904d": ", coffee, sisal, pyre",
    "57291beb1d04691400779053": " developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest",
    "57291beb1d04691400779054": " for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest",
    "57291beb1d04691400779055": " consumer goods, e.g., vehicles from kits. There is a cement production industry.[citation needed] Kenya has an oil refinery that processes imported crude petroleum",
    "57291beb1d04691400779056": " needed] Kenya has an oil refinery that processes",
    "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": " beneficiaries of the US Government's African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA",
    "57291d9e3f37b31900478036": "Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the US Government's African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) has given a",
    "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09b": " comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River, as well",
    "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09c": " geothermal facilities at Olkaria (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply. Kenya's installed",
    "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09d": " stood at 1,142",
    "57291f153f37b31900478043": " has proven deposits of oil in Turkana and",
    "57291f153f37b31900478044": " proven",
    "57291f153f37b31900478045": "'s oil reserves to be around 10 billion barrels. Exploration is still continuing to determine if there are more reserves. Kenya currently imports all",
    "57291f153f37b31900478046": " around 10",
    "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": ", China's ambassador to Kenya, at the",
    "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": " port",
    "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": " FM website by Liu Guangyuan, China's ambassador",
    "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": " as well as a nearly $1.8 billion dam\", according to a statement from the president's office also at the time of",
    "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "yuan, China's ambassador to Kenya, at the time of President Kenyatta's 2013 trip to Beijing, said, \"",
    "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": " will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers by the year 2030. In 2013, it launched a National Climate",
    "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": " in Vision 2030 was an oversight. The 200",
    "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": " that will be launched in the coming months. This will create a direct",
    "57292046af94a219006aa0be": " Asian",
    "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": " 2007, the Kenyan government unveiled Vision 2030",
    "572920d73f37b31900478055": " agriculture. In 2006, UNICEF estimated that up to 30% of girls",
    "572920d73f37b31900478056": " agriculture. In 2006, UNICEF",
    "572920d73f37b31900478057": " agriculture. In 2006, UNICEF estimated that up to ",
    "572920d73f37b31900478058": ". Most working",
    "572921646aef051400154a78": " ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities. The two",
    "572921646aef051400154a79": " varying degrees of",
    "572921646aef051400154a7a": " communities. The two official languages, English and Swahili, are used in varying degrees",
    "572921646aef051400154a7b": " multilingual, with many in rural areas speaking only their native languages. British English is primarily used in the country. Additionally, a distinct local dialect,",
    "572922206aef051400154a8a": " Latin Rite. The Presbyterian Church of East Africa has 3 million followers in Kenya and the surrounding countries. There",
    "572922206aef051400154a8b": "%), with 47.",
    "572922206aef051400154a8c": "ans are Christian (83%), with 47.",
    "572922206aef051400154a8d": " the Latin Rite. The Presbyterian Church of East Africa has 3 million followers in Kenya",
    "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "Muslim 11.2%, indigenous beliefs 1.7%), and nonreligious ",
    "57292449af94a219006aa0de": " Muslim population lives in Kenya's Coastal Region, comprising 50% of the total population there. Roughly 4% of Muslims are",
    "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "%, indigenous beliefs 1.7%), and nonreligious 2.4%. Sixty percent",
    "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "% are Sunni.",
    "572924b53f37b31900478067": " who visit dispensaries, health centres and private clinics in rural and under-served urban areas. Complicated cases",
    "572924b53f37b31900478068": ". Complicated cases are",
    "572924b53f37b31900478069": ", health centres and private clinics in rural and under-served urban areas. Complicated cases",
    "572924b53f37b3190047806a": "urses treat 80% of the population who visit dispensaries,",
    "572925491d046914007790c3": "Diseases of poverty directly correlate with",
    "572925491d046914007790c4": " poverty directly correlate with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution:",
    "572925491d046914007790c5": " diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition are the",
    "572925491d046914007790c6": " directly correlate with a country's economic performance",
    "572925491d046914007790c7": " level. Preventable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS",
    "572925a81d046914007790cd": " time. Changes",
    "572925a81d046914007790ce": ". After Kenya's independence on 12 December 1963, an",
    "572925a81d046914007790cf": " by British colon",
    "572925a81d046914007790d0": " by British colonists. After Kenya's independence on",
    "572925a81d046914007790d1": " by British colonists. After Kenya's independence on 12 December 1963, an authority named the Ominde Commission was formed",
    "572926086aef051400154ac2": " the Presidential Working Party on the Second University was commissioned to look",
    "572926086aef051400154ac3": " reforming of the entire education system. The committee recommended that the 7\u2013",
    "572926086aef051400154ac4": " system theoretically ended with the introduction of the new ",
    "572926086aef051400154ac5": " the last batch of students from the former system graduated from Kenyan Universities in 199",
    "572926653f37b31900478079": " the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to",
    "572926653f37b3190047807a": ". It put more emphasis on vocational subjects on the assumption that the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to",
    "572926653f37b3190047807b": "4\u20134 system was launched in January 1985. It put more",
    "572926653f37b3190047807c": " put more emphasis on vocational subjects on the assumption that the",
    "572926653f37b3190047807d": " in the",
    "572926d23f37b31900478083": " free in public schools and those who exit at this level can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an",
    "572926d23f37b31900478084": " specialised higher diploma qualification after a further one to two years of training, or join the",
    "572926d23f37b31900478085": ". Primary school is free in public schools and those who exit at this level can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or",
    "572926d23f37b31900478086": " at age six years and lasts 12",
    "5729276c1d046914007790d7": " an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At",
    "5729276c1d046914007790d8": " targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard",
    "5729276c1d046914007790d9": " 85",
    "5729276c1d046914007790da": " at 85% of the whole population. Preschool",
    "5729276c1d046914007790db": " the whole population. Preschool, which targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is",
    "572927d06aef051400154ade": " is the body mandated to establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries",
    "572927d06aef051400154adf": " Services led by the Kenya National Library Service (KNLS). KNLS is the body mandated to establish, equip, manage and maintain national and",
    "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "LS is the body mandated to establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country. In addition",
    "572927d06aef051400154ae1": "LS is the body mandated to establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public",
    "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": " The country is",
    "5729281baf94a219006aa120": " its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics, having consistently produced Olympic",
    "5729281baf94a219006aa121": " several sports, among them cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and",
    "5729281baf94a219006aa122": " Commonwealth",
    "572928bf6aef051400154af0": " during",
    "572928bf6aef051400154af1": " during the Beijing Olympics, six gold, four silver and four",
    "572928bf6aef051400154af2": " ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s",
    "572928bf6aef051400154af3": " in the 2008 Olympics. New athletes",
    "572928bf6aef051400154af4": " the Beijing Olympics, six gold, four silver and four bronze, making it Africa's",
    "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": " and the national team winning various continental championships",
    "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": " notable success. Cricket is another popular and the most successful team sport. Kenya has competed in the Cricket World Cup since ",
    "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": " with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade.[citation needed] The women's team has competed at",
    "5729293d3f37b319004780a2": " The",
    "5729293d3f37b319004780a3": " various continental",
    "57292994af94a219006aa131": " rallying arena, Kenya is home to the world famous Safari Rally, commonly acknowledged as one of",
    "57292994af94a219006aa132": ", Hannu Mikkola, Tommi M\u00e4kinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McR",
    "57292994af94a219006aa133": " rally still runs annually as part of the Africa rally championship, the organisers are hoping to be allowed to",
    "572929d56aef051400154b0a": " sweet potatoes or",
    "572929d56aef051400154b0b": " and supper in the evening (chakula cha jioni or known simply as \"chajio\"). In between, they have",
    "572929d56aef051400154b0c": " day",
    "572929d56aef051400154b0d": " meals in a day \u2013 breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa), lunch in the afternoon (chakula cha m",
    "57293b843f37b31900478133": " a scientific intergovernmental body under the",
    "57293b843f37b31900478134": "al body under the auspices of the United Nations, set up at the request of member",
    "57293b843f37b31900478135": "CC) is a",
    "57293b843f37b31900478136": " the ausp",
    "57293b843f37b31900478137": "al body under the auspices of the United Nations, set up at the request of member governments. It was first established in 1988 by two",
    "57293bc91d0469140077919b": " the chair of the IPCC since",
    "57293bc91d0469140077919c": " K. Pachauri in February 2015",
    "57293bc91d0469140077919d": " 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Is",
    "57293bc91d0469140077919e": " K. Pachaur",
    "57293bc91d0469140077919f": "7; and Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by",
    "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "al and Intergovernmental Organizations",
    "57293c246aef051400154bb9": " representatives appointed by governments and organizations. Participation of delegates with appropriate expertise",
    "57293c246aef051400154bba": ". Plenary sessions of the IPCC and IPCC Working groups are held at the level of",
    "57293c246aef051400154bbb": " Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations",
    "57293ca73f37b3190047815b": " consensus the annual budget. The organisation is required to comply with the",
    "57293ca73f37b3190047815c": " consensus the annual budget. The organisation is required to comply with the",
    "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": " consensus the annual budget. The organisation is required to comply with the",
    "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": " consensus the annual budget. The organisation is required to comply with the",
    "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": " by the United Nations Environment Programme (",
    "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "grey",
    "57293d116aef051400154bc9": " reports assess the available information about climate change",
    "57293d116aef051400154bca": " about climate",
    "57293d116aef051400154bcb": " based on published sources. According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority",
    "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": " of \"contributing authors\". The coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors, ensuring that they meet stylist",
    "57293d6d1d046914007791b8": " chapter typically",
    "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": " of \"contributing authors\". The coordinating lead",
    "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": " and editing the material. A chapter",
    "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": " number of",
    "57293e221d046914007791d5": " over half the enhanced greenhouse effect. They predict that under a \"business as usual\" (BAU) scenario, global",
    "57293e221d046914007791d6": " that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average",
    "57293e221d046914007791d7": " Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse",
    "57293e221d046914007791d8": " I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse",
    "57293e221d046914007791d9": " of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more",
    "57293e983f37b3190047818b": " Academy, Accademia Naz",
    "57293e983f37b3190047818c": " statement was made by the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, the Brazilian",
    "57293e983f37b3190047818d": " Academy, Accademia Naz",
    "57293e983f37b3190047818e": " temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and ",
    "57293e983f37b3190047818f": " of",
    "57293f353f37b3190047819b": " Lindzen states that the SPM understates the uncertainty",
    "57293f353f37b3190047819c": "IPCC author Richard Lindzen",
    "57293f353f37b3190047819d": " of criticisms of the TAR. Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (",
    "57293f353f37b3190047819e": " co-chair of TAR WGI, has responded to Lindzen's criticisms of the SPM. H",
    "57293f353f37b3190047819f": " author Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms",
    "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": " Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN",
    "57293f8a6aef051400154bdf": "empty",
    "57293f8a6aef051400154be0": " Managing Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX).",
    "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": " Reports follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment",
    "572940246aef051400154bec": " IPCC concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant W",
    "572940246aef051400154bed": " allotted to it by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions",
    "572940246aef051400154bee": " activities on the tasks allotted to it",
    "572940246aef051400154bef": " Council resolutions and decisions as well",
    "572940973f37b319004781a5": " that the conclusion in the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for \"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance\". The date",
    "572940973f37b319004781a6": " the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for \"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance\". The date",
    "572940973f37b319004781a7": " reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for \"the poor application of well-established",
    "572940973f37b319004781a8": " procedures in this instance\". The",
    "572941273f37b319004781ad": " it",
    "572941273f37b319004781ae": " to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating",
    "572941273f37b319004781af": " Watson has said \"The mistakes all appear",
    "572941273f37b319004781b0": " serious by overstating the impact.",
    "572941273f37b319004781b1": " That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look",
    "57294209af94a219006aa201": " referred to as the \"hockey stick graph\". This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC",
    "57294209af94a219006aa202": " been referred to as the \"hockey stick graph\". This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second",
    "57294209af94a219006aa203": "\". This graph extended",
    "57294209af94a219006aa204": " third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" based on",
    "57294279af94a219006aa209": " widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and",
    "57294279af94a219006aa20a": " presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph",
    "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. Even at the draft stage, this finding was disputed",
    "57294279af94a219006aa20c": ", D.C., featuring comments on the graph Wibj\u00f6rn Karl\u00e9n and Singer argued against the graph at a United States Senate Committee on",
    "57294279af94a219006aa20d": " current warming period",
    "572943ab1d04691400779219": "On",
    "572943ab1d0469140077921a": " Energy",
    "572943ab1d0469140077921b": ", chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce wrote joint letters with Ed Whitfield, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight",
    "572943ab1d0469140077921c": " careers,",
    "572943ab1d0469140077921d": " June",
    "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing ",
    "572944e03f37b319004781e1": " featured a graph showing ",
    "572944e03f37b319004781e4": "AR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before",
    "572944e03f37b319004781e5": " IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in",
    "572944e03f37b319004781e3": ". Most reconstructions",
    "572945b11d0469140077922f": " or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001",
    "572945b11d04691400779230": " sea level change with observations. Over the six years studied, the actual temperature rise was near the top",
    "572945b11d04691400779231": ", the eve of the publication of IPCC's",
    "572945b11d04691400779232": "1 February 2007",
    "572949306aef051400154c68": " far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.",
    "572949306aef051400154c69": " Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IP",
    "572949306aef051400154c6a": " published in 2001\".",
    "572949306aef051400154c6b": " by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers",
    "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": " Oppenheimer, a long-time",
    "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": " Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009 some limitations of",
    "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "8-2009 some limitations of the IPCC consensus approach and asks",
    "57294e6b1d04691400779275": " Change, the Kyoto Protocol failed.",
    "57294e6b1d04691400779276": " efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global warming). In case of the Ozone",
    "57294e6b1d04691400779277": " Montreal Protocol has been successful, in case of Climate Change",
    "5729506d6aef051400154cac": " popular culture\" and related to \"immediate risks with",
    "5729506d6aef051400154cad": " \"immediate risks with everyday relevance\", while",
    "5729506d6aef051400154cae": " popular culture\" and",
    "5729506d6aef051400154caf": " problem. In the UK",
    "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": " our",
    "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": " its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented",
    "5729517d6aef051400154cca": " does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific",
    "572951f16aef051400154cce": " Nature calling for changes to the IPCC. They suggested a range of new organizational options",
    "572951f16aef051400154ccf": " to controversies regarding claims in the Fourth Assessment Report, five climate scientists \u2013 all contributing or lead IPCC report authors \u2013 wrote in the journal Nature",
    "572951f16aef051400154cd0": " IPCC. They suggested a range of new organizational",
    "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "0, in response to controversies regarding claims in the Fourth Assessment",
    "572953013f37b3190047824d": " captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while",
    "572953013f37b3190047824e": "ADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon",
    "572953013f37b3190047824f": " to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from",
    "572953013f37b31900478250": " ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a",
    "572953013f37b31900478251": " captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP",
    "5729544c3f37b31900478257": " made by the plant cell",
    "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "ulate and are moved around within",
    "5729544c3f37b31900478259": "empty",
    "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "thetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell. Chloroplasts cannot be made by the plant cell and",
    "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": " dynamic\u2014they circulate and are moved around within",
    "572956c86aef051400154d1a": " endosymbiosis\u2014when a eukaryotic cell",
    "572956c86aef051400154d1b": " was engulfed. This origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the Russian biologist Konstantin Meres",
    "572956c86aef051400154d1c": " plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis",
    "572956c86aef051400154d1d": " a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come",
    "572956c86aef051400154d1e": " Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event, where an aerobic prokary",
    "572957361d046914007792cf": " even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are",
    "572957361d046914007792d0": "karyotes. They are",
    "572957361d046914007792d2": " Phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments, usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the",
    "572957361d046914007792d3": " considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes",
    "572957361d046914007792d1": " of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanob",
    "572957ad1d046914007792d9": " billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered",
    "572957ad1d046914007792da": " years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early",
    "572957ad1d046914007792db": " gram negative cell wall, and not the phagosomal",
    "572957ad1d046914007792dc": " cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as",
    "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "ewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell",
    "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "acterial ancestor, are known as primary plastids (\"plastid\" in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast). All",
    "5729582b1d046914007792e4": " (\"plast",
    "5729582b1d046914007792e5": " as chloroplast). All primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages\u2014the glaucophyte chloroplast lineage,",
    "5729582b1d046914007792e6": " traced back directly to a cyanob",
    "5729582b1d046914007792e7": " ancestor, are known as primary plastids (\"pl",
    "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "acteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in. The starch",
    "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "ophora, a gl",
    "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": " have chloroplasts that retain a peptidoglycan wall between their double membranes, like their cyanob",
    "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": " glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast",
    "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "ga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to",
    "57295a116aef051400154d44": " organized into",
    "57295a116aef051400154d45": "thesize a form of starch called floridean",
    "57295a116aef051400154d46": ". The red phycoerytherin pigment",
    "57295a116aef051400154d47": " shallow water have less phycoerytherin in their rhodoplasts, and can appear more greenish. Rhodoplasts synthesize",
    "57295a116aef051400154d48": "obil",
    "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "omes, and contain chlorophyll b instead. Most green chloroplasts are (obviously",
    "57295b5b1d04691400779316": " some aren't, like some forms of H\u00e6matococcus pluvialis, due to accessory pig",
    "57295b5b1d04691400779317": " accessory pig",
    "57295b5b1d04691400779318": ") green, though some aren't, like some forms of H\u00e6matococcus pluvialis, due to accessory pigments that",
    "57295b5b1d04691400779319": " or green chloroplasts, are another large, highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage. Their host organisms are commonly known as the green algae",
    "572961f61d04691400779359": " membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the",
    "572961f61d0469140077935a": " have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result",
    "572961f61d0469140077935b": " as a result",
    "572961f61d0469140077935c": " have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary end",
    "572961f61d0469140077935d": " cell membrane, and the phagos",
    "572962953f37b319004782f5": "ated protists that contain chlor",
    "572962953f37b319004782f6": " is thought that the",
    "572962953f37b319004782f7": " have",
    "572962953f37b319004782f8": "acterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenophyte chlor",
    "572962953f37b319004782f9": "ophyte chloroplasts have three membranes\u2014it is thought that the membrane of the primary end",
    "572963221d04691400779385": " are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast. Cryptophyte",
    "572963221d04691400779386": " contain a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophy",
    "572963221d04691400779387": " are a group",
    "572963221d04691400779388": "omorph",
    "572963221d04691400779389": "tes, or crypt",
    "572963876aef051400154dd2": " helicosproidia, but it is now known that the helicosproida are green algae rather than chromalveolates.",
    "572963876aef051400154dd3": "icoplast, which they inherited from their ancestors. Other apicomplexans like Cryptosporidium have lost the chloroplast completely",
    "572963876aef051400154dd4": " another",
    "572963876aef051400154dd5": " the helicosproidia, but it is now known that the helicosproida are green algae rather than chromal",
    "572963876aef051400154dd6": " the helicosproidia, they're parasitic, and have a",
    "5729645b3f37b31900478321": " apicomplexans are grown in an is",
    "5729645b3f37b31900478322": " makes",
    "5729645b3f37b31900478323": " to the endoplasmic reticulum. The fact that apicomplexans still keep their nonphotos",
    "5729645b3f37b31900478324": " bounded by four membranes, but the membranes are not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. The fact that apicom",
    "5729645b3f37b31900478325": " besides sugar, and apicoplasts are no different\u2014they synthesize fatty",
    "572965566aef051400154e00": " to the endoplasmic reticulum. They contain a pyrenoid, and have triplet-stacked thylakoids",
    "572965566aef051400154e01": "'s original cell membrane. The outermost membrane is not connected to the end",
    "572965566aef051400154e02": " not connected to the endoplasmic",
    "572965566aef051400154e03": " chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c2. Peridinin is not",
    "572965e73f37b3190047832b": " from a haptophyte endosymbiont. Karlodinium and Karenia probably took up different heterokontophytes. Because",
    "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "iont. Karlodinium and Karenia probably took up different heterokontophy",
    "572965e73f37b3190047832d": " and Karenia)",
    "572965e73f37b3190047832e": " be expected to create a six membraned chloroplast",
    "572966626aef051400154e13": ", the cryptophyte is not an",
    "572966626aef051400154e14": " it is possible (but",
    "572966626aef051400154e12": " nucleomorph to maintain themselves, and Dinophysis species grown in cell culture alone cannot survive, so it is possible (but",
    "572966626aef051400154e15": " it is possible (but",
    "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "its starch is found in granules in the dinophyte host's cytopl",
    "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": " red algal derived chloroplasts\u2014practically a complete cell,",
    "572966ebaf94a219006aa393": " five membranes, (depending on whether you count the entire",
    "572966ebaf94a219006aa394": ", ribosomes, a nucleus, and of course, red algal derived chloroplasts\u2014practically a complete cell,",
    "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": ", ribosomes, a nucleus, and of course,",
    "572967e31d046914007793b1": " not from the rhodoplast lineage. The chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes and has no nucleomorph\u2014all the",
    "572967e31d046914007793b2": "more specifically, a prasinophyte). Lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that",
    "572967e31d046914007793b3": " dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal",
    "572967e31d046914007793b4": "empty",
    "572967e31d046914007793b5": "epidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green al",
    "5729686d1d046914007793c1": " endosymbiotic events, Paulinella chromatophora is an exception that",
    "5729686d1d046914007793c2": " transferred much less of their DNA to the nucleus of their host. About 0.3\u2013",
    "5729686d1d046914007793c3": " pair Synechococcus genome, but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome of the more assimilated chlor",
    "5729686d1d046914007793c4": "osymbiont more recently. It is not clear whether that symbiont is closely related to the ancestral",
    "5729686d1d046914007793c5": " the ancestral chloroplast of other eukaryotes. Being in",
    "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "\u2014when two Japanese research teams sequenced the chloroplast DNA of liverwort and tobacco. Since then, hundreds of chloroplast DNAs from various",
    "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "s have their",
    "572968cf1d046914007793cd": " liverwort and tobacco. Since then, hundreds of chloroplast DNAs from various species have been sequenced, but",
    "572968cf1d046914007793ce": " their own DNA, often",
    "572968cf1d046914007793cf": " hundreds of chloroplast DNAs",
    "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": " rest of the chloroplast genome, as chloroplast DNAs which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearr",
    "57296977af94a219006aa3be": " land plants, and accumulate few mutations. Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other",
    "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": " DNAs which have",
    "572969f51d046914007793dd": " chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication has not been conclusively determined",
    "572969f51d046914007793de": "cpDNA) replication has not been conclusively determined, but two main models have been proposed. Scientists have",
    "572969f51d046914007793e0": " main models have been proposed. Scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the ",
    "572969f51d046914007793df": " to the idea that chloroplast DNA replicates using a double displacement loop (D-loop). As the",
    "572969f51d046914007793e1": ", but two main models have been proposed. Scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s",
    "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "empty",
    "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "In cpDNA, there are",
    "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": " when it is",
    "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": " form",
    "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": " gradients",
    "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "iophage T4. It has been established that some plants have linear cpDNA, such as maize, and that more species still",
    "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": " structures similar to bacteriophage T4.",
    "57296ab93f37b3190047836b": " to bacteriophage T4. It has been established that some plants have linear cpDNA, such as maize,",
    "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": ", such as maize,",
    "57296b151d046914007793f1": " nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor (probably the ancestor of all chromalveolates too) had a green al",
    "57296b151d046914007793f2": "s in many chromalveolate lineages. Even if a chloroplast is eventually lost, the genes",
    "57296b151d046914007793f3": " to the former host's nucleus persist, providing evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence. For example, while diatoms (a heter",
    "57296b151d046914007793f4": " to the former host's nucleus persist, providing evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence. For example, while diatoms (a heter",
    "57296bf96aef051400154e52": " secondary",
    "57296bf96aef051400154e53": " transferred genes aren't even targeted",
    "57296bf96aef051400154e54": " participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance. A few chloroplast genes",
    "57296bf96aef051400154e55": " transferred genes aren't even targeted",
    "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": " same time, they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast",
    "57296c5c3f37b31900478380": " polypeptide get imported into",
    "57296c5c3f37b31900478381": "tos",
    "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": " the wrong place\u2014the cytos",
    "57296cb21d04691400779403": " exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g",
    "57296cb21d04691400779404": " plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5\u20138 \u03bcm in diameter and 1\u20133 \u03bcm thick",
    "57296cb21d04691400779405": " 5\u20138 \u03bcm in diameter and 1\u20133 \u03bcm thick. Greater diversity",
    "57296cb21d04691400779406": " net (e.g., Oedog",
    "57296cb21d04691400779407": " land plants, chloroplasts are generally",
    "57296d1b1d0469140077940d": " surround the ancestral cyanobacterium\u2014which is not true\u2014both chloroplast membranes are homologous to the cyanobacterium",
    "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": " are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria",
    "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "oplast membranes. The fact",
    "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": " oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy. The only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to it is the internal thylakoid system",
    "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": " is",
    "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": " run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy. The only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to it is",
    "57296d8d1d04691400779420": " phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy. The only chloroplast",
    "57296d8d1d04691400779421": " mitochondrial double membrane. This is not a valid comparison\u2014the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative",
    "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "ule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chrom",
    "57296de03f37b3190047839c": " shaped",
    "57296de03f37b3190047839d": "The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the",
    "57296de03f37b3190047839e": "oplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule.",
    "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": " purpose is thought to be to",
    "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": " chloroplasts of C4 plants, though it has also",
    "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": " cytoplasm. The small vesicles sometimes observed may serve as transport vesicles to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids",
    "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": " though it has also been found in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnos",
    "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": " in the chloroplasts",
    "57296eb01d04691400779435": " to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins. Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic rib",
    "57296eb01d04691400779436": " chloroplast ribosomes include some chlor",
    "57296eb01d04691400779437": " chloroplast translation is more complex than in bacteria, so chloroplast ribosomes include some chloroplast-unique features. Small",
    "57296eb01d04691400779438": " chloroplast translation is more complex than in bacteria, so chloroplast ribosomes include some chloroplast-unique features. Small",
    "57296eb01d04691400779439": ". Small subunit rib",
    "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "ol",
    "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": "oplasts, but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress, or when it ages and",
    "57296eee6aef051400154e90": ", or when it ages and transitions into a geront",
    "57296eee6aef051400154e91": " mon",
    "57296eee6aef051400154e92": ", or when it ages and transitions into a gerontoplast.",
    "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": " but it is now thought that they are",
    "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "akoid, a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network. In normal green chlor",
    "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": " always anchored",
    "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": " attached either to a thylak",
    "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "s of some",
    "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "active bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them",
    "57296f85af94a219006aa405": " pyrenoids. They are not found in higher",
    "57296f85af94a219006aa406": " of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher",
    "57296f85af94a219006aa407": " of some hornworts and algae contain structures called py",
    "57296fd71d0469140077943f": " granal thylakoid at a",
    "57296fd71d04691400779440": " granal thylakoid at a",
    "57296fd71d04691400779441": " contain anywhere from two to a",
    "57296fd71d04691400779442": " a stack of flattened",
    "57296fd71d04691400779443": " Wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or lamellar th",
    "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "vesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energ",
    "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": " the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons to pump hydrogen ions into",
    "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "ized electrons to pump hydrogen ions into",
    "5729703d3f37b319004783be": " concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space to generate ATP energy as the hydrogen ions flow",
    "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "ylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which",
    "572970916aef051400154eba": "oids, which are in contact with the stroma. Granal",
    "572970916aef051400154ebb": " Granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300\u2013600",
    "572970916aef051400154ebc": " are two types of thylakoids",
    "572970916aef051400154ebe": " thyl",
    "572970916aef051400154ebd": "ana, and stromal thyl",
    "57297103af94a219006aa423": " energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green, like during the fall, when the leaves of some land plants change",
    "57297103af94a219006aa424": " during the fall, when the leaves of some land plants change color. \u03b2-carot",
    "57297103af94a219006aa425": " some land plants change color. \u03b2-carotene is a bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chlor",
    "57297103af94a219006aa426": "oph",
    "57297103af94a219006aa427": "yn",
    "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": " and some cyanobacteria don't",
    "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "obil",
    "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": ". Phycobilins come",
    "5729714daf94a219006aa430": " that",
    "5729714daf94a219006aa431": " one of the pigments that makes many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers across",
    "572971af6aef051400154ede": " adding oxygen to sugar precursors. This has the end result of ATP energy being wasted and CO2 being released, all with no sugar being produced",
    "572971af6aef051400154edf": " the line in the Calvin cycle which",
    "572971af6aef051400154ee0": " into sugar molecules in the process of photos",
    "572971af6aef051400154ee1": " of photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco. Rubisco has a problem\u2014it has trouble distinguishing",
    "572971af6aef051400154ee2": " trouble distinguishing",
    "5729723c6aef051400154ee8": " mesophyll",
    "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": " mesophyll cells and bundle",
    "5729723c6aef051400154eea": " the mesophyll. Bundle sheath chloroplasts do",
    "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": " the mesophyll. Bundle sheath chloroplasts do",
    "5729723c6aef051400154eec": " specialized for the light reactions, so they",
    "5729729a1d0469140077948b": " plant contain chloroplasts\u2014the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll",
    "5729729a1d0469140077948c": " plant contain chloroplasts\u2014the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll",
    "5729729a1d0469140077948d": ". All green parts of",
    "5729729a1d0469140077948e": " All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts\u2014the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chloroph",
    "5729729a1d0469140077948f": " of a plant contain chloroplasts\u2014the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in",
    "572972f46aef051400154ef2": " as cacti, chloroplasts are found in the stems, though in most plants",
    "572972f46aef051400154ef3": " though in most plants, chloroplasts",
    "572972f46aef051400154ef6": "oplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells of",
    "572972f46aef051400154ef4": "oplasts are found in the stems",
    "572972f46aef051400154ef5": " million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts",
    "5729735c3f37b319004783fb": " the",
    "5729735c3f37b319004783fc": "imizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall",
    "5729735c3f37b319004783fd": " absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning",
    "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": " them edge-on. This reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage. This ability to distribute chloroplasts so",
    "5729735c3f37b319004783ff": " orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet",
    "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "ants",
    "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": " directly kill any pathogens within the cell. Lower levels of",
    "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "\u2014the hypersensitive response, in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death, and systemic",
    "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": " responses\u2014the hypersensitive response, in which infected cells seal",
    "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": " have two main immune responses\u2014the hypersensitive response",
    "57297427af94a219006aa453": " begin producing molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric",
    "57297427af94a219006aa454": "s can serve as cellular sensors",
    "57297427af94a219006aa455": "oplasts can serve as",
    "57297427af94a219006aa456": " don't leave the chloroplast, but instead pass on their signal to an",
    "572974923f37b3190047840b": " role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the",
    "572974923f37b3190047840c": " main functions of",
    "572974923f37b3190047840d": " (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosynthesis",
    "572974923f37b3190047840e": " role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical",
    "572974923f37b3190047840f": " which light is transformed into chemical",
    "572975073f37b31900478415": " phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Because chloroplast ATP synthase",
    "572975073f37b31900478416": " capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release",
    "572975073f37b31900478417": "+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize",
    "572975073f37b31900478418": "Like mitochond",
    "572975073f37b31900478419": " The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' energy to pump",
    "572975511d046914007794a7": " This is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled. Cyclic photophosphorylation is common in",
    "572975511d046914007794a8": ". Cyclic photophosphorylation is common in",
    "572975511d046914007794a9": " Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP+, though sometimes they can flow back down more H+-",
    "572975511d046914007794aa": " II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons,",
    "572975a3af94a219006aa465": " starts by using the enzyme Rubisco to fix CO2 into",
    "572975a3af94a219006aa466": "-3-phosphate, or G3P sugar molecules. Most of the G3P molecules",
    "572975a3af94a219006aa467": " and",
    "572975a3af94a219006aa468": " bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules. The result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-ph",
    "572976183f37b31900478431": "orting the grana and thylakoids",
    "572976183f37b31900478432": " large, distorting the",
    "572976183f37b31900478433": " thylakoids, but leave them intact. Waterlogged roots can also cause starch buildup in the chloroplast",
    "572976183f37b31900478434": " grains may grow very large, distorting the grana and thylakoids. The starch granules displace",
    "572976183f37b31900478435": " displace the thylakoids, but leave them intact.",
    "572976791d046914007794af": " O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis\u2014it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2,",
    "572976791d046914007794b0": " is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can",
    "572976791d046914007794b1": " between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead",
    "572976791d046914007794b2": " and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP. This",
    "572976791d046914007794b3": ". These include Crassulacean acid metabolism, C4 carbon",
    "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": " probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast",
    "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": " because it has trouble crossing membranes",
    "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": " to make the precursors to methionine but it is unclear whether",
    "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": " the",
    "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "ifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized egg. Proplastids are commonly",
    "57297725af94a219006aa49c": "s are a special type of a plant cell",
    "57297725af94a219006aa49d": " a plant",
    "57297725af94a219006aa49e": " of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are",
    "5729779b6aef051400154f62": " An etioplast",
    "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "aginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body. While etioplasts lack chlorophyll,",
    "5729779b6aef051400154f64": "aginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body. While etioplasts lack chlorophyll,",
    "5729779b6aef051400154f65": "oplast stage",
    "5729779b6aef051400154f66": " angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, pro",
    "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": " to chromoplast",
    "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "arch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible for pro",
    "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": " pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amylopl",
    "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": ", which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch",
    "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": " plastids",
    "5729784b1d046914007794c9": " protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chlor",
    "5729784b1d046914007794ca": "1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure",
    "5729784b1d046914007794cb": " FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast",
    "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the",
    "5729784b1d046914007794cd": " FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble",
    "5729789b6aef051400154f6c": " or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring",
    "5729789b6aef051400154f6d": "oplast",
    "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "oplasts have a",
    "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": " is found wrapped around the",
    "5729789b6aef051400154f70": " chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across",
    "572978e66aef051400154f76": " progress through some of the constriction stages under poor quality green light, but are slow to complete division\u2014they require exposure to bright",
    "572978e66aef051400154f78": " white light can stimulate these chloroplasts to divide",
    "572978e66aef051400154f79": " light to",
    "572978e66aef051400154f77": " for chloroplast division. Chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction",
    "57297991af94a219006aa4b7": " genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent,",
    "57297991af94a219006aa4b8": " by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited",
    "57297991af94a219006aa4b9": " makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are",
    "57297991af94a219006aa4ba": " have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited",
    "57296d571d04691400779413": " number. For",
    "57296d571d04691400779414": " example, 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors",
    "57296d571d04691400779415": " a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1",
    "57296d571d04691400779416": " 6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3 in addition to 1 and 6. The",
    "57296d571d04691400779417": " the central role",
    "57296f293f37b319004783a3": ". It consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and",
    "57296f293f37b319004783a4": " n is known as trial division. It consists of testing whether n is a",
    "57296f293f37b319004783a5": " primality. A simple but slow method of verifying",
    "57296f293f37b319004783a6": " error, and",
    "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "The property of being prime (or not) is called primality. A simple but",
    "572970c11d04691400779463": " numbers from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled",
    "572970c11d04691400779464": " from composite",
    "572970c11d04691400779465": " separates prime numbers from composite numbers. However",
    "572970c11d04691400779466": " primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC. There is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers. However, the",
    "572970c11d04691400779467": " to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled. The first result",
    "5729727baf94a219006aa437": " numbers remain open, such as Goldbach's",
    "5729727baf94a219006aa438": " of",
    "5729727baf94a219006aa439": " whose difference is 2). Such",
    "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": " sum of two primes), and the twin prime",
    "5729727baf94a219006aa43b": " as Goldbach's conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes",
    "572973f76aef051400154f0a": " is not prime. The image at the right illustrates that 12 is not prime: 12 = 3",
    "572973f76aef051400154f0b": " than 2 is prime because by definition, any such number n has at least three distinct div",
    "572973f76aef051400154f0c": " usual decimal system, all prime numbers larger than ",
    "572973f76aef051400154f0d": " greater than 2 is prime",
    "572973f76aef051400154f0e": " such number n has at least three distinct div",
    "57297547af94a219006aa45b": " not consider it to be a prime. By the Middle Ages and Renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first prime number. In the mid",
    "57297547af94a219006aa45c": " to be a prime. For example, Derrick Norman Lehmer",
    "57297547af94a219006aa45d": " a prime. By the Middle Ages and Renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first",
    "57297547af94a219006aa45e": " to call 1 prime. By the early ",
    "57297547af94a219006aa45f": " call 1 prime. By the early ",
    "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": " be factored as 3 \u00b7",
    "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": " would have to be modified. Similarly, the sieve of Eratosthenes would not work correctly if 1 were considered a prime: a",
    "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": ",",
    "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": " example, the number 15 can be factored as 3 \u00b7 5 and 1 \u00b7 3 \u00b7 5; if ",
    "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": " 5; if 1 were admitted as a prime, these two presentations would",
    "572978f91d046914007794d3": " com",
    "572978f91d046914007794d4": " the ancient Egyptians that they had some",
    "572978f91d046914007794d5": ", have quite different forms for primes and for composites. However, the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks",
    "572978f91d046914007794d6": " fundamental",
    "572978f91d046914007794d7": ", attributed to Eratosthenes, is a simple method to compute primes, although the large primes found today with",
    "57297a276aef051400154f88": "one of its prime factors is ",
    "57297a276aef051400154f89": "at's little theorem (later proved by Leibn",
    "57297a276aef051400154f8a": " 1 are prime (they are called Fermat numbers) and he verified this up to n = ",
    "57297a276aef051400154f8c": " little theorem (later proved by",
    "57297a276aef051400154f8b": " the study of prime numbers until the",
    "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": " method of checking the primality of a given integer n is called trial division",
    "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": " than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n. If the result of any of these divisions is",
    "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": " of",
    "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": " is called trial division. This routine consists of dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square",
    "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": " called trial division. This routine consists of dividing n by each integer",
    "57297d421d046914007794e5": " pass",
    "57297d421d046914007794e6": " pass only with probability p if applied to a",
    "57297d421d046914007794e7": " pass only with probability p if applied to a",
    "57297d421d046914007794e8": " prime or not. For example, trial division is a deterministic algorithm because, if performed correctly, it will always identify a prime number as prime and a",
    "57297d421d046914007794e9": "istic algorithms are normally faster, but do not completely prove that a",
    "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "ality test,",
    "57297ed93f37b31900478460": " test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np",
    "57297ed93f37b31900478461": " the Fermat primality test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np\u2261n (mod p",
    "57297ed93f37b31900478462": " the Fermat primality test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np\u2261n (",
    "57297ed93f37b31900478463": "ichael numbers. Carmichael numbers are substantially rarer than prime",
    "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": " either p + 1 or p \u2212",
    "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": " Sophie Germain primes (primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime), primorial primes, Fermat primes and M",
    "572980f9af94a219006aa4d3": " primes, that is, prime numbers that are of the form 2p \u2212 1, where p is an arbitrary",
    "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": " are of the form 2p \u2212 1, where p is an arbitrary prime. The Lucas\u2013Lehmer test is particularly fast for",
    "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "p + 1 with p prime), prim",
    "572982e66aef051400154f92": " found using distributed",
    "572982e66aef051400154f93": " have been found by taking a piece",
    "572982e66aef051400154f94": " prize for first discovering a prime",
    "572982e66aef051400154f95": "The following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types. Some of these primes have been found using",
    "572982e76aef051400154f96": " Search project was awarded a US$100,000 prize for first discovering a prime with at least 10",
    "572985011d04691400779501": ". Here ",
    "572985011d04691400779502": " using Bertrand's",
    "572985011d04691400779503": " n. Here  represents the floor function, i.e.,",
    "572985011d04691400779504": " with n < p <",
    "572985011d04691400779505": " postulate (proven first by Chebyshev), which states that there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p <",
    "572987e46aef051400154fa2": " theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes. The picture below illustrates this with q = 9",
    "572987e46aef051400154fa3": " theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes. The picture below illustrates this with",
    "572987e46aef051400154fa4": " If this necessary condition is satisfied, Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes. The picture below illustrates this",
    "572987e46aef051400154fa5": " of 9",
    "572987e46aef051400154fa6": " Pr",
    "572989846aef051400154fc0": ", the aforementioned fact that there are infinitely many primes can also be seen using the",
    "572989846aef051400154fc1": " finitely many primes then \u03b6(1) would have a finite value. However, the harmonic series ",
    "572989846aef051400154fc2": " also be seen using the zeta function: if there were only fin",
    "572989846aef051400154fc3": " the richness of the zeta function and a glimpse of modern algebraic number theory",
    "572989846aef051400154fc4": " diverges (",
    "57298ef11d0469140077952d": " hypothesis, dating from 1859, states",
    "57298ef11d0469140077952e": ", states that except",
    "57298ef11d0469140077952f": " of primes only comes from",
    "57298ef11d04691400779530": " prime numbers is that it",
    "57298ef11d04691400779531": " 1/2. The connection to prime numbers is that it essentially says that the primes are as regularly distributed as possible.[clarification needed]",
    "57299021af94a219006aa50c": " every sufficiently",
    "57299021af94a219006aa50b": " been posed. Often having an elementary formulation, many of these conjectures have withstood a proof for decades: all four of Land",
    "57299021af94a219006aa50d": " theory studying",
    "57299021af94a219006aa50e": " four of Landau",
    "57299021af94a219006aa50f": " four of Landau's problems from 1912 are still unsolved. One of them is Goldbach's conjecture, which asserts that",
    "572991943f37b319004784a1": " of that conjecture, it states that for every positive integer n, there are",
    "572991943f37b319004784a2": ". These conjectures are special cases of the broad Schinzel's hypothesis H. Brocard's conjecture says that there are",
    "572991943f37b319004784a3": "'s conjecture is a strengthening of that conjecture, it",
    "572991943f37b319004784a4": "ignac's conjecture is a strengthening of that conjecture, it",
    "572991943f37b319004784a5": ". These conject",
    "57299326af94a219006aa515": " mathematics, with",
    "57299326af94a219006aa516": ", number theory in general, and the study of prime numbers",
    "57299326af94a219006aa517": " canonical example of pure mathematics, with no applications outside of the self-interest of studying the topic with the exception",
    "57299326af94a219006aa518": ", and the",
    "57299326af94a219006aa519": " pure mathematics, with no applications outside",
    "572995d46aef051400154fe8": " number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always",
    "572995d46aef051400154fe9": " to be prime. Another consequence of Fermat's little theorem is the following: if p is a prime number other than",
    "572995d46aef051400154fea": " equation is also a sufficient condition for",
    "572995d46aef051400154feb": " equation is also a sufficient condition for p to be prime. Another consequence",
    "572995d46aef051400154fec": " a prime number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always a recurring decimal, whose",
    "572996c73f37b319004784b3": " as RSA and the",
    "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "for example, 512-bit primes",
    "572996c73f37b319004784b5": " such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for",
    "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "ie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based",
    "572996c73f37b319004784b7": " much easier (i.e., more efficient) to perform the multiplication of two (large) numbers x and y than to calculate",
    "572998673f37b319004784d5": ". These insects",
    "572998673f37b319004784d6": "2, 3,",
    "572998673f37b319004784d7": "ada",
    "572998673f37b319004784d8": " and then emerge from their burrows after 7, 13 or",
    "572998673f37b319004784d9": " 12 years would be sure to meet them",
    "57299a6f6aef051400155016": ", the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0 and 1. It is",
    "57299a6f6aef051400155017": " Generally, \"prime\" indicates minimality or indecomposability, in an appropriate sense",
    "57299a6f6aef051400155019": " field is the smallest",
    "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": " different ways in various branches of mathematics. Generally, \"prime",
    "57299a6f6aef051400155018": " or the finite field with p elements, whence the name",
    "57299c2c6aef051400155020": " multiplicative inverse) and satisfies the following requirement: given x and y in R such",
    "57299c2c6aef051400155021": " two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring R, an algebraic structure",
    "57299c2c6aef051400155022": " requirement: given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or",
    "57299c2c6aef051400155023": " rise to two more general concepts",
    "57299c2c6aef051400155024": " two more general concepts that apply",
    "57299d1c1d04691400779581": " primes (1 + i) and (1 \u2212 i). Rational primes (i.e. prime elements",
    "57299d1c1d04691400779582": " set of complex numbers of the form a + bi",
    "57299d1c1d04691400779583": " is, the set of complex",
    "57299d1c1d04691400779584": " factorization domains",
    "57299d1c1d04691400779585": " Z[i], that is, the set of complex numbers of the",
    "57299ec43f37b3190047850d": ", the notion of number is generally replaced with that of ideal. Prime ideals, which generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal",
    "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": " ideal. Prime ideals, which generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal",
    "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "2), (3), (5), (7), (11), \u2026 The fundamental theorem of arithmetic generalizes",
    "57299ec43f37b31900478510": " of",
    "57299ec43f37b31900478511": " is generally replaced",
    "5729a03f1d04691400779593": " bears some resemblance with ramification",
    "5729a03f1d04691400779594": ". Arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion, and many concepts",
    "5729a03f1d04691400779595": "ification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field, a basic problem of algebraic number theory, bears some resemblance with ramification in geometry. Such",
    "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "Prime ideals are the points of algebro-geometric objects, via the notion of",
    "5729a26d6aef05140015505a": " Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p",
    "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": " the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing",
    "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": " by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to",
    "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": " contrast to the",
    "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "natural phenomena\". In works such as La Nativit\u00e9 du Seigneur",
    "5729a3716aef05140015506b": " by",
    "5729a3716aef05140015506c": " by different prime numbers to create unpredictable rhythms: the",
    "5729a3716aef05140015506d": " such as La Nativit\u00e9 du Seigneur (193",
    "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "iaen used prime numbers to create ametrical music through \"natural phenomena\". In works such as La Nativit\u00e9 du Seigneur (193",
    "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": ": Rein, German: Rhein",
    "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": " Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein",
    "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "eland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands. The biggest city on the river Rhine is Cologne, Germany with a population",
    "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": ", forms part of the Swiss-Austrian,",
    "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": " eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands. The biggest city on the river Rhine is Cologne, Germany with a population of more than ",
    "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e37": ": Rein",
    "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": "-German and then the Franco-German border,",
    "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "Romansh:",
    "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": " variant",
    "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as *R\u012bnaz, via Old Frank",
    "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": " Roman-era",
    "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e": " languages are all derived from the Gaulish",
    "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": " the Gaulish name R\u0113nos, which was",
    "572fe288a23a5019007fcad8": " from the Gaulish name R\u0113nos, which was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Greek \u1fec",
    "572fe288a23a5019007fcada": "\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (Rh\u0113nos), Latin R",
    "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": "ine in modern languages are all derived from the Gaul",
    "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": " Gaulish",
    "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "]",
    "572f567cb2c2fd1400568040": "The length of",
    "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "ine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland (103",
    "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": " measured in \"Rhine-k",
    "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": " difficult to",
    "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": " conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers\" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 193",
    "572fe393947a6a140053cdbb": "), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the Old",
    "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": " conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers\" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced",
    "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "ine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers\" (Rheinkilometer),",
    "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "-k",
    "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": " distinctive",
    "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "German: Rheint",
    "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": " Rhine join and form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur.",
    "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": " ",
    "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": ". This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. It flows through a wide",
    "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": " distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599",
    "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": " river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of ",
    "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": " form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur.",
    "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4e": " the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Rhine.",
    "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f": " river makes a distinctive",
    "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "stance forms an inland delta. The delta is delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine",
    "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "Old Rhine\") and in the East by a modern canalized section.",
    "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "Old Rhine\")",
    "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "stance forms an inland delta. The delta is",
    "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": " a modern canalized section. Most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of",
    "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "The mouth of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland",
    "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": " canalized section. Most of the",
    "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": " inland delta. The delta is delimited in",
    "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": " is delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein (\"Old",
    "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": " inland delta.",
    "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "'s lighter",
    "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": " near Diepoldsau and",
    "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": " canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach, in",
    "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": " Rhine into the lake. Its water has a darker color than the Rh",
    "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": " and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner Ach",
    "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": " order to counteract the constant flooding and strong",
    "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": " Its water has a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains.",
    "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "A regulation of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a",
    "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": " a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains.",
    "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": " Its water has a",
    "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57d": " connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein (\"Lake Rhine\"). The lake is situated in",
    "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "-Austrian border. It is located at approximately 47\u00b039\u2032N 9\u00b019\u2032",
    "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": " Untersee (\"lower lake\"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein (\"Lake Rhine\"). The lake",
    "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "ine",
    "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": ", called the Seerhein (\"Lake Rhine\"). The lake is",
    "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858b": " connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Se",
    "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": " following the Swiss-Austrian border. It is located at approximately 47\u00b039\u2032",
    "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": " connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein (\"Lake Rhine\"). The",
    "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "erhein (\"Lake Rhine\"). The",
    "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "-W\u00fcrttemberg, the Austrian state of Vorarlberg, and the Swiss",
    "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": " of the flow is diverted off the island of",
    "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": " because of the greater density of cold water. The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake",
    "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": " of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen. Most of",
    "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": " water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper",
    "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": " for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows",
    "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": " some distance",
    "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "The flow of cold, gray",
    "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": " distance",
    "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98": " doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper",
    "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e99": " green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of",
    "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": " the German-Swiss border from Lake Constance with the exceptions of",
    "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "ine's water discharge, to an",
    "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": " from Lake Con",
    "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": " the Hochrhein, passes the Rhine Falls, and is joined",
    "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": " is joined by",
    "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "35,000 cu",
    "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "adt, until it turns north",
    "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": " the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water",
    "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": " Hochrhein, passes the Rhine Falls, and is joined by its major tributary, the river Aare.",
    "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "ine Falls, and is",
    "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": " major",
    "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": " city in the course of the stream,",
    "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": " knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North",
    "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": " wide. The most important tributaries in this area are the Ill below of",
    "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": " boundary between High and Upper Rhine. The river now flows North as Upper Rhine through the Upper Rhine",
    "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": " centre of Basel, the first major city in the course of the stream, is located the \"Rhine",
    "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": " centre of Basel, the first major city in the course of the stream, is located the \"Rhine knee\";",
    "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": " stream, is located the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes",
    "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": " first major city in the course of the stream, is located the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of",
    "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": " centre",
    "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b7": " ground water level fell significantly. Dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased",
    "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": " rate",
    "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": " fell significantly. Dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply. On the French side",
    "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "19th Century. The rate",
    "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": " significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century. The rate of flow was increased",
    "572feddda23a5019007fcb5b": " Upper Rhine region",
    "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": " Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine",
    "572feddda23a5019007fcb5d": " changed significantly by a Rhine",
    "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "The Upper",
    "572feddda23a5019007fcb5f": " increased and the ground water level fell significantly. Dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply. On the French side",
    "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": ", the Moselle, which contributes an average",
    "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": " longest river in Germany. It is here that the Rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries, such",
    "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": " Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle, which contributes an average",
    "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": " discharge of ",
    "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "ine is the longest",
    "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": " Mountains uplands. Most of Luxembourg and a very small part of Belgium also drain",
    "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": " Belgium also drain to the Rhine via the Moselle. As it approaches the Dutch border, the Rhine has an annual mean discharge of",
    "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": " main tributaries, such",
    "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": " is the longest river in",
    "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": " Moselle, which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s). Northeastern France",
    "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb": " Bonn, the Middle",
    "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec": " the Middle",
    "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": " the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO",
    "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": " Rhine Gorge, a formation which was created by erosion. The rate of erosion equaled the uplift",
    "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff": " the region, such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised. The gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of",
    "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": " uplift",
    "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": " the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (200",
    "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": " flows through the Rhine Gorge, a formation which was created by erosion. The rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region, such that",
    "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": " Rhine up into Switzerland, it",
    "572f6c85947a6a140053c942": " pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine",
    "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": ", as the river passes the major cities of Cologne",
    "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": " the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up",
    "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "\u00fcsseldorf and Duisburg. Duisburg is the home of Europe's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports",
    "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": ", as the river passes the major cities of",
    "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "1980s, industry was a major",
    "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": " along the Rhine up into Switzerland",
    "572ff293947a6a140053ce55": " industry was a major source of water pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into",
    "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": " ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam. The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg, is",
    "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "orge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a",
    "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": " Near Sankt Goarshausen, the Rhine flows around the famous rock Lorelei. With its outstanding architectural monuments, the slopes",
    "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "ine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as",
    "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc624": " monuments, the slopes full of vines, settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep",
    "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "desheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Near Sankt Goar",
    "572ff35f947a6a140053ce67": " viniculture and tourism. The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am",
    "572ff35f947a6a140053ce68": "lenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Near Sankt Goarshausen, the Rhine flows around the famous",
    "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": " sectors in the Middle Rhine area are viniculture",
    "572ff35f947a6a140053ce6a": "lenz is listed",
    "572f7588947a6a140053c984": " Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf and Ruhr area. Here",
    "572f7588947a6a140053c985": " region downstream of Duisburg",
    "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "hr",
    "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "ine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia. Its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized",
    "572f7588947a6a140053c988": ", the Rhine-Ruhr region. One of the most important cities in this region",
    "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "ine-Westphalia. Its",
    "572ff430a23a5019007fcbaa": " agglomerations Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf and Ruhr area. Here",
    "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": ". Its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized, in particular the agglomerations",
    "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": " Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf and Ruhr area. Here the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in",
    "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": " the most important cities in this region is Duisburg with the largest river port in Europe (Duisport). The region downstream of Duisburg is more",
    "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "ede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch), merging with the Meuse, through the Hollands Diep",
    "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": " water. Two thirds of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther west",
    "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "bosch), merging with the Meuse, through the Hollands Diep",
    "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": " the main flow of water. Two thirds of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther",
    "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": " longer",
    "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "wede",
    "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "ude Maas branches",
    "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a2": " other third",
    "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": " one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the I",
    "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": " a route parallel to the Waal",
    "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "Jsselmeer (a former bay), while the Nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route",
    "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2d": " while the Nederrijn carries",
    "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2e": " flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn. The I",
    "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": " flow west along a route parallel to the Waal. However, at Wijk bij Duurstede, the Nederrijn changes its",
    "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": " name and becomes the Lek. It flows farther west, to rejoin the Noord River into the Nieuwe Maas and to the",
    "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": " of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrij",
    "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": " Rijn, from",
    "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "ijn, from here on, is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine in Roman times",
    "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": " This branch once formed the line along which the Limes Germanicus were built. During periods of lower sea levels",
    "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": " This branch once formed the line along which the Limes Germanicus were built. During periods of lower sea levels",
    "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": " Oude",
    "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": " the Netherlands begins",
    "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "-G",
    "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": " Rijn, close to the Dutch-G",
    "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": " determined by two bifurcations: first, at Millingen aan de Rijn, the Rhine splits into Wa",
    "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f52": "ur (\"the Rip\") and Nieuwe Waterweg (\"New Waterway\"). The middle flow begins as Nederrijn, then changes into",
    "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": " the Nederrijn. This creates three main flows, two of which change names rather often. The largest and southern",
    "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": " Millingen aan de Rijn, the",
    "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": " Rhine splits into Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal, which changes",
    "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": " Merwede-Oude Maas to the North Sea and formed an",
    "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": " Merwede-Oude Maas to the North Sea and formed an arch",
    "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": " rivers, many islands",
    "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": " St. Elizabeth's flood (1421), the Meuse flowed just south",
    "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": " flowed just south of today's line Merwede-O",
    "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": " etc.) and smaller rivers and streams. Many rivers have been closed (\"dammed\") and now serve as drainage channels for",
    "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "Jssel, Linge, Vecht, etc.) and smaller rivers and streams. Many rivers have been closed (\"dammed\") and now",
    "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": " hydrography of",
    "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": " etc.) and smaller rivers and streams. Many rivers have been closed (\"",
    "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": " only by the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents. This meant that high tide formed a serious risk",
    "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": " serious risk because strong tidal currents could tear",
    "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": " tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea. Before the construction of the Delta Works",
    "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": " not only by the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents",
    "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": " somewhat larger",
    "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": " two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor,",
    "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": " before present). The present Mediterranean Sea descends from this",
    "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": " set in the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era,",
    "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": " Ocean, between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates, between about 240 MBP and 220 MB",
    "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": " the ongoing Alpine orogeny caused a N\u2013S rift system to develop in this zone. The main elements of this rift are the Upper",
    "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": " in southwest Germany and eastern France and the Lower Rhine Embayment, in northwest Germany and the southeastern Netherlands. By the time",
    "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": " Lower",
    "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": " Lower",
    "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "ges Mountains, including the Mosel, the Main and the Neckar. The northern",
    "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef1": "osges Mountains, including the Mosel, the Main and the Neckar. The northern Alps were then",
    "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": " above",
    "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": " years ago) was the geological period of the Ice Ages. Since approximately 600,000 years ago, six major Ice",
    "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc16": " Ice Ages. Since approximately 600,000 years ago",
    "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": " geological period of the Ice Ages. Since approximately 600,000 years ago, six major Ice Ages have occurred, in which sea level dropped",
    "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "000 years ago, six major",
    "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": " a course to the northwest, through the present North Sea. During the so-called Anglian glaciation (~",
    "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": ",000 BP. The last phase slightly predates the global last ice age maximum (Last Glacial Maximum). During this time, the lower",
    "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "The last gl",
    "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": " glacial ran from ~",
    "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": ",000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the Pleistocene (~11",
    "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": " northwest Europe, it saw two very cold phases, peaking around 70,000 BP and around ",
    "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": " fauna, stretched across middle Europe, from Asia to the Atlantic",
    "572fff45947a6a140053cf27": " its source must still have been a glacier. A tundra, with Ice Age flora and fauna, stretched across middle Europe,",
    "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": " BP, when ice-sheets covered Scandinavia, the Baltics",
    "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "22,000\u201314,000 yr BP",
    "572fff45947a6a140053cf2a": " of the",
    "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": " the Rhine and its downstream extension. Rapid warming and changes of vegetation, to open forest, began about 13,000 BP",
    "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": " Europe slowly began to warm up from 22,000 years ago onward, frozen subsoil",
    "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": " warm up from 22,000 years ago onward, frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow",
    "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": " Europe slowly began to warm up from ",
    "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": " warming and changes of vegetation, to open forest, began about 13,000 BP",
    "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": " had dropped so",
    "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": " to present has existed. Rates of sea-level rise had dropped so far, that natural sedimentation by the Rhine",
    "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": " ago",
    "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": " natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes together, could compensate",
    "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": " situation with tides",
    "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": " barrier",
    "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": " As",
    "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": " Peel Boundary Fault, the substrate and geomorphology, as inherited from the Last Glacial and the coastal-marine dynamics, such as barrier",
    "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": " the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial valley. As a meandering river, it reworked its ice",
    "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": " a result of increasing land clearance (Bronze Age agriculture), in the upland areas (central Germany",
    "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": " impact is seen in the delta.",
    "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "0 yr BP (= years Before Present), human impact is seen in the delta. As a result of increasing land clearance (Bron",
    "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": ". This caused increased flooding and sedimentation, ending peat formation in",
    "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": " has sped up. This caused increased flooding and sedimentation, ending peat formation in",
    "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "ek",
    "5730069004bcaa1900d7702e": " River Nederrijn",
    "5730069004bcaa1900d7702f": " branches",
    "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": " however, since 1932, a freshwater lake. The discharge of",
    "5730069004bcaa1900d77031": " discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709, by river engineering works, including the digging of the Pannerdens canal and since",
    "57300761947a6a140053cf9a": ", it formed the boundary between Gaul and Germania. The Upper",
    "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": " the historical period in the 1st century BC in Roman-era geography. At that time, it formed the boundary between",
    "57300761947a6a140053cf9c": " period in the 1st century BC in Roman-era geography. At that time, it formed the boundary between Gaul and Germania",
    "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "odotus",
    "573007fab2c2fd140056876b": " Frankfurt, opposite the Roman border fortress of Moguntiacum (Mainz), the southern",
    "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": " only the fertile plain of Frankfurt, opposite the Roman border",
    "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": " empire fell. The southern part was different. The upper Rhine and upper Danube are easily crossed. The frontier which they form is inconvenient",
    "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "70",
    "573007fab2c2fd140056876e": "), the southern",
    "57300888b2c2fd1400568775": "ions in",
    "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": " a state or threat of war",
    "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": " to Cologne, V Alaudae, a Celtic legion recruited from Gallia Narbonensis and XXI",
    "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": " five bases along the Rhine. The actual number of legions present at any base or in all",
    "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "180, the assignment of legions was as follows: for the army of Germania Inferior",
    "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": " period, by the 5th century establishing",
    "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": " the",
    "57300911947a6a140053cfb8": "fels (Siebengebirge) (\"dragons rock\"), near Bonn at the Rhine and of the Burgundians and their",
    "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": " by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms of Francia on the Lower Rhine, Burg",
    "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "ic tribes crossed the Rhine in the Migration period, by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms of",
    "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": " the 9th, it formed part of the border between Middle and Western Francia, but in",
    "573009a004bcaa1900d77050": " In the 9th, it formed part of the border between Middle and Western Francia, but in",
    "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": " century, the Rhine was within the borders of Francia. In the",
    "573009a004bcaa1900d77052": " the 9",
    "573009a004bcaa1900d77053": " of the Rhine, in the county of Holland, fell to the Burgundian Netherlands in the 15th century; Holland remained contentious",
    "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": " contentious border between France and Germany. Establishing \"natural borders\" on the Rhine was a long",
    "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": " Peace of Westphalia, the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France and",
    "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "phalia, the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France and Germany. Establishing \"natural borders\"",
    "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": " between France and Germany. Establishing \"natural borders\" on the Rhine was a long-term goal of French foreign policy, since the Middle",
    "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9b": " time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the First French Empire. In 1840, the Rhine",
    "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": " with the German army forbidden to enter. The",
    "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064": " Germany and is often cited as helping Adolf Hitler's rise to power. The allies left the Rhineland, in 1930 and the German",
    "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": " the end",
    "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": " of World War I, the Rhineland",
    "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067": " Treaty of Versailles. This decreed that it would be occupied by the",
    "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": " Pact war plan for an invasion",
    "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": " to the invasion of Germany, by the Western Allies. The Rhine",
    "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": " Arnhem, immortalized in the book, A Bridge Too Far and the film, was a central",
    "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": " the Rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany, by the Western",
    "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708b": " bridge",
    "57300c67947a6a140053cff0": " presumably a typographical error. After this number was placed into the authoritative Brockhaus Enzyklop\u00e4die,",
    "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": " a typographical error. After this number",
    "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": " encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon stated the length as ",
    "57300c67947a6a140053cff2": " the Rhine was 1,230",
    "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "staat confirms the length at 1",
    "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": " convened by the Scotland Act 1998,",
    "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": ", in",
    "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "Following a referendum in 1997, in which the Scottish electorate voted for devolution, the current Parliament was convened by",
    "572fac17947a6a140053cb57": " electorate voted for devolution, the current Parliament was convened",
    "572fac17947a6a140053cb58": " Parliament was convened by the Scotland Act 1998, which",
    "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": " the next three hundred years, Scotland was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster,",
    "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": " years, Scotland was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster, and the lack",
    "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": " by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the United Kingdom, both",
    "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": " the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster, and the lack of a Parliament",
    "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": " of the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster, and the lack of",
    "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": " discovery of oil in the North Sea and the",
    "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": " for Scottish independence, as well as the SNP. The party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much",
    "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": " devolved legislature in 1974. However, it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a Scottish",
    "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "'s oil\" campaign of the Scottish National Party (SNP) resulted in rising support for Scottish independence, as well as the SNP",
    "572fad30a23a5019007fc871": " the discovery of oil in the North Sea and the following \"It's Scotland's oil",
    "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": " the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for",
    "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": " the majority",
    "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": " elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh provided that",
    "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": " that the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979 that",
    "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d": " the Scotland Act 1978, an elected",
    "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": " for a Scottish",
    "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": " for a Scottish Parliament grew, in part",
    "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be1": " was controlled by the Conservative Party",
    "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": ", leading to the 1989 Scottish Constitutional Convention with",
    "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": " architect Enric Miralles in partnership with local",
    "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": " official home of the Scottish Parliament has been a new Scottish Parliament Building, in the Holyrood area of",
    "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": " new Scottish Parliament Building, in the Holyrood area of Edinburgh.",
    "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": " the stones of previous buildings. Throughout the building there are many repeated",
    "572faec7b2c2fd1400568337": " the",
    "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": " Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the",
    "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": " home was the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. Official",
    "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "rood was",
    "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": " the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. Official photographs",
    "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": " temporary",
    "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": " for the MSP's offices",
    "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": " City of Edinburgh Council. The former administrative building of Lothian Regional Council on George IV Bridge was used for the MSP's offices",
    "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": " in 2004 this building was demolished. The former Midlothian County",
    "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": " buildings rented from the City of Edinburgh Council",
    "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": " for the MSP's offices. Following the move to Holyrood in 2004",
    "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": " session, Parliament elects one MSP to serve as Presiding Officer, the equivalent of the speaker (currently Tricia Mar",
    "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": " the Scottish Parliament, at the beginning of each parliamentary session, Parliament elects one MSP to serve as Presiding Officer, the equivalent of the speaker",
    "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": " elected by a secret ballot of the ",
    "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": ", at the beginning of each parliamentary session, Parliament elects one",
    "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": " Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott). The Presiding Officer and deputies are",
    "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": " Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and has the staff, property and resources",
    "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": ", the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and has the staff, property and resources it",
    "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": " a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and",
    "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": " Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions",
    "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": ".",
    "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": ", 129 are occupied by the Parliament's elected",
    "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5d": " to sit anywhere in the debating chamber, but typically sit in their party",
    "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": " typically sit in their party",
    "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": " has seating arranged in a hemicycle, which reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members. There",
    "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": " of the Scotland Act, are inscribed around the",
    "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": " of the Scotland Act, are inscribed around",
    "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93a": " of the Scotland Act, are",
    "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": " the",
    "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "anned from Scottish rivers and inscribed with the words: Wisdom, Compass",
    "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c73": " Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from early January to late",
    "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": " 9:15 am to 6 pm",
    "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": " Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from early January to late June and",
    "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": " to",
    "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c77": " mid December, with two-week recesses in April and October. Plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place",
    "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": " contrasts with the formal style of \"Prayers\", which is the first",
    "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "days is usually Time for Reflection, at which a speaker addresses",
    "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": ". Speakers are drawn from",
    "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": " addresses members for up to four minutes, sharing",
    "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": " is usually Time for Reflection, at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes, sharing",
    "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": " debates and the amount of time for which they are",
    "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": " ministers or party leaders open debates,",
    "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "or Deputy Presiding Officer)",
    "572fc41f947a6a140053cc83": "or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides",
    "572fc41f947a6a140053cc84": " debates and",
    "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": " ",
    "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccc": " chamber to return and vote. At Decision",
    "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": " on all the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This \"Decision Time\" is heralded by the sounding of the division bell",
    "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": " on all the motions",
    "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": " all the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This \"Decision Time\" is heralded by the sounding of the division bell",
    "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8a": " their parties. Errant",
    "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand",
    "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": " members can be deselected as official party candidates",
    "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "ust some MSPs, known as whips, with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line. MSPs",
    "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": " normally instruct members which way to vote. Parties entrust some MSPs, known as whips, with the task of ensuring",
    "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": " motion proposed by an MSP who is not a Scottish minister",
    "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": " a debate on",
    "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": " time. As well as the proposer, other members normally contribute to the debate. The relevant minister, whose department the debate and",
    "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": " after Decision Time a \"Members Debate\" is",
    "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": " Debate\" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes. Members Business is a debate on a motion proposed by",
    "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": " the role",
    "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": " Committee meetings take place on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday morning when Parliament is sitting. Committees can",
    "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7": " the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee. The role of committees",
    "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": " of the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee. The role of",
    "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": " is",
    "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": " comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different",
    "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": " reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory",
    "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": " with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are",
    "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": " Public Petitions; Standards, Procedures and Public",
    "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": " There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are",
    "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": " Environment; Welfare Reform; and",
    "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": " with one (or more) of the departments (or ministries) of the Scottish Government. The current Subject Committees in the fourth Session",
    "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": " and Environment",
    "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": " Economy, Energy and Tourism",
    "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": " an outside party or promoter who is not",
    "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": " use of land or property. Private Bill Committees have been set up to",
    "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": " bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private",
    "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": " private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish",
    "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": " on 19 November 1998, governs the functions and role of the",
    "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568474": " and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998, governs the functions and role of",
    "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": " given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998",
    "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": " by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen",
    "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "The Scotland Act 1998, which was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal ass",
    "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": " which are not explicitly",
    "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f2": " not explicitly stated in Schedule ",
    "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": " reserved are automatically dev",
    "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": " stated in Schedule ",
    "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "olved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly",
    "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": " are outside the legislative competence of",
    "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": " ministers). These include",
    "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": " policy, employment, foreign policy and relations with Europe, most aspects of transport safety and regulation, National Lottery, protection",
    "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": " Westminster (and where Ministerial functions",
    "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": " can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the Scottish",
    "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": " in a number of ways; the Scottish Government can introduce new laws or amendments",
    "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": " of ways; the Scottish Government can introduce new laws",
    "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": " Parliament in a number",
    "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": " a number of ways; the Scottish Government can introduce new laws or amendments to",
    "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": " or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with",
    "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "planatory Notes, a Policy Memorandum setting out the policy",
    "572fce13a23a5019007fca13": " committees and is then submitted to the whole Parliament for a",
    "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": " of the bill, it then",
    "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": " or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with its accompanying documents \u2013 Explanatory",
    "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": " comprises two parts: consideration of",
    "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": " bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole Parliament. This stage comprises two parts: consideration of",
    "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": " considered at a meeting of",
    "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": " at a meeting of the whole Parliament. This stage comprises two parts: consideration of amendments to the",
    "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": ". Opposition members can table \"w",
    "572fd264b2c2fd14005684a9": " Court of the United Kingdom for a ruling on whether it",
    "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": " so until a 4-week period has",
    "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "-week period has elapsed, during which the",
    "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": " However he cannot do so until a 4-week",
    "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": " the bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer submits it to the Monarch for royal assent and it becomes",
    "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": " a First Minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term (after a general election). Any member can put their name forward to be",
    "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": " party, or parties",
    "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": " election). Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister, and a",
    "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": " majority",
    "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": " election). Any member",
    "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": " month either way by the Monarch on the proposal of the Presiding Officer. If the Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved (with at least",
    "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": " 1998,",
    "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "1998, ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years (1999, 200",
    "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": " way by the Monarch on the proposal of the Presiding Officer. If the Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved (with at least two-thirds",
    "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da2": " Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years (1999,",
    "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": " scrutinise the Government. The First Minister",
    "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": " parliamentary year, the",
    "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "Several procedures enable the",
    "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": " of",
    "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "\" takes place",
    "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": " also set aside",
    "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": " or",
    "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": " for question periods in the debating chamber. A \"General Question Time\" takes place on a Thursday between",
    "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": " is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber. A \"General Question Time\" takes place on a",
    "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684f9": " are elected to represent first past the",
    "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fb": " post constituencies and are known as \"Constituency MSPs\". Voters choose one",
    "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": " geographical distribution of population in Scotland, this results in constituencies of a smaller area in the Central Lowlands, where",
    "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": " post constituencies and",
    "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": " a constituency MSP. The 73 Scottish Parliament",
    "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": " the number",
    "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": " of seats in the Parliament are",
    "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850d": " the second seat. This is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated.",
    "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": " the second",
    "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": " parties proportionally",
    "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": " the House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply to being an MSP. Such qualifications were introduced under the House of Commons Disqualification",
    "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e": " House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply to being an MSP. Such qualifications were introduced under the House of Commons Disqualification Act",
    "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f": " Such qualifications were introduced under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 197",
    "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "ity Act 1981. Specifically, members must be over the age of 18 and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom, the Republic of",
    "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521": "1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981.",
    "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dd9": " has commanded a parliamentary majority. The SNP took 16 seats from Labour",
    "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": " Lothian by 151 votes. The SNP took a further eight seats from the Liberal Democrats and one seat from the Conservatives. The SNP",
    "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": " Loth",
    "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddc": " the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority. The SNP took 16",
    "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": " Labour,",
    "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": " their",
    "572fdc34a23a5019007fca94": " their support had held firm. Nevertheless, she too announced she would step",
    "572fdc34a23a5019007fca95": "ian regional list and the Conservatives suffered a",
    "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": " SNP",
    "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "ie was elected on the Lothian regional list and the Conservatives",
    "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": " unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament. This phenomenon is known as the West",
    "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": " whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament. This phenomenon is known as the",
    "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": " Northern Ireland \u2013 whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern",
    "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": " Northern Ireland \u2013 whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote",
    "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": " MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament. This phenomenon is known as the West Loth",
    "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "m siy\u0101s\u012b), is an Islamic revival movement often characterized by moral",
    "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": ", also known as Political Islam (Arabic: \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645",
    "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": "y\u0101s\u012b), is an Islamic revival movement often",
    "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "y\u0101s\u012b), is an Islamic",
    "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "ordering of government and society in accordance with",
    "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": " Islamic Jihad, and groups such as the Taliban, entirely reject democracy, often declaring as kuffar those Muslims who support it (see tak",
    "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": " of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic Vanguard party but has also gained",
    "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": " work within the democratic process include",
    "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": " socio-political and democratic Vanguard party but",
    "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": " parties like the Tunisian",
    "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": ")",
    "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": " \"Sunni pan-Islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the",
    "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": " of the tradition\" (Salafis, such as",
    "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f68": " Fuller has described as the fundamentalist \"guardians of the tradition\" (Salafis, such as those in the Wahhabi movement) and the",
    "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": ") and the \"vanguard of change and Islamic reform\" centered around the Muslim Brotherhood. Olivier Roy argues that \"Sun",
    "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": " apolitical is an error. Scholars and observers who do not",
    "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "its a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or",
    "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": " also because its supporters believe their",
    "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": " because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an",
    "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": " their views merely",
    "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": " for",
    "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": " question, \"If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social",
    "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "ists and believe in Islamism, not [just] Islam?\" Similarly, a writer for the International Crisis Group maintains that \"the",
    "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": " those who want",
    "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": " Crisis Group maintains that \"the conception of 'political Islam'\" is",
    "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": " fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous",
    "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": " and pro-Western governments often supported sometimes fledgling Islam",
    "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": " and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies. Islamists were considered by Western governments bul",
    "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": " fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups",
    "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": " spent billions of dollars to",
    "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": " and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies. Islamists were considered by Western governments bul",
    "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": " the",
    "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": " peace with Israel \u2013 released Islamists from prison and",
    "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "ian President An",
    "572ffc99947a6a140053cef9": "fitah); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the",
    "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": " Islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists. His \"encouraging",
    "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": " infidels",
    "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": " Salaf",
    "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc9": " \"is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century,\" that Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims were inf",
    "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": " non",
    "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb": " Sal",
    "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": " assistance, sports facilities, and",
    "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2": " mass marriage ceremonies to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities, and women's groups",
    "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": " against incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments whose",
    "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": " mass marriage ceremonies to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities,",
    "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": " costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities,",
    "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": " in England and Germany, Iqbal became a member",
    "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": " a member of the London branch of the All India",
    "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": " India Muslim League. He came back to Lahore in 1908. While dividing his time between law",
    "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16": " Muslim political leaders such as Muhammad Ali Johar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was",
    "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18": " philosophy in England and Germany, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India Muslim League",
    "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": " fears that not only would secularism and secular",
    "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": " Islam and Muslim society, but",
    "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": ", but that India's Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Palestine",
    "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fc": "qbal was elected president of the Muslim League in ",
    "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": " Egypt, Afghanistan, Palestine",
    "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": " an important early twentieth-century figure",
    "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": " an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival in India",
    "5730005db2c2fd1400568705": " and then after independence from Britain,",
    "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": "ul Ala Maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival in India",
    "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "yid Abul Ala Maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival in India, and then",
    "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": " as a lawyer he chose the profession",
    "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": " important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic",
    "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": "ul Ala Maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival in India",
    "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "yid Abul Ala Maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival in India, and then",
    "57300200b2c2fd1400568729": " be Islamic without Sharia, and",
    "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": " God), ris",
    "57300200b2c2fd140056872b": "unity of God), risala (prophethood) and khilafa (caliphate). Although Maududi",
    "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "awhid (unity of God",
    "57300200b2c2fd140056872d": " Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state. This state should",
    "5730035e04bcaa1900d77001": "ly contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by",
    "5730035e04bcaa1900d77002": " by Hassan al Banna. His was arguably",
    "5730035e04bcaa1900d77003": " revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools, mosques, and workshops. Like M",
    "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": " was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al Banna. His was arguably",
    "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": " Egypt",
    "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": " the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna was assassinated in",
    "5730040f947a6a140053cf4d": "1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president Gamal",
    "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": " Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier. The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and",
    "5730040f947a6a140053cf4f": "inated in 1949 in retaliation for the",
    "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": " government, and its founder Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier",
    "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": " repression",
    "573004bf947a6a140053cf59": " only opposition group in Egypt able to",
    "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": " the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections. In the Egyptian parliamentary election, 201",
    "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": " many years it was described as \"",
    "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": " the Islamic",
    "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": " a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim",
    "573005b9947a6a140053cf6b": " decisive",
    "573005b9947a6a140053cf6c": " during the Six-Day War by Israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world. The defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries,",
    "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": " War by Israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world. The defeat along with",
    "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": " War by Israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world. The defeat along with economic stagnation in",
    "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": " Qutb. He believed that complete imitation of the Prophet Mohammad and his successors such as Ali for",
    "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": " of the Iranian Revolution, had resemblance with Mohammad Iqbal, ideological father of the State of",
    "5730088e947a6a140053cfae": "dudi and Qutb",
    "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "awdudi and Qutb.",
    "5730088e947a6a140053cfb0": " perceived to be placed somewhere between beliefs of Sunni Islamic thinkers like Mawdudi and Qutb. He believed that complete imitation of the Prophet",
    "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": " assisted like-minded Shia terrorist groups",
    "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": " or assisted like-minded Shia terrorist groups in Iraq, Egypt, Syria,",
    "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in",
    "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": " its hold on",
    "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": " US economic",
    "57300ec0947a6a140053d004": " Civil War. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims (mujahideen) against an anti-religious superpower",
    "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": " regime in the Afghan Civil War. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims (mujahide",
    "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": " 40th Army into Afghanistan, attempting to suppress an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime",
    "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": " faith. Leading this pan-Islamic effort was Palestinian sheikh Abdullah Yusuf A",
    "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": " gal",
    "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": " of Kuwait.",
    "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": " 1990",
    "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": " factor in the early 1990s",
    "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d4": " to radicalize the Islamist movement was the Gulf War,",
    "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d5": " put an end to Saddam Hussein",
    "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": " problem did not go away with",
    "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": " conservative Muslims and the problem",
    "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": " since American troops remained stationed in the kingdom, and a de facto",
    "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": " conservative Muslims and the problem did not go away with Saddam",
    "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": " developed. Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by re",
    "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "b in the mid-1960s (",
    "573011de04bcaa1900d770fa": " increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966, the leadership of the Brotherhood",
    "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "b's ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966",
    "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "-Hudaybi, remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism. Fringe or splinter movements inspired by",
    "573011de04bcaa1900d770fd": " leadership of the Brotherhood, led by Hasan al-Hudaybi, remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism. Fringe",
    "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": " violence",
    "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0a": " path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization responsible for the",
    "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": " in 1981. Unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the extremist group directed its attacks against what it",
    "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": ". Its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag, in which",
    "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": " taken up by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization responsible for the assassination",
    "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism",
    "5730131c947a6a140053d053": " against the Egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khay",
    "5730131c947a6a140053d055": " state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police",
    "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "Another",
    "5730131c947a6a140053d056": " groups which employed violence in their struggle for Islamic order was al-Gama'a al-Islami",
    "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": " support of the uprising, the Brotherhood announced the formation of HAMAS (\"zeal",
    "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "ulgence\" to build up a network of mosques and charitable organizations. As",
    "5730208fa23a5019007fcdef": " took a \"quiescent\" stance towards Israel, focusing on preaching, education and social",
    "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "gence\" to build up a network of mosques and charitable",
    "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "\" stance towards Israel, focusing on preaching, education and social services, and benefiting from",
    "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "LO out of Gaza",
    "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": " major player in Palestine. From 2000",
    "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": " to be a major player in Palestine. From 2000 to 2007 it killed 542",
    "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fa": "its first",
    "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": " \"martyrdom operations\". In the January 2006 legislative election\u2014its first foray into the political",
    "57302700a23a5019007fce89": " al",
    "57302700a23a5019007fce8a": " al-Nimeiry invited members to serve in his",
    "57302700a23a5019007fce8b": " his government in 1979. Turabi built a powerful economic base with money from foreign Islamist banking systems",
    "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": " Turabi built",
    "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": " of Hassan al-Turabi. His National Islamic Front first gained influence when",
    "573027d6a23a5019007fce9d": " proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government before coming",
    "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": " in national elections, but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of",
    "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": " Turabi was",
    "573027d6a23a5019007fcea0": "-Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections, but in 1989 it",
    "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": " the help of the military",
    "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": " as well as the Muslim Brotherhood, was the FIS or Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria. Founded as a",
    "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726f": " well as the Muslim Brotherhood, was the FIS or Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front)",
    "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726e": "ique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front)",
    "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": " Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria. Founded as a broad Islamist coalition in 1989 it was led by Abb",
    "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": " home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men. The FIS won sweeping victories in local",
    "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity, due to a vicious and destructive civil war between political and tribal warlords, making Afghanistan one of",
    "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": " lead to justice and prosperity, due",
    "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728a": ". In 1996, a more conservative and anti",
    "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": " lead to justice and prosperity, due to a vicious and destructive civil war between political and tribal warlords, making Afghanistan one of the poorest",
    "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": " and prosperity, due to a vicious and destructive civil war between",
    "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": " Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading",
    "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": " village customs\" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhab",
    "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "undamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs",
    "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": " as being influenced",
    "57302a3aa23a5019007fced3": " version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as",
    "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": " legitimize his means of seizing power. Unlike neighboring Iran, Zia",
    "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "aq overthrew Prime Minister",
    "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "aq overthrew Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's regime in Pakistan. Ali Bhutto, a leftist in democratic competition",
    "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "utto, a leftist in democratic competition with Islamists, had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs within six months,",
    "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b3": "ism, and \"Islamization\" or implementation of Islamic law, became a cornerstone of his eleven",
    "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": " many detractors), is a Wahhabi/Sal",
    "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": " Levant\" and before that as the \"Islamic State",
    "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": " 2014",
    "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": " many detractors), is a Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist",
    "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": " Islamic State\", formerly known as the \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\" and before that as",
    "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d7": " it pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2004,",
    "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d8": "ihad in 1999,",
    "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": " in 1999, it pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2004",
    "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "ating as the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, it pledged allegiance",
    "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": " the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 199",
    "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": " Muslim history than some other",
    "57302e45947a6a140053d22f": " the",
    "57302e45947a6a140053d230": ". HT sees Islam's pivotal turning point as occurring not",
    "57302e45947a6a140053d231": " Muslim history than some",
    "57302e45947a6a140053d232": " sees Islam's pivotal turning",
    "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "ological struggle\" to change Muslim public opinion, and in particular through elites who will",
    "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": " 1968 and ",
    "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": " and is now banned in both countries. But many HT members have gone on to join terrorist groups and many jihadi terrorists",
    "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": " work for a democratic system, but works to take power through \"ideological struggle\" to change Muslim public",
    "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": " to change Muslim public opinion, and in particular through elites who will \"facilitate",
    "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": ",000 Muslims,",
    "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": " has over 900,000 Muslims, (most of South Asian origins and concentrated in the East",
    "57302faa04bcaa1900d77313": " of Newham, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest), and among them",
    "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": " Muslims, (most of South Asian origins and concentrated in the East London boroughs of Newham, Tower Hamlets and Waltham",
    "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": " Hamlets and Waltham Forest), and among them are some with a",
    "57303048947a6a140053d254": ".S. Information Agency, which was charged with undermining the communist ideology",
    "57303048947a6a140053d255": " specific mission",
    "57303048947a6a140053d256": " by the State Department. There have been calls to create an independent agency in the U.S. with a specific mission",
    "57303048947a6a140053d257": ". These efforts were centred in the U.S. around public diplomacy programmes conducted by the State Department. There have been calls to create an independent agency",
    "57303048947a6a140053d258": " public diplomacy programmes conducted by the State Department. There have been calls to create an independent agency in the U.S. with a specific mission of",
    "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": ". Imperialism is \"a",
    "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": " type of advocacy of empire. Its",
    "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": " name originated from the Latin word \"imperium\", which means to rule over large territories",
    "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": " rapid spread of",
    "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "\" or \"informal\" imperialisms. \"Formal imperialism\"",
    "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": " or cultural stereotypes. There are \"formal\"",
    "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": " as \"A policy of extending a country\u2019s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.\" Imperialism is particularly focused on",
    "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": " as \"A policy of extending a country\u2019s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.\" Imperialism is particularly focused on the control that one",
    "57306797396df919000960ee": " has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of",
    "57306797396df919000960ef": " represent the policies of major powers, or simply, general-purpose aggressiveness. Further on",
    "57306797396df919000960f0": "ly seen to represent the",
    "57306797396df919000960f2": " represent the policies of major powers, or simply, general-purpose aggressiveness. Further on",
    "57306797396df919000960f1": " imperialism has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers",
    "573081c2069b531400832133": "\u2019\". The greatest distinction of an empire is through the amount of land that",
    "573081c2069b531400832134": "; for which the closest modern English equivalent would perhaps be \u2018sovereignty\u2019, or simply \u2018rule\u2019\". The",
    "573081c2069b531400832135": " the classic forms of imperialism: and indeed most books on the subject confine themselves to the European seaborne empires\". European expansion caused the",
    "573081c2069b531400832136": " from the Latin word imperium; for which the closest modern English equivalent would perhaps be \u2018sovereignty",
    "573081c2069b531400832137": " would",
    "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": " is",
    "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": " each have their own distinct definition. Imperialism and colonial",
    "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": " of people. Robert Young writes that while imperialism operates from the center,",
    "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": " with \"colonialism\", however many scholars have argued that each",
    "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": " used in order to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon",
    "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54c": "perialism and colonialism both dictate the political and economic advantage over",
    "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": " to illustrate the difference between the two.",
    "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": " focus on the suppression of an other, if colonialism refers to the process of a country",
    "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": " it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two. Although",
    "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": " land and the indigenous populations they control, yet scholars",
    "5730876a396df9190009617a": " highest 'social efficiency'\". Many others argued that imperialism is",
    "5730876a396df9190009617c": " the greatest",
    "5730876a396df9190009617b": " seemingly rational grounds. J. A. Hobson identifies this justification on",
    "5730876a396df9190009617d": " on",
    "5730876a396df9190009617e": "A controversial aspect of imperialism is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly",
    "573088da069b53140083216b": " come back with tales",
    "573088da069b53140083216c": " were able to fund travelers",
    "573088da069b53140083216d": " necessary for a state\u2019s survival while Mackinder supported Britain\u2019s imperial expansion; these two arguments dominated the discipline for decades.",
    "573088da069b53140083216e": " Halford Mackinder of Britain also supported imperialism. Ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state\u2019s survival while Mackinder supported",
    "573088da069b53140083216f": " Society of London and other geographical societies",
    "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "ographical theories such as environmental determinism also suggested that tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of European guidance. For",
    "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "other\u201d. According to Siad",
    "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "other\u201d. According to Siad, orient",
    "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": " human",
    "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": " environments created uncivilized people in need of European guidance. For instance, American geographer Ellen Churchill Sem",
    "57308ddc396df919000961a5": " the",
    "57308ddc396df919000961a7": " of imperialism are",
    "57308ddc396df919000961a4": " by historical description\". British imperialism often used the concept of Terra nullius",
    "57308ddc396df919000961a6": " nullius (Latin expression which stems from Roman law meaning 'empty land'). The country of",
    "57308ddc396df919000961a8": " of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the British Empire \"during the",
    "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "izing discourse that represents neither the diversity nor the social reality of the East. Rather, by essentializing the",
    "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "ized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed an imaginative geography of the East",
    "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": " diversity",
    "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": " East. Rather, by essential",
    "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": " on an essentializing discourse",
    "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": " maps during the \"scramble for Africa\". He states that maps \"contributed to empire by promoting,",
    "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": " Africa\". He states that maps",
    "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": " maps \"contributed to empire by promoting, assisting",
    "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": " cartographic",
    "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": " the \"scramble for Africa\". He states that maps \"contributed to empire by promoting,",
    "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": " Persian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, Ancient Egypt, the British Empire, India, and many other empires. Imperialism was",
    "573092088ab72b1400f9c594": " Greece, the Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, Ancient Egypt",
    "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": " in",
    "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": " important role in the histories of Japan, Korea, the Assyrian Empire, the Chinese Empire",
    "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": " Chinese Empire",
    "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae": " country depicted. For example, depictions of opulent American lifestyles in the soap opera Dallas during the Cold War changed the expectations of Romanians;",
    "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": " regimes, fighting such influence with bans on foreign popular culture,",
    "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "'s influence is felt in social and cultural circles, i.e. its soft power, such that it changes the moral, cultural and societal worldview of",
    "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": " \"foreign\" music, television or film becoming popular with young people, but that popular culture changing their own expectations of life and their desire",
    "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": " than just \"foreign\" music, television or film becoming popular with young people, but that popular culture changing their own expectations of life and their desire for",
    "57309446396df919000961b8": "izing nations engaging in",
    "57309446396df919000961b9": " European) industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing",
    "57309446396df919000961ba": "generally European",
    "57309446396df919000961bb": "ism, a time period beginning around 1700,",
    "57309446396df919000961bc": "ist practices have existed for thousands",
    "57309564069b5314008321a5": " possible and formally if necessary.'\"[attribution",
    "57309564069b5314008321a6": "imperialism\" required formal, legal control by one government over another country. \"In their view, historians have been mesmer",
    "57309564069b5314008321a7": " influential, and Europeans",
    "57309564069b5314008321a8": " by",
    "57309564069b5314008321a9": "20th century, historians John Gallagher (",
    "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": " was largely focused on economic growth by collecting resources from colonies, in combination with assuming political control by military and political means. The colonization of India in",
    "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": " in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Fieldhouse suggests that in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in places such as Africa",
    "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": " territorial imperialism was largely focused on economic growth by collecting resources from",
    "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5": " on economic growth by collecting resources from colonies, in combination with assuming political control by military and political",
    "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": " advance in military technology. European chemists made deadly explosives that",
    "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": ", Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat,",
    "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": " the machine gun had become",
    "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": " that could be used in combat, and with innovations in machinery they",
    "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": " able to manufacture improved firearms. By the 1880s,",
    "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": " time period associated with the term so that it now designates neither a policy, nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century",
    "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": " often",
    "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": " academic works, theories regarding imperialism are often based on the",
    "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": " exerted substantial influence over later Marxist conceptions of imperialism with his work Imperialism, the Highest Stage",
    "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": " their most prolific before World War I,",
    "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602": " imperialism by removing its economic foundation.",
    "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": " I, they remained active in the interwar years. Their combined work informed the study of imperialism and it's impact on Europe,",
    "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": " between capitalism, aristocracy, and",
    "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "\u20131929), and Norman Angell (",
    "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": " a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples. It was believed that a certain person's behaviours were determined by",
    "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": " Asia and lastly in Africa), environmental determinism was used to categorically place indigenous people in a racial",
    "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": " living in tropical environments were seen as \"less civilized\" therefore justifying colonial control as a civilizing mission",
    "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": " as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples. It was believed that a certain person",
    "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e": " It was believed that a certain person's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination. For",
    "5730a314069b5314008321eb": ". These scholars believed",
    "5730a314069b5314008321ec": " and upstanding human being. Alternatively, tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes, sexual promiscuity,",
    "5730a314069b5314008321ed": " tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes, sexual promiscuity",
    "5730a314069b5314008321ee": " Northern Europe and",
    "5730a314069b5314008321ef": " degeneracy",
    "5730a40f396df91900096234": " of the East India Company causing the plundering of",
    "5730a40f396df91900096235": ". In 1767 political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost",
    "5730a40f396df91900096236": " imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as",
    "5730a40f396df91900096237": " Company was established and was chartered by Queen Elizabeth in",
    "5730a40f396df91900096238": "Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the six",
    "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29": " its worldwide empire after 1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia, with other conquests",
    "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": ", concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia,",
    "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": " became supportive when Germany started",
    "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": " to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language as well as Catholicism",
    "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": " empire",
    "5730a951069b531400832213": " world up to French standards by bringing",
    "5730a951069b531400832214": " over the lower races, they have a duty to civil",
    "5730a951069b531400832215": " by bringing Christianity and French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France",
    "5730a951069b531400832216": " world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism",
    "5730a951069b531400832217": " Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: \"The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty",
    "5730aa52069b53140083221d": " anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and",
    "5730aa52069b53140083221e": " by 1960, but France retained great financial and diplomatic influence. It has repeatedly",
    "5730aa52069b53140083221f": " war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria",
    "5730aa52069b531400832220": " de Gaulle and the Free",
    "5730aa52069b531400832221": " the Empire. France fought and",
    "5730ab63396df91900096260": " existed in the loosely autonomous confederation. Although by 1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western",
    "5730ab63396df91900096263": ",",
    "5730ab63396df91900096261": " period",
    "5730ab63396df91900096262": " original homelands",
    "5730ab63396df91900096264": " empire\", as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation. Although by ",
    "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "\u2019s",
    "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": ", and not a nation-state, as it would eventually become, Germany\u2019s participation in Western imperialism was negligible until",
    "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": " as it would eventually become, Germany\u2019s participation in Western imperialism was negligible until the late 19th century. The participation of Austria was primarily",
    "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "-state, as it would eventually become, Germany\u2019s participation in Western imperialism was negligible until the late ",
    "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": " as it would eventually become,",
    "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": " interest in imperialism. Historians have debated exactly why Germany made this sudden and short-lived",
    "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": " to demand colonies for reasons of German prestige. He was influenced by Hamburg merchants and traders, his neighbors at Friedrichsruh",
    "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": " The establishment of the German colonial empire proceeded smoothly, starting with German New Guinea in 1884.",
    "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": " sudden and short-lived move.[verification needed] Bismarck was aware that public opinion had started",
    "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": " to demand",
    "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "4, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-J",
    "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa3": " Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China\u2019s Shandong",
    "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa6": " in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in ",
    "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa5": "During the First Sino-J",
    "5730b255396df919000962b0": "1, however with an",
    "5730b255396df919000962b1": " leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however",
    "5730b255396df919000962b2": "20 in the old",
    "5730b255396df919000962b3": " with an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-d",
    "5730b255396df919000962b4": " extent",
    "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": " succeed in Russia as part of a world",
    "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": " could only succeed in Russia as part of",
    "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": " revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during",
    "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": " of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the",
    "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": " revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death,",
    "5730b541396df919000962c2": " trade and finance in Latin America after the independence of Spanish and Portuguese colonies about",
    "5730b541396df919000962c3": "antilism, and involved colonies and",
    "5730b541396df919000962c5": " 1776. Britain",
    "5730b541396df919000962c4": ", Australia, and in constructing an informal economic empire through control of trade and finance in Latin",
    "5730b541396df919000962c6": " British Empire was based on mercantilism, and involved colonies and holdings primarily in North America, the Caribbean, and India. Its growth was reversed",
    "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": " and major additions in Asia and the Middle East. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed",
    "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0": " resurgence came in the late 19th century, with the Scramble for Africa and major additions in Asia and the Middle East. The",
    "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": " came in the late 19th century",
    "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": " writer Rudyard Kipling. The British Empire was the largest",
    "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": " as the Monroe Doctrine. However, beginning in the late 19th and early 20",
    "5730b7ce069b5314008322c4": " opposition to",
    "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": " early United States expressed its opposition to Imperialism, at least",
    "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": " by military force, but were more often affected from behind the scenes. This is consistent with the",
    "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": " as the Monroe Doctrine.",
    "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": " director of the American Geographical Society in 1914. Three years",
    "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": " to build a premise that would allow for U.S authorship",
    "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "One key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as American Empire, was a",
    "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": " years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in ",
    "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": " plans",
    "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": " abroad.",
    "5730bb522461fd1900a9d012": " the form of an imperial power prior to any",
    "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": " U.S.",
    "5730bb522461fd1900a9d015": "ism. This internal form is distinct from informal U.S",
    "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73c": "The Ottoman Empire was",
    "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": " Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.",
    "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73e": "3. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the",
    "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": " to 192",
    "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": " the",
    "5730bd00069b5314008322d7": " Istanbul as its capital and",
    "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": " and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following",
    "5730bd00069b5314008322db": " its",
    "5730bd00069b5314008322da": " Istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six",
    "5730982f396df919000961e2": " mainline Protestant Methodist denomination.",
    "5730982f396df919000961e3": "C) is a mainline Protestant",
    "5730982f396df919000961e4": " Evangelicalism. Founded in 1968 by the union",
    "5730982f396df919000961e5": " Evangelicalism. Founded in 1968 by the",
    "5730982f396df919000961e6": " main",
    "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": " across the world. In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest",
    "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": " the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement, which has approximately 80 million adherents across the world. In the United States",
    "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": ".6% of",
    "573098c12461fd1900a9cee8": " approximately 80 million adherents across",
    "57309921396df919000961f6": " on the Oxford University campus. They focused on Bible",
    "57309921396df919000961f7": " the Oxford University campus. They focused on Bible study, methodical study of scripture and living",
    "57309921396df919000961f8": " United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England. A small group of students, including John Wesley, Charles Wesley",
    "573099f42461fd1900a9cef7": " Club\" disbanded. John Wesley returned to England and met with a group of clergy he respected. He said",
    "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": " of one heart, as well as of one judgment, resolved to be",
    "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": " he respected. He said",
    "573099f42461fd1900a9cefa": " gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia.",
    "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": "178",
    "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": " the life and sacram",
    "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf01": " the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacram",
    "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": " Wesley originally wanted the Methodists",
    "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": " Methodist Episcopal Church. The conference was held at the Lovely Lane Methodist Church, considered the Mother Church of American Methodism",
    "57309adb396df919000961fc": " had been erected in 176",
    "57309adb396df919000961fd": " at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist",
    "57309adb396df919000961fe": " of a building which had been erected in 1763 by a German Reformed congregation. At this time, Method",
    "57309adb396df919000961ff": " had been erected",
    "57309adb396df91900096200": "'s United Methodist Church, located at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood",
    "57309cd6069b5314008321c3": ". Three",
    "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": " licensed by St. George's Church in 1784. Three years later, protesting racial segregation in the worship services, Allen led",
    "57309cd6069b5314008321c5": " St. George's Church",
    "57309d31396df91900096210": " years since 1784, Methodism in the United States, like many other Protestant denomin",
    "57309d31396df91900096211": " more than 220 years since 1784, Methodism in",
    "57309d31396df91900096212": " United States, like many other Protestant denominations, has seen a number of",
    "57309d31396df91900096213": " United States, like many other Protestant denominations, has seen a number of",
    "5730a97a396df9190009625a": "thren Church (represented by Bishop Reuben H. Mueller)",
    "5730a97a396df9190009625b": " Texas. With the words, \"Lord of the Church",
    "5730a97a396df9190009625c": " by Bishop Lloyd Christ W",
    "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": " used frequently in services of worship. The Book of Discipline also",
    "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "umenical creeds, the Apostle's Creed and the Nicene Creed; which are used frequently in services of worship. The Book of Discipline also",
    "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": " church and it recognizes",
    "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "coat. Dr. Thomas",
    "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": " ordain two of his",
    "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64f": " succession",
    "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": " time, these practices and beliefs can be traced to the writings of the church's founders, especially John Wesley and Charles Wesley (Anglicans), but",
    "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c654": " time, these practices and beliefs can be traced to the writings of the church's founders, especially John Wesley and Charles",
    "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": " Wesley (Anglicans), but also Philip William Otterbein and Martin Boehm (United Brethren",
    "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": " of beliefs have evolved over time, these practices and beliefs can be traced to",
    "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c670": " the present work of God to turn us from our sin-corrupted human will to the loving will of the Father. In this work, God",
    "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c672": " salvation. Prevenient grace allows those tainted by sin to nevertheless make a truly free choice",
    "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": " grace is the present work of God to turn us from",
    "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c673": " is",
    "5730aeba069b531400832241": " that we receive by faith and trust in Christ, through which God pardons",
    "5730aeba069b531400832242": " faith and trust in Christ, through which God pardons the believer of sin. It is in justifying grace we are received by God,",
    "5730aeba069b531400832243": " offered by God to all people, that we receive by",
    "5730aeba069b531400832244": " this reception, we are",
    "5730aeba069b531400832245": " offered by God to all people, that we receive by faith and trust in Christ, through which God pardons",
    "5730afed069b53140083225f": " a man would ever reach a state in this life in which",
    "5730afed069b531400832260": " and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like life aimed",
    "5730afed069b531400832261": " heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to",
    "5730afed069b531400832262": " genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God",
    "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "leyan theology stands at a unique cross-",
    "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "Wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical",
    "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "an",
    "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c699": " a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed",
    "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": ". The denomination as a whole is committed to \"assist[ing] the ministry of crisis pregnancy centers and pregnancy resource",
    "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": " a founding member of the Religious",
    "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c6a0": " both of the child and the mother. As a result, the church is \"reluctant to affirm",
    "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": " the United Methodist Church are part of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive",
    "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": " Methodist Church are part of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice's governing coalition,",
    "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "The",
    "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": "sworth, president of the Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality said he \"had every reason to believe\" that pro-life delegates",
    "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": " held in May 2012, with a petition that passed through the legislative subcommittee and committee votes, but was not given a floor vote",
    "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf": " United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS) to further their position within the denomination. There was",
    "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": " fact, the United Methodist Church uses unfermented grape juice in the sacrament of Holy Communion, thus \"expressing",
    "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6": " John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon, \"The Use of Money,\" and in his letter",
    "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": " pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same. Today the United Methodist",
    "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "ing pastoral concern for recovering alcoholics",
    "5730b54c069b53140083228d": " condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason",
    "5730b54c069b53140083228e": " or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The",
    "5730b54c069b53140083228f": " along with other Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it",
    "5730b54c069b531400832290": ". The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious",
    "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": " ceremonies. It forb",
    "5730b5cc396df919000962d3": "1999 on account of his participation in same-sex union ceremonies",
    "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "9 on account of his participation in same-sex union ceremonies. It forbids any United Methodist",
    "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "Nevertheless, The United Methodist Church \"implore[s] families and churches not to reject",
    "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "'s grace, love, and forgiveness is available to all. Additionally, many organizations, conferences, and congregations have recently called for broader acceptance of the",
    "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd9": "Nevertheless, The United Methodist Church \"implore[s] families and churches not to reject or condemn lesbian and gay members and friends\" and commits itself",
    "5730b776069b5314008322bd": " a Virginia pastor had the right to deny local",
    "5730b776069b5314008322be": " was convicted in a church trial",
    "5730b776069b5314008322bf": " a Virginia pastor had the right to deny local church membership to a man in an openly gay relationship. This affirmation, however, was based upon a senior",
    "5730b9852461fd1900a9cff9": " incompatible with the teaching of Scripture. Therefore, the Church",
    "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": ", the United Methodist Church also supports and extends its ministry to those persons",
    "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb": ", or any particular war, and who therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military cons",
    "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70e": " must outweigh",
    "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70f": " claims as governments determine their priorities; that the militarization of",
    "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c710": " Church maintains that war is",
    "5730bdfe396df9190009630e": "The United Methodist Church teaches that pornography is \"about violence",
    "5730bdfe396df9190009630f": " to pornography are physiologically altered, as is their perspective, relationships with parishioners and family, and their perceptions of",
    "5730bdfe396df91900096310": " of",
    "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": " destroyed, were not",
    "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": " procreative efforts",
    "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": " It supports research on stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells, stating that there are \"few moral questions\" raised by",
    "5730c059069b531400832305": ", who wrote that \"there is no Liturgy in the world,",
    "5730c059069b531400832306": " Prayer",
    "5730c059069b531400832307": "ety, than the Common Prayer of the Church of England.\" When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church",
    "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc46": "il. These services are contained in The United",
    "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": " services of Holy Communion,",
    "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": " other historic Christian churches, The United Methodist Church has official liturgies for services of Holy Communion,",
    "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": " as providing examples",
    "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "MC\"). Methodists also honor",
    "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4e": " be named after a biblical figure (e.g., \"St.",
    "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": " by",
    "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": " (quadrennium). Legislative changes are recorded in The Book of Discipline which is revised after",
    "5730c737b54a4f140068cc55": " General Conference and",
    "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": " Book of Discipline which is revised after each General Conference. Non-leg",
    "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": " highest level is called the General Conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church. The General Conference meets every four years (",
    "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa7": " Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central, South Central and",
    "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa8": ": Northeastern, Southeast",
    "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": ". Outside",
    "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": " years. The United States is divided into five jurisdictions",
    "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aab": " central conferences which also meet every four years. The United States is divided into five jurisdictions: Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central,",
    "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": " church bishops). One",
    "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": " March 2007",
    "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": " of",
    "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449f": " the South Central Jurisdiction which in March 2007",
    "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": " by the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction which in March 2007 approved a 99-year lease of 36 acres (150,000",
    "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac2": " highest court in the",
    "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": ". The Judicial Council interprets the Book",
    "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": " members, both laity and clergy, elected by the General Conference for an eight-year term.",
    "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac4": " highest court in the",
    "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": " Judicial Council",
    "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": " the equivalent of a diocese in the Anglican",
    "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": " to a local church or other charge annually by the conference's resident Bishop at the meeting of the Annual Conference. In many ways, the",
    "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154c": " Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, is the basic unit of",
    "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2": " structure of",
    "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3": " and it is recommended that no gender should hold more than a 2/3 majority. All churches must also have a nominations",
    "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c4": " churches",
    "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": " suggested",
    "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": " UM churches must have a board of trustees with at least",
    "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc66": " University, Drew University, University of Denver, University of Evansville, and Southern Methodist University. Most are members of the International Association of Methodist",
    "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": " around one hundred colleges and universities",
    "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": " around one hundred colleges and universities in the United States, including Syracuse University, Boston University, Emory University,",
    "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc94": " by the American Revolution which isolated the Methodists in the States from the Church of England",
    "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": " were ordained by John Wesley, a priest of the Church of England",
    "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc96": " were ordained by John Wesley, a priest of the Church of England, because of the crisis caused by the American Revolution which isolated the Methodists in",
    "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": " by John Wesley, a priest of the Church",
    "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af5": " are made and fixed annually by the",
    "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": " are made and fixed annually by the resident bishop on the advice of the Annual Conference Cabinet,",
    "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": " clergy appointments are made and fixed annually by the resident bishop on",
    "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": " are called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop to",
    "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": " to order the life of the church for ministry and mission. Elders may also be",
    "5730d473b7151e1900c0155c": " Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. They may be appointed to the local church, or to other valid",
    "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": " God",
    "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": " supports the mission of the church. Deacons give leadership, preach the Word, contribute in worship, conduct marriages, bury the dead, and aid the",
    "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": " called by God, affirmed",
    "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": " by the church, and ordained by a bishop to servant leadership within the church.They are ordained to ministries of",
    "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b06": " called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop to",
    "5730d597f6cb411900e244d6": "acon was abolished. This created new orders known as \"provisional elder\" or \"provisional deacon\" for those who",
    "5730d597f6cb411900e244d7": " deacon\" for those who seek to be ordained",
    "5730d597f6cb411900e244d8": " history non-ordained pastors became a normal expectation, rather than an extraordinary",
    "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": " Membership allowing them to retire as clergy. They also may continue towards ordination if they",
    "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": " are required to attend licensing school and attend and pass an",
    "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": " towards Associate Membership allowing them to retire as clergy. They also may continue towards ordination if they",
    "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01565": " Ministry, as well as an advanced course or study or prescribed seminary courses at",
    "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dc": "ess",
    "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": " and thus become Prof",
    "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": " who have",
    "5730de74f6cb411900e244fc": " sacrament in",
    "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": " used for adults wishing to join the church. The Book of Discipline normally allows any",
    "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe": " of faith, Baptism is a sacrament in the UMC. The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church",
    "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": " profession of faith, Baptism is a sacrament",
    "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": " the lay servant. Although not considered clergy, lay speakers often preach during services",
    "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": " is",
    "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b63": "acon",
    "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": " deacon is unavailable. There are two categories of lay servants: local church lay servant, who serve in and through their local churches",
    "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": " a member of the National Council of Churches, the World Council of Churches, Churches Uniting in Christ,",
    "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": " Methodist Church is one tradition within the Christian Church. The United Methodist Church",
    "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b75": " member of the",
    "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce4": " Methodist denominations: the African Methodist Episcopal",
    "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": " these Churches agreed to \"recognize each other's churches, share sacraments, and affirm",
    "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce6": " historically African-American Methodist denominations: the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal",
    "5730eb5b497a881900248a3f": "MC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million",
    "5730eb5b497a881900248a40": " many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United",
    "5730eb5b497a881900248a41": " denominations in the United States, the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At",
    "5730eb5b497a881900248a42": " the",
    "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": " the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At the time of its formation, the UMC had about 11",
    "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae5": " membership was estimated at 11.4 million, with about 7.9 million in the U.S. and 3",
    "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae6": " the U.S. and 3.5 million overseas. Significantly, about 20% of the conference delegates were from Africa",
    "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae7": " membership",
    "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": " also a member of the Wesleyan",
    "5730ec85e6313a140071cabb": " churches in the tradition of John Wesley to promote the Gospel throughout the world. On July 18, ",
    "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": " composed of various churches in the tradition of John Wesley to promote the Gospel throughout the",
    "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": " of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units",
    "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": " was",
    "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": " 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies. The outnumbered",
    "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": " 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2",
    "5733cff84776f419006612b4": " frontiers between New France and the British colonies, from Virginia in the South to Nova Scotia in the North",
    "5733cff84776f419006612b5": " the Ohio, and the site of the French Fort Duquesne and present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania",
    "5733cff84776f419006612b6": " and the site of the French Fort Duquesne and present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania",
    "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": " Indian warrior allies. In 1755, the British captured Fort Beaus\u00e9jour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia",
    "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "In 1755, six colonial",
    "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": " was a disaster; he was defeated in the Battle of the Monongah",
    "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": " North America met with General Edward Braddock, the newly arrived British Army commander, and planned a four",
    "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "jour",
    "5733d249d058e614000b6331": " and its allies in the European theatre of the war.",
    "5733d249d058e614000b6332": " Henry, which was followed by Indian torture and massacres of British",
    "5733d249d058e614000b6333": " torture and massacres of British victims",
    "5733d249d058e614000b6334": " the Siege of Fort William Henry, which was followed by Indian torture and massacres of British victims",
    "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": " outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain.",
    "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": " the return of Havana, Cuba). France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and M",
    "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": " was one of the most significant developments",
    "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": " reign after their opponents, and it became known as the French and Indian War. This traditional name continues",
    "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": " British colonists named the second war in King George's reign after their opponents",
    "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": " known as the French and Indian War",
    "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": " often named after the sitting British monarch, such as King William's War or Queen Anne's War. As there had already been a King George",
    "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353": " entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years' War",
    "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": " The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years' War. \"",
    "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": " is known as the Seven Years",
    "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": " given a separate name. The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years' War. \"Seven Years\" refers to",
    "5733d5704776f4190066130e": " Mobile",
    "5733d5704776f4190066130f": " New Orleans, Biloxi, Mississippi, Mobile",
    "5733d5704776f41900661310": ". Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women. Traders married daughters of chiefs, creating high-ranking",
    "5733d68ed058e614000b637f": "ed the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1",
    "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": " of the continent, from Nova Scotia",
    "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern",
    "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": " the French and the British, large areas were dominated by native tribes",
    "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": " by native tribes. To the north, the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki were engaged in Father Le Loutre",
    "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "In between the French and the British, large areas were dominated",
    "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "'kmaq and the Abenaki were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War and still held sway in parts of Nova",
    "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": " by Siouan-speaking Cata",
    "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": " Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and",
    "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "ogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw, and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee tribes. When war broke out, the French used their trading connections",
    "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": " were stationed in North America, and few British",
    "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": " were stationed in North America",
    "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": " regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed. Most",
    "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": " 30 Indians. The",
    "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "4,800 km) between June and November 174",
    "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": " of about 200 Troupes de la marine",
    "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": " and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French. C\u00e9loron continued south until",
    "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": " the village of Pickawillany, the home of the",
    "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": " south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the",
    "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": " his expedition reached",
    "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": " was particularly forceful",
    "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": " disposed towards the French, and",
    "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": " was particularly forceful, stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present. Conflicts",
    "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": " action to improve their respective claims. In 1750 Christopher Gist, acting on behalf of",
    "5733e5a14776f4190066145c": " acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company,",
    "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": " purpose of",
    "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": " In 1750 Christopher Gist, acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company,",
    "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": " a",
    "5733e771d058e614000b6545": " American theater is known as King George's War) formally ended in 1748 with the signing",
    "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "'s War) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The",
    "5733e771d058e614000b6547": " issues in Europe. The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French",
    "5733e771d058e614000b6548": " George's War",
    "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": " 1752",
    "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "i\u00e8re,",
    "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "2",
    "5733e8ae4776f419006614a9": "ueuil. His permanent replacement, the Marquis Duquesne, did not arrive in New France until 1752",
    "5733ea04d058e614000b6594": "roupes de la Marine and Indians",
    "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": " His orders were to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British. Marin followed the route that C\u00e9loron had mapped out",
    "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": " garrisoned forts. He first constructed Fort Presque Isle (near present-day",
    "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": " orders were to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British. Marin followed the route that C\u00e9loron had mapped out",
    "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": " Marin",
    "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "y, meaning \"He who does great things.\" He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary",
    "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": " a colonel of the Iroquois",
    "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "is sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York. The",
    "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": " William Johnson in upstate New York. The",
    "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": " Virginia was an",
    "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": " the French military presence in Ohio, in October 1753 Dinwiddie ordered the 21-year-old Major George Washington",
    "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": " was another Ohio Company investor) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French",
    "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "ie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company, which stood to lose money if the French held their",
    "5733f062d058e614000b6633": " succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after the latter died on October 29, invited Washington to dine with",
    "5733f062d058e614000b6634": "ierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from",
    "5733f062d058e614000b6635": " immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country. Saint-Pierre said, \"As to the Summons",
    "5733f062d058e614000b6636": " de Saint",
    "5733f1784776f41900661575": " these forces arrived at the fort on April 16, Contrec\u0153ur",
    "5733f1784776f41900661576": "rec\u0153ur to relieve Saint-Pierre during the same period",
    "5733f1784776f41900661577": ", where in the early months of 1754 they began construction of a small stockaded fort",
    "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "iddie ordered him to lead a larger force",
    "5733f309d058e614000b6649": " to assist Trent in",
    "5733f309d058e614000b664a": " ordered him to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work. While en route,",
    "5733f410d058e614000b6663": " government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the",
    "5733f410d058e614000b6664": " send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French. They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition. Word",
    "5733f410d058e614000b6665": ". After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French.",
    "5733f410d058e614000b6666": ". After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle",
    "5733f5264776f419006615a3": " of",
    "5733f5264776f419006615a4": " political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June",
    "5733f5264776f419006615a5": " response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July, 175",
    "5733f5264776f419006615a6": " political",
    "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": " expedition was a disaster. It was attacked by French and Indian soldiers ambushing them from up in",
    "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": ". Braddock called for a retreat. He was killed. Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured. The remaining",
    "5733f5f24776f419006615c3": " French and Indian soldiers ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs. Braddock called for a retreat",
    "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "with George",
    "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": " an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara. As a response, Shirley left garrisons at Oswego",
    "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": " the British war",
    "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": " and Fort Williams (the latter two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present",
    "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": " the activities of Shirley and Johnson. Shirley's efforts",
    "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "'s",
    "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "'s governor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil. He had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on",
    "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": " planned",
    "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": " than Shirley's, which was noticed by New France's governor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil. He",
    "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": " planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end",
    "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": ", cutting the French fortress at Louisbourg off from land",
    "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "'s forces",
    "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": ", captured Fort Beaus\u00e9jour in June 1755, cutting the French fortress at Louisbourg off from land-based reinforcements. To",
    "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": " Albany in December 1755, he laid out his plans for 175",
    "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "ne, he proposed attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of",
    "5733faaf4776f41900661631": " a meeting in Albany in December ",
    "5733faaf4776f41900661632": " in North America. At a meeting in Albany in December 1755, he laid out his plans for 1756. In",
    "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": " 1756 with Lord",
    "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": " Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Aber",
    "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": "1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Neither",
    "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "6 before those reinforcements arrived. Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against",
    "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": " Carry. In the March Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of",
    "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": " weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts Shirley had erected",
    "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": " before those reinforcements arrived. Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts Shirley had erected",
    "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": " Aberc",
    "5733fd66d058e614000b6736": " arrived in Albany, Abercrombie refused to take",
    "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": ", Abercrombie refused to take",
    "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "oun approved them. Montcalm took bold action against his inertia. Building on",
    "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "m, he began organizing for the expedition to Quebec. He was then ordered by William Pitt",
    "5733fe73d058e614000b673e": "m, he",
    "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": ": an",
    "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": ": an attack on New France's capital",
    "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": " (Canadian scouts and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757. In January they amb",
    "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": " the position across the frozen Lake George, destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification. In early August, Montcal",
    "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": " and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first",
    "57340111d058e614000b677d": " difficult winter, and the allegedly corrupt machinations of Fran\u00e7ois Bigot, the intendant of the territory. His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and",
    "57340111d058e614000b677e": "upplied in 1758, as the British",
    "57340111d058e614000b677f": " as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. The",
    "5734025d4776f419006616c3": " in North America, combined",
    "5734025d4776f419006616c4": " developed by Loudoun. He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of",
    "5734025d4776f419006616c5": " led to the fall",
    "5734025d4776f419006616c6": " in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater, led to the fall from power of Newcastle and his principal military advisor, the Duke of",
    "573403394776f419006616dd": ",600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia and Native",
    "573403394776f419006616de": " of Carillon, in which 3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regular",
    "573403394776f419006616df": " 3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie's force of",
    "573403394776f419006616e0": " invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon, in which 3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated",
    "57340549d058e614000b67dd": " the aftermath of generally poor French results in most theaters of the Seven Years' War in 1758, France's new foreign minister,",
    "57340549d058e614000b67de": " Seven Years' War in 1758, France's new foreign minister, the duc de Choiseul, decided to focus on an invasion",
    "57340549d058e614000b67df": " new foreign minister",
    "573406d1d058e614000b6801": " successfully",
    "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "iconderoga,",
    "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "m at Quebec (in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders), and victory at Fort",
    "573406d1d058e614000b6804": " Quebec (in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders),",
    "573407d7d058e614000b6813": " French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping",
    "573407d7d058e614000b6814": ". Amherst granted Vaudreuil's request that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping",
    "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "reuil negotiated from Montreal a capitulation with General Am",
    "573408ef4776f41900661757": " 1763, and war in the European theatre of the Seven Years' War was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on ",
    "573408ef4776f41900661758": " ",
    "573408ef4776f41900661759": " of Paris on 10 February ",
    "573408ef4776f4190066175a": " by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763. The British offered France the choice",
    "57340a094776f4190066177d": ". The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces, but many",
    "57340a094776f4190066177e": " French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The deportation of Acadians",
    "57340a094776f4190066177f": ",000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 resulted",
    "57340a094776f41900661780": " Orleans, which they had expected to remain French. Some were sent to colonize places",
    "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": " issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on",
    "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "3 on",
    "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": " issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763, which outlined the division and administration of",
    "57340d124776f419006617c3": " a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession. The Ohio Country was particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement due",
    "57340d124776f419006617c0": "For many native populations, the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong",
    "57340d124776f419006617c1": " many native populations, the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counter",
    "57340d124776f419006617c2": " in North America meant",
    "57340d124776f419006617bf": " America meant",
    "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": " antiquity used the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines, but",
    "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": " of",
    "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": " non-obvious force of friction, and a consequently inadequate view of the nature of natural motion. A fundamental error was the belief",
    "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": " used",
    "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "osophers",
    "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": " can accelerate particles close to",
    "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "1970",
    "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7d": " are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed. Only four main interactions are known: in order of decreasing strength,",
    "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7e": " interactions are known: in order of decreasing strength,",
    "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": " The",
    "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85": " concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology. In Aristotle's view, the",
    "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": " concept of a force as an integral",
    "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": " discussion of the concept of a force as an",
    "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": " to rest at different \"natural places\" therein. Aristotle believed that",
    "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": " on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone. He distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their",
    "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": " by the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force",
    "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": " stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to",
    "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "ilei,",
    "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": " not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by the late Medieval",
    "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": " physics would not be fully corrected until the ",
    "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": " insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force (see a more detailed description of this below). Newton",
    "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": " resultant force. This law is an extension of Galileo's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force",
    "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": " the Aristotelian idea of the \"natural state of rest\". That",
    "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": " acted upon by an external net force or resultant force. This law is an extension of Gal",
    "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "'s First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external",
    "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": " though another person who is observing the moving vehicle pass by also observes the ball follow a curving parabolic path in the same direction as the motion",
    "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea4": ", while traveling in",
    "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": " constant velocity, the laws of physics do not change from being at rest. A person can throw a ball straight up in the air and",
    "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": " applying a force in the direction the vehicle is moving. This is true even though another person who is observing the moving vehicle pass by also observes",
    "573749741c4567190057445d": " even those that are not strictly constant velocity. The rotational inertia of planet Earth is what fixes the const",
    "573749741c4567190057445e": " of objects to",
    "573749741c4567190057445f": " length of a day and the length of a year. Albert Einstein extended the principle of",
    "573749741c45671900574460": "The",
    "573749741c45671900574461": " to explain the tendency of",
    "573750f51c45671900574467": " the direct proportionality",
    "573750f61c45671900574468": " Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics",
    "573750f61c45671900574469": " as a",
    "573750f61c4567190057446a": " and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass. Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements",
    "573750f61c4567190057446b": " asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to",
    "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": " as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body. Whenever a first body exerts a",
    "5737534ec3c5551400e51eac": " attributed to the presence of different objects. The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies",
    "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": " force F on a second body, the second body exerts a force \u2212F on",
    "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": " result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects",
    "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": " shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass of the system to accelerate. The constituent objects only accelerate",
    "573755afc3c5551400e51eb4": " will experience an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the external",
    "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": " That is, the action-reaction force shared between any two",
    "573766251c45671900574471": " quantified using precise operational definitions",
    "573766251c45671900574472": ".g. temperature), the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with",
    "573766251c45671900574473": " intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations",
    "573766251c45671900574474": " understanding for describing forces. As with other physical concepts (e.g",
    "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": " direction (denoted scalar",
    "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": " particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or",
    "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": ", forces are",
    "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": ", it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be. The two people could be pulling against each other as in tug",
    "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": " the",
    "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": " first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other",
    "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": " equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction",
    "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": " conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments",
    "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": " several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction.",
    "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": " magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the resulting force, the resultant",
    "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": " component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Res",
    "57376c50c3c5551400e51ece": " directions. This is because, for orthogonal components, the components of the vector sum are uniquely determined by the scalar addition of the components of the individual",
    "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf": ", one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolving force",
    "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": ", forces can",
    "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": " horizontal",
    "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": " the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement",
    "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": " an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by",
    "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": " the applied force is opposed by",
    "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": " does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface",
    "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": " two forces is the most usual way of",
    "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": " object suspended",
    "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": " object balanced by a force applied by the \"spring reaction force\", which equals the object's weight. Using such tools, some quantitative force laws",
    "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way",
    "57377083c3c5551400e51ee3": " balanced by a force applied by the \"spring reaction",
    "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": " logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an \"absolute rest frame\" did not",
    "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": " Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo",
    "573776eec3c5551400e51eeb": " Galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that",
    "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": " motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to rest. This was contrary to Aristotle's notion of a \"",
    "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": " addition demands that the concept of an",
    "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": " results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-zero velocity, it continues to move with a non-zero velocity. Aristotle",
    "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": ". In",
    "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": " the direction of",
    "57377862c3c5551400e51ef6": " in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied",
    "57377aac1c45671900574479": " is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the",
    "57377aac1c4567190057447a": " though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schr\u00f6dinger",
    "57377aac1c4567190057447b": " operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schr",
    "57377aac1c4567190057447c": " portions. This is,",
    "57377aac1c4567190057447d": " Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes \"quantized\",",
    "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": ". for",
    "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": " quantum mechanics there is one \"caveat\",",
    "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": " and bosons. If two identical fermions (e.g. electrons) have a symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins) the spatial",
    "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "spin\", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables.",
    "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": " namely the particles acting",
    "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": " of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant",
    "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": " The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered",
    "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": " symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force",
    "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08": " momentum",
    "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": " momentum can",
    "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": " The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are",
    "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": ", and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric charges, and",
    "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": " interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that",
    "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": " the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear",
    "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": " the interactions",
    "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19": " fundamental forces (all except gravity) are manifestations of",
    "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": " unified the force responsible",
    "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": " a similarity between the forces and led scientists to predict the unification of the weak",
    "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": " development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible",
    "573784fa1c45671900574483": " objects to fall",
    "573784fa1c45671900574484": " universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related",
    "573784fa1c45671900574485": " force until",
    "573784fa1c45671900574486": " Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of",
    "573784fa1c45671900574487": " to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling",
    "573786b51c4567190057448d": " observed in",
    "573786b51c4567190057448e": " particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be",
    "573786b51c4567190057448f": " In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be as",
    "573786b51c45671900574490": " Further, Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body. Comb",
    "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": " come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown",
    "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": ". This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation",
    "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "1798",
    "57378862c3c5551400e51f24": ", a dimensional constant  is used",
    "5737898f1c45671900574495": " to fully explain. Some",
    "5737898f1c45671900574496": " orbit and found that his theory added a correction, which could account for the discrepancy. This was the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been",
    "5737898f1c45671900574497": " Newton's Law of",
    "5737898f1c45671900574498": "'s Law",
    "5737898f1c45671900574499": " of",
    "57378b141c4567190057449f": " far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity.",
    "57378b141c456719005744a0": " a parabola, as it is in a uniform gravitational field. Its space-time trajectory (when the extra ct dimension",
    "57378b141c456719005744a1": " lines through curved space-time \u2013 defined as the shortest space-time path between two space-time events",
    "57378b141c456719005744a2": " force is inferred from the object's curved path. Thus, the straight line path in",
    "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": " electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge. This force can be written as a sum of",
    "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": " allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge. This force can be written as a sum of",
    "57378c9b1c456719005744a7": "ntz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of",
    "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": " the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge. This",
    "57378e311c456719005744af": ", which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Jos",
    "57378e311c456719005744b0": " electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20",
    "57378e311c456719005744b1": " Josiah Willard Gibbs. These \"Maxwell Equations\" fully described the sources of the",
    "57378e311c456719005744b2": " were later reformulated into 4",
    "57378e311c456719005744b3": " and moving charges",
    "573792ee1c456719005744b9": ", the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the",
    "573792ee1c456719005744ba": " quantum electrod",
    "573792ee1c456719005744bb": " electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence",
    "573792ee1c456719005744bc": " attempting to reconcile electromagnetic",
    "573792ee1c456719005744bd": " non",
    "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": "op",
    "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a": " rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion",
    "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": " electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result",
    "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c": " the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of",
    "5737958b1c456719005744c3": "op",
    "5737958b1c456719005744c4": " rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion",
    "5737958b1c456719005744c5": " electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result",
    "5737958b1c456719005744c6": " the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of",
    "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": " best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong",
    "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": " force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of",
    "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": ". However, a residual of",
    "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": " the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons",
    "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": " the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei",
    "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": " most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word \"weak\" derives from the fact that",
    "57379829c3c5551400e51f3e": " beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei",
    "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "roweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak",
    "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": ", it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak",
    "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": " fact that the field strength is",
    "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": " electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for example,",
    "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": " of interaction between atoms at close contact. When",
    "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": " nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal",
    "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": ". When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of",
    "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "less, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical",
    "57379ed81c456719005744d6": " the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys, the tension force on a",
    "57379ed81c456719005744d7": " that if two objects",
    "57379ed81c456719005744d8": " frictionless, unbreakable",
    "57379ed81c456719005744d9": "less, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow",
    "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect ideal",
    "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": " is able to flow, contract",
    "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": " forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces",
    "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": " where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow, contract, expand",
    "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": ", matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations",
    "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": " for which the stress",
    "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": " the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area",
    "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": " the stress-tensor is being calculated.",
    "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": " which",
    "5737a4511c456719005744df": " the instantaneous angular",
    "5737a4511c456719005744e0": " consequence of Newton's First Law of",
    "5737a4511c456719005744e1": " equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity",
    "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "  is the velocity of the object and  is the distance to the center of the circular",
    "5737a5931c456719005744e8": " unit vector pointing",
    "5737a5931c456719005744e9": ". The",
    "5737a5931c456719005744ea": " of an object, and therefore do not change the speed of the object (",
    "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "ential to the path. This yields both the tangential force, which accelerates the object",
    "5737a7351c456719005744f1": " allows",
    "5737a7351c456719005744f2": " is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related directly to the difference in potential energy",
    "5737a7351c456719005744f3": ". This means that for",
    "5737a7351c456719005744f4": " acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space",
    "5737a7351c456719005744f5": " acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in",
    "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": ". Nonconservative",
    "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": " a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector. Nonconservative forces other than friction include other contact forces, tension, compression,",
    "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": ", it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of",
    "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces",
    "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": " and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics",
    "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": " thermodynamics, nonconservative",
    "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f63": " Second law",
    "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": " change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. According to the Second law of thermodynamics,",
    "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": " macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the",
    "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": ": the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m",
    "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": " pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than",
    "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": " the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but",
    "5737aafd1c456719005744fe": " counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force",
    "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force"
}