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Sharks are our seniors by about 450 million years. Yet in the last half century we’ve depleted some populations by 90%. Of the world’s 1,200 or so known shark and ray species (rays can be thought of as sharks whose pectoral fins have transformed to wings), 17% are deemed threatened with extinction by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. But the percentage is doubtless higher because data on almost half the 1,200 are lacking. Species like angel and daggernose sharks are listed as “critically endangered.” The pondicherry shark may already be extinct. Sharks can’t bounce back like other fish. Most give birth to dog-size litters, and those that lay eggs don’t spew big numbers. Sandbar sharks mature at age 16, then bear eight to 12 pups every other year at most. Embryos of the sand tiger swim around in each of two uteri, attacking and consuming siblings until only two survive. Duskies don’t mature until age 20, then deliver three to 16 pups every third year. The shark crisis began with the economic boom in China and other East Asian nations. Before that most Asians couldn’t afford shark fin soup. The slaughter has been staggering. Many countries in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East aren’t involved in global management treaties and, even if they were, lack resources to keep track of what shark species get killed in what quantity. Some countries with those resources are “playing games, cooking the books, and fishing illegally,” to borrow the words of shark biologist Greg Skomal of the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries. Shark depletion is dangerous in ways we can only begin to understand. It’s not just about sharks. Florida State University shark scientist Dean Grubbs notes that marine food webs are so complex that it’s hard to document “trophic cascades,” which occur when predator removal causes ecosystem parts to collapse like dominoes. But trophic cascades are surely happening. Among the better documented examples is the proliferation of midlevel predators following shark reduction. These predators then deplete algae-eating parrotfish, and algae then smothers the reef. And where tiger sharks have been depleted, dugongs and green sea turtles are foraging on wider, richer sea-grass beds, possibly damaging them and communities they sustain. In the 1980s and 90s some of the grossest and most wasteful shark carnage was happening in the US, which, having depleted species like cod, haddock, flounders, tunas, and swordfish, promoted exploitation of sharks as an “under-utilized resource.” Adding to the slaughter was a 1980 trade agreement with China and an obsession with sharks among anglers spawned by the 1975 movie “Jaws.” With the growing demand in Asia, fishing boats from other poorly regulated nations and illegal fishermen plundered shark populations in all oceans, especially the Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific. More Asian diners shun shark-fin soup Recently, however, there’s been some good news about sharks. Peter Knights, director of WildAid — an international group committed to ending hurtful and illegal trafficking in wildlife — has gone so far as to proclaim that “the tide may at last be turning.” Global fin trade is declining. During the last two years China, Hong Kong and Malaysia have banned shark fin soup at government functions. Five hotel chains have promised not to serve shark fin soup, and 26 airlines have agreed not to transport fins. WildAid reports that at least 76,000 people in Malaysia and 70,000 people in Hong Kong have signed its “I’m FINished with Fins” pledge. In Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu, 85 percent of people who responded to a WildAid survey reported that they’d stopped eating shark fin soup. Demand has fallen so dramatically that according to fin traders in Guangzhou, “shark fin is the same price as squid now.” Trinidad-Tobago and New Zealand, huge shark fin exporters, banned finning in August and October respectively. United Arab Emirates imposed a ban in September. Australia, India, the U.S., the Dominican Republic, all of Central America, and the European Union have banned it, too. Now finning is illegal in about 100 countries. Some of these define the practice as slicing off fins and dumping sharks at sea, sometimes when they’re still alive. India, South Africa, Mexico, Canada, Argentina, the EU, and the U.S., for example, permit removal of fins only if carcasses are first brought to shore. That creates difficulties in handling and storage, making fin sale far less profitable. Banning not just finning but trade in shark fins have been Cook Islands, Brunei, Bahamas, Northern Mariana Islands, Egypt, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Marshall Islands, and the U.S. states of Massachusetts, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington, Illinois, California, Maryland, New York, and Delaware. In September the 180-nation Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora protected the porbeagle shark, oceanic whitetip, great, smooth, and scalloped hammerheads, and all manta ray species by forbidding trade without certification that the take was legal and sustainable. In November the 120 member nations of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals extended “Appendix II protection” (a pledge to devise management strategies) to silky sharks, two species of hammerheads, and all three species of threshers. Granted the same or stronger protections were all 9 species of mobula rays and all species of sawfish. Shark Advocates International president, Sonja Fordham — a fierce shark defender and not one to gush over international shark and ray initiatives — announced that she was “elated by the overwhelming commitment.” The original version of this article appeared in Yale Environment 360 and can be accessed here.

Meeting people from other cultures is perhaps one of the most enriching ways to learn about the world; however, on many occasions, the language barrier represents an impediment for us to interact with those who speak other languages. No one should miss the opportunity to meet someone new only because this person speaks a different language. It is for this reason that we want to share some tips to socialize with people whose languages you do not handle. Tips to Share with People who Speak other Languages Keep in mind the place where you are: it is important to keep this in mind, because if you are in a place where your native language is not spoken, you will be forced to try to communicate in the language spoken, but if you are in a country whose language is your native language and you want to interact with a foreign person, things change. In the first situation, it is advisable to learn basic phrases of daily interaction, either to defend yourself during the days that you are there or as a first measure of learning in case you should be for a longer period of time. In case of that is necessary, you must expose in a basic way your “linguistic situation”, in this way, the people around you will know what happens and they will agree to help you in whatever you need. In the case of the second situation, you must be empathetic with the person who speaks other languages, because she or he may feel uncomfortable having to say basic sentences, due to ignorance of the language. However, do not be shy, come and try engage in a simple conversation, use technological tools such as an automatic translator, if it is necessary. Know a bit of the culture with which you plan to interact: either with many people or just one, it is very positive to know general features of their culture, such as greetings, proxemics (distance between people), metalanguage (gestures) or topics of interest. This will help you to lead a conversation more friendly and without fear of doing something that can be rude or of few manners, just because you do not know some aspects of the culture.It is always good to take it into account; other languages = other cultures. Do not be shy and be sure of yourself: if you have knowledge in the language in which you are looking to socialize, use it to the fullest and do not be afraid of making mistakes, as people appreciate that you try to speak their language and eventually they will correct you, which It is very good, because you will improve your level. On the other hand, it is also important that if you intend to communicate with a foreigner in a place where your mother tongue is spoken, in case you do not know a bit of the foreign language, or if interaction becomes difficult, propose to resort to an intermediate language in which both can understand and communicate in an easier way. Also take a look at this blog: The 5 most spoken languages in the world Be creative and do not miss the opportunity to meet someone who speaks other languages, it can mean losing a valuable and enriching experience. Today there are many technological aids in order to improve communication between people of different languages, one of them is Bilingual App, with which you can interact with people who speak several languages and can learn from them, practicing and making new friends. Digital Content Creator Learn and practice languages with Bilingua Learn with our Spanish course and practice any language by downloading Bilingual from App Store or Google Play. Get connected and inspired with more of our blogs Cultural exchanges: advantages and disadvantages A lot of students decide to complement their studies with an exchange, therefore if you are thinking about doing a cultural exchange, this entrance will be a great help for you. Here you’ll find some advantages and disadvantages to make this type of exchange. The cultural influence of reggae music in the worldwide Reggae music was popularized in different parts of the world thanks for its main musical exponent Bob Marley who promoted the Rastafarian love and peace from Jamaica culture through his songs. It has generated the acceptance and recognition of that culture in the worldwide. How to Study and Work at the Same Time and not to Fail in the Attempt When university studies are carried out, not everyone have the fortune to dedicate themselves totally to them. Since in some way, many people must contribute in their homes to cover certain economic expenses that studying implies; therefore, it is important to study and work at the same time.

Caryophyllus. U. S. (Br.) Clove. Caryoph. [Cloves] Preparation: Oil of Clove "The dried flower-buds of Eugenia aromatica. (Linne) O. Kuntze, Jambosa Caryophyllus (Sprengel) Niedenzu (Fam. Myrtaceae), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent. of the peduncles, stems or other foreign matter." U. S. "Cloves are the dried flower-buds of Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunb." Br. Caryophyllum, Br.; Caryophylli Aromatici; Girofle, Fr. Cod.; Gerofle, Clous Aromatiques, Clous de Girofle, Fr.; Caryophylli, P. G.; Gewürznelken, Nagelein, G.; Garofani, It.; Clavo de especia, Sp.; Cravo da India, Portug.; Kruidnagel, Dutch; Kerunfel, Arab. Eugenia aromatica (L.), O. Kuntze, is a small tree inhabiting the Molucca Islands and Southern Philippines. It has a pyramidal form, is always green, and is adorned throughout the year with a succession of beautiful rosy flowers. The stem is of hard wood, and covered with a smooth, grayish bark. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, about four inches in length by two in breadth, obovate-oblong, acuminate at both ends, entire, sinuated, with many parallel veins on each side of the midrib. They have a firm consistence and a shining green color, and when bruised are highly fragrant. The flowers are disposed in terminal corymbose panicles, and exhale a strong, penetrating, and grateful odor. The natural geographical range of the clove is extremely limited, being confined to the Molucca or, as they were one time called, Clove Islands. According to Flückiger, cloves were known in Western Europe as early as the sixth century, long before the discovery of the Moluccas by the Portuguese. After the conquest of the Molucca Islands by the Dutch, the monopolizing policy of that commercial people led them to extirpate the trees in nearly all the islands except Amboyna and Temate, which were under their immediate inspection. Notwithstanding their jealous vigilance, a French governor of the Islands of France and Bourbon, named Poivre, succeeded, in the year 1770, in obtaining plants from the Moluccas and introducing them into the colonies under his control. Five years afterwards the clove-tree was introduced into Cayenne and the West Indies, in 1803 into Sumatra, and in 1818 into Zanzibar. At present the spice is cultivated both in the West and East Indies, in tropical Africa, and in Brazil. Approximately seven-eighths of the world's clove supply is grown in Zanzibar, the deliveries in 1911 totaled over 20,000,000 pounds. The amount imported in the United States is approximately 3,500,000 pounds annually. The unexpanded flower buds are the part of the plant employed under the ordinary name of cloves. They are first gathered when the tree is about six years old. The fruit has similar aromatic properties, but much weaker. The buds are at first white, then become green, and then bright red, when they must be at once collected, which is done by hand picking, or by beating the trees with bamboos and catching the falling buds. In the Moluccas they are said to be sometimes immersed in boiling water and afterwards exposed to smoke and artificial heat before being spread out in the sun. In Zanzibar, Cayenne, and the West Indies they are dried simply by solar heat. The stems of the flowers also enter commerce. They possess the odor and taste of the cloves, but they are worth only about one-fifth the price of the cloves, as they are deficient in volatile oil. They are largely used as an adulterant in ground cloves, and are used in the manufacture of oil of cloves. In France they are generally known by the name of griffes de girofle. Although it is stated that as early as 266 B.C., during the reign of the Han dynasty, the Chinese court officers were accustomed to hold cloves in their mouths before addressing the sovereign, that their breath might have an agreeable odor, the spice seems to have been first introduced into Europe in the fourth century, and became a great source of wealth to the enterprising merchants of mediaeval Venice, who obtained it from the Arabians. After the discovery of the southern passage to India, the trade in this spice passed into the hands of the Portuguese, but was subsequently wrested from them by the Dutch, by whom it was long monopolized. The United States derive much of their supply from the West Indies and Guiana; but the great sources of cloves have been recently the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, on the east coast of Africa. In 1872 the clove orchards in Zanzibar were nearly destroyed by a hurricane, but they have been replanted. (For detailed information as to method of growth, see P. J., June, 1890.) In commerce the varieties of cloves are known by the names of the localities of their growth, and so closely resemble one another as to be distinguished only by experts. The Penang cloves have been especially esteemed. The Bencoolen cloves from Sumatra are by many druggists deemed equal to them. The Amboyna and Molucca cloves are stated to be thicker, darker, heavier, more oily, and more highly aromatic than those cultivated elsewhere. Formerly cloves were frequently adulterated, but the comparatively low price of later times has discouraged this fraud. (See Kraemer, Proc. A. Ph. A., 1894, 159.) Properties.—Cloves resemble in shape a nail with a round head with four spreading points beneath it. "From 10 to 17.5 mm. in length, of a dark brown or brownish-black color, consisting of a stem-like, solid, inferior ovary, obscurely four-angled or somewhat compressed, terminated by four calyx teeth, and surmounted by a nearly globular head, consisting of four petals, which enclose numerous curved stamens and one style; odor strongly aromatic; taste pungent and aromatic, followed by slight numbness. When Clove is pressed strongly between the thumbnail and finger the volatile oil becomes visible. Stems either separate or attached to the flower-buds; sub-cylindrical or four-angled, attaining a length of 25 mm. and a diameter of 4 mm., either simple, branching or distinctly jointed, and less aromatic than the flower-buds. The powder varies from dark brown to reddish-brown and consists chiefly of cellular fragments showing the large oil reservoirs, spiral tracheae and a few somewhat thick-walled, slightly-lignified, spindle-shaped bast-fibers; calcium oxalate in rosette aggregates, from 0.01 to 0.015 mm. in diameter; pollen grains numerous, tetrahedral, somewhat ellipsoidal, from 0.015 to 0.02 nun. in diameter. The presence of stems in the powder is shown by stone cells of irregular, polygonal shape, 0.07 mm. in diameter, with thick porous walls and large lumina, the latter frequently filled with a yellowish-brown amorphous substance. Clove yields not less than 10 per cent. of volatile extractive soluble in ether. Clove yields not more than 8 per cent. of ash. The amount of ash, insoluble in hydrochloric acid, does not exceed 0.5 per cent. of the weight of clove taken." U. S. "About fifteen millimetres long, each consisting of a dark-brown, wrinkled, subcylindrical, somewhat angular calyx tube which tapers below and is surmounted by four thick, rigid, patent teeth, between which are four paler, imbricated petals enclosing numerous stamens and a single style. Odor strong, fragrant and spicy; taste very pungent and aromatic. Cloves emit oil when indented with the finger-nail. Ash not more than 7 per cent." Br. Their color is externally deep brown, internally reddish; their odor strong and fragrant; their taste hot, pungent, aromatic, and very permanent. The best cloves exude a small quantity of oil on being pressed or scraped with the nail. When light, soft, wrinkled, pale, and of feeble taste and odor, they are inferior. Those from which the essential oil has been distilled are sometimes fraudulently mixed with the genuine. For monograph on the microscopical structure of cloves, clove stems and clove fruit see Winton and Moeller, "The Microscopy of Vegetable Foods." Powdered cloves sometime contain an excess of clove stems, and may be adulterated with allspice, wheat middlings and powdered peas or beans. Occasionally clove stems alone are ground and sold as cloves. It is claimed that an enormous quantity of exhausted cloves are dishonestly marketed. The amount of volatile ether extract is the best criterion of the value of cloves. Trommsdorf obtained from 1000 parts of cloves 180 of volatile oil, 170 of a peculiar tannin, 130 of gum, 60 of resin, 280 of vegetable fiber, and 180 of water. Win. L. Peabody (1895) found the percentage of tannin in cloves to range from 10 to 13 per cent., and that it has the same chemical composition as gallo-tannic acid. Lodibert afterwards discovered a fixed oil, aromatic and of a green color, and a white resinous substance which crystallizes in fasciculi composed of very fine diverging silky needles, without taste or odor, soluble in ether and boiling alcohol, and exhibiting neither alkaline nor acid reaction. This substance, called by Bonastre caryophyllin, was found in the cloves of the Moluccas, of Bourbon, and of Barbados, but not in those of Cayenne, from which, however, it has since been procured. To obtain it, the ethereal extract of cloves is treated with water, and the white substance thrown down is separated by filtration, and treated repeatedly with ammonia to deprive it of impurities. The most recent determination of its formula by Mylius (Ber. d Chem. Ges., 1873, p. 1053) makes it C20H32O2. Theod. Martins obtains it cheaply by exposing cloves, previously deprived as far as possible of oil by distillation with water, to distillation at a higher temperature, redistilling the brown liquid obtained until the distillate nearly ceases to have the taste or odor of cloves, and then purifying the residue by washing with water, and treating it with boiling alcohol and animal charcoal repeatedly until the caryophyllin, which is deposited by the alcohol on cooling, is perfectly white. (See A. J. P., xxxii, 65.) Dumas has discovered another crystalline principle, which forms in the water distilled from cloves, and is gradually deposited. Like caryophyllin, it is soluble in alcohol and ether, but differs from that substance in becoming red when touched with nitric acid. Bonastre proposed for it the name of eugenin. (J. P. C., xx, 565.) It has the formula C10H32O6, and is isomeric with eugenol or eugenic acid, a constituent of oil of cloves. Water extracts the odor of cloves with comparatively little of their taste. All their sensible properties are imparted to alcohol; and the tincture when evaporated leaves an excessively fiery extract, which becomes insipid if deprived of the oil by distillation with water, while the oil which comes over is mild. Hence it has been inferred that the pungency of this aromatic depends on a union of the essential oil with the resin. Caryophyllic acid, C20H32O6, is obtained by gradually adding caryophyllin to fuming nitric acid, kept cool by immersing the vessel in water until crystals begin to separate; these are purified by dissolving them in ammonia, precipitating with hydrochloric acid, and redissolving in alcohol and crystallizing. For an account of the oil, see Oleum Caryophylli. The infusion and oil of cloves are reddened by nitric acid, and rendered blue by tincture of ferric chloride, facts of some interest, as morphine gives the same reactions. Uses.—Cloves are among the most stimulant of the aromatics, but, like others of this class, act less upon the system at large than on the part to which they are immediately applied. They are sometimes administered in substance or infusion to relieve nausea and vomiting, correct flatulence, and excite languid digestion; but their chief use is to assist or modify the action of other medicines. They enter into several official preparations. The French Codex directs a tincture of cloves to be prepared by digesting for ten days, and afterwards filtering, a mixture of three ounces of powdered cloves and sixteen of 80 per cent. alcohol. Dose, in substance, from five to ten grains (0.32 to 0.65 Gm.). Off. Prep.—Infusum Aurantii Compositum, Br.; Infusum Caryophylli, Br.; Pulvis Cretae Aromaticus, Br., N. F.; Tinctura Lavandulae Composita, U. S.; Cordiale Rubi Fructus, N. F.; Elixir Rubi Compositum, N. F.; Pulvis Aromaticus Rubifaciens, N. F.; Pulvis Cretae et Opii Aromaticus (from Aromatic Chalk Powder), N. F.; Pulvis Myricae Compositus, N. F.; Tinctura Aromatica, N. F. The Dispensatory of the United States of America, 1918, was edited by Joseph P. Remington, Horatio C. Wood and others.

Access test file results data sltest.testmanager.TestFileResult enable you to access the results from test execution performed by the Test Manager at a test-file sltest.testmanager.TestFileResult class is a For information on class attributes, see Class Attributes. sltest.testmanager.run creates a sltest.testmanager.ResultSet object, which contains the test file result object. You can also create a test file result directly if you use run to execute tests in an individual test file. Duration — Length of time the test ran, in seconds Length of time the test ran, in seconds, returned as a duration. NumDisabled — Number of disabled tests The number of test cases that were disabled in the test file result. NumFailed — Number of failed tests The number of failed tests contained in the test file result. NumIncomplete — Number of incomplete tests The number of test cases that did not execute in the test file result. NumPassed — Number of passed tests The number of passed tests contained in the test file result. NumTestCaseResults — Number of test case result children The number of test case results that are direct children of the test file result. NumTestSuiteResults — Number of test suite result children The number of test suite results that are direct children of the test file result. NumTotal — Total number of tests The total number of tests in the test file result. Parent — Parent of the result object Parent of the result. The parent of a test file result is a result set object. Release — Release in which the test was run Release in which the test was run, returned as a character vector. StartTime — Time the test began to run Time the test began to run, returned as a datetime. StopTime — Time the test completed Time the test completed, returned as a datetime. Tags — Tags to filter test file results Tags to filter the test file results. Use tags to view a subset of the test results. See Tags for more information. TestFileResultPath — Result hierarchy path The hierarchy path in the result set. TestFilePath — Test file path The path of the test file used to create the result. UserData — Custom data stored with test file results any data type Custom data stored with the test file results, specified as any type of data. Use this field to add custom information, such as the settings used to obtain the results. |Get test suite results object| |Get coverage results| |Get plots from cleanup callbacks| |Get plots from setup callbacks| Get Test File Result From Results Set % Run test file in Test Manager and output results set resultset = sltest.testmanager.run; % Get the test file result object tfr = getTestFileResults(resultset); Introduced in R2016a

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition - adj. Synchronous. - adj. Of or relating to the study of phenomena, such as linguistic features, or of events of a particular time, without reference to their historical context. Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - Same as synchronical. - adj. occurring at a specific point in time. - adj. linguistics relating to the study of a language at only one point in its history. - adj. concerned with phenomena (especially language) at a particular period without considering historical antecedents - adj. occurring or existing at the same time or having the same period or phase - adj. (of taxa) occurring in the same period of geological time - From Ancient Greek σύν (sýn, "with, in company with, together with") + χρόνος (chrónos, "time") (Wiktionary) “That is, the events of the poem, hardly events at all in synchronic readings, do not share any sort of cause-effect relationship and do not cohere into any sort of continuous, temporal structure.” “In what one might call a synchronic wingnut collision, far-right American commentator Joseph Sobran turns out to be a Shakespeare authorer.” “The consensus, evident in the work of critics ranging from Minna Doskow and Joanne Witke to Vincent de Luca and Morton Paley, holds that Jerusalem has no narrative per se spanning its 100 plates, but rather exhibits what Morton Paley calls a "synchronic" structure. [” “synchronic" and contempt for the "diachronic": that is, he was interested in structures of thinking that endure over the very long term.” ““By making synchronic language the object of investigation, the messiness that comes from variation-induced language change is lessened”.” “In this way the Builders brilliantly capture the intersection of synchronic and diachronic axes while forcing us to interrogate our relationship with turkeys and technology.” “Depending on whether you stay in the green, red, blue or yellow rooms, if indeed you get the chance to stay in one of these rooms—"We've been completely full all summer," Ms. Perry explained this weekend—there are green, red, blue and yellow guest flip-flops and books in synchronic hues.” “Graham, since hospital is also originally an adjective with a morphological boundary between -it- and –al, I take you to be thinking in purely synchronic terms, i.e. the past century, as to be certain the original adjective hospital was dead, and any adjectival hospitals we were dealing with were derived from the noun hospital, we would have to go back at least a century.” “Maybe synchronic antinyms only occur in contexts of bad vs good practice or incorrect data.” “All these sounds play as synchronic kin, the accident of phonemic confluence that condenses new senses.” These user-created lists contain the word ‘synchronic’. Time~sphere phenomena, manipulations, fluctuations, processes, measurements, and oddities. For use in building my machine. Looking for tweets for synchronic.

While lubricants are a relatively minor cost for many production operations, the cost associated with unscheduled break down of equipment as a result of lubricant failure can be significant. For example, an unexpected outage of a power station due to malfunctioning of a hydraulic control system would be extremely costly. It is therefore necessary for users to ensure that the condition of the lubricants in the equipment is always within operational specifications. Like many industrial components, over 80% of lubricants are being disposed of prematurely. Adhering to some simple guidelines can significantly extend the useful life of most lubricants resulting in reduced consumption, extended machine life, and minimized unscheduled shutdown maintenance. The first step to extending the useful life of a lubricant is to understand the fundamental chemistry of its ageing process. This enables the equipment manufacturer to design equipment to minimize ageing and the user to operate his equipment for maximum fluid life. Measuring the ageing process: During normal usage, lubricants form decomposition (oxidation) products in small quantities. Total Acid number (TAN) measures the rate of decomposition by indicating the amount of acid present. It is expressed as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) necessary to neutralize 1 gram of lubricant. The standard Acid Number specification for most lubricants is less than 1 mg KOH/gm. Chemical breakdown of lubricants, known as hydrolysis, is greatly accelerated when moisture in the lubricants becomes too high or when the lubricant temperature becomes excessive. In other words, the main points to keep in mind about the lubricant breakdown process are: · Water is needed and will accelerate the process of hydrolysis · Heat accelerates the process, and · The acid produced and/or some introduced contaminants can catalyze further hydrolysis. Therefore the best way to prevent your lubricant from ageing is to keep the system as dry as possible, avoid unnecessary high temperature conditions and maintain a low acid number through a comprehensive fluid maintenance program. The operating temperature of many industrial lubricants can be kept low with good design considerations. Providing sufficient buffer fluid for example, will allow the heat to dissipate. In the case of mobile equipment where there is limited space, the use of an appropriate heat exchanger is recommended. Most functional fluids such as hydraulic oils are employed to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. These fluids are not subjected to high heat stress and therefore will age very slowly. Heat can however be absorbed by the lubricant if the fluid has a high air content. The surging pressure experienced by the fluid will compress and expand the air, heating it, resulting in high lubricant temperature. As a general rule, every 10oC increase in operating temperature over the “nominal” level would reduce the useful life of the lubricant by half. Contamination in lubricants can either be introduced or self generated. The typical contaminants in lubricants include: All new systems will contain some contaminant left during manufacture and assembly. This usually consists of fibrous material from rags, casting sand, pipe-scale, cast iron and other metal particles, jointing material and loose paint. When a normal system has been run-in for a reasonable period, the majority of solid contaminants will be in the form of small platelets, created by bedding-in and the normal wear process, the bulk of which are between 5 and 15 microns in size. Because of their size and shape, they can take a long time to settle. The other common form of self-generated contaminant is that local cold welding microscopic surface particles will be torn off when they move in relation to each other releasing wear particles. Unless extreme care is taken in filling and topping up a system, considerable quantities of contaminant can be added during these processes. Many of these contaminants are likely to be abrasive. A lubricating system can also be contaminated by ingression through the oil film on seals. Worn seals will increase this possibility. Contamination will be introduced if all reservoir openings are not fitted with air breather filters. The other mechanisms that cause self-generating contaminants include: adhesive, abrasive, erosion, fatigue, de-lamination, corrosive, electro-corrosive, fretting corrosion, cavitation, electrical discharge and polishing wear. Each of these types of wear categories has its own mechanism and symptoms, however in practice they may occur singularly, combined or in sequence. Nearly all lubricants contain some dissolved gases, and at atmospheric pressure hydraulic oil normally contains 8% of its volume as dissolved air, which in this state causes no problem. However, the presence of air bubbles in a system will cause erratic operation, and air bubbles in suction lines can damage some types of pumps. It should be noted that entrained air in fluids, when compressed to 2000 psi or more, could become very hot locally. This generated heat causes the fluid surrounding the bubble to burn. As the products of combustion are both fluid and solid contaminants, more contamination can be generated reducing the life of the equipment. Moisture and Chemicals The detrimental effect that water and chemicals can have in hydraulic systems are, in certain systems, equal to or greater than operating a dirty hydraulic system. There are two distinct phases of water that can be present in oil - free and dissolved water. Free water can also be present in the form of an emulsion - microscopic droplets of water distributed throughout the fluid. Water, in excess of the oil’s saturation point, damages a system through accelerated abrasive wear, corrosion and fluid breakdown. Tests conducted at the Fluid Power Research Center at Oklahoma State University indicate that the presence of water significantly increases component sensitivity to abrasive wear from particulate contamination. Most components exhibit much greater deterioration in performance when both dirt and water are present compared to dirt alone. Excessive water can impact on the system performance and fluid chemistry, adversely resulting in numerous problems such as: · Accelerated corrosion · Reduced bearing life · Thinner load-bearing oil film · Material fatigue · Accelerated oil oxidation · Change in viscosity · Deterioration of oil additives · Bacterial problems Given the saturation point of water at 65oC is about 200ppm (0.02%), a moisture content exceeding 200 ppm will result in the formation of free water in the system - more free water in cooler regions of the system or when the system is not in operation. This free water can react with products of lubricant oxidation and additives to form organic acid compounds and “sludge” that will compromise hydraulic performance. MEASURING CONTAMINATION IN LUBRICANTS There are several tests that either measure or give an indication of the amount of contamination in a lubricant, depending on the type of oil tested and its functional requirements. Fluid Sampling and Analysis Long before a lubricant is ready to be analyzed, provisions must be made to obtain the samples from the lubricating system and minimize the chance of additional contamination getting into the system. While many sampling methods are available this is not included in the scope of this article. More information on this topic is available from the author. There have been several attempts to categorize degrees of contamination in fluids, including the ISO Cleanliness Code, SAE 749-1963, and the National Aerospace Contamination Limits NAS1638. These different cleanliness level indicators can be compared in a Cleanliness Level Correlation Table. The NAS-1638 classification shows the classification system issued by the National Aerospace Standards Committee. The system classes are numbered from 00 through 12. The particle contamination limits for new fluids and different type of hydraulic systems are also shown in the table below for comparative purposes. Class No.6 (approx. NAS Class 9) indicates the particulate levels of hydraulic fluid as received from the refinery or oil supplier. An SAE Class No. 3 level or lower is preferred. Class No.4 (approx. NAS Class 7) indicates the particulate level of hydraulic fluid required for most conventional hydraulic systems that do not include hydraulic pressure regulators or hydraulic servo-control valves. Class No.2 (approx. NAS Class 5) indicates the particulate level of hydraulic fluid required for hydraulic systems when there are hydraulic pressure regulating valves and hydraulic servo-valves. Maintenance of System Cleanliness A new lubricant fill in a machine is kept clean by the action of filters and by the chemical action of the additive package in the lubricant. The types of filters used in most instances remove solid or gelatinous particles to the limits of the filter. These filters do not generally remove the liquid or gaseous contaminants. Effective contamination control is not just a matter of filters. System planning, location of filters, heat exchanger capacity, etc. are but a few of the items that have been considered in a machine’s design to reduce the generation of particulate contamination. Barring isolated instances, it is generally recognized that by having clean lubricant, equipment will give better performance and more reliability. Changing filter elements at given regular time interval, is not desirable, nor necessary. If installed, filter elements should be changed whenever the differential pressure across the filter exceeds the suggested maximum differential. The degree of filtration (micron rating) will depend on the type of equipment and /or the manufacturers recommendations. Removing the contaminants present in a lubricant before they become a problem will prevent the fluid from deteriorating to the extent that it is rendered un-usable. This will extend the useful life of the lubricant and reduce its consumption. The process involves routine testing of the fluid to determine the condition of the fluid and the system, and taking corrective action before the contamination becomes unacceptable. The contaminants present can be removed from the fluid by various means. · Vacuum dehydration · Ion exchange filtration · Coalescing filtration · Water Absorbing Element filtration While removing solid contaminants can be done relatively easily and that most lubricating systems have filtration units installed to manage this aspect, very few systems have the capability of removing moisture, chemicals and gases. Methods of Water Removal The separation of moisture by means of centrifugation utilizes centrifugal force developed by rotating the oil at high speed. Solid particles and water are thrown outward and are continuously drained. Dry oil leaves the centrifuge from the center of the separation bowl. Whilst a centrifuge is an excellent piece of equipment for removal of bulk free water, it will not remove dissolved or emulsified water and is generally expensive to run with high maintenance and operating costs. This is a process through which tiny water droplets come together and form one large droplet. This form of water removal from oil uses special cartridges, which combine small dispersed water droplets into larger ones. The large water drops are retained within a separator screen and fall to the bottom of the filter while the dry oil passes through the screen. Coalescers are greatly affected by the properties of the carrier liquid, including interfacial tension and viscosity, but are a simple means of removing a small percentage of free water. Water Absorbing Elements Water absorbing filters are usually a non-woven polymeric medium containing an immobilizing water absorbing polymer. This polymer has been modified to retain its integrity as it chemically bonds water. The water retention capacity of these elements is dependent upon the oil viscosity and flow rate. These elements are an effective means of removing and retaining only small quantities of free and emulsified water, which are not considered economical for larger system or those that suffer continual water ingress. Vacuum dehydration purifiers employ the principles of mass transfer to achieve high efficiency removal of water and gases. To achieve an efficient mass transfer the processed fluid must have a large surface area. This is produced by a variety of techniques including spinning discs, distribution rings and spray nozzles. Free and dissolved water and gases are removed by exposing the contaminated fluid to a low relative humidity atmosphere, which is obtained by maintaining a chamber vacuum. When air is drawn into the vacuum chamber, it expands to about five times it former volume resulting in five times reduction in relative humidity. Water and gas molecules are attracted to the lower vapour pressure produced in the chamber and are exhausted along with the airflow. Vacuum dehydration will achieve reductions of up to 100 percent of free water and gases and most of the total dissolved water and gases - to approximately 100 parts per million. There are several options available to equipment owners to reprocess their lubricants. These include on-site and off-site reprocessing. There are many advantages in processing lubricants on-site. Some on-site oil reprocessing companies are able to provide this service while the equipment is still running. The advantages of this process include: 1) No machine down time There is no need to shut down the machine while the fluid is being reprocessed. There is therefore no loss in production. 2) No mess no fuss There is no need to arrange drums or suitable storage tanks, transfer pumps etc., and to organize the transferring of oil from the system tank into these storage facilities. Often, the transferring of fluid from the system tank to temporary storage facilities can cause spills resulting in massy clean up exercise. 3) Bonus System Flush Since the system will be running throughout the process, newly reprocessed fluid will flush out contaminants trapped in the pipe-works, the valves and other system components. This process can often produce a system that is cleaner than when it was newly installed. 4) Little disruption to operation There will be minimal disruption to customer operation. The only potential interference are hoses that run from and back to the reprocessing vehicle and the presence of the reprocessing vehicle. Oilclean on-site side-stream reprocessing offers: · State of the art dehydration facilities that are very effective in removing moisture from oil. · State of the art filtration systems. · Skilled operators backed up by engineers and laboratory support. · Allows your machine to continue operating while the fluid is being brought back to specification. · Flushes the system with cleaned fluid while it is running. · Extend its useful life of lubricants. · Reduce its cost associated with waste disposal. · Reduce its consumption of new oil. The oil is removed from site to a recycling facility for reprocessing. This option is becoming less attractive due to the continuous tightening of environmental regulations governing transportation of prescribed waste. The oil is removed from site to be disposed of as prescribed waste. Similar to the above, this option is becoming more costly due to the continuous tightening of environmental regulations governing both transportation and disposal methods.

Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. discoveries in Hattusas ...explorer Charles Texier, who saw Yazılıkaya and those remains of the ancient city that were above ground. After visits by British and German travellers, it was another Frenchman, Ernest Chantre, who in 1892–93 made the first soundings and found the first cuneiform tablets there. The language in which these texts were written was not known at the time, but its identity... What made you want to look up "Ernest Chantre"? Please share what surprised you most...

Start with a folded sheet of paper. To make sure the pieces come out symmetrical and not in two pieces, I tell them to point the FOLD toward their BODY. They then write their names on the paper (if they have a shorter name with extra space, have them use their last initial too). I then have them draw a contour line around the top of their name. They cut on that contour line. When they open up their "name", they have a unique organic shape that resembles an alien or monster body. I have them draw details in pencil, trace in black sharpie, then color in marker. I have students say they make entire "families" of aliens at home (using Mom's name, Dad's name, their dog's name, their brother's name, etc.) This is also great for a "rainy day" project at home or at school.

SLEEP APNEA IN AMERICA: THE UNITED STATES POPULATION PREVELANCE FOR OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA HAS RECENTLY BEEN ESTABLISHED. THIS ALLOWS A CONFIDENT ESTIMATE OF THE PROBLEM IN OUR NATION. THESE ESTIMATES ARE BASED ON THE US. 1990 CENSUS. THESE ARE: - 158,366,485 adults (age 25 and over) in the United States. - 10,293,822 men and women in the U. S. with untreated, undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea (severity level: 15 or more stopped breathing episodes per hour). - 25,130,470 men and women in the U. S. with untreated, undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea (if mild sleep apnea is included). - Approximately 1% of all obstructive sleep apnea patients are receiving treatment at the present time. HEART DISEASE AND OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA: - The 10.3 million individuals with obstructive sleep apnea at the moderate to severe level are 4.5 times as likely to have coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and angina as are those without sleep apnea. - 23% of the morbidity of these heart diseases are associated with sleep apnea and could possibly be eliminated if the sleep apnea were eliminated. - This amounts to about 41,351 new cases of heart disease each year that can be attributed to sleep apnea. COST OF TREATING HEART DISEASE VS. SLEEP APNEA: - If someone has chest pain and has a successful angioplasty, the hospital stay and various tests could cost about $30,000. - If the angioplasty is not successful and myocardial infarction ensues, the costs rise way beyond this to $100,000 or more per patient. - Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea costs between $1,000-2,000 at the present time. - Depending on the heart disease outcome, identifying and treating the aforementioned 41,351 new patients could save between 1.4 and more than 47 billion dollars annually. SLEEP APNEA AND SAFETY: - In addition, various studies have reported that moderate to severe untreated sleep apnea patients have between 4-10 times as many motor vehicle accidents as the general population. Go back to The Sleep Well Home Page

In his work “Ner Mitzva,” which purports to deal with Chanuka, the Maharal actually discusses this holiday very little. Rather, the significance of the book lies in the broad perspective which it affords us concerning the holiday, elucidating themes which remain meaningful to us today. The background of his analysis is the midrash regarding the four empires which ruled over the Jewish people (patterned after the vision of the four beasts in the Book of Daniel): Babylonia, Persia, Greece and Rome. At the heart of this discussion lies the question of the inner meaning of the miracle of Chanuka. The straightforward answer recounts the persecution of the Jewish people at the hands of their Greek overlords, the desecration of the Temple, and God’s miraculous intervention. Nevertheless, the essential question remains: in what way did the Jewish people become more enriched as a result of this trial and salvation? A similar question exists with respect to the exodus from Egypt, from whence God took us out with signs and wonders. It is true that God caused us to descend to Egypt because of our transgressions, but this explanation is certainly insufficient. The sojourn in Egypt, the struggle to be free, and the redemption from there are recalled as essential experiences which shaped and formed the Jewish nation. The Jewish people become a unified whole as a result of having passed through the proverbial crucible of suffering. If, however, we relate to the exodus from Egypt as simply a tale of suffering and redemption, we shall not have understood its profundity. For this very reason, our sages explained in various midrashim the additional dimension which accrued to the Jewish people as a result of the exodus. The Maharal discusses this same dimension, namely the spiritual enrichment of the Jewish nation, with respect to the salvation brought about by the Maccabees. The struggle with Greece has a particular meaning for us which is expressed in the midrashic reading of the verse (Bereishit 9:27): “Yaft Elokim li-Yefet” – may God beautify Yefet (Greece), “ve-yishkon be-ohalei Shem” – and cause that beauty to rest among the Jews. Every person contains hidden strengths and weaknesses. All of us pass years of our lives in routine and habit, which are punctuated by periods of challenge. During such testing times, many of one’s latent abilities are revealed. When a person faces the danger of death, for instance, hidden reserves of strength come to the fore. Insights and leadership talents are suddenly revealed which are not at all expressed during normal life. There are those who find God precisely at times of struggle, and during trials of faith. This applies to the individual as well as to the nation. One may witness exceptional spiritual strength and courage during the course of a battle waged against persecution and the imposition of alien values and ideas. When salvation does not occur at the end, however, there is a genuine danger that those spiritual gains will be ephemeral. Human beings need time to translate sudden insights and unexpected abilities into well-paved paths of living, and the repose of salvation affords us this opportunity. By relating to salvation in this light, we begin to understand how the messianic redemption can only come about after the Jewish people undergo a series of preparatory steps. The battles of Chanuka are not only great historical events but also important markers in the process of the building of the Jewish nation. They represent additional stages in the realization of our national destiny. According to the Maharal’s reading, the building of the Jewish people does not imply the relegation of other nations to the periphery of history, but on the contrary reflects the striving of all of humanity to eventually realize its latent spiritual potential. This explains the Maharal’s fundamental thesis in Ner Mitzva. The world was initially created lacking completion, and must therefore undergo a process to bring it to wholeness. The deficiency of the world finds expression in human history, in the development of four great empires each of which presents a worldview irreconcilable with the notion of God’s oneness. A midrash which the Maharal mentions at the beginning of his work amplifies this theme: Thus, the world is initially incomplete and becomes whole only at the time of the King Messiah. Between these two points in time is a lengthy historical process which brings eventual completion to the world. This process, however, involves conflicts between the four empires and the Jewish People. Each one of the four presents a culture, a set of values and a worldview which is antithetical to the desired state of completion. However, out of the struggle between these ideas and the Jewish People, the completed state can emerge. Thus, the events of Chanuka represent the advancement of the process of completion stemming from the confrontation between Israel and Greece. The Greek empire bequeathed values which transformed humanity, indicating the great spiritual vitality which they possessed. However, their spiritual underpinnings were incomplete, and only through confrontation with the Jewish People could they be integrated into their proper place in the service of God. With the removal of imperfection from the world, as represented by the downfall of the four empires and their flawed spiritual legacy, the world will finally achieve its unity and completion. In order to understand the miracle of the cruse of oil, we must consider the historical period in which the events occurred. In particular, we must examine the four empires which the Maharal (following Chazal) saw as focal points for historical development. Babylonia, the first of the four, represents the power of ruling and the unbridled desire to extend one’s rule over all. It is dominion for its own sake. Persia expresses the pursuit of materialism and worldly desire. Greece, in contrast to the first two, represents an intellectual and rational approach in which ideas overpower and conquer. Rome is the conglomeration of the other three, and therefore the struggle with the legacy of that empire is the most difficult. According to the Maharal, the Greek empire, which fought with its wisdom and ideas, was an outgrowth of Jewish influences. Much of Greek wisdom originated in Judaism and that is why the struggle against Greek cultural domination was particularly difficult. During the Babylonian and Persian periods, Judaism was still insular and had not yet begun to shed its light among the nations of the world. Its struggles with these empires were thus conducted against something external. Later, though, Judaism began to fulfill its purpose of radiating its teachings throughout the world, and the Greek empire grew out of this backdrop. This is why the struggle against Greece exacted many casualties: many were swayed by the attractions of Hellenism precisely because its philosophy was predicated upon some genuinely enlightened ideas. Many Jews felt that Greek culture was in fact superior to our own and therefore the ideal of spreading the light of Torah was abandoned. This is the unique meaning of the Chanuka miracle. The emphasis on tsingle cruse of oil that was sealed by the High Priest represents the remaining pure ideas which were not tainted by Hellenistic thought, and were thus the source of the eventual light which illumined the darkness of the world. A miracle was wrought and the laws of nature were suspended in order to demonstrate that the Jewish approach was both necessary and would eventually triumph. The halakha states that we must light the menora publicly until the marketplace empties of people (“ad she-tikhleh regel min ha-shuk”). Homiletically, we may interpret that to mean that the light must be kindled until “hergel,” namely spiritual rote and the malaise which it breeds, are expelled from the world and the holy light of God’s teaching takes its place. This light stems from an inner source which must be nurtured and then can radiate outwards. At a time of persecution, the halakha maintains, it is sufficient to place the lights on one’s table inside the home. Rabbi Zadok of Lublin explained this to mean that at a time of danger when the light cannot brighten the darkness of the world, it must at least brighten the interior of the soul. When the internal spiritual light is kindled and nurtured, it will eventually radiate outwards so that all will realize “that out of Zion shall teaching go forth, and the word of God from Jerusalem.”

Injection vulnerabilities refer to any type of security issue that allows an attacker to execute code on the target machine by crafting specific input data. The general pattern for these attacks is the following: Multiple defense mechanisms are needed against any security vulnerability. The defenses against the injection vulnerabilities include: The most known type of injection vulnerability is SQL injection. Imagine you use code as follows to search for a user: For a normal username and password, this query works fine. Let’s see the resulting query for username 'admin' and password 'strong password 123#": What if an attacker abuses the input to execute a different statement? For example username and empty password results in the following SQL statement: '--' marks the beginning of a commentary in SQL, the statement executed is actually: which returns the user with username "admin" without checking the password, thus enabling an attacker to login as the admin. Another common technique is to inject in a SQL query code of the form , that effectively disables any condition from the WHERE statement. In the above example, using username and password “admin123” results in the SQL query: This effectively runs the SQL statement: SELECT * FROM users thus allowing an attacker to potentially exfiltrate all the information from the users table, presumably including user names and (hopefully encrypted) passwords. Encrypted passwords can then be attacked with a dictionary attack, brute force etc. with a tool like John the Ripper, or just get sold at an auction. SQL Injection can be used in a lot of ways. Here are the most common ones: A simple test for a XSS vulnerability is to inject an For example, try introducing this value in a form field: Newer browser versions limit the calls to alert, so you may need to use Another example of a canonical XSS vulnerability check is to use HTML fields: XSS attacks can take advantage of encoding supported by HTML such as UTF-8 characters and base64. For example, a simple pattern matching validation for XSS can be avoided by using UTF-8 encoding of the letter ‘a’ as For more examples, check out the OWASP XSS Filter Evasion Cheatsheet. Three big types of XSS exist: The same principle applies to other injection attacks. For example, if a web application builds an OS command to execute locally, crafting a specific payload can result in the command being executed as the user running the web application process. This can result in the extraction of data like uploaded files stored on disk and accessible to the web application. Alternatively, the attacker might find ways to send emails to user asking for specific details, directing them to a login or payment form, or giving them false information that looks like it’s coming from a trusted source. Any user input can be exploited in this way. Image files for example can be eventually read by external libraries, for example for generating thumbnails. If the library has a vulnerability, a crafted image can be injected through an upload to a comment form for example, and install malwareMalware, or malicious software, is a type of computer program designed to damage or disrupt a computer system. It can be spread through email attachments, downloads from the internet, and even USB drives. Researchers tend to classify malware into one or more sub-types (i.e. computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, ransomware, spyware, adware, rogue software, wiper and keyloggers). or access data from memory. See for example CVE-2016-8332, a 2016 vulnerability allowing injection of code through a JPEG-2000 image processed by the OpenJpeg library. Same with sound files, email addresses, XML etc.

Botanical Name: Azadirachta indica. The scientific or Latin family name derives from the Persian word “azaddhirak” which means precious wood. Azadirachta indica is sometimes confused with Melia azedarach (Chinaberry). The two species are closely related and have a similar medicinal effect. Other Common Names: Margosa, azadirachta, bead tree, holy tree, Indian lilac tree, nim tree, pride of China, nim (Hindi), nimba (Sanskrit), neem des Indes (French), lila de la India (Spanish). Habitat: The neem tree is believed to be originally native to Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, and Burma. It is now cultivated and has become naturalized in many other tropical countries including Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, and West Africa. It’s not only grown for its medicinal applications but also as an ornamental tree, to provide shade and for fuel and timber. Neem is both drought resistant and can grow in poor soil, and it is highly resistant to pests and diseases. Description: Neem is a member of the Mahogany family or Meliaceae. It is a fast-growing evergreen tree that can grow up to 15 meters in height. It has long branches that form a broad crown. The bark is gray and rough and the leaves are pinnate, up to 30 cm long with 8-19 leaflets with saw-toothed edges. The flowers are small, yellowish-white and fragrant and form in clusters. The fruit is round, hard and yellow and contains one single seed. Plant Parts Used: The bark, leaves, seeds and the small branches are all used in herbal medicine. The oil obtained from the seeds (up to 50%) is also used medicinally. The oil from the seeds is often referred to as margosa oil. The leaves and bark have a bitter taste and are mostly used in tea form, often combined with other herbs such as spearmint and cinnamon. The flowers produce a nectar that can be used as a sweetener. Therapeutic Uses, Benefits and Claims of Neem Active Ingredient and Substances The healing properties of neem are mainly due to some bitter substances, known as triterpenes (limonoids), with azadirachtin as one of the main active ingredients. In addition, neem contains beta-sitosterol, tannins, polysaccharides, flavonoids and essential oil. Neem in Ayurvedic or Indian Medicine For centuries, the neem tree has played a big part in Ayurvedic medicine and Indian folk medicine and it is still one of the most commonly used medicinal plant in India as well as some other countries in East Asia. In India, it is still considered to this day, as a “cure-all” or a “miracle herb” that can heal most ailments. In the ancient Indian language of Sanskrit, it is known as “nimba”, which derives from the phrase “nimbati swastyamdadati”, meaning “to give good health”. The tree is also known in India as the “village pharmacy”, referring to its uses to treat a variety of ailments and diseases. Neem is known to have antipyretic properties and it has been used traditionally for a long time to lower high fever. It is used as a treatment for a high fever caused by malaria and often used in combination with black pepper (Piper nigrum) and gentian root (Gentiana lutea) in that regard.[adinserter block=”9″] An extract obtained from the leaves or bark has both antibacterial and antiviral effect, with little or no toxicity. The extract has been used internally as a treatment for asthma, sore throat, tuberculosis, eczema, jaundice, stomach ulcers, diabetes, arthritis, and rheumatism. The bark is bitter and has astringent properties and a decoction made from it can be used as a remedy for hemorrhoids. The herb has also been used to eliminate unwanted intestinal parasites, and as an anti-fungal agent for Candida. In addition, it is sometimes used to treat hepatitis A and B, and “mono” or “the kissing disease” (mononucleosis), caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Studies have shown that the neem oil does have anti-inflammatory and bactericidal properties and that it, at least to some extent, can be used to reduce high fever and lower high blood sugar. A volatile (unstable) portion of the oil has demonstrated, in laboratory experiments, a potent spermicidal activity and is now being studied as a possible contraceptive for men and women. External Use of Neem Neem is considered useful bacterial, viral and fungicidal agent mainly because of the presence of limonoids and the seed oil and extracts from the leaves are widely used as a treatment for a variety of skin related ailments. The oil has astringent and anti-inflammatory properties which can make it helpful in the healing of wounds and other minor skin injuries and to ease muscle and joint pain. A juice, or an extract from the leaves, can also be used externally on wounds, boils, rashes, acne, ringworm, chicken pox, herpes, eczema and psoriasis, and as eye drops it can be used to treat night blindness (Nyctalopia) and pink eye (conjunctivitis). The branches can be chewed on to clean the teeth, strengthen the gums and prevent gum inflammation. A variety of substances with non-toxic insecticidal effects are also found in the leaves and the seed oil of the neem tree. The oil is used as a mosquito repellent and to get rid of head lice, both in adults and children. Some studies have shown that neem can be used as a treatment for scabies, a skin condition causes by a specific mite (Sarcoptes scabie). In one trial, 98% of people suffering from scabies was cured by applying a preparation made from neem and turmeric on the afflicted areas. Since neem also helps to kill bacteria and fungi, it is often used as an ingredient in toothpaste, soaps and skin care products. Dosage and Administration As a herbal tea: Use one tablespoon of the dried leaves in half a liter of boiling water and steep for 5-10 minutes before straining. The usual recommended dosage is to drink two to three cups daily. As a tincture: 40 drops in water three times daily. As a commercial standardized extract, it is often recommended to take two 500 mg capsules three times a day. Otherwise, the manufacturer’s instruction should be followed. Potential Side Effects of Neem Most healthy adults can use the herb without any adverse side effects or interaction, but in large doses, it can cause breathing problems, seizures, and lethargy (drowsiness). The herb is considered unsuitable for young children, infants, the elderly or people suffering from debilitating diseases or conditions. For some reason not yet known, the neem oil of seems to be more toxic to children than to adults. Other Resources I like on Neem How I use herbs – Neem oil by Farmer Liz Atkins, Rosie, et al.: Herbs. The Essential Guide for a Modern World. London, Rodale International Ltd. 2006. Bown, Deni: The Royal Horticultural Society New Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses. London, Dorling Kindersley 2002. Duke, James A.: The Green Pharmacy Herbal Handbook. Rodale / Reach 2000. Frawley, David & Vasant Lad: The Yoga of Herbs. Twin Lakes, Wisconsin, Lotus Press 2001. Tierra, Lesley: Healing with the Herbs of Life. Berkeley, Crossing Press 2003. Tierra, Michael: The Way of Herbs. New York, Pocket Books 1998. van Wyk, Ben-Erik & Michael Wink: Medicinal Plants of the World. Portland, Oregon, Timber Press 2004. Williamson, Elisabeth M.: Potter’s Herbal Cyclopaedia. Essex, Saffron Walden 2003. Latest posts by Thordur Sturluson (see all) - What is the Difference Between Hemp and Marijuana? - June 3, 2019 Leave a Reply

In the book and now movie, The Martian, the astronaut Mark Watney must survive alone on Mars for what could be up to three years. In an incredible stroke of luck, it turns out he’s a botanist. And that knowledge really comes in handy because it keeps him alive. I’m also a botanist. And I’m an indie game developer. And this is the story of my sci-fi game about plants, Solarium. (‘Mars, Melons and Mashed Potatoes’ was an alternative title, but that’s neither here nor there.) Let me ask you a question… are you plant blind? In all likelihood the answer is yes. Plant blindness is defined as the inability of people to notice plants in their environment. From a botanist’s point of view this is very unfortunate. It leads to a sense of apathy and detachment from the plant world and is a primary reason for the lack of appreciation of the importance of plants to life on earth. And I can tell you with absolute certainty that our survival on Earth is as dependent on plants as was Mark’s survival on Mars. So, what to do about plant blindness? The obvious answer is to make plants interesting. This I did in my visits to primary schools – the sheer joy on the faces of first-graders when plants and their associated fauna (insects, fungi, worms) are presented in a fun and interactive way is amazing. But with adults, it’s a harder sell, and not easy to do when things like sports, travel, movies, and video games seem so much more fun. Hmm… video games. In Solarium, you’re in a distant future in a distant galaxy. A race of aliens has cooperated with earthlings to explore the galaxies and document all forms of life for preservation, just in case their home worlds are destroyed. It’s called the Solarium Initiative. The DNA is taken to an intergalactic botanical study centre where each environment is painstakingly reconstructed. You are a botanist-in-training from earth, and you must visit the Earth environments to learn about their plants before setting out on an actual expedition. You answer skill-testing questions, earn points, overcome challenges, and then build your own custom garden of beautiful and strange plants. And in the process, hopefully reduce your plant blindness. Some points about the game: - A sci-fi setting was chosen to attract maximum attention. After all, who can resist sci-fi? - The player is not given a tutorial or a massive set of instructions. This is quite deliberate. Rather, players must explore the Botanical Study Centre and accompanying modules to gain an understanding of why they are there and what they must do. - Every effort is made to be gender- and race-inclusive. There is also CC for the hearing impaired. - The game has a unique and original music score. - Humour has been sprinkled throughout. - Voice-overs in the form of student narration are used here and there to help the story along. - We have made every effort to be botanically-correct in terms of environment, knowledge-testing questions, and plant models. However, with respect to the latter, a limited budget precluded the hiring of a graphic artist to custom-build 3D models. And some points of general interest… - This game is a family affair. I worked with the game engine and wrote the code, my son did the 2d artwork and helped with the story line, and my brother composed most of the music score (the rest was bought). - Although some 3d models came from TurboSquid, most are from the Unity Asset Store. What a godsend. Textures were from wherever I could get them. - In 2013, I attended the Unite conference in Vancouver. I learned in pretty short order that this was no botanical conference. It was a blast and it encouraged me to keep going on the game. So there you have it, the story of Solarium. I’d be grateful if you gave it a go. You might be too – perhaps you’ll end up stranded on Mars some day with only a few potatoes on hand.

Dialects—Spoken Style, Written Style Lecture no. 18 from the course: The Story of Human Language Taught by Professor John McWhorter | 30 min | Categories: The Great Courses Plus Online Literature & Language Courses We often see the written style of language as how it really "is" or "should be." But in fact, writing allows uses of language that are impossible when a language is only a spoken one.

Architectural symbols of international exhibitions can often also become the symbol of the city or indeed the nation. Nur Alem, the stunning sphere at the centre of Expo 2017 Astana, is the largest spherical building in the world with a diameter of 80 and height of 100 metres and was designed by prominent American architect duo Adrian Smith and Gordon Gill. The singularity of the construction is that it is the world’s first ‘complete sphere’ building, yet behind this apparently simplistic design lies a long and complicated process of creation. Double-laminated IGUs were chosen to create its facade, whilst the glass the designers opted for is Guardian SunGuard® SNX 50/23 HT, helping to protect the building from rapid temperature changes. This SunGuard coating boasts world class levels of selectivity, letting in the maximum amount of daylight, yet radically reducing the penetration of the sun’s heat. The German company Bischoff Glastechnik was in charge of fitting the glass. All in all, the Nur Alem is made with 4,600 glass panels. According to Andrey Rybin, architectural project manager, the glass sphere was the most complicated element to create: “Guardian perfectly met all key requirements. As an architectural object, the Nur Alem requires ideal solar protection and at the same time optimal light transmission. That is why the architects in charge used double-laminated IGUs, with one of the laminated glass panels, installed on the inner-side of the IGU, having the Guardian SunGuard® SNX 50/23 coating”. Where is this building?

Our overall focus for the next four weeks is Literal Comprehension (this is our division focus for my school). Each group also has a subfocus they are working on in their groups (vocabulary, phrasing, expression, accuracy, and conventions). I know conventions isn't a typical guided reading group focus, but for this particular group, it is a necessity! On Tuesday we built our Literal Comprehension Anchor chart - establishing our learning goal and building our success criteria. Each student copied this chart into their reading journals. This is one of my student's journals. I was WOWED by it - such attention to detail! (Now, if I can just get her to stop spelling summary with an 'e' I will be one happy teacher!). Each day after reading the students have two tasks. First, they need to answer literal comprehension questions from their reading. They can discuss their answers as a group, but each student is responsible for writing their own answers in their journals. The next task is something new I started this year. I created a Summary of Learning sheet for each group which I posted on my bulletin board. Each sheet has the novel name and the groups' subfocus written on it. After each day of reading, students are required to write one thing they learned from their reading each day on a special coloured sticky note. This should relate to their group's subfocus. They then post their notes on their sheets on the bulletin board.

Print this page. Home / Browse / Little Rock Nine The Little Rock Nine were the nine African-American students involved in the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School. Their entrance into the school in 1957 sparked a nationwide crisis when Arkansas governor Orval Faubus, in defiance of a federal court order, called out the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the Nine from entering. President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded by federalizing the National Guard and sending in units of the U.S. Army’s 101st Airborne Division to escort the Nine into the school on September 25, 1957. The military presence remained for the duration of the school year. Before transferring to Central, the Nine attended segregated schools for black students in Little Rock (Pulaski County). Carlotta Walls, Jefferson Thomas, and Gloria Ray attended Paul Laurence Dunbar Junior High School, while Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Thelma Mothershed, Terrence Roberts, Minnijean Brown, and Melba Pattillo attended Horace Mann High School. On May 24, 1955, the Little Rock School Board adopted a plan for gradual integration, known as the Blossom Plan (also known as the Little Rock Phase Program). The plan called for desegregation to begin in the fall of 1957 at Central and filter down to the lower grades over the next six years. Under the plan, students would be permitted to transfer from any school where their race was in the minority, thus ensuring that the black schools would remain racially segregated, because many people believed that few, if any, white students would opt to attend predominantly black schools. Federal courts upheld the Blossom Plan in response to a lawsuit by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). On September 4, 1957, the Nine attempted to enter Central but were turned away by Arkansas National Guard troops called out by the governor. When Elizabeth Eckford arrived at the campus at the intersection of 14th and Park Streets, she was confronted by an angry mob of segregationist protestors. She attempted to enter at the front of the school but was directed back out to the street by the guardsmen. Walking alone, surrounded by the crowd, she eventually reached the south end of Park Street and sat down on a bench to wait for a city bus to take her to her mother’s workplace. Of her experience, Eckford later said, “I tried to see a friendly face somewhere in the mob—someone who maybe would help. I looked into the face of an old woman and it seemed a kind face, but when I looked at her again, she spat on me.” Others of the Nine arrived the same day and gathered at the south, or 16th Street, corner where they and an integrated group of local ministers who were there to support them were also turned away by guardsmen. The Nine remained at home for more than two weeks, trying to keep up with their schoolwork as best they could. When the federal court ordered Gov. Faubus to stop interfering with the court’s order, Faubus removed the guardsmen from in front of the school. On September 23, the Nine entered the school for the first time. The crowd outside chanted, “Two, four, six, eight…We ain’t gonna integrate!” and chased and beat black reporters who were covering the events. The Little Rock police, fearful that they could not control the increasingly unruly mob in front of the school, removed the Nine later that morning. They once again returned home and waited for further information on when they would be able to attend school. Calling the mob’s actions “disgraceful,” Eisenhower called out 1,200 members of the U.S. Army’s 101st Airborne Division—the “Screaming Eagles” of Fort Campbell, Kentucky—and placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal orders. On September 25, 1957, under federal troop escort, the Nine were escorted back into Central for their first full day of classes. Melba Pattillo later wrote, “After three full days inside Central, I know that integration is a much bigger word than I thought.” After the Nine suffered repeated harassment—such as kicking, shoving, and name calling—the military assigned guards to escort them to classes. The guards, however, could not go everywhere with the students, and harassment continued in places such as the restrooms and locker rooms. After the 101st Airborne soldiers returned to Ft. Campbell in November, leaving the National Guard troops in charge, segregationist students intensified their efforts to compel the Nine to leave Central. The Little Rock Nine did not have any classes together. They were not allowed to participate in extracurricular activities at Central. Nevertheless, they returned to school every day to persist in obtaining an equal education. Although all of the Nine endured verbal and physical harassment during their year at Central, Minnijean Brown was the only one to respond; she was first suspended and then expelled for retaliating against the daily torment by dropping her lunch tray with a bowl of chili on two white boys and, later, by referring to a white girl who hit her as “white trash.” Of her experience, she later said, “I just can’t take everything they throw at me without fighting back.” Brown moved to New York City and graduated from New Lincoln High School in 1959. The other eight students remained at Central until the end of the school year. On May 27, 1958, Ernest Green became Central’s first black graduate. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. attended his graduation ceremony. Green later told reporters, “It’s been an interesting year. I’ve had a course in human relations first hand.” The other eight, like their counterparts across the district, were forced to attend other schools or take correspondence classes the next year when voters opted to close all four of Little Rock’s high schools to prevent further desegregation efforts. For additional information:Beals, Melba Pattillo. Warriors Don’t Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock’s Central High. New York: Washington Square Books, 1994. Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000. “Fifty Years Later.” Special issue, Arkansas Times. September 20, 2007. Kirk, John Andrew. Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas 1940–1970. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002. LaNier, Carlotta Walls, and Lisa Frazier Page. A Mighty Long Way: My Journey to Justice at Little Rock Central High School. New York: One World/Ballantine, 2009. Reed, Roy. Faubus: The Life and Times of an American Prodigal. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1997. Roberts, Terrence. Lessons from Little Rock. Little Rock: Butler Center Books, 2009. Roy, Beth. Bitters in the Honey: Tales of Hope and Disappointment across Divides of Race and Time. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1999. National Park ServiceCentral High School National Historic Site Last Updated 9/9/2010 About this Entry: Contact the Encyclopedia / Submit a Comment / Submit a Narrative

New research suggests that for women with dense breasts, conventional mammography supplemented by an ultrasound scan is a costly addition unlikely to improve detection or reduce breast-cancer deaths significantly. But compared with conventional mammography alone, 3-D mammography -- also called tomosynthesis -- does increase the likelihood of detecting cancer in women with dense breasts. The new findings emerge from two separate studies. Collectively, they suggest that for women with dense breasts -- which both raises a woman’s risk of breast cancer and makes such malignancies harder to find on an imaging scan -- tomosynthesis might be a better cancer screening technique than standard mammography-plus-ultrasonography. But neither study compared the two screening techniques head-to-head, and debate over how best to catch breast cancers in such women is certain to continue. More than 4 in 10 women between the ages of 40 and 74 are thought to have dense breasts. In an article released Monday in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine, a team of preventive-care specialists from across the United States and the Netherlands joined forces to calculate the cost of and additional years of life gained by adding sonography to the mix of breast-cancer screening mechanisms. The study was commissioned by the National Cancer Institute. The team found that adding sonography for all dense-breasted women between 50 and 74 who come up clean on a standard mammogram drove costs up considerably, but yielded only marginal health benefits. Some 3,000 such women would have to get the additional sonogram for one breast-cancer death to be averted. (By comparison, the benefits of basic mammography screening for all women 50 to 74 are considerable: Models show that compared with a world in which no older women are screened for breast cancer, when all women in this age group get mammograms once every two years, 18 breast-cancer deaths for every 3,000 women are averted.) In the process, sonogram scans would frequently turn up false positives, prompting many women to undertake the risk, cost and inconvenience of having a breast biopsy when they either do not have breast cancer or have forms of cancer that will not ultimately threaten their lives. The new calculation comes as state and national legislatures debate whether to require that women with dense breasts be warned of their elevated cancer risk and offered the additional sonography screening. Many breast cancer experts had hoped that hand-held sonograms would offer a safe, easy and inexpensive way to improve screening for breast cancer for women with dense breasts. But this rigorous comparison found that it was neither inexpensive, effective or even particularly safe, owing to the false-positives it turned up. “Most people would be surprised by our result: that so few lives are saved and it’s at very high cost,” said Dr. Jeanne Mandelblatt, an oncologist and cancer epidemiologist at Georgetown University’s Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center. “It remains possible that a better-performing technology with targeted application to women with dense breasts or women at higher than average risk would be useful,” the authors of the Annals study wrote. A second study, presented last week at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, explored the potential benefits of digital breast tomosynthesis -- more commonly known as 3-D mammography -- in that role, and found the numbers promising. That study was funded by Hologic, Inc., a healthcare and diagnostics company that has aggressively promoted its 3-D imaging techniques. In a head-to-head comparison of mammography alone with 3-D mammography for women with dense breasts, the study found that digital tomosynthesis significantly increased the cancer detection rate. Researchers performed both types of scans on more than 25,000 women, ages 50 to 69, and categorized the women by the density of their breasts. Among women with dense breasts, researchers detected 80% of 132 breast cancers when they read the scan results generated by digital mammography-plus-tomosynthesis. When reading mammographic scans alone, researchers detected only 59% of those breast cancers. The higher-tech scan, which recomputes the digital information captured by a mammogram to create a three-dimensional image of the breast, was also superior at detecting cancer in women with breasts that were less dense but more fatty -- a direction in which many women move as they grow older. Of the 257 cancers found in the entire population of 25,547 women, 82% were detected by the 3-D technique, compared with 63% detected by mammography alone. “Tomosynthesis could be regarded as an improvement of mammography and would be much easier than MRI or ultrasound to implement in organized screening programs,” said the study’s senior investigator, Dr. Per Skaane of Oslo University Hospital’s Department of Radiology in Norway. “So the intention of our study was to see if tomosynthesis really would significantly increase the cancer detection rate in a population-based mammography screening program.” Georgetown’s Mandelblatt called the trial comparing mammography and 3-D tomography “a step in the right direction” in helping women with dense breasts address their increased risk. But she added that the true benefits of imaging techniques in detecting cancers must take into account how well they find the specific cancers that matter most -- those that will rise up to threaten a patient’s life. For that, she said, “you just need longer follow-up” of subjects in great numbers.

A pair of spin-1/2 particles can be combined to form one of three states of total spin 1 called the triplet, or a state of spin 0 which is called the singlet. In theoretical physics, a singlet usually refers to a one-dimensional representation (e.g. a particle with vanishing spin). It may also refer to two or more particles prepared in a correlated state, such that the total angular momentum of the state is zero. Singlets and other such representations frequently occur in atomic physics and nuclear physics, where one tries to determine the total spin from a collection of particles. A single electron has spin 1/2, and upon rotation its state transforms as a doublet, that is, as the fundamental representation of the Lie group SU(2). We can measure the spin of this electron's state by applying an operator to the state, and we will always obtain (or spin 1/2) since the spin-up and spin-down states are both eigenstates of this operator with the same eigenvalue. Likewise, if we have a system of two electrons, we can measure the total spin by applying , where acts on electron 1 and acts on electron 2. However, we can now have two possible spins, which is to say, two possible eigenvalues of the total spin operator, corresponding to spin-0 or spin-1. Each eigenvalue belongs to a set of eigenstates. The "spin-0" set is called the singlet, containing one state (see below), and the "spin-1" set is called the triplet, containing three possible eigenstates. In more mathematical language, we say the product of two doublet representations can be decomposed into the sum of the adjoint representation (the triplet) and the trivial representation, the singlet. The singlet state formed from a pair of electrons has many peculiar properties, and plays a fundamental role in the EPR paradox and quantum entanglement. In Dirac notation this EPR state is usually represented as: See also |This quantum mechanics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

Culture and History Crete seduces and captures the senses with its impressive and majestic landscape, but also with the spirit, the history and the Cretans themselves Discover its varied history through the centuries: In its Minoan palaces of Knossos, of Phaistos, Malia and Zakros. At the archaeological sites of ancient Gortyna, Eleftherna, Lyttos, Apteras, Falassarna, Spinalongas… In the Venetian ports of Chania, Heraklion and Rethymnon. In Ottoman monuments and architectures scattered throughout the island. In the historical monasteries of Arkadi, Preveli, Toplou, Agarathos, Chrysoskalitissa… In the numerous thematic museums, among them the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, one of the most important in the world. The greatest civilisation of Minoan Crete ruled almost 4,000 years ago and where Theseus killed the legendary Minotaur in King Minos’ labyrinth The Knosos was the most important city of Crete before the Roman era and, above all, the center of the first brilliant European palace culture, the Minoan Civilization. The palace of the city is the most visited archeological site of Crete with more than 1,000,000 visitors a year. The palace is located just 5 km south of Heraklion, on the hill Kefalas over the banks of Knossanou Gorge. Access is via Knossos Street, which joins the Heraklio with Skalani. Apart from the palace area, the wider area is full of archeological finds, which is logical if we consider that Knossos had at its peak more than 100,000 inhabitants. Royal courts, great staircases, theatre, storerooms and famous disk of Phaistos The Phaistos was a city in Minoan Crete, 55km south of Heraklion and close to Tympaki. The ruins of the city are located on a low hill in plain of Messara, with panoramic views of the surrounding area. It is the second largest palace center after palace of Knossos, as it occupies an area of 18 acres. The city has been inhabited since 6000 BC, while it flourished in parallel with city of Knossos, until the 1st century BC. One of the most striking scenery in Europe The Samaria Gorge is the most famous trekking gorge in Europe and a part of the European E4 hiking trail. Thousands of tourists flock here daily in the summer season to walk from the top to the bottom. For many visitors, it is the sole purpose of their visit to Crete. The length of the gorge reaches 14.5km and takes almost 5-7 hours to hike from Xyloskalo at Omalos plateau to Agia Roumeli beach, depending on the trekking pace. Surrounded by some of the most striking scenery in Europe, the Samaria Gorge trail, in Chania, includes abandoned villages and the rich wildlife of Crete’s White Mountains National Park. Venetian Fortezza Fortress A Venetian landmark in Crete The Venetian Fortezza fortress is built on the “Paleokastro” hill, located on the west side of the old Venetian Town of Rethymno and is one of the largest Venetian fortresses in Crete. On this hill was built the acropolis of ancient Rithymna and the temple of Rokkaia Artemis, which are not saved today. The majestic pentagonal fortress began to be built in 1573 and has a perimeter of 1300 meters. Along the wall there are 4 bastions (Saint Luke, St. Elias, Ag. Pavlou, Ag. Nikolaou), which served the defense to the enemy. Venetian Harbor of Rethymnon Rethymno, in Crete, is a rare combination of history and modern-day luxury, with its Venetian-era Fortezza fortress and multicultural Old old Towntown, tropical beaches and exquisite Cretan cuisine. The Venetian Port, next to the modern port, is one of the most picturesque places of the Old Town of Rethymno next to he most picturesque areas of it, Egyptian Lighthouse. It has existed since the Byzantine Period (after 961 AD), but flourished during the Venetian occupation. The Venetian Port no longer hosts Venetian galleys and Turkish warships, but the fishing boats rocking in its waters create a beautiful and serene image. The port is full of life in the summer, when the taverns take the tables outside and invite passers-by to sit down to enjoy their cuisine, Greek or international. Οld Venetian Town Of Rethymno Rethymnon retains the charm of the old town The old Venetian Town of Rethymno is a preserved Renaissance city with elements from both the Venetian and the Ottoman Empire. The city is full of picturesque streets, like Arkadiou str. and Antistaseos Str., but also a lot of graphics quietly narrow where life flows very smoothly. Above the old town rises the The Venetian Fortezza fortress. The picturesque alleys of the area also house taverns with traditional music. An ancient, sacred place The Melidoni Cave is located 1800m northwest of Melidoni’s Village in an altitude of 220m, on the west side of Kouloukonas. The Melidoni Cave, is of great interest because of its archaeological findings, the rich cave decoration, but also its tragic history with the massacre of the Cretans by the Ottomans in 1823. The cave is of great historical importance, as it is associated with one of the greatest tragedies in Cretan history.

Dec. 7, 2021 -- Real and artificial trees can trigger asthma and allergy flare-ups that make the holidays a misery for some people. Christmas tree allergies -- triggered by popular varieties like fir, hemlock, pine, or spruce -- are rare. But there are other allergens in the mix that can be triggering for people. That’s because real trees often travel long distances to reach your local tree lot. Before the journey, they’re sprayed down with water, allowing mold to grow along the way, says J. Allen Meadows, MD, past president of the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology and an allergist at AllerVie Health in Alabama. Artificial trees, meanwhile, can release nasty chemicals that trigger allergy or asthma attacks right after they’re unwrapped, Meadows says. Each year after that, they can gather dust in storage that also causes symptoms to flare when they’re unpacked. Packing everything away in bags and boxes that are as airtight as possible may reduce dust but not eliminate it. “Whether it’s artificial or a live tree, I like to air it out outside before I set it up in my house,” Meadows says. A leaf blower comes in handy, too, for blasting mold or dust off the tree before you bring it indoors. Timing also matters. If you can hold off setting up a tree until after the first hard frost where you live, then you won’t risk pollen or ragweed getting on the tree when you put it outdoors to air out, he says. And with a real tree, you need to resist the urge to put it up right after Thanksgiving, says Sharmilee M. Nyenhuis, MD, an asthma, allergy, and immunology specialist at the University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System. That’s because mold starts to build up after about a week inside your home. If you can’t stand the thought of waiting until mid-December to put up a real tree, you may also be able to cut down on mold by spraying it with a solution of half water, half vinegar, she suggests. A vinegar solution can also remove mold from fake trees. The same masks that people have been wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic can also come in handy for setting up and decorating the tree, Nyenhuis says. Wearing a mask to unpack ornaments, set up and decorate the tree, and handle any other seasonal decorations you take out of storage can help lessen symptom flares caused by mold and dust. And you can also take steps to prevent asthma and allergy attacks by working with your doctor to review and revise your medication as needed to address any exposure to mold or dust from the tree, Meadows says. “The bottom line is if your asthma and allergies are well controlled, you should be able to tolerate places with live trees,” he says.

By ANAHAD O'CONNOR Published: November 21, 2006 THE CLAIM -- Pricking a stroke victim's fingers can help delay symptoms. THE FACTS -- A recent, widely circulated e-mail message proposes an unusual way to help the victim of a stroke. ''Help the victim sit up to prevent him from falling over,'' the message states. ''Then sterilize a needle and use it to prick the tip of the person's finger. After a few minutes, the victim should regain consciousness.'' The message says that doing this somehow relieves blood pressure and eases symptoms. Like most medical advice dispensed in the form of a chain e-mail message, it has no scientific basis. In fact, following its advice can do harm. Forcing a stroke victim to sit up is never a good idea, because it can cause a drop in blood pressure, says Dr. Larry B. Goldstein, director of the Duke Stroke Center. It would be better to help the person lie down. Pricking the victim's finger is also a bad idea, not only because it is futile, but because doing so can delay medical treatment, which is the only thing that can help. THE BOTTOM LINE -- Only emergency medical treatment can help a stroke victim. ANAHAD O'CONNOR Drawing (Drawing by Leif Parsons)

Description - Principles and Applications of Powder Diffraction by Abraham Clearfield Powder diffraction is one of the primary techniques used to characterize materials, providing structural information even when the crystallite size is too small for single crystal x-ray diffraction methods. There has been a significant increase in the application of powder diffraction in recent years, both in research and manufacturing, fuelled by improved instrumentation, data processing and awareness of the information that can be obtained. Powder diffraction allows for rapid, non-destructive analysis of multi-component mixtures without the need for extensive sample preparation. This gives laboratories the ability to quickly analyse unknown materials and perform materials characterization in such fields as chemistry, materials science, geology, mineralogy, forensics, archaeology, and the biological and pharmaceutical sciences. This book provides a concise introduction to modern powder diffraction methods with particular emphasis on practical aspects. It covers the background theory of diffraction in a form approachable by those with an undergraduate degree. Whilst individual chapters are written as stand alone sections, the text is sufficiently focused so that it can be read in its entirety by the non-specialist who wants to gain a rapid overview of what they can do with modern powder diffraction methods. Buy Principles and Applications of Powder Diffraction by Abraham Clearfield from Australia's Online Independent Bookstore, Boomerang Books. (253mm x 182mm x 26mm) Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley & Sons Ltd) Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd Country of Publication: Book Reviews - Principles and Applications of Powder Diffraction by Abraham Clearfield Author Biography - Abraham Clearfield Abraham Clearfield is Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, Joseph Reibenspies and Nattamai Bhuvanesh are Senior Research Instrument Specialist and Research Instrument Specialist, respectively at the Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, USA. Contributors to the book: Dr Lachlan Cranswick Dr Natammai Bhuvanesh Dr Karen Chapman Dr Peter Chupas Professor Abraham Clearfiled Dr James Kadak Dr Arnt Kern Dr Armel LeBail Dr Lyndon Mitchell Dr E. Andrew Payzant Dr Joseph Reibenspies Dr Pamela Whitfield

Trees are one of my favorite things. They have many dimensions to them, but I did not know the following. Did you? Most people know that trees near buildings can raise property prices by an average of 14 percent in the U.K. and as much as up to 37 percent in the U.S. In northern temperate climates, moss will grow on the northern side of the tree trunk, where it is shadier. Failing that, if you find a tree that has been cut down, you can observe the rings of the tree to discover which direction north is. In the northern hemisphere, the rings of growth in a tree trunk are slightly thicker on the southern side, which receives more light. The converse is true in the southern hemisphere. As well as providing shade, a large tree can also transpire as much as 378.5 liters (100 gallons) of water into the air per day. This has a cooling effect roughly equivalent to 10 single room-sized air conditioning units operating 20 hours a day! The acorns of oak trees (which don’t usually appear until the tree is around 40 years old) are food for dozens of species, including wild boar (and now more commonly pigs), jays, pigeons, pheasants, ducks, squirrels, mice, badgers, and deer. Once a tree is attacked, it will “signal” to other nearby trees to also start their self-defense, before they are attacked! Methods of communication include releasing chemicals into the wind and possibly even sending chemical or electric signals through the michorizal network of roots (a network of shared fungus fibers).

|An Introduction to Islam|| The Birth of Mohammed: Mohammed was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, c572 A.D. His father, who died two months before his birth, was a poor man but belonged to the Koreish, one of the distinguished Arabian tribes. While still a young man, Mohammed married a wealthy widow and was thereby relieved of the necessity of daily labour. Mohammed found himself with enough leisure time to indulge in religious contemplation. At that time, although Judaism and Christianity had been adopted by certain Arabian tribes, idolatrous worship had supplanted most of their ancient rites. Mohammed would annually go to Mt. Hira to meditate and pray. One year, upon returning from the mountain, Mohammed declared himself a chosen prophet of God. Mohammed claimed that he had his first vision while in a cave on the mountain. On return to Mecca, he preached his message for nine years, and gained a number of adherents. As one might expect, this caused friction with other established beliefs. Finally, in 612 A.D. he was warned by his followers that his enemies intended to murder him and he was forced to flee. This flight marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar and is called 1A.H. (after Hejrat meaning "after the flight or migration"). His flight allowed him to gather his followers and in 630 A.D. he returned to wrest Mecca from the hands of the Koreish. He was then acknowledged "the prophet" by all Arabia. During his lifetime (Mohammed died two years after his return to Mecca), his followers carefully transcribed his words and visions, as he himself did not know how to write. In 645 A.D. (about ten years after his death, 'Ali (Mohammed's brother in law) and other leaders collected together all these transcriptions, collated them and created the book of the Qur'an, which has 114 chapters, and 6236 verses. This became the Holy Book for the followers of Islam. Mohammed's flight to Medina in September 622, marks the initiation of the Islamic era, and his death in June 632, succeeded in founding a state of considerable power and prestige according to Arabian standards of the time. During this short ten year period, most of the desert dwelling Bedouin tribes of Arabia had pledged their allegiance to the Prophet of Islam, who thus laid the foundation for the subsequent expansion of the new faith in Allah beyond the Arabian peninsula. However, the death of Mohammed presented the infant Islamic community with its first major crisis. The crisis of succession marks the beginning of what was eventually to develop into a permanent Sunni Shi'a division in the Islamic community. First Major Crisis: Consequently, amidst much debate, one of the earliest converts to Islam and a trusted companion of Mohammed, Abu Bakr, was elected as successor. He took the title of Khalifat Rasul Allah (Successor to the Messenger of God), a title which was soon simplified to Khalifa ("Caliph" in English). Thus by electing the first successor to the Prophet, the unique Islamic institution of the caliphate was also founded. From its very inception, the caliphate came to embody both the religious and the political leadership of the community. The early Muslims recognized neither distinction between religion and state, nor between religious and secular authorities and organizations. Indeed, a strictly theocratic conception of order, in which Islam is not merely a religion but a complete system ordained by God for the socio-political as well as the moral and spiritual governance of mankind, had been an integral part of Mohammed's message and practice. Abu Bakr's caliphate lasted just over two years, and before his death in 634, he personally selected 'Umar as his successor. 'Umar who was assassinated in 644, introduced a new procedure for the election of his successor; he had decided that a council of six of the early companions was to choose the new caliph from amongst themselves. In due time, 'Uthman b 'Affan, an member of the important Meccan clan was selected and became the third caliph. Beginnings of Shi'a Islam: The Shi'a believed that Mohammed did in fact appoint a successor, (or an imam as they have preferred to call the spiritual guide and leader), and that person was in fact 'Ali. As such, 'Ali and his friends became obliged to protest against the act of choosing the Prophet's successor through elective methods. It was this very protest which separated the Shi'a from the majority of the Muslims. Despite the contention over the rightful order, the first four caliphs (known as the al-khulafa' al-rashidun or "Rightly-Guided Caliphs") were considered to be the orthodox maintainers of the all embracing regulations of the message of Islam as expressed in the revelations contained in the Qur'an. (It was this orthodoxy that became known as Sunni Islam.) According to Shi'a doctrine the imams ('Ali and his direct descendants) were the only source of religious instruction and guidance, and the most important question regarded the elucidation of Islamic teachings and religious tenets. This was because they were aware that the teachings of the Qur'an and the sacred law of Islam (Shari'a) came from sources beyond man and therefore contained truths that could not be grasped through human reason. Therefore in order to understand the true meaning of the Islamic revelation, the Shi'a had realized the necessity for a religiously authoritative person, namely the imam. Although 'Ali eventually succeeded as the fourth caliph, the Shi'a believe he was really the first true caliph, followed by a succession of 11 others. In the eyes of the Shi'a, 'Ali's unique qualifications as successor held yet another important dimension in that he was believed to have been nominated by divine command as expressed through Mohammed's testimony. This meant that 'Ali was also divinely inspired and immune from error and sin, thus making him infallible both in his knowledge and as a teaching authority after the prophet. The Shia branch broke away after the killing of 'Alis's son Husayn at the battle of Karbala in 680 AD. Because of their beliefs, these Shi'a became known as the "twelvers" (based on the number of imams). When the twelfth imam mysteriously disappeared in 878 the Imamate came to an end and the collective body of Shi'ite religious scholars or ulema assumed his office, awaiting his return as the 'rightly guided one'. The present Ayatollahs (Signs of God) see themselves as joint caretakers of the office of the Imam, who is to return at the end of time. However, the succession was not totally agreed upon by all Shi'a and another group broke away and became known as the "seveners" or Ismaelis, because of their contention that the rightful seventh (and last imam) was not Musa al Kazim, but his elder brother Isma'il who died as a child. As a result of this aspect of the "division", it can generally be concluded that orthodox Sunni Islam basically believes that the Qur'an is the final authority and there is no further revelation. Shi'a Islam believes that the rightful Imam has both the divine inspiration and authority of Allah to add to the message of the Qur'an. Thus Shi'a Islam is seen as the more radical of the two main branches, and throughout the centuries many have claimed to be the next 'imam', attempting to rally Muslims to their particular cause which has unfortunately often been expressed as a Jihad (Holy war against infidels). Abandoning the physical comforts of the world and pursuing silence prayer and meditation, their ultimate goal was to transcend worldly life and reach an eternal celestial tranquillity in union with Allah. Others claim it comes from the Arabic word suf which literally means wool, referring to the material from which the simple robes of the early Muslim mystics were made. Despite problems with origins, the Sufis can generally be regarded as Muslim mystics, although many Sufis would argue that Sufism is in fact the real basis of orthodox Islam. The central doctrine of Sufism is wahdat al-wujud (the oneness of being), and they teach that the relative has no reality other than in the Absolute, and the finite had no reality other than in the Infinite. In Islam, man has access to the Absolute and Infinite through the Qur'an. They also hold the belief that, in addition to the guidance offered to them in the Qu'ran, they must receive instruction and help in their quest for spiritual purification from a wise and experienced "master" or guide. Calling for a life of love and pure devotion to Allah, the Sufis developed a spiritual path to Allah, consisting of various stages of piety (maqamat) and gnostic-psycholigical states (ahwal), through which each Sufi has to pass. This concept of stages of piety led to a concept of sainthood in Islam, along with the related belief that saints could perform miracles. While strict orthodox Islam frowns on any use of music in religious rituals, Sufi orders have developed a wide variety of ritual observances involving singing, drums and other musical instruments. These rituals often include some form of dance, the best known in the West being that of the Turkish Mevlevi order, often called the "whirling dervishes". Today there are many Sufi orders throughout the length and breadth of Islam, taking their name from both the school's teacher and its city of location. For example, you may have a Shi'a Sufi from the Oveyssi school at Karaj. Muslims live and die without any assurance that they will be saved, and they are driven to perform good deeds in hopes of outweighing their sins. Their God - Allah is far off and uninterested in their personal well being. They know very little of forgiveness. Perhaps Romans 10:2-3a aptly describes them: "For I bear them record that they have a zeal from God, but not according to knowledge. For they be ignorant of God's righteousness, and going about to establish their own righteousness, have not submitted.." Major Muslim People Groups New York. 1994 Baron's Educational Series London. 1956 Penguin Books New York. 1971 Hamlyn Publishing London. 1978. Greenwood Press. Seattle. 1993. YWAM Publishing. |see also: Eid-al-Adha, religion, Eid-al-Fitr, Ramadan, islamic countries (Umma), summay, culture, images of mosques| |A to Z of Azerbaijan / A dan Z ye Azerbaycan||

Biodiversity is suffering dramatic declines across the globe, threatening the ability of ecosystems to provide the services on which humanity depends. Mainstreaming biodiversity into the plans, strategies and policies of different economic sectors is key to reversing these declines. The importance of this mainstreaming is recognized by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its Aichi targets. Individual countries can implement the goals of the CBD through their National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs), which aim to, inter alia, support the mainstreaming of biodiversity into the policies of key economic sectors, such as agriculture, forestry and fisheries. This paper investigates the performance of countries at incorporating biodiversity mainstreaming into their post-2010 NBSAPs. We conduct a large-scale review of 144 NBSAPs against five criteria and calculate a national-level indicator for comparing levels of mainstreaming among countries. Our results show that developing countries, particularly those in Africa, have higher scores, indicating that they have a higher awareness of the importance of biodiversity mainstreaming. Developing nations were also more likely to involve a greater range of stakeholders in the NBSAP development process, whilst developed nations were less likely to give specific details about the monetary contributions of biodiversity to their economies. Overall, our findings suggest that biodiversity mainstreaming remains a challenge across much of the world, but that progress in some areas can provide direction and momentum in the future.

The Innovator is the committed owner of an idea who guides it through the Validation Phase and, when approved, through the Experimentation Phase(s). The Innovator, if needed and willing, may play a role in the Scaling Up phase and Embedding Phases of the innovation as well. An Innovator can be anyone within the organization who identifies a new technology, potential product or service which he/she believes has business value. Innovators are people who are determined to push their idea, with the help of Innovation Coaches, through the different phases of the Innovation Level. Regardless of their organizational function or role, Innovators are appointed as such by the Innovation Coaches at the moment when their idea is validated and accepted to enter the Portfolio Kanban. Being an Innovator is a temporary role and it is not an organizational function. After the Experimentation Phase, the role of the Innovator stops and is gradually transferred to the Business Owner. This transfer of ownership happens during the Scaling Phase. - Working on the Innovative Idea - Validating the business value of this idea using Validation Methods - Determining biggest fail factors - Formulating testable hypotheses - Assessing the requirements for a short cycled experiment - Pitching the suggested experiment to the Continuous Innovation Board to get resources, budget and expert support - Testing hypotheses with the Innovation Team in a real-life environment - Presenting the results of experiments to relevant stakeholders

Puppies do not come into this world understanding human language or house rules. Dogs are NOT small, furry human beings. They do NOT think like we do. They do NOT reason things out, but they are experts at recognizing patterns and they learn by repetition. Examples: - On Thursdays, Fluffy is especially excited when his owner gets off work because he knows he has agility class that evening. Fluffy doesn’t know or understand that it is Thursday, but he knows the cleaning lady comes in the morning of the class. It is a pattern he recognizes. - In agility training, Fluffy will NOT learn how to walk a teeter-totter by watching other dogs. His owner will have to guide him over it many times before he learns how to do it. - His owner teaches Fluffy to enter the right-hand side of a U-shaped tunnel. Then, the owner tries to get Fluffy to enter the left-hand side of the tunnel, but Fluffy won’t go in. To a human, a tunnel is a tunnel, but to Fluffy, this is a new obstacle. It is NOT enough to just love your dog, feed him well, and give him good medical care. A dog will NOT love you and behave just because you treat him kindly. Dogs are descended from wolves and still have many of their instincts. Wolf packs are tightly structured groups in which the alpha wolf is in charge and the other wolves take subordinate positions. If you want a happy, loving, well-behaved dog, you MUST take the place of the pack leader in your dog’s eyes. If you don’t take control, your dog will instinctively either try to take the alpha position and challenge you continually, or he will act out from the stress of not having a pack leader, probably destructively. Either way, he will be very difficult to live with. There are several easy things you can do to show your dog you are his boss: - If you see your dog doing something wrong, tell him “No” or “Stop” in a firm, not angry, tone. When he stops, immediately praise him for stopping: “Good stop,” or something similar. Don’t chatter at your dog. It’s just meaningless noise to him. Use short, consistent words and phrases. - Feed your dog after you and your family eat. - From the time he is a young puppy, make a game of turning him on his back and petting his tummy. This is a submissive position. (But keep it fun.) - Walk through doors and narrow passages before your dog. The leader goes first. - Periodically take toys and chew bones away from your puppy. Then you can give them back, if you want. You can make it a game, but your dog knows the pack leader can take what he wants whenever he wants. - A tired puppy is a good puppy. Make sure your puppy gets lots of exercise to burn off his puppy-energy. It helps to teach him to fetch, so you can toss a toy for him to bring back to you. Fetch doesn’t require a lot of energy from you, but will be fun and tiring for him. - Just the way babies put everything in their mouths, it is normal for a puppy to chew on anything within his reach. If he chews on something you don’t want him to, scold him, but remember, it is your fault for leaving it where he can get it. He doesn’t know any better and one or two scoldings probably won’t be enough for him to learn. Puppies have baby teeth, which are replaced by adult teeth, just like humans. They begin losing their puppy teeth when they’re about 2 months old and get their adult teeth by the time they’re about 9 to 10 months old. Chewing is part of the teething process, so expect your puppy to chew, especially during this time. - Begin training your puppy right away. If you can, take a puppy training class. Look for one that uses positive reinforcement. Clicker training also works very well. Your puppy should learn how to walk on a leash, and basic commands including come, sit, down (lie down), off (get off or don’t jump), and wait or stay. - “Come” is the most important command you can teach your dog. It can save his life. Call your dog to you, grab his fur while you praise him, and give him a treat. It’s a good idea to use a special treat just for “come.” Don’t be concerned about relying on treatsit is more important that your dog comes to you consistently. When he gets loose outside and it really matters, you want to be sure he’ll come when you call. And be sure to include grabbing/petting his fur as part of your training. You don’t want him just to take the treat and run away again. - If your puppy gets loose, don’t chase him. Call him to you. If he won’t come, jump up and down like you’re having a lot of fun, act like an idiot, make funny noises, get down on the ground and kick your feet in the air, anything to make you more interesting than whatever he sees around him. If you move toward him, he’ll just think it’s a game and run farther away. - Never call a puppy to you in order to scold him. You don’t want him to associate coming to you with punishment. You want to teach your puppy to always come when called, so always praise him as soon as he comes to you. Even if he ran out in the yard and you want to scold him, don’t. You can yell “no” or “stop” as he runs by, but once he is outside, cheerfully call him to come, and when he does, praise him. If necessary, show him the treat. Don’t worry that he will associate the praise with running outsidehe will associate it with the last thing he did, which was to come to you. After that, be very careful when you open the door so he doesn’t turn running outside into a game. Tell him “wait” or some other command so he learns not to run out the door uninvited. - Always praise your puppy for being good. Keeshonden are playful dogs, so approach a new command as a game you play together and you’ll get better results than if you treat the training session as a serious activity. Keeshonden are sensitive and usually respond to verbal discipline. It is rarely necessary to physically punish your Keeshond. If you do have to discipline him, show him that you love him shortly after. Puppies have extremely short attention spans, so he won’t understand if you are angry for more than a minute or so. It will just confuse him. - Be patient. Your puppy may seem to have learned a command, only to forget it the next day. He may also seem to know a command for a week or so, and then forget it. This is normal. Keep working at it and praise him whenever he gets it right. Eventually, he will learn it and not forget. - Be consistent. For example, when your puppy chews on your shoelaces, if you say “no” some of the time but not all the time, it will just confuse him. - Regardless of what you may have been told, your Keeshond does have a conscience and knows when he’s been bad. You may come home to find him looking guilty and then find the trashcan he emptied, or the toilet paper he’s pulled off the roll, for example. Don’t let him get away with anything or he’ll learn to manipulate you. - Keeshonden are extremely clever. Keeshonden have been known to open gates, refrigerator doors, cabinet doors, and sliding doors. Make sure your puppy can’t get to cleaning supplies or medicines. Use childproof latches, if necessary. Check your yard carefully for escape routes. If there’s a hole in your fence or a way to get over your wall, they will find it. - Barking: A good way to stop a puppy from barking is to squirt him in the face with a squirt gun or spray bottle. The water won’t hurt him but the surprise usually breaks his concentration. Use a command like “quiet,” or “no bark.” A citronella bark collar works well for training many dogs not to bark. Another useful tool is Direct Stop, citronella in a small, pepper-spray type can. Finally, it may take awhile for your puppy to learn the meaning of the words “no” or “good dog,” but he will respond to the tone of your voice, your body language, and even your mood. If you are in a bad mood, for example, your dog will know and respond to it, even while you say “good dog.” When you feel an emotion, the chemistry of your brain changes, and dogs most likely can sense it. (Dogs senses are extremely acute some dogs have been proven to detect cancer by smell, for example.) As you train your dog, try projecting feelings of happiness, calmness, etc. You may be surprised at the results.

fruits Oranges, grapefruits, lemons, limes etc. one of the most concentrated sources of vitamin C. Vitamin C increases the number of chemical messengers - specially interferon - which are vitally important in the process of fighting infection. - Antibiotics are powerless against cold which is caused by a virus. A three day high anti oxidant diet may help zap it out. - D - limonene, in citrous skin, can leach into the juice and may detoxify cancer promoters. - Carotenoids may also fight cancer which is present in the above foods. - Another phytochemical - flavonoids act as antioxidant and may inhibit blood clotting. - These fruits are rich in vitamin C (a powerful antioxidant) and fibre

Preserving the President: Abraham Lincoln, Grave Robbers, and an Excellent Embalmer After Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, his body was taken from Washington, D.C., by train to be laid in a tomb in Springfield, Illinois. The funeral train carried the president, some 300 mourners, an honor guard, and the disinterred body of Lincoln’s son, Willie, which would be laid to rest near his father. The train made 11 stops along the way, loosely retracing the route Lincoln had taken to Washington for his first inauguration, so that his body could lay in state and the public could pay their respects. The 1654-mile journey took 13 days, during which the body was viewed by hundreds of thousands of people. Perhaps one of the most important, and ghoulish, bits of logistics that had to be sorted out for the funeral was keeping the body preserved, and presentable, until it reached its destination. Funeral embalming was a relatively new development at that time, but had proven itself on the battlefields of the Civil War. Dr. Thomas Holmes, the "father of American embalming," claimed to have personally embalmed more than 4000 Union soldiers for shipment back home for burial, and had trained others to do the same work using his techniques. The task of embalming Lincoln fell to Drs. Charles Brown and Harry Cattell, using a form of the arterial embalming method developed in Europe, where an artery was opened and the body flushed of blood and filled with a chemical preservative. In their variation on the procedure, Brown and Cattell drained Lincoln's blood through his jugular and then pumped in Brown’s patented embalming fluid through an incision in his thigh. They shaved Lincoln’s face, leaving only a tuft of hair on the chin, set his mouth in a slight smile, and dressed him in a suit. Brown’s advertisements touted that the bodies he embalmed would “be kept in the most perfect and natural preservation,” a claim that would be put to the test on the funeral train. To keep the body in the condition that the embalmers had promised, Cattell even traveled with the funeral party, providing the president’s body with “touch-ups” along the way. Protecting the President A little more than 10 years after Lincoln was laid in the tomb, a group of counterfeiters attempted to steal his remains and hold them for ransom. As the grave robbers began to move the coffin, an undercover Secret Service agent that had infiltrated the gang called in police backup to chase them down and capture them. This attempted theft of Lincoln’s body helped spur his son Robert’s decision to have the coffin buried in a concrete-encased vault during a renovation of the tomb in 1901. Before the burial, the question came up as to whether or not someone should open the coffin and view the remains. Rumors that the grave robbing was actually successful had circulated for years, and this would be the last chance to put them to rest. The coffin was opened and 23 people inspected what lay in it. They all agreed it was the president and that he was in fine condition. His features were still recognizable and the wart on his cheek was still there. His chin whiskers remained and his hair was still thick (though his eyebrows had disappeared). Brown and Cattell had more than made good on their promises. J. C. Thompson, one of the men who viewed the body 36 years after Lincoln had died, later said, “Anyone who had ever seen his pictures would have known it was him. His features had not decayed. He looked just like a statue of himself lying there."

Why Set & Save? Just click "Add to Set & Save" when placing items in your cart. Pepper berries come from a woody climbing vine and grow in spike-like clusters. Immature berries are harvested, fermented and dried. In earlier times (1000 B.C. to 1000 A.D.) Pepper was so valuable that it was used as a currency, like gold.

Gas welding of pipes Installation of piping systems does not do without welding work. The use of gas is widely used for pipes up to 150 mm in diameter, making triangles, elbows and other elements. The technology of work The work with the use of gas is based on heating up of pipe edges with a flame and filling of the gap with molten metal filler. The choice of flammable mixture is carried out according to the melting point of the processed material. The thickness of the butt weld depends on the wall thickness, and the bulge should not exceed 3 mm. Do not melt the pipe walls in the pipeline system, as the resulting overlaps create additional resistance to the movement of gases and liquids. To improve the quality of the connection of pipes with a thickness of more than 3.5 mm is made beveled edges at an angle of 35. 45 °. The weld is formed by making right and left hand welds. To avoid the ingress of molten metal inside, the sharp edge part is blunted. Joining of blanks with thickness less than 3 mm the joint is made with a gap up to ½ of the pipe wall without bevel. Depending on the purpose of the pipeline system, the following welding options may be used: Welding of pipes designed for transportation of gases and liquids is not allowed with the use of remaining trim rings. Workpieces with more than 5 mm thickness are joined by the right hand method, thin-walled. by the left hand method. Pipes are welded in the lower position and can be rotated. A non-swivel joint is created by a vertical or overhead joint. To do this, the lower half is welded first, and then the upper half in the opposite direction. If it is not possible to approach the area to be welded with a torch, welding with a cut-out of a visor is used. After completing the work on the hard-to-reach area on the inside, it is returned to its original position, and the remaining joints are welded. Manual gas welding is performed in one layer. Width of weld should not exceed the pipe wall thickness by more than 2.5 times. The machined surface is not allowed to have laps and rough scales. The described method of welding allows to keep the metal from burning through, gives a durable quality weld. It is suitable for welding thin-walled pipes. Gas flame treatment of metals is a series of technological processes involving the treatment of metals with a high-temperature gas flame. These processes include gas fusion welding. During such welding, edges of joined parts are heated by a flame of gases, which are burned at the outlet of a gas-welding torch. The gas flame is most often formed as a result of combustion (oxidation) of combustible gases with technically pure oxygen (purity of at least 98.5%). Acetylene, hydrogen, methane, propane, propane-butane mixture, gasoline, lighting kerosene are used as combustible gases. Gas welding flame zones Gas welding acetylene-oxygen normal flame is similar in shape to the diagram from figure 1. The gas mixture arriving from the nozzle is heated to ignition temperature in the inner part of the flame core 1. Partial decomposition of acetylene occurs in the outer shell of the core. The emitted carbon particles are red-hot, brightly glowing and clearly distinguish the outlines of the core shell The temperature of the gases in the core is low and does not exceed 1500 C. Zone 2 or welding zone is the most important part of the welding flame. Here, the first combustion stage of acetylene takes place, fed by oxygen from the cylinder into the nozzle. That is why the maximum temperature is reached here. Gases in the welding zone have reducing properties in respect to oxides of many metals, including iron oxides. That is why it can be called a reducing zone. the carbon in the weld metal changes insignificantly. In Zone 3 or the plume of flame, gases are afterburning due to oxygen in the air. The gases contained in the flare and their dissociation products oxidise the metals, t.е. the zone is an oxidizing zone. The type of acetylene-oxygen flame depends on the ratio of oxygen to acetylene in the gas mixture fed into the burner. This ratio is called the coefficient β. At β = 1.1 1.2 flame normal (cm. fig. 1). If this ratio t.е. As the relative amount of oxygen (oxidizing flame) increases, the shape and structure of the flame changes Oxidizing reactions are accelerated, and the core of the flame becomes paler, shorter, and conically pointed. Then the welding zone loses its reducing properties and becomes oxidizing, the carbon in the weld metal is reduced and burned out. As the coefficient decreases β т.е. Increasing the acetylene content in the gas mixture slows down oxidation reactions. The nucleus elongates, and its outline becomes blurred. The amount of free carbon increases, its particles appear in the welding zone. With a strong acetylene surplus, carbon particles also appear in the flame plume. In this case, the welding zone becomes carburized carbon in the weld metal increases. The flame of acetylene substitutes is fundamentally similar to the acetylene-oxygen flame and has three zones. Unlike hydrocarbon gases, a hydrogen-oxygen flame does not have a luminous core, because it does not contain luminous carbon particles. It includes several essential steps: preparation of parts, connection of electrodes, start-up of the torch and its heating, making the weld at the correct temperature and moving the torch to a new location, checking the readiness of the torch. The technology of plasma welding Parts are prepared in such a way that they are sorted beforehand or supplied to the workplace already sorted. If the parts are obtained by heat cutting or rough machining, the edges are machined to a clean metal finish and degreased to produce a quality seam. After that, the parts are brought into contact with the weld’s beveling line. In manufacturing, it is not done by hand, as in repairs, but with the help of fixtures. Hot seam from plasma welding If required, fluxes are applied to the weld line. These are usually strong reducing agents for high temperature applications (welding fluxes) mixed with fusible binders, which are themselves reducing agents, or give a minimum of hard-to-remove fouling (slag). The molten slag protects the bath from the action of oxygen, and the reducing agent takes it away from the oxides that have had time to form. Fluxes are not required for all metals or metal pairs. The torch is started by a high voltage pulse or a contact between nozzle and cathode for fractions of a second. The arc is ignited, the working and shielding gases are fed to the torch, and cooling water is supplied to the anode body (for high-powered long-term torches). The torch is heated up to plasma stabilization and the welding operation starts. The welding melts the joined edges of the part and a band or rod-shaped filler material is introduced into the molten material. In case of automatic welding, the feeding is mechanized. Welding is considered as a continuous process of melting and solidification of metal in the weld and must ensure the monolithicity of the weld, the same mechanical properties along the entire length, equal thickness of the weld, the complete absence of cavities, foreign inclusions and impurities. The molten weld is quite defenseless in relation to many factors, so you have to create special conditions for quality: before the bath, in it, and after, in the area of crystallization of the melt. These conditions are strongly dependent on the metals that are to be welded. Plasma cutter welding process After completing the weld check the readiness of the torch for the next operation, so that the weld did not have to stop in the process of welding without bringing it to an end. Any such interruption, if forced, creates unnecessary mechanical stress, which then will be difficult or impossible to remove. For this reason, welding of critical welds: vessels (tanks) for rocket equipment, hulls of ships, especially submarine vessels, vessels for nuclear equipment, etc.п. welding with continuous feeding of cathodes at torches with powerful nozzle cooling. Such technology is used in repair and construction works for dismantling metal structures, disassembly of old pipelines, rough cut of scrap metal. It is used when it is necessary to pierce holes or cut steel, cast iron products, base metal workpieces. Electric arc cutting is used when gas cutting is not possible, and when there is no necessary equipment for gas cutting metal. In addition to welding, thermal techniques are used for separating operations. metal cutting. Gas flame, plasma arc, electron beam and laser beams are used as heat sources. Oxygen cutting is used for cutting carbon steel blanks. The principle of oxygen cutting is burning of the metal in oxygen medium. In the first stage, the metal is heated with a heated oxyacetylene flame to its ignition temperature in oxygen (for steel 1000. 1200 °С). Then the metal itself starts burning through an exothermic reaction with release of a considerable quantity of heat (Q): This is realized with the help of a special cutting torch, which has separate channels for feeding the heating mixture and oxygen (Fig. 21.13). Metal 3 is heated at the starting point of the cut 2, then a jet of cutting oxygen is sent there 7. The heat from the combustion of iron, along with the heating flame, heats the underlying layers and extends to the entire thickness of the metal. The smaller is the thickness of the cut metal, the greater is the role of heating flame (at thickness of 5 mm. up to 80% of the total amount of heat emitted when cutting, at thickness over 50 mm. only 10%). Formed oxides 5, as well as partially molten metal, are removed from the cutting zone 4 with a stream of oxygen. A continuous supply of heat and cutting oxygen ensures a continuous process. A number of conditions must be met for the oxygen cutting process to work properly. - 1. The heat source must have the necessary power to heat the metal to the required temperature of the metal combustion reaction, and the amount of heat released by the combustion of metal in the oxygen jet must be sufficient to maintain a continuous cutting process. - 2. The melting temperature of the metal must be above the temperature of its oxidation (combustion) in oxygen, otherwise the metal when heated will melt, not burn. In this case there will be no additional heat generation due to combustion (oxidation), which is the main heat source. - 3. Metal melting point should be above the melting point of the oxides formed during cutting, otherwise refractory oxides isolate the metal from contact with oxygen and make the cutting process more difficult. - 4. The formed oxides and slag must be liquid and easily blown out by the cutting oxygen jet, otherwise the contact of oxygen with the liquid metal will be delayed or even impossible. Carbon steel satisfies all the above conditions and can be cut with oxygen. Copper does not meet the first condition for gas cutting because of its high thermal conductivity, which greatly complicates the beginning of the cutting process, and low heat release during oxidation. Therefore, gas torches are not powerful enough to cut copper, and copper can be cut using a more powerful thermal source. electric arc. Cast iron does not meet the second and fourth conditions. As the carbon content increases, the cutting gets much worse as the melting point decreases and the ignition temperature rises. Cast iron cannot be cut with oxygen. In addition, the viscosity of the slag increases significantly with increasing silicon content, which is necessarily contained in cast iron, which is also one of the reasons why it is impossible to oxyfuel cut cast iron. The third condition is not met when cutting aluminum, magnesium, alloys thereof and steels with large amounts of chromium and nickel. When these materials are heated, refractory oxide films are formed on the surface preventing oxygen from reaching the metal. Can You Cut Metal With a Stick Welder? A variation of oxyfuel cutting is oxyfuel flux cutting. This technology is used to cut chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steels, cast iron and non-ferrous metals. A special powdered flux, the main component of which is iron powder, is fed into the cutting zone together with oxygen. Combustion of iron generates additional heat and increases the temperature in the zone of the cut. In addition, the combustion products of flux, interacting with refractory oxides, produce a liquid slag that is easily removed from the cutting zone. Plasma cutting Based on melting of the metal and removal of molten metal from the cutting zone. Electron beam и laser cutting. Energy sources that provide powerful concentrated heating, in which the metal is vaporized. The result is high accuracy and purity of cut, a narrow asphalt zone. The limitations of these methods are complex equipment and high costs. Why welding with heated metal is needed The advantages of using preheated metal welding are: - Eliminates or reduces cracking of material with high surface humidity. Heating the product removes moisture, which reduces the likelihood of cracks. - Improving the processes of melting of the weld metals and their deposition, which occurs during basic welding. - Stress reduction of materials. Preheating helps the metals of the welded joint and workpiece expand and contract evenly. - Improved weld structure quality. Preheating of the metal slows down its subsequent cooling. Consequently, the joint hardens more uniformly, improving the mechanical properties of the material microstructure. Recommended articles on metalworking There are several ways of heat treatment of products, which are determined by their further application: - Preheating. even before welding, the craftsman sets the minimum temperature of the joint. This information can be obtained from the WPS (welding data sheet), which contains data on the temperature range. - Warming up between passes. when carrying out multipass welding, the welder must warm up the material as much as possible before starting a new stage. The heating temperature must not drop below the minimum machining temperature. - maintaining the welding temperature, below which the welding area should not cool down before the end of work. If the joining process is stopped, the heat must be maintained at a specified level. What electrodes are used for metal welding The use of these materials improves the quality of the cut. The composition of the coating makes the welding process more comfortable: - the transition of the arc to the side surfaces of the cut is prevented; - provides stability of arc combustion and excludes the possibility of arc extinction; - the gas pressure in the place of processing is created and the metal in the place of cutting is oxidized. Laser metal cutting Metal bending Metal powder coating Metal welding Keep in mind that the cutting process requires a lot of current power, the type of voltage is influenced by the brand of electrodes used. Consumables with special coating differ from conventional welding electrodes by higher thermal capacity of the arc, high heat resistance of the cladding, intense oxidation of liquid metal. Metal consumables can be used to effectively remove defective welds, tacking, rivets, bolts, repair cracks. In the absence of information on the packaging must be ignited welding consumables for one hour at a temperature of 170 ° C. Handheld metal welding allows the use of conventional welding electrodes, it is enough to increase the current intensity by 30-40%. The type of voltage is affected by the brand of electrodes used. However, conventional electrodes have certain disadvantages: - the consumption of electrodes and electricity increases; - coating of some rods does not allow to work in such modes, because the coating melts and flows into the working area, which makes it difficult to obtain a quality cut. That is why it is better to use special consumables for metal welding. Use of carbon (graphite) electrodes is virtually identical to cutting with metal rods. Metal is completely molten by the arc and flows down. The difference is that carbon consumables do not melt, but burn over time. Therefore, less molten metal and slag are formed in the process, which results in a cleaner cut. The advantage of carbon electrodes is also the ability to heat them to a high temperature, while the current intensity will be low. The melting point of the rods is over 3,800 °C, which makes them more durable and economical. Carbon (graphite) electrodes are suitable for manual arc and oxyfuel cutting. Direct polarity DC current is required for operation, cutting is performed “top-down”. However, it is possible to perform processing using alternating current. Oxygen-arc welding of metals is performed using tubular electrodes. They differ in that the fusing element is not a welding wire but a hollow, thick-walled tube. The process consists of several steps: - the arc occurs between the electrode and the workpiece; - Under the influence of the arc the metal melts; - The oxygen from the tube oxidizes the metal over the entire thickness and blows it out. The disadvantage of this cutting technique is that the oxygen has a negative effect on the stability of the arc. Shielded arc cutting and plasma arc cutting are performed using tungsten nonconsumable electrodes. In the first case, the metal is cut at a higher value of current (20-30% higher than necessary for welding), and it melts throughout the thickness. Plasma arc cutting produces an arc between the metal to be cut and the tungsten electrode. The peculiarity of this type of metal welding is the need for mastery of welding. This skill will help to perform the work easily. Knowing how to properly excite the arc, guide the weld and create quality joints will help in cutting metal competently. Once again, note that this technology will not achieve a neat cutting edge. It helps you quickly cut blanks that do not require high accuracy. Materials suitable for gas welding Gas welding is indispensable in industry, construction, agriculture. It allows a large number of metals to be bonded. Welding of cast iron is necessary to eliminate defects, cracks, disintegrated parts of the product. Gas torch in this case should be with a small flame to avoid graining of the weld. Bronze brazing involves the use of a reducing flame. The work uses a wire that is identical to the material to be welded. Processing of copper does not provide a gap between the edges. This is due to the fluidity of the material, which can hinder the gas-welding process. Carbon steels can be joined using various welding methods. Welds become coarse-grained due to the use of low-carbon steel wire. Gas welding technology Gas welding is used for all kinds of welds and most welds in various positions. penetration ability of gas flame is low, so joints with small thickness of edges (3-4 mm) are welded without edge cutting. The main parameters of gas welding are: thermal output of the flame, the ratio between oxygen and acetylene, and welding speed. Output of a welding torch is determined by the hourly consumption of acetylene. The filler wire used for gas welding is the same as used for arc welding electrodes. Sv-08, Sv-08A wires are used for gas welding of low-carbon steel. For welding cast iron, special cast iron rods with increased m carbon and silicon. When gas welding cast iron, non-ferrous metals and some special steels fluxes are used that are added to the weld pool to dissolve oxides and formation of fusible slag, floating to the surface. Fluxes are used in the form of powders and pastes applied to the base or filler metal. For welding copper and its alloys acid fluxes are used (borax, borax with boric acid) for welding aluminum alloys. oxygen-free fluxes based on fluorine, chloride salts of lithium, potassium, sodium and calcium. When welding brass they provide metered supply of gas flux (boric acid ether) into the welding pool through the acetylene channel of the torch. When flux burns in the flame boric anhydride is produced, which binds zinc oxides, resulting in slag build-up on the surface, preventing zinc burn-up. One of the main technological differences between gas welding and arc welding is a smoother and slower heating of the metal. In some cases, this is a disadvantage of gas welding, in others it is an advantage and determines the field of application. - steels of small thickness (0,2-5 mm); - non-ferrous metals; - metals that require gradual soft heating (e.g., tool steels); - metals that require heating during welding (cast iron and special steels). On the other hand, the relatively slow heating of the metal by the gas flame reduces the welding productivity with increasing metal thickness. In addition, during slow heating a large volume of the base metal surrounding the weld pool is heated, which causes significant deformation (warping) of the products. Delayed heating also causes a prolonged stay of the metal in a zone of high temperatures, which leads to overheating, grain enlargement and reduced mechanical properties of the metal. This limits the use of gas welding and makes it technically impractical for large building structures.

Database systems are useful for storing and retrieving records, but they can also summarize your data in more forms. Summaries are useful when you want the overall picture rather than the details. They're also typically more readily than a long list of records. Summary techniques enable you to answer questions such as "How many?" or "What is the total?" or "What is the range of values?" If you're running a business, you may want to know how many customers you have in each state, or how much sales volume you're generating each month. You could determine the per-state count by producing a list of customer records and counting them yourself, but that makes no sense when MySQL can count them for you. Similarly, to determine sales volume by month, a list of raw order information records is not useful if you have to add up the order amounts yourself. Let MySQL do it. The examples just mentioned two common summary types. The first (the number of customer records per state) is a counting summary. The content of each record is important only for purposes of placing it into the proper or category for counting. Such summaries are histograms, where you items into a set of and count the number of items in each bin. The second example (sales volume per month) is an instance of a summary that's based on the contents of recordssales totals are computed from sales values in individual order records. Yet another kind of summary produces counts nor sums, but simply a list of unique values. This is useful if you don't care how many instances of each value are present, but only values are present. If you want to know the states in which you have customers, you want a list of the distinct state contained in the records, not a list consisting of the state value from every record. Sometimes it's even useful to apply one summary technique to the result of another summary. For example, to determine how many states your customers live in, generate a list of unique customer states, and then count them. The type of summaries that you generate may depend on the kind of data you're working with. A counting summary can be generated from any kind of values, whether they be , strings, or dates. For summaries that involve sums or averages, only numeric values can be used. You can count instances of customer state names to produce a demographic analysis of your customer base, but you cannot add or average state namesthat doesn't make sense. Summary operations in MySQL involve the following SQL constructs: To compute a summary value from a set of individual values, use one of the functions known as . These are so called because they on aggregates (groups) of values. Aggregate functions include , which counts rows or values in a query result; , which find smallest and largest values; and , which produce sums and means of values. These functions can be used to compute a value for the entire result set, or with a clause to group the rows into and obtain an aggregate value for each one. To obtain a list of unique values, use To count how many distinct values there are, use The recipes in this chapter first illustrate basic summary techniques, and then show how to perform more complex summary operations. You'll find additional examples of summary in later chapters, particularly those that cover joins and statistical operations. (See Chapters Chapter 12 and Chapter 13.) Summary queries sometimes involve complex expressions. For summaries that you execute often, keep in mind that views can make queries easier to use. Section 3.12 the basic technique of creating a view. Section 8.1 shows how it applies to summary simplification, and you'll see easily how it can be used in later sections of the chapter as well. The primary tables used for examples in this chapter are the tables. These were also used heavily in Chapter 7, so they should look familiar. A third table used recurrently throughout the chapter is , which has rows containing a few of information for each of the United States: SELECT * FROM states ORDER BY name; name abbrev statehood pop Alabama AL 1819-12-14 4530182 Alaska AK 1959-01-03 655435 Arizona AZ 1912-02-14 5743834 Arkansas AR 1836-06-15 2752629 California CA 1850-09-09 35893799 Colorado CO 1876-08-01 4601403 Connecticut CT 1788-01-09 3503604 columns list the full state name and the corresponding abbreviation. The column indicates the day on which the state entered the Union. is the state population as of July, 2004, as by the U.S. Census Bureau. This chapter uses other tables occasionally as well. You can create most of them with the scripts found in the directory of the distribution. Section 5.15 describes the

These posters or anchor charts, are perfect for a math bulletin board that you can refer to daily and review: fractions, colors, patterns, telling time, fact families, money, tally marks, ordinal numbers, measurement with a ruler, +1 addition, sequencing numbers, counting groups and sets of objects, and using a ten frame for addition or subtraction. Make a few extra sets so that students can make puzzles and play games. I’ve included a blank puzzle grid to make this easier, as well as a tip list of other ways you can use the posters. There’s also greater and less than symbols, so you can cover yet another standard. Click on the link to get this fun FREEBIE: Anchor Chart Number Posters. From Diane, over at TeachWithMe.com Leave a Reply

White Mulberry, Morus alba China is well known for its silk and paper, and the country’s native white mulberry tree plays a key role in the development of each. Silk is produced by the larvae of the Bombyx mori moth, which depend on mulberry leaves as their only source of nutrition. Legend has it that Lady His-Ling-Shih, wife of the mythical Yellow Emperor, invented silkworm rearing (sericulture) around 3000 BC, yet archeological discoveries—such as 6,000-year-old pottery bearing silkworm designs—show that sericulture has been a part of Chinese culture for thousands of years prior to that. In 104 ce, Ts’ai Lun invented paper by combining the inner bark of a mulberry tree with bamboo fibers, adding water, and pounding the mixture with a wooden tool. He spread the mixture onto a flat woven cloth to let the water drain through. Once dry, he found he had made an easy and lightweight writing surface. Although paper today is made with a variety of different plants—from bamboo and hemp to rice—mulberry bark was the first fiber used. The mulberry tree also factors in Chinese medicine. The twigs, berries, and root bark of the mulberry are used to clear the liver and relieve “wind-heat syndromes” such as fever, cough, eye irritation, and headaches. It was through sericulture that the white mulberry tree was introduced to North America during the early colonial period. Over time, it hybridized with the red mulberry tree native to the eastern United States. Sen Traditional Chinese Medicine. “Mulberry Leaf.” Computersmiths.com. “History of Chinese Invention: The Invention of Paper.” California Rare Fruit Growers. “Mulberry.” The Silk Road Foundation: “The History of Silk.”

In a new study, researchers have concluded that the majority of circumbinary planets must have formed much further away from the central binary stars and then migrated to their current location. The researchers arrived at this conclusion after carrying out computer simulations of the early stages of planet formation around the binary stars. They used a model to calculate the effect of gravity and physical collisions on and between one million planetary building blocks. Read more in Astrophysical Journal Letters. S Lines et al., Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2014. DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/782/1/L11

In 2012, the Canadian government commissioned a new portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, by artist Phil Richards, to celebrate her 60 year reign. As the features of Elizabeth II are revealed gradually under the brush of the artist, we discover who she is and what she represents for Canadians. Interviews with specialists allow us to discover the main workings of the Canadian Constitutional Monarchy, and the enduring bonds between the Queen and Canada. The film also highlights the 2011 royal tour with the Duke and the Duchess of Cambridge and the last visit of Her Majesty the Queen in 2010. Elizabeth II and Canada, a Portrait is presented in its full length and in 4 thematic chapters that could be viewed individually: (4 x 13 min.) 1. Elizabeth II and the Royal Tours 2. From Queen Victoria to Elizabeth II: Traditions and Canadian Identity 3. Canada: a Consitutional Monarchy 4. Elizabeth II: 60 Years of Dedication Check out our advanced search for all our videos

Does a Car's A/C Freon Eventually Run Out?by Tom King Most car owners simply accept the fact that the Freon™ in their automobile's air-conditioning system will have to be recharged periodically, as though this were an inevitability. Many drivers assume their air-conditioning system consumes coolant oil much as the engine uses fuel. Actually, a car's air-conditioning system can run for years without recharging if properly maintained. Freon is the brand name of a type of air-conditioning refrigerant gas manufactured by DuPont Chemicals. Other brands of R-22 refrigerant gas are made by other manufacturers. Over the years the chemical structure of these refrigerant gases like R-12 or R-14 have been replaced in general usage in response to environmental regulations by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Your car's air-conditioning system compresses refrigerant gases into a liquid, then releases the gas through a radiator-like evaporator coil. The sudden expansion of the gas chills the evaporator coils. This draws heat from air passing over the coils and out through the air-conditioner vents inside the car, cooling the interior of the vehicle. Refrigerant gas does not “wear out” like oil nor is it used up like fuel. In a properly sealed system the gas can continue being compressed and released over and over, so long as it doesn't leak out. Causes of Gas Loss The inside of an engine compartment, where the air-conditioning system operates, subjects the hoses and connections of the system to extremes of temperature and vibration, as well as contact with pollution, road grime, fuel, oil, and abrasive and corrosive substances. Over time, these factors break down the hoses and connections, causing the pressurized refrigerant gas to leak out. Symptoms of Gas Loss You will likely first notice refrigerant gas loss when your air conditioner stops cooling as well as it should. At low levels, the evaporator coils can ice up. Refrigerant gas often has a dye tag that may show up around hoses and connections as a red fluid. Chronic low levels of refrigerant gas can cause the air-conditioner compressor to heat up and damage it permanently. A relatively small loss of refrigerant gas can reduce the efficiency of your air-conditioning system dramatically. A 10-percent loss of refrigerant gas can reduce the efficacy of your air conditioner by 20 percent or more. You can prevent this loss by having your system checked annually prior to the start of hot weather. Have lost refrigerant gas replaced by professionals. Overcharging the system can be as damaging as chronic refrigerant gas loss. Some auto AC professionals recommend evacuating the system and refilling it every three to four years in order to test for leaks. Bear in mind that federal -- and many state -- laws prohibit the knowing release of Freon into the atmosphere. If your car has a leak, you are legally obligated to have the leak repaired before recharging the system. - Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images

Last week important works of literature, history and philosophy by world-renowned writers and scholars such as Leslie Marmon Silko, Sherman Alexie, Ofelia Zepeda, Paulo Freire, Rodolfo Acuña, Carmen Tafolla and others were removed from classrooms and some libraries in the Tucson Unified School District (TUSD). The perspectives and insights about diverse ethnic, racial and gender communities contained in these works as well as the penetrating visions of human community they offer contribute in Arizona, as they do elsewhere, to cultivating in students appreciation for difference and diversity, knowledge of wide-ranging ideas and fearlessness in engaging with the ideas of others. The TUSD Board’s action in banning and removing these works, in contrast, promotes fear and suspicion about select ethnic and racial groups and fear of free and democratic discussion and debate. Such attitudes have no place in the public school system that serves ALL children. The Tucson Unified School District in compliance with the State of Arizona Revised Statutes Sections 15-111 and 15-112 (formerly House Bill 2281 that was signed into law May 11, 2010) eliminated its Mexican American Studies (MAS) Program, resulting in the subsequent removal of textbooks and books on the MAS Program Reading List. Some of the banned and removed books are allowed in other classrooms, but not ethnic studies, making this a highly discriminatory action about who gets to teach. Why is a Mexican American Studies teacher prevented from teaching The Tempest but an English teacher is not? The removal of books amounts to censorship that undermines the United States’ commitment to democracy. While the Board argues that the new legislation was intended to promote unity, the effect is to reject multiculturalism and pave a path back to Jim Crow practices of segregation and racism where the culture and values of ethnic groups go unrecognized in public education. Research has shown that multicultural education that addresses the history and identity of ethnic minorities in fact closes the achievement gap between white students and students of color.[i] Mujeres Activas en Letras y Cambio Social (MALCS), a national professional association of Chicanas, Latinas, Native American and Indigenous women, calls on the Tucson Unified School District Board to reverse the decision to ban books from Tucson schools. MALCS encourages efforts to intervene through the use of non-violent tactics in order to guarantee democracy and freedom of expression. We appeal to all: - To send letters and email messages supporting Arizona State Rep. Sally Gonzales’ HB 2654 that would repeal the ban on ethnic studies in Arizona: [email protected] - Sign the petition on The National Black Education Agenda: https://signon.org/sign/repeal-the-arizona-governmen - Work to pass resolutions in your associations and organizations opposing the elimination of ethnic studies and censorship of Latin@ faculty and students in Arizona - Write to the Educational Opportunities Section of the U.S. Department of Civil Rights requesting that they investigate Arizona state superintendent of public instruction John Huppenthal, who has disregarded independent consultant reports on the value of the Mexican American Studies Program in Tucson. By e-mail to [email protected] By telephone at (202) 514-4092 or 1-877-292-3804 (toll-free) [i] University Relations and Marketing › News & Research Communications, “New Arizona Law Could Be Detrimental To Students, According To OSU Researchers,” 5-12-10 https://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2010/may/new-arizona-law-could-be-detrimental-students-according-osu-researchers

Glossary of Font & Type Terminology This page contains a collection of useful type and font related terms. ascender – The portion of lowercase letters which ascends above the x-height, as found in the letters b, d, f, h, k, l. ascent – The vertical space above the baseline within which glyphs can be rendered without clipping. baseline – The vertical origin upon which capital and non-descending lowercase letters sit. Big 5 – A de facto, Taiwanese character set used for Traditional Chinese. bitmap – An array of pixels which describe the shape of a glyph. bowl – The round or elliptical portion of letters such as C, D, O, a, b, e, o and p. cap height – The height of capital letters such as H, O and X. CFF – OpenType (.OTF) font compression / storage technology - used to store the font data within a .otf font file. character – The smallest component of written language which has semantic value. character set – A list of characters, typically expressed as Unicode values, which defines the required character support for a font in a particular environment. CID format – A Postscript-based font format which can support a large number (max 65,536) of characters. CJK – A collective term referring to the common features of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean writing systems. clipping – The truncation of a glyph on one or more sides because its shape exceeds some font-wide metric. code page – A defined set of characters typically associated with an operating system, and its locale. For example, CP1252 is the Windows Latin code page. counter – The negative space within a letter, surrounded by positive elements such as stems, bowls and serifs. descender – The portion of lowercase letters which descends below the baseline, as found in the letters g, j, p, q, y. descent – The vertical space below the baseline within which glyphs can be rendered without clipping. dingbat – A decorative pi character which is not a letter or mathematical symbol, but more likely a pictogram or icon. Common dingbats include decorative arrows, pointing hands, vehicles, etc,. display fonts – Display fonts are generally bolder or more 'extravagant' font designs for use in headlines or at larger point sizes. Generally speaking, Display fonts are those not suitable for large blocks of text (body text). em – A measurement which is equal to the point size of a font. In the days of lead type this was typically a square within which the uppercase “M” of a text face was designed to fit. The ‘em square’ is thus the theoretical design space within which a typeface is typically drawn. - Not allowed: May not be embedded within documents. - Print and Preview: May only be embedded within documents for the purpose of previewing and printing the document. No editing or adding of text within that font is allowed. - Editable: The font may be embedded within a document and the document text can then be edited in that same font. - Installable: Fonts with an installable embedding permission may be embedded in electronic documents for viewing, printing and editing - these fonts can also, however, be permanently installed on the computer that receives document containing the embedded font. en – Half the size of an em. encoding – A method of organizing a character set or glyph repertoire. See also code page. ePub (electronic publication) / eBooks – ePub is a free and open e-book standard. ePub files have the extension '.epub'. There are many revisions of the ePub standard, the most recent (as of May 2013) of which is 3.0. 3.0 is important to Monotype as it added the ability for ePub documents to contain custom embedded fonts using CSS @font-face (.woff and .otf). Previous to this, ePub documents were reliant on a set of pre-installed fonts on whatever device the book was being read. fleuron – A pi character which is typically based upon or suggestive of flowers or leaves. font – A collection of glyphs and other data which render a given typeface. Gaiji characters – In general, the term can be used for any symbols not supported by a particular Japanese character set. However, most often the term is used in reference to kanji characters. glyph – The graphical representation of one or more characters. Han characters – The characters of the Chinese writing system whose origin is directly traceable to pictographic symbols. Also known as ideographs. Hangul – The Korean alphabet. Hanja – The Korean name for Chinese characters. Hanzi – The Mandarin Chinese name for Chinese characters. Hei – The common Chinese name for Gothic style. hint – Any code or data which when interpreted by a font rasterizer will improve the resulting bitmap. hinting – The process by which hints are developed for a font. Hints can be developed manually, automatically or a combination of the two. Automatically generated hints generally only provide modest improvements, whereas manual editing can allow for significant improvements at small sizes. Hiragana – One of the syllabic alphabets used in writing Japanese. Hiragana is most commonly used for the variable grammatical elements in Japanese sentences, as well as for words which have no kanji symbols. See also katakana and kana. ideograph – A character which can symbolize whole words or concepts rather than just a sound. Ideographs are used in the Chinese, Japanese and Korean script systems. Kana – The collective name for the two syllabic alphabets (hiragana & katakana) used in writing Japanese. Kanji – The Japanese name for Chinese characters. Also written as 'kanzi'. Katakana – One of the syllabic alphabets used in writing Japanese. Katakana is most commonly used for foreign words and names. See also hiragana and kana. kern – The adjustment of horizontal space between two glyphs. In metal type, the portion of a letter which hangs over the edge of the type body. leading – The vertical distance between lines of text. Historically this was expressed as points of lead (white space) inserted bewteen lines of text, such as 12 point type with 2 points leading, or "12 on 14". In digital type, the default leading of a font is determined by one of several different sets of values known as "vertical metrics". ligature – Two or more characters represented on a single glyph. Common ligatures include “fi” and “fl”. linegap – A vertical metric which adds white space between the bottom of the descent and the top of the following ascent. lining figures – Numerals which have a common height, and thus align vertically with one another. metrics – The generic term for any font or glyph measurements used in the setting of text. Horizontal metrics include advance widths, side bearings and kerning. Vertical metrics include ascent, descent and line gap dimensions. metric compatibility – The concept of creating a font whose metrics may match an existing typeface for the purposes of preventing document reflow when changing fonts. mincho – Category of typefaces used to display Chinese characters that are used in the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages. ming – A distinctive printed style of Chinese script that was developed during the Ming Dynasty. monospace – Monospace fonts are fonts where all letters and characters are the same width (see below). These are commonly used for programming interfaces and so on. Myeongjo – A common style in Korean fonts which is considered stylistically similar to serif fonts such as Times New Roman. oldstyle figures – Numerals which vary in height such that 6, 8 and 9 ascend above the x-height and 3, 4, 5, 7 descend below the baseline. OpenType – A scalable font format (ISO/IEC 14496-22) developed by Microsoft and Adobe, which brings together TrueType and Adobe’s CFF PostScript into a single standard, capable of rich and complex typography. OpenType Pro – The OpenType Pro category has an extended Latin character set. It contains all the language support found in the OpenType Std format plus additions for major Central European, Turkish and Baltic languages and some languages from elsewhere that use Latin characters. This information is specifically related to our Intellectual Property (Monotype, Linotype, ITC). outline – One or more contours which describe the resolution-independent, idealized shape of a glyph. pica – A typographical measurement equal to 12 points. There are 6 picas per inch. pi character – Any generic or decorative glyph or symbol which is not properly associated with a specific typeface, but rather could be used with most any typeface. pixel – A picture element. Previously thought to be the smallest controllable element on a screen or printer, this is no longer the case when considering ClearType™ or other sub-pixel rendering techniques. point – A typographic unit of measure. 72 points = 1 inch. point size – The size of a font measured in points. PostScript – A page description language. The term “PostScript font” is commonly used to describe Adobe’s Type 1 font format, or CFF (Compressed Font Format). ppem (Pixels Per Em) – The standard resolution-independent measure of type size. sans serif – A classification of typefaces which have no serifs. script – A set of graphical symbols and their rules for use to represent one or more languages. serif – A flare or spur at the end of a stroke. A category of typefaces which exhibit serifs. Simplified Chinese – The standardized set of characters and shape of characters in use within mainland China. See also “traditional Chinese.” song – A distinctive printed style of Chinese script that was developed during the Song Dynasty. sub-pixel – The smallest controllable element on a screen or printer. A typical RGB screen has each pixel made of 3 sub-pixels: red, blue & green. subsetting / dynamic subsetting– In the context of fonts, Subsetting is the process of removing characters from a font file to leave only the characters required. Dynamic Subsetting refers to this process being performed 'on the fly' using our webfont service. When a webpage with our font is loaded, our code analyses the page and receives a list of all unique characters used on the page - a font file is then generated which contains only these characters and is delivered to the browser. This can only be used for CJK (Chinese / Japanese / Korean) fonts where the file size can be up to 30MB. The typical file size after subsetting is usually around 30KB, resulting in a massive reduction in font download time. Sung – A common style in Chinese fonts which is considered stylistically similar to serif fonts such as Times New Roman. swash – A decorative terminus on a glyph, generally applied to make the shape more elegant or florid. symbol font – A pi font which typically uses a symbol encoding rather than a Unicode encoding. tabular figures – Numerals which are all designed to the same width to facilitate setting of tabular matter, or columns of figures. terminal – The name given to the end of strokes which have no serifs. Terminals generally fall into one of the following categories: ball, beak and teardrop. tracking – The amount of distance between characters on a line of text (a.k.a letter spacing). Not to be confused with 'Kerning', which deals with the spacing between individual characters (not the line of text as a whole). Traditional Chinese – The standardized set of characters and shape of characters in use within Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau. See also “simplified Chinese.” TrueType – A common font format invented by Apple Computer for their System 7.0 and adopted by Microsoft in Windows 3.1. TrueType is now a part of OpenType. typeface – A collection of typographic characters (letters, numerals, punctuation, symbols) designed to be used together, and produced as one or more fonts. Unicode – The Unicode standard is an encoding scheme (ISO/IEC 10646) used to uniquely identify characters, independent of language, region or code page. W1G / WGL (WGL4) / Paneuropean Fonts (WGL4) – WGL and W1G have more or less the same language coverage but not the same character set. Significantly both WGL and W1G include Greek and Cyrillic which are not normally included in OT-Pro and OT-Com. Greek coverage is modern Greek but not Polytonic. Cyrillic coverage is Russian, Byelorussian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Bulgarian and Macedonian plus a number of minor dialects but not other major Cyrillic languages such as Kazak, Uzbek etc. W1G is also referred to as Paneuropean in some font listings. - WOFF (Web Open Font Format): This is the most widely used and supported webfont format at present. It is essentially a container for the font data which means that it cannot be installed on a desktop PC and is only useable inside the web browser. - EOT (Embedded OpenType): This is a Microsoft font format used in Internet Explorer web browsers. This format is not supported by any other major web browser. - TTF (TrueType Font): This is a standard TrueType font, however, when providing these as webfonts, our webfonts service removes certain elements from within the font to ensure that the font cannot be installed on a desktop machine and only works within a web browser. - SVG (Scaleable Vector Graphic): This is not technically a font format, however, it is often used to store font outlines and is supplied with our webfonts service to support some older mobile web browsers. x-height – The height of lowercase letters which do not ascend, such as n, o and x.

This CD contains action songs and games. The activities are varied, balanced and flexible. They are educationally worthwhile experiences, involving a variety of learning strategies and including both fine and gross motor movements. Basic addition and subtraction facts are presented in a cheerful and lyrical style. Students will enjoy singing the songs and learning the basics. Musical response quizzes add to the participation and interactivity. Sums to 18. For Grade 1. This fun-filled sprightly album helps primary grade children and ESL students acquire essential vocabulary and make it their own through singing and total movement participation. This new recording features call and response songs, listening, opposites, counting, and color reinforcement. A rich assortment of songs about animals and how they move encourages children to explore a wide range of creative movements: from the slow turtle to the quick rabbit; from the light, delicate butterfly to the heavy hippopotamus. Update your Rhythm Instrument programs and movement activities with Hap's original music and guide. Activities are suggested for each selection. Brighten up old routines and create new ones with this easy-to-use musical assortment. These four Hap Palmer videos not only entertain and fascinate children but they also provide movement activities that are highly regarded by early childhood specialists! Each video has received many awards including the Parents Choice, Kids First, Cindy, NY Festivals, and others! Children explore basic motor skills in an enjoyable, relaxed way. These activities are easy enough for very young children while suggested challenges stimulate older children. Skills include: balance, locomotor and axial movements, eye-hand coordination, spatial and body awareness, and relaxation. Another delightful production from Hap Palmer. Sammy, has been delighting children for more than twenty years. Now Sammy and other favorites from Getting to Know Myself come to life in this movement participation video - featuring a rainbow of children stretching, jumping discovering the joy of movement! Great for all ages.

One of the topics we like to cover here at i-lawsuit is dangerous drugs and pharmaceuticals. Today the media world has been abuzz with notice from the FBI stating two letters addressed to Senator Roger Wicker (R) and President Obama from Memphis, TN tested positive for the poison Ricin. But what IS Ricin? Ricin is a naturally occuring protein from the castor oil plant Ricinus communis. The protein is found in the seeds of the plant and is protected by a thick, almost impervious shell. These beans are usually hidden inside the flesh of the red spiny fruit, with each one containing a single bean that drops when the fruit dies. In order to be toxic the protein must be ingested, injected or inhaled. Ricin causes death by inhibiting the production of protein, thus death is slow and occurs 3-5 days after ingestion. Signs of sickness will begin within a day, and include severe diarrhea and shock. Although antidotes exist for riacin poisoning, long-term organ damage is likely. To be most potent, Ricin must be directly injected in to skin. With direct blood and tissue contact only a few grains as big as a few pieces of salt can be lethal to an adult. When ingested several milligrams must be consumed. One of the most famous cases involving ricin poisoning was the assassination of Georgi Makov, aBulgarian born writer and journalist for the BBC World Service. He was targeted by the Bulgarian secret police for publicly voicing his dissatisfaction with the regime. Bulgarian officials enlisted the help of the KGB, the primary enforcement agency for the Soviet Union. Assassins loaded a manufactured shell filled with ricin in to the tip of an umbrella and fired the shell in to Makov’s leg while walking down a busy London street. The shell was the size of a pinhead, and was not found until an autopsy several days after the incident. The design was sophisticated, and had two holes covered with a “surgery substance” that melted at human body temperature. This kept the ricin inside the shell and allowed it to flow out in to the body once it had hit its target. Uses for Ricin Scientists are currently experimenting with ricin to see if it can be altered to kill cancer cells. Ricin, by nature, is a protein and as such it can be bonded to an antibody that recognizes and attacks malignant cells. Ricin has also been considered as a possible agent in chemical warfare. During WWI the United States considered dusting pellets with Ricin to make them especially toxic to enemies, but reconsidered the idea as it violated international treaties and laws of warfare established at the Hague Convention forbidding the use of, “poison or poisoned arms.”

With winter well underway, so is the potential for young adults to develop seasonal depression. Each year, seasonal depression affects around 5 percent of adults in the U.S., according to Sarah Longe, a behavioral health therapist with IU Health. “Typically, seasonal depression begins between the ages of 18 to 30,” Longe said. “Between seasonal and regular depression, it just depends on when the episodes happen. For people with regular depression, the seasonal aspect of depression can be part of it. However, seasonal depression isn’t typically diagnosed as regular depression.” Symptoms of seasonal depression are similar to “regular depression,” Longe said. Symptoms such as reclusion, lack of interest and general sadness that interferes with everyday life are tell-tale signs of depression. The difference between seasonal and “regular” depression is that the seasonal variation occurs through winter. “January and February tend to be the most difficult months for people,” Longe said. “There’s less sunlight, the days are gray, and it gets dark by 5:30 (p.m.). That can be rough for most people. I also think the excitement of the holidays is over, so there’s that post-holiday crash. Plus, it’s cold, so people tend to stay indoors and are less active.” A range of products, from artificial sunlight lamps to health supplements, can help as prevention tools. Longe recommends the former based on feedback from her patients. “There’s light therapy, which you can get one that’s called HappyLight on Amazon,” Longe said. “It projects bright, indirect light in a room, and it’s recommended that you do that for 20 to 30 minutes every day. I have patients that swear by it.” Longe also recommends that seasonal depression sufferers settle into a healthy daily routine. “A good diet and exercise can help, too,” Longe said. “Really, connecting to others is a great way to fight against seasonal depression. That’s something I’ll do with patients is talk about what they’ll be doing during the months and what they’re looking forward to – hobbies to do, friends to see.” For those whose depression is worsened by the season, Longe advises finding a therapist and keeping the suicide hotline number, 988, on hand. “If you’re struggling, find a good therapist, if needed,” Longe said. “You can find a list of providers on your insurance company’s website. And if you’re having thoughts of harming yourself, there’s also a crisis line by dialing 988.” For more, visit iuhealth.org.

Rabbi Sacks: Friend to the Educators BY DR. DANIEL ROSE It is hard to believe it has been a year already since we lost our Rav. The feelings of bereavement and loss without his guiding voice has hardly lessened. So many have and will continue to write about the impact he made on their lives and the wider world. I would like to focus on the impact of Rabbi Sacks on my profession, as a Jewish educator. Champion of Jewish education Jewish education as a core and central value in Judaism permeated all of his writings, from his weekly Covenant & Conversation to his most sophisticated and universal philosophical volumes.1 In Rabbi Sacks’ words, “for Jews, education is not just what we know. It’s who we are.”2 He was deeply proud of the role he played in the exponential growth in Jewish schools in Britain during his tenure as Chief Rabbi. Of all the titles he deservedly held, he was proudest of the title ‘Rabbi’, which he explained in its essence means simply ‘teacher.’ He wrote extensively on the role of Jewish education in history, which he noted was a universal right in Jewish civilization 18 centuries before Britain became the first country in the world to legislate universal compulsory education. He believed that this was the secret of Jewish survival and continuity. For Rabbi Sacks, educators are the heroes of the Jewish people: “The people who really shape our life.”3 It was always Rabbi Sacks’ sincere wish to be a resource to Jewish educators across the world, and his efforts on this front intensified during his last years when he commissioned several projects aimed at younger and broader audiences.4 A role model educator Rabbi Sacks was an exemplary role model to Jewish educators. As Gila, his daughter, noted on the occasion of his being awarded the Templeton Prize in 2016, he embodied the statement of Ben Zoma “Who is wise? He who learns from every person.”5 He found spiritual and religious relevance in all areas of knowledge and culture, from secular philosophy to behavioural economics, from Beethoven to Eminem, and from contemporary cinema to sports. Rabbi Sacks also modelled creative pedagogy, including masterful storytelling, the strategic use of humour, the communication of complex ideas in diverse ways for diverse audiences and the harnessing of the most up-to-date technology to spread his ideas. As any educator knows only too well, no one approach to religious development will fit all. Despite epitomising an intellectual approach to Judaism, Rabbi Sacks also advocated other more spiritual and emotional paths to G-d. For example, he often spoke of music as the language of the soul, taking us to places that words, as the language of the mind, are not able to. In the weeks and months since his death so many stories of Rabbi Sacks as a personal ethical role model have been shared, painting a picture of a true mensch who made himself available to anyone that sought him out. This may be the most important lesson he modelled for Jewish educators. Big picture Judaism For me, the most important contribution Rabbi Sacks made to my work was his thought itself. I often work with young Jews who struggle to find personal meaning in their Jewish education on offer to them; all too frequently they are only taught to see the trees, but not the forest. Rabbi Sacks’ thought presents a ‘big picture Judaism’ that gives a broader meaning to Jewish life. He dedicated many books and speeches to address the simple question “why be Jewish?” He gave us a philosophy of mitzvot that help us understand the bigger picture behind the minutiae of halachah. And he showed that Judaism is not only about building a personal relationship with G-d, but also about our national mission and our people’s contribution to the broader world. Rabbi Sacks has left us so many rich resources to help our work, as educators and parents. Now we must live up to his example, and continue his legacy. 1 For example, an entire chapter in his book The Dignity of Difference. 2 Letters to the Next Generation, Letter 4: Jewish Education. 3 From Optimism to Hope (Bloomsbury Continuum, 2004), p. 132. 4 Continuing this is a central element of the vision of the work of The Rabbi Sacks Legacy Trust. 5 Avot, 4:1. (See the transcript of Gila’s speech on page 18.) Dr. Daniel Rose is Director of Education at The Rabbi Sacks Legacy Trust.

While the mechanisms of evolution are still under investigation, scientists universally accept that the cosmos, our planet, and life evolved and continue to evolve. Yet the teaching of evolution to schoolchildren is still contentious. In Science and Creationism, The National Academy of Sciences states unequivocally that creationism has no place in any science curriculum at any level. Briefly and clearly, this booklet explores the nature of science, reviews the evidence for the origin of the universe and earth, and explains the current scientific understanding of biological evolution. This edition includes new insights from astronomy and molecular biology. Attractive in presentation and authoritative in content, Science and Creationism will be useful to anyone concerned about America's scientific literacy: education policymakers, school boards and administrators, curriculum designers, librarians, teachers, parents, and students. Table of Contents |The Origin of the Universe, Earth, and Life||3-8| |Evidence Supporting Biological Evolution||9-22| |Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions||27-30| The National Academies Press and the Transportation Research Board have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to offer a variety of options for reusing our content. You may request permission to: For most Academic and Educational uses no royalties will be charged although you are required to obtain a license and comply with the license terms and conditions. For information on how to request permission to translate our work and for any other rights related query please click here. For questions about using the Copyright.com service, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center 22 Rosewood Drive Danvers, MA 01923 Tel (toll free): 855/239-3415 (select option 1) Loading stats for Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, Second Edition...