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The White House announced opposition to increasing aid for Israel’s missile defense program on Tuesday, rejecting a congressional proposal made over a month ago. The White House’s Office of Management and Budget submitted an official letter to Congress on Tuesday opposing “the addition of $455 million above the FY 2017 Budget request for Israeli missile defense procurement and cooperative development programs.” The House of Representatives submitted a proposal to provide Israel with $600 million in U.S. funding for its defense missile program, a $455 million increase in government funding for the 2017 budget. Last month, the Senate Appropriations Committee submitted the proposal for the increased budget. The request for increased funds followed extensive lobbying efforts by the State of Israel and pro-Israel lobbyist groups, mainly American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). Under the current memorandum of understanding between Israel and the U.S., signed in 2007, Israel receives a total of $30 billion in aid over a ten-year period, set to expire in 2018. In the letter submitted to Congress, the Obama Administration claimed: “At a time when ISIL [ISIS] continues to threaten the homeland and our allies, the bill does not fully fund wartime operations. Instead the bill would redirect $16 billion of Overseas Contingency Operations funds toward base budget programs that the Department of Defense (DOD) did not request, shortchanging funding for ongoing wartime operations midway through the year. Not only is this approach dangerous but it is also wasteful. The bill would buy excess force structure without the money to sustain it, effectively creating a hollow force structure that would undermine DOD’s efforts to restore readiness.” AIPAC responded critically to the White House. “We are disappointed in the White House’s decision and criticism of Congress for funding US-Israel missile defense cooperation. These cooperative programs – including the Arrow, David’s Sling, and Iron Dome – are critical for Israel’s defense against a growing array of missile threats and make an important contribution to US missile defense programs. We applaud Congress for consistently supporting these key programs, and urge their full funding in both the FY 2017 National Defense Authorization and Appropriations Acts.” Amir Tsarfati, a Jewish Christian, is the founder and president of Behold Israel, a news site to correct the scarcity in trustworthy reportage on issues and events impacting Israel, and to resolve the uncertainty about who or what to believe. The views expressed in opinion articles are solely those of the author and are not necessarily either shared or endorsed by Black Community News.
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I think that it is best for law departments to use the evaluation form that prevails throughout their company. Yes, it does not apply in many respects to evaluations of professionals, but it is better to stay in sync. Consistency allows HR to evaluate the pay and grades of the law department against the same distributions in other staff units (See my post of Jan. 23, 2006 about matching lawyers to their clients by grade.) Some law departments prepare a supplemental page that has space for evaluations and considerations that are unique to the law department.
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Abstract We propose that the underlying context of holographic duality and the Ryu-Takayanagi formula is that the volume measure of spacetime is a probability measure constrained by quantum dynamics. We define quantum stochastic processes using joint quantum distributions which are realized in a quantum system as expectation values of products of projectors. In anti-de Sitter JT gravity, we show that Einstein's equations arise from the evolution of probability under the quantum stochastic process induced by the boundary, with the area of compactified space in the gravitational theory identified as a probability density evolving under the quantum process. Extrapolating these and related results in flat JT gravity found in [SciPost Phys. 15, 174 (2023)], we conjecture that general relativity arises in the semi-classical limit of the evolution of probability with respect to quantum stochastic processes.
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Is OpenAI, its ChatGPT service, taking market share from Google? Well, maybe. Rand Fishkin of Sparktoro posted his assumptions based on a mix of data from SimilarWeb and Datos that says ChatGPT's current market share is 4.33% - that is from October 2024 data. So ChatGPT is 4.33%, while Google is 83.54%, then YouTube 6.79%, Bing at 1.97% and Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Reddit, Pinterest, and Perplexity all combined is 3.37%. Rand said on X, if we assume (1) every LLM prompt is a "search", (2) desktop + mobile web traffic, excluding apps, is close enough and mixing data from multiple panels is kosher, then here is the chart he shared: And then at BrightonSEO, Marcus Tober from Semrush shared a slide that assumes ChatGPT has continued growth of 13% MoM growth rate. It would then catch up to Google in four years. I am a bit skeptical on this but hey, I would love to be wrong. Here are those posts: Here's a projection of what this looks like over the next 4 years pic.twitter.com/f3eeYhk2SQ — John Dietrich 🚀 (@John_Dietrich1) November 20, 2024 Here is more data from Marcus: Do you think this is possible? Forum discussion at X.
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Google is testing showing Local Service Ads directly in the Google local pack. They are labeled as sponsored, but they can now show at the top of bottom of the local pack. Len Raleigh spotted this change and posted some examples on X and then Anthony Higman also confirmed it is new and posted other examples on X. Anthony added that he "started seeing them for branded search with firms with multiple locations a couple of weeks back. But have NOT seen them on an unbranded search on the main map pack. Wild times." Here is Len's screenshot: When you click on it, you see this: In contrast, this is what I see for a similar query, with the LSA section above the local pack: Here is Anthony Higman's screenshot: This is a big deal for local packs, local SEO, and local ads. Unbranded search on mobile. Just tested several cities and niches. — Len (@lenraleigh) November 25, 2024 Houston Plumber: pic.twitter.com/guCXt8hhJ1 Forum discussion at X.
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Google has updated its site reputation abuse policy to expand what is included in abuse. It now includes third-party content that has first-party involvement or content oversight. Google also dropped a mention of the starkly different content algorithm but made no mention that site reputation abuse is enforced algorithmically—so it must still be only through manual actions. In fact, a nice number of sites were served manual actions last night and those sections of their sites were removed the the index (see blow for more on that). The updated site reputation abuse policy now says: Site reputation abuse is the practice of publishing third-party pages on a site in an attempt to abuse search rankings by taking advantage of the host site's ranking signals. Chris Nelson from the Google Search Quality team directly wrote, "We're making it clear that using third party content on a site in an attempt to exploit the site's ranking signals is a violation of this policy -- regardless of whether there is first-party involvement or oversight of the content." "We've heard very clearly from users that site reputation abuse - commonly referred to as "parasite SEO" - leads to a bad search experience for people, and today’s policy update helps to crack down on this behavior. Site owners that are found to be violating this policy will be notified in their Search Console account," Chris Nelson, Google Search Quality told me. I am sure this is not going to make a lot of site's - large and small - happy. As a reminder, the site reputation abuse policy is still only enforced through manual actions - it is not algoritmic yet (Google does plan for it to be algorithmic one day). Google began manual enforcement of this policy back in May, after posting about the in March after announcing the Google March 2024 core update. Google then added a spam reporting tool, which it used to collect data on this abuse category. Google said in its blog post yesterday, "Our evaluation of numerous cases has shown that no amount of first-party involvement alters the fundamental third-party nature of the content or the unfair, exploitative nature of attempting to take advantage of the host’s sites ranking signals." Google did add, "It’s important to note that not all third-party content violates this policy. We go into detail on our spam policies page about what is and isn’t site reputation abuse." This is the second time Google updated its site reputation abuse policy, the first time was in September to include more examples. Google also noted it has algorithms to detect and then not use site-wide signals for that content if the content sections that are independent or starkly different from the main content of the site. Google added, "Aside from site reputation abuse issues, we also have systems and methods designed to understand if a section of a site is independent or starkly different from the main content of the site. By treating these areas as if they are standalone sites, it better ensures a level playing field, so that sub-sections of sites don't get a ranking boost just because of the reputation of the main site." Google has said it has taken action against Parasite SEO techniques over the years, which is what Google calls site reputation abuse, in part. Google also mentioned site-wide signals in the blog post, and linked to its ranking system guide. "Our efforts to understand differences in sections of sites can lead to traffic changes if sub-sections no longer benefit from site-wide signals. This doesn’t mean that these sub-sections have somehow been demoted or are in violation of our spam policies. It simply means we’re measuring them independently, even if they are located within a site," Google wrote. I think that is to enforce the post from Glenn Gabe on site level signals and how Google has said numerous times, before and not after Google’s Pandu Nayak comments, that Google does have site-wide signals (which we covered here countless times, as Glenn notes in his article). Here is a diff between the old and new site reputation abuse policy (click to enlarge): So there you have it - this is a really big change to the Google site reputation abuse policy and you can expect many more sites to get hit by this update. To those following the Site Reputation Abuse / Parasite SEO saga: — Lily Ray 😏 (@lilyraynyc) November 19, 2024 Great catch by @glenngabe and a big change on Google's part (that many have been observing for weeks and months leading up to this) Site reputation abuse: - is still a violation when the first party (publisher… https://t.co/OnC3P8kfKE And Forbes and many others were already hit by this, via Jason Kilgore on LinkedIn: Here is CNN Underscored dropping already based on what looks like a manual action for 'Site reputation abuse'. Others are seeing the same btw... And here is a site query for CNN Underscored. 10 urls. pic.twitter.com/QFQslUtIXX — Glenn Gabe (@glenngabe) November 20, 2024 In addition to Forbes' Advisor directory, it looks like its /health directory, which houses all supplement content, has also been completely wiped. https://t.co/cjnaq8kup4 — Vlad Rappoport (@vladrpt) November 20, 2024 It's happening. — Gyi Tsakalakis (@gyitsakalakis) November 20, 2024 Tough day if you paid for a 12-month premium listing... pic.twitter.com/nKq3AX4HI4 This used to be on page one 😱 pic.twitter.com/siSlQwrzfX — Joy Hawkins (@JoyanneHawkins) November 20, 2024 Update: More the day later: The impact based on the manual actions for 'Site reputation abuse' is very clear this morning search visibility-wise. Obviously big drops based on the directories getting deindexed. This was NOT just large publishers btw. There are plenty of smaller to medium-sized publishers… pic.twitter.com/CUBYMXaid7 — Glenn Gabe (@glenngabe) November 21, 2024 And here are two examples of SERPs impacted. WSJ Buyside gone and Men's Journal gone when they were ranking extremely well before the manual actions. The first example for each shows the current SERP and the second screenshot shows the SERP when those sites ranked. pic.twitter.com/MvyzCcqrEF — Glenn Gabe (@glenngabe) November 21, 2024 Forum discussion at X.
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Facebook Twitter Vote count: 278 Average: 1 Points: 278 View the discussion thread. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Theme by Danetsoft and Danang Probo Sayekti inspired by Maksimer
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CumulativeLogsumexp.Options Stay organized with collections Save and categorize content based on your preferences. Public Methods Parameters exclusive | If `True`, perform exclusive cumulative log-sum-exp. Parameters reverse | A `bool` (default: False). Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Some content is licensed under the numpy license. Last updated 2022-05-17 UTC. [[["Easy to understand","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Solved my problem","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Other","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Missing the information I need","missingTheInformationINeed","thumb-down"],["Too complicated / too many steps","tooComplicatedTooManySteps","thumb-down"],["Out of date","outOfDate","thumb-down"],["Samples / code issue","samplesCodeIssue","thumb-down"],["Other","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Last updated 2022-05-17 UTC."],[],[]]
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When the founders of the United States designed the Constitution, they were learning from history that democracy was likely to fail – to find someone who would fool the people into giving him complete power and then end the democracy. They designed checks and balances to guard against the accumulation of power they had found when studying ancient Greece and Rome. But there were others in North America who had also seen the dangers of certain types of government and had designed their own checks and balances to guard against tyranny: the Native Americans. Although most Americans today don’t know it, there were large centralized civilizations across much of North America in the 10th through 12th centuries. They built massive cities and grand irrigation projects across the continent. Twelfth-century Cahokia, on the banks of the Mississippi River, had a central city about the size of London at the time. The sprawling 12th-century civilization of the Huhugam had several cities of more than 10,000 people and a total population of perhaps 50,000 in the Southwestern desert. The American Colonists and founders thought Native American societies were simple and primitive – but they were not. As research has found, including my own, and as I explain in my book, “Native Nations: A Millennium in North America,” Native American communities were elaborate consensus democracies, many of which had survived for generations because of careful attention to checking and balancing power. Powerful rulers led many of these civilizations, combining political and religious power, much as monarchs of Europe in later centuries would claim a divine right to rule. In the 13th century, though, a global cooling trend began, which has been called the Little Ice Age. In part because of that cooling, large-scale farming became more difficult, and these large civilizations struggled to feed their people. Elites began hoarding wealth. The people wanted change. The residents of North America’s great cities responded to these stresses by reversing the centralization of power and wealth. Some revolted against their leaders. Others simply left the cities and spread out into smaller towns and farms. All across the continent, they built smaller, more democratic and more egalitarian societies. Huge numbers left Cahokia’s realm entirely. They found places that still had game to hunt and woods full of trees for firewood and building, both of which had declined near Cahokia due to its rapid growth. The population of the central city of Cahokia fell from perhaps 20,000 people to only 3,000 by 1275. At some point the elite left as well, and by the late 15th century the cities of Cahokia’s realm were completely gone. As they formed these new and more dispersed societies, the people who had overthrown or fled the great cities and their too powerful leaders sought to avoid mesmerizing leaders who made tempting promises in difficult times. So they designed complex political structures to discourage centralization, hierarchy and inequality and encourage shared decision-making. These societies intentionally created balanced power structures. For example, the oral history of the Osage Nation records that it once had one great chief who was a military leader, but its council of elder spiritual leaders, known as the “Little Old Men,” decided to balance that chief’s authority with that of another hereditary chief, who would be responsible for keeping peace. Another way some societies balanced power was through family-based clans. Clans communicated and cooperated across multiple towns. They could work together to balance the power of town-based chiefs and councils. Many of these societies required convening all of the people – men, women and children – for major political, military, diplomatic and land-use decisions. Hundreds or even thousands might show up, depending on how momentous the decision was. They strove for consensus, though they didn’t always achieve it. In some societies, it was customary for the losing side to quietly leave the meeting if they couldn’t bring themselves to agree with the others. Leaders generally governed by facilitating decision-making in council meetings and public gatherings. They gave gifts to encourage cooperation. They heard disputes between neighbors over land and resources and helped to resolve them. Power and prestige came to lie not in amassing wealth but in assuring that the wealth was shared wisely. Leaders earned support in part by being good providers. The Native American democracy that the U.S. founders were most likely to know about was the Iroquois Confederacy. They call themselves the Haudenosaunee, the “people of the longhouse,” because the nations of the confederacy have to get along like multiple families in a longhouse. In their carefully balanced system, women ran the clans, which were responsible for local decisions about land use and town planning. Men were the representatives of their clans and nations in the Haudenosaunee council, which made decisions for the confederacy as a whole. Each council member, called a royaner, was chosen by a clan mother. The Haudenosaunee Great Law holds a royaner to a high standard: “The thickness of their skin shall be seven spans – which is to say that they shall be proof against anger, offensive actions and criticism. Their hearts shall be full of peace and good will.” In council, “all their words and actions shall be marked by calm deliberation.” The law said the ideal royaner should always “look and listen for the welfare of the whole people and have always in view not only the present but also the coming generations, even those whose faces are yet beneath the surface of the ground – the unborn of the future Nation.” Of course, people do not always live up to their values, but the laws and traditions of Native nations encouraged peaceful discussion and broad-mindedness. Many Europeans were struck by the difference. The French explorer La Salle in 1678 noted with admiration of the Haudenosaunee that “in important meetings, they discuss without raising their voices and without getting angry.” Politicians, government officials and everyday Americans might find inspiration in the models of democracy created by Native Americans centuries ago. There was an additional ingredient to the political and social balance: Leaders looked ahead and sought to protect the well-being of every person, even those not yet born. The people, in exchange, had a responsibility to not enmesh their royaners in less serious matters, which the Haudenosaunee Great Law called “trivial affairs.” This article is republished from The Conversation, a nonprofit, independent news organization bringing you facts and trustworthy analysis to help you make sense of our complex world. It was written by: Kathleen DuVal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Read more: Kathleen DuVal does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
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Sports and Activities MSHSAA promotes the value of participation, sportsmanship, team play, and personal excellence to develop citizens who make positive contributions to their community and support the democratic principles of our state and nation. Fall Winter Spring Activities Other Baseball Baseball Basketball Cross Country Football Golf Boys Golf Girls Music Scholar Bowl Soccer Boys Soccer Girls Softball Girls Softball Girls Speech and Debate Swimming and Diving Boys Swimming and Diving Girls Tennis Boys Tennis Girls Theatre Track and Field Volleyball Boys Volleyball Girls Wrestling Spirit Activities Emerging Sports & Activities Eligibility Standards Sportsmanship Resources Leadership Summit Athletic Directors Workshop
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You are leaving the O*NET website family to view: National Association of Chiefs of Police https://www.nacoponline.org/ The Department of Labor does not endorse, takes no responsibility for, and exercises no control over the linked organization or its views, or contents, nor does it vouch for the accuracy or accessibility of the information contained on the destination server. The Department of Labor also cannot authorize the use of copyrighted materials contained in the linked websites. Users must request such authorization from the sponsor of the linked website. Thank you for visiting our website. Loading...
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Nearest Zenbu Listings Sponsored Links Nearest Lodging Business listings About Zenbu Zenbu is a collaboratively edited directory of businesses, places or things. You can help build Zenbu, edit this entry, report an error. Zenbu ID 1186098, 10 views since 27/05/2011 Last edited 27/05/2011 by This entry has been hand placed on the map
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julieerobinson joined the session Open education on Wikipedia’s sister projects [1154] 8 years, 7 months ago Share this:Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)
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Table of Contents Leveraging stewardship Since we only interact with the world based on what we know, changing what we 'know' is essential to changing our expectations and motivations. An open access economy leverages the ethic of stewardship that embodies the responsible planning and management of resources. If a particular resource is poorly stewarded then it may negatively affect a life-supporting environment. Likewise, if the resource is well stewarded, it will not or may even improve it in some way. Examples of good stewardship in an open access economy: - Only giving scarce resources to those with the proven capabilities to manage them effectively - Acting conservatively with time management to prevent the misuse and abuse of scarce resources - Respecting the environment during the production and assembly of manufactured goods - Planning ahead of time to maximise use of resources and reduce shortages - Only using limited amounts of available resources to reduce waste - Reusing existing resources over resource extraction Leveraging trust and reputation In an open access economy, it would be wisest to choose those with a proven record and ability to manage a particular resource or time commitment well. Trustos also provides an alternative way of measuring trust with a unique account ID number given to each member viewable on their map marker, and an algorithm that calculates according to various factors. Reputation measuring services such as these provide you with an understanding of what people think of each other, based on records of past deeds of how well an interaction went down. Not all though make declarations based on judgment of character, and simply wish to judge a person's worth based on a number they're given like a currency, but for other reasons their members wish to declare such as how well a task was performed or a borrowed item was looked after. Private ownership becomes stewardship Just because resources are shared with more access to them in an open access economy, doesn't mean existing property rights are abandoned. Some critical of an open access economy fear that others will take whatever they want and whatever they can, and abuse an ability to use and misuse property without maintaining some form of property management, ownership rights, and permissions system for who can use property and in what ways. In an open access economy, it can still be possible to retain any title ownership rights you have over that particular resource, land, or property you have the title to on record for. As its acting steward, if something were to go wrong with said property, or cause harm to people or the environment, you will still retain the responsibility for the outcomes of how well the property is maintained. In the current market system however, information on who is ultimately responsible for the management of private property isn't always easy to define or clear due to a lot of private property being jointly owned, whether that be in shareholdings or in title for profit, leading to decision-making problems when shareholders or joint owners have different opinions and visions and want to go in different directions, and so are unable to settle a plan of action regarding what to do with the jointly owned property. And putting things right to the property, such as costs of repair, isn't always easy either when heavy monetary costs are involved. To help with this, in an open access economy, alongside resources needed to improve aspects of the property now more readily available with cost no longer a major playing factor, private property can be managed and organised where all property is stewarded solely by individuals as the sole title owners. So only one person has the title ownership rights to the property. Doing so improves responsible management and decision-making capabilities when a lack of responsible decision-making and maintenance for the use and upkeep of the property for themselves, or anyone else using the property, cannot be claimed by anyone else. So it is always known who to contact if needed or if something were to go wrong, such as when the property is in use or on loan and a return needs to be made, if a query regarding the property needs to be asked, or if an improvement needs to be made to the property. Housing allocation We imagine stewards will likely assign and manage property according to need. As an example, if you are a family of five, a steward of a house or apartment will attempt to assign you to a home suitable for five people. This can be done by assessing bedrooms and their size as well as the age and gender of each member of the family: - Two parents to one bedroom - The three kids to their own separate bedrooms If the kids are older, of different genders, and there are not enough bedrooms, it may be organised like this: - Two boys or two girls to the same bedroom - The third boy or girl to the remaining unoccupied bedroom or spare room This process is not too different from what social housing landlords do today for assessing you and your family's suitability for moving into a certain home based upon family size, and what housing and bedrooms they have available. If anyone were to move out, the steward looking after the property may choose to ask the occupants if they would look to downsize to a smaller property and free up the existing housing stock to make it available for another family looking for an appropriate home for their size. How stewards manage their property will be up to them. And likely won’t be defined or constricted by law or by a government. Though there may be one or two initiatives where government manages the transition. But ultimately, the results based on reviews, ratings, and declarations across various review sites and property listing services of how well stewards take care of their property and its occupants, will determine how well they’ve been managed, and who gets the higher chance to allocate new occupants to their homes further on. Projects and task management As with private property, projects in an open access economy will also need to be responsibly managed, and the bigger the project, the more areas of the project need to be managed. This can be done through project founders and property owners assigning roles to their management as leaders forming teams. Once roles are assigned, tasks can be given to those within the team the role is assigned to complete. This could be taking care of a particular part of work on property such as cleaning, electrical or garden maintenance, or for parts of a project that needs to be completed. Role and task assigning help team leaders and stewards of property manage who are responsible for what objectives need to be carried out towards their completion. Improving education and relationships It’s not just resources such as property or physical goods that need to be well stewarded, but also people and their actions. Without the correct kind of education to perform well at a given task, relationships and communication falter. Individuals wishing to practice good stewardship know and understand that each individual is different. So thus understanding that meeting each individual's needs is imperative to keep people working together toward a goal, managing on their own if they need to, or if they end up in a situation where no one might be around or able to help. Managing expectations and fostering leaders With the understanding that everyone is different, expectations of what to come from each individual must be managed and taken into account. Some individuals will have an amazing new idea that can be fostered and taken further. Taking the time to understand the individual's actions, especially if they differ from the norm, might allow such talent to grow and foster into a leadership role.
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Browse State-of-the-Art Datasets Methods More Newsletter RC2022 About Trends Portals Libraries Sign In Subscribe to the PwC Newsletter × Stay informed on the latest trending ML papers with code, research developments, libraries, methods, and datasets. Read previous issues Subscribe Join the community × You need to log in to edit. You can create a new account if you don't have one. Create a new account Username * Required. 150 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only. Email * Required. Inform a valid email address. Password * Your password can’t be too similar to your other personal information. Your password must contain at least 8 characters. Your password can’t be a commonly used password. Your password can’t be entirely numeric. Password confirmation * Enter the same password as before, for verification. Sign up Contact us on: [email protected] . Papers With Code is a free resource with all data licensed under CC-BY-SA . Terms Data policy Cookies policy from
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Skip to content Menu Close Y90s Personography Using This Site Data Model Contributors Project Gallery Visualization of Y90s Taxonomy of Occupations Experiments in Visualization Y90s Print and Performance The Y90s Network Y90s 2.0 Y90s Personography Menu Search for: Search for: Using This Site Data Model Contributors Project Gallery Visualization of Y90s Taxonomy of Occupations Experiments in Visualization Y90s Print and Performance The Y90s Network Y90s 2.0 Rogers, Bruce Same As http://viaf.org/viaf/66588089 Colleague Of Walker, Emery persons
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Medium Privacy Policy You can see our previous Privacy Policy here. This Privacy Policy explains how A Medium Corporation (“Medium,” “we,” or “us”) collects, uses, and discloses information about you. This Privacy Policy applies when you use our websites, mobile applications, and other online products and services that link to this Privacy Policy (collectively, our “Services”), contact our customer service team, engage with us on social media, or otherwise interact with us. We may change this Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make changes, we will notify you by revising the date at the top of this policy and, in some cases, we may provide you with additional notice (such as adding a statement to our website or providing you with a notification). We encourage you to review this Privacy Policy regularly to stay informed about our information practices and the choices available to you. CONTENTS - Collection of Information - Use of Information - Sharing of Information - Third-Party Embeds - Transfer of Information to the United States and Other Countries - Your Choices - Your California Privacy Rights - Additional Disclosures for Individuals in Europe - Contact Us COLLECTION OF INFORMATION Information You Provide to Us We collect information you provide directly to us. For example, you share information directly with us when you create an account, fill out a form, submit or post content through our Services, purchase a membership, communicate with us via third-party platforms, request customer support, or otherwise communicate with us. The types of personal information we may collect include your name, display name, username, bio, email address, business information, your content, including your avatar image, photos, posts, responses, and series published by you, and any other information you choose to provide. 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IH' f «5*. ■ ,.»*. wKUma a&u «t .-- " "i - h, * 3b,i .' ‘Wy Please enter the email address that you used for registration. We will send you a new password. The following information is mandatory and is required to register an account: Have you found an error? Do you have any suggestions for making our service even better or any other questions about this page? Please write to us and we'll make sure we get back to you. I hereby confirm the use of my personal data within the context of the enquiry made. Contact: [email protected] Status: 2023-05-04 05:47 Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Dear user, In response to current developments in the web technology used by the Goobi viewer, the software no longer supports your browser. Please use one of the following browsers to display this page correctly. Thank you.
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Access restriction There is no access restriction for this record.Copyright Public Domain Mark 1.0. You can find more information here.Is part of Cite and reuse Here you will find download options and citation links to the record and current image. Volume Chapter Image Citation links Citation recommendation https://dfg-viewer.de/show?set[mets]=https%3A%2F%2Fdlc.mpg.de%2Fsourcefile%3Fid%3Dmpirg_sisis_97440&set[image]=80 Object: Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch für die gesammten Deutschen Erbländer der Oesterreichischen Monarchie (1) Use the mouse to select the image area you want to share.
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Complex Java applications usually consist of multiple components. Each component can have multiple implementations, called artifacts. Artifacts in Java context are usually JAR files, but can also be WAR files or any other kind of file. There are multiple incompatible ways of identifying (naming) Java artifacts and each build system often encourages usage of specific naming scheme. This means that Linux distributions also need to allow each artifact to be located using several different identifiers, possible using different schemes. On the other hand it is virtually impossible to every naming scheme, so there are some simplifications. This chapter describes artifact different ways to identify and locate artifacts in system repository. JAR artifacts are installed in one of standard directory trees. Usually this is either %{_javadir} (/usr/share/java ) or %{_jnidir} (/usr/lib/java ). The simplest way of identifying artifacts is using their relative path from one of standard locations. All artifact can be identified this way because each artifacts has a unique file name. Each path identifying artifact will be called artifact path in this document. To keep artifact paths simpler and more readable, extension can be omitted if it is equal to jar . For non-JAR artifacts extension cannot be omitted and must be retained. Additionally, if artifact path points to a directory then it represents all artifacts contained in this directory. This allows a whole set of related artifacts to be referenced easily by specifying directory name containing all of them. If the same artifact path has valid expansions in two different root directories then it is unspecified which artifacts will be located. As noted in previous section, every artifact can be uniquely identified by its file path. However this is not always the preferred way of artifact identification. Modern Java build systems provide a way of identifying artifacts with an abstract identifier, or more often, a pair of identifiers. The first if usually called group ID or organization ID while the second is just artifact ID. This pair of identifiers will be called artifact coordinates in this document. Besides group ID and artifact ID, artifact coordinates may also include other optional information about artifact, such as extension, classifier and version. In Linux distributions it is important to stay close to upstreams providing software being packaged, so the ability to identify artifacts in the same way as upstream does is very important from the packaging point of view. Every artifact can optionally be identified by artifact coordinates assigned during package build. Packages built with Maven automatically use this feature, but all other packages, even these built with pure javac , can use this feature too (see description of %mvn_artifact and %add_maven_depmap macros). Aliases working in two ways: - Symlinks for paths - Additional mappings for artifact specifications In the real world the same project can appear under different names as it was evolving or released differently. Therefore other projects may refer to those alternative names instead of using the name currently prefered by upstream. XMvn provides a way to attach multiple artifact coordinates to a single artifact. Dependent projects that use alternative coordinates can then be built without the need to patch their POMs or alter the build by other means. It will also generate virtual provides for the alias, so it can be also used in Requires and BuildRequires . Creating an alias is achieved by %mvn_alias macro. # com.example.foo:bar (the actual artifact existing in the project) will also # be available as com.example.foo:bar-all %mvn_alias com.example.foo:bar com.example.foo:bar-all # You don't need to repeat the part of coordinates that stays the same # (groupID in this case) %mvn_alias com.example.foo:bar :bar-all # You can specify multiple aliases at once %mvn_alias com.example.foo:bar :bar-all :bar-lib # The macro supports several shortcuts to generate multiple alisaes. # Braces - {} - capture their content, which can then be referenced in the # alias part with @N, where N is the index of the capture group. # * acts as a wildcard (matching anything) # The following generates aliases ending with shaded for all artifacts in the # project %mvn_alias 'com.example.foo:{*}' :@1-shaded Handling of compatibility packages, versioned jars etc. In Fedora we prefer to always have only the latest version of a given project. Unfortunately, this is not always possible as some projects change too much and it would be too hard to port dependent packages to the current version. It is not possible to just update the package and keep the old version around as the names, file paths and dependency provides would clash. The recommended practice is to update the current package to the new version and create new package representing the old version (called compat package). The compat package needs to have the version number (usually only the major number, unless further distinction is necessary) appended to the name, thus effectivelly having different name from RPM’s point of view. Such compat package needs to perform some additional steps to ensure that it can be installed and used along the non-compat one. You should always evaluate whether creating a compat package is really necessary. Porting dependent projects to new versions of dependencies may be a complicated task, but your effort would be appreciated and it is likely that the patch will be accepted upstream at some point in time. If the upstream is already inactive and the package is not required by anything, you should also consider retiring it. | XMvn supports marking particular artifact as compat, performing the necessary steps to avoid clashes with the non-compat version. An artifact can be marked as compat by %mvn_compat_version . It accepts an artifact argument which will determine which artifact will be compat. The format for specifying artifact coordinates is the same as with %mvn_alias . In the common case you will want to mark all artifacts as compat. You can specify multiple compat versions at a time. When XMvn performs dependency resolution for a dependency artifact in a project, it checks the dependency version and compares it against all versions of the artifact installed in the buildroot. If none of the compat artifacts matches it will resolve the artifact to the non-compat one. This has a few implications: - The versions are compared for exact match. The compat package should provide all applicable versions that are present in packages that are supposed to be used with this version. - The dependent packages need to have correct BuildRequires on the compat package as the virtual provides is also different (see below). In order to prevent file name clashes, compat artifacts have the first specified compat version appended to the filename. Virtual provides for compat artifacts also contain the version as the last part of the coordinates. There are multiple provides for each specified compat version. Non-compat artifact do not have any version in the virtual provides. %mvn_compat_version # Assuming the package has name bar and version 3 # Sets the compat version of foo:bar artifact to 3 %mvn_compat_version foo:bar 3 # The installed artifact file (assuming it's jar and there were no # %mvn_file calls) will be at %{_javadir}/bar/bar-3.jar # The generated provides for foo:bar will be # mvn(foo:bar:3) = 3 # mvn(foo:bar:pom:3) = 3 # Sets the compat versions of all artifacts in the build to 3 and 3.2 %mvn_compat_version : 3 3.2 Want to help? Learn how to contribute to Fedora Docs ›
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- Wikipedia Training in Telugu for Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad - by Prasad Krishna — published Sep 06, 2013 — filed under: Access to Knowledge, Wikimedia, Wikipedia, Workshop, Openness, Event CIS-A2K is conducting a Wikipedia training programme in Telugu for the faculty of Dr. B.R.Ambedkar Open University (Dr. BRAOU) in Hyderabad on September 5 and 6, 2013. Located in Openness Events - Digital Resources in Telugu: A Workshop for Research Scholars - by Prasad Krishna — published Sep 10, 2013 — last modified Sep 12, 2013 10:30 AM — filed under: Access to Knowledge, Wikimedia, Wikipedia, Workshop, Openness The Department of Cultural Studies, English and Foreign Languages University and the CIS-A2K invite you to a workshop for research scholars on September 13, 2013. Located in Openness Events - August 2013 Bulletin - by Prasad Krishna — published Aug 30, 2013 — last modified Sep 13, 2013 06:26 AM — filed under: Access to Knowledge, Telecom, Accessibility, Internet Governance, Digital Humanities, Openness, Researchers at Work Our newsletter for the month of August 2013 can be accessed below. Located in About Us Newsletters - Re-releasing Konkani Vishwakosh & Building Konkani Wikipedia - by Prasad Krishna — published Sep 25, 2013 — filed under: Access to Knowledge, Wikimedia, Wikipedia, Openness, Event The Centre for Internet and Society (CIS-A2K) in partnership with the University of Goa invites you to this event on Thursday, September 26, 2013, 10.00 a.m. The one-hour event will be followed by a press conference. Located in Openness Events - Goa university re-releasing Konkani encyclopaedia on Sept 26 - by Prasad Krishna — published Sep 25, 2013 — last modified Sep 25, 2013 05:59 AM — filed under: Openness, Wikipedia, Access to Knowledge, Wikimedia The Goa University in collaboration with Centre for Internet and Societie's Access to Knowledge Programme (CIS-A2K) is re-releasing its four volume 3632 page Konkani Vishwakosh (encyclopaedia). Located in News & Media - For the love of Konkani: Preserving Goa's official language - by Prasad Krishna — published Sep 30, 2013 — filed under: Access to Knowledge, Wikimedia, Wikipedia, Konkani Wikipedia, Openness With many local dialects on the brink of extinction, Joanna Lobo meets the language conservationists who have taken it upon themselves to preserve Goa's official language. Located in News & Media - Konkani Wikipedia in the making - by Prasad Krishna — published Sep 30, 2013 — filed under: Access to Knowledge, Wikimedia, Wikipedia, Konkani Wikipedia, Openness Process of uploading the four volumes of Konkani encyclopaedia will be completed in six months’ time. Located in News & Media - Goa University announces plan to upload Konkani encyclopedia on Wikipedia - by Prasad Krishna — published Sep 27, 2013 — last modified Oct 03, 2013 09:14 AM — filed under: Access to Knowledge, Wikimedia, Wikipedia, Konkani Wikipedia, Openness The Goa University, on Thursday, re-launched the four volumes of Konkani Vishwakosh (Konkani encyclopedia), and announced its ambitious plan to upload the same on Wikipedia – a free encyclopedia built collaboratively using Wiki software – so as to build the Konkani Wikipedia. Located in News & Media - Goa University Partners CIS India To Build Konkani Wikipedia - by Prasad Krishna — published Sep 30, 2013 — last modified Oct 03, 2013 09:44 AM — filed under: Access to Knowledge, Wikimedia, Wikipedia, Konkani Wikipedia, Openness The Goa university has entered into a three year memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) for building the Konkani Wikipedia, reports navhindtimes. Located in News & Media - Odisha: Wikipedia workshop at IIMC, Dhenkanal - by Prasad Krishna — published Sep 30, 2013 — last modified Oct 03, 2013 10:15 AM — filed under: Access to Knowledge, Wikimedia, Wikipedia, Odia Wikipedia, Openness Wikipedia workshop was held at the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Dhenkanal, on Monday. The workshop was inaugurated by Head of IIMC, Dhenkanal, Dr Mrinal Chatterjee. Located in News & Media
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The AI-powered English dictionary plural of gas examples third-person singular simple present indicative of gas examples
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President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev: Good afternoon, comrades, Today is a momentous day for all of you: your regiment equipped with the Topol-M missile systems is now fully deployed. Strategic Missile Forces are an essential component of Russia’s military might. They have a special potential, the result of efforts by many scientists, engineers, workers, and military experts. Thanks to our country’s nuclear missile shield, we are able to ensure national stability, to take part in tackling a wide range of challenges and effectively defend our national interests, both at present and in the long term. Thanks to our country’s nuclear missile shield, we are able to ensure national stability, to take part in tackling a wide range of challenges and effectively defend our national interests, both at present and in the long term. That is why the state has been paying and will continue to pay special attention to improving the technology intensiveness of the Strategic Missile Forces. Starting today your regiment will operate fifth generation missile systems, which have new and better combat capabilities, the latest control systems and everything you need for the personnel’s life support. Comrades, In a few days we will celebrate the Defender of the Fatherland Day. I want to congratulate you on the upcoming holiday and wish you every success in your service and all the best. I am confident that missile defence servicemen will continue to perform their duties with honour, to successfully complete all their tasks, master the use of new technology and thereby maintain the highest level of combat readiness. Strategic Missile Forces COMMANDER LIEUTENANT GENERAL SERGEI KARAKAYEV: Comrade Commander-in-Chief! In accordance with the approved plan for the development of the Armed Forces, the 60th Missile Division has conducted a major effort on the upgrading and deployment of the new fifth generation missile systems. This confirms once again the successful implementation of the state programme for the equipment of the missile forces. We will continue to fulfil all tasks in a timely manner. Comrade Commander-in Chief! See also Permission to order the deployment of the 626th Missile Regiment! Dmitry Medvedev: Permission granted. Sergei Karakaev: Yes, Sir! Regiment, attention! For the defence of the Russian Federation, the 626th Missile Regiment is fully deployed as of 15:00 hours on February 21, 2012! The Anthem of the Russian Federation is played.
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News about selected person Merkel, Angela President's website sections - Events - Structure - Videos and Photos - Documents - Contacts - Search - Search - For the Media - Subscribe - Directory President's website resources Official Internet Resources of the President of Russia All content on this site is licensed under Presidential Executive Office2024
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International Journal of Thorax (IJT) is an open-access, peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to the dissemination of the latest research and scholarly advances in the field of thoracic surgery. IJT provides a platform for the publication of original research papers and reviews, for discussion and debate of issues in thoracic surgery and related topics. Note: An Article Processing Charge (APC) is levied to authors to make a research work available open access in International Journal of Thorax. Submit ManuscriptIJT 29 days 70% 12 days 2 days International Journal of Thorax is a comprehensive, peer-reviewed journal that helps disseminate original research work, having a unique aspect of covering many areas which contributes to providing an awareness of research studies of scientists around the globe. The International Journal of Thorax encourages a single blind peer review process. Submitted manuscripts undergo a thorough peer-review process by experts in the field. The process is designed to ensure the quality and reliability of published content. IJT welcomes original research, reviews, and meta-analyses in the field of Thoracic Medicine, Thoracic Surgery, Interstitial Lung Diseases, Global Respiratory Health, Immunology in Respiratory Health, Respiratory Medicine, Lung Diseases, Pulmonary Function Tests, Critical Care in Thoracic Medicine, Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Thoracic Imaging. The International Journal of Thorax takes pride in its distinguished Editorial Board, comprised of leading experts and scholars in the field of respiratory science and medicine. Editorial Board plays a pivotal role in maintaining the journal's commitment to excellence, ensuring the dissemination of high-quality research and fostering innovation in the understanding and treatment of thoracic and respiratory conditions. Mode of Publication: IJT publishes articles in an Open Access Mode. Open access publication provides free, immediate, online availability of research articles, allowing unrestricted access, reading, downloading, and distribution of content without any financial, legal, or technical barriers.
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The Euro+Med PlantBase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity Euro+Med Plantbase integrates and critically evaluates information from Flora Europaea, Med-Checklist, the Flora of Macaronesia, and from regional and national floras and checklists from the area as well as additional taxonomic and floristic literature. This is complemented by the European taxa of several families taken from the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families and of the Leguminosae from the International Legume Database and Information Service ILDIS (see credits for details). By 1st of February 2018 it provides access to the total European flora of vascular plants in 222 plant families. This version of Euro+Med PlantBase is not updated any more. Updates can be found on the Euro+Med PlantBase - Preview of the new data portal.
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The OTCPharm Pro plant to open in Kaliningrad will manufacture a wide range of pharmaceuticals the Russian market needs, including antibiotics, antivirals, immunomodulators, analgesics, nootropics and mucolytics. The Biokhimik facility in Saransk will launch the production of 130 pharmaceutical substances, including medications to treat oncological and cardiovascular diseases and HIV, as well as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs and myorelaxants. The second stage of the Pharmasyntez-Nord plant in St Petersburg will increase the production of biotechnological pharmaceutical substances and drugs for oncological and autoimmune diseases in humans, as well as genetically engineered insulins and the Sputnik Light Covid-19 vaccine. Taking part in the event were Deputy Prime Minister – Minister of Industry and Trade Denis Manturov, Minister of Healthcare Mikhail Murashko, Head of the Republic of Mordovia Artem Zdunov, Governor of the Kaliningrad Region Anton Alikhanov, Governor of St Petersburg Alexander Beglov, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Promomed Pyotr Bely, OTCPharm CEO Olga Mednikova, and Pharmasyntez President Vikram Singh Punia. * * * President of Russia Vladimir Putin: Colleagues, good afternoon. Today, we are opening three new major pharmaceutical enterprises at once. They include a Biokhimik facility in Saransk for producing pharmaceutical substances, an OTCPharm Pro plant in Kaliningrad – as far as I know, it is already up and running – as well as the second stage of the Pharmasyntez-Nord plant in St Petersburg. I would like to thank all the specialists who were involved in these important projects. Friends, your efforts made a meaningful contribution to developing the domestic pharmaceutical industry and to expanding its capabilities. The steady and sustained operation of this sector is vital for our country, and for ensuring that our people can access affordable quality medicines. This was the case during the Covid pandemic, when the Russian pharmaceutical industry succeeded in launching the production of the medications we needed within a very tight timeframe, saving the lives and health of millions of people. Let me note that overall, the sector has been gathering momentum. Mr Manturov delivered a progress report on this sector back in January during a meeting with Government members. I will now ask you to offer us a more detailed review of the state of affairs regarding the production of pharmaceutical substances. Today's event is another step in boosting the production of effective domestic drugs, which, among other things, will replace the imported analogues patients need, medications that treat a number of dangerous and socially significant diseases. I would also like to note that such high-tech industries create additional jobs for qualified workers, contribute to the growth of tax revenues, and in this regard, they bring tangible benefits to the entire Russian economy. I hope that the national pharmaceutical industry will continue to grow steadily. We need to increase the production of substances in Russia, and increase the share of locally produced medicines on the domestic market, including original drugs. We also need to become more independent from foreign suppliers, especially those of them who have been creating numerous complications for us. To deliver on all these objectives, and to achieve all of them, we need to upgrade equipment and build new production facilities, improve technology, nurture talent and expand the technical capabilities of our research and development laboratories and centres, as well as fine-tune training of specialists, including manufacturing chemists, pharmaceutical experts and pharmacists. Of course, the state will continue improving its support mechanisms for this sector. In particular, this year, we will launch a programme to issue preferential investment loans for creating facilities that would make pharmaceutical substances and cover the complete production cycle of medicines. I would like to conclude by wishing all of you, colleagues, and everyone working in this sector, success in your future work and all the very best. Mr Manturov, you have the floor, please. Deputy Prime Minister – Minister of Industry and Trade Denis Manturov: Mr President, The pharmaceutical industry, just like many other sectors, has a system-wide task of achieving technological sovereignty. The crucial part here is to provide the sector with Russian-made substances. Last year, another seven Russian enterprises launched their production. The enterprises with the biggest capacity opened in the Primorye Territory, the Sverdlovsk and Belgorod regions. Overall, some 100 pharmaceutical companies produce substances for their own needs and for the market. Together, they provide a full production cycle for over half of the essential and vital medicines’ list. This year, we hope to provide our own substances for another 10 percent of drugs from this list. The Saransk-based Biokhimik plant, one of those opening today, will make a significant contribution to this task in terms of its capacities and types of substances. The second stage of the Pharmasyntez-Nord plant that is being launched in St Petersburg will produce biotechnological raw materials. Both enterprises have received low-interest loans from the Industry Development Fund worth a total of 3 billion rubles. In the future, we will support the creation of such production facilities, as you noted, through a new cluster investment platform mechanism. We are working on 12 projects worth 80 billion rubles to produce almost 150 types of substances. This is a comprehensive initiative that includes the selection and synthesis of molecules, the development of production technology and the organisation of the serial production of thousands of tonnes of pharmaceutical substances per year. The substitution of imported raw materials is the key factor for ensuring our country’s sustainable medicine supply. No less important is scaling up the production of medicines themselves. We are taking two measures to this end by launching production facilities in Kaliningrad to produce non-prescription medicines and by boosting the production of anticancer drugs at the plant in St Petersburg that I mentioned. It meets the needs of our healthcare system and our citizens, and also expands the geography of the Russian pharmaceutical industry. <…> Vladimir Putin: Mr Murashko, I know you are on the line. This year, drug production grew by 10 percent, and the production of pharmaceutical substances increased by over 7 percent. What are the plans for the future, and how do you work with the industry? Healthcare Minister Mikhail Murashko: Mr President, colleagues, First of all, I want to thank all producers because during the pandemic, Russian drug producers took on almost the entire burden of providing people with medicines, and most medicines were full-cycle drugs that were created by Russian manufacturers and scientific teams. I want to say that to date, 82 percent of the 810 international non-patented vital and essential medicines are made in Russia. In terms of full cycle production, over 53 percent of medicines are produced domestically. I would like to say that Russian-made medicines account for over 80 percent of the medicines on the state procurement list. As Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin has pointed out, our area of focus, including the rational use of funds allocated for the healthcare sector, allows us to actually increase the provision of medicines in many areas, in particular for treating tuberculosis and HIV infection, including expensive medicines, while staying within the budgets that have been planned. This cost-effective and rational approach and the high-quality medicines we are producing ensure a sufficient supply of medicines to our healthcare system. I would like to add that the Healthy Society Forum was held at the Tauride Palace in St Petersburg on March 23–24 within the framework of our efforts to support the pharmaceutical industry and to inform our doctors and our foreign colleagues about the advantages of Russia’s pharmaceutical industry. Its participants included healthcare ministers from the CIS counties. Nearly all our innovative medicines were presented at the forum, including immunobiological drugs, vaccines and serums. We also demonstrated our AI-based medicines, 22 of which have already been registered in the country. The forum was held at a very high level. We have received positive feedback from all healthcare officials and our neighbours. This is having a positive influence on the exports of our producers. Mr President, we are clearly moving in line with our policy of developing and supporting the pharmaceutical industry. The main thing is that we have a huge innovative capacity, which we are using today. I am referring to generic drugs which are boosting figures. Vladimir Putin: Friends, colleagues, I am confident that all the investments that have been made and will be made – I know, for example, that a third plant is being designed for St Petersburg – will be recouped and will help boost our [pharmaceutical] business. But the main thing is that everything we are doing will benefit our people. The state will do everything in its power to ensure the implementation of your plans. I have no doubt that this is how it will be. Congratulations. I would like to wish you all the best and every success.
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I’ve been supporting a range of great open education initiatives, contributing to this years Open Education Week activities and celebrations. The new Learning and Work Institute – an independent policy and research organisation, which joins the National Institute of Adult Continuing Education (NIACE) and the Centre for Economic & Social Inclusion – held an OER Jam in Leicester, as part of the Institute’s work on Open Education Resources (OERs) across Europe. The face-to-face event supported adult education practitioners in using OERs for teaching and learning. The Jam was designed as a follow-up to the OERUP! Online training – with supports people working in adult education, and can be started at any time. I provided the wrap up talk for the day, focusing on the work we’ve carried out with schools across Leicester. In March, I lead a webinar for the European Commission’s ExplOERer Project, which is designed to promote sustainability through OER adoption and re-use in professional practice. My talk supported week 2 of the project’s online Learning to (Re)Use Open Educational Resources course, and focused on introducing Creative Commons licences, and thinking through some key questions in relation to beginning to use and create OER. I was also delighted to be invited to keynote at Opening Educational Practices in Scotland‘s fourth annual forum – #OEPSforum4. Following in the footsteps of some amazing open education luminaries – including Laura Czerniewicz, Lorna Campbell, and Alison LittleJohn, my talk focused on the mainstreaming of OER in education represented by the everyday use of sites such as Wikipedia and TES Resources, and approaches to making sustainable cultural and organisational change that put open education at the heart of professional practice. In my next post, I’ll write in greater detail about the key challenges to centring OER in education practice across the sectors I outlined in the #OEPSforum4 talk, and how we can overcome these.
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MSJ: This interview is available in book format (hardcover and paperback) in Music Street Journal: 2008 Volume 4 at lulu.com/strangesound. You guys have done both the major label situation and the independent one. What are the advantages and disadvantages of both? | Mark Trojanowski – I think they both have their unique advantages and disadvantages and unique experiences, but I think for us at this point in our career – I think if you were an established artist and have been out there touring and putting out records it definitely behooves the artist to kind of be doing things independently on their own because they can control their career, control the songs they’re releasing, when they’re putting out music. Obviously, money-wise, labels take a majority of the money. And I think if you’re a new act, you need all that publicity and everything else because you’re not going to be able to generate it on your own. But I think a lot of the artists that have been around for over ten years this model of working with independent labels and stuff like that is more advantageous to them at that point in their career. MSJ: Do you prefer one or the other? | Ken Block – For different reasons, you know. I think that the majors come with a big bat and that’s really good I think for young bands. But, again, if you look at it like a funnel there’s only a few bands that get that kind of attention at that moment in time. The way things are now there’s a ton of opportunities at any level to do things independently. You can record some great sounding records digitally really, really affordably. We’ve even recorded records that we put out where we’d be doing overdubs in hotel rooms around the country. So, the idea of controlling all these different things, it works really, really well. I think if a major is really going to be there and swing the bat for you, then it’s a pretty amazing thing, but you’ve got to look at any of them at any one given time there’s only about two or three bands - tops - that they’re pushing that hard. Mark Trojanowski – The whole digital thing has really kind of changed the landscape of how people buy their music, get their music and how things are distributed. Even for us, when we put out a new record seventy five to eighty five percent of the initial part of the record is a hard physical product – CD. But then as we get into our catalog sales, our catalog sales have flip-flopped now so that pretty much seventy five to eighty five percent of the sales of our catalog music is all digital via iTunes, Rhapsody, other formats. Ken Block – Although, this time… he’s absolutely right… we put out our first live acoustic CD (see the review in this issue of MSJ – ed.) early in June and it wound up in the Billboard Top 200, but literally fifty percent of it was digital and fifty percent of it was hard copy. So, that’s a pretty interesting thing to kind of take a look at. | MSJ: Have you guys thought about releasing it on vinyl? I’ve heard vinyl is making sort of a comeback. | Ken Block – Yeah, we’ve had this discussion and very recently. It’s something we’ve talked about for a long time but there’s really …they aren’t geared for that. It’s just kind of a cool little thing to say, but it’s actually becoming viable. Mark Trojanowski –When you have bands like Radiohead with the crazy promotion thing that they did where when they released the record via themselves on their website and then didn’t really charge people. Whatever people wanted to pay they could pay for the record. So, I think a lot of established artists are just looking at different ways of releasing their music to their fans because the other model is really not working much anymore. You can see the CD sales sliding and the scale going the opposite way. MSJ: That actually ties nicely into another question I had which is, how do you see the music industry as having changed since you got started? | Ken Block –Well, the internet has…it’s hugely different. Let me tell you a story. When we first got signed we were kind of a grass roots band and had developed a pretty large following primarily in the South East and we had already gotten our own website in the early ‘90’s when we got started and stuff. And when we got signed I remember going to the label and asking them for some money to help sort of fortify our website – and that’s Universal which is the like biggest record company in the world. And they were like, “you know, the website thing - it’s a little over-rated.” We wanted like fifteen hundred bucks or something. “We’d rather spend that money a little more wisely.” Now they want to own your website. Mark Trojanowski – Now they want to own it and control it – so times have changed. Even the labels haven’t fully accepted the actual iTunes downloading thing because there’s so many labels that were still trying to copyright their music, with Sony and all that debacle, and not willing to put all of their catalog with iTunes and so, I think they’re kind of losing out. It’s not going away. It’s pretty much here to stay. They just need to sort of get involved with it. Ken Block – I also think that (I know we’re going on an on about it),,, MSJ: No, that’s fine… | Ken Block – …it’s interesting – the social networking sites have been huge. I think myspace in particularly really allowed bands virally to get heard by so many different people just by word of mouth or by clicking through a few different things. And there are bands on there with millions of plays that have absolutely no label support, but something resonated, something clicked. When I’m looking for new music, something kind of inspiring and something a little bit different I end up bouncing around on some of these different sites. I certainly don’t look in my Best Buy circular. Mark Trojanowski – I think the industry now doesn’t really want to develop acts. They want to put an act out, have it be a smash and then if it’s not a smash anymore, they’re gone. Developing bands and multi-records isn’t there anymore. The other thing that’s sort of popped up, even way back to the Vonda Shepard thing with the Ally McBeal show is how television has sort of taken control of that, too with Grey’s Anatomy and a lot of shows like that now putting out physical discs of all the artists. Snow Patrol basically broke off of being on that show. So, that’s another vehicle, I think, for young up and coming acts to get out there and rate without having a radio hit at first by using the actual television situation that’s available these days. MSJ: Have you guys been doing any of that? | Ken Block – Yeah, we just had a song on Scrubs a little while back, off the last record. Over the years we’ve had a bunch of placements in TV and a half dozen or so movie placements, and those things have been great. Especially, one of those was a movie called “10 Things I Hate About You,” that came out and the soundtrack to that went gold, but what it did for us was internationally. That movie got distributed internationally and then people discovered us in places that we never had any idea it would reach. MSJ: So, do you guys consciously pursue those kinds of deals? | Ken Block – Yeah, we do. We kind of put stuff out there and we have a couple different people that are working that. I think those are valuable opportunities. MSJ: You guys also do the Rock Boat and now the Rock Slope. What can you tell us about those things? | Ken Block – We founded Rock Boat about eight years ago and it was kind of our idea as a “thank you” to the fans. We partnered up with our manager at the time, Andy Levine and we started out with half a boat and it went so well we chartered the entire boat the next year and sold it out. And it’s been selling out ever since. So, it’s been a remarkable festival scene around the community. It’s extraordinarily passionate music fans. The vibe on the boat is – between the artists – it’s not a “battle of the bands.” It’s a deep sense of camaraderie and jamming with each other and hanging out with your fans. It’s not some crazy stalker fest. It’s people who really “get it.” It’s so hard to put into words how much fun it is as an artist. The feedback we get from everybody that goes out there it’s the same thing for the fans. The Rock Slope, which is kind of the same idea only we took it out to the mountains, out in Steamboat Springs and people would go snow boarding or skiing or cocktailing or hot tubbing or whatever for all day. And we’d do shows at the top of the mountain and the top of the gondola or we’d do acoustic shows in the lodge or big rock shows at the base of the mountain. We bring a few other artists. You know, we learned early on that it’s not just about “us all.” For us, it’s been about creating opportunities for experiences – memories with people and things that are much bigger than about one particular track or one particular show – that community kind of takes on a life of its own. So, between Rock Boat, Rock Slope, Lyrics For Life (our charity), all the touring we do and trying to always put out new and fresh material as often as we can we try to please the fans. Mark Trojanowski – I think one of the major reasons that we’ve had as long a career as we’ve had is because it’s not just been driven from touring or radio success. It’s just been doing events with these people and just kind of interacting with the fan base where a lot of other artists really don’t do that. We were doing that all the way back when we were an independent band years ago, just kind of going out there, grass roots stuff and that just sort of has become a way of life for us. MSJ: You mentioned the camaraderie with all the artists. Isn’t it kind of odd how so many artists seem to look at it as a “battle of the bands” rather than networking? | Ken Block – Yeah, we’ve been very, very fortunate. We don’t play that game. We try awfully hard to connect with artists in a friendly way and support each other. I’ll tell you, we came out of the scene in Gainesville, Florida and that South Eastern scene and at the time people asked me a lot, “how do scenes get started?” And, I think one of the things that happens is, they don’t just happen. People kind of work for it, but what we saw happen was, whether it was some acoustic artist or some punk band or some folkies and some funk band, they were all saying, “Let’s connect the dots.” And, any time someone would make some kind of connection, or connect with a promoter or a booking agent or a club out of town, there was this sharing of information and this real genuine support to see everybody succeed. And once everybody gets behind it and pushes that wagon, you create an energy. You create an atmosphere of growth, not of beating each other up. I think you see that kind of thing happening in Athens or in Seattle where all these people kind of knew each other and kind of got things rolling. We’ve kept that mentality. We’ve always tried to bring up bands that we’ve seen that we like. Mark Trojanowski – They’ve had the same kind of experience and the same fan base. All of those bands, you’ve got Less Than Jake from Gainesville, you’ve got Edwin McCain (he’s still around), Seven Mary Three. So, all these bands kind of came up and did the same kind of thing around the same time and really kind of embraced each other and embraced the fan community thing and the tour scene and I think that’s why we’re all kind of still doing it. MSJ: I know artists are not crazy about having their music pigeon-holed, but how would you describe your sound? | Ken Block – Man, I hate having our music pigeon-holed, so much so that…first off all, we’ve never sat down to say (except for making an acoustic record or something like that) “we’re going to make this kind of record.” In fact, what we did (we made our first holiday record), this is kind of an example of how we go into a project. We made a fourteen or fifteen song holiday record. All of us, the five of us, each got to pick three songs. It could be a classic old holiday song, you could write it, and then it was your vision that we were going to serve on those songs. So Mark, he went in and brought in huge choirs and string sections and really wanted to do these big productions. I did a sort of soul version, sort of funk version of “Little Drummer Boy” and a bluegrass version of “The Dreidel Song.” So, everyone feels like their voice gets to be heard. We’re not afraid to try anything. I love to be in a band that doesn’t mind cranking it up, getting big distorted guitars or stripping it down and just having mandolins and voice or something. Mark Trojanowski – I think, too, just on a side note when you’re talking about trying to “pigeon-hole” the music, I think it’s hard to do that, too because where the popular music scene is trying to go at the time – you know we’ve been around since the mid ‘90’s – the music scene has changed so much. If you take like The Eagles right now, The Eagles wouldn’t be considered a rock band in today’s music, they’d probably be considered a country artist. | MSJ: They’re getting played on CMT. | Mark Trojanowski – Right, I think that’s kind of been one of our little things because we can fit into so many different things. We appeal to so different crowds – young kids, college kids, older people. You know, we can play for that NASCAR or country crowd. They kind of get into our music because of the Southern rock thing, but we can do the rock and the pop stuff. So, it’s always been hard for us, or even people writing about the band, to really describe what we are because it’s kind of very chameleon-like. Ken Block – I’ll tell you what, we’ve toured with bands like The Allman Brothers and played with Skynyrd and the sort of Southern rock thing and then we’ve shared the stage with the Foo Fighters and the Matchbox Twentys of the world, and then we strip it down and play with the Indigo Girls. It’s been really fun for us to be able to do all that different kind of stuff. I’ll say that in general, I’m going back to the beginning of this question, I think that the sort of high energy rhythm section, slide guitar parts, really memorable hooky guitars, and the big harmony vocals - trying to attach that lyricism and melody to big harmonies with that sort of Southern thumbprint and tight rhythm section. MSJ: Who would you see as your musical influences? | Ken Block –That’s a tough question. I try not to listen to music when I’m writing. I try to just think about life. I try to think about subjects and emotion and story lines more than a sound, but that’s just me. I grew up listening to, when I was young, sort of singer songwriter Simon and Garfunkel meets Fleetwood Mac, harmonies and that stuff. Then I grew up covering Judas Priest songs. So, it’s really hard for me to say, but I know that everything from Frank Zappa to Van Morrison. Mark Trojanowski – I think everyone has a little different background of what they listen to, what they like to play and stuff. You know, when you put five people together, coming from all different backgrounds… Ken Block – We are a five man democracy. We get in there and hammer ‘em out. The only time that really changes is if we’re trying to serve one guy’s vision on something. Most of the time we go in there and everyone gets their fingerprints on this because then everybody feels a little ownership. And it may not be what I had in my head at the very beginning and that used to be a tougher wiggle. Now, it’s cool, man. You know, we know we’re in the band for the long haul and the band’s going to keep on making records. Everything’s not so precious that you fight for every little thing. It’s, “no, that came out completely different than how I thought it might,” because everyone gets their fingerprints and their sort of little pieces in there. MSJ: You guys have had a very consistent lineup. Is that part of why that is – the fact that it’s a democracy? | Ken Block – Well, I think that’s caused a lot of different things, but I think in general, yeah, I think we’re very close and very much like brothers. We’re getting along better now probably than ever in the history of the band. Each year we get a little bit better, a little more seasoned and a little more checking your egos at the door. We all have a pretty good respect for each other and what each other brings to the party. MSJ: Your most recent album is an all acoustic live set. What went into that decision? | Ken Block – People had been asking for it for a long time and it gave an opportunity… You know, we put out a live record of shows and we have a DVD out of shows, but there’s a lot of times when you strip it down and play an acoustic set, it’s a different kind of connection with the crowd –different interpretations of the song and there’s a little bit more focus, I think, on some of the lyricism and some of the emotion of the raw song. You know, one of our bigger hits early on was a song called, “Happy.” It was kind of this uptempo song and it goes, (sings) “Happy, happy.” But that song wasn’t about being happy at all. So, when we stripped it down and we pulled the vibe back and we let the lyrics kind of follow a little bit more, and all of a sudden people were like, “Wow! I get it now.” So, that was kind of cool, too. I think it was something we had to put out – it was time. MSJ: What has been your biggest Spinal Tap moment? | Ken Block – Oh, man. Well, there’s been several Spinal Tap moments over the years. I fell off the front of the stage. I was coming down these stage steps that were about 18 inches off the front of the stage. I thought it was backed up because it was a shadow. And I was looking out and walking in front of the stage and I just dropped right down and got wedged under my arms. So, they had to come pull the speaker out and pull me out. It was kind of like getting caught in the pod. We’ve had a few. Mark Trojanowski – Riding in the back of a Ryder truck hearing one of our songs on the radio. Ken Block – Oh yeah, the first time we heard “All For You” on like Casey Kasem, our old bus had broken down. We left it in Biloxi or somewhere like that and we got in the back of a Ryder truck. We were all in the back of a Ryder truck with lawn chairs and Casey Kasem comes on, “here’s a little band from Gainesville, Florida with their hit song, ‘All For You.’” And we were like, (shouts) “We’ve done it! We’re there!” That was a good moment. MSJ: Finally, are there any closing thoughts you’d like to get out there for the fans? | Ken Block – Just our endless gratitude for them and that we hope to continue to try to do things and come up with new and clever ways to grow our community and get people out to come check out the band live because that gives you a much better sense of what it’s about. We encourage everyone to come out. The online world is a good place to dip in there, sisterhazel.com or myspace.com/sisterhazel – check it out. You'll find concert pics of this artist in the Music Street Journal members area. |
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The headline Go Green or Go Home on notices posted around Liesbeeck Gardens Residence summed it up. Students at self-catering residences across UCT have recently been introduced to an integrated recycling system, taking heed of the three Rs ? reduce, reuse and recycle ? as part of the university drive to go green, save energy and be "sustainable". The project, launched on 6 April, has the backing of the Properties and Services Department, waste removal company Wasteman, and cleaning staff and students, as well as wardens and sub-wardens. The project is driven by Student Housing & Resident Life in conjunction with the Green Campus Initiative (GCI), a 900-strong organisation comprising students and staff who aim to cut down on waste and reduce UCT's carbon footprint. It involves recycling 'stations' consisting of two bins, one yellow-lidded for?wet non-recyclables (such as left-overs) to be taken to landfills, and one green-lidded for dry?recyclables (papers, bottles, etc) to be transported to Wasteman's material recovery facility. The burden is now on students to sort their waste before placing it in the bins. "We hope all students will support this initiative by making those two minutes of extra effort," said GCI's Nicholas Wiid, an honours student in environmental management. "A lot of time and money has gone into this project, and we are positive about its success," added Wiid. John Critien, executive director of the Properties and Services Department, said recycling at residences is difficult because students mix up waste in their rooms, dumping banana peels with papers, for example. "The encouraging part of this initiative is that there is impetus from students, and my sense is that it will carry much more weight." This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Please view the republishing articles page for more information.
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1. Introduction If two subjects look similar and act similarly, most likely, they shall share a same mechanism in great extent. Our universe is teeming with galaxies, and the majority, about 60% to 70%, of these galaxies are spiral galaxies. Each spiral galaxy possesses a unique spiral pattern akin to a human fingerprint or DNA. These spiral patterns were first classified by Hubble [ 1] and are referred to as the Hubble sequence. Most spiral galaxies exhibit nearly perfect central symmetry, with spiral arms bound to the ends of galactic bars. There are only a few exceptions where spiral arms are not bound to galactic bars, although in some cases, these exceptions still exhibit traceable connections between the spiral arms and the galactic bars, as seen in galaxies such as NGC 4548 and MCG+00-04-051 [ 2]. The formation of spiral arms in cosmic objects of such immense scale has been a topic of curiosity and extensive study ever since Lord Rosse observed the first spiral galaxy, M51, in 1845, describing it as a spiral nebula [ 3]. However, the mechanism behind the formation of spiral arms remains unclear to this day, and various models have been proposed in the past. The current leading model is the density wave theory, proposed by Lin and Shu in 1964 [ 4], which describes spiral arms as quasi-stationary density waves. According to this model, galactic clouds are compressed as they pass through density waves, leading to a high rate of new star formation. However, this model has limited application to few grand designed galaxies, does not clearly explain how and where the density waves are initiated in the galactic disk. Other models proposed in the past include the Swing Amplification model, which treats spiral arms as a superposition of many unstable waves, and the leading mode is amplified into spiral arms due to self-gravity. The spiral arms generated by the swing amplification model are transient and recurrent [ 5]. Another model, the tidal interaction model, proposes that density waves are induced by tidal interactions between companion galaxies, such as in the case of the M51-NGC5195 pair. These induced density waves slowly wind up over time and develop into spiral arms [ 6]. The manifold model was also proposed by Romero-Gomez et. al. [ 7, 8, 9, 10, 11], the spirals and rings are developed in the vicinity of Lagragian points near the ends of galactic bars. The stars and interstellar matter circulate along the pipeline guided by the invariant manifolds. Those models mentioned above have not made significant progress so far. In 2019, the author proposed an alternative model called the “ROtating Two Arm Sprinkler Emission” (ROTASE) model for the formation of spiral arms in disc galaxies [ 2, 12, 13]. This model derived a set of new galactic spiral equations that can accurately fit and explain various common spiral patterns observed in galaxies, including open spirals, single rings, 8-shaped double rings, 8-shaped double rings wrapped with larger outer rings, single spiral arms, and broken connections of spiral arms from galactic bars. The 8-shaped double ring patterns are referred to as “Chain-link double rings”, which provide a more precise description of the unique characteristics of these spiral patterns. According to Hawking’s definition of a good theory [ 14], the ROTASE model seems to satisfy the requirements, as it accurately describes a large class of observations based on a model with few arbitrary elements, and makes definite predictions about future observations. However, it is crucial for any proposed theory to be tested by reliable experiments. Interestingly, the formation of spirals by falling rockets, which can be observed from Earth as they spin and vent unused fuel during free fall, shows remarkable similarity to the mechanism proposed by the ROTASE model for the formation of spiral arms in galaxies. In fact, the spirals generated by falling rockets can be considered as “experimental” duplications of the spirals predicted by the ROTASE model, as elaborated in detail in this paper. 2. Spiral arm formation through ROTASE mechanism The formation of spiral arms through the ROTASE mechanism can be visualized in Figure 1, and a detailed description and derivation of the galactic spiral equations can be found in the references [ 2, 12, 13]. In the ROTASE model, a disc galaxy is considered as an ideal fluid system with flat differential rotation. The central supermassive black hole emits X-matter, which is proposed to be converted from gravitational matter to unknown antigravitational or non-gravitational matter. The “X” means “unknown” similar to X-ray. The X-matter is emitted in two opposite directions within the rotation plane of the black hole, and it follows in a confined straight path for a certain distance before being freely dragged by the galactic rotation fluid matter. The final motion of the X-matter is a combination of its emission velocity and the galactic flat rotation velocity, the yellow bands of the Figure 1 are the X-matter bands emitted from the central black hole which is responsible for the spiral arm formation with higher new star formation rate; the black hole can change the X-matter emission at any time and in any format. Previous papers by the author have proposed that the X-matter gradually converts into hydrogen, leading to an increase in local hydrogen density and subsequent promotion of new star formation, resulting in enhanced local luminosity, which manifests as observed spiral arms. In this paper, the author further suggests that the X-matter may just act as a new star formation initiator or catalyst instead of converting to hydrogens, with its unknown special property that enhances the rate of new star formation and local luminosity, ultimately leading to the formation of spiral arms. The trajectory of the X-matter can be calculated using the galactic spiral equations developed from the ROTASE model: where R b represents the half length of the galactic bar (the rotation radius of the bar), and the parameter ρ(θ) is defined as the ratio of X-matter emission velocity over the galactic flat rotation velocity. The θ in the equations (1) represents the rotation angle of the galactic bar, which represents the elapsed time after the X-matter emission, rather than the spiral rotation angle. Therefore, ρ(θ) is a function of time, and the spiral morphology of the galaxy is determined by ρ(θ) which can change in anytime and any format. The differential galactic spiral equations (1) can be solved in a polar coordinate system for three different cases: The calculated x and y have to be rotated backward (-θ) for spiral plotting. Euler rotation may be needed to match the orientation of the line of sight. It is evident that a galaxy with a parameter ρ(θ) less than 1 will exhibit a ring pattern, and the radius of the ring is defined by the following equation: The ROTASE model has provided comprehensive explanations for various spiral patterns observed in galaxies, as illustrated by the reference paper [ 2], these patterns include regular grand design patterns, broken connection of spiral arms from the galactic bars, one-arm galaxy, single rings, 8-shaped double rings and 8-shaped double ring wrapped by a larger outer ring. The 8-shaped double ring is also named as Chain-link double rings, as illustrated in Figure 2 using galaxy UGC 12646 as a prominent example. Figure 2a is the original image of galaxy UGC 12646, it clearly shows the 8-shaped double ring pattern with a sequential decrease in luminosity along the ring line. Figure 2b depicts the fitting of the double ring pattern of galaxy UGC 12646 using the ROTASE model, represented by red and yellow lines with ρ(θ) change with time (θ) following Gaussian function. The two rings intersect at crossing points C and E. The red line ring originates from the bar end A (clearly, not the bar end F) and extends to BCDE, with luminosity gradually decreasing from A to E. The yellow line ring originates from the bar end F (not the bar end A) and extends to GEHC. At the ring crossing point C, the luminosity of the red line is much stronger than that of the yellow line, which almost fades away; while at the ring crossing point E, the situation is reversed, with the luminosity of the yellow line much stronger than the red line, which almost fades away (barely visible). This discrepancy in luminosity between the red and yellow line arms near the crossing points C and E is explained by the significant difference in the density of the X-matter bands, as clarified by the ROTASE model. Specifically, the density of the X-matter band of the red line arm at crossing point C is much higher than that of the yellow line arm; and similarly, the density of the X-matter band of the yellow line arm at crossing point E is much higher than that of the red line arm. Thus, the crossing pattern of the two rings morphologically resembles a chain-link pattern of gold and silver rings, as illustrated in Figure 2c, at the ring crossing point M, the silver ring is over (“dominates”) the gold ring, but, at the crossing point N, the gold ring is over (“dominate”) the silver ring, the name “Chain-link” is introduced specifically for such galactic ring crossing style by the author. Notably, this Chain-link ring crossing style is observed in all galaxies with 8-shaped double ring patterns, such as NGC 7098, NGC 2665, and SDSS J0157.50-001644.4, even including the 8-shaped unequal double ring galaxy J102942.99-022704.0. [ 2, 8]. 3. Spiral arm formation of galaxies through ROTASE mechanism is perfectly demonstrated by falling rockets venting fuel 3.1. Two-section spirals by the falling rocket It is well known that when man-made space objects are launched by rockets, the rockets eventually fall back to Earth. During their descent, the rockets rotate and vent remaining fuel, generating bright spirals in the sky as the fuel burns (or icing which reflects sun light). However, the formation mechanism proposed by the ROTASE model for the galactic spiral arms and the formation mechanisms of these spirals created by falling rockets are remarkably similar. As a rocket falls back to Earth, it rotates and emits remaining fuel (equivalent to X-matter) from the fuel container inside the rocket, which is equivalent to the central black hole in the ROTASE model. The emitted fuel moves with its emission velocity, burning in the air and creating a bright spiral pattern observed in the sky. The amount of emitted fuel gradually decreases due to burning (consumed) as it moves, causing the luminosity of the spiral to gradually decrease along the spiral line from the central starting point to the outer edge. Any change in the fuel emission behavior of the rocket will result in a change in the spiral pattern. Therefore, the formation of spirals by falling rockets can be viewed as a perfect “experimental” demonstration of the ROTASE model, although such “experiment” is completely unintentional. Figure 3 shows an example of spirals created by a falling SpaceX rocket after a satellite launch on Jun 19, 2022, as well as the galaxies M51 and UGC 6093 for comparison. The spirals created by the falling rocket are each broken into two sections, but the entire spiral pattern exhibits perfect central symmetry, including the broken points. This perfect central symmetry indicates that the fuel emitted from the rocket was almost equally distributed on both sides. The broken spirals are caused by the sudden and simultaneous change in fuel emission from both sides of the rocket at that time. It is certain that any unequal change in the timing and amount of fuel emission from the two sides of the rocket will not generate a pattern with such perfect central symmetry. The impressive spiral pattern created by the falling rocket brings to mind the famous M51 galaxy, as shown in Figure 3B. The galaxy’s spiral arms exhibit two distinctly different sections, as indicated by yellow and red lines fitted by the ROTASE model [ 2]. These two sections are connected by sharp corners, with one sharp corner appearing damaged. The physical conditions required for the generation of these two different spiral sections must have been significantly different and changed suddenly in cosmic time scale. The most striking characteristic of this spiral pattern is that the winding of the two spiral arms shows nearly perfect central symmetry, with slight damage in the south arm as indicated by the white arrow. This damage is caused by its companion galaxy NGC 5195 located at the top right corner. The tidal interaction between the two galaxies is extremely non-symmetric for M51, with the right side of M51 being much closer to NGC 5195 than the left side. As a result, the right side of M51 experiences a much stronger tidal force, leading to notable changes in the morphology of the spiral arm and damage to the sharp corner as indicated by the white arrow. The sudden change that caused the two very different sections of the spiral arms must have occurred at the galactic center. While M51 is a typical example of the tidal interaction model [ 6], there does not seem to be a reasonable explanation within this model for the two significantly different sections of the spiral arms exhibiting almost perfect central symmetry and joined by sharp corners, other unexpected impact(s) has to be introduced. Could it be possible that another similarly sized galaxy passed by in the past, or that the motion and interaction between the M51-NGC 5195 pair suddenly changed, or that some other sudden impact occurred in the galaxy’s history? For galaxy NGC 6093, as shown in Figure 3C, the spiral pattern can be nicely fitted by the ROTASE model with three different sections indicated by yellow, red, and blue lines [ 2]. The yellow line spiral arms are noticeably more open compared to the red and blue line arms, suggesting that the yellow line arms were formed under significantly different physical conditions. However, unlike M51, the winding of the entire spiral arms of NGC 6093 changes smoothly without sudden bending. The overall morphology of the spiral arms exhibits perfect central symmetry, even though each arm was developed under three distinct physical conditions. Similar to M51, the smooth change in spiral winding for perfect central symmetry indicates that the cause of the change must have occurred at the center of the galaxy. If the spiral arms with such perfect central symmetry were produced by non-central impacts in the cases of galaxies M51 and NGC 6093, then there would have to be two identical impacts exactly opposite to the galactic center, acting simultaneously. While such collaborative and synchronized interactions may be theoretically possible, they are realistically impossible to occur in such large cosmic scale systems. The Figure 4a shows a very amazing image of the spirals by the SpaceX rocket launched on April 17, 2023. The entire spiral structure was developed in two time periods as depicted in Figure 4b. The rocket started to vent the remaining fuel at the two sides almost at the same time, because the outer end A of red line spiral and the outer end C of yellow line spiral show “roughly” central symmetry. However, the red line spiral ends at B which is much shorter than yellow line spiral which ends at D, this means that the fuel venting for the red line spiral was terminated much earlier than the fuel venting for the yellow line spiral. The “X” marks the end of yellow line spiral if its fuel venting was terminated at the same time as the fuel venting for the red line spiral. The dashed yellow and green sections are the weak residual spirals which are made by one side or both sides weak fuel emission. The red line spiral is more tightly wound than the yellow line spiral indicating that the emission velocity of the red line spiral is less than the yellow line spiral, so the red line spiral and the yellow line spiral do not have central symmetry. The fuel venting was resumed equally and simultaneously at the two sides of the rocket after halt for a period of time, the central small and bright spiral outlined by the blue lines is created with nice “S” shape and perfect central symmetry, even the bar-like straight section is clearly visible at the center, really resembling the SBb or SBc type galaxy. For comparison, Figure 4c shows the image of NGC 4622 galaxy and the Figure 4d is the spiral fitting by ROTASE model [ 12]. The winding of the two spiral arm of this galaxy is different, the red line arm is more tightly wound than the yellow line spiral arm, so the two spiral arms do not have central symmetry due to unequal X-matter emissions. The X-matter emission behavior could be changed irregularly (fluctuatedly) leading to a possible fake impression that the outer pair of spiral arms wind outward clockwise and the a single inner arm winds outward counterclockwise [ 15]. 3.2. Broken connection of spirals from the ends of the rockets Figure 5A is the spirals created by the same SpaceX rocket (for Figure 3A) that was launched on June 19, 2022, as captured by another observer Clare Rehill in Queenstown, South Island of New Zealand. This photo reveals that the rocket has rotated approximately 90° relative to Figure 3A, resulting in longer and outwardly expanded spirals. However, the inner ends of the spiral arms are disconnected from the ends of the rocket, indicating that the fuel emission ceased due to empty fuel. Nevertheless, the rocket continues to rotate and the spirals continue to expand outwardly, resulting in gaps between the inner ends of the spirals and the ends of the rocket. This observation suggests that the rocket rotated ahead of the spirals. Logically, it can be predicted that the spirals will resemble the pattern shown in Figure 5B after further 90° rotation of the rocket, which is similar to the galaxy MCG+00-04-051 (also known as SDSS J011430.80+001928.3) shown in Figure 5C, as well as the galaxy NGC 4548 [ 2]. This predicted pattern would create the false impression that the spirals rotate ahead of the rocket, when in fact, the spirals rotate behind the rocket. For the galaxy MCG+00-04-051, the two arms are disconnected from the bar ends due to the termination of X-matter emission, but one side still has weak X-matter emission which creates a weak but still clearly visible section of the spiral connecting the bar end to one major spiral arm. Such special cases have been extensively analyzed in the references [ 2, 7], supporting the validity of the ROTASE model, as demonstrated by the spiral pattern evolution from Figure 3A to Figure 5A. Figure 6 presents a comparison of spirals created by falling rockets with the spiral galaxy NGC 4548. Figure 6A displays the spiral pattern produced by a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket observed over Tulsa, OK on Jan. 31, 2022, exhibiting perfect central symmetry and being disconnected from the rocket. Figure 6B is the spiral created by a SpaceX rocket observed over Hawaii on Jan 18, 2023, with the image showing the spiral disconnected from the rocket, indicating the cessation of fuel emission. Figure 6C displays an image of galaxy NGC 4548 with broken connection of the spiral arms from the bar ends. The similarity between Figure 6B and the image of the galaxy MCG+00-04-051 in Figure 5C is evident, further supporting the ROTASE model. 3.3. One-side fuel emission of rockets resulting in a single spiral pattern It is evident from the aforementioned examples that when only one side of a rocket emits fuel, it produces a distinct single spiral pattern. Figure 7A is an image of such a single spiral pattern created by SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, captured by Lance Godwin on June 5, 2020 in Australia. Similarly, Figure 7B shows another single spiral pattern produced by Long March 6C rocket over the northwest Pacific on June 8, 2021, captured by an unknown observer. Additionally, Figure 7C is the well-known galaxy NGC 4618, which exhibits only one spiral arm. This phenomenon of a single-arm galaxy can be explained by the ROTASE model [ 2], which is due to the one-side X-matter emission. The single spiral pattern of the galaxy NGC 4618 is nicely fitted by the ROTASE model [ 2], it is equivalent to the half side of the 8-shaped double ring like the galaxy SDSS J015701.50-001644.4 with parameter ρ(θ) change with time following the Gaussian equation. 3.4. Trail effect of spiral arms Trail effects refer to marks or indicators left behind by past events, typically associated with a specific time interval and gradually diminishing over time, it contains rich information about the history of the events. Figure 8 illustrates two common examples of trail effects in our everyday lives. A firework show is a classic example of a trail effect, where the burning gunpowder inside the firework propels the head upwards, leaving behind a long, bright trail below the firework head. The brightness of the trail gradually decreases over time, displaying a luminosity gradient following the firework head. Another example is the trail created by a jet boat sailing on the water. The boat’s propeller disturbs the water, pushing the boat forward and leaving behind a distinct area of disturbed water that appears different from the rest of the water surface. However, over time, the disturbed water returns to its normal state, and the trail disappears. It is important to note that trails always occur behind the event and not ahead of it. The presence of trail effects in galaxies is a well-established phenomenon, as depicted in the top row of Figure 9 which showcases three galaxies. However, it is worth noting that despite its significance which should be included in description of any models for the formation of the spiral arms of galaxies, based on author’s limited knowledge, this phenomenon has not received adequate attention in the past, and the author appears to be addressing it for the first time [ 2]. According to the ROTASE model, spiral galaxies should exhibit rear side trail effects. All three galaxies in the top row of Figure 9 rotate clockwise and display clear rear side trail effects. The front side of the spiral arms has a sharp and well-defined edge, with luminosity decreasing rapidly, while the rear side of the spiral arms exhibits an unclear and blurred edge, with luminosity gradually decreasing slowly from the spiral arm line. The trail effects of galaxies J010650.99-003413.7 ( Figure 9B) and J131730.17+203556.0 ( Figure 9C) are particularly strong and wide. The trail effect of galaxy J101652.52 has been previously studied in detail [ 2]. The second row of Figure 9 showcases three spirals with trail effects of spirals generated by falling rockets. Figure 9D displays a single spiral with a clear trail effect, while the trail effects of Figure 9E and Figure 9F are notably wide and strong, exhibiting perfect central symmetry, with luminosity gradually decreasing from the front spiral lines. Both spirals in Figure 9E and Figure 9F were generated by the same falling rocket, but the two photos were taken by different individuals at distinct locations and times. The image of Figure 9F is particularly intriguing as it displays a large pair of spirals and a much smaller pair of spirals, both exhibiting perfect central symmetry. This suggests that the rocket emitted fuel equally from two opposite sides, generating the large spirals for a certain period of time, before abruptly halting fuel emission simultaneously from both sides. After a while, fuel emission resumed equally from both sides, producing the smaller spirals. The large spirals eventually fade away, while the smaller spirals grow and replace them. This image further supports the notion that spiral arms with perfect central symmetry must be initiated from the center and cannot be generated by any non-central initiation. 4. Trail effect predicted by Density Wave theory In the density wave model, the spiral arms rotate as if they were rigid structures, while the galactic matter rotates differentially with a flat rotation velocity. There is a co-rotation radius at which the spiral arms and the galactic matter rotate at the same velocity. In the inner region of the co-rotation radius, the galactic matter rotates faster than the spiral arms, whereas in the outer region of the co-rotation radius, the galactic matter rotates slower than the spiral arms [ 16]. The spiral arms are regions of high-density waves, where the rate of new star formation is significantly higher than in other areas. This high rate of new star formation results in a higher luminosity of the density wave regions, which are the bright spiral arms observed optically. The galactic matter of the density waves is constantly and dynatically in-and-out. Hence, the trail effect can be predicted based on this model, as illustrated in Figure 10. The predicted trail effect by the ROTASE model is also presented in Figure 10 for comparison. The red dashed circle in Figure 10 represents the co-rotation line. In the inner region of the co-rotation circle, as shown in Figure 10A, the galactic matter (including stars, new-born stars, interstellar dust, etc.) rotates faster than the spiral arm, causing the new-born stars to exit the spiral arm at the front side, resulting in a trail effect at the front side of the spiral arm. In the outer region of the co-rotation circle, the galactic matter rotates slower than the spiral arm, causing the new-born stars to exit the spiral arm at the rear side, resulting in a trail effect at the rear side of the spiral arm. At the co-rotation circle region, where the galactic matter rotates at the same speed as the spiral arm, there is no trail effect. If the co-rotation circle is larger than the visible galactic disc, as shown in Figure 10B, the entire trail effect should be on the front side of the spiral arm. However, to the best of the author’s knowledge, none of these trail effects predicted by the Density Wave theory have been observed in available images of galaxies on the internet. 5. The evolution of spirals Due to the extremely short span of human’s scientific history (only few hundreds of years) in comparison to the billions of years required for galactic evolution, realistically, it is impossible to directly observe the complete lifecycle of a spiral galaxy. However, by employing a model that can describe the formation of spiral patterns in galaxies, we can make educated guesses about their potential evolution. In an intriguing incident, the entire process of a spiral’s evolution from the beginning to the end was captured on video and shared online, thanks to the observation of spirals by the falling SpaceX rocket over Hawaii which was launched on January 18, 2023 from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. Figure 11 provides a visual representation of this process, consisting of twelve screenshots ( Figure 11a to Figure 11l), which are juxtaposed with images of four known galaxies for comparison. Figure 11. Screenshots of a complete evolution of a spiral by the falling rocket and 4 galaxies for comparison. Figure 11. Screenshots of a complete evolution of a spiral by the falling rocket and 4 galaxies for comparison. Within the available video footage, the total duration of the observed evolution from Figure 11a to Figure 11l spans approximately 20 seconds. The spiral formation initiates as a small dot in Figure 11a, coinciding with the rocket’s symmetrical fuel venting at two opposite directions. As depicted in Figure 11b and Figure 11c, the spiral gradually expands, resembling a well-developed spiral pattern akin to the Milky Way ( Figure 11m, an artist’s painting based on the observed data, not a real image, because we are residing inside of Milky Way galaxy, impossible to take a whole image of the Milky Way). Figure 11d demonstrates a distinct gap between the rocket and the spiral, indicating the cessation of fuel venting due to an empty fuel container. Subsequently, the spirals continue to expand with their emission velocity, causing the gap between the spiral and the rocket to progressively widen ( Figure 11d to Figure 11g). Notably, Figure 11e and Figure 11f bear striking resemblance to the galaxies 2MASX J01194787-2744483 ( Figure 11n), MCG+00-04-051 ( Figure 4C), and NGC 4548 ( Figure 5C) with broken connection of spiral arms from the ends of galactic bars, as described in the ROTASE model, such broken connection is due to the stop or reduction of X-matter emission by the central black holes. In this particular case, the spiral generated by the rocket further evolves into a ring pattern, as illustrated in Figure 11h and Figure 11i. This ring pattern, featuring a bright central point and an outer ring without spiral connection between the outer ring and the central point, closely resembles the famous Hoag’s Object ( Figure 11o). Over time, the ring gradually fades away and eventually vanishes ( Figure 11h to Figure 11l). Notably, Figure 11j shares similarities with galaxy J084119.22+271036.2 ( Figure 11p), where the ring is barely discernible. The possible formation and evolution of Hoag’s Object have been previously elucidated [ 2] based on the ROTASE model, the formation of the Hoag’s object is due to the termination of the X-matter emission by the central black hole in a spiral galaxy with ρ < 1. The sequence of evolution from Figure 11h to Figure 11l aligns perfectly with these illustrations. Consequently, as the hydrogen content within Hoag’s Object gradually depletes and the temperature of its central bulge decreases, the object will be increasingly dimmer following the same pattern observed in Figure 11h to Figure 11l under assumption that no more hydrogens will move into the galaxy from outside during this period. Ultimately, it will become invisible within the same detection condition as Figure 11o; however, the galaxy is still there as a “dark” galaxy wandering around in the universe, it could be detected by James Webb Space Telescope with much more advanced and sensitive imstruments at much longer wavelength. Therefore, the evolution sequence of the spirals generated by the falling rocket depicted from Figure 11a to Figure 11l serves as a nice demonstration of the ROTASE model. 6. Discussion It is truly remarkable that during the final stage of their journey, after launching spacecraft into space, rockets produce mesmerizing spirals in the upper sky. These spirals not only captivate humans with their beauty, but they also inadvertently provide a perfect demonstration of the ROTASE model, resembling the formation of spiral arms in galaxies and contributing to scientific understanding. Perhaps in the future, when people witness these spectacular spirals in the sky generated by falling rockets, they will ponder on how the spiral arms of galaxies might be formed in similar ways. The spirals generated by falling rockets clearly demonstrates that morphology of spiral pattern is decided by the emission behaviour, any change of the emission will cause the change of the spirals. It has to be realized that the mechanism of the X-matter emission by the central black hole should be much more complicated than the fuel dumping by the rockets, the two mechanisms are just figuratively similar. Among all the proposed models for the formation of spiral arms in galaxies, the ROTASE model appears to be the only one that can be “experimentally” replicated. The trail effect observed in the spirals further supports the notion that the spiral arms and galactic bars are bound together and rotate as a “rigid” body, with a rotation speed faster than galactic matter of the galaxies. Importantly, the exclusive presence of a rear side trail effect strongly suggests the absence of co-rotation in these galaxies. Based on current and past studies, it can be concluded that spiral galaxies with perfect central symmetry have to be originated at the centers of galaxies. The ROTASE model provides a reasonable description of the formation of spiral patterns in galaxies and mathematically fits the observed spiral patterns very well with the newly derived galactic spiral equations from this model. However, the concept of X-matter emission from the central black holes of galaxies challenges our current knowledge, as black holes are traditionally believed to emit nothing beyond their event horizon. The nature of X-matter, which appears to connect the central symmetry of spiral patterns with the galactic centers, is mysterious and open to speculation. It is proposed that X-matter may be converted into hydrogens, as previously suggested, to promote new star formation or just act as a catalyst to increase new star formation, resulting in regions with higher luminosity, which are observed as spiral arms. The exact nature of X-matter, whether it is a particle, an unknown physical field, or another unknown physical entity, remains an open question; deep researches shall be conducted theoretically and experimentally with novel ideas and approaches by experts in particle physics, high energy physics, astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology and black holes, surprises may come out. After inspecting the striking spiral patterns of those well-constructed spiral galaxies as represented by galaxies NGC 1300 and J101652.52 shown in Figure 12, the sixth sense strongly feels that a mysterious fluid-like matter should flow out of the galactic centers in two opposite directions, it is this fluid-like matter instead of “waves” responsible for the formation of the spiral arms of the galaxies. However, everyone has his/her own sixth sense, may feel differently, and will realistically make his/her own judgement if the spiral arms of galaxies are formed by such fluid-like matter or by waves or by something else. Figure 12. Left: NGC 1300; right: J101652.52. Figure 12. Left: NGC 1300; right: J101652.52. The central supermassive black holes seem much more complicate than what we think today, and play a critical role for the formation of the spiral structure of galaxies with central symmetry. It is certain that the ROTASE model is not perfect at current stage, can be improved in the future. People may propose new models for the formation of spirals of galaxies when more evidences are available in the future. It will be appropriate to finish this paper with the American poet Robert Frost’s words: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I, I took the one less travelled by, and that has made all the difference. 7. Conclusions The ROTASE model is successfully demonstrated by falling rockets venting fuel, providing valuable insights into the formation and evolution of spiral arms in galaxies. The spiral structure of galaxies with perfect central symmetry must be initiated realistically at the galactic center, as any non-central initiation to develop such a large cosmic-scale object with perfect central symmetry may be mathematically and imaginarily possible, but realistically implausible. Spiral arms and bars are bound together and rotate as a rigid body, with a faster rotation speed than the galactic disc. The exclusive presence of a rear side trail effect in galaxies indicates the absence of co-rotation. The exact nature of X-matter, whether it is a particle, an unknown physical field, or another unknown physical entity, remains an open question. Acknowledgments The author would like to give special thanks to all those individuals and organizations around the world who took photos and videos of those amazing spirals generated by falling rockets and shared them through the internet which makes this paper possible. References - Hubble, E. The Classification of Spiral Nebulae, The Observatory, 1927, 50, 276-281. - Pan H, Spirals and rings in barred galaxies by the ROTASE model, IJP. 9(6), 286 (2021). [CrossRef] - Seigar M (editor), Spiral Structure in Galaxies, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2017. - Lin C and Shu F, On the spiral structure of disk galaxies, ApJ. 140, 646 (1964). - Julian W and Toomre A., Non-axisymmetric responses of differentially rotating disks of stars, ApJ. 146, 810 (1966). [CrossRef] - Dobbs C and et. al. Simulations of the grand design galaxy M51: A case study for analysing tidally induced spiral structure, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 403 625 (2010). [CrossRef] - Romero-Gómez, M.; Masdemont, J.; Athanassoula, E.; García-Gómez, C. The origin of rR1 ring structures in barred galaxies, A&A 2006, 453, 39–45. [CrossRef] - Romero-Gómez, M.; Athanassoula, E.; Masdemont, J.; García-Gómez, C. The formation of spiral arms and rings in barred galaxies, A&A, 2007, 472, 63–75. [CrossRef] - Athanassoula, E.; Romero-Gómez, M.; Masdemont, J.; Rings and spirals in barred galaxies – I. Building blocks, MNRAS, 2009, 394(1), 67–81. [CrossRef] - Athanassoula, M.; Romero-Gómez, M.; Bosma, A.; Masdemont, J. Rings and spirals in barred galaxies – II. Ring and spiral morphology, MNRAS, 2009, 400(4), 1706–1720. [CrossRef] - Athanassoula, E.; Romero-Gómez, M.; Bosma, A.; Masdemont, J. Rings and spirals in barred galaxies – III. Further comparisons and links to observations, MNRAS, 2010, 407(3), 1433–1448. [CrossRef] - Pan H, Spirals and rings in barred galaxies by the ROTASE model, IJP 7(3) 73 (2019). [CrossRef] - Pan H., Application of new formulas for the spiral arm formation to selected galaxies with special patterns, AJAA 8(3) 45 (2020). [CrossRef] - Hawking S. 1998 A brief history of time, (Bantam Books, NY, NY), pp 10. ISBN 0-553-10953-7. - Byrd, G. et al. Leading spiral arms, retrograde galaxy encounters and massive halos. Celest. Mech. 45, 31 (1988). [CrossRef] - Pour-Imani H and et. al. Strong evidence for the density-wave theory of spiral structure in disk galaxies, ApJL 827, L2 (2016). [CrossRef] Figure 1. Illustration of the spiral arm formation by the ROTASE model. Figure 1. Illustration of the spiral arm formation by the ROTASE model. Figure 2. Illustration of the application of ROTASE model to the galaxy UGC 12646 with 8-shaped double ring pattern with chain-link crossing style. Figure 2. Illustration of the application of ROTASE model to the galaxy UGC 12646 with 8-shaped double ring pattern with chain-link crossing style. Figure 3. A: Spirals by falling SpaceX rocket, Image credit: Alasdair Burns, observed in New Zealand, posted on Twitter, 6/19/2022; B: the galaxy M51; C: the galaxy UGC 6093. Figure 3. A: Spirals by falling SpaceX rocket, Image credit: Alasdair Burns, observed in New Zealand, posted on Twitter, 6/19/2022; B: the galaxy M51; C: the galaxy UGC 6093. Figure 4. Spirals by unequal emission. a is the spiral by the SpaceX rocket launched on 4/17/2023, captured by Talia MacDonald at Alaska. b is the depicted profile of the a. c is the image of NGC 4622; d is the spiral fitting by ROTASE model. Figure 4. Spirals by unequal emission. a is the spiral by the SpaceX rocket launched on 4/17/2023, captured by Talia MacDonald at Alaska. b is the depicted profile of the a. c is the image of NGC 4622; d is the spiral fitting by ROTASE model. Figure 5. Spirals with broken connection from the rockets. A, the spirals by the same falling SpaceX rocket as Figure 3A at later time, photo by Clare Rehill at Queenstown of South Island of New Zealand, June 19, 2022; B, photoshop modified from Fig 5A as the predicted spiral pattern after further 90° rotation of the rocket; C, the image of the galaxy MCG+00-04-051. Figure 5. Spirals with broken connection from the rockets. A, the spirals by the same falling SpaceX rocket as Figure 3A at later time, photo by Clare Rehill at Queenstown of South Island of New Zealand, June 19, 2022; B, photoshop modified from Fig 5A as the predicted spiral pattern after further 90° rotation of the rocket; C, the image of the galaxy MCG+00-04-051. Figure 6. Additional images of spirals with broken connection from rockets. A, spiral by SpaceX Falcon 9 observed over Tulsa, OK on Jan. 31, 2022; B, the spiral by SpaceX rocket, observed on Jan. 18, 2023 over Hawaii. C, the galaxy NGC 4548. Figure 6. Additional images of spirals with broken connection from rockets. A, spiral by SpaceX Falcon 9 observed over Tulsa, OK on Jan. 31, 2022; B, the spiral by SpaceX rocket, observed on Jan. 18, 2023 over Hawaii. C, the galaxy NGC 4548. Figure 7. One spiral by one-side fuel emission. A, the one spiral by SpaceX Falcon 9, photo was taken by Lance Godwin on Jun 5, 2020 in Australia; B, one spiral by Long March 2C rocket over the northwest Pacific on June 8, 2021; C, the galaxy NGC 4618 with only one spiral arm. Figure 7. One spiral by one-side fuel emission. A, the one spiral by SpaceX Falcon 9, photo was taken by Lance Godwin on Jun 5, 2020 in Australia; B, one spiral by Long March 2C rocket over the northwest Pacific on June 8, 2021; C, the galaxy NGC 4618 with only one spiral arm. Figure 8. Common trail effect of firework shows and the trail by jet boat. Figure 8. Common trail effect of firework shows and the trail by jet boat. Figure 9. The trail effects of the galaxies and the spirals produced by falling rockets. A, J101652.52; B, J010650.99-003413.7; C, J131730.17+203556.0 ; D, spiral by SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket over the Australia’s east coast on June 5,2010 by Ryan Northover; E, spirals by SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket over Sudan, photo was taken by Sam Cornwell on 1/8/2018; F, Spirals by SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket over Khartoum, Sudan, photo was taken by Peter Horstink, January 8, 2018. Figure 9. The trail effects of the galaxies and the spirals produced by falling rockets. A, J101652.52; B, J010650.99-003413.7; C, J131730.17+203556.0 ; D, spiral by SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket over the Australia’s east coast on June 5,2010 by Ryan Northover; E, spirals by SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket over Sudan, photo was taken by Sam Cornwell on 1/8/2018; F, Spirals by SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket over Khartoum, Sudan, photo was taken by Peter Horstink, January 8, 2018. Figure 10. Comparison of trail effects predicted by the Density wave theory with the ROTASE model. A: the trail effect with co-rotation circle in the middle region of visible galactic disc; B: the trail effect with co-rotation circle outside of visible galactic disc; C: trail effect predicted by ROTASE model. Figure 10. Comparison of trail effects predicted by the Density wave theory with the ROTASE model. A: the trail effect with co-rotation circle in the middle region of visible galactic disc; B: the trail effect with co-rotation circle outside of visible galactic disc; C: trail effect predicted by ROTASE model. Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. | © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Computes the "logical or" of elements across dimensions of a tensor. Reduces `input` along the dimensions given in `axis`. Unless `keep_dims` is true, the rank of the tensor is reduced by 1 for each entry in `axis`. If `keep_dims` is true, the reduced dimensions are retained with length 1. Nested Classes class | ReduceAny.Options | Optional attributes for ReduceAny Public Methods Output<Boolean> | asOutput() Returns the symbolic handle of a tensor. static <T extends Number> ReduceAny | | static ReduceAny.Options | keepDims(Boolean keepDims) Output<Boolean> | output() The reduced tensor. Inherited Methods Public Methods public Output<Boolean> asOutput () Returns the symbolic handle of a tensor. Inputs to TensorFlow operations are outputs of another TensorFlow operation. This method is used to obtain a symbolic handle that represents the computation of the input. public static ReduceAny create (Scope scope, Operand<Boolean> input, Operand<T> axis, Options... options) Factory method to create a class wrapping a new ReduceAny operation. Parameters scope | current scope | ---|---| input | The tensor to reduce. | axis | The dimensions to reduce. Must be in the range `[-rank(input), rank(input))`. | options | carries optional attributes values | Returns - a new instance of ReduceAny public static ReduceAny.Options keepDims (Boolean keepDims) Parameters keepDims | If true, retain reduced dimensions with length 1. | ---|
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Report on illegal mining in village Garhi, Narnaul tehsil, Mahendergarh district, Haryana, 29/06/2020 Action taken report by the Haryana State Pollution Control Board in compliance to the National Green Tribunal (NGT) order of March 6, 2020 in the matter of illegal mining by M/s Haryana Mining Company at Khasra No. 122 Pahar Garhi, village Garhi, Tehsil Narnaul, District Mahendergarh in violation of the Indian Forest Act, 1927, the Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The area in question was inspected by June 16, 2020 by a joint committee and it was found that the operation of M/s Haryana Mining Company, Garhi was closed and no mining activity was observed at the site. Mining officer, Narnaul has informed that lease of Haryana Mining Company has been terminated on January 10, 2020 due to illegal mining beyond allotted area of the lease and non-deposition of royalty, hence their security which was deposited at the time of obtaining lease agreement i.e. amounting of Rs. 2,47,65,625/- has been forfeited. The Forest Department also informed that the said lease holder destroyed 597 plants/trees during execution of illegal mining activities in Khasra No. 122, village Garhi on June 18, 2016 and a damage report was issued against the miner and action taken against him in the Special Environment Court, Faridabad. Further, vide order April 22, 2019 the court ordered him to pay a sum of Rs. 1,21,788 as compensation which was paid in court. The Haryana State Pollution Control Board has issued show cause notices for revocation of consent to operate for non-compliance with the conditions of Consent to Operate under the provisions of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. Note: The report of June 29, 2020 was uploaded to the NGT site on July 2, 2020
<urn:uuid:5e330f88-d69b-42a3-af70-f2b18cf99e06>
CC-MAIN-2024-51
http://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/468015/report-on-illegal-mining-in-village-garhi-narnaul-tehsil-mahendergarh-district-haryana-29062020/
2024-12-09T04:55:29Z
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0.972545
Background: Primary Education provides a vital link between home education and the Secondary Education. The school is a place on which parents believes that their children will learn skills, values habits and knowledge. This will help him to live better life. Schooling has direct effect on children educational achievements. These basic skills place foundation for higher studies. Objective: The present paper aim was to find out condition of schools in Lucknow district on the bases of School environment by ranks. Material and Methods: School Environment Checklist covered various aspects of schools like room, floor, ground, ceiling cleanliness, lab facility, convince arrangement like bus, car, auto, riksa etc. and pest control in routine way were included. This checklist also includes building renovation, ventilation, light arrangement, hygiene prevention steps and different training facility provide for school staffs. Total 30 questions were there and all the answers were marked for all schools. Analysis: Data was entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed by SPSS version 16. Result: In which Good sanitation and Control of pest & Pesticides were ranked first and eleventh (Last).
<urn:uuid:e7f93f93-4728-4862-8469-98a6f9cc46be>
CC-MAIN-2024-51
http://mail.journalcra.com/article/observation-primary-school-environment-lucknow-district
2024-12-09T02:50:53Z
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Usage conditions may apply for digital images, video, and sound recordings linked within SOVA collections. While digital content may be restricted, SOVA collection descriptions and catalog records are available CC0 for re-use. For more information, visit the Smithsonian's Terms of Use page. National Air and Space Museum Archives National Air and Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Biographies
<urn:uuid:ee1932cc-e651-4aeb-b2c3-4c437bd3d008>
CC-MAIN-2024-51
https://sova.si.edu/record/nasm.xxxx.1183.c/ref46019
2024-12-09T04:25:13Z
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Public Lab is an open community which collaboratively develops accessible, open source, Do-It-Yourself technologies for investigating local environmental health and justice issues. close | All topics » If you cannot use the ReCaptcha to verify you are not a bot, use this alternative verification. By signing up, you agree to the Code of Conduct, which applies to all online and in-person spaces managed by the Public Lab community and non-profit. You also agree to our Privacy Policy. As an open source community, we believe in open licensing of content so that other members of the community can leverage your work legally -- with attribution, of course. By joining the Public Lab site, you agree to release the content you post here under a Creative Commons Attribution Sharealike license, and the hardware designs you post under the CERN Open Hardware License 1.1 (full text). This has the added benefit that others must share their improvements in turn with you. or sign up to join the Public Lab community Forgot your password? Reset it here Follow related tags: Follow Post by @warren 0 | over 7 years ago
<urn:uuid:e15a8e2d-00a6-4d10-a7f7-367096f69f5e>
CC-MAIN-2024-51
https://stable.publiclab.org/tag/teach-and-learn
2024-12-09T04:42:00Z
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In April 2012, a renowned Belgian oncologist and cancer survivor agreed to euthanize 64-year-old Godelieva de Troyer, an otherwise healthy woman battling depression. Her son, Tom Mortier, found out the next day when a Belgian hospital asked him to make postmortem arrangements for his estranged mother. Mortier knew his mother suffered from depression her entire life but had no idea she was considering euthanasia. “My mother … was treated for years by psychiatrists and, sadly, she and I lost contact for some time,” he said. “It was during this time that she died by way of lethal injection. Never could I have imagined that we would be parted forever.” De Troyer’s psychiatrist of 20 years initially denied her request for euthanasia in September 2011 because she didn’t meet the threshold under Belgian law, which required that to be euthanized, a person be in a “medically futile condition of constant and unbearable physical or mental suffering that cannot be alleviated, resulting from a serious and incurable disorder caused by illness or accident.” But after de Troyer made a large monetary donation to Life End Information Forum — an organization the doctor himself co-founded — he agreed to proceed. And the three other physicians who examined de Troyer’s case not only knew her medical history tenuously at best but were also intimately involved in the forum. This transpired in spite of Belgian law requiring independent, disinterested inquiries into the cases of patients seeking death by lethal injection. The biggest gut punch, though, is that a major contributor to de Troyer’s depression was her persistent estrangement from her family — yet at no point did anyone involved in her care attempt to mend her familial relationships. European Court of Human Rights Stops Short When Mortier brought a case before the European Court of Human Rights, claiming a lack of independent scrutiny of the circumstances of his mother’s killing, the court agreed. Its Oct. 4 decision hinged on Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which states: Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law. The issue before the court was not, explicitly, whether de Troyer’s case violated a broader “right to life.” Rather, it was that Belgium’s Federal Commission for the Control and Evaluation of Euthanasia did not act independently in its a posteriori evaluation of de Troyer’s death: [T]aking into account the crucial role played by the Commission in the a posteriori control of euthanasia, the Court considers that the control system established in the present case did not ensure its independence. In so stating, the court essentially held that Belgium failed to fulfill its procedural investigatory responsibility under Article 2. However, it stopped there: The judges concluded, 5-2, that there were no underlying violations of the country’s legal framework for granting a euthanasia request — despite de Troyer’s physical health and the fact that given her familial estrangement, it seems unlikely she’d exhausted her treatment options. No Safeguards to Mitigate Dangers Advocacy group Alliance Defending Freedom’s International Deputy Director Robert Clarke represented Mortier in the case before the court. Clarke rightly bemoaned the court’s insistence that more “safeguarding” can adequately protect the right to life under the convention. “The reality,” said Clarke, “is that there are no ‘safeguards’ that can mitigate the dangers of the practice [of euthanasia] once it is legal.” In response to the ruling, Mortier expressed his hope of igniting awareness of the “immense harm” euthanasia inflicts on patients and their families. “The big problem in our society,” he said, “is that, apparently, we have lost the meaning of taking care of each other.” Rather than reconnect an aggrieved patient with the family that could uplift and sustain her, de Troyer was offered virtually unfettered access to a “legal” practice that, in an instant, absolves everyone involved of their responsibilities: the family’s responsibility to care for her, a physician’s obligation to provide necessary care (even if palliative), and, ultimately, the patient’s responsibility to bear the burden that is guaranteed to befall every human person — suffering. The Lost Meaning of Suffering Mortier is right, except we haven’t just lost the meaning of caring for each other; we’ve also lost the meaning of suffering. Once it becomes rampantly and universally accepted, euthanasia guarantees that none of us needs to endure suffering if we don’t want to. But if suffering is the single thread weaving us together, inviting us to bear one another’s burdens, opening a portal to a world that promises eternal, enduring relief, what do we lose when we cultivate a world where it’s no longer necessary? We might not need to suffer, but what else will we lose? It’s a question well worth asking, and the court’s decision, while igniting a small spark of hope, does not even begin to plumb its depths.
<urn:uuid:0ce59091-6e3a-48c0-95e7-80646661c921>
CC-MAIN-2024-51
https://thefederalist.com/2022/10/07/a-world-that-misunderstands-suffering-thinks-euthanizing-healthy-people-is-a-cure/
2024-12-09T04:00:51Z
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Electromagnetic Scattering by a Cylinder in a Lossy Medium of an Inhomogeneous Elliptically Polarized Plane Wave DOI: https://doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2019.135819Keywords: electromagnetic scattering, inhomogeneous wave dispersion, vectorial cylindrical-harmonicsAbstract In this paper, a rigorous theoretical approach, adopted in order to generalize the Vectorial CylindricalHarmonics (VCH) expansion of an inhomogeneous elliptically polarized plane wave, is presented. An application of the VCH expansion to analyze electromagnetic field scattered by an infinite circular cylinder is presented. The results are obtained using the so-called complex-angle formalism reaching a superposition of Vectorial Cylindrical-Harmonics. To validate the method, a Matlab code was implemented. Also, the validity of the methodology was confirmed through some comparisons between the proposed method and the numerical results obtained based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) in the canonical scenario with a single cylinder. Downloads Downloads Published Issue Section License Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
<urn:uuid:3d1d87cd-dbe4-4cfd-9b14-74bbf4e8aeb7>
CC-MAIN-2024-51
https://wildcardsubdomaintoprocess.jtit.pl/jtit/article/view/581
2024-12-09T03:20:04Z
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City Scoot Electric delivery FF (2023) The City Scoot electric mock-up prototype on display at the London EV Show at ExCel in November 2023. Note that the supporting outriggers are only temporary, to support the mock-up vehicle. 'Self-levelling jockey wheels' are promised for the fully-operational version! This is the delivery vehicle; images of private, taxi and ambulance 2-seaters were also on display. No detailed specifications of weight, power, or battery capacity were available, although a range of up to 250 miles was being claimed. The forks, wheels and dashboard display are from a Suzuki Burgman 650 maxiscooter. PNB Photo: © Paul Blezard 2023
<urn:uuid:a6e8bd83-692c-4203-8127-5390cb8d454d>
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https://www.bikeweb.com/node/3872
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[Page]CARMEN SECULARE, For the Year 1700. TO THE KING. Aspice, venturo lætentur ut Omnia Sæc'lo: O mihi tam longæ maneat pars ultima vitæ, Spiritus & quantum sat erit tua dicere facta! Virg. Eclog. 4. I.1 Thy elder Look, Great Janus, cast 2 Into the long Records of Ages past: 3 Review the Years in fairest Action drest 4 With noted White, Superior to the rest; 5 Æra's deriv'd, and Chronicles begun 6 From Empires founded, and from Battels won: [Page 134]7 Show all the Spoils by valiant Kings achiev'd, 8 And groaning Nations by Their Arms reliev'd; 9 The Wounds of Patriots in their Country's Cause, 10 And happy Pow'r sustain'd by wholesom Laws: 11 In comely Rank call ev'ry Merit forth: 12 Imprint on ev'ry Act it's Standard Worth: 13 The glorious Parallels then downward bring 14 To Modern Wonders, and to Britain's King: 15 With equal Justice and Historic Care 16 Their Laws, Their Toils, Their Arms with His compare: 17 Confess the various Attributes of Fame 18 Collected and compleat in William's Name: 19 To all the list'ning World relate 20 (As Thou dost His Story read) 21 That nothing went before so Great, 22 And nothing Greater can succeed. II.23 Thy Native Latium was Thy darling Care, 24 Prudent in Peace, and terrible in War: 25 The boldest Virtues that have govern'd Earth 26 From Latium's fruitful Womb derive their Birth. 27 Then turn to Her fair-written Page: 28 From dawning Childhood to establish'd Age, 29 The Glories of Her Empire trace: 30 Confront the Heroes of Thy Roman Race: 31 And let the justest Palm the Victor's Temples grace. III.32 The Son of Mars reduc'd the trembling Swains, 33 And spread His Empire o'er the distant Plains: [Page 135]34 But yet the Sabins violated Charms 35 Obscur'd the Glory of His rising Arms. 36 Numa the Rights of strict Religion knew; 37 On ev'ry Altar laid the Incense due; 38 Unskill'd to dart the pointed Spear, 39 Or lead the forward Youth to noble War. 40 Stern Brutus was with too much Horror good, 41 Holding his Fasces stain'd with Filial Blood. 42 Fabius was Wise, but with Excess of Care; 43 He sav'd his Country; but prolonged the War: 44 While Decius, Paulus, Curius greatly fought; 45 And by Their strict Examples taught, 46 How wild Desires should be controll'd; 47 And how much brighter Virtue was, than Gold; 48 They scarce Their swelling Thirst of Fame could hide; 49 And boasted Poverty with too much Pride. 50 Excess in Youth made Scipio less rever'd: 51 And Cato dying seem'd to own, He fear'd. 52 Julius with Honor tam'd Rome's foreign Foes: 53 But Patriots fell, e'er the Dictator rose. 54 And while with Clemency Augustus reign'd; 55 The Monarch was ador'd; the City chain'd. IV.56 With justest Honour be Their Merits drest: 57 But be Their Failings too confest: 58 Their Virtue, like their Tyber's Flood 59 Rolling, it's Course design'd the Country's Good: 60 But oft the Torrent's too impetuous Speed 61 From the low Earth tore some polluting Weed: [Page 136]62 And with the Blood of Jove there always ran 63 Some viler Part, some Tincture of the Man. V.64 Few Virtues after These so far prevail, 65 But that Their Vices more than turn the Scale: 66 Valour grown wild by Pride, and Pow'r by Rage, 67 Did the true Charms of Majesty impair: 68 Rome by Degrees advancing more in Age, 69 Show'd sad Remains of what had once been fair; 70 'Till Heav'n a better Race of Men supplies; 71 And Glory shoots new Beams from Western Skies. VI.72 Turn then to Pharamond, and Charlemain, 73 And the long Heroes of the Gallic Strain; 74 Experienc'd Chiefs, for hardy Prowess known, 75 And bloody Wreaths in vent'rous Battels won. 76 From the First William, our great Norman King, 77 The bold Plantagenets, and Tudors bring; 78 Illustrious Virtues, who by turns have rose, 79 In foreign Fields to check Britannia's Foes; 80 With happy Laws Her Empire to sustain, 81 And with full Pow'r assert Her ambient Main: 82 But sometimes too Industrious to be Great, 83 Nor Patient to expect the Turns of Fate, 84 They open'd Camps deform'd by Civil Fight, 85 And made proud Conquest trample over Right: 86 Disparted Britain mourn'd Their doubtful Sway, 87 And dreaded Both, when Neither would obey. [Page 137]VII.88 From Didier, and Imperial Adolph trace 89 The Glorious Offspring of the Nassaw Race, 90 Devoted Lives to Publick Liberty; 91 The Chief still dying, or the Country free. 92 Then see the Kindred Blood of Orange flow, 93 From warlike Cornet, thro' the Loins of Beau; 94 Thro' Chalon next; and there with Nassaw join, 95 From Rhone's fair Banks transplanted to the Rhine. 96 Bring next the Royal List of Stuarts forth, 97 Undaunted Minds, that rul'd the rugged North; 98 'Till Heav'n's Decrees by rip'ning Times are shown; 99 'Till Scotland's Kings ascend the English Throne; 100 And the fair Rivals live for ever One. VIII.101 Janus, mighty Deity, 102 Be kind; and as Thy searching Eye 103 Does our Modern Story trace, 104 Finding some of Stuart's Race 105 Unhappy, pass Their Annals by: 106 No harsh Reflection let Remembrance raise: 107 Forbear to mention, what Thou canst not praise: 108 But as Thou dwell'st upon that Heav'nly** MARY. Name, 109 To Grief for ever Sacred, as to Fame, 110 Oh! read it to Thy self; in Silence weep; 111 And Thy convulsive Sorrows inward keep; 112 Lest Britain's Grief should waken at the Sound; 113 And Blood gush fresh from Her eternal Wound. [Page 138]IX.114 Whither would'st Thou further look? 115 Read William's Acts, and close the ample Book: 116 Peruse the Wonders of His dawning Life; 117 How, like Alcides, He began; 118 With Infant Patience calm'd Seditious Strife, 119 And quell'd the Snakes which round his Cradle ran. X.120 Describe His Youth, attentive to Alarms, 121 By Dangers form'd, and perfected in Arms: 122 When Conqu'ring, mild; when Conquer'd, not disgrac'd; 123 By Wrongs not lessen'd, nor by Triumphs rais'd: 124 Superior to the blind Events 125 Of little Human Accidents; 126 And constant to His first Decree, 127 To curb the Proud, to set the Injur'd free; 128 To bow the haughty Neck, and raise the suppliant Knee. XI.129 His opening Years to riper Manhood bring; 130 And see the Hero perfect in the King: 131 Imperious Arms by Manly Reason sway'd, 132 And Power Supreme by free Consent obey'd: 133 With how much Haste His Mercy meets his Foes: 134 And how unbounded His Forgiveness flows: 135 With what Desire He makes His Subjects bless'd, 136 His Favours granted ere His Throne address'd: 137 What Trophies o'er our captiv'd Hearts He rears, 138 By Arts of Peace more potent, than by Wars: [Page 139]139 How o'er Himself, as o'er the World, He Reigns, 140 His Morals strength'ning, what His Law ordains. XII.141 Thro' all His Thread of Life already spun, 142 Becoming Grace and proper Action run: 143 The Piece by Virtue's equal Hand is wrought, 144 Mix'd with no Crime, and shaded with no Fault: 145 No Footsteps of the Victor's Rage 146 Left in the Camp, where William did engage: 147 No Tincture of the Monarch's Pride 148 Upon the Royal Purple spy'd: 149 His Fame, like Gold, the more 'tis try'd, 150 The more shall its intrinsic Worth proclaim; 151 Shall pass the Combat of the searching Flame, 152 And triumph o'er the vanquish'd Heat, 153 For ever coming out the same, 154 And losing nor it's Lustre, nor it's Weight. XIII.155 Janus be to William just; 156 To faithful History His Actions trust: 157 Command Her, with peculiar Care 158 To trace each Toil, and comment ev'ry War: 159 His saving Wonders bid Her write 160 In Characters distinctly bright; 161 That each revolving Age may read 162 The Patriot's Piety, the Hero's Deed: 163 And still the Sire inculcate to his Son 164 Transmissive Lessons of the King's Renown: 165 That William's Glory still may live; 166 When all that present Art can give, [Page 140]167 The Pillar'd Marble, and the Tablet Brass, 168 Mould'ring, drop the Victor's Praise: 169 When the great Monuments of His Pow'r 170 Shall now be visible no more: 171 When Sambre shall have chang'd her winding Flood; 172 And Children ask, where Namur stood. XIV.173 Namur, proud City, how her Towr's were arm'd! 174 How She contemn'd th'approaching Foe! 175 'Till She by William's Trumpets was allarm'd, 176 And shook, and sunk, and fell beneath His Blow. 177 Jove and Pallas, mighty Pow'rs, 178 Guided the Hero to the hostile Tow'rs. 179 Perseus seem'd less swift in War, 180 When, wing'd with Speed, he flew thro' Air. 181 Embattl'd Nations strive in vain 182 The Hero's Glory to restrain: 183 Streams arm'd with Rocks, and Mountains red with Fire 184 In vain against His Force conspire. 185 Behold Him from the dreadful Height appear! 186 And lo! Britannia's Lions waving there. XV.187 Europe freed, and France repell'd 188 The Hero from the Height beheld: 189 He spake the Word, that War and Rage should cease: 190 He bid the Maese and Rhine in Safety flow; 191 And dictated a lasting Peace 192 To the rejoicing World below: 193 To rescu'd States, and vindicated Crowns 194 His Equal Hand prescrib'd their ancient Bounds; [Page 141]195 Ordain'd whom ev'ry Province should obey; 196 How far each Monarch should extend His Sway: 197 Taught 'em how Clemency made Pow'r rever'd; 198 And that the Prince Belov'd was truly Fear'd. 199 Firm by His Side unspotted Honour stood, 200 Pleas'd to confess Him not so Great as Good: 201 His Head with brighter Beams fair Virtue deck't, 202 Than Those which all His num'rous Crowns reflect: 203 Establish'd Freedom clap'd her joyful Wings; 204 Proclaim'd the First of Men, and Best of Kings. XVI.205 Whither would the Muse aspire 206 With Pindar's Rage without his Fire? 207 Pardon me, Janus, 'twas a Fault, 208 Created by too great a Thought: 209 Mindless of the God and Day, 210 I from thy Altars, Janus, stray, 211 From Thee, and from My self born far away. 212 The fiery Pegasus disdains 213 To mind the Rider's Voice, or hear the Reins: 214 When glorious Fields and opening Camps He views; 215 He runs with an unbounded Loose: 216 Hardly the Muse can sit the headstrong Horse: 217 Nor would She, if She could, check his impetuous Force: 218 With the glad Noise the Cliffs and Vallies ring; 219 While She thro' Earth and Air pursues the King. XVII.220 She now beholds Him on the Belgic Shoar; 221 Whilst Britain's Tears His ready Help implore, [Page 142]222 Dissembling for Her sake his rising Cares, 223 And with wise Silence pond'ring vengeful Wars. 224 She thro' the raging Ocean now 225 Views Him advancing his auspicious Prow; 226 Combating adverse Winds and Winter Seas, 227 Sighing the Moments that defer Our Ease; 228 Daring to wield the Scepter's dang'rous Weight, 229 And taking the Command, to save the State: 230 Tho' e'er the doubtful Gift can be secur'd, 231 New Wars must be sustain'd, new Wounds endur'd. XVIII.232 Thro' rough Ierne's Camp She sounds Alarms, 233 And Kingdoms yet to be redeem'd by Arms; 234 In the dank Marshes finds her glorious Theme; 235 And plunges after Him thro' Boyn's fierce Stream. 236 She bids the Nereids run with trembling Haste, 237 To tell old Ocean how the Hero past. 238 The God rebukes their Fear, and owns the Praise 239 Worthy that Arm, Whose Empire He obeys. XIX.240 Back to His Albion She delights to bring 241 The humblest Victor, and the kindest King. 242 Albion, with open Triumph would receive 243 Her Hero, nor obtains His Leave: 244 Firm He rejects the Altars She would raise; 245 And thanks the Zeal, while He declines the Praise. 246 Again She follows Him thro' Belgia's Land, 247 And Countries often sav'd by William's Hand; 248 Hears joyful Nations bless those happy Toils, 249 Which freed the People, but return'd the Spoils. [Page 143]250 In various Views She tries her constant Theme; 251 Finds Him in Councils, and in Arms the Same: 252 When certain to o'ercome, inclin'd to save, 253 Tardy to Vengeance, and with Mercy, Brave. XX.254 Sudden another Scene employs her Sight: 255 She sets her Hero in another Light: 256 Paints His great Mind Superior to Success, 257 Declining Conquest, to establish Peace: 258 She brings Astrea down to Earth again, 259 And Quiet, brooding o'er His future Reign. XXI.260 Then with unweary'd Wing the Goddess soars 261 East, over Danube and Propontis Shoars; 262 Where jarring Empires ready to engage, 263 Retard their Armies, and suspend their Rage; 264 'Till William's Word, like That of Fate, declares, 265 If They shall study Peace, or lengthen Wars. 266 How sacred His Renown for equal Laws, 267 To whom the World defers it's Common Cause! 268 How fair His Friendships, and His Leagues how just, 269 Whom ev'ry Nation courts, Whom all Religions trust! XXII.270 From the Mæotis to the Northern Sea, 271 The Goddess wings her desp'rate Way; 272 Sees the young Muscovite, the mighty Head, 273 Whose Sov'reign Terror forty Nations dread, 274 Inamour'd with a greater Monarch's Praise, 275 And passing half the Earth to His Embrace: [Page 144]276 She in His Rule beholds His Volga's Force, 277 O'er Precipices, with impetuous Sway 278 Breaking, and as He rowls his rapid Course, 279 Drowning, or bearing down, whatever meets his Way. 280 But her own King She likens to His Thames, 281 With gentle Course devolving fruitful Streams: 282 Serene yet Strong, Majestic yet Sedate, 283 Swift without Violence, without Terror Great. 284 Each ardent Nymph the rising Current craves: 285 Each Shepherd's Pray'r retards the parting Waves: 286 The Vales along the Bank their Sweets disclose: 287 Fresh Flow'rs for ever rise: and fruitful Harvest grows. XXIII.288 Yet whither would th'advent'rous Goddess go? 289 Sees She not Clouds, and Earth, and Main below? 290 Minds She the Dangers of the Lycian Coast, 291 And Fields, where mad Belerophon was lost? 292 Or is Her tow'ring Flight reclaim'd 293 By Seas from Icarus's Downfall nam'd? 294 Vain is the Call, and useless the Advice: 295 To wise Perswasion Deaf, and human Cries, 296 Yet upward She incessant flies; 297 Resolv'd to reach the high Empyrean Sphere, 298 And tell Great Jove, She sings His Image here; 299 To ask for William an Olympic Crown, 300 To Chromius' Strength, and Theron's Speed unknown: 301 Till lost in trackless Fields of shining Day, 302 Unable to discern the Way 303 Which Nassaw's Virtue only could explore, 304 Untouch'd, unknown, to any Muse before, [Page 145]305 She, from the noble Precipices thrown, 306 Comes rushing with uncommon Ruin down. 307 Glorious Attempt! Unhappy Fate! 308 The Song too daring, and the Theme too great! 309 Yet rather thus She wills to die, 310 Than in continu'd Annals live, to sing 311 A second Heroe, or a vulgar King; 312 And with ignoble Safety fly 313 In sight of Earth, along a middle Sky. XXIV.314 To Janus' Altars, and the numerous Throng, 315 That round his mystic Temple press, 316 For William's Life, and Albion's Peace, 317 Ambitious Muse reduce the roving Song. 318 Janus, cast Thy forward Eye 319 Future, into great Rhea's pregnant Womb; 320 Where young Ideas brooding lye, 321 And tender Images of Things to come: 322 'Till by Thy high Commands releas'd; 323 'Till by Thy Hand in proper Atoms dress'd, 324 In decent Order They advance to Light; 325 Yet then too swiftly fleet by human Sight; 326 And meditate too soon their everlasting Flight. XXV.327 Nor Beaks of Ships in Naval Triumph born, 328 Nor Standards from the hostile Ramparts torn, 329 Nor Trophies brought from Battles won, 330 Nor Oaken Wreath, nor Mural Crown [Page 146]331 Can any future Honours give 332 To the Victorious Monarch's Name: 333 The Plenitude of William's Fame 334 Can no accumulated Stores receive. 335 Shut then, auspicious God, Thy Sacred Gate, 336 And make Us Happy, as our King is Great. 337 Be kind, and with a milder Hand, 338 Closing the Volume of the finish'd Age, 339 (Tho' Noble, 'twas an Iron Page) 340 A more delightful Leaf expand, 341 Free from Alarms, and fierce Bellona's Rage: 342 Bid the great Months begin their joyful Round, 343 By Flora some, and some by Ceres Crown'd: 344 Teach the glad Hours to scatter, as they fly, 345 Soft Quiet, gentle Love, and endless Joy: 346 Lead forth the Years for Peace and Plenty fam'd, 347 From Saturn's Rule, and better Metal nam'd. XXVI.348 Secure by William's Care let Britain stand; 349 Nor dread the bold Invader's Hand: 350 From adverse Shoars in Safety let Her hear 351 Foreign Calamity, and distant War; 352 Of which let Her, great Heav'n, no Portion bear. 353 Betwixt the Nations let Her hold the Scale; 354 And as She wills, let either Part prevail: 355 Let her glad Vallies smile with wavy Corn: 356 Let fleecy Flocks her rising Hills adorn: 357 Around her Coast let strong Defence be spread: 358 Let fair Abundance on her Breast be shed: 359 And Heav'nly Sweets bloom round the Goddess' Head. [Page 147]XXVII.360 Where the white Towers and ancient Roofs did stand, 361 Remains of Wolsey's or great Henry's Hand, 362 To Age now yielding, or devour'd by Flame; 363 Let a young Phenix raise her tow'ring Head: 364 Her Wings with lengthen'd Honour let Her spread; 365 And by her Greatness show her Builder's Fame. 366 August and Open, as the Hero's Mind, 367 Be her capacious Courts design'd: 368 Let ev'ry Sacred Pillar bear 369 Trophies of Arms, and Monuments of War. 370 The King shall there in Parian Marble breath, 371 His Shoulder bleeding fresh: and at His Feet 372 Disarm'd shall lye the threat'ning Death: 373 (For so was saving Jove's Decree compleat.) 374 Behind, That Angel shall be plac'd, whose Shield 375 Sav'd Europe, in the Blow repell'd: 376 On the firm Basis, from his Oozy Bed 377 Boyn shall raise his Laurell'd Head; 378 And his Immortal Stream be known, 379 Artfully waving thro' the wounded Stone. XXVIII.380 And Thou, Imperial Windsor, stand inlarg'd, 381 With all the Monarch's Trophies charg'd: 382 Thou, the fair Heav'n, that dost the Stars inclose, 383 Which William's Bosom wears, or Hand bestows 384 On the great Champions who support his Throne, 385 And Virtues nearest to His own. [Page 148]XXIX.386 Round Ormond's Knee Thou ty'st the Mystic String, 387 That makes the Knight Companion to the King. 388 From glorious Camps return'd, and foreign Feilds, 389 Bowing before thy sainted Warrior's Shrine, 390 Fast by his great Forefather's Coats, and Shields 391 Blazon'd from Bohun's, or from Butler's Line, 392 He hangs His Arms; nor fears those Arms should shine 393 With an unequal Ray; or that His Deed 394 With paler Glory should recede, 395 Eclips'd by Theirs; or lessen'd by the Fame 396 Ev'n of His own Maternal Nassaw's Name. XXX.397 Thou smiling see'st great Dorset's Worth confest, 398 The Ray distinguishing the Patriot's Breast: 399 Born to protect and love, to help and please; 400 Sov'reign of Wit, and Ornament of Peace. 401 O! long as Breath informs this fleeting Frame, 402 Ne'er let me pass in Silence Dorset's Name; 403 Ne'er cease to mention the continu'd Debt, 404 Which the great Patron only would forget, 405 And Duty, long as Life, must study to acquit. XXXI.406 Renown'd in Thy Records shall Ca'ndish stand, 407 Asserting Legal Pow'r, and just Command: 408 To the great House thy Favour shall be shown, 409 The Father's Star transmissive to the Son. 410 From Thee the Talbot's and the Seymour's Race 411 Inform'd, Their Sire's immortal Steps shall trace: [Page 149]412 Happy may their Sons receive 413 The bright Reward, which Thou alone canst give. XXXII.414 And if a God these lucky Numbers guide; 415 If sure Apollo o'er the Verse preside; 416 Jersey, belov'd by all (For all must feel 417 The Influence of a Form and Mind, 418 Where comely Grace and constant Virtue dwell, 419 Like mingl'd Streams, more forcible when join'd.) 420 Jersey shall at Thy Altars stand; 421 Shall there receive the Azure Band, 422 That fairest Mark of Favour and of Fame, 423 Familiar to the Vilier's Name. XXXIII.424 Science to raise, and Knowledge to enlarge, 425 Be our great Master's future Charge; 426 To write His own Memoirs, and leave His Heirs 427 High Schemes of Government, and Plans of Wars; 428 By fair Rewards our Noble Youth to raise 429 To emulous Merit, and to Thirst of Praise; 430 To lead Them out from Ease e'er opening Dawn, 431 Through the thick Forest and the distant Lawn, 432 Where the fleet Stag employs their ardent Care; 433 And Chases give Them Images of War. 434 To teach Them Vigilance by false Alarms; 435 Inure Them in feign'd Camps to real Arms; 436 Practise Them now to curb the turning Steed, 437 Mocking the Foe; now to his rapid Speed 438 To give the Rein; and in the full Career, 439 To draw the certain Sword, or send the pointed Spear. [Page 150]XXXIV.440 Let Him unite His Subjects Hearts, 441 Planting Societies for peaceful Arts; 442 Some that in Nature shall true Knowledge found, 443 And by Experiment make Precept sound; 444 Some that to Morals shall recal the Age, 445 And purge from vitious Dross the sinking Stage; 446 Some that with Care true Eloquence shall teach, 447 And to just Idioms fix our doubtful Speech: 448 That from our Writers distant Realms may know, 449 The Thanks We to our Monarch owe; 450 And Schools profess our Tongue through ev'ry Land, 451 That has invok'd His Aid, or blest His Hand. XXXV.452 Let His high Pow'r the drooping Muses rear. 453 The Muses only can reward His Care: 454 'Tis They that guard the great Atrides' Spoils: 455 'Tis They that still renew Ulysses' Toils: 456 To Them by smiling Jove 'twas giv'n, to save 457 Distinguish'd Patriots from the Common Grave; 458 To them, Great William's Glory to recal, 459 When Statues moulder, and when Arches fall. 460 Nor let the Muses, with ungrateful Pride, 461 The Sources of their Treasure hide: 462 The Heroe's Virtue does the String inspire, 463 When with big Joy They strike the living Lyre: 464 On William's Fame their Fate depends: 465 With Him the Song begins: with Him it ends. 466 From the bright Effluence of His Deed 467 They borrow that reflected Light, [Page 151]468 With which the lasting Lamp They feed, 469 Whose Beams dispel the Damps of envious Night. XXXVI.470 Through various Climes, and to each distant Pole 471 In happy Tides let active Commerce rowl: 472 Let Britain's Ships export an Annual Fleece, 473 Richer than Argos brought to ancient Greece; 474 Returning loaden with the shining Stores, 475 Which lye profuse on either India's Shores. 476 As our high Vessels pass their wat'ry Way, 477 Let all the Naval World due Homage pay; 478 With hasty Reverence their Top-Honours lower, 479 Confessing the asserted Power, 480 To Whom by Fate 'twas given, with happy Sway 481 To calm the Earth, and vindicate the Sea. XXXVII.482 Our Pray'rs are heard, our Master's Fleets shall go, 483 As far as Winds can bear, or Waters flow, 484 New Lands to make, new Indies to explore, 485 In Worlds unknown to plant Britannia's Power; 486 Nations yet wild by Precept to reclaim, 487 And teach 'em Arms, and Arts, in William's Name. XXXVIII.488 With humble Joy, and with respectful Fear 489 The list'ning People shall His Story hear, 490 The Wounds He bore, the Dangers He sustain'd, 491 How far he Conquer'd, and how well he Reign'd; 492 Shall own his Mercy equal to His Fame; 493 And form their Children's Accents to His Name, 494 Enquiring how, and when from Heav'n He came. [Page 152]495 Their Regal Tyrants shall with Blushes hide 496 Their little Lusts of Arbitrary Pride, 497 Nor bear to see their Vassals ty'd: 498 When William's Virtues raise their opening Thought, 499 His forty Years for Publick Freedom fought, 500 Europe by His Hand sustain'd, 501 His Conquest by His Piety restrain'd, 502 And o'er Himself the last great Triumph gain'd. XXXIX.503 No longer shall their wretched Zeal adore 504 Ideas of destructive Power, 505 Spirits that hurt, and Godheads that devour: 506 New Incense They shall bring, new Altars raise, 507 And fill their Temples with a Stranger's Praise; 508 When the Great Father's Character They find 509 Visibly stampt upon the Hero's Mind; 510 And own a present Deity confest, 511 In Valour that preserv'd, and Power that bless'd. XL.512 Through the large Convex of the Azure Sky 513 (For thither Nature casts our common Eye) 514 Fierce Meteors shoot their arbitrary Light; 515 And Comets march with lawless Horror bright: 516 These hear no Rule, no righteous Order own; 517 Their Influence dreaded, as their Ways unknown: 518 Thro' threaten'd Lands They wild Destruction throw; 519 'Till ardent Prayer averts the Public Woe: 520 But the bright Orb that blesses all above, 521 The sacred Fire, the real Son of Jove, [Page 153]522 Rules not His Actions by Capricious Will; 523 Nor by ungovern'd Power declines to Ill: 524 Fix'd by just Laws He goes for ever right: 525 Man knows His Course, and thence adores His Light. XLI.526 O Janus! would intreated Fate conspire 527 To grant what Britain's Wishes could require; 528 Above, That Sun should cease his Way to go, 529 E'er William cease to rule, and bless below: 530 But a relentless Destiny 531 Urges all that e'er was born: 532 Snatch'd from her Arms, Britannia once must mourn 533 The Demi-God: The Earthly Half must die. 534 Yet if our Incense can Your Wrath remove; 535 If human Prayers avail on Minds above; 536 Exert, great God, Thy Int'rest in the Sky; 537 Gain each kind Pow'r, each Guardian Deity, 538 That conquer'd by the publick Vow, 539 They bear the dismal Mischief far away: 540 O! long as utmost Nature may allow, 541 Let Them retard the threaten'd Day: 542 Still be our Master's Life Thy happy Care: 543 Still let His Blessings with His Years increase: 544 To His laborious Youth consum'd in War, 545 Add lasting Age, adorn'd and crown'd with Peace: 546 Let twisted Olive bind those Laurels fast, 547 Whose Verdure must for ever last. XLII.548 Long let this growing Æra bless His Sway: 549 And let our Sons His present Rule obey: [Page 154]550 On His sure Virtue long let Earth rely: 551 And late let the Imperial Eagle fly, 552 To bear the Hero thro' His Father's Sky, 553 To Leda's Twins, or He whose glorious Speed 554 On Foot prevail'd, or He who tam'd the Steed; 555 To Hercules, at length absolv'd by Fate 556 From Earthly Toil, and above Envy great; 557 To Virgil's Theme, bright Cytherea's Son, 558 Sire of the Latian, and the British Throne; 559 To all the radiant Names above, 560 Rever'd by Men, and dear to Jove. 561 Late, Janus, let the Nassaw-Star 562 New born, in rising Majesty appear, 563 To triumph over vanquish'd Night, 564 And guide the prosp'rous Mariner 565 With everlasting Beams of friendly Light.
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Articles Open Access http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/10.2807/esw.11.23.02969-en Like 0 This item has no PDF Download Abstract In 2005, it was decided not to introduce hepatitis B vaccination into the childhood vaccination programme in Denmark © This work is licensed under a . Full text loading...
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Gary Alan Campanell, on May 22, 2015, of Runnemede, formerly of Mays Landing. Age 61. Beloved husband of Joelle (nee Bender). Devoted father of Christa, Graycin, and Gary C. Campanell. Loving son of Louise Baker (Charles) and the late Robert Campanell. Dear brother of Bob Campanell (Lynda) and son-in-law of Gerrie McGlinchey. Also survived by many loving family members. Gary spent his time entertaining crowds as a member of Gary & The Kid and many other bands. There will be a viewing from 1 to 3pm Saturday afternoon at GARDNER FUNERAL HOME, RUNNEMEDE. Funeral Service 3pm at the funeral home. Interment private. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made at your local TD Bank to “Gary’s Memorial Fund”, for the care of his children. Family and friends may share memories at www.GardnerFuneralHome.com.
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Since our regular visits to gas stations, we are well aware of how a refill system works. So you don’t have to reinvent the wheel – you only have to figure out how to apply the same solution to the products you distribute. By offering filling stations and refillable containers to your consumers, you give them the option to have a higher-quality, even personalised packaging. Or they can customise the purchase itself, as they can, for example, mix flavours at will and buy exactly as much of any product as they need. This way your business can improve consumer experience and also save costs, particularly in transportation. If you are a distributor of products – and not a manufacturer – there are still ways you can avoid single use plastic packaging. Think about the amount of single use plastic that goes into your chain of distribution and whether all of it is necessary. For example, there are restaurants and cafes that offer durable and refillable designer cups in exchange for a deposit fee. Some cafés also offer smart-cups which double as contactless payment devices – you just hold close to the reader at checkout. With such packaging alternatives, you can not only reduce plastic waste, but also strengthen brand loyalty. To gather ideas for your product, you can also check out a package free shop. You will be surprised by the wide variety of products that people already happily fill into their own containers: from pasta through cleaning products to cooking oil. You can also reduce plastic waste by making sure the packaging returns back to you – just like how the UK’s milk bottle system worked back in the old days. Nowadays some cosmetics and food manufacturers already offer such durable packaging materials that – after return and cleaning – can be reused. You can incentivise your customers to return the packaging with a gift or discounts on their next purchase.
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Organisatieontwerp.nl Diagnose, Ontwerp en Verandering The Ultimate GDPR Checklist Written by Maikel Mardjan in Informatiebeveiliging , Organisatieontwerp The Ultimate GDPR Checklist Architectuur beveiliging Privacy ← The Art of managing privacy policies The day after the GDPR: End of an Era? → More posts Solving complex IT problems September 12, 2023 Mastering JupyterLab September 14, 2021 POC of MVP? June 24, 2020 Let’s just do it one more time June 4, 2020
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Login You've been redirected to this login page because you have tried accessing a page that was not available to you as an anonymous user. Cookies must be enabled past this point. [Lost your password?] New Account Resend confirmation email to a pending account
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42 #include <pcl/point_cloud.h> 71 template < typename Po intIn, typename Po intOut> 79 using Ptr = shared_ptr< Convolution<PointIn, PointOut> >; 80 using ConstPtr = shared_ptr< const Convolution<PointIn, PointOut> >; 190 convolveOneRowDense ( int i, int j); 195 convolveOneColDense ( int i, int j); 200 convolveOneRowNonDense ( int i, int j); 205 convolveOneColNonDense ( int i, int j); 210 float distance_threshold_; 214 Eigen::ArrayXf kernel_; 226 p.x = p.y = p.z = std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN (); 232 #include <pcl/filters/impl/convolution.hpp> PointCloud represents the base class in PCL for storing collections of 3D points. shared_ptr< PointCloud< PointT > > Ptr shared_ptr< const PointCloud< PointT > > ConstPtr Convolution is a mathematical operation on two functions f and g, producing a third function that is ... const float & getDistanceThreshold() const typename PointCloudIn::Ptr PointCloudInPtr void convolveCols(PointCloudOut &output) Convolve a float image columns by a given kernel. Convolution() Constructor. void setInputCloud(const PointCloudInConstPtr &cloud) Provide a pointer to the input dataset. pcl::PointCloud< PointOut > PointCloudOut void setNumberOfThreads(unsigned int nr_threads=0) Initialize the scheduler and set the number of threads to use. void convolve_rows_mirror(PointCloudOut &output) convolve rows and mirror borders void makeInfinite(PointOut &p) shared_ptr< Convolution< PointIn, PointOut > > Ptr typename PointCloudIn::ConstPtr PointCloudInConstPtr int getBordersPolicy() Get the borders policy. ~Convolution()=default Empty destructor. void convolve_cols_duplicate(PointCloudOut &output) convolve cols and duplicate borders void convolve_rows_duplicate(PointCloudOut &output) convolve rows and duplicate borders void convolveRows(PointCloudOut &output) Convolve a float image rows by a given kernel. void convolve_cols(PointCloudOut &output) convolve cols and ignore borders void convolve_cols_mirror(PointCloudOut &output) convolve cols and mirror borders void convolve_rows(PointCloudOut &output) convolve rows and ignore borders void convolve(const Eigen::ArrayXf &h_kernel, const Eigen::ArrayXf &v_kernel, PointCloudOut &output) Convolve point cloud with an horizontal kernel along rows then vertical kernel along columns : convol... void setDistanceThreshold(const float &threshold) shared_ptr< const Convolution< PointIn, PointOut > > ConstPtr void setBordersPolicy(int policy) Set the borders policy. void initCompute(PointCloudOut &output) init compute is an internal method called before computation void setKernel(const Eigen::ArrayXf &kernel) Set convolving kernel. unsigned int threads_ The number of threads the scheduler should use. BORDERS_POLICY The borders policy available. @ BORDERS_POLICY_DUPLICATE
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Support More NFTs author | kmao | type | core-upgrade | network | Ethereum | status | Approved | created | 2024-08-26 | updated | 2024-08-27 | Proposal Summary XIP-73 proposes support for more NFT collections. Specification Overview This proposal aims to add more supported NFT collections to Infinex. The Infinex Account can currently receive all NFTs, but only supported NFTs are displayed in the UI and allowed to be deposited and withdrawn. The Infinex Platform will be updated to support the following collections: - CryptoPunks - Pudgy Penguins - Pudgy Rods - Azuki - Bored Ape Yacht Club - Mutant Ape Yacht Club - Bored Ape Kennel Club - Otherdeed for Otherside - Meebits - Milady Maker - Doodles - Redacted Remilio Babies - Ethlizards Rationale The CWG has progressed with the integration of Initial Support for NFTs, and believes it is important to enable support for a wider range of more popular collections. Technical Specification Infinex will add functionality for users to view these new NFT collections in-app. Functionality to deposit and withdraw these assets will also be added. The token addresses for these collections are: Collection | Network | Address | ---|---|---| CryptoPunks | Ethereum Mainnet | 0xb47e3cd837dDF8e4c57F05d70Ab865de6e193BBB | Pudgy Penguins | Ethereum Mainnet | 0xBd3531dA5CF5857e7CfAA92426877b022e612cf8 | Pudgy Rods | Ethereum Mainnet | 0x062E691c2054dE82F28008a8CCC6d7A1c8ce060D | Azuki | Ethereum Mainnet | 0xED5AF388653567Af2F388E6224dC7C4b3241C544 | Bored Ape Yacht Club | Ethereum Mainnet | 0xBC4CA0EdA7647A8aB7C2061c2E118A18a936f13D | Mutant Ape Yacht Club | Ethereum Mainnet | 0x60E4d786628Fea6478F785A6d7e704777c86a7c6 | Bored Ape Kennel Club | Ethereum Mainnet | 0xba30E5F9Bb24caa003E9f2f0497Ad287FDF95623 | Otherdeed for Otherside | Ethereum Mainnet | 0x34d85c9CDeB23FA97cb08333b511ac86E1C4E258 | Meebits | Ethereum Mainnet | 0x7Bd29408f11D2bFC23c34f18275bBf23bB716Bc7 | Milady Maker | Ethereum Mainnet | 0x5Af0D9827E0c53E4799BB226655A1de152A425a5 | Doodles | Ethereum Mainnet | 0x8a90CAb2b38dba80c64b7734e58Ee1dB38B8992e | Redacted Remilio Babies | Ethereum Mainnet | 0xD3D9ddd0CF0A5F0BFB8f7fcEAe075DF687eAEBaB | Ethlizards | Ethereum Mainnet | 0x7f312a75B62846033Bc5471c5BcB94b1abfAf06d | In order to implement these upgrades, Infinex will simply need to upgrade the backend infrastructure to track these assets, and also reflect it in the UI. Copyright Copyright and related rights waived via CC0.
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react-flexbox-grid alternatives and similar libraries Based on the "UI Layout" category. Alternatively, view react-flexbox-grid alternatives based on common mentions on social networks and blogs. - A draggable and resizable grid layout with responsive breakpoints, for React. - A React component for resizing HTML elements. - DISCONTINUED. React Native component for adding Spokestack to a React Native app Do you think we are missing an alternative of react-flexbox-grid or a related project? README react-flexbox-grid Setup Installation react-flexbox-grid can be installed as an npm package: npm install --save react-flexbox-grid Minimal configuration The recommended way to use react-flexbox-grid is with a tool like webpack or Meteor, make sure you set it up to support requiring CSS files. For example, the minimum required loader configuration for webpack would look like this: { test: /\.css$/, loader: 'style-loader!css-loader', include: /flexboxgrid/ } react-flexbox-grid imports the styles from flexboxgrid , that's why we're configuring the loader for it. CSS Modules If you want to use CSS Modules (this is mandatory for versions earlier than v1), webpack's css-loader supports this by passing modules param in the loader configuration. First, install style-loader and css-loader as development dependencies: npm install --save-dev style-loader css-loader Next, add a loader for flexboxgrid with CSS Modules enabled: { test: /\.css$/, loader: 'style-loader!css-loader?modules', include: /flexboxgrid/ } Make sure you don't have another CSS loader which also affects flexboxgrid . In case you do, exclude flexboxgrid , for example: { test: /\.css$/, loader: 'style-loader!css-loader!postcss-loader', include: path.join(__dirname, 'node_modules'), // oops, this also includes flexboxgrid exclude: /flexboxgrid/ // so we have to exclude it } Otherwise you would end up with an obscure error because webpack stacks loaders together, it doesn't override them. Isomorphic support Try: this comment. If this doesn't work for you, use the build located in the dist directory. This build removes all .css imports and extracts the relevant css into react-flexbox-grid/dist/react-flexbox-grid.css . Not using a bundler? Use the pre-bundled build located in the dist directory. It contains a single umd js distributable and built css file. Usage Now you can import and use the components: import React from 'react'; import { Grid, Row, Col } from 'react-flexbox-grid'; class App extends React.Component { render() { return ( <Grid fluid> <Row> <Col xs={6} md={3}> Hello, world! </Col> </Row> </Grid> ); } } Gotcha For the time being always use fluid for <Grid> to prevent horizontal overflow issues. Example Looking for a complete example? Head over to react-flexbox-grid-example. Advanced composition We also export functions for generating Row and Column class names for use in other components. For example, suppose you're using a third party component that accepts className and you would like it to be rendered as Col . You could do so by extracting the column sizing props that MyComponent uses and then pass the generated className on to SomeComponent import React from 'react'; import { Row, Col, getRowProps, getColumnProps } from 'react-flexbox-grid'; // a component that accepts a className import SomeComponent from 'some-package'; export default function MyComponent(props) { const colProps = getColumnProps(props); const rowProps = getRowProps(props); return ( <form className={rowProps.className}> <SomeComponent classname={colProps.className} /> <input value={props.value} onChange={props.onChange} /> </form> ); } MyComponent.propTypes = Object.assign({ onChange: React.PropTypes.func.isRequired, value: React.PropTypes.string.isRequired, }, Col.propTypes, Row.propTypes); // Re-use existing Row and Col propType validations // Can now be rendered as: <MyComponent end="sm" sm={8} value="my input value" onChange={...} /> Contributors Roy Lee | Helder Santana | Matija Marohnić | License MIT *Note that all licence references and agreements mentioned in the react-flexbox-grid README section above are relevant to that project's source code only.
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Projects per year Abstract Stellar evolution theory predicts a "gap"in the black hole birth function caused by the pair instability. Many presupernova stars that have a core mass below some limiting value, M low, after all pulsational activity is finished, collapse to black holes, while more massive ones, up to some limiting value, M high, explode, promptly and completely, as pair-instability supernovae. Previous work has suggested M low ≈ 50 M o˙ and M high ≈ 130 M o˙. These calculations have been challenged by recent LIGO observations that show many black holes merging with individual masses M low ⪆ 65 M o˙. Here we explore four factors affecting the theoretical estimates for the boundaries of this mass gap: nuclear reaction rates, evolution in detached binaries, rotation, and hyper-Eddington accretion after black hole birth. Current uncertainties in reaction rates by themselves allow M low to rise to 64 M o˙ and M high as large as 161 M o˙. Rapid rotation could further increase M low to ∼70 M o˙, depending on the treatment of magnetic torques. Evolution in detached binaries and super-Eddington accretion can, with great uncertainty, increase M low still further. Dimensionless Kerr parameters close to unity are allowed for the more massive black holes produced in close binaries, though they are generally smaller. Projects - 1 Finished - Bailes, M., McClelland, D. E., Levin, Y., Blair, D. G., Scott, S. M., Ottaway, D. J., Melatos, A., Veitch, P. J., Wen, L., Shaddock, D. A., Slagmolen, B. J. J., Zhao, C., Evans, R. J., Ju, L., Galloway, D., Thrane, E., Hurley, J. R., Coward, D. M., Cooke, J., Couch, W., Hobbs, G. B., Reitze, D., Rowan, S., Cai, R., Adhikari, R. X., Danzmann, K., Mavalvala, N., Kulkarni, S. R., Kramer, M., Branchesi, M., Gehrels, N., Weinstein, A. J. R., Steeghs, D., Bock, D. & Lasky, P. 1/01/17 → 31/03/24 Project: Research
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Presentation Presentation It is commonplace to affirm satisfaction at a new Journal or periodical appearance. The scientific world can feel satisfied with the birth of the Review of International and European Economic Law (RIEEL), which is called to fill an editorial gap in the national and international order that is evident, which also aims to be filled with a decidedly interdisciplinary approach. Suppose the so-called Global Legal Order revolves around human rights, the preservation and defence of the environment and world governance. In that case, the RIEEL makes governance inclusive of multilateral cooperation. This axis allows it to project itself on all the significant issues that shake our survival and progress as a species from an economic perspective, respecting fundamental principles and values. The menu is vast and open: international economic law, trade, taxation, financing and sustainable development, investments, customs, banking system, migration, free market and competition, environmental rules, pandemics, money laundering, security, means of dispute settlement, international organizations... Whether the Journal's baptismal happiness finds confirmation, later, will depend on its contributions, that is, on the success, timeliness, and quality of the articles it requests or receives, its punctual appearance, its attractive presentation, and the favour of its readers. All this requires an alert, firm and rigorous management, a capable and motivated team, and an advisory board ready to suggest topics and outline guidelines thanks to its wisdom and experience. The first issue of the RIEEL offers the first section, "Review Articles", of remarkable ambition and impact. Some proposals are presented on codification and progressive law that directly affect the global legal order in two fundamental matters: International fiscal cooperation and the environment. Thus, the first issue already includes a proposal for a General Agreement on International Tax Cooperation, Trade and Global Tax Governance. This study is seasoned with another on the procedural framework that contains some general ideas to facilitate the preparation of an agreement of these characteristics within the framework of the United Nations. This section also includes a work that deals with the codification of international environmental law in its march towards a global pact for the environment. The number is completed with a series of varied scientific articles written by specialists in international law, financial law, and political science, together with some chronicles of conferences and congresses, and a bibliographical review. Downloads Published How to Cite Issue Section License Copyright (c) 2022 Antonio Remiro Brotons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Even though I’m a recent hire, people often come to me to find other people in the organization. It’s a powerful way to create value. I’m not the expert they’re looking for, but I can point them in the right direction. I want to not only to improve my networking capabilities, but to build this knowledge into the organization so that it transcends me. This reduces my direct influence, but strengthens the organization and makes more things possible. Improving the connective tissue in organizations increases efficiency, effectiveness, and happiness. A fully-connected organization allows people to bring together the best talent and the best resources no matter where they are, and it enables people everywhere to develop their full potential. Little steps matter. Relentless improvement matters. How can I help make that happen? - I can teach the processes I use to find experts and resources. This enables more people to do what I do, and provides a platform that people can build on. - I can map the different communities, groups, and people for the subjects people often ask me about. Making the map visible brings people together. - I can cultivate communities and make them the go-to point for requests. Communities can reach a lot more people, bring in fresh talent, and form more connections. Vibrant communities also mean that individuals aren’t points of failure in the network. - I can provide feedback to our toolmakers and cultural influencers. Again, the more things we build into the framework, the easier it will be for more people to make things happen. It may seem counter-intuitive to spread valued skills, especially if the organizational model is that knowledge is power and scarcity creates job security, but I need to create exponential value. Instead of accumulating and holding skills close, I want to push as much value as I can into the structure and into other people. I want to braindump everything I’ve learned and am learning, opening it all up so that other people can take the next step. I want to see this smarter, truly globally-integrated workplace become reality. I need to help lots of people know more than what I know and do more than what I do. I can help make that happen from where I stand and with the levers I have (and build). I’ll get even better as I learn more about different parts of the organization, respond to more requests, and find ways to align my work even better with the organization’s strategies. What we learn here can help other organizations and networks, too. It’s a worthwhile goal. I’m looking forward to seeing how the adventure will unfold!
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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ORCID ID 0000-0001-9683-5616 Date Awarded 2018 Document Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Department Computer Science Advisor Denys Poshyvanyk Committee Member Gang Zhou Committee Member Xu Liu Committee Member Adwait Nadkarni Committee Member Andrian Marcus Abstract Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets have become ubiquitous in today's computing landscape. These devices have ushered in entirely new populations of users, and mobile operating systems are now outpacing more traditional "desktop" systems in terms of market share. The applications that run on these mobile devices (often referred to as "apps") have become a primary means of computing for millions of users and, as such, have garnered immense developer interest. These apps allow for unique, personal software experiences through touch-based UIs and a complex assortment of sensors. However, designing and implementing high quality mobile apps can be a difficult process. This is primarily due to challenges unique to mobile development including change-prone APIs and platform fragmentation, just to name a few. in this dissertation we develop techniques that aid developers in overcoming these challenges by automating and improving current software design and testing practices for mobile apps. More specifically, we first introduce a technique, called Gvt, that improves the quality of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for mobile apps by automatically detecting instances where a GUI was not implemented to its intended specifications. Gvt does this by constructing hierarchal models of mobile GUIs from metadata associated with both graphical mock-ups (i.e., created by designers using photo-editing software) and running instances of the GUI from the corresponding implementation. Second, we develop an approach that completely automates prototyping of GUIs for mobile apps. This approach, called ReDraw, is able to transform an image of a mobile app GUI into runnable code by detecting discrete GUI-components using computer vision techniques, classifying these components into proper functional categories (e.g., button, dropdown menu) using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and assembling these components into realistic code. Finally, we design a novel approach for automated testing of mobile apps, called CrashScope, that explores a given android app using systematic input generation with the intrinsic goal of triggering crashes. The GUI-based input generation engine is driven by a combination of static and dynamic analyses that create a model of an app's GUI and targets common, empirically derived root causes of crashes in android apps. We illustrate that the techniques presented in this dissertation represent significant advancements in mobile development processes through a series of empirical investigations, user studies, and industrial case studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of these approaches and the benefit they provide developers. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.21220/s2-9me2-db10 Rights © The Author Recommended Citation Moran, Kevin Patrick, "Automating Software Development for Mobile Computing Platforms" (2018). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. William & Mary. Paper 1550153845. http://dx.doi.org/10.21220/s2-9me2-db10
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Welcome back to Parsons Playlists! Today we’re featuring a selection of songs with Funky Bass Grooves as curated by Music Library student manager Christian (class of 2023). Parsons Playlists: Funky Bass Grooves A playlist of some great songs with dangerously funky bass lines. Marcus Miller – “Detroit” Vulfpeck – “Lost My Treble Long Ago” Jaco Patorius – “Chicken” Evan Brewer – “Actualize” Alain Caron – “Jack Cannon” Victor Wooten – “Funky D” Cory Wong & Tom Misch – “Cosmic Sans” Flevans – “12 Apostles” The Fearless Flyers – “Ace of Aces” Vulfpeck – “Dean Town” Herbie Hancock – “Actual Proof” Toconoma – “N°9” PJ Morton – “Sticking to My Guns” Anderson .Paak – “King James” Bruno Mars – “Treasure” The Internet – “Roll (Burbank Funk)” Ty Ty – “She Never Really Liked Me” Busty and the Bass – “Up Top” Michael Kiwanuka and Tom Misch – “Money” And here’s a link to the full playlist on YouTube: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLU94rco57Zez1Ij0tblf2GmzrPupu-jPx
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Fans of Islay whisky should brace themselves for a stormy future. We’ve got our hands on some research that will strike terror into the hearts of peat heads: peat on Islay will run out by 2021. During a recent environmental impact survey, conducted for a company investigating the feasibility of building a new distillery on Islay, information was literally dug up that showed that the peat reserves on the island are significantly less plentiful than expected. The report wasn’t looking into the state of peat on the island, instead focusing on the water table at the site of the new distillery, but test cores and a geophysics survey revealed more than the surveyors expected. The last in-depth analysis of Islay’s peat beds was back in the 1980s, and it seems that mistakes were made. The 1980s’ reports made assumptions about the distribution of peat across the island, extrapolating from a few core samples. Unfortunately, this led to serious overestimation, thanks to until-now-undetected structures beneath the peat beds to the north of Port Ellen. The new survey showed that much of the material identified as peat during the earlier surveys is – instead – coal. Islay lies on the Loch Gruinart Fault, an extension of the Great Glen Fault that divides Scotland along Loch Ness, and while this usually only shows itself in minor earth tremors, underneath the surface there has been more going on. As the fault has moved over the millennia, layers of coal have slowly pushed themselves upwards into the peat bogs, and due to the similar structure of peat and coal when examined by ground-penetrating radar, this was not detected in the original 1980s’ surveys. We’ve worked with the geology team at the Heriot-Watt University to put together a more accurate map of peat distribution across Islay, and have found that instead of reserves of thousands of years being present, at current usage rates the island will run out within the next decade. A former Bruichladdich employee, who asked not to be named, said: ‘I knew this would happen. Us and Bunnahabhain were very smart to go down the unpeated route, because there’s been talk about excessive peat use for years now, particularly on the south of the island. Whisky lovers who want peat will have to look elsewhere – maybe that’s no bad thing?’ Whisky writer Martine Nouet, who lives on Islay, said: ‘I had heard rumors that peat extraction would be subject to a quota as there was a serious risk of seeing peat bogs extinct in the next 10 years. I saw Mickey Heads [of Ardbeg] a few weeks ago and he hinted at a new release of a NAS Kildalton which would gradually replace Ardbeg 10. “There is a real peat supply problem,” he sighed. “I really did not think the situation was so serious. Should I stop burning peat in my open fire?”‘ We contacted each distillery on Islay to find out what they are doing to solve this seemingly insurmountable problem: These two distilleries, unsurprisingly, are not especially concerned at the news. Bruichladdich may have to rethink its Port Charlotte and Octomore bottlings, but as far as its regular releases go, it will be business as usual, as it will for Bunnahabhain. What does a distillery known for its heavily peated whisky do? Release an unpeated whisky, that’s what. Keep an eye out for Glan Muir (‘clean ocean/sea’), which will mark a radical departure for Laphroaig. We have managed to obtain an early test shot of the new bottle – and Beam Suntory are crossing their fingers that Laphroaig devotees will approve of this move to an unpeated, fresher style. We’ll have to wait and see. A difficult decision for Bowmore, but they have the answer. Thankfully, with their limited-edition Devil’s Cask bottlings proving so popular, they plan to mask the lack of peat by simply cranking up the sherry-cask influence. A spokesman said: ‘The peat issue is a problem, sure, but everyone is sherry mad these days. In some ways, it’s a blessing.’ Islay’s newest distillery is in a difficult position, especially given their preference for using local peat. Kilchoman plan to continue their successful UK Land Rover tours to Europe – with the team foraging for peat in unexpected locations across Scotland and further afield as they drive between tasting venues. You’d expect Dr Bill Lumsden to have a few tricks up his sleeve, and he hasn’t disappointed. After two years beavering away in his LVMH laboratory, he claims to have perfected a technique others have tried in the past: peated water. When we contacted him, he said: ‘The news wasn’t a shock to me, so we’ve created this amazing peaty water, which we will use instead of Loch Uigeadail. We’ve tried it, and it works so much better than that dodgy stuff other distilleries used in the 1970s. No one will know the difference.’ Fortunately, Diageo has the financial muscle to make big changes. Their approach to the crisis is rather radical: they have already made enquiries to purchase Ailsa Craig, an island that sits between Islay and the mainland, about 10 miles west of Girvan in the outer Firth of Clyde. There has been talk of Ailsa Craig becoming a seabird sanctuary, but Diageo look set to snap up the uninhabited site, which could yield enough peat to keep both Caol Ila and Lagavulin going for decades. A Diageo spokesman has quashed rumours of an alleged puffin cull should they purchase the 100-hectare island. This is, without doubt, the most dramatic news to hit the Scottish whisky industry in decades. The one consolation for Islay distilleries is that they do at least have some time to work on a solution. But it seems clear that the days of heavily peated Islay whiskies are numbered. A sobering day for us all. (Happy April Fool’s Day!) Image of Ailsa Craig by Paul Hart, used under CC-BY-2.0 license
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Bugzilla needs a legitimate login and password to continue. If you don't have a Bugzilla account, you can create a new account. A user account is required to file a new bug or to comment into existing ones so that you can be contacted if more information is needed.
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The Saint Petersburg Classic Ballet takes to Poole for three exclusive stagings of their brand new production – The Sleeping Beauty. Under the expert direction of Marina Medvetskaya, Saint Petersburg Classic Ballet combines classical training and technique with the best-loved Russian ballets, outstanding soloists and full orchestra, to entertain audiences in breath-taking style. Speaking ahead of the show, director Medvetskaya said: “The viewers can see beautiful decorations, beautiful costumes, and of course a professional theatre performance. “To talk about it is one thing. but to see this fabulous performance is quite another. “My wish is for you to come and watch this beautiful ballet.” The show takes place at the Poole Lighthouse on the 15th and 16th of January.
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派 pài - pài noun school of thought; a sect; a faction Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 Notes: In the sense of 派别; for example, 学派 'school of thought' (Guoyu '派' n 2; Kroll 2015 '派' 1a; Unihan '派'; XHZD '派' 3) - pài verb to dispatch Domain: Literary Chinese 文言文 Notes: In the sense of 差遣 (Guoyu '派' v 2; XHZD '派' 5) - pài noun the circular ratio π (pi) Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 , Subdomain: Mathematics Notes: Circumference; diameter 3.1415926 (CC-CEDICT '派') - pài noun the Greek letter π (pi) Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 , Subdomain: Foreign Language Notes: (CC-CEDICT '派') - pài measure word a branch Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 Notes: Of a system (Guoyu '派' n 4; XHZD '派' 2) - pài noun a tributary Domain: Literary Chinese 文言文 Notes: Of a river; in the sense of 江河支流 (Guoyu '派' n 1; Kroll 2015 '派' 1; XHZD '派' 1) - pài noun bearing; manner; style Domain: Literary Chinese 文言文 Notes: In the sense of 气度 (Guoyu '派' n 3; XHZD '派' 4) - pài noun pie Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 , Subdomain: Foreign Language Notes: As a loanword from English (Guoyu '派' n 5) - pài verb to distribute; to assign; to allocate Domain: Literary Chinese 文言文 Notes: In the sense of 分配 (Guoyu '派' v 1) - pài verb to arrange Domain: Literary Chinese 文言文 Notes: In the sense of 安排; for example, the idiom 派上用场 'to put to good use' (Guoyu '派' v 3) - pài verb to criticize; to denounce Domain: Literary Chinese 文言文 Notes: In the sense of 指责 (Guoyu '派' v 4) Contained in - 右道性力派 Daksinacara - 签派室(簽派室) dispatch office - 派系 a sect; a faction - 颓废派(頹廢派) decadents [of the Decadent movement of late 19th century Europe] - 素尼派 Sunni sect - 指派 to assign; to appoint; assignment - 保守派 conservative faction - 当权派(當權派) persons or faction in authority - 什叶派(什葉派) Shia sect; Shiite sect - 嫡派 legitimate lineage; true succession - 两面派(兩面派) two-faced person; double-dealing - 拣派(揀派) to select and dispatch as an official - 少林派 Shaolin Sect - 共和派 Republican faction - 怀疑派(懷疑派) skeptical - 资产阶级右派(資產階級右派) bourgeois rightist faction - 教派 a sect; religious denomination - 急派 to rush - 签派(簽派) send police - 反革命派 counter-revolutionary - 杂交派对(雜交派對) sex party; orgy - 学派(學派) school of thought - 派斯托 pesto (Italian sauce) - 派对(派對) party - 派定 to believe; to be convinced - 造反派 rebel faction - 基督教派 Christian denomination - 一派胡言 a bunch of nonsense - 教友派 the Society of Friends; the Quakers - 守旧派(守舊派) the conservative faction; reactionaries - 派头(派頭) manner; style; panache - 有气派(有氣派) lordly - 派力奥(派力奧) Fiat Palio - 反对派(反對派) opposition faction; opposition group - 奉派 to receive an assignment - 分派 to assign; to allocate ; a branch; a division ; a tributary of a river; a secondary ridge of a mountain - 派遣 to dispatch; to send - 派购(派購) fixed government purchase (esp of farm products) - 温和派(溫和派) moderate faction - 古典派 classicists - 派遗(派遺) to send (sb) on a mission; to dispatch - 加派 to reinforce; to dispatch troops - 派任 to set apart; to assign somebody to a job - 逊尼派(遜尼派) Sunni sect - 委派 to appoint - 京派 Beijing school Also contained in Word is mentioned most frequently in Truncated for common words - 第二回 Chapter 111 Dream of the Red Chamber 紅樓夢 — count: 10 - 第二回 Chapter 112 Dream of the Red Chamber 紅樓夢 — count: 9 - 第二回 Chapter 7 Dream of the Red Chamber 紅樓夢 — count: 9 - 卷八十五 志第六十一 河渠三 Volume 85 Treatises 61: Rivers and Canals 3 History of Ming 明史 — count: 7 - 第二回 Chapter 24 Dream of the Red Chamber 紅樓夢 — count: 6 - 第二回 Chapter 119 Dream of the Red Chamber 紅樓夢 — count: 5 - 卷八十二 志第五十八 食貨六 Volume 82 Treatises 58: Finance and Economics 6 History of Ming 明史 — count: 5 - 第二回 Chapter 118 Dream of the Red Chamber 紅樓夢 — count: 5 - 卷七十八 志第五十四 食貨二 Volume 78 Treatises 54: Finance and Economics 2 History of Ming 明史 — count: 5 - 卷九十七 志第四十五下: 食貨五 Volume 97 Treatises 50: Finance and Economics 5 History of Yuan 元史 — count: 5 Collocations - 一派 (一派) 又於西南水磨引索河一派 — History of Song 宋史, 卷九十四 志第四十七 河渠四 Volume 94 Treatises 47: Rivers and Canals 4 — count: 9 - 九派 (九派) 鑿江通於九派 — Garden of Stories 說苑, 卷一 君道 Chapter 1: The Way of the Ruler — count: 8 - 二派 (二派) 分為二派 — History of Song 宋史, 卷九十二 志第四十五 河渠二 Volume 92 Treatises 45: Rivers and Canals 2 — count: 5 - 派入 (派入) 又派入溫縣 — Book of Sui 隋書, 卷38 列傳第3 劉昉 鄭譯 柳裘 皇甫績 盧賁 Volume 38 Biographies 3: Liu Fang, Zheng Yi, Liu Qiu, Huang Fuji, Lu Ben — count: 5 - 派流 (派流) 派流則異 — Book of Liang 梁書, 卷十四 列傳第八 江淹 任昉 Volume 14: Jiang Yan; Ren Fang — count: 4 - 末派 (末派) 析木為雲漢末派 — New Book of Tang 新唐書, 卷三十一 志第二十一 天文一 Volume 31 Treatises 25: Astronomy 1 — count: 4 - 源派 (源派) 天潢源派譜 — New Book of Tang 新唐書, 卷五十八 志第四十八 藝文二 Volume 58 Treatises 54: The Arts 2 — count: 3 - 两派 (兩派) 別為兩派 — History of Song 宋史, 卷九十七 志第五十 河渠七 Volume 97 Treatises 50: Rivers and Canals 7 — count: 3 - 河派 (河派) 濟河派也 — History of Ming 明史, 卷八十五 志第六十一 河渠三 Volume 85 Treatises 61: Rivers and Canals 3 — count: 3 - 坐派 (坐派) 曰坐派起運 — History of Ming 明史, 卷七十八 志第五十四 食貨二 Volume 78 Treatises 54: Finance and Economics 2 — count: 3
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Cheap train tickets from St Louis to Kirkwood Find and compare the best ground travel options in one place. Millions of travelers trust Wanderu every year to get: Lowest Prices We partner with the top coach & train carriers to bring you the best deals. Best Travel Options We help you find & compare the best buses & trains in one place. Quick & Easy Booking Book trips quickly with a simple, hassle-free checkout – online & on our app. Fast Customer Support We don’t monkey around. We respond within minutes to help you out. See what travelers are saying about Wanderu: Trip Summary There is usually just one train option from St Louis to Kirkwood per day. The average train journey from St Louis to Kirkwood takes 29 minutes, though some trains might be a few minutes slower or faster. Distance | 12 mi (19 km) | Fastest train | 0h 29m | Lowest price | €9.46 | Trains per day | 1 | Most frequent service | Amtrak | Train lines | 1 | Which train should you take from St Louis to Kirkwood? Amtrak is the one and only train line which connects St Louis to Kirkwood. Furthermore, there is only one train per day, so you will have to plan your travel around this limited availability. On the other hand, you won't have to spend a ton of time comparing a bunch of possible options. Train | Daily Trips | Avg. Time | Avg. Price | ---|---|---|---| Amtrak | 1 | 0h 29m | €9.46 | Amtrak is the largest passenger railroad service in America, offering daily intercity trains to hundreds of destinations across the contiguous United States, as well as several cities in Canada. Every Amtrak train comes equipped with comfortable seats with extra legroom, as well as several four-seat areas with tables in the middle. In addition, each car has a freshly cleaned restroom, free WiFi and power outlets at every seat. There are also snack bars where you can purchase drinks or food during your journey. On average, there are 1 Amtrak trains from St Louis to Kirkwood every day, as well as 0 trips on the weekends, with prices starting from €9. Frequently asked questions about traveling by train from St Louis to Kirkwood Trains departing from St Louis to Kirkwood tend to have the most passengers on Saturday. With higher demand ticket prices also tend to be higher on Saturday. If you are trying to snag a cheap train tickets or just want an emptier train you'll have better luck by booking travel departing on Saturday as the least number of people tend to travel then. Most days, there is only one train which leaves St Louis at 15:00 and arrives in Kirkwood within the hour. Typically there is only one scheduled train per day. Luckily, this train will get you to Kirkwood with direct service. While there might still be stops along the way, you will not need to switch trains. You can also take a train for your return trip from Kirkwood to St Louis. City Information St Louis Image credit: Unsplash Image credit: Unsplash Image credit: Unsplash St. Louis is one of several major cities in the state of Missouri and it is uniquely located near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. The city is usually recognized by its most distinctive feature, the Gateway Arch, thanks to which it is the only city in the United States that has a national park in the heart of its downtown district. The Arch is a must-see attraction and you can even take a tram to the top for some incredible views of the St. Louis skyline. Some of the other truly unique attractions you can visit while you’re in town include the Miniature Museum of Greater St. Louis where you can check out an incredible collection of dolls, dollhouses and vignettes, and the City Museum where you can ride down a 10-story spiral slide (yup, you read that right.) For a great outdoor experience, stop by the gorgeous Missouri Botanical Garden, and then take a stroll through Citygarden where you will find various quirky statues and installations worthy of being featured in your Instagram feed. Ale enthusiasts would be excited to know that St. Louis is one of the best craft beer cities in the U.S. as well as one of the cheapest drinking cities. That means your party budget could take you a long way. Unsurprisingly, the city is also among the best spring break destinations on a budget. The main bus and train station in St. Louis, Gateway Station, is located right in the center of downtown, not far from the Gateway Arch, which makes coming in and out of the city a breeze. Station Information Where is the train station in St Louis? Image credit: Chris Yunker Link to image attributionMain departure station: Gateway Station - 430 S 15th St Gateway Station opened in 2008 to consolidate St Louis’ transportation services into one central hub. The station’s award-winning design includes a pedestrian walkway with expansive colored glass windows overlooking the train tracks. Perfectly located in the heart of downtown St Louis, the station is surrounded by bars, restaurants, and hotels and is just a few blocks from Busch Stadium and the iconic Gateway Arch. Amenities inside the station include free Wifi, a food court, and a lounge for Amtrak’s First Class passengers. Gateway Station is a major stop for intercity bus service, several Amtrak train lines, and the city’s MetroLink which can connect you with the St Louis Lambert International Airport in just 30 minutes. All train stations in St Louis: Gateway Station - 430 S 15th St Where is the train station in Kirkwood? Main arrival station: 110 W Argonne Dr Kirkwood has one train station. Train stations in Kirkwood: 110 W Argonne Dr Get around town with Moovit Need a return trip from Kirkwood to St Louis? Search Train TicketsWanderu is the simplest way to book bus and train travel. With just a quick search on Wanderu, you can compare bus and train schedules and prices from hundreds of travel companies in one convenient place to find the trip that works best for you. Wanderu’s simple checkout process makes it easy to book cheap bus and train tickets hassle-free. Most importantly, as Wanderu is an official partner of all leading bus and train companies, we always have the best bus and train deals out there.
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Table of Contents Product Index Product Name: | Assault Soldier Outfit for Genesis 8 Male(s) | ---|---| Product ID: | 68357 | Published Artist(s): | Yura | Created By: | N/A | Release Date: | 2020-03-29 | Get ready to defend with the Assault Soldier Outfit for Genesis 8 Male(s)! This full clothing set for Genesis 8 male(s) includes nine props (Armor, Bags, Helmet, Boots and more) and five IRAY Material Presets in Black, Futuristic, Camouflage, and Desert and White Camouflage. No matter where (or when) your soldier is, dress him right with the Assault Soldier Outfit. Below is a list of the installation package types provided by this product. The name of each package contains a Package Qualifier, which is used as a key to indicate something about the contents of that package. [ ] = Optional, depending on target application(s) Not all installation packages provide files that are displayed to the user within the interface of an application. The packages listed below, do. The application(s), and the location(s) within each application, are shown below. Visit our site for technical support questions or concerns.
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* * * President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev: Mr Popovkin, I have signed an Executive Order appointing you First Deputy Defence Minister. I wish you every success and hope that your area of responsibility, which primarily covers armaments, military equipment and a whole range of issues related to the civilian component of the Defence Ministry, will see a positive development and that we will be able to implement the state armaments procurement programme which is being finalised at present. It is a major programme, complex and labour-intensive, aimed at creating a modern and effective armaments supply system for our military, rearming and remanning it, as stipulated by the priorities we have set and which will create a new foundation for the development of our Armed Forces until 2020 and even 2030. This is a big and difficult task. I hope we will adopt new efficient work methods, forever abandoning our approach of patching up problems in the Armed Forces, which was typical of the 1990s and the beginning of this decade. We need to be systematic and scrupulous in our work with suppliers of military equipment because they sometimes mess up and supply us with products of inferior quality. There can also be very significant financial discrepancies. Therefore, everyone has to be reined in, but at the same time we will continue purchasing everything we need to ensure combat capability and readiness of our Armed Forces. First Deputy Defence Minister Vladimir Popovkin: Thank you for your trust. * * * Dmitry Medvedev: I would like to inform you that I have signed an Executive Order appointing Sergei Karakayev Commander of the Strategic Missile Forces. It is a very responsible post. The effectiveness of our nuclear shield will depend on you. I hope that you will do everything in your power and everything that depends on you to apply your knowledge and your experience for the benefit of your country and to build a required management system in the Russian Armed Forces. We have been reducing our nuclear arsenal, but this must not affect our combat readiness within the framework of the current treaty and the new treaty that is to be ratified. It is crucial for our Strategic Missile Forces to be in full combat preparedness and able to perform missions assigned to them. Commander of the Strategic Missile Forces Sergei Karakayev: Commander-in-Chief, I will not let you down. Dmitry Medvedev: Good. Get down to work.
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Original language | English | ---|---| Specialist publication | The Conversation | Publication status | Published - 6 May 2021 | COVID has made one thing very clear - we do not know enough about Australians overseas George Tan, Andrew Taylor, Kelly McDougall Research output: Contribution to specialist publication › Article
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The Round Stable Horsie Forums :3 A Ponygoons Site Site menu Bronibooru Skip to content Quick links FAQ Login Register Board index Delete cookies Are you sure you want to delete all cookies set by this board? Board index All times are UTC-05:00 Delete cookies Contact us Powered by phpBB ® Forum Software © phpBB Limited My Little Pony, Friendship Is Magic, and associated character names are trademarks of Hasbro, Inc. Hub is a trademark of Hub Television Networks, LLC. Use of these trademarks does not imply endorsement by their owners of the content or opinions expressed on these forums. Titling font is derived from Arvo by Anton Koovit , released under the SIL Open Font License v1.1 . Certain icons have been derived from Font Awesome and JustVector Social Icons , released under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 and Free Art License 1.3 respectively.
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fix #13513 - Registers a protocol handler for data: URLs allowing to display base64-inlined images in HTML help data: Powered by Trac 1.6 By Edgewall Software . Server sponsored by FOSSGIS. Visit the OpenStreetMap project at https://www.openstreetmap.org/Content is available under Creative Commons (CC-BY-SA) and anything since April 2014 also under LGPL license.
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Clackamas Community College Library - 19600 Molalla Avenue, Oregon City, Oregon 97045 Reference: 503-594-6042 | [email protected] | Circulation: 503-594-6323 Library Hours | Moodle | myClackamas | FAQ Except where otherwise noted, content in these research guides is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Link broken? Information need updating? Have website feedback? Please email [email protected]
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Alienation Effects dc.contributor.author | Jakovljevic, Branislav | | dc.date.accessioned | 2016-06-30 23:55 | | dc.date.accessioned | 2019-11-27 12:03:07 | | dc.date.accessioned | 2020-04-01T14:08:05Z | | dc.date.available | 2020-04-01T14:08:05Z | | dc.date.issued | 2016 | | dc.identifier | 611258 | | dc.identifier | 649978 | | dc.identifier.uri | https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/37305 | | dc.description.abstract | Exciting new scholarship has been emerging as performance studies scholars begin to turn their attention to the performance of politics, nationhood, and jurisprudence. Branislav Jakovljevic’s project on the history and eventual demise of the former Yugoslavia demonstrates how fruitful this approach can be. Jakovljevic considers the concept of theatricality as central to understanding the events that took place in Yugoslavia. He examines the country’s trials, state ceremonies and festivals, army maneuvers, propaganda, and pop culture as “rehearsals and temporary enactments of an ideologically formulated future.” His first chapter reveals the surrealist, avant-garde origins of key members of the Yugoslav bureaucracy after WWII, suggesting that those connections helped the culture of socialist Yugoslavia become a performance-centered culture. Continuing to explore the relationship between the political avant-garde and the artistic avant-garde, he looks at the spectacle of student demonstrations in Belgrade in 1968, and, in their aftermath, the rise of performance art in the country. The third chapter (included here) zeros in on the various political performances of Slobodan Milosevic, including his courtroom testimony at the ICTY, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The fourth chapter discusses the “Peter Handke Affair,” when the Austrian playwright had a major prize revoked after he attended Milosevic’s funeral and recited a poem he had written in Milosevic’s honor. | | dc.language | English | | dc.subject.classification | thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism | en_US | dc.subject.other | literature | | dc.subject.other | theater and performance | | dc.title | Alienation Effects | | dc.type | book | | oapen.identifier.doi | 10.3998/mpub.338565 | | oapen.relation.isPublishedBy | e07ce9b5-7a46-4096-8f0c-bc1920e3d889 | | oapen.relation.isFundedBy | b818ba9d-2dd9-4fd7-a364-7f305aef7ee9 | | oapen.relation.isbn | 9780472073146 | | oapen.collection | Knowledge Unlatched (KU) | | oapen.pages | 370 | | oapen.place.publication | Ann Arbor | | oapen.grant.number | 103488 | | oapen.grant.program | KU Round 2 | | oapen.redirect | 649978 | | oapen.identifier.isbn | 9780472073146 | | grantor.number | 103488 |
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Digital Guide to Moth Identification | Coleophoridae-Cosmopterigidae Refereed by Terry Harrison | Photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. Contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose. | Send suggestions, or submit photographs to Webmaster — Moth Photographers Group Database design and scripting support provided by Mike Boone
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The purpose of an information system is to extract useful information from raw data. Data science is a field of study that aims to understand and analyze data by means of statistics, big data, machine learning and to provide support for decision makers and autonomous systems. While this sounds complicated, the tools are based on mathematical models and specialized software components that are already available (e.g. Python packages). In the following labs we will learn about.. learning. Machine Learning, to be more specific, and the two main classes: Supervised Learning and Unsupervised Learning. The general idea is to write software programs that can learn from the available data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human interventions, based on Machine Learning algorithms. Supervised learning is the Machine Learning task of learning a function (f) that maps an input (X) to an output (y) based on example input-output pairs. The goal is to find (approximate) the mapping function so that new data can be predicted. The function can be continuous in the case of regression, or discrete in the case of classification, requiring different algorithms. Now, we will discuss about classification methods, where the input/output variables are attributes and not limited to numbers. The main difference between them is that the output variable in regression is numerical (or continuous, such as “dollars” or “weight”) while that for classification is categorical (or discrete, such as “red”, “blue”, “small”, “large”). For example, when provided with a dataset about houses (e.g. Boston), and you are asked to predict their prices, that is a regression task because price will be a continuous output (see Lab 7). Examples of the common regression algorithms include linear regression, Support Vector Regression (SVR), and regression trees. For example, when provided with a dataset about houses, a classification algorithm can try to predict whether the prices for the houses “sell more or less than the recommended retail price”. Examples of the common classification algorithms include logistic regression, Naïve Bayes, decision trees, and K Nearest Neighbors. A decision tree is a classification and prediction tool having a tree like structure, where each internal node denotes a test on an attribute, each branch represents an outcome of the test, and each leaf node (terminal node) holds a class label: Here is an example literally comparing apples and oranges based on the size and the texture of the fruit, based on Decision Trees. The algorithm has to learn from the available, labelled examples and then predict other fruits and classify them as either apples or oranges: from sklearn import tree # Gathering training data c = { "rough": 0, "smooth": 1 } o = { "apple": 0, "orange": 1 } # scikit-learn requires real-valued features features = [[155, c["rough"]], [180, c["rough"]], [135, c["smooth"]], [110, c["smooth"]]] labels = [o["orange"], o["orange"], o["apple"], o["apple"]] # training classifier classifier = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier() # using decision tree classifier classifier.fit(features, labels) # Find patterns in data # making predictions p = classifier.predict([[120, c["smooth"]]]) # showing results inv_map = {v: k for k, v in o.items()} p = [inv_map[e] for e in p] print(p) See the next example on how you can plot the decision tree: # continue from previous example # plot decision tree from matplotlib import pyplot as plt tree.plot_tree(classifier) plt.show() In Python (scikit-learn), we can just use the RandomForestClassifier instead of the DecisionTreeClassifier. There are some parameters that have to be defined such as the number of trees (n_estimators) and the random state (controls the randomness of the samples when building trees, set to 0 to disable) from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier model = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=10, random_state=0) You want to build a system to filter out resumes based on historical hiring data. You have a database of some important attributes of job candidates: Years Experience, Employed, Previous employers, Level of Education, Top-tier school, Interned, Hired. You can train a decision tree on this data, and arrive at a system for predicting whether a candidate will get hired based on it! For this, the following steps are usually required: A decision tree is a classification and prediction tool having a tree like structure, where each internal node denotes a test on an attribute, each branch represents an outcome of the test, and each leaf node (terminal node) holds a class label. The mapping function between input/output data can be represented as a flowchart. In this case study, a decision tree is trained on the HR dataset with the following visual representation: Interpreting the data is straight-forward. At each “decision” (internal node) there are two branches: left (false), right (true) which represent the possible outcomes for the current test attribute (e.g. Interned). The leaf nodes are reached when all the samples are aligned to either outcome and hold the class labels (e.g. Hired/Not Hired) and shown with a different color for each class (in this case there are 2 classes: Hired/Not Hired). From the example, the decision for hiring a new candidate can be described as follows: The data set may come in different formats, and it's recommended to have a common representation e.g. yes/no, true/false, can all be mapped to 1/0 binary representation, classes can be mapped to numbers, null values should be ignored (removed from the training data). Here is an example that performs some data preprocessing on the HR dataset, mapping the employed status, and other indicators (input), as well as the hired result (output) to binary values: 1/0 import pandas as pd input_file = "./data/past_hires.csv" df = pd.read_csv(input_file, header=0) # format the data, map classes to numbers d = {'Y': 1, 'N': 0} df['Hired'] = df['Hired'].map(d) df['Employed?'] = df['Employed?'].map(d) df['Top-tier school'] = df['Top-tier school'].map(d) df['Interned'] = df['Interned'].map(d) d = {'BS': 0, 'MS': 1, 'PhD': 2} df['Level of Education'] = df['Level of Education'].map(d) target = df['Hired'] print(target) In Python we use the DecisionTreeClassifier from the scikit-learn package, that creates the tree for us. We train the model using the data set and then we can visualize the decisions. Then we can validate the model by comparing the target values to the predicted values, showing the prediction accuracy. Here we continue the example with the HR dataset, and we are training a Decision Tree model to predict future hires: from sklearn import tree import numpy as np # load the data (see previous example) # print features and data features = list(df.columns) print("features: ") print(features) print("data: ") print(df) # prepare the data X = df[features] y = target # now actually build the decision tree using the training data set clf = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier() clf.fit(X, y) Download the Project Archive and install the required packages via requirements.txt Run task1.py: Change the amount of data used for training the model and evaluate the results: Run task2.py: Evaluate the results: Run task3.py: Input variables (based on measurements): 1 - fixed acidity 2 - volatile acidity 3 - citric acid 4 - residual sugar 5 - chlorides 6 - free sulfur dioxide 7 - total sulfur dioxide 8 - density 9 - pH 10 - sulphates 11 - alcohol Output variable (based on sensory data): 12 - quality (score between 0 and 10) Use n_train_percent to change the amount of data used for training the model and evaluate the results: Create task4.py: Evaluate the results:
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Madrid (Agenzia Fides) - On the morning of November 16, 1989, in the midst of the Salvadoran civil war, six Jesuit priests, university professors and two office workers were murdered at the José Simeón Cañas Central American University (UCA) in San Salvador. The killings attracted international attention because among the victims was a well-known intellectual, Ignacio Ellacuría. The position of the Jesuits of the UCA was central to mediating a peace agreement and ending a decade of bloody conflict. The government initially accused the FMLN guerrilla fighters of the crime, but an eyewitness disputed the official version. Her name is Lucía Barrera de Cerna and she worked as a cleaner at the UCA. She had seen the real killers: they are army soldiers. Her testimony was to be the key to solving the crime, but it was also to change her life and that of her family forever. Thirty years later, in 2020, the Supreme Court of Madrid sentenced former Colonel and Deputy Minister Inocente Orlando Montano Morales to 133 years and 4 months in prison for being one of the instigators and executors of the massacre committed by the Salvadoran Armed Forces (see Fides, 12/9/2020). “They arrived at night” is the title of Imanol Uribe's new film on the massacre of the Jesuits, based on the testimony of Lucia, the only witness to the crime, which will be released on March 25 in cinemas. The film was shot between Spain and Colombia, deals with events that shocked an entire generation and describes characters and people as they struggle for truth and justice in a country at war. The film was made with the consent of the Society of Jesus, who have been following the production for the past few months. "We welcomed Uribe's idea of making this film with great enthusiasm," said Father Antonio España, Provincial Superior of the Jesuits in Spain. "The important thing about the project is that it invites us to remember. Not to forget what happened in 1989 and what is happening in many places in Latin America and Central America, which is the persistent experience of injustice and violence and to which the Society of Jesus is still trying to react with its institutions in these countries", he emphasizes in this context. (SL) (Agenzia Fides, 27/1/2022)
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2024-12-02T08:37:44Z
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Probably the biggest problem with these bulletins, and one that may never be resolved, is misinterpretation or misunderstanding of the written word. What is intended by the writer and how it is interpreted by the readers may not be the same. When RACES seminars are conducted in person it is much easier to clarify issues that arise over such misinterpretation as well as others. The current RACES BULLETIN series began in 1985. It was the first effort to document program issues, ideas, definitions and guidance since 1960. They went national in 1989 at the request of the ARRL. In response, you have rewarded us with positive feedback, input and support from all over the U.S., Canada and Australia, for which we are most appreciative. Semantics is the basis for the majority of misunderstandings or disagreements. Semantics: the definition of words. A word that means one thing in one part of the country can mean either nothing or something else altogether in another part of the country. Let's discuss some of the common position titles most of us have heard at one time or another. Some of the titles apply to paid staff, others to volunteers, and some are held by both. CIVIL DEFENSE. This term is still used by many jurisdictions. In others it has been changed to emergency services, emergency management, disaster preparedness or similar name --- but it's role is still the same. In some jurisdictions the civil defense official is principally a planner and delegates all or most activities to departments in the jurisdiction. In other jurisdictions the position has command and control authority and responsibility. The CD official may directly supervise the RACES program in some jurisdictions. In others it has been delegated to another department head. The final authority and responsibility, however, always rests with the civil defense official. COORDINATOR. This is probably the most misunderstood word in this field. It is a common title in California but prohibited in Hawaii government. It appears that most coordinators are facilitators and have no authority. For those coordinators who indeed have authority to provide direction and control, we feel they should have another title. In the future we shall provide you a very illuminating article written by a newspaper reporter on the public confusion over the title coordinator. To add to the confusion, some coordinators are really planners who are neither facilitators or managers. EMERGENCY COORDINATOR OR "E.C.": The title of a volunteer appointed by the American Radio Relay League, an association of Amateur Radio operators who sponsor a special interest group called the ARES or Amateur Radio Emergency Service. The ARES provides vital health and welfare communications and support to disaster relief agencies such as the Red Cross, the Salvation Army and others. In some cases an ARES EC may develop an agreement specifying that ARES people will "switch hats" to provide RACES support to a local government agency. Where the EC is the RACES Radio Officer it takes an exceptionally well qualified person not to confuse those two distinctly different roles: the RACES is only Public Safety communications and the ARES is predominantly public service. The title Emergency Coordinator is also used by some jurisdictions in another context and has no connection with Amateur Radio. DIRECTOR OF COMMUNICATIONS. Until the mid-Seventies this was a common title in government circles for the individual in charge of public safety communications systems, operation, direction, maintenance, procurement, planning and budgets. Then the title began to shift to an entirely different occupation -- that of public information and public affairs. Thus began the shift in semantics from COMMUNICATIONS to TELECOMMUNICATIONS. RADIO OFFICER. There has probably been less confusion over this title than any other because it has been in the FCC Rules since the 1950's. The Radio Officer is responsible to the civil defense director for the RACES program. Some governments make a distinction between a Radio Officer and a RACES Radio Officer. A Radio Officer is also the RACES officer and is knowledgeable of all the public safety communications systems in his or her jurisdiction. The radio officer may indeed be employed to be in charge of those systems. A RACES Radio Officer, on the other hand, is responsible only for the RACES. We encourage the recruitment and assignment of a full spectrum radio officer whenever possible. To be effective, any radio officer must be interested in far more than the four walls, the floor and the ceiling of the Emergency Operations Center. TELECOMMUNICATOR is a more professional title adopted an increasing number of jurisdictions for what they used to call DISPATCHERS. They operate the public safety communications centers public safety answering points for Nine-One-One. They should be made aware periodically of your jurisdiction's RACES program and how Amateur Radio phone patches work. RACES: The Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service. The RACES is a program established by any jurisdiction's civil defense official by appointing a radio officer, preparing a RACES Plan, and training and utilizing Amateur Radio operators. The latter are screened for loyalty and reliability prior to taking and signing an oath. The RACES is not a condition; it is a program and unit of local government providing public safety communications. Thus the RACES is not a club, association, or self-governing body. AUXILIARY COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE: The name adopted by those jurisdictions who have chosen to use a wide spectrum of volunteer telecommunication experts and other workers in government service. This might include commercial radio technicians and engineers, the RACES, Civil Air Patrol communicators and other unpaid professionals. In some jurisdictions it includes public safety and government communications as well as liaison with any agency that has a bearing on emergency response. An ACS has four elements in which interested volunteers serve according to their skills and interests: administrative, clerical, operations, and technical. In our State ACS we have radio operators, heavy equipment operators, tower climbers, computer disk message writers, messengers, photographers, pilots, electricians, generator mechanics, computer programmers, plan writers, instructors, EBS specialists and radio announcers, personnel records management, clerical help, managers, shift supervisors, installers as well as communications and electronics technicians. Again, the RACES is but one part of the Auxiliary Communications Service. The ACS is a broad spectrum service to government supplementing all aspects of emergency response communications, not just operating radios in the field or at an EOC which has been considered by some to be the only role of the RACES. Amateur Radio operators have a tendency to use terms that are meaningless to others with whom they work (which leads to confusion) and even cases where Amateurs are not used due to that confusion. Accordingly, over the past two years a concerted effort to avoid certain words has paid off in many areas in those organizations cognizant of this aspect of interpersonal communication. Astute Amateurs do NOT say to the sheriff's deputy at the roadblock "I'm a ham radio operator in the RACES, or the Vista Radio Club." Rather, they reply "I'm with the Vista Country Emergency Management Agency reporting to my duty station." Here, our State Auxiliary Communications Service participants make a conscious effort to avoid these terms: Amateur, ham, ARES, ARRL, DEC, EC, RACES, SEC, section or emergency coordinator, and volunteer. Instead, they say they work for the Governor's Office of Emergency Services. If needed, they add that they work for the Telecommunications Branch. Rarely is it necessary to indicate in what capacity; but if needed, they are FCC licensed communications specialists, not Amateur Radio operators. Recognition of how Amateurs deprecate themselves by their own terminology was emphasized by a California Department of Forestry official who pointedly requested that "Never say you are just a volunteer, or an Amateur. Say you are a CDF Fire Information Officer, for that is what you have been trained for, and are in fact." The words YOU use DO make a difference in how YOU are perceived by other people. A poor choice of words (no matter how highly YOU think of them) can unknowingly convey a concept or picture that is totally at odds with what you THINK you conveyed! Series authored by Stanly E. Harter, originally titled "From My Lookout". Edited for digital transmission. Uploaded by unpaid [volunteer] professionals in public safety and public service telecommunications.
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ARTICLE ABSTRACT Ubiquitin-specific protease 10 (USP10) is known to deubiquitylate its target proteins, mainly to enhance their stabilities. USP10 maintains p53 protein levels and controls epigenetic changes induced by the androgen receptor (AR). GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 2 (G3BP2), an androgen-responsive gene, is known as the main component of stress granules (SG) that interacts with USP10 in SGs. This study explores the roles of USP10 in prostate cancer progression in p53, G3BP2, and AR signaling. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and sequence analysis, it was found that USP10 is transcriptionally induced with AR recruitment to an intronic region. Furthermore, USP10 regulates androgen-mediated signaling and cell growth. USP10 maintained G3BP2 protein stability by reducing polyubiquitylation. G3BP2-dependent growth activation and p53 nuclear export that reduced p53 signaling were repressed by USP10 knockdown. Clinically, USP10 was expressed primarily in the cytoplasm of prostate cancer tissues. High levels of USP10 expression were strongly correlated with high levels of AR, G3BP2, and p53 in the cytoplasm. High expression of USP10 was significantly associated with poor prognosis of patients with prostate cancer. Taken together, USP10 has a repressive effect on p53 signaling for cell growth by regulating G3BP2 expression. These findings highlight an important oncogenic aspect of USP10 through its modulation of the p53–G3BP2 complex and AR signaling in prostate cancer.Implications: These findings elucidate the oncogenic role of USP10 in prostate cancer through an increase in G3BP2 protein that inhibits p53 activity, in addition to the promotion of AR signaling. Mol Cancer Res; 16(5); 846–56. ©2018 AACR.
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the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Amplified role of potential HONO sources in O3 formation in North China Plain during autumn haze aggravating processes Jingwei Zhang Chaofan Lian Yitian Guo Haiyan Ran Yusheng Zhang Feixue Zheng Xiaolong Fan Kaspar R. Daellenbach Yongchun Liu Markku Kulmala Co-occurrences of high concentrations of PM2.5 and ozone (O3) have been frequently observed in haze-aggravating processes in the North China Plain (NCP) over the past few years. Higher O3 concentrations on hazy days were hypothesized to be related to nitrous acid (HONO), but the key sources of HONO enhancing O3 during haze-aggravating processes remain unclear. We added six potential HONO sources, i.e., four ground-based (traffic, soil, and indoor emissions, and the NO2 heterogeneous reaction on ground surface (Hetground)) sources, and two aerosol-related (the NO2 heterogeneous reaction on aerosol surfaces (Hetaerosol) and nitrate photolysis (Photnitrate)) sources into the WRF-Chem model and designed 23 simulation scenarios to explore the unclear key sources. The results indicate that ground-based HONO sources producing HONO enhancements showed a rapid decrease with height, while the NO + OH reaction and aerosol-related HONO sources decreased slowly with height. Photnitrate contributions to HONO concentrations were enhanced with aggravated pollution levels. The enhancement of HONO due to Photnitrate on hazy days was about 10 times greater than on clean days and Photnitrate dominated daytime HONO sources (∼ 30 %–70 % when the ratio of the photolysis frequency of nitrate (Jnitrate) to gas nitric acid () equals 30) at higher layers (>800 m). Compared with that on clean days, the Photnitrate contribution to the enhanced daily maximum 8 h averaged (DMA8) O3 was increased by over 1 magnitude during the haze-aggravating process. Photnitrate contributed only ∼ 5 % of the surface HONO in the daytime with a ratio of 30 but contributed ∼ 30 %–50 % of the enhanced O3 near the surface in NCP on hazy days. Surface O3 was dominated by volatile organic compound-sensitive chemistry, while O3 at higher altitudes (>800 m) was dominated by NOx-sensitive chemistry. Photnitrate had a limited impact on nitrate concentrations (<15 %) even with a ratio of 120. These results suggest the potential but significant impact of Photnitrate on O3 formation, and that more comprehensive studies on Photnitrate in the atmosphere are still needed. Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important source of the hydroxyl radical (OH) through its photolysis (Reaction R1), and contributes ∼ 20 %–80 % of primary OH production (Alicke et al., 2002; Hendrick et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2014). Although 40 years have passed since the first detection of HONO in the atmosphere (Perner and Platt, 1979), the sources of HONO (especially daytime) and the dynamic parameters of HONO formation mechanisms are still not well understood (Ge et al., 2021). Current air quality models with the default gas-phase reaction (the reverse reaction of Reaction R1) always significantly underestimate HONO observations, resulting in low atmospheric oxidation capacity and in underestimation of secondary pollutants such as ozone (O3) (Li et al., 2010, 2011; Sarwar et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2016, 2019a). HONO sources can be generally classified into three categories, i.e., direct emissions and homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Direction emissions are mainly from traffic (Kramer et al., 2020; Kurtenbach et al., 2001; Liao et al., 2021), soil (Kubota and Asami, 1985; Oswald et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2019; Xue et al., 2021), biomass burning (Cui et al., 2021; Rondon and Sanhueza, 1989; Theys et al., 2020), and indoor combustion processes (Klosterkother et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2019; Pitts et al., 1985). The reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with OH (Pagsberg et al., 1997; Stuhl and Niki, 1972) is usually thought to be the dominant homogeneous reaction and is significant during daytime, but may be neglected at night due to low OH concentrations, other minor homogeneous HONO sources including nucleation of NO2, H2O, and NH3 (Zhang and Tao, 2010), via the photolysis of ortho-nitrophenols (Bejan et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2016), via the electronically excited NO2 and H2O (Crowley and Carl, 1997; Dillon and Crowley, 2018; Li et al., 2008) and via HO2•H2O + NO2 reaction (Li et al., 2015, 2014; Ye et al., 2015). The heterogeneous reactions mainly include nitrogen dioxide (NO2) hydrolysis and reduction reactions on various humid surfaces (Finlayson-Pitts et al., 2003; Ge et al., 2019; Gómez Alvarez et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2013; Marion et al., 2021; Sakamaki et al., 1983; Tang et al., 2017; W. Yang et al., 2021) and nitrate photolysis (Photnitrate) (Romer et al., 2018; Ye et al., 2016a, b; Zhou et al., 2003), and are usually considered the main contributors to HONO concentrations in the atmosphere. Among these potential HONO sources, the photolysis of nitrate to produce HONO in the atmosphere has received extensive attention over the past few years, and the Photnitrate frequency (Jnitrate) is still debated (Gen et al.., 2022). In laboratory studies, some researchers (Bao et al., 2018; Ye et al., 2016a, 2017) showed that Photnitrate was an important HONO source, the measured Jnitrate was 1–3 orders larger than the gas nitric acid (HNO3) photolysis frequency () and could reach up to 10−4 s−1. Furthermore, a number of substances including humic acid (Yang et al., 2018), sulfate (Bao et al., 2020), and TiO2 (Xu et al., 2021) might enhance the reaction significantly; while Shi et al. (2021) found that the ratio was <10 when using suspended submicron particulate sodium and ammonium nitrate rather than PM2.5 samples. In field studies combined with model simulations, Kasibhatla et al. (2018) compared NOx observations from the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory with GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observing System-Chemistry) model simulations and reported a ratio of 25–50; Romer et al. (2018) reported a ratio of <30 based on observations of NOx (= NO + NO2) and HNO3 over the Yellow Sea and a box model simulation, while larger ratios (e.g., 300) were inconsistent with the observed NOx to HNO3 ratios. Adopting a ratio of ∼ 120 could greatly improve daytime surface HONO simulations (contributed ∼ 30 %–40 % of noontime HONO) by using the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ) in the Pearl River Delta (Fu et al., 2019) or a box model in the Yangtze River Delta (Shi et al., 2020), whereas a ratio of 30 produced negligible HONO in clean periods (∼ 2 %) and slightly higher HONO in heavy haze periods (∼ 8 %) in the North China Plain (NCP) by using a box model (Xue et al., 2020) and ∼ 1 % by using CMAQ in urban Beijing (Zhang et al., 2021). Recently, Zheng et al. (2020) evaluated the effect of three ratios (1, 10, and 100) on heterogeneous sulfate formation by using CMAQ and large uncertainties of simulated sulfate concentrations were reported. The most widely adopted ratios were 1–30 or 100–120 with large uncertainties, and thus more efforts are needed to better understand the Photnitrate impact on atmospheric oxidation capacity and on concentrations of HONO and other secondary pollutants. A number of potential HONO sources (e.g., direct emissions, NO2 heterogeneous reactions, and Photnitrate) have been coupled into several air quality models (An et al., 2013; Fu et al., 2019; Guo et al., 2020; Li et al., 2010, 2011; Sarwar et al., 2008; Tang et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2019a, b, 2021, 2022; J. Zhang et al. 2020) to improve HONO simulations. The improved HONO sources can produce more OH, which is favorable for the formation of O3 (Fu et al., 2019; Guo et al., 2020; Li et al., 2010; Xing et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2016, 2019a, 2022). O3 can directly damage plants and threaten human health (Avnery et al., 2011a, b; Feng et al., 2015, 2019, 2022; Mills et al., 2007, 2018; Richards et al., 1958; Selin et al., 2009; Wilkinson et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2021), and an increasing trend of O3 concentrations in China has been widely reported in recent years (S. Chen et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020; Ma et al., 2016; Maji and Namdeo, 2021), making O3 pollution a severe concern. A co-occurrence of high PM2.5 and O3 concentrations has been frequently reported in China over the past few years, with researchers speculating a significant role of HONO in producing O3 enhancements (Feng et al., 2021; Fu et al., 2019; Tie et al., 2019; K. Yang et al., 2021). Nevertheless, current knowledge on the HONO difference in O3 formation during clean and hazy days is still unclear, especially the relative contribution of each potential HONO source to O3 enhancements during haze-aggravating processes with a co-occurrence of high PM2.5 and O3 concentrations. In this study, time series of pollutants including HONO, O3, and nitrate were collected in NCP during 11–31 October 2018, in which high concentrations of PM2.5 accompanied by high O3 concentrations were found at least twice during haze events. The specific role of each potential HONO source in O3 formation is explored during these haze events by coupling the potential HONO sources into the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem, Grell et al., 2005). The relative contribution of each potential HONO source to surface-averaged and vertically averaged concentrations of HONO and O3 are quantified and the uncertainty in key potential HONO sources (e.g., Jnitrate) is discussed, in order to find the key HONO sources resulting in O3 enhancements in NCP at different pollution levels (especially during haze-aggravating processes). 2.1 Observation data The field observation was carried out during 11–31 October 2018, and the observation site was located on the west campus of Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT, 116∘18′37′′ E, 39∘56′56′′ N) in Beijing. BUCT is an urban site close to the third ring road of Beijing, with extensive human activities, including vehicle emissions. Instruments were set up on the fifth floor of the main teaching building. HONO was measured with a home-made water-based long-path absorption photometer (Y. Chen et al., 2020). A dual-channel absorption system was deployed to subtract the potential interferences, e.g., NO2 hydrolysis. A set of on-line commercial analyzers (Thermo 48i, 42i, 49i, 43i) was used for measurements of CO, NOx, O3, and SO2. Specifically, the 42i used a molybdenum NO2-to-NO converter, and there would be an NO2 overestimation for the conversion of HONO, HNO3, or other NOy. Considering the relatively lower concentration compared with NO2, the impact would be minor. The chemical composition of PM2.5 was analyzed with a Time-of-Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM, Aerodyne). ToF-ACSM was developed by Fröhlich et al. (2013) for non-refractory PM2.5 measurement. Details on its usage can be found in Liu et al. (2020), where ionization efficiency calibration of nitrate was performed using 300 nm dry NH4NO3 every month during the observation period. An online single-photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (SPI-ToF-MS, Hexin) was used for the detection of a large variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (Gao et al., 2013). Surface observations of O3, NO2, PM2.5, and PM10 at 95 sites in NCP were obtained from https://quotsoft.net/air/ (last access: 3 March 2022), issued by the China Ministry of Ecology and Environment; surface meteorological observations at 284 sites in NCP were taken from the National Climatic Data Center, China Meteorological Administration (Fig. 1). Vertical HONO observations were not available during the period 11–31 October 2018 at the BUCT site, and we therefore used the observed vertical HONO concentrations from Meng et al. (2020) in urban Beijing in December 2016 to evaluate our simulation of vertical HONO concentrations, which were also used by Zhang et al. (2021) in their CMAQ evaluation. 2.2 Model description The improved WRF-Chem model (version 3.7.1), which included six potential HONO sources, i.e., traffic (Etraffic), soil (Esoil), and indoor (Eindoor) emissions, Photnitrate in the atmosphere, and NO2 heterogeneous reactions on aerosol (Hetaerosol) and ground (Hetground) surfaces (Zhang et al., 2019a), was used in this study. Photnitrate was newly added in WRF-Chem (Reaction R2) following the work of Fu et al. (2019), Ye et al. (2017), and Zhou et al. (2003): For Hetaerosol and Hetground, laboratory studies suggest that these heterogeneous reactions of NO2 to HONO are of first order in NO2 (Aumont et al., 2003; Finlayson-Pitts et al., 2003; Saliba et al., 2000): The first-order rate constants for aerosol (ka) and ground (kg) surface reactions are calculated as: where is the mean molecular speed of NO2, is the surface-to-volume ratio for aerosols, γ is the reactive uptake coefficient of aerosols, f is the proportion of deposited NO2 reaching the surface in participating HONO formation, vd is the dry deposition velocity of NO2, and H is the first model layer height above the ground (∼ 35 m). It should be noted that not 100 % (50 % is commonly accepted) of the participating NO2 could be converted to HONO in Reactions (R3) and (R4), and thus ka and kg were multiplied by 0.5 in the final calculation of HONO heterogeneous formation via NO2. The two factors γ and f were improved from previous studies (Li et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2019a) and calculated by: where SR denotes solar radiation (W m−2), α is an adjusted parameter and set as 100 (W m−2), and thus γ and f become continuous functions during the whole day (γ and f enhanced by 10 times and reached 5 × 10−5 and 0.8 when SR reached 900 W m−2 at noontime, respectively). The physical and chemical schemes used in this study are given in Table 1. Two domains were adopted, domain one contains 82 × 64 grid cells with a horizontal resolution of 81 km, and domain two contains 51 × 51 grid cells with a horizontal resolution of 27 km (Fig. 1), both with 17 vertical layers encompassing from the surface to 100 hPa. The observational sites are shown in the right panel of Fig. 1, including one HONO observation site (the orange dot in urban Beijing), 95 observation sites of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 (pink dots), and 284 meteorological monitoring sites (black dots). The anthropogenic emissions in East Asia in 2010 were taken from the MIX emission inventory (Li et al., 2017) (http://www.meicmodel.org/, last access: 3 March 2022), including both gaseous and aerosol species, i.e., SO2, NOx, CO, VOCs, NH3, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC, and CO2, and were provided monthly by five sectors (power, industry, residential, transportation, and agriculture) at a resolution of 0.25∘ × 0.25∘. VOC emissions were speciated into model-ready inputs according to the MOZART chemical mechanism to build the WRF-Chem emission files. The anthropogenic emissions in China were replaced by employing the MEIC 2016 (the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China) developed by Tsinghua University. The NH3 emissions in China were from Dong et al. (2010), biomass burning emissions were from Huang et al. (2012), and biogenic emissions were calculated using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) (Guenther et al., 2012). Due to the sharp reduction in anthropogenic emissions in recent years, the default emission inventory was systematically overestimated in autumn of 2018, especially for SO2 and PM2.5 concentrations. Based on the comparison of simulations and observations (the urban Beijing site plus the other 95 pollutant-monitoring sites in NCP), we cut off 80 % of SO2 emissions, 50 % of NH3 emissions, 30 % of toluene emissions, and 50 % of PM2.5 and PM10 emissions. The cut-off emissions are largely close to the emission reductions in east China during the period 2013–2017 (Zhang and Geng, 2019). The revised emissions significantly improved regional PM2.5 simulations in NCP (Fig. S1), and the simulations of gases and PM2.5 in urban Beijing (Fig. S2). The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) 1∘ × 1∘ final reanalysis data (FNL) (https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds083.2/, last access: 3 March 2022, National Centers for Environmental Prediction et al., 2000) were used in this study to obtain the meteorological initial and boundary conditions every 6 h. The global simulations of MOZART-4 (https://www.acom.ucar.edu/wrf-chem/mozart.shtml, last access: 3 March 2022) were used as the chemical initial and boundary conditions (every 6 h). In total, 23 simulation scenarios were performed in this study (Table 2), in which the base case only considered the default homogeneous reaction (OH + NO → HONO), case 6S contained six potential HONO sources while cases A, B, C, D, E, and F contained each of the six potential HONO sources, respectively. The other 15 cases (A_double, A_half, … , Nit_120, D_NO2, and D_HONO) were used to evaluate the uncertainties of the six potential HONO sources (Table 2). All of the cases were simulated with a spin-up of 7 d. Jnitrate and denote the photolysis frequency of nitrate and gas nitric acid in the atmosphere, respectively. The enhancement factor for F_double was 1.25 instead of 2.0 to avoid the production rate of HONO from NO2 reaching the surface exceeding 100 %. The 0.33NO2 in D_NO2 or 0.67HONO in D_HONO referred to the assumed Photnitrate products in Reaction (R2). 3.1 Comparison of simulations and observations 3.1.1 Meteorological factors The statistical metrics of simulated meteorological parameters at 284 sites in NCP including air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and wind speed (WS) were comparable with the modeling results reported by other researchers (Table 3). The simulated wind direction (WD) bias within 45∘ accounted for ∼ 56 %, and the bias within 90∘ accounted for ∼ 80 %, suggesting that the simulated WD captured the main observed WD. 3.1.2 Pollutant concentrations at the BUCT site Time series of the observational data at the BUCT site are shown in Fig. 2, the gray-shaded periods stand for three haze-aggravating processes, while the cyan-shaded period denotes typical clean days. The largest hourly observations of O3 (∼ 50–75 ppb) and PM2.5 (∼ 100–200 µg m−3) were both relatively higher on hazy days than on clean days, especially for the first two haze events (the O3 concentrations in the third haze event were relatively lower due to the higher NOx concentrations in the urban area). The observed PM2.5 and nitrate trends at the BUCT site were well simulated (Fig. 2a and b), and NO2 simulations generally agreed with the observations (Fig. 2c). The promotion effect of the six potential HONO sources on the formation of secondary aerosols leads to an increase in concentrations of PM2.5 and nitrate for case 6S, despite nitrate consumption through Photnitrate (Li et al., 2010; Qu et al., 2019; Fu et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019a, 2021); detailed nitrate variation caused by each of the six potential HONO sources in case 6S is presented in Fig. S3. The overestimation of nitrate could be partially caused by the uncertainties in the anthropogenic emission inventory, e.g., the overestimation of NOx emissions (Fig. 2c). The inadequate understanding of the nitrate formation mechanism could also be related to nitrate simulation bias, which was also found in some related studies using CMAQ (Fu et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2021). Hourly and diurnal HONO simulations at the BUCT site (Figs. 2d and 3a) were significantly improved in the 6S case (mean of 1.47 ppb) compared with the base case (mean of 0.05 ppb). The normalized mean bias (NMB) was remarkably reduced to −14.22 % (6S) from −97.11 % (Base), and the index of agreement (IOA) was improved significantly to 0.80 (6S) from 0.45 (Base) (Fig. 2d). The underestimation of the simulated HONO (6S) on 15 and 22 October was mainly caused by the earlier scavenging of pollutants at the BUCT site in the model used (Fig. 2a and d). As for O3, noticeable improvements were found at the BUCT site after considering the six potential HONO sources, especially on hazy days (Fig. 2e and f). The mean bias (MB) was improved to −3.61 ppb (6S) from −7.09 ppb (Base), and the IOA was improved to 0.86 (6S) from 0.78 (Base) (Fig. 2e). In particular, the 6S case significantly enhanced daytime hourly O3 by 15–35 ppb compared with the base case, and the simulated O3 was very close to the observations on hazy days (Fig. 2e). Larger daytime O3 enhancements were accompanied by higher PM2.5 concentrations during haze-aggravating processes, while on clean days the daytime-enhanced O3 due to the potential HONO sources was mostly <5 ppb (Fig. 2e and f). The diurnal O3 pattern during the first two haze-aggravating processes is presented in Fig. 3b. Significant improvements in daily maximum 8 h (10:00–17:59) averaged (DMA8) O3 (18.8 ppb) occurred at the BUCT site after considering the six potential HONO sources, and the NMB of DMA8 O3 was remarkably improved to −2.38 % (6S) from −47.14 % (Base). The relative contribution of each HONO source near the surface at the BUCT site for the 6S case is shown in Fig. 3d. Briefly, Hetground was the largest source during daytime and nighttime (∼ 50 %–70 %), consistent with the results of Zhang et al. (2021). Photnitrate () and the NO + OH reaction contributed similarly ∼ 1 %–12 % during daytime. The contribution of Etraffic was significant during nighttime (∼ 10 %–20 %) but small during daytime (<5 %). The contribution of Hetaerosol to HONO concentrations was minor (∼ 2 %–3 %) during daytime and ∼ 6 %–10 % at nighttime. Esoil could be neglected while the contribution of Eindoor was close to that of Etraffic in urban Beijing. The relative contribution of the potential HONO sources in this study was comparable to the results reported by Fu et al. (2019) when using CMAQ, except for the contribution of Photnitrate due to the different ratios (30 in our study and ∼ 120 in Fu et al., 2019). 3.1.3 Pollutant concentrations in NCP The 95-site-averaged hourly simulations and observations of O3, NO2, and PM2.5 during the study period are shown in Fig. 4. The six potential HONO sources significantly improved hourly O3 simulations, remarkably enhanced the daily maximum O3 by ∼ 5–10 ppb during 11–25 October, and by ∼ 2–4 ppb during 26–31 October (Fig. 4a and b). The simulations of NO2 agreed well with the observations, and the mean concentrations were 22.55 (Base), 21.62 (6S), and 20.74 (Obs) ppb (Fig. 4c). The PM2.5 simulations generally followed the observed PM2.5 trend but were overestimated by ∼ 8 µg m−3, with averaged concentrations of 49.94 (Base), 53.30 (6S), and 45.31 (Obs) µg m−3 (Fig. 4d), respectively. The 95-site-averaged diurnal simulations and observations of O3 are presented in Fig. 3c. O3 simulations showed a remarkable improvement when the six potential HONO sources were considered. The six potential HONO sources produced a mean enhancement of 5.7 ppb in DMA8 O3 and improved the NMB to −7.16 % from −20.32 % at the 95 sites in NCP. The 95-site-averaged diurnal simulations and observations of NO2 and PM2.5 during the study period are demonstrated in Fig. S4. NO2 simulations generally followed the observed trend but were underestimated from 04:00 to 16:00 and overestimated after 18:00 (Fig. S4a), PM2.5 simulations agreed with the observed diurnal pattern but were overestimated for both cases during the whole day (Fig. S4b). The relative contribution of each HONO source near the surface at the 95 NCP sites for the 6S case is shown in Fig. 3e. Hetground was the dominant source during daytime and nighttime (∼ 70 %–80 %). Photnitrate () and the NO + OH reaction nearly equaled and contributed ∼ 2 %–8 % during daytime (∼ 5 % on average). The contribution of Etraffic was significant during nighttime (∼ 10 %–15 %) but small during daytime (<3 %). The contribution of Hetaerosol to HONO concentrations was <3 % during daytime and <10 % at nighttime. Esoil contributed ∼ 3 % at nighttime but could be neglected at daytime. The contribution of Eindoor was too small to be noticed at the 95 NCP sites, implying that this source was noticeable only in megacities. The relative contribution of each HONO source in the whole NCP region (all grid cells in domain two except for the seas) is presented in Fig. 3f. The results were quite similar to those of the 95 sites (Fig. 3e), which were representative for the whole NCP region. To further understand the role of potential HONO sources in haze-aggravating processes in regional O3 concentrations, the 95-site-averaged surface/vertical HONO concentrations and their impacts during a typical haze event (19–21 October) and a clean period (27–29 October) were analyzed and are presented in the following sections. 3.2 Spatial distribution of enhanced DMA8 O3 by potential HONO sources 3.2.1 General patterns of enhanced DMA8 O3 Figure S5 shows surface-averaged and zonal-averaged DMA8 O3 enhancements due to the six potential HONO sources in NCP during the study period (11–31 October) and three haze events (12–14, 18–21, and 24–25 October). The overall surface DMA8 O3 enhancement decreased gradually from south (6–10 ppb) to north (2–6 ppb) (Fig. S5a) and could reach 10–20 ppb under unfavorable meteorological conditions during haze events (Fig. S5b–d). For the first two haze events, the anti-cyclone in the Shandong peninsula carried pollutants being transported from the southeastern NCP to the western (108–112∘ E) and northern (39–41∘ N) NCP, and the six potential HONO sources led to a DMA8 O3 enhancement of 10–20 (Fig. S5b) and 10–15 ppb (Fig. S5c) in Beijing, respectively. For the third haze event, two air masses converged to form a transport channel from south to north. The O3 enhancement caused by the six potential HONO sources reached 10–18 ppb in the southern NCP and decreased to 6–10 ppb in the northern NCP along the transport channel. Vertically, the DMA8 O3 enhancements were 2–8 ppb during the whole period (Fig. S5e) and increased to 6–12 ppb in these haze events (Fig. S5f–h). The enhanced O3 near the surface (0–100 m) was slightly smaller than that at higher altitude (Fig. S5f–h), due mainly to the stronger titration of O3 by NO near the surface. These results demonstrate that the six potential HONO sources significantly enhanced surface and vertical O3 concentrations in NCP, especially during haze events. 3.2.2 Enhanced DMA8 O3 during a typical haze-aggravating process and a clean period Figure 5 demonstrates surface-averaged and zonally averaged DMA8 O3 enhancements due to the six potential HONO sources in NCP during a typical haze-aggravating process (19–21 October 2018) and a clean period (27–29 October 2018). The increasing trend of DMA8 O3 enhancements can be clearly seen from 19 to 21 October near the surface and in the vertical direction. During the haze-aggravating process, the surface DMA8 O3 enhancements were ∼ 2–10 ppb (19 October), ∼ 6–12 ppb (20 October), and ∼ 8–15 ppb (21 October), respectively; the vertical DMA8 O3 enhancements were ∼ 4–7 ppb (19 October), ∼ 6–10 ppb (20 October), and ∼ 8–15 ppb (21 October), respectively. While during clean days, the surface/vertical DMA8 O3 enhancements were usually <4 ppb. The six potential HONO sources significantly enhanced surface and vertical O3 concentrations in NCP during haze-aggravating processes. The detailed role of the potential HONO sources in vertical HONO concentrations and their impacts are presented in the next section. 3.3 Vertical variations of the six potential HONO sources and their impacts 3.3.1 Six potential HONO sources and their impacts on HONO concentrations A number of studies have conducted vertical HONO observations abroad (Kleffmann et al., 2003; Ryan et al., 2018; Sörgel et al., 2011; VandenBoer et al., 2013; Villena et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2020; Wong et al., 2011, 2012; Zhang et al., 2009) and in China (Meng et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2019; Xing et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2011). A decreasing trend of HONO with height was mostly observed in these studies, and our simulations also reproduced this vertical variation and were comparable to another model simulation by Zhang et al. (2021), who used CMAQ (Fig. S6). For an in-depth understanding of the role of each HONO source considered in HONO concentrations at different heights, we assessed the contributions of each potential HONO source to HONO concentrations at different heights (Fig. 6) during 11–31 October 2018. Generally, the impacts of ground-based potential HONO sources (Etraffic, Esoil, Eindoor, and Hetground) on HONO concentrations decreased rapidly with height, while the NO + OH reaction and aerosol-related HONO sources (Photnitrate and Hetaerosol) decreased slowly with height (Fig. 6). During daytime the NO + OH reaction, Photnitrate, and Hetground were the three main HONO sources, while during nighttime Etraffic, Hetaerosol, and Hetground were the three main contributors to HONO concentrations (Fig. 6). The HONO concentrations via the NO + OH reaction and Photnitrate were higher during daytime. The impact of Esoil in the NCP was small; nevertheless, Xue et al. (2021) found strong soil HONO emissions in NCP agricultural fields after fertilization, suggesting that this source may have a significant enhancement on regional HONO and secondary pollutants in crop-growing seasons. The comparison of HONO concentrations/enhancements during a haze-aggravating process and a clean period is shown in Figs. 7 and 8. Generally, daytime HONO concentrations increased during haze-aggravating processes and were higher than concentrations on clean days. Hetground was the dominant source of the surface HONO on both hazy and clean days and contributed 80 %–90 % of daytime averaged HONO concentrations (Fig. 8); however, this reaction occurred only on the ground surface, thus its relative contribution decreased with height, especially during haze-aggravating processes (Fig. 8). Although the contribution of the NO + OH reaction to daytime HONO was small near the surface, its relative contribution to HONO increased with height, especially on clean days (Fig. 8). As for Photnitrate, a much larger enhancement was found on hazy days compared with clean days. On clean days the daytime enhanced HONO by Photnitrate was only 1–3 ppt in general, and its contribution to daytime HONO was usually <10 %. During the haze-aggravating process, however, the enhanced HONO concentration by Photnitrate was about 10 times higher than that on clean days and Photnitrate became the dominant HONO source (∼ 30 %–70 %) at higher altitude, and both HONO concentrations and contributions by Photnitrate increased with the air pollution aggravation (Figs. 7a–c, 8a–c). The contributions of direct emission sources were small and decreased when PM2.5 increased, compared with the heterogeneous reactions. Higher concentrations of NO2, nitrate, and PM2.5 favored heterogeneous formation of HONO, while direct emission sources were relatively invariable under different pollution levels. Our results show that nitrate concentrations increased with the haze-aggravating processes (Fig. 2b), and as a positive feedback effect, the elevated nitrate could in turn enhance HONO formation and further enhance the atmospheric oxidation capacity during daytime. Considering Jnitrate is still unclear, sensitivity tests were conducted and are presented in the discussion section. 3.3.2 Enhanced OH and its production rate Figure 9 demonstrates daytime variations in OH production (P(OH)) and loss (L(OH)) rates near the surface and in the vertically averaged layer (from the ground to a height of 2.5 km) at the 95 NCP sites for the Base and 6S cases during 11–31 October 2018. A significant enhancement of (OH) can be found near the surface and vertically; the six potential HONO sources accelerated OH production and loss rates remarkably near the surface and noticeably in the vertical layers considered. Near the surface, daytime P(OH) and L(OH) were significantly enhanced by ∼ 320 % for the 6S case (mean was 5.27 ppb h−1) compared with the base case (mean was 1.26 ppb h−1). For the base case, the daytime P(OH) via the photolysis of HONO and O3 was 0.09 and 0.09 ppb h−1, respectively, while the daytime L(OH) via the NO + OH reaction was 0.11 ppb h−1, and the net contribution of HONO photolysis to P(OH) was −0.02 ppb h−1. After adding the six potential HONO sources in case 6S, the daytime P(OH) via the photolysis of HONO and O3 was 1.81 and 0.10 ppb h−1, respectively, the daytime L(OH) via the NO + OH reaction was 0.48 ppb h−1, and the net contribution of HONO photolysis to P(OH) reached 1.33 ppb h−1. HONO photolysis was the main source of the primary formation of OH, while the secondary formed OH via the reaction of HO2+NO (3.14 ppb h−1) was the dominant source of the total OH formation. Vertically, daytime P(OH) or L(OH) was enhanced by ∼ 105 % for the 6S case (mean was 2.21 ppb h−1) compared with the base case (mean was 1.08 ppb h−1). For the base case, the daytime P(OH) via the photolysis of HONO and O3 was 0.06 and 0.10 ppb h−1, respectively, while the daytime L(OH) via the NO + OH reaction was 0.07 ppb h−1, and the net contribution of HONO photolysis to P(OH) was −0.01 ppb h−1. After coupling the six potential HONO sources in case 6S, the daytime P(OH) via the photolysis of HONO and O3 and via the HO2 + NO reaction was 0.48, 0.12 and 1.52 ppb h−1, respectively, the daytime L(OH) via the NO + OH reaction was 0.15 ppb h−1, and the net contribution of HONO photolysis to P(OH) was 0.33 ppb h−1. Figure 10 shows the linear relationships between daytime-averaged P(OH) and PM2.5 concentrations and between daytime-averaged OH and PM2.5 concentrations from the ground to a height of 2.5 km at the 95 NCP sites during 11–31 October 2018. Both P(OH) for the two cases (Base and 6S) and the enhanced P(OH) due to the six potential HONO sources showed a strong positive correlation (r>0.8) with PM2.5 concentrations at the 95 NCP sites, because Hetaerosol, Hetground, and Photnitrate were significantly increased with the elevated pollution level. The enhanced P(OH) for the 6S case reached 0.043 ppb h−1 per 1 µg m−3 of a PM2.5 enhancement. Similarly, a high positive correlation (r>0.6) was found between OH and PM2.5 concentrations; the OH concentrations and enhancements due to the six potential HONO sources were both higher on hazy days than those on clean days, and the enhancement of OH reached 3.62 × 104 molec cm−3 per 1 µg m−3 of PM2.5 for case 6S. These results are consistent with a recent field study reported by Slater et al. (2020), who found that the OH observed in haze events was elevated in central Beijing during November–December 2016. Furthermore, two observations confirmed the key role of HONO in producing primary OH despite the relatively lower photolysis frequency in haze-aggravating processes (Slater et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2018), consistent with our simulations (Fig. S7 shows the relationship between surface PM2.5 and photolysis frequencies of NO2, HONO, and HNO3 in this study). Figures 11 and 12 show detailed comparisons of P(OH) and OH enhancements during a haze-aggravating process and a clean period. It can be seen that both P(OH) and OH were enhanced on hazy days compared with clean days, and P(OH) and OH increased with the aggravated haze pollution. Among the six potential HONO sources, Hetground was the largest contributor to the enhanced P(OH) and OH near the surface, but its contribution was relatively stable under different pollution levels and was rapidly reduced with height on both hazy and clean days; the contribution induced by Photnitrate was remarkably increased in haze-aggravating processes and was about 10 times higher than that on clean days; Hetaerosol also increased with the pollution levels but with relatively small values, while the impact of other three direct emission sources of HONO was quite small. 3.4 Enhanced DMA8 O3 Figure 13 demonstrates the linear relationship between DMA8 O3 enhancements and daytime PM2.5 concentrations in each vertical layer and the averaged vertical layer for the 11 layers considered at the 95 NCP sites during 11–31 October 2018. A good correlation (r>0.8) between DMA8 O3 enhancements and daytime PM2.5 concentrations in the vertical averaged layer (similar reasons for the strong positive correlation between the enhanced P(OH) and PM2.5 concentrations shown above) suggests that the enhanced O3 due to the six potential HONO sources was larger on polluted days and increased during the haze-aggravating processes. The enhanced DMA8 O3 was <2 ppb when PM2.5 was <20 µg m−3 and was >10 ppb when PM2.5 was >60 µg m−3 on average, with a mean DMA8 O3 enhancement of 0.24 ppb per 1 µg m−3 of PM2.5. Figure 14 shows the 95-NCP-site-averaged DMA8 O3 enhancements due to the six potential HONO sources for a typical haze-aggravating process during 19–21 October and a clean period during 27–29 October 2018. A significant enhancement of DMA8 O3 can be found during the haze-aggravating process compared with that during clean days. The enhanced DMA8 O3 was ∼ 5.5 ppb (19 October), ∼ 7 ppb (20 October), and ∼ 10 ppb (21 October), during the haze-aggravating process, while it was usually ∼ 2 ppb on clean days. On clean days, Hetground was the dominant contributor (∼ 1.5–2 ppb) to the enhanced DMA8 O3 among the six potential HONO sources; the contribution of Photnitrate to the enhanced DMA8 O3 was ∼ 0.1–0.4 ppb, while that of the other four sources was minor. In the comparison between the haze-aggravating process (19–21 October) and clean days, the DMA8 O3 enhancements induced by Hetground were doubled and reached ∼ 3–4 ppb; the contribution of Photnitrate to the enhanced DMA8 O3 substantially increased and reached ∼ 2–4.5 ppb (19 October), ∼ 3–6 ppb (20 October),and ∼ 5–10 ppb (21 October). Hetaerosol showed an increasing contribution to the enhanced DMA8 O3 during the haze-aggravating process (∼ 0.3 ppb on 19 October, ∼ 0.4 ppb on 20 October, and ∼ 0.7 ppb on 21 October), while the impacts of the other three direct emission sources (Etraffic, Esoil, and Eindoor) on the enhanced DMA8 O3 were minor. 3.5 Vertical variations of O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity Based on the results presented in the previous section, Photnitrate significantly enhanced the DMA8 O3 10-fold in the vertical layers considered (especially at elevated heights) during polluted events, although previous studies have not fully discussed this. To better understand its role in vertical O3 formation, the O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity was analyzed by using the P(H2O2)(HNO3) ratio proposed by Sillman (1995), which is more suitable than the concentration ratio of H2OHNO3 because of the large dry deposition velocity of the two gases in the troposphere (Sillman, 1995). A transition point of P(H2O2)(HNO3)=0.35 was suggested by Sillman (1995); when P(H2O2)(HNO3) was <0.35, O3 shows VOC-sensitive chemistry (increasing VOC concentrations can significantly elevate O3 levels) and when P(H2O2)(HNO3) was >0.35, O3 tends to NOx-sensitive chemistry (increasing NOx concentrations can significantly elevate O3 levels). Figure 15 demonstrates the 95-NCP-site-averaged P(H2O2)(HNO3) ratio at each vertical layer for the 6S case for a typical haze-aggravating process during 19–21 October and a clean period during 27–29 October 2018. A clearly opposite O3 sensitivity appeared between the lower layers (VOC sensitive) and the higher layers (NOx sensitive) on both clean and hazy days, and the transition point usually appeared at the eighth layer (∼ 600–800 m). The Photnitrate reaction is assumed to produce HONO and NOx (Zhou et al., 2003; Romer et al., 2018; Gen et al., 2022). This reaction not only enhances OH concentrations via HONO photolysis, but also directly releases NOx back into the troposphere. Considering the NOx-sensitive O3 chemistry at higher layers (>800 m), elevating OH and NOx concentrations are both favorable for O3 formation, especially in haze-aggravating processes with abundant nitrate (detailed vertically enhanced O3 production/loss rates induced by Photnitrate are shown in Fig. S8). The specific role of the HONO or NO2 produced via the Photnitrate reaction (Reaction R2) in DMA8 O3 enhancements was further analyzed and is shown in Fig. 16. The produced NO2 and HONO jointly promoted O3 formation and increased DMA8 O3 concentrations. From the surface to ∼ 1200 m (Level 9), the DMA8 O3 enhancements for case D_HONO was ∼ 5 times those for case D_NO2, while at ∼ 2000 m (Level 11) the DMA8 O3 enhancements for case D_HONO was ∼ 2 times those for case D_NO2. A balance exists between the propagation of the free radical interconversion cycle and the rate of termination of the cycle for the O3 formation chemistry (Gligorovski et al., 2015). Considering the 0.67 and 0.33 yields (ratio of 2) for the two products, we could conclude that the impact of produced HONO on O3 enhancements was larger than that of produced NO2 near the surface, while at higher altitude (>2000 m) the impacts of the two products were similar. 4.1 Vertical variations of potential HONO sources The relative contribution of potential HONO sources near the surface, corresponding to the first model layer (0 to ∼ 35 m) in our simulation, was quantified in previous modeling studies (Fu et al., 2019; Xue et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2021); however, for those potential HONO sources, their relative contributions to HONO concentrations near and above the surface should be different. Based on our results (Figs. 7 and 8), the effects of aerosol-related HONO sources would be severely underestimated on hazy days when only focused on surface HONO, especially for Photnitrate. Near the surface in NCP, the daytime contribution of Photnitrate to HONO concentrations on hazy days was only ∼ 4 %–6 %, but this source contributed ∼ 35 %–50 % of the enhanced DMA8 O3 (Fig. 14a–c); above the eighth layer (∼ 800 m), this source contributed ∼ 50 %–70 % of HONO concentrations and ∼ 50 %–95 % of the enhanced DMA8 O3 (Fig. 14a–c). A recent observation in urban Beijing reported vertical HONO concentrations from three heights above the ground and found that extremely high HONO concentrations occurred at 120 m (∼ 5 ppb) and 240 m (∼ 3 ppb) rather than near the surface (∼ 1.2 ppb) during 12:00 on a typical hazy day (W. Q. Zhang et al., 2020). The observation was unusual at noontime under strong convection conditions, inconsistent with those during most of the previous observations indicating a HONO decreasing trend with height, especially with the observational results of Zhu et al. (2011) and Meng et al. (2020) as well as the simulated results of Zhang et al. (2021) and our results in Fig. S6 at the same observational site. The contributions of different HONO sources at each layer were analyzed by using a box model, but ∼ 80 %–90 % of the noontime HONO at higher layers could not be explained by the known HONO formation mechanisms (W. Q. Zhang et al., 2020). The box model neglected the vertical convection, and thus the ground-related HONO sources had no contribution to HONO concentrations at the higher layers; therefore, their HONO simulations were actually underestimated compared with our results and those from the studies by Wong et al. (2011) and Zhang et al. (2021). 4.2 Uncertainties of ratios and their impacts 4.2.1 Uncertainties of ratios in DMA8 O3 enhancements Based on our results, Hetground and Photnitrate were the two major contributors to the enhanced DMA8 O3, especially for Photnitrate on hazy days with higher PM2.5 concentrations. The uncertainties of Photnitrate (four ratios) in O3 enhancements were analyzed and are shown in Fig. 17 (The uncertainties of Hetground are presented in Sect. S2). During the haze-aggravating process, the enhanced DMA8 O3 near the surface increased from ∼ 0.3 to ∼ 0.5 ppb, from ∼ 0.9 to ∼ 2 ppb, from ∼ 2 to ∼ 6 ppb, and from ∼ 5 to ∼ 12 ppb, with the ratio being 1, 7, 30, and 120, respectively, and the enhanced O3 increased with altitude. On clean days, the impact of Photnitrate on O3 enhancements was small (<1 ppb) even with a ratio of 120. 4.2.2 Uncertainties of ratios in nitrate concentrations We found considerable enhancements in O3 concentrations induced by Photnitrate, yet it is still unclear that to what extent Photnitrate could influence nitrate concentrations. The overall nitrate concentrations for the base case and the nitrate enhancements induced by the potential HONO sources decreased with rising altitude except for Photnitrate (Fig. S9a). Hetground enhanced nitrate concentrations by ∼ 1.5 µg m−3 near the surface and the enhancements decreased to <0.5 µg m−3 above the eighth model layer (∼ 800 m); the nitrate enhancements due to Hetaerosol and Etraffic near the surface were ∼ 0.2 and ∼ 0.1 µg m−3, respectively, and were <0.1 and <0.04 µg m−3 above the sixth model layer (∼ 500 m). For Photnitrate, the overall impact of four ratios on nitrate concentrations is shown in Fig. S9b; a smaller ratio of 1 or 7 had a limited impact on nitrate concentrations of ∼ 0–0.05 µg m−3, a ratio of 30 slightly decreased nitrate concentrations by ∼ 0.2 µg m−3, while the ratio of 120 decreased vertical nitrate concentrations by ∼ 0.3–0.8 µg m−3. The relative nitrate changes caused by Photnitrate were calculated by the differences between four cases of added Photnitrate (cases Nit_1, Nit_7, D, and Nit_120) and the base case (Fig. S9c). The vertical nitrate concentrations were reduced by ∼ 0 %–0.4 % (), ∼ 0 %–2 % (7), ∼ 2 %–5 % (30), and ∼ 10 %–14 % (120) at the 95 NCP sites, meaning that the Photnitrate impact on vertical nitrate concentrations is limited (<5 %) when adopting a relatively small ratio (<30) (Fig. S9c). Romer et al. (2018) found a ratio of 10 or 30 had a much larger effect on HONO than on HNO3, and Photnitrate accounted for an average of 40 % of the total production of HONO, and only 10 % of HNO3 loss with a ratio of 10 (Fig. 5 in Romer et al., 2018), consistent with our study. From the production rate of gas HNO3 () in Fig. S10, we find that an increase in the ratio for Photnitrate simultaneously enhances the HNO3 production rate, and is favorable for nitrate formation via the reaction between HNO3 and NH3. Nitrate consumption is mitigated by the faster nitrate formation, and this is the main reason for less perturbation of the nitrate budget influenced by Photnitrate. Figure 18 shows the detailed relative changes of nitrate caused by Photnitrate during a typical haze-aggravating process and a clean period (corresponding concentrations are shown in Fig. S11). The percentage nitrate reduction was usually smaller on hazy days than on clean days, mainly due to the slightly weaker photolysis frequency during pollution events (Fig. S7). The nitrate reduction was <5 % when adopting a ratio of 30 on both clean and hazy days and was <15 % in most cases even when the ratio reached 120. 4.2.3 Possible ranges of the ratio From the above discussion, we find that the enhanced OH and O3 due to Photnitrate are significant during haze-aggravating processes, and the exact value of the ratio requires more study. Figure 19 shows the diurnal patterns of surface-averaged and vertically averaged simulations of the Photnitrate frequency with four different ratios at the 95 NCP sites during the study period. The Photnitrate frequency at 12:00 was 3.7 × 10−7, 2.6 × 10−6, 1.1 × 10−5, and 4.5 × 10−5 s−1 when adopting a ratio of 1, 7, 30, and 120, respectively. The corresponding vertically averaged Photnitrate frequency was slightly larger (∼ 10 %) and was 4.2 × 10−7, 2.9 × 10−6, 1.3 × 10−5, and 5.0 × 10−5 s−1, respectively. Adopting a ratio of 30 in the 6S case, with the corresponding Jnitrate of 1.1–1.3 × 10−5 s−1, produced ∼ 30 %–50 % of the enhanced O3 near the surface on hazy days (Fig. 14), and ∼ 70 %–90 % of the enhanced O3 at higher layers (>800 m). The reported values of Jnitrate from previous studies are summarized in Table 4. The experimental Jnitrate values have been controversial over the past two decades and are still being debated. In our simulations for the 6S case, Photnitrate contributed from ∼ 1 % (clean days) to ∼ 5 % (hazy days) to surface HONO during daytime when using the ratio of 30 in NCP, consistent with <8 % at a rural site in NCP reported by Xue et al. (2020) and ∼ 1 % in urban Beijing reported by Zhang et al. (2021) using the same ratio; however, the increasing contribution of Photnitrate to HONO concentrations with rising altitude based on our simulations (Figs. 7 and 8) has not been discussed in previous research. Furthermore, we found that the overall Photnitrate impact on OH and O3 would be severely underestimated if the Photnitrate contribution to vertical HONO was excluded. A larger ratio of 120 for Photnitrate (4.5–5.0 × 10−5 s−1 at 12:00) produced ∼ 25 %–30 % of noontime HONO in NCP in our study (Fig. S12), comparable to 30 %–40 % in previous modeling studies (Fu et al., 2019; Shi et al., 2020) when using the ratio of 118.57 (8.3 × 10 × 10−7). In haze-aggravating processes, the contribution of Photnitrate () to the DMA8 O3 enhancements reached ∼ 5–10 ppb near the surface and ∼ 8–20 ppb above the 10th model layer (Fig. 17), these enhancements were extremely large. In a previous modeling study by Fu et al. (2020), the daytime surface O3 simulations were systematically overestimated by ∼ 5 ppb in NCP in winter (Fig. S4 in Fu et al., 2020); the inclusion of Photnitrate () in their study might have caused the overestimation. From the above, a ratio of 120 or a Jnitrate value of ∼ 4–5 × 10−5 s−1 is possibly overestimated. When adopting the maximum Jnitrate value of 10−4 s−1 reported by Ye et al. (2016a) and Bao et al. (2018), we reasonably speculate that O3 simulations will be significantly overestimated, especially at higher altitude with NOx-sensitive O3 chemistry (Fig. 15). Romer et al. (2018) and Kasibhatla et al. (2018) suggested that a ratio of 30 or smaller would be more suitable, being about the minimum value reported by Ye et al. (2016a) and Bao et al. (2018). This ratio has shown significant influence on the O3 simulations in haze-aggravating processes in this study. The lack of photo-catalyzer in suspended submicron particulate sodium and ammonium nitrate may cause a lower ratio (<10), as reported by Shi et al. (2021), and thus more chamber experiments need to be conducted by using the particles collected in the real atmosphere. Choosing a larger Jnitrate value might cover up other ground-based unknown HONO sources, creating an illusion of good model simulations of daytime HONO, but resulting in an overestimation of O3 concentrations. Considering the uncertainties of NOx or VOC emissions, which also significantly impact O3 simulations, more studies are needed to find the exact value of Jnitrate in the real atmosphere. 4.3 Interactions between heterogeneous HONO sources Form the comparison of nitrate budget induced by the six potential HONO sources in Figs. S3 and S9, we find that Hetground led to a significant increase in nitrate concentrations. In the real atmosphere, the NO2 heterogeneous reactions and the Photnitrate reaction occur simultaneously, whereas the sensitivity tests considered only one specific HONO source for each case and neglected their interactions, leading to the underestimation of the Photnitrate impact to some extent. When this is taken into consideration, the Photnitrate impact on atmospheric oxidants and secondary pollutants would be even larger, especially during the haze-aggravating process. Photnitrate would in turn change NOx concentrations to some extent. From the 95-site-averaged NO2 concentrations shown in Fig. 20, we find that Photnitrate slightly increased NO2 concentrations on hazy days. The elevated NO2 concentration could enhance HONO formation via the NO2 heterogeneous reactions; nevertheless, due to the high background NO2 concentrations in NCP (up to ∼ 40 ppb at nighttime), the increment of NO2 and the enhanced HONO formation from NO2 caused by Photnitrate were small (<10 %), but might have a larger impact on NOx budgets in clean regions. From the above, a positive feedback relationship between the NO2 heterogeneous reactions and the Photnitrate reaction was found, and these multi-processes worsen the air quality during haze-aggravating processes. In this study, three direct emission sources, the improved NO2 heterogeneous reactions on aerosol and ground surfaces, and particulate nitrate photolysis in the atmosphere were included in the WRF-Chem model to explore the key HONO sources producing O3 enhancements during typical autumn haze-aggravating processes with co-occurrence of high PM2.5 and O3 in NCP. The six potential HONO sources produced a significant enhancement in surface HONO simulations and improved the mean HONO concentration at the BUCT site to 1.47 ppb from 0.05 ppb (improved the NMB to −14.22 % from −97.11 % and the IOA to 0.80 from 0.45). The improved HONO significantly enhanced the atmospheric oxidation capacity near the surface and at elevated heights, especially on hazy days, resulting in rapid formation of and significant improvements in O3 during haze-aggravating processes in NCP. Although the photolysis frequency is usually lower during hazy days, higher concentrations of NO2, PM2.5, and nitrate favored HONO formation via heterogeneous reactions, leading to stronger atmospheric oxidation capacity. The major results include: - For the surface HONO in NCP, Hetground was the largest source during daytime and nighttime (∼ 50 %–80 %); the contribution of Photnitrate () to surface HONO concentrations was close to that of the NO + OH reaction during daytime (∼ 1 %–12 %) and was ∼ 5 % for daytime average; the contribution of Etraffic was important during nighttime (∼ 10 %–20 %) but small during daytime (<5 %); the contribution of Hetaerosol was minor (∼ 2 %–3 %) in the daytime and <10 % at nighttime; the contribution of Esoil was <3 %, and Eindoor could be neglected. Vertically, the HONO enhancements due to ground-based potential HONO sources (Etraffic, Esoil, Eindoor, and Hetground) decreased rapidly with height, while the NO + OH reaction and aerosol-related HONO sources (Photnitrate and Hetaerosol) decreased with height much slower. The enhanced HONO due to Photnitrate on hazy days was about 10 times larger than on clean days and became the dominant HONO source (∼ 30 %–70 % when ) at higher layers, and both HONO concentrations and Photnitrate contributions increased with the aggravated pollution levels. - Near the surface, daytime OH production/loss rates were significantly enhanced by ∼ 320 % for the 6S case (mean of 5.27 ppb h−1) compared with the base case (mean of 1.26 ppb h−1); vertically, daytime OH production/loss rates were enhanced by ∼ 105 % for the 6S case (mean of 2.21 ppb h−1) compared with the base case (mean of 1.08 ppb h−1). The enhanced OH production rate and OH due to the six potential HONO sources both showed a strong positive correlation with PM2.5 concentrations at the 95 NCP sites, with a slope of 0.043 ppb h−1 per 1 µg m−3 of PM2.5 and 3.62 × 104 molec cm−3 per 1 µg m−3 of PM2.5 from the surface to the height of 2.5 km for case 6S, respectively. The atmospheric oxidation capacity (e.g., OH) was enhanced in the haze-aggravating process. - A strong positive correlation (r>0.8) between enhanced O3 by the six potential HONO sources and PM2.5 concentrations was found in NCP, and nitrate photolysis was the largest contributor to the enhanced DMA8 O3 on hazy days. Vertically, the enhanced DMA8 O3 was <2 ppb when PM2.5 was <20 µg m−3, and it was >10 ppb when PM2.5 was >60 µg m−3 on average, with a slope of 0.24 ppb DMA8 O3 enhancement per 1 µg m−3 of PM2.5. The surface-enhanced DMA8 O3 was ∼ 5.5 ppb (19 October), ∼ 7 ppb (20 October), and ∼ 10 ppb (21 October) during a typical haze-aggravating process, while it was usually ∼ 2 ppb on clean days. The contribution of Photnitrate to the enhanced DMA8 O3 was increased by over 1 magnitude during the haze-aggravating process (up to 5–10 ppb) compared with that on clean days (∼ 0.1–0.5 ppb), and reached ∼ 2–4.5 ppb (19 October), ∼ 3–6 ppb (20 October), and ∼ 5–10 ppb (21 October) during a typical haze-aggravating process vertically. - Surface O3 was controlled by VOC-sensitive chemistry, while O3 at higher altitude (>800 m) was controlled by NOx-sensitive chemistry in NCP during autumn. The nitrate photolysis reaction enhanced OH and NOx concentrations, and both favored O3 formation at high altitude, especially in haze-aggravating processes with abundant nitrate. The produced HONO rather than the produced NO2 through nitrate photolysis had a stronger promotion of O3 formation near the surface, but the impacts of the two products on O3 enhancements were similar at higher altitude (∼ 2000 m). - Nitrate photolysis only contributed ∼ 5 % of the surface HONO in the daytime with a ratio of 30 (∼ 1 × 10−5 s−1) but contributed ∼ 30 %–50 % of the enhanced O3 near the surface in NCP on hazy days. The photolysis of nitrate had a limited impact on nitrate concentrations (reduced by <5 % with , and <15 % even with a ratio of 120), due mainly to the simultaneously enhanced atmospheric oxidants favoring the formation of HNO3 and nitrate. Choosing a larger Jnitrate value might cover up other ground-based unknown HONO sources, but overestimate vertical sources of HONO as well as NOx and O3 concentrations; thus, more studies are needed to find the exact value of Jnitrate in the real atmosphere. Data are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding authors. The code of the WRF-Chem model can be achieved from https://www2.acom.ucar.edu/wrf-chem (last access: 4 March 2022, NCAR/UCAR, 2022). The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3275-2022-supplement. JZ, CL, JA, MG, and WW conceived and designed the research. JZ performed WRF-Chem simulations and wrote the paper. JZ, CL, YG, and HR performed data analyses and produced the figures. CL, YZ, FZ, XF, CY, KRD, YL, and MK conducted the field observations. WW, JA, MG, YL, and MK reviewed the article. The contact author has declared that neither they nor their co-authors have any competing interests. Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This research was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 92044302, 42075108, 42107124, 42075110, 41822703, 91544221, 91844301), Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS-CXXM-202011) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant no. 2019M660764). This research has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 92044302, 42075108, 42107124, 42075110, 41822703, 91544221, and 91844301), the Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (grant no. BNLMS-CXXM-202011), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant no. 2019M660764). This paper was edited by Ivan Kourtchev and reviewed by three anonymous referees. Alicke, B., Platt, U., and Stutz, J.: Impact of nitrous acid photolysis on the total hydroxyl radical budget during the Limitation of Oxidant Production/Pianura Padana Produzione di Ozono study in Milan, J. Geophys. 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We all make many online accounts, but most of them are linked to just one or two email addresses. This means if just one account is hacked, every account using the same email address could also be at risk. Firefox Relay helps you protect your real email address — the one most closely tied to your online identity. It lets you generate unique, random aliases you can use to sign up for accounts, apps, or newsletters, and forwards messages to your real address. If you find that an account is sending unwanted email or spam, you can block the alias and it will stop sending email to your inbox. Once you no longer want an account, you can delete the alias. Want more protection and convenience? With Firefox Relay Premium you can create unlimited aliases and send replies. Additionally, you can create a custom domain for your aliases that’s easier to remember and share. Need an alias for a restaurant reservation? Just say [email protected] — no need to create the alias beforehand. Permissions requested by this add-on and their purpose: Access to All Websites (<all_urls>): Our add-on requests access to content from any website you visit. This helps us provide you with our service across the web, ensuring your online activities are safeguarded. Storage: We request access to your browser's storage capabilities. This enables us to store and retrieve data, such as your preferences and settings, so you can enjoy a personalized experience every time you use Firefox Relay. Context Menus: Our add-on adds items to your browser's context menu, which appears when you right-click on a webpage element. This allows us to offer you convenient options and actions for quick interactions. Menus: We utilize the "menus" permission to create custom menus in your browser's interface. This feature lets us add user-friendly UI elements like buttons and dropdown menus, giving you easy access to our add-on's features. Firefox Relay helps you protect your real email address — the one most closely tied to your online identity. It lets you generate unique, random aliases you can use to sign up for accounts, apps, or newsletters, and forwards messages to your real address. If you find that an account is sending unwanted email or spam, you can block the alias and it will stop sending email to your inbox. Once you no longer want an account, you can delete the alias. Want more protection and convenience? With Firefox Relay Premium you can create unlimited aliases and send replies. Additionally, you can create a custom domain for your aliases that’s easier to remember and share. Need an alias for a restaurant reservation? Just say [email protected] — no need to create the alias beforehand. Permissions requested by this add-on and their purpose: Access to All Websites (<all_urls>): Our add-on requests access to content from any website you visit. This helps us provide you with our service across the web, ensuring your online activities are safeguarded. Storage: We request access to your browser's storage capabilities. This enables us to store and retrieve data, such as your preferences and settings, so you can enjoy a personalized experience every time you use Firefox Relay. Context Menus: Our add-on adds items to your browser's context menu, which appears when you right-click on a webpage element. This allows us to offer you convenient options and actions for quick interactions. Menus: We utilize the "menus" permission to create custom menus in your browser's interface. This feature lets us add user-friendly UI elements like buttons and dropdown menus, giving you easy access to our add-on's features. Tämä lisäosa vaatii seuraavat oikeudet: - Pääsy tietoihisi kaikilla verkkosivuilla Bug fixes - Ei vielä arvioita - Ei vielä arvioita - Ei vielä arvioita - Ei vielä arvioita - Ei vielä arvioita - Ei vielä arvioita
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Mobile application developers typically interact with typed objects such as bitmaps or primitives such as integers. However, the LiteRT interpreter API that runs the on-device machine learning model uses tensors in the form of ByteBuffer, which can be difficult to debug and manipulate. The LiteRT Android Support Library is designed to help process the input and output of LiteRT models, and make the LiteRT interpreter easier to use. Getting Started Import Gradle dependency and other settings Copy the .tflite model file to the assets directory of the Android module where the model will be run. Specify that the file should not be compressed, and add the LiteRT library to the module’s build.gradle file: android { // Other settings // Specify tflite file should not be compressed for the app apk aaptOptions { noCompress "tflite" } } dependencies { // Other dependencies // Import tflite dependencies implementation 'org.tensorflow:tensorflow-lite:0.0.0-nightly-SNAPSHOT' // The GPU delegate library is optional. Depend on it as needed. implementation 'com.google.ai.edge.litert:litert-gpu:0.0.0-nightly-SNAPSHOT' implementation 'com.google.ai.edge.litert:litert-support:0.0.0-nightly-SNAPSHOT' } Explore the LiteRT Support Library AAR hosted at MavenCentral for different versions of the Support Library. Basic image manipulation and conversion The LiteRT Support Library has a suite of basic image manipulation methods such as crop and resize. To use it, create an ImagePreprocessor and add the required operations. To convert the image into the tensor format required by the LiteRT interpreter, create a TensorImage to be used as input: import org.tensorflow.lite.DataType; import org.tensorflow.lite.support.image.ImageProcessor; import org.tensorflow.lite.support.image.TensorImage; import org.tensorflow.lite.support.image.ops.ResizeOp; // Initialization code // Create an ImageProcessor with all ops required. For more ops, please // refer to the ImageProcessor Architecture section in this README. ImageProcessor imageProcessor = new ImageProcessor.Builder() .add(new ResizeOp(224, 224, ResizeOp.ResizeMethod.BILINEAR)) .build(); // Create a TensorImage object. This creates the tensor of the corresponding // tensor type (uint8 in this case) that the LiteRT interpreter needs. TensorImage tensorImage = new TensorImage(DataType.UINT8); // Analysis code for every frame // Preprocess the image tensorImage.load(bitmap); tensorImage = imageProcessor.process(tensorImage); DataType of a tensor can be read through the metadata extractor library as well as other model information. Basic audio data processing The LiteRT Support Library also defines a TensorAudio class wrapping some basic audio data processing methods. It's mostly used together with AudioRecord and captures audio samples in a ring buffer. import android.media.AudioRecord; import org.tensorflow.lite.support.audio.TensorAudio; // Create an `AudioRecord` instance. AudioRecord record = AudioRecord(...) // Create a `TensorAudio` object from Android AudioFormat. TensorAudio tensorAudio = new TensorAudio(record.getFormat(), size) // Load all audio samples available in the AudioRecord without blocking. tensorAudio.load(record) // Get the `TensorBuffer` for inference. TensorBuffer buffer = tensorAudio.getTensorBuffer() Create output objects and run the model Before running the model, we need to create the container objects that will store the result: import org.tensorflow.lite.DataType; import org.tensorflow.lite.support.tensorbuffer.TensorBuffer; // Create a container for the result and specify that this is a quantized model. // Hence, the 'DataType' is defined as UINT8 (8-bit unsigned integer) TensorBuffer probabilityBuffer = TensorBuffer.createFixedSize(new int[]{1, 1001}, DataType.UINT8); Loading the model and running inference: import java.nio.MappedByteBuffer; import org.tensorflow.lite.InterpreterFactory; import org.tensorflow.lite.InterpreterApi; // Initialise the model try{ MappedByteBuffer tfliteModel = FileUtil.loadMappedFile(activity, "mobilenet_v1_1.0_224_quant.tflite"); InterpreterApi tflite = new InterpreterFactory().create( tfliteModel, new InterpreterApi.Options()); } catch (IOException e){ Log.e("tfliteSupport", "Error reading model", e); } // Running inference if(null != tflite) { tflite.run(tImage.getBuffer(), probabilityBuffer.getBuffer()); } Accessing the result Developers can access the output directly through probabilityBuffer.getFloatArray() . If the model produces a quantized output, remember to convert the result. For the MobileNet quantized model, the developer needs to divide each output value by 255 to obtain the probability ranging from 0 (least likely) to 1 (most likely) for each category. Optional: Mapping results to labels Developers can also optionally map the results to labels. First, copy the text file containing labels into the module's assets directory. Next, load the label file using the following code: import org.tensorflow.lite.support.common.FileUtil; final String ASSOCIATED_AXIS_LABELS = "labels.txt"; List<String> associatedAxisLabels = null; try { associatedAxisLabels = FileUtil.loadLabels(this, ASSOCIATED_AXIS_LABELS); } catch (IOException e) { Log.e("tfliteSupport", "Error reading label file", e); } The following snippet demonstrates how to associate the probabilities with category labels: import java.util.Map; import org.tensorflow.lite.support.common.TensorProcessor; import org.tensorflow.lite.support.common.ops.NormalizeOp; import org.tensorflow.lite.support.label.TensorLabel; // Post-processor which dequantize the result TensorProcessor probabilityProcessor = new TensorProcessor.Builder().add(new NormalizeOp(0, 255)).build(); if (null != associatedAxisLabels) { // Map of labels and their corresponding probability TensorLabel labels = new TensorLabel(associatedAxisLabels, probabilityProcessor.process(probabilityBuffer)); // Create a map to access the result based on label Map<String, Float> floatMap = labels.getMapWithFloatValue(); } Current use-case coverage The current version of the LiteRT Support Library covers: - common data types (float, uint8, images, audio and array of these objects) as inputs and outputs of tflite models. - basic image operations (crop image, resize and rotate). - normalization and quantization - file utils Future versions will improve support for text-related applications. ImageProcessor Architecture The design of the ImageProcessor allowed the image manipulation operations to be defined up front and optimised during the build process. The ImageProcessor currently supports three basic preprocessing operations, as described in the three comments in the code snippet below: import org.tensorflow.lite.support.common.ops.NormalizeOp; import org.tensorflow.lite.support.common.ops.QuantizeOp; import org.tensorflow.lite.support.image.ops.ResizeOp; import org.tensorflow.lite.support.image.ops.ResizeWithCropOrPadOp; import org.tensorflow.lite.support.image.ops.Rot90Op; int width = bitmap.getWidth(); int height = bitmap.getHeight(); int size = height > width ? width : height; ImageProcessor imageProcessor = new ImageProcessor.Builder() // Center crop the image to the largest square possible .add(new ResizeWithCropOrPadOp(size, size)) // Resize using Bilinear or Nearest neighbour .add(new ResizeOp(224, 224, ResizeOp.ResizeMethod.BILINEAR)); // Rotation counter-clockwise in 90 degree increments .add(new Rot90Op(rotateDegrees / 90)) .add(new NormalizeOp(127.5, 127.5)) .add(new QuantizeOp(128.0, 1/128.0)) .build(); See more details here about normalization and quantization. The eventual goal of the support library is to support all tf.image transformations. This means the transformation will be the same as TensorFlow and the implementation will be independent of the operating system. Developers are also welcome to create custom processors. It is important in these cases to be aligned with the training process - i.e. the same preprocessing should apply to both training and inference to increase reproducibility. Quantization When initiating input or output objects such as TensorImage or TensorBuffer you need to specify their types to be DataType.UINT8 or DataType.FLOAT32 . TensorImage tensorImage = new TensorImage(DataType.UINT8); TensorBuffer probabilityBuffer = TensorBuffer.createFixedSize(new int[]{1, 1001}, DataType.UINT8); The TensorProcessor can be used to quantize input tensors or dequantize output tensors. For example, when processing a quantized output TensorBuffer , the developer can use DequantizeOp to dequantize the result to a floating point probability between 0 and 1: import org.tensorflow.lite.support.common.TensorProcessor; // Post-processor which dequantize the result TensorProcessor probabilityProcessor = new TensorProcessor.Builder().add(new DequantizeOp(0, 1/255.0)).build(); TensorBuffer dequantizedBuffer = probabilityProcessor.process(probabilityBuffer); The quantization parameters of a tensor can be read through the metadata extractor library.
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Anonymous Not logged in Log in Anarchy In Action Search Log in From Anarchy In Action Namespaces More More Page actions Username Password Keep me logged in Log in Help with logging in Forgot your password? Retrieved from " https://anarchyinaction.org/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin " Navigation Navigation Main Page Societies Communities Movements and Uprisings Organizations African Anarchism An Anarchist FAQ Anarchism in Latin America Anarchy in Action Anarchy Works Cartography of Rev Demanding the Impossible Part 1 Demanding the Impossible Part 2 Maroon's Collected Writings Matriarchal Studies Mutual Aid Peaceful Societies People Without Government Politics of Social Ecology Theory Definitions Examples by Source About Editing Guide Admin notes Wiki tools Wiki tools Special pages Page tools Page tools User page tools More Special page Printable version Privacy policy About Anarchy In Action Disclaimers
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Thermal art is basically as rare as hen's teeth, mainly because thermal cameras are very expensive beasts (although that may be about to change). Rush Hour by Joseph Giacomin | Deianira by Joseph Giacomin | 2010 marked the centenary of the first published infrared image. This is the Infrared 100 blog, which celebrates that centenary and discusses all aspects of infrared imaging: near and far. Rush Hour by Joseph Giacomin | Deianira by Joseph Giacomin | This blog is published by ATSF/Invisible Light ATSF reserves the right to edit or remove any content on this blog at its sole discretion
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For a while I have used a near-infrared camera made by FujiFilm called the FinePix IS Pro. This is based on the FinePix S5 Pro, which is in turn based on the Nikon D200 which, for me was useful as I have some Nikkor lenses that fit. (Recently I have been using a converted compact camera, simply because it is convenient, but the Fuji is more versatile. An example shot from Cordoba is above.) It has no blocking filter so you can use any filter combination you want and in my case that included a yellow filter for false-colour IR tests (not 100% satisfactory) and trying a variety of filtration methods. [See this blog post on the subject.] I had thought that this camera was an experiment that Fuji wouldn't repest but it turns out I was wrong as I came across their X-T1 IR camera. This was first introduced in August 2015, which shows how on the ball I was, or how secretive Fuju are about this device. At 16 megapixels it isn't really up to current specs of course but, based on their web site, it is currently available. Fuji are marketing it carefully to "technical experts, law enforcement, medical research and scientific communities" and I would assume the EULA places restrictions on use as with the IS Pro. In theory the usage can include Fine Art. So this isn't enough to make me want one, but it does indicate that there is a small market for out-of-the-box IR cameras as well as conversions. The FujiFIlm web page for this camera is at www.fujifilm.com/us/en/consumer/digitalcameras/ir-camera which is interesting as it's in the 'consumer' web space even if the camera's market isn't. I wonder what else I'm missing. Well, the FUJIFILM GFX100 IR (Infrared) Large Format Mirrorless Digital Camera for a start. No complaints about resolution here because this chap weighs in at 100 megapixels (and maybe even 400!) and has up-to-date features such as 5-axis stabilisation. In this case Fuji say that this camera "will not be made available to general photographers or customers for personal use" and was launched at the end of 2020. Unlike their other IR cameras this one doesn't respond to UV as well. Web page is www.fujifilm.com/us/en/news/digital-cameras/fujifilm-introduces-GFX100IR-infrared-camera and fujifilm-x.com/global/special/gfx-ir-camera/.) I found retailers offering this by doing a web search but at a list of over £11 thousand I think I will have to pass.
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NihonScribe 60 Posted December 14, 2018 Square Enix has posted new screenshots from Kingdom Hearts III on their social media as well as updating their press site. These screenshots include new cutscenes from Arendalle as well as the Mysterious Tower. You can view them in the gallery below. New renders have also been revealed. These include the characters from Frozen, Yen Sid, Chip and Dale, Jiminy Cricket, Lea, Ienzo, and Master Xehanort. You can check them out below. Recently, Famitsu has written an article about the screenshots on their website. We will provide translations once they are complete. It appears that Stitch will be returning to Kingdom Hearts III as a summon. We hope that we will be about to learn more information about him during Jump Festa. View full article 1 Movies798 reacted to this Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites Movies798 1,358 Posted December 14, 2018 This is awesome and everyone looks great in Unreal Engine! Plus, the new Screenshots reveal us that Stitch is returning as a Summon? Man I can't wait for the Final trailer and more interviews! Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites Potato head harvey 70 Posted December 14, 2018 (edited) New donald limit involving meteors. Also, is stitch made of stardust? Nevermind, it seems he's made of plasma. Edited December 14, 2018 by ftang 1 BennyJibCF reacted to this Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites ocean's rage 772 Posted December 14, 2018 its all looking good Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites Allwil13 754 Posted December 14, 2018 As usual, the screenshots and renders look amazing! I wonder if the screenshots are all from the trailer we're getting on the 18th. Seems possible, doesn't it? Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites Merilly 438 Posted December 14, 2018 Master Xehanort has an interesting level of detail with the veins on his scalp. As per usual, some models look a little awkward by being overlighted or using too little which sacrifices a bit of the detail and consistency, but overall, it looks fairly good. At least better than in 0.2. The eyes are still a little flat though. But I love the renders. I'm still disappointed that Lea still has no new outfit of his own but I'm still loving them. 1 Dustin Lübbers reacted to this Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites Dustin Lübbers 933 Posted December 14, 2018 A Xehanort you handsome devil, Literally! Also is it just me or does riku look like as if he is going to join a british punk rock band any minute now Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites Tyranto Rex 277 Posted December 14, 2018 (edited) Wow they did put a lot of detail into Xehanort huh? That said it's always fun to get new screenshots. I'm kinda sad Lilo and Stitch is not getting it's own world (most likely) but at least we know he still exists so maybe some day we can have the full world. SOMEDAY. Edited December 14, 2018 by Tyranto Rex Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites ienzo628 548 Posted December 14, 2018 (edited) Those veins in Xehanort's head might need to be looked at by a doctor. Edited December 14, 2018 by ienzo628 Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites Merilly 438 Posted December 14, 2018 2 hours ago, Dustin Lübbers said: A Xehanort you handsome devil, Literally! Also is it just me or does riku look like as if he is going to join a british punk rock band any minute now Haha, true! Even though I'm making fun of it a little, I'm actually glad he looks the way he does. Sure, they could always improve a little here or there but considering it's in-game, it's still fairly pleasing. To be honest, I was worried the most for Master Xehanort's look since his face is very unique and you can't replicate the shape easily by copying another model. Especially in the beginning when the models looked considerably worse, I was afraid he might look strange, laughable even, but I'm relieved he looks pretty much like he should. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
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Introduction • Designing cancer screening programmes requires an understanding of epidemiology, disease natural history and screening test characteristics. • Many of these aspects of the decision problem are unobservable and data can only tell us about their joint uncertainty. • A Metropolis-Hastings algorithm was used to calibrate a patient level simulation model of the natural history of prostate cancer to national cancer registry and international trial data. • This method correctly represents the joint uncertainty amongst the model parameters by drawing efficiently from a high dimensional correlated parameter space. • The calibration approach estimates the probability of developing prostate cancer, the rate of disease progression and sensitivity of the screening test. • This is then used to estimate the impact of prostate cancer screening in the UK. • This case study demonstrates that the Bayesian approach to calibration can be used to appropriately characterise the uncertainty alongside computationally expensive simulation models. History Ethics There is no personal data or any that requires ethical approval Policy The data complies with the institution and funders' policies on access and sharing
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Mind and hand and eye Date 1967 Authors Journal Title Journal ISSN Volume Title Publisher Abstract Description Advisor Degree Type Book Keywords Citation Buckley, Michael. "Mind and hand and eye." (1967) https://hdl.handle.net/1911/62610. Has part(s) Forms part of Additional file formats available at http://www.archive.org/details/mindhandeye21buck Published Version Rights Rights to this material belong to Rice University. This digital version is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Permission to examine physical and digital collection items does not imply permission for publication. Fondren Library’s Woodson Research Center / Special Collections has made these materials available for use in research, teaching, and private study. Any uses beyond the spirit of Fair Use require permission from owners of rights, heir(s) or assigns. See http://library.rice.edu/guides/publishing-wrc-materials Permission to examine physical and digital collection items does not imply permission for publication. Fondren Library’s Woodson Research Center / Special Collections has made these materials available for use in research, teaching, and private study. Any uses beyond the spirit of Fair Use require permission from owners of rights, heir(s) or assigns. See http://library.rice.edu/guides/publishing-wrc-materials
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***Full Disclosure: Visit our "Disclosure Policy and Cookies" for details. Affiliate links appear on this page from Google Adsense, Amazon, Impact affiliate members, and Shareasale affiliate members.**** Taking small tasks and improving your systems will help you make your business more productive and streamline your processes. Do you want to be more effective? I do. Did you know that there was a recent study that said “57% of small business owners work six days a week”? Table of contents - Limit work conversations through texting. - Make a “to-do” list at the end of the day for the next day and stick to it. - Add 15 minutes to the end time of the appointment, just in case you go over. - Separate your home papers from your business papers on your desk. - Use 15 minutes of your day for quiet reflection about your life and business. - Find apps that will automate tasks at work that you would usually do manually. - Make a list of tasks that need to be done when you are waiting to do something else. - Develop a system for each of your tasks, especially the ones that are more complicated. - Have a comfortable chair at your desk. - Set up a short-term filing system. - Set up a long-term filing system. - List on a piece of paper all the different zones in your office. - Turn off your phone. - Have a message board area for everyone to write messages and notes. - Use a spreadsheet chart for all your bills for the month. - Make it a rule to remove any unnecessary items from your desk before you leave for the day. - Keep your most used items at arm’s reach. - Have one area for office supplies complete with a customized list of items to reorder. - Schedule time a few times a week to check out your website. - Duel Offices? Set up your home office the same as your office That’s no surprise to me and all the small business owners I know. We are workhorses and enjoy doing it most of the time. But do we need to be working this hard? This week, we are sharing twenty ways to make your business more productive while reducing the time wasted and unwanted costs spent. Below are the tips to help you and your business. Limit work conversations through texting. It is distracting, and it is hard to manage the responses. Send emails instead. There is more space to write a more detailed email. It is also easier to search if you need to reference a message. Make a “to-do” list at the end of the day for the next day and stick to it. Move uncompleted tasks over to the next day. Get some more tips in our post: 8 Productivity Tips to Master Your Business Day. Add 15 minutes to the end time of the appointment, just in case you go over. If you need to drive from one meeting to another, add 15 minutes of extra time for traffic. If you need help tracking your time, check out this post which shows you how to improve your project time estimation. Separate your home papers from your business papers on your desk. Even better, have two desks if you deal with lots of paper for your business. Read more on how to permanently clear the clutter from your desk post. Use 15 minutes of your day for quiet reflection about your life and business. This tip is my favorite tip. By taking the time to reflect, you will be able to see the big picture for each project and see where your business is going in the long run. Jot down the specific steps that come clear to your mind. Find apps that will automate tasks at work that you would usually do manually. Updated 2022: Check out this post I found recently about The best to-do Tasks. Make a list of tasks that need to be done when you are waiting to do something else. Refer back to this list when you have future downtime. For example: when you are waiting for your car; when you are waiting for your daughter’s ballet class to finish. Develop a system for each of your tasks, especially the ones that are more complicated. Writing down all the steps in a particular process helps with this. Visit our post to figure out how to do this: How to create a checklist or procedure list to improve productivity in your business. Have a comfortable chair at your desk. Set up a short-term filing system. Set up a long-term filing system. Make sure you label the files so you can retrieve them as needed. Below are some filing cabinets you can buy on Amazon (affiliate). List on a piece of paper all the different zones in your office. Creating an office map will help new and seasonal employees find items easily. Read more about how to do this in our post: Important Tips to Organize Office Files Turn off your phone. Assign some quiet time in your day to get tasks that involve thought done. You can block it off your online calendar if you are usually on calls with clients and associates. Have a message board area for everyone to write messages and notes. A large markerboard works nicely. Below is an example of one I found on Amazon.com (affiliate). Use a spreadsheet chart for all your bills for the month. If you use Quicken or QuickBooks, you can create a “to pay bills” section and list recurring bills there so you can remember every bill due. Make it a rule to remove any unnecessary items from your desk before you leave for the day. Excess papers can accumulate, so getting rid of the unwanted items at the end of the day and starting fresh the next day will help you clear your head first thing in the morning. Keep your most used items at arm’s reach. Have one area for office supplies complete with a customized list of items to reorder. Post this office supplies needed list in the supplies area so it can be used by anyone in there. Remind them to fill it out when they use up something that needs reordering. All you need to do is check the things that are needed off the list. Schedule time a few times a week to check out your website. Review your analytics, and any advertising you may do will help you see who is looking at your site and what they are looking for. Note the audience’s favorite things to do for future reference. Duel Offices? Set up your home office the same as your office If you work from home and have an office, set up your home office the way, you would set up your office space outside your house. Having the same systems will make it easier to transition between areas and help you find things quickly. Doing all these tasks simultaneously to make your business more productive is unnecessary. Pick one or two and do it each month. By the next year, you will have streamlined your small business and have made it more productive. Related content: Now it’s your turn. What goals are you taking on for your small business this year? I would love to hear from you.
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Filter Results - Category - Works with 3 matching results Search Results for tag "color" Sort by: Dynamic theming of Thunderbird using your Pywal colors. https://github.com/Frewacom/pywalfox Lightning Colors Reminder Requires Restart Let's show the calendar color on Lightning reminders! Colored Folders Requires Restart Add colors to your folders in Thunderbird! Must-have for better organisation + intuitive and speedy workfow... This is project "Color Folders" (originally by Fisheater), corrected, resurrected, restaurated, extended and republished. To create your own collections, you must have a Mozilla Add-ons account.
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Rated 5 out of 5 stars Thank youv very much. Makes using FF in Gnome 3 a lot more appealing. This review is for a previous version of the add-on (184.108.40.206-signed.1-signed).To create your own collections, you must have a Mozilla Add-ons account. Thank youv very much. Makes using FF in Gnome 3 a lot more appealing. This review is for a previous version of the add-on (220.127.116.11-signed.1-signed).To create your own collections, you must have a Mozilla Add-ons account.
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There are no comments for now. Tags View all tagsLists Sentence text License: CC BY 2.0 FRLogs This sentence was initially added as a translation of sentence #338310 added by tinacalysto, December 17, 2009 There are no comments for now. This sentence was initially added as a translation of sentence #338310 added by tinacalysto, December 17, 2009
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the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. A 2600-year high-resolution climate record from Lake Trichonida (SW Greece) Pavlos Avramidis Walter Dörfler Alexandros Emmanouilidis Ingmar Unkel This paper aims at reconstructing the palaeoclimatic changes during the last 2600 years in southern Greece based on a proxy record from Lake Trichonida. For the first time, we provide a reliable age-depth model and continuous geochemical data for the largest and deepest lake in Greece. We use X-ray fluorescence (XRF) geochemical data supported by discrete mineral analysis based on X-ray diffraction (XRD), grain size distribution, and organic matter content to investigate changes in the lake sedimentary system and identify the major forcing mechanisms. A principal component analysis based on the XRF geochemical composition identifies the variation between carbonate-rich material, precipitating predominantly under drier and/or warmer conditions, and terrigenous sediment input, with it being more prominent during wetter and/or colder conditions. The first principal component (PC1) shows a very strong correlation with the weathering proxy log (Rb∕Sr), and we interpret both proxies as depicting fluctuations in the hydrological conditions. A cluster analysis, conducted on the continuous geochemical and colour parameters, highlights the similarities in the sediment characteristics deposited during wetter phases, notably during 1850–1750, 1500–1400, ca. 1100, and ca. 100 cal BP. When comparing the PC1 Trichonida record to independent records from the Balkans, we find generally concurring patterns on a multi-decadal to centennial scale. We show that phases with wetter conditions at Lake Trichonida coincide with a more negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, suggesting that the precipitation variability in southern Greece is linked to changes in the NAO atmospheric pattern, as one major driving force. The 2600-year-long sedimentary record of Lake Trichonida contributes to a better understanding of Late Holocene palaeohydrological changes in an important climatic transitional zone in the eastern Mediterranean. In diesem Artikel rekonstruieren wir paläoklimatische Veränderungen der vergangenen 2600 Jahre in Südgriechenland anhand von Proxies aus dem See Trichonida. Erstmals stellen wir ein verlässliches Alterstiefenmodell, sowie durchgängige, geochemische Daten für den größten griechischen See zur Verfügung. Wir verwenden geochemische Daten aus Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (XRF), unterstützt durch diskrete Röntgen-Diffraktometrie (XRD), Korngrößenverteilungen und Messungen des Organikgehalts, um Änderungen im sedimentären System des Sees zu untersuchen und deren Haupteinflussfaktoren zu ermitteln. Mittels einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse der geochemischen Zusammensetzung, basierend auf den XRF Messungen, identifizieren wir als dominierenden Prozess die Schwankungen zwischen Carbonaten auf der einen Seite, welche vorrangig während trockener und/oder wärmerer Bedingungen ausfallen, und terrigenem Material auf der anderen Seite, welches insbesondere in feuchteren und/oder kühleren Phasen eingetragen wird. Wir interpretieren diese Schwankungen als Änderungen in den hydrologischen Gegebenheiten. Ein Vergleich der ersten Hauptkomponente (PC1) mit dem Verwitterungsproxy log (Rb∕Sr) weist hohe Übereinstimmungen auf, und wir interpretieren beide als Proxies für Schwankungen in den hydrologischen Gegebenheiten. Eine Clusteranalyse, basierend auf den kontinuierlichen geochemischen sowie Farbwerten, verdeutlicht die Ähnlichkeiten in den Eigenschaften der Sedimente, welche während feuchterer Phasen abgelagert wurden, insbesondere in den Zeiträumen 1850–1750, 1500–1400, ca. 1100 und ca. 100 cal BP. Der Vergleich des PC1 Trichonida Datensatzes mit unabhängigen Proxies anderer Studien aus der Balkanregion zeigt grundsätzlich übereinstimmende Muster auf multidekadischen bis hundertjährigen Zeitskalen. Wir zeigen, dass Phasen mit feuchteren Bedingungen im Einzugsgebiet des Sees Trichonida mit einem negativen Index der Nordatlantischen Oszillation (NAO) zusammenfallen, woraus sich schließen lässt, dass die Niederschlagsvariabilität in Südgriechenland zu einem Großteil von Veränderungen im Muster der NAO geprägt ist. Der 2600 Jahre abdeckende Sedimentkern aus dem See Trichonida trägt zu einem besseren Verständnis natürlicher, spätholozäner paläohydrologischer Schwankungen in einer klimatisch wichtigen Übergangszone im östlichen Mittelmeer bei. Climatic changes and anthropogenic land use are two of the most significant driving forces of hydrological and geomorphological processes. As the interaction and connectivity between humans, climate, and environment are complex, it is necessary – though challenging – to differentiate anthropogenic from climatic impacts on landscape development over long timescales. Due to the long history of human–environment interaction in the Mediterranean, the region is especially valuable for interdisciplinary studies on past climate variability and human activity (McCormick et al., 2012; Mercuri and Sadori, 2014; Roberts et al., 2011; Weiberg et al., 2016). Greece is located in a transitional zone between the temperate climate and the Mediterranean climate. Different large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns influence the Greek and eastern Mediterranean climate, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Siberian High pressure system, and the East Atlantic/West Russia (EA/WR) pattern, mainly in winter, as well as the South Asian monsoon in summer (Barnston and Livezey, 1987; Xoplaki et al., 2003b, a). However, the rugged topography with its strong relief gradients and different mountain ranges acting as orographic boundaries lead to quite a heterogeneous modulation of these large-scale teleconnection patterns on a local level, influencing for example the amount of mean annual precipitation (Koutsodendris et al., 2017; Xoplaki et al., 2003a). In southern Greece, high-resolution environmental archives completely covering the last 2600 years have been relatively sparse, have been often incomplete, or present divergent results (Finné et al., 2011, 2019; Katrantsiotis et al., 2019; Luterbacher et al., 2012), but the number of studies has been increasing recently (Emmanouilidis et al., 2018, 2019; Katrantsiotis et al., 2018, 2019; Seguin et al., 2019, 2020a). For the last 2600 years, a couple of major climatic phases and events have been identified for different regions across Europe, such as the Roman Warm Period (RWP, ca. 2200–1550 BP; Luterbacher et al., 2016; McCormick et al., 2012; Morellón et al., 2016; Wilson et al., 2016), the Late Antique Little Ice Age or Migration Period (LALIA, ca. 1400–1600 BP; Büntgen et al., 2016; Helama et al., 2017), the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, ca. 1000–700 BP; Christiansen and Ljungqvist, 2017; Keigwin, 1996; Mangini et al., 2005), and the Little Ice Age (LIA, ca. 700–100 BP; Christiansen and Ljungqvist, 2017; Keigwin, 1996; Kelly and Ó Grada, 2014). It seems however that their manifestations were spatially and temporally very different (Neukom et al., 2019), and local studies are needed to investigate the partly diverging characteristics. In this article, we present a new sedimentological archive from Lake Trichonida, the largest Greek lake. Our aims are (1) to obtain a solid age-depth model, (2) to compile high-resolution geochemical records for palaeoclimatic reconstructions from Lake Trichonida, and (3) to study climatic trends in southern Greece and investigate major forcing mechanisms during the Late Holocene by comparing our results with independent palaeoclimate studies from the Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean. Lake Trichonida (, or in old Greek Trichonis) (38.56∘ N, 21.55∘ E) is the deepest and largest natural lake in Greece, located in the region Aetolia-Acarnania (Fig. 1). The lake is up to 19 km long and 6 km wide, stretching approx. in W–E direction and covering approx. 97 km2; it has a maximum depth of 58 m and a mean depth of 30.5 m. (Tafas et al., 1997). Inter-annual water level fluctuation in the lake is about 1 m (Tafas et al., 1997). The lake has been studied irregularly since the 1970s with a focus on different limnological or biological aspects (Albrecht et al., 2009; Bottema, 1982; Creer et al., 1981; Koussouris and Diapoulis, 1982; Krüger and Damrath, 2020; Tafas et al., 1997; Zacharias and Ferentinos, 1997; Zotos et al., 2006; and references herein). According to the Köppen classification, the lake is located in a Csa climate zone, indicating a temperate climate with hot and dry summers and mild and humid winters (coldest month mean temperature >10 ∘C, warmest month mean temperature >22 ∘C; rainfall during dry period <30 mm) (Köppen, 1936; Tafas et al., 1997). According to Koussouris and Diapoulis (1982) the area is dominated by westerly winds. Precipitation, which mainly falls in winter (Fig. 2), is controlled by eastbound cyclones originating from the Atlantic (Finné et al., 2011; Xoplaki et al., 2003a). Lake Trichonida is situated in the Trichonis graben, a highly tectonized and complex hydrogeological system (Albrecht et al., 2009; Kiratzi et al., 2008). While the mountains surrounding the lake rise up to 2000 m a.s.l., the lake itself lies in the Agrinio depression at approx. 10 m a.s.l. The Pindos thrust cuts right through the lake and a normal fault, striking E–W and dipping north, bounds the southern flank of the lake (Overbeck et al., 1982). The size of the lake catchment varies according to the sources between 215 and 421 km2 (Dimitriou and Zacharias, 2006; Overbeck et al., 1982; Zacharias et al., 2002). It mainly consists of highly tectonized, karstified calcareous rocks in the NE (Fig. 1), where groundwater inflow is of high importance; impermeable flysch formations in the SW; and Quaternary sediments in the direct vicinity of the lake (Dimitriou and Zacharias, 2006; Overbeck et al., 1982; Tafas et al., 1997). Thirty seasonal streams discharge into the lake (Dimitriou and Zacharias, 2006). Lake Trichonida drains into the smaller, neighbouring Lake Lysimachia in the west through a controlled outflow canal (Avramidis et al., 2013; Dimitriou and Zacharias, 2006) and further into the river Acheloos (Overbeck et al., 1982). The lake's water balance is presented by Overbeck et al. (1982). Lake Trichonida is a warm, monomictic lake that is stratified during summer and mixes in winter (Tafas et al., 1997). During summer months the thermocline lies between 14 and 26 m (Overbeck et al., 1982). With respect to its nutrient balance, Tafas et al. (1997) describe it as oligotrophic with mesotrophic tendencies. This is in good agreement with the low amount of chlorophyll a (2.3 mg m−3) reported by Zacharias et al. (2002), which indicates a low algal growth in the water body. Albrecht et al. (2009) found a high number of endemic molluscs in the lake, and Tafas and Economou-Amilli (1997) studied seasonal phytoplankton assemblages and also report endemic diatoms. The catchment area is covered by pine, fir, oak, and Greek maquis shrubland (Koussouris and Diapoulis, 1982). The flat shore area is intensively used for agricultural purposes. For present aquatic vegetation refer to Koussouris and Diapoulis (1982). A pollen study by Bottema (1982) provides some indication on vegetation transformation during the Late Holocene. The continuous presence of anthropogenic indicators (e.g. viticulture) indicates human influence upon the vegetation in the area for the complete investigated period. Nowadays, the lake area is part of the Natura 2000 environmental protection network as a habitats directive site, as it conserves endangered or protected flora and fauna and serves as a resting area for migratory water birds (European Environment Agency, 2020; Dimitriou and Zacharias, 2006). 3.1 Fieldwork Fieldwork was conducted in spring 2018 using a Usinger piston corer system (Mingram et al., 2007), newly modified with a wire-operated second platform at the lake bottom. The coring site TRI1 is located in the deepest central eastern part of the lake (38∘33′0.61′′ N, 21∘35′20.76′′ E; 50 m water depth). We recovered two overlapping parallel cores with 80 mm diameter in the upper part and 55 mm diameter in the lower part and retrieved them in 2 m sections. Offset between the cores was 50 cm (see Table S1 in the Supplement). The sediment cores were removed from the coring equipment, cut into 1 m sections for better handling, split open longitudinally on site, and transferred into plastic U channels that were thoroughly labelled and sealed. At Kiel University (Germany), they are stored at +4 ∘C in a cooling container for further processing. 3.2 Dating The chronology of the Trichonida sediment sequence is based on 13 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon (14C) dates, processed at the Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory (Table 1). Radiocarbon dating was performed on two groups of samples: organic macro-remains and bulk sediment samples, in the case of absence of visible macro-remains. Where visible, macroscopic plant remains were extracted from the sediment cores, isolated under a reflected light binocular, and rinsed with deionized water. They consisted of charcoal or plant remains, twigs, or leaves (Table 1). In the lower part of the cores, where no macro-remains could be found, we used bulk sediment samples for 14C dating (Fig. S1). a Amount of remaining sample material after respective pretreatment if <1.0 mg C. b Excluded from the final age-depth model. The age-depth modelling was done using rbacon (Blaauw and Christeny, 2011; Fig. 5). All dates are indicated as calibrated calendar years before present (cal BP), where “present” is defined as 1950 CE with 1σ uncertainty ranges following Mook and van der Plicht (1999). Mean ages were extracted from the model and used for the representation and interpretation of the proxy data. 3.3 Analytical methods The cores were described concentrating on lithology, sediment texture, and structure as well as on sediment colour according to Munsell soil colour charts (Munsell, 2000) and macroscopic remains. The core sections were visually correlated on distinct marker layers that were used as tie points where possible and fine-tuning was done in a second step based on the RGB (red, green, blue) colour values and XRF scans. The surfaces of the half cores were smoothened and photographed using a digital line-scan camera (resolution: 143 pixels cm−1). Based on RGB values and L*a*b* (L* for lightness, a* from green to red, and b* from blue to yellow) from the CIELAB colour space, colour profiles were created to depict colour variations with depth (Fig. 3). The cores were scanned for XRF using an Avaatech core scanner with a rhodium X-ray source. The scanning settings were a 1 mm resolution at 10 kV (exposure time of 10 s at 250 µA) and at 30 kV (exposure time of 10 s at 1000 µA using a Pd-thick filter). The XRF scans provide semi-quantitative element intensities in total counts per second (tcps). Eleven elements (10 kV: Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co; 30 kV: Rb, Sr, Zr) show continuous data for 438 cm of TRI1 and are used for further analysis. We analyse relative changes of one element to another by natural logarithmic (log) ratios and interpret these as proxies for palaeoenvironmental variation. Hence, measurement variation caused by sample geometry, physical properties, water content, and the closed-sum effect are minimized (Tjallingii et al., 2007; Weltje and Tjallingii, 2008). Twenty-four samples, at least one per lithological unit (Fig. 4), were analysed for their grain size distribution (GSD) using a laser particle analyser, Malvern Mastersizer 2000. The 70 measured classes were grouped into the seven common grain size fractions following the ad-hoc Arbeitsgruppe Boden (2005). Mineralogical analysis was conducted on 15 representative samples from different lithological units using X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8 Advance). Determination and qualitative analysis of the results were performed through DIFFRACplus EVA12 software (Bruker AXS), by calculation of the area method, characterizing the method as semi-quantitative. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of each diagnostic peak was measured for each detected mineral percentage to be calculated. The minimum detection limit is around 2 %–3 %, with small variations depending on the state of the studied sample. Carbon and nitrogen samples were taken at approximately 25 cm resolution. The concentrations of total carbon (TC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), and total nitrogen (TN) were determined on dried, powdered, and homogenized samples, using a Euro EA elemental analyser. Total organic carbon (TOC) was calculated from the difference between TC and TIC. The TOC/TN ratio was calculated to indicate the origin of the sedimentary organic matter. While values for in-lake organic matter, such as algae, are low, generally ranging between 4 and 10, mixed provenance is indicated by a ratio of 10 to 20; values higher than 20 indicate that land-plant organic matter was eroded into the lake (Meyers, 2003). All statistical analyses, diagrams, and figures were compiled using the software R version 3.6.1 (R Core Team, 2019). For the RGB and XRF data, cleaning of the datasets, i.e. the removal of explicit outliers due to unevenness or cracks in the sediment core and the refilling of the missing values by linear interpolation, was done prior to statistical processing. In this study, Spearman's correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904) was employed to examine correlations between two populations. We conducted a principal component analysis using the prcomp function from the R stats package on the centred log-transformed XRF dataset. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the centred log-transformed XRF data and the continuous RGB colour parameters with hclust from the R stats package, using Euclidean distances as the distance measure and complete linkage as the agglomeration method. 4.1 Core description Based on the composition, structure, and colour, the investigated core sequence of TRI1 was divided into 15 lithological units and subunits (Figs. 3, 4, Table 2). The core dominantly consists of homogeneous, non-laminated marls of greyish colour. While few plant macrofossils were found, carbonate macrofossils are completely absent. The sediment sequence does not show any signs of annual lamination or blackish mud, including high organic matter content, although the lake is classified as monomictic, implying a turnover only once a year and a vertical stratification of the water body throughout most of the year. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates that the most prominent mineral phase throughout the core consists of clay minerals (25.2 %–53.1 %), followed by chlorite (15.6 %–41.0 %), calcite (4.9 %–41.2 %), and quartz (9.2 %–25.3 %; Fig. S4); other minerals were absent or below the detection limit. Changes in lithology are closely related with changes in colour parameters (RGB and L*, a*, b*). Contrary to the RGB values, the a* parameter, spanning from green to red, and the b* parameter, spanning from blue to yellow, allow a differentiation of the thin, blueish and reddish sedimentary units. Towards the top, the amount of yellow colour particles is steadily increasing (Fig. 3). This is interrupted by thin layers of very different colouration. Units 11, 12, and 14 have a reddish colour, while units 16 and 18 depict a dark-grey to blueish colour, more intense than unit 9, as visible in the a* colour proxy (Fig. 3). The grain size distribution is very uniform and clearly dominated by silt-sized material; sediment types can be distinguished ranging from clayey to very clayey silt. Clay content varies from 11.95 % to 21.74 %, and the sand fraction is hardly present with only 0 % to 4.36 %. A large share of the silt-sized particles is of calcareous origin as can be expected due to the limestone geology of the catchment (Fig. 4). The TOC content ranges between 1.2 % and 2.3 %, with the TOC/TN ratio being in the range 15.5–48.6, indicating a predominantly to exclusively terrestrial source and allochthonous origin of the organic matter. The three independent indicators of calcium carbonate, XRF Ca, TIC, and XRD calcite, are generally in good agreement (Fig. 4). Carbonate content (Ca and Sr) strongly varies along the sequence and is lowest in the blueish and reddish sedimentary units (11, 12, 14, 16, and 18; Fig. 4). Quartz content shows only minor variation but a distinct maximum in unit 11. Together with several terrigenous elements (Rb, K, Zr), Sr shows an exceptionally high peak in unit 10c, which was addressed as a tephra layer (see Sect. 5.1). Besides, Sr and Ca show a high correlation (rSpearman=0.88) and a similar curve progression with depth (Fig. 4). The terrigenous elements (Ti, Rb, Fe, Zr, K, Zr, Al, and Si) all show a very similar behaviour along the entire sediment sequence. The highest values occur in the thin blueish and reddish sedimentary units and in the lowermost unit 9. Manganese (Mn) values are rather constant along the core with increasing variance only in the uppermost unit 19. In the thin units 11, 12, 14, and 18, Mn shows enhanced values at the bottom of the unit with a decreasing trend towards the top (Fig. 4). The log (Rb∕Sr) ratio shows irregular cyclic variation with depth, with higher values in the blueish and reddish sedimentary units and below 350 cm (Fig. 4). 4.2 Age-depth model Due to the limestone-rich environment, there is a high amount of reworked, inorganic carbon present in the sediment, which may lead to too old 14C ages when dating bulk sediment (Grootes et al., 2004; Seguin et al., 2019). Six macro-remain-based radiocarbon ages form the basis of the final, most reliable age-depth model. To obtain a higher reliability, the model was cut at the lowermost date obtained from organic remains (461 cm), corresponding to an approximate basal age of 2750 cal BP. All bulk sediment samples were finally excluded from the age-depth model, as they yielded considerably too old ages (see Fig. S1). This was best visible when comparing the bulk sediment age at 299 cm with the charcoal sample at 310 cm; these two dates are only 11 cm apart but depict an age difference of 1700 years. We took a surface sample from aquatic plants (TRI-res01) to analyse for a potential hard water effect or reservoir age, but this sample yielded a recent 14C age, suggesting that the lake is not affected by reservoir effects at least under current conditions. Dating challenges due to the low preservation of organic material, hard water, and old carbon effects due to the limestone bedrock are known for Greek lakes (Bottema, 1982; Seguin et al., 2019; Vaezi et al., 2019). However, a critical assessment of the dating results and an extensive modelling approach, if possible, combined with other numeric or relative age information, still yields a solid and reliable age-depth model. The final model shows a continuous and rather constant sedimentation rate of 1.68 mm yr−1 over the investigated period. 4.3 Statistical analyses of the geochemical data 4.3.1 Cluster analysis A hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted on the continuous XRF and L*a*b* proxies (14 variables) to independently classify the 15 visually determined lithological units and subunits according to potentially different sedimentary conditions (Fig. 6). Our clusters show meaningful correlations with the sedimentological units. The results allow a differentiation into two sound main clusters and five systematically traceable sub-clusters, and the results are depicted in a dendrogram (Fig. 6). Four main lithofacies may be distinguished, leaving aside the tephra (unit 10c, see Sect. 5.1), suggesting rather similar environmental conditions during the deposition of material within the same sub-cluster. Cluster 1 comprises unit 10a and the thin unit 16, which cover the periods 2600–2080 and 1100–1080 cal BP. These units are characterized by the lowest a* and low b* proxy values, indicating the blue-greyish colouration of the sediment. The amount of terrigenous material is high, while Ca, Sr, and TIC have minima here. TOC/TN values are slightly elevated. The grain size is slightly coarser here, notably in unit 9, as indicated by the GSD. The log (Rb∕Sr) proxy is high in these units (Fig. 4). Cluster 2 encompasses the thin, reddish units 11 (1830–1820 cal BP), 12 (1820–1770 cal BP), and 14 (1500–1420 cal BP), as well as units 9 (2600–2420 cal BP) and 18 (110–90 cal BP). While the three of reddish colour have high a* values and low b*, the latter are of blue-greyish colouration with low a* and b* proxy values (Fig. 3). The geochemical values are similar for all units with very high terrigenous input and local minima in carbonate input (Ca, Sr, and TIC). Unit 11 contains a considerably higher amount of quartz. log (Rb∕Sr) shows maxima in all these units. Cluster 3 is the largest cluster comprising all units belonging to the homogeneous greyish marls (units 10b, 10d, 13, 15, 17a, 17b). The a* and b* values indicate average values with an increasing trend with time towards more yellowish colouration. The highest amount of carbonates and the lowest log (Rb∕Sr) values are found in this cluster. Cluster 4 represents only the uppermost sedimentary unit 19, which covers the period 90–68 cal BP (1860–2018 CE). It is characterized by increasing terrigenous elements and decreasing carbonate content, which are more strongly increasing since 1970 CE (uppermost 10 cm). In this phase, the highest values for a* and b* colour proxies are reached, indicating the most intensive orange colouration. The Mn profile is very noisy here, generally indicating higher values than before. The exclusion of this unit as a single cluster suggests that the environmental conditions for this period are significantly different from the preceding times. The clusters show a large coherence with the visually observed differences in the sedimentary units. The clusters 1 and 2 contain all units with reddish and blueish colouration, while clusters 3 and 4 comprise the greyish marls. Due to the blueish colouration, units 9 and 18 were rather expected to group into cluster 1. It is important to keep in mind that the results strongly depend on the chosen set of input variables (Khamnueva-Wendt et al., 2019). Slight differences in the clusters were observed when a different set of variables was selected, and diverse options including different sets of input variables, e.g. including the results of the principal component analysis (PCA), have been calculated. It became obvious that the larger dichotomous pattern, dividing the core into the more calcite-rich matrix on the one hand and the reddish and blueish coloured layers on the other, remained unchanged, even if a few sedimentary units were sub-clustered differently. 4.3.2 PCA A principal component analysis was conducted on 11 geochemical elements (Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Rb, Sr, Zr) to reduce the multivariable dataset to a limited amount of uncorrelated components. The first three principal components (PC) cover >80 % of the data information and were thus further analysed in more detail. Figure 7a shows the correlations between the element loadings and the PCs. Elements which show the same variation and whose loadings cluster together are likely influenced by the same environmental processes. The first principal component captures 44.8 % of the variance and spans the axis between carbonate-rich (Ca, Sr) on the negative axis and mainly mineral-rich assemblages (Zr, Rb, Fe, Ti; Fig. 7b) on the positive axis. A similar distribution has been found in other studies from the area (Emmanouilidis et al., 2019; Katrantsiotis et al., 2018; Seguin et al., 2019, 2000). The point cloud reveals that the lowermost part of the core (units 9, 10a; ca. 2600–2100 cal BP) plots on the positive side of the axis and is strongly dominated by clastic material (Fig. 7c). It corresponds mainly to cluster 1 and 2. The middle part of the core (ca. 2100–100 cal BP) alternates between positive and negative values with a focus in the upper left quadrant, with it being more strongly influenced by carbonate precipitation. It consists notably of cluster 3. The uppermost approximately 50 cm (the last ca. 150 years) shifts towards more positive PC1 scores again, showing an increase in detrital input. This part is classified as cluster 4. Similar fluctuations can be observed in the log (Rb∕Sr) proxy plotted over time (Fig. 7d), or alternatively log (Ca∕Ti) can be used (Seguin et al., 2020a). The Spearman correlation between log (Rb∕Sr) and PC1 shows an extremely high conformity (rSpearman=0.95), and thus here these two proxies are assumed to reflect the most important sedimentation changes in the lake catchment. PC2 is positively associated with Al, Si, and K, while the loadings of the other elements are of minor importance (Fig. 7a). It has a high variance and the interpretation is not straightforward; it could potentially be linked to changes in material provenance. PC3 is clearly dominated by Mn and has only a minor contribution of the loading of all the other elements (Fig. 7a). A correlation between PC3 and Mn∕Fe (rSpearman=0.72) yields high conformity and suggests that PC3 may hint towards changes in the redox conditions at the lake bottom. 5.1 Chronology To support our radiocarbon chronology, we were looking for independent age indicators. One was found in TRI1 in the form of a tephra layer at 315–317 cm, lithologically classified as unit 10c (Fig. 3). In the XRF data, Rb, K, Zr and Sr values have a high peak here. Usually, Sr substitutes for Ca mainly in carbonate or sulfate minerals and co-precipitate in lakes, but it also occurs in magmatic rocks as part of Ca-rich plagioclase feldspars (Cohen, 2003; Kylander et al., 2011). This is the only unit in which Rb and Sr correlate, instead of anti-correlating, which suggests that the Sr supply here originates from an allochthonous, minerogenic source, e.g. plagioclase feldspars (Dypvik and Harris, 2001; Kylander et al., 2011). This layer was already found around 310 cm by Bottema (1980) and Creer et al. (1981) and described as a tephra layer. Based on geomagnetic and palynological investigations, Creer et al. (1981) concluded that due to the wind direction this tephra could be associated with the Somma–Vesuvius eruption in 79 CE that buried the city of Pompeii. Bottema (1982, 1980) argued based on palynological investigations that the tephra should more likely be associated with the Santorini eruption, which can be rejected based on the recent reconstructions of the pathway of the ash plume (Johnston et al., 2012). In our age model, this layer dates to 1985–1789 cal BP at 316 cm and would thus be in accordance with the Pompeii eruption in 79 CE (1875 cal BP). In a recent publication, Insinga et al. (2019) mapped tephra for the period 2000 to 4200 cal BP in the central Mediterranean. Stratigraphically right below the 79 CE eruption, they report a new horizon, the “FG/Lipari undefined layer”, originating from an unknown eruption dated to the time interval 2187±37 to 1970 cal BP. This eruption, which was found at different sites throughout the Ionian Sea (Insinga et al., 2019), also overlaps with the age uncertainty range of our tephra layer and could have also caused the tephra. The Pompeii eruption as well as the newly reported Lipari eruption would both support our age-depth model. Another independent age marker was found by Bottema (1982) in the form of the presence of maize (Zea mays) at 110 cm, which according to Bottema needs to be younger than 250 years but unequivocally after 1492 CE (458 BP), the date of discovery of the New World. The main spread of maize in the Mediterranean was observed for the 16th and 17th century CE (Bintliff, 2012). Our model dates to 554 cal BP (419–701 cal BP) at 110 cm in TRI1, and, assuming that the depths were comparable in the cores from both studies, it would be slightly too old in the uppermost part. During the first lake studies, radiocarbon dating on the sediments was challenging and methodological approaches were less advanced. Due to the high sedimentation rate of approximately 1.7 mm yr−1, the core sequence in principle provides palaeoenvironmental information in annual resolution. However, even though our age-depth model is based on terrestrial macro-remains, it only provides an average probability range of 278 years. Hence, we do not discuss our data on an annual but rather on a multi-decadal to centennial scale. Nevertheless, within the constraints of the age-depth model, we can be more precise about the duration of periods and events than about absolute timing. The presented TRI1 core sequence continuously covers the last 2600 cal BP over more than 4 m of sediments, which is – though not laminated – a much higher temporal resolution than any other geoarchive from the area provided so far. 5.2 Event layers Five lithological units of only few centimetres thickness depict a very different colour compared to the remaining sequence (units 11, 12, 14, 16, and 18, Fig. 3). Their lower sediment boundaries can always be classified as being flat and sharp but not erosive. If these units were the result of an immediate mass movement or turbidite event, one would expect an abrupt increase in coarser material and a sorting with a fining upwards gradient within these units (Sabatier et al., 2017; Wilhelm et al., 2016), which is not possible to identify from the presented analyses. Mn rises steeply at the onset of the units, followed by a gradual decrease within the respective units (Fig. 4). This pattern suggests bottom water oxygenation (Calvert and Pedersen, 1993) triggered by an abrupt (ventilation) event, as during turbidite formation, which caused Mn enrichment and the changes in colour. Afterwards, the system gradually re-gained its initial status. This would support the hypothesis that the reddish and blueish units were deposited during or following short-term events. We also elaborated on the option that the units could have been deposited at once, e.g. by a turbidity current, treating these units as mass movement events during the age modelling process. The respective age model overlapped completely within the uncertainty range of the model without specific event layers (see Fig. S3). Hence, we decided to use the model with continuous sedimentation as the final age-depth model. As the region is characterized by high seismo-tectonic activity (Taymaz et al., 2007), one plausible trigger causing turbidity currents or mass movement events could have been earthquakes. A connection between earthquakes and terrestrial landslides and rock falls has been investigated for the region by Papadopoulos and Plessa (2000). Due to the frequent occurrences of earthquakes, however, it seems impossible, respecting the age uncertainty range, to assign the reddish and blueish units to specific earthquakes from the catalogue (Papadopoulos et al., 2014). 5.3 Sedimentary facies interpretation The cluster analysis emphasizes similarities between certain sedimentary units of TRI1 based on their colour and geochemical characteristics. As these sediment characteristics are affected by the palaeoenvironmental conditions during deposition, the dendrogram classification may be used to infer phases with similar palaeoenvironmental conditions. Four different facies were identified during the cluster analysis (Fig. 6). Cluster 1 is interpreted as compiling phases with higher terrigenous input and bottom water oxygenation, which was caused by rather abrupt changes in the environmental conditions, e.g. by intensive precipitation. The higher terrigenous input is interpreted as an indicator of catchment erosion during wetter conditions. The values of PC1 are high during these phases. Cluster 2 shows likewise a higher amount of detrital material that was transported into the lake. The different colouration of the sediments in both clusters suggests different processes to have influenced their deposition, but it is not possible to unequivocally identify the sedimentary process, as different influential factors would lead to increasing clastic input. Wetter conditions with more intense winter precipitation may have been one trigger. Another possible trigger could have been summer storm events that would break down or disturb the stratification in the water column and increase run-off intensity, which would most likely also result in turbulent and coarser sediment deposition. Furthermore, one may also expect an increasing amount of micro- and macrofossils, e.g. broken shells or higher organic matter content, which was washed in and deposited before decomposition, which we do not observe here. Human impact, e.g. by deforestation, is also known to increase erosion and detrital material input (Meriam et al., 2018). However, one would expect longer-lasting periods, while these facies units lasted a maximum of 100 years. We interpret cluster 2 also as indicating wetter conditions and attribute the variation in colour compared to cluster 1 to differences in the Mn and Fe oxides (Statham et al., 2017). PC1 likewise shows highest values in this cluster. The majority of the core is composed of the greyish marls in cluster 3, which have a homogeneous appearance, although the geochemical ratios show intense fluctuations within these units, most likely reflecting a higher variability in palaeoclimate. It is assumed that sediments in this cluster were deposited within a stable, stratified lake ecosystem with anoxic bottom water conditions. Variations in the XRF data may be explained by palaeoclimatic variation. The high Ca content may be linked to intense carbonate precipitation under warm and dry conditions. The PC1 values are mostly negative in this cluster. The uppermost sedimentary unit forms cluster 4 by itself and is interpreted as potentially being influenced by anthropogenic activity in the catchment. It seems as if human activity in the area has been increasing since the 1860s and has intensified particularly since 1970 CE with the sudden increase in a* or that its impacts have increasingly reached the coring spot, e.g. through run-off from cultivated, fertilized fields. Mn values in this unit are higher than in unit 3 and have a high variance, potentially indicating instability in the modern monomictic conditions that supply oxygen to the hypolimnion. The PC1 values in this unit gradually shift from negative to positive and back, and it is likely that the climatic signal here was disturbed by human influence. 5.4 Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction for the last 2600 years in comparison to other regional archives 5.4.1 Human history in Aetolia Lake Trichonida has been studied irregularly since the 1980s (for example Albrecht et al., 2009; Bottema, 1982, 1980; Dimitriou and Zacharias, 2006; Koussouris and Diapoulis, 1982; Tafas et al., 1997). Archaeological research in Aetolia is comparatively weak, as the area was and still is rather thinly populated, but it confirms human activity since the Late Helladic period (1700–1100 BCE/3650–3050 BP; Bommeljé and Doom, 1987; Haenssler et al., 2013). Bommeljé and Doom (1987) consider a population peak in the region during the Classical–Hellenistic period (479–31 BCE/2429–1981 BP) and only few traces of human presence throughout Roman and Byzantine times (31–1460 BCE/1981–490 BP). The closest major archaeological site is Thermos, which was occupied since the Bronze Age, had its flourishing stage during the Middle Helladic period (2100–1700 BCE/4050–3650 BP), and was the centre of the Aetolian League (Papapostolou, 2012). In a recent comparative study on land use and demography in Greece by Weiberg et al. (2019), Thermos was the only site in Aetolia-Acarnania that was included, underlining the scarcity of data in this region. A similar picture can be found in the meta-analysis on demography, climate, and erosion by Walsh et al. (2019), which includes six Greek sites but completely leaves out western Greece. They state high levels of human activity during the Classical and Roman period for southern Greece, which is in contrast with the assumptions by Bommeljé and Doom (1987). These findings stress that deduced demographic trends from both analyses cannot necessarily be transferred to the remote area around Lake Trichonida. The closest palaeoenvironmental archive for comparison is Etoliko (also known as Aitoliko) Lagoon (Koutsodendris et al., 2015, 2017; Haenssler et al., 2013). The sedimentation rate at Etoliko Lagoon since 1350 cal BP was calculated at 2.1 mm yr−1 and is thus in a similar range like at Lake Trichonida. Before, it was calculated at 0.4 mm yr−1, and Haenssler et al. (2013) interpret the drastic change as a causal relationship with increasing anthropogenic land use and settlement activity. In Trichonida, we do not have comparative numbers from earlier times. As we do not have indications for sudden changes, we suppose that small numbers of humans were always present in the study area during the last 2600 years but had a rather marginal influence on the lake development. They were probably not responsible for the creation of the blueish-reddish layers of cluster 1 and 2. However, due to land use activities, they may have indirectly provided loose material that could have been eroded more easily during strong precipitation events. In an earlier pollen study, Bottema (1982) identified 71 pollen types from the “plant-sociological relevé list” at Lake Trichonida. The AP∕NAP ratio of arboreal vs. non-arboreal pollen types was reproduced and is shown in Fig. 8k. As Bottema (1982) abstained from creating an age-depth model, we used our model to plot the data on a timescale, assuming that the depth scales of the two cores were comparable, which is also suggested by the sediment depth of the tephra unit differing by only 5 cm. Overall, the number of pollen types correlated positively with the AP∕NAP ratio (Bottema, 1982), which means that land opening increased the pollen diversity and lower AP∕NAP values hint towards natural or anthropogenic deforestation. Dense Abies cephalonica woodland could be found in the mountainous regions in southern Greece until human deforestation (Jahns, 1993). The lowest degrees of forestation are depicted in Bottema's (1982) pollen diagram for the period 2600–2000 cal BP, which is considered as a period with a population peak (Bommeljé and Doom, 1987; cluster 1). The continuous presence of Vitis pollen confirms our hypothesis of rather constant, but low human influence in the area for the investigated period. The highest arboreal pollen amounts can be observed during the wet phases of the reddish units in cluster 2. Apart from that, the resolution is too coarse to reasonably compare it to the XRF proxies. 5.4.2 Palaeohydrological changes For the last 2600 years, Lake Trichonida shows different phases of palaeohydrological fluctuation. It has witnessed several phases of wetter or drier climatic conditions, as observed in the log (Rb∕Sr) and PC1 proxies. Rb can replace K in the crystal lattice in feldspars and it is associated with clay mineral assemblages (Heymann et al., 2013; Koinig et al., 2003). As Rb, associated with terrigenous sediment input, and Sr, associated mainly with carbonates, show a very different geochemical behaviour, the Rb∕Sr ratio is often interpreted as a proxy for chemical weathering (Jin et al., 2006; Xu et al., 2010). While carbonates can be associated either with carbonate weathering in the catchment or with authigenic precipitation of chemical or biogenic carbonates in the lake, notably during dry and warm phases, the clastic elements originate from terrestrial input eroded during wet periods with enhanced precipitation and run-off (Cohen, 2003; Kylander et al., 2011). High Sr values are interpreted to generally indicate higher carbonate precipitation under warm and/or more arid conditions, while higher Rb values hint towards stronger physical weathering of clastic material and enhanced surface run-off related to increased precipitation during colder and wetter conditions (Unkel et al., 2014). As PC1 reflects the same variation between carbonate-rich and mineral-rich assemblages, it is interpreted similarly (see Sect. 4.3.1). A similar distribution has been found in other studies from the area and was interpreted as reflecting hydroclimatic variations (Emmanouilidis et al., 2019; Katrantsiotis et al., 2018; Seguin et al., 2019). We assume that the lake level has fluctuated over a few metres – modern inter-annual variation is about 1 m (Tafas et al., 1997) – but due to its depth and the sedimentary characteristics, we exclude the option of complete desiccation, as it was shown for shallow lakes in southern Greece (Seguin et al., 2020a). From around 2600 to 2000 cal BP, PC1 generally shows a decreasing trend towards drier conditions in the study area with a minimum occurring around 2000–1800 cal BP. Olsen et al. (2012) reconstructed a high-resolution NAO index for the last 5200 years based on a z score on geochemical data from a lake sediment record from southwestern Greenland that reflects large-scale variability in the Northern Hemisphere climate. Their NAO index for the interval 2400–2000 cal BP also shows a predominantly increasing trend that is likewise connected with drier climatic conditions (Olsen et al., 2012, Fig. 8a). Centring around 2500 and 2200 cal BP, two short periods with slightly wetter conditions can be identified in the general trend of the PC1 record, when it becomes more positive, and are largely in agreement with the negative NAO indices. Katrantsiotis et al. (2019) suggest that the North Atlantic Oscillation controls the climate in Greece notably during winter. When the NAO index is positive, the westerlies are stronger than usual and the humid air masses run further north, leading to drier and colder winters in Greece, while negative NAO indices relate to wetter and warmer conditions (Katrantsiotis et al., 2019; Koutsodendris et al., 2015; Nieto-Moreno et al., 2011). Drying climate conditions before 2000 cal BP are also reported from Lake Lerna, NE Peloponnese (Katrantsiotis et al., 2019, Fig. 8g); the Asea valley, central Peloponnese (Unkel et al., 2014); and Skala Marion Cave, 350 km to the NE on the Greek island of Thassos (Psomiadis et al., 2018). Unlike these archives, Lake Malik, 250 km to the north at the border with Albania (Fouache and Pavlopoulos, 2010), and Lake Shkodra, 450 km to the north at the border between Albania and Montenegro (Zanchetta et al., 2012, Fig. 8d), as well as the Agios Floros fen, S Peloponnese (Norström et al., 2018), reveal a trend towards wetter conditions during the same period from 2600 to 2000 cal BP. The resolution of the δD23 record from Agios Floros (Norström et al., 2018), however, is too low to reasonably compare the record to Lake Trichonida. This inconsistent observation is in general agreement with Finné et al. (2011), who summarize the hydrological situation during this time period as an incoherent picture without “discernable spatial patterns”. They report generally warmer temperatures, which would be in agreement with the increase in carbonates in the sediment sequence at Trichonida. This drier/warmer phase ends abruptly around 1750 cal BP with a rapid increase in terrigenous material input into Lake Trichonida, most likely due to increased precipitation and surface run-off in the catchment. Lithologically, this period corresponds to the very distinct reddish units 11 and 12 (Fig. 3). Closani Cave (Warken et al., 2018, Fig. 8b), Kapsia Cave (Finné et al., 2014, Fig. 8e), Lake Lerna (Katrantsiotis et al., 2019, Fig. 8g), and Skala Marion Cave (Psomiadis et al., 2018) all provide evidence for higher humidity for the period around 1800 cal BP. Lake Shkodra (Fig. 8d) and Gialova Lagoon (Fig. 8f) also give evidence for a short wetter period, but from a medium term perspective the proxies rather follow a drying trend lasting until 1400 cal BP (Katrantsiotis et al., 2018; Zanchetta et al., 2012). Interestingly, this wet century at Lake Trichonida coincides with the aqueduct construction at Lake Stymphalia, which was interpreted as triggering the abrupt shift in the PC1 proxy (Seguin et al., 2019, Fig. 8h). The AP∕NAP ratio depicts an increase in arboreal pollen for 2050–1800 cal BP (Bottema, 1982, Fig. 8k), which on the one hand supports the wetter conditions favourable for tree growth. On the other hand, an increasing input of terrigenous material, e.g. also caused by increasing land use, may generally induce a larger quantity of pollen from the catchment in the sample, and a transformation in the pollen transport process may influence the spectrum composition in the sample. A similar coincidence occurs in 1500 cal BP; an abrupt increase in terrigenous material coincides with an increase in the AP∕NAP ratio. The interval, ca. 1700–1500 cal BP (250–450 CE), can be interpreted as a phase of stable, drier conditions at Lake Trichonida. Kapsia Cave (Finné et al., 2014) and Closani Cave (Warken et al., 2018) also show relatively stable conditions, and the NAO index is solely positive although variable (Olsen et al., 2012, Fig. 8a). For Anatolia and the Levant, Izdebski et al. (2016) speak of a late Roman drought lasting from ca. 1600 to 1480 cal BP (350 to 470 CE), which was then followed by a dramatic shift to much wetter climatic conditions. An abrupt shift to wetter conditions can also be observed at Lake Trichonida in ca. 1500 cal BP that lasts about 100 years. It almost coincides with an abrupt shift towards a slightly negative, neutral NAO index and the wettest period at Lake Lerna (Katrantsiotis et al., 2019). The highest values of the Ti∕Ca proxy, indicating increasing run-off under wetter conditions, at Lake Butrint also fall exactly in this phase (Morellón et al., 2016). Wetter conditions are reported from various sites in the eastern Mediterranean region for approximately 1600–1200 cal BP (350–750 CE; Finné et al., 2011; Haliuc et al., 2017; Seguin et al., 2019). In central and northern Europe this period is known as the Late Antique Little Ice Age or Migration Period and experienced colder and more arid climatic conditions (Büntgen et al., 2016; Helama et al., 2017; McCormick et al., 2012). During the following millennium, PC1 at Lake Trichonida alternates between drier phases (1350–1200, 1050–900, 800–650, and 600–450 cal BP), intermediate phases, and shorter wet spells (around 1100, 450–300, and around 120 cal BP). With a slight offset, most likely due to dating uncertainties, the wet spells broadly correlate with more negative NAO indices. Probably due to its coarse resolution, the AP∕NAP ratio is unaffected by these fluctuations and shows a constant decrease between 1250 and 700 cal BP (700–1250 CE) which may hint towards human deforestation activity. The period lasting approximately from 1000 to 700 cal BP (950–1250 CE) is often referred to as the Medieval Climate Anomaly and is generally considered a period with warmer temperatures on the Northern Hemisphere (Luterbacher et al., 2012; Mann et al., 2009; Roberts et al., 2012). According to Finné et al. (2011), its beginning can be characterized by generally wetter conditions in the eastern Mediterranean. The Lake Trichonida proxy indicates drier or warmer conditions for the period 1050–900 cal BP. At Lake Trichonida, PC1 shows strong oscillations of century-long wetter and drier periods, which generally suggest more unstable hydroclimatic conditions. Around 650–600 and 450–ca. 350 cal BP, we see decades with wetter conditions, while the period in between (ca. 600–500 cal BP) indicates a very dry period. The curve progression of the Etoliko Lagoon largely resembles this pattern (Fig. 8i). The period of the Little Ice Age, approximately 700–200 cal BP (1250–1750 CE), is generally characterized by colder conditions and glacier advances in the Alps (Magny et al., 2012; Mann et al., 2009) and by wetter conditions in the Mediterranean (Roberts et al., 2012) and on the Peloponnese (Katrantsiotis et al., 2019). The NAO index is more variable at this time, generally showing drier conditions in the first half of the period shifting to wetter conditions and more negative values around 550 cal BP (Olsen et al., 2012). Lake Butrint generally depicts increased clastic input during wetter conditions for the LIA (Morellón et al., 2016, Fig. 8c). Lake Lerna shows slightly wetter conditions for 700–350 cal BP, followed by a progressive drying (ca 250–100 cal BP; Katrantsiotis et al., 2019), and the Gialova δD31 profile also shows a period of wetter conditions (700–300 cal BP; Katrantsiotis et al., 2018). At these sites, the LIA looks like a period with very stable hydroclimatic condition, in contrast to Trichonida, which may however be attributed to the low resolution of the proxies. The youngest and shortest wet period (sedimentary unit 18) around 120–100 cal BP (1830–1850 CE) is not visible in any other archive. Based on the Etoliko record, Koutsodendris et al. (2017) suggested that the Mediterranean see-saw precipitation pattern oscillated longitudinally during the LIA, shifting the wet–dry boundary between the western and eastern Mediterranean, which could also explain the variable pattern observed at Lake Trichonida. However, more high-resolution records or palaeoreconstructions of the different teleconnection patterns would be needed to support this assumption. For the last ca. 150 years, notably the 20th century CE, we observe an increasing trend in PC1, except for the last ca. 20 years, that would indicate increasingly wetter conditions. More intense anthropogenic impact causing soil erosion, however, would cause a similar signal, and it thus seems possible that human activity blurs the climatic signal for this period (Seguin et al., 2019; Zanchetta et al., 2012). The different colour in sedimentary unit 19 (Fig. 3) and the singularity of cluster 4 (Fig. 6) would support this hypothesis. However, this is not in agreement with findings from Koutsodendris et al. (2015), who detect NAO-related precipitation patterns for the second half of the 20th century at Etoliko Lagoon, 20 km SE of Lake Trichonida, and a decrease in winter precipitation since the 1980s. Additionally, they noted strong land use changes only since the early 1980s onwards (Koutsodendris et al., 2015). The multi-proxy data from Lake Trichonida shows palaeoenvironmental, notably palaeohydrological, changes for the last 2600 years for a region, where high-resolution climate records are sparse, but which would be essential to understand variation in the hydrological pattern in the past in this transitional zone between two different climatic zones. According to their sedimentology, four main facies clusters were identified and described by Lake Trichonida, supported by fast and cheap high-resolution imagery and the analysis of colour variations. Evidence of anthropogenic impact on the landscape was only clearly observed for the last ca. 100 years. Before, climatic fluctuations may have been more decisive than human impact from the very sparsely settled landscape. The majority of the observed fluctuations in Lake Trichonida were contemporaneous with phases of a more negative NAO index, as reconstructed by Olsen et al. (2012), and thus our record suggests a connectivity between local hydrological variation and the North Atlantic Oscillation on centennial timescales. Our study suggests that during the last 2600 years Lake Trichonida and the eastern Mediterranean/Carpathian region (namely Lake Butrint, Lake Shkodra) are linked by the same moisture source and a positive NAO index regionally translates to drier conditions in the study area. Due to the spatial heterogeneity of the area and the location at a transitional climatic zone, the record also exhibits some local peculiarities such as the blueish and reddish sedimentary units that were triggered by short-term events, which have not been recorded or described from other sites. It thus seems coherent that the signal cannot fully be traced back to climatic oscillations, but additional forcing mechanisms influenced the system and further research is necessary to identify these factors. The primary datasets can be found on PANGAEA: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.921324 (Seguin, et al., 2020b). The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-139-2020-supplement. JS conducted the lab work and statistical analyses and wrote the manuscript with contributions of IU, AE, and PA. AE conducted the measurement and evaluation of the XRD data and with PA supported the fieldwork and sampling campaign. JS and IU interpreted the data. IU designed the project and headed the fieldwork. WD provided the coring equipment and directed the coring proceeding during fieldwork. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. In alphabetical order, we kindly thank our following colleagues and students for their invaluable support in the field: Mathias Bahns, Ioannis Prevedouros, Evaggelos Tsiotsis, and Jan Weber. Yasmin Dannath, Sophia Dazert, McKenzie Elliott, and Clemens von Scheffer are acknowledged for support and assistance during laboratory work. We also thank two anonymous reviewers, and the associate editor Elisabeth Dietze for their valuable comments that helped to improve the manuscript. The project was carried out with the relevant permits from the Greek authorities, the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration of Greece (IGME), and the Water Management Body of the Decentralized Prefecture of Peloponnese, Western Greece and the Ionian Islands. This research has been supported by the Collaborative Research Centre 1266 “Scales of Transformation – Human-environmental interaction in prehistoric and archaic societies” of the German Research foundation (DFG, project no. 2901391021). 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N., and Shennan, S.: Long-term trends of land use and demography in Greece: A comparative study, Holocene, 29, 742–760, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683619826641, 2019. Weltje, G. J. and Tjallingii, R.: Calibration of XRF core scanners for quantitative geochemical logging of sediment cores: Theory and application, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 274, 423–438, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.054, 2008. Wilhelm, B., Nomade, J., Crouzet, C., Litty, C., Sabatier, P., Belle, S., Rolland, Y., Revel, M., Courboulex, F., Arnaud, F., and Anselmetti, F. S.: Quantified sensitivity of small lake sediments to record historic earthquakes: Implications for paleoseismology, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 2–16, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003644, 2016. Wilson, R., Anchukaitis, K., Briffa, K. R., Büntgen, U., Cook, E., Arrigo, R. D., Davi, N., Esper, J., Frank, D., Hegerl, G., Helama, S., Klesse, S., Krusic, P. J., Linderholm, H. W., Myglan, V., Osborn, T. 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Zanchetta, G., Van Welden, A., Baneschi, I., Drysdale, R., Sadori, L., Roberts, N., Giardini, M., Beck, C., Pascucci, V., and Sulpizio, R.: Multiproxy record for the last 4500 years from Lake Shkodra (Albania/Montenegro), J. Quaternary Sci., 27, 780–789, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2563, 2012. Zotos, A., Raus, T., and Dimopoulos, P.: New floristic reports from the lakes Trichonis and Lisimachia (W Greece), Willdenowia, 36, 731–739, https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.36.36208, 2006.
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Ben Grosser On Reading and Being Read in the Pandemic: Software, Interface, and The Endless Doomscroller March 6, 2022
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BROWSE COLLECTIONS DISCOVER MY BOOKING MY BOOKING LOGIN Log Out Browse Collections Discover My Booking My Profile My Events Artists CREATE+ Browse Collections Discover My Booking Login CONCERTS FESTIVALS SPORTS NIGHTLIFE THEATER MORE ARTS & MUSEUMS COMMUNITY FAMILY BUSINESS EDUCATIONAL DANCE TOURS ONLINE MOVIES Home CONCERTS FESTIVALS SPORTS NIGHTLIFE THEATER ARTS & MUSEUMS COMMUNITY FAMILY BUSINESS EDUCATIONAL DANCE TOURS ONLINE MOVIES Share / Invite Download PDF Email Collection Split end 111671 Split end {"https:\/\/d2gbxgj0zxdpzt.cloudfront.net\/503_c-1.jpg":"jbhthescots^:^http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/jbhthescots\/6605617895\/^:^https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/2.0"} Photo: jbhthescots {"https:\/\/d2gbxgj0zxdpzt.cloudfront.net\/503_c-1.jpg":"jbhthescots^:^http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/jbhthescots\/6605617895\/^:^https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/2.0"} Photo: jbhthescots FOLLOW SHARE LISTEN TO THE ARTIST FOLLOW SHARE LISTEN TO THE ARTIST 0 VIDEO Create Account: Sign Up By signing up, I agree to Eventseeker's Terms & Conditions, Privacy Policy, and Community Guidelines. Already have an account? Sign In Forgot your password? Sign In Sign in with Facebook Logging in with Facebook or Google will register you for an Eventseeker account assuming you agree to the Terms & Conditions Don't have an account? Sign Up Now Great! Welcome to Eventseeker! Get Started Now Would you like to become a Verified User? As a verified user, you will be granted access to our quick upload forms, that allow you to upload content faster. No Yes x FACEBOOK GOOGLE+ Email Forgot Password x Update Email x Change Password x Set Password x x Please select the account you would like to continue with. You will be automatically logged off from the other account. or × Close Share With Friends Via: Event Link: Copy Link × Close Share With Friends Note: Please separate each email address with a comma. Send 111671 artist Sync Account : LastFm X User Name* : SYNC Are you sure you want to log Out? Yes Cancel X playlist Close arrow Click - Playlist Next Event: on at previous play next max volume mute Update Required To play the media you will need to either update your browser to a recent version or update your Flash plugin . Click Click Click
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Note: The column brings to you interesting stories that highlight a new development or offer an interesting perspective on technology and society. Plus, a curated set of links to understand how technology is shaping the future, here in India and across the world. If you want to get it delivered to your inbox every week, subscribe here. Why food delivery will see a lot of action on the restaurants front Food delivery businesses are in a strange place. Everyone seems to be convinced that the potential is huge. According to one estimate, apps such as Swiggy and Zomato took over one billion orders last year in India, up three times from 2018. Customers seem to love the choice and convenience. The issue, however, is in the path to profitability—even as they face multiple constraints. Restaurants complain about high commissions and the strain on kitchens during peak hours. Customers love choice and convenience, but they are disloyal and have to be lured with discounts. While the rewards seem to be big, the sector demands hard work and patience, a reason why Uber Eats decided to exit the market in India. It’s a ‘race to the bottom’ scenario. If you want to go up, get ready to go down. It essentially left Swiggy and Zomato competing with each other. It’s unlikely either of them will cut discounts, leave alone charge a premium. It would mean losing market share. In effect, they have no choice but to work even more closely with restaurants, and figure out ways to keep the partnerships going. Swiggy Access, first launched in 2017, allowed restaurants to expand to new geographies using cloud kitchens. Last week, Swiggy announced another initiative called Brandworks, essentially partnering with restaurants to create delivery-only brands, while using the existing infrastructure. Swiggy will help restaurants come up with exclusive menus for delivery, using the data it has collected on food ordering habits. From what we know, it doesn’t exactly solve the peak hour problem that both kitchens and the delivery infrastructure face. But, it could well solve the problem of ensuring the deals with restaurants remain exclusive. Dig deeper - Chat with Haresh Chawla on Zomato and Uber Eats | Twitter Moments - Uber Eats’ India exit sums up the struggles of every food tech company | Mint - Grubhub deals gut check for food-delivery companies | WSJ The great unbundling Human societies have always had serious questions about the nature of products and limits of ownership. Such problems were captured in the little stories that were passed on from one generation to the next. One such story is about an innkeeper who dragged a poor man to a judge, the wise Nasreddin Hodja, saying he had enjoyed the aroma of soup in the inn’s kitchen, and therefore had to pay for it. Hodja immediately saw what was going on. “You have a case. But why trouble the poor man? I will pay for the smell of soup myself…,” Hodja said, pausing to jingle some coins in his pocket, “…with the sound of money.” In December last year, a man bought a 2017 Tesla Model S from a third-party dealer, who in turn had bought the car at an auction held by Tesla in November. The car came with Enhanced Autopilot and Full Self Driving Capability. When the dealer sold the car to the man, he said as much. However, the man discovered that Tesla had remotely disabled the features from the car, saying he didn’t pay for it. If he wants the features he must shell out $8000 to Tesla. It’s safe to assume he probably felt like the poor man who was asked to pay for the smell of the soup. We have long moved to a world where some of the underlying assumptions about the things we buy have changed. We are now governed by the rules of bits, not the rules of atoms. Consider books. Kindle editions offer huge convenience. You can read it on your mobile, and continue on your desktop from where you left. But, you don’t exactly own your book the way you own a physical copy. You can’t lend it, or resell it. In fact, much like what Tesla did, back in 2009, Amazon deleted ebook versions of George Orwell’s Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four from customer devices without warning. Amazon reimbursed the customers. However, the 2009 episode was a clear message that customers are losing more control to companies in the digital world. Tesla has now reinforced the message. Dig deeper - Tesla remotely removes autopilot features from customer's used Tesla without any notice | Jalopnik - Tesla to charge $1,000 more for ‘full self-driving’ Autopilot package in August | The Verge Can meditation save us from technology? In 2018, The New York Times published a profile of Yuval Noah Harari as he toured the Silicon Valley. The strapline of the profile read, “The futurist philosopher Yuval Noah Harari thinks Silicon Valley is an engine of dystopian ruin. So why do the digital elite adore him so?” Neither Harari nor the writer Nellie Bowles had any definite answers, but they speculated on a few. One of those was Harari’s practice of meditation. He meditates for two hours every day, besides spending two months every year at a Vipassana retreat. “Silicon Valley was already kind of a hotbed for meditation and yoga and all these things. And one of the things that made me kind of more popular and palatable is that I also have this bedrock,” Harari told The New York Times. In fact, he believes meditation is an antidote to some of the negative consequences of technology. “The aspect of a technological dystopia that most preoccupies him—losing mental autonomy to A.I.—can be at least partly countered, in his view, by citizens cultivating greater mindfulness,” Ian Parker writes in his recent The New Yorker profile of Harari. Parker’s deep dive gives a sense of how Harari formed his unique and influential perspective of the world and the big changes under our feet. However, for me, the most insightful lines in the essay were these. “In a drive with Yahav and Harari from their home to Jerusalem, I asked if it was fair to think of ‘Sapiens’ as an attempt to transmit Buddhist principles, not just through its references to meditation—and to the possibility of finding serenity in self-knowledge—but through its narrative shape. The story of ‘Sapiens’ echoes the Buddha’s ‘basic realities’: constant change; no enduring essence; the inevitability of suffering.” While meditation, yoga and Buddhist philosophy might somewhat explain Harari’s appeal, he is, in fact, a part of a bigger trend, a broader realisation that the answers to some of the toughest problems facing the world today lie in both technology and philosophy. The world needs techies and fuzzies. Dig deeper - Tech C.E.O.s are in love with their principal doomsayer | NYTimes - Yuval Noah Harari’s history of everyone, ever | The New Yorker - ‘The value of technology is in solving meaningful human problems’ A podcast with Scott Hartley, bestselling author of ‘The Fuzzy and the Techie’, by Charles Assisi | Founding Fuel Bookmarks - YouTube’s secretive top kids channel expands into merchandise | Bloomberg - Arvind Narayanan and Sridhar Vembu on computer science and coding | Twitter Thread - Inside Mark Zuckerberg's Lost Notebook | Wired - Technology is poised to upend America’s property market | Economist - From Dubai to Mars, with stops in Colorado and Japan | NYTimes - The coronavirus is the first true social-media “infodemic” | MIT Tech Review - Is fintech in Kenya too successful? | African Business
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Sixatigni Airport (MHSX) You can now add favourite airports. Access them in the members area by signing up! Small airport IATA Code ICAO CodeMHSX FAA Code Latitude15.1836109 Longitude-84.3697205 Time ZoneAmerica/Tegucigalpa (GMT -6:00)
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Articles | Volume 26, issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3055-2022 © Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3055-2022 © Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Development and parameter estimation of snowmelt models using spatial snow-cover observations from MODIS Dhiraj Raj Gyawali CORRESPONDING AUTHOR András Bárdossy Related authors No articles found. Abbas El Hachem, Jochen Seidel, Tess O'Hara, Roberto Villalobos Herrera, Aart Overeem, Remko Uijlenhoet, András Bárdossy, and Lotte de Vos Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4715–4731, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4715-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4715-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary This study presents an overview of open-source quality control (QC) algorithms for rainfall data from personal weather stations (PWSs). The methodology and usability along technical and operational guidelines for using every QC algorithm are presented. All three QC algorithms are available for users to explore in the OpenSense sandbox. They were applied in a case study using PWS data from the Amsterdam region in the Netherlands. The results highlight the necessity for data quality control. Amy C. Green, Chris Kilsby, and András Bárdossy Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4539–4558, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4539-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4539-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Weather radar is a crucial tool in rainfall estimation, but radar rainfall estimates are subject to many error sources, with the true rainfall field unknown. A flexible model for simulating errors relating to the radar rainfall estimation process is implemented, inverting standard processing methods. This flexible and efficient model performs well in generating realistic weather radar images visually for a large range of event types. Abbas El Hachem, Jochen Seidel, and András Bárdossy Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-288, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-288, 2024 Revised manuscript under review for HESS Short summary Short summary The influence of climate change on areal precipitation extremes is examined. After an upscaling of reference observations, the climate model data are corrected and a downscaling to a finer spatial scale is done. For different temporal durations and spatial scales, areal precipitation extremes are derived. The final result indicates an increase in the expected rainfall depth compared to reference values. However, the increase varied with the duration and area size. András Bárdossy and Faizan Anwar Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1987–2000, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1987-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1987-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary This study demonstrates the fact that the large river flows forecasted by the models show an underestimation that is inversely related to the number of locations where precipitation is recorded, which is independent of the model. The higher the number of points where the amount of precipitation is recorded, the better the estimate of the river flows. Abbas El Hachem, Jochen Seidel, Florian Imbery, Thomas Junghänel, and András Bárdossy Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6137–6146, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6137-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6137-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Through this work, a methodology to identify outliers in intense precipitation data was presented. The results show the presence of several suspicious observations that strongly differ from their surroundings. Many identified outliers did not have unusually high values but disagreed with their neighboring values at the corresponding time steps. Weather radar and discharge data were used to distinguish between single events and false observations. Jieru Yan, Fei Li, András Bárdossy, and Tao Tao Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3819–3835, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3819-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3819-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Accurate spatial precipitation estimates are important in various fields. An approach to simulate spatial rainfall fields conditioned on radar and rain gauge data is proposed. Unlike the commonly used Kriging methods, which provide a Kriged mean field, the output of the proposed approach is an ensemble of estimates that represents the estimation uncertainty. The approach is robust to nonlinear error in radar estimates and is shown to have some advantages, especially when estimating the extremes. András Bárdossy, Jochen Seidel, and Abbas El Hachem Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 583–601, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-583-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-583-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary In this study, the applicability of data from private weather stations (PWS) for precipitation interpolation was investigated. Due to unknown errors and biases in these observations, a two-step filter was developed that uses indicator correlations and event-based spatial precipitation patterns. The procedure was tested and cross validated for the state of Baden-Württemberg (Germany). The biggest improvement is achieved for the shortest time aggregations. Jieru Yan, András Bárdossy, Sebastian Hörning, and Tao Tao Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2287–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2287-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2287-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary For applications such as flood forecasting of urban- or town-scale distributed hydrological modeling, high-resolution quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) with enough accuracy is the most important driving factor and thus the focus of this paper. Considering the fact that rain gauges are sparse but accurate and radar-based precipitation estimates are inaccurate but densely distributed, we are merging the two types of data intellectually to obtain accurate QPEs with high resolution. Elena Ridolfi, Hemendra Kumar, and András Bárdossy Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2043–2060, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2043-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2043-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary The paper presents a new, simple and model-free methodology to estimate the streamflow at partially gauged basins, given the precipitation gauged at another basin. We show that the FDC is not a characteristic of the basin only, but of both the basin and the weather. Because of the dependence on the climate, discharge data at the target site are here retrieved using the Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) of the donor site as it represents in a streamflow-like way the precipitation of the basin. Nevil Quinn, Günter Blöschl, András Bárdossy, Attilio Castellarin, Martyn Clark, Christophe Cudennec, Demetris Koutsoyiannis, Upmanu Lall, Lubomir Lichner, Juraj Parajka, Christa D. Peters-Lidard, Graham Sander, Hubert Savenije, Keith Smettem, Harry Vereecken, Alberto Viglione, Patrick Willems, Andy Wood, Ross Woods, Chong-Yu Xu, and Erwin Zehe Proc. IAHS, 380, 3–8, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-380-3-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-380-3-2018, 2018 Nevil Quinn, Günter Blöschl, András Bárdossy, Attilio Castellarin, Martyn Clark, Christophe Cudennec, Demetris Koutsoyiannis, Upmanu Lall, Lubomir Lichner, Juraj Parajka, Christa D. Peters-Lidard, Graham Sander, Hubert Savenije, Keith Smettem, Harry Vereecken, Alberto Viglione, Patrick Willems, Andy Wood, Ross Woods, Chong-Yu Xu, and Erwin Zehe Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5735–5739, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5735-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5735-2018, 2018 Takayuki Sugimoto, András Bárdossy, Geoffrey G. S. Pegram, and Johannes Cullmann Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2705–2720, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2705-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2705-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary This paper is aims to detect the climate change impacts on the hydrological regime from the long-term discharge records. A new method for stochastic analysis using copulas, which has the advantage of scrutinizing the data independent of marginal, is suggested in this paper. Two measures are used in the copula domain: one focuses on the asymmetric characteristic of data and the other compares the distances between the copulas. These are calculated for 100 years of daily discharges and the results are discussed. Demetris Koutsoyiannis, Günter Blöschl, András Bárdossy, Christophe Cudennec, Denis Hughes, Alberto Montanari, Insa Neuweiler, and Hubert Savenije Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1081–1084, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1081-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1081-2016, 2016 J. Pringle, D. D. Stretch, and A. Bárdossy Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2145–2155, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2145-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2145-2014, 2014 G. Blöschl, A. Bárdossy, D. Koutsoyiannis, Z. W. Kundzewicz, I. Littlewood, A. Montanari, and H. Savenije Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2433–2435, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2433-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2433-2014, 2014 F. Beck and A. Bárdossy Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4851–4863, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4851-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4851-2013, 2013 M. Liu, A. Bárdossy, and E. Zehe Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4685–4699, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4685-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4685-2013, 2013 N. V. Dung, B. Merz, A. Bárdossy, and H. Apel Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-275-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-275-2013, 2013 Revised manuscript not accepted Related subject area Subject: Snow and Ice | Techniques and Approaches: Modelling approaches Inferring sediment-discharge event types in an Alpine catchment from sub-daily time series Debris cover effects on energy and mass balance of Batura Glacier in the Karakoram over the past 20 years The application and modification of WRF-Hydro/Glacier to a cold-based Antarctic glacier Spatio-temporal information propagation using sparse observations in hyper-resolution ensemble-based snow data assimilation Simulated hydrological effects of grooming and snowmaking in a ski resort on the local water balance Spatial distribution and controls of snowmelt runoff in a sublimation-dominated environment in the semiarid Andes of Chile Snow data assimilation for seasonal streamflow supply prediction in mountainous basins Canopy structure, topography, and weather are equally important drivers of small-scale snow cover dynamics in sub-alpine forests Climate sensitivity of the summer runoff of two glacierised Himalayan catchments with contrasting climate A snow and glacier hydrological model for large catchments – case study for the Naryn River, central Asia Precipitation biases and snow physics limitations drive the uncertainties in macroscale modeled snow water equivalent Recent hydrological response of glaciers in the Canadian Rockies to changing climate and glacier configuration Future projections of High Atlas snowpack and runoff under climate change Trends and variability in snowmelt in China under climate change Assimilation of citizen science data in snowpack modeling using a new snow data set: Community Snow Observations Snowpack dynamics in the Lebanese mountains from quasi-dynamically downscaled ERA5 reanalysis updated by assimilating remotely sensed fractional snow-covered area The evaluation of the potential of global data products for snow hydrological modelling in ungauged high-alpine catchments Learning about precipitation lapse rates from snow course data improves water balance modeling Snow water equivalents exclusively from snow depths and their temporal changes: the Δsnow model Application of machine learning techniques for regional bias correction of snow water equivalent estimates in Ontario, Canada Sensitivity of snow models to the accuracy of meteorological forcings in mountain environments Snow processes in mountain forests: interception modeling for coarse-scale applications Satellite-derived products of solar and longwave irradiances used for snowpack modelling in mountainous terrain Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data to derive corrections to precipitation data sets and improve modelled snow mass at high latitudes The role of liquid water percolation representation in estimating snow water equivalent in a Mediterranean mountain region (Mount Lebanon) Hyper-resolution ensemble-based snow reanalysis in mountain regions using clustering The sensitivity of modeled snow accumulation and melt to precipitation phase methods across a climatic gradient Assessment of SWAT spatial and temporal transferability for a high-altitude glacierized catchment Modeling experiments on seasonal lake ice mass and energy balance in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: a case study A simple model for local-scale sensible and latent heat advection contributions to snowmelt Assimilation of passive microwave AMSR-2 satellite observations in a snowpack evolution model over northeastern Canada A simple temperature-based method to estimate heterogeneous frozen ground within a distributed watershed model Technical note: Representing glacier geometry changes in a semi-distributed hydrological model Projected cryospheric and hydrological impacts of 21st century climate change in the Ötztal Alps (Austria) simulated using a physically based approach Scenario approach for the seasonal forecast of Kharif flows from the Upper Indus Basin The role of glacier changes and threshold definition in the characterisation of future streamflow droughts in glacierised catchments Modelling hydrologic impacts of light absorbing aerosol deposition on snow at the catchment scale Liquid water infiltration into a layered snowpack: evaluation of a 3-D water transport model with laboratory experiments Assessing glacier melt contribution to streamflow at Universidad Glacier, central Andes of Chile Modelling liquid water transport in snow under rain-on-snow conditions – considering preferential flow Developing a representative snow-monitoring network in a forested mountain watershed Subgrid parameterization of snow distribution at a Mediterranean site using terrestrial photography Assessing the benefit of snow data assimilation for runoff modeling in Alpine catchments Stable oxygen isotope variability in two contrasting glacier river catchments in Greenland Spatio-temporal variability of snow water equivalent in the extra-tropical Andes Cordillera from distributed energy balance modeling and remotely sensed snow cover A conceptual, distributed snow redistribution model Diagnostic calibration of a hydrological model in a mountain area by hydrograph partitioning Meltwater run-off from Haig Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains, 2002–2013 Modeling the snow surface temperature with a one-layer energy balance snowmelt model Estimating degree-day factors from MODIS for snowmelt runoff modeling Amalie Skålevåg, Oliver Korup, and Axel Bronstert Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4771–4796, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4771-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4771-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary We present a cluster-based approach for inferring sediment discharge event types from suspended sediment concentration and streamflow. Applying it to a glacierised catchment, we find event magnitude and shape complexity to be the key characteristics separating event types, while hysteresis is less important. The four event types are attributed to compound rainfall–melt extremes, high snowmelt and glacier melt, freeze–thaw-modulated snow-melt and precipitation, and late-season glacier melt. Yu Zhu, Shiyin Liu, Ben W. Brock, Lide Tian, Ying Yi, Fuming Xie, Donghui Shangguan, and Yiyuan Shen Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2023–2045, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2023-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary This modeling-based study focused on Batura Glacier from 2000 to 2020, revealing that debris alters its energy budget, affecting mass balance. We propose that the presence of debris on the glacier surface effectively reduces the amount of latent heat available for ablation, which creates a favorable condition for Batura Glacier's relatively low negative mass balance. Batura Glacier shows a trend toward a less negative mass balance due to reduced ablation. Tamara Pletzer, Jonathan P. Conway, Nicolas J. Cullen, Trude Eidhammer, and Marwan Katurji Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 459–478, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-459-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-459-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary We applied a glacier and hydrology model in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV) to model the start and duration of melt over a summer in this extreme polar desert. To do so, we found it necessary to prevent the drainage of melt into ice and optimize the albedo scheme. We show that simulating albedo (for the first time in the MDV) is critical to modelling the feedbacks of albedo, snowfall and melt in the region. This paper is a first step towards more complex spatial modelling of melt and streamflow. Esteban Alonso-González, Kristoffer Aalstad, Norbert Pirk, Marco Mazzolini, Désirée Treichler, Paul Leclercq, Sebastian Westermann, Juan Ignacio López-Moreno, and Simon Gascoin Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4637–4659, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4637-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4637-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Here we explore how to improve hyper-resolution (5 m) distributed snowpack simulations using sparse observations, which do not provide information from all the areas of the simulation domain. We propose a new way of propagating information throughout the simulations adapted to the hyper-resolution, which could also be used to improve simulations of other nature. The method has been implemented in an open-source data assimilation tool that is readily accessible to everyone. Samuel Morin, Hugues François, Marion Réveillet, Eric Sauquet, Louise Crochemore, Flora Branger, Étienne Leblois, and Marie Dumont Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4257–4277, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4257-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4257-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Ski resorts are a key socio-economic asset of several mountain areas. Grooming and snowmaking are routinely used to manage the snow cover on ski pistes, but despite vivid debate, little is known about their impact on water resources downstream. This study quantifies, for the pilot ski resort La Plagne in the French Alps, the impact of grooming and snowmaking on downstream river flow. Hydrological impacts are mostly apparent at the seasonal scale and rather neutral on the annual scale. Álvaro Ayala, Simone Schauwecker, and Shelley MacDonell Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3463–3484, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3463-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3463-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary As the climate of the semiarid Andes is very dry, much of the seasonal snowpack is lost to the atmosphere through sublimation. We propose that snowmelt runoff originates from specific areas that we define as snowmelt hotspots. We estimate that snowmelt hotspots produce half of the snowmelt runoff in a small study catchment but represent about a quarter of the total area. Snowmelt hotspots may be important for groundwater recharge, rock glaciers, and mountain peatlands. Sammy Metref, Emmanuel Cosme, Matthieu Le Lay, and Joël Gailhard Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2283–2299, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2283-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Predicting the seasonal streamflow supply of water in a mountainous basin is critical to anticipating the operation of hydroelectric dams and avoiding hydrology-related hazard. This quantity partly depends on the snowpack accumulated during winter. The study addresses this prediction problem using information from streamflow data and both direct and indirect snow measurements. In this study, the prediction is improved by integrating the data information into a basin-scale hydrological model. Giulia Mazzotti, Clare Webster, Louis Quéno, Bertrand Cluzet, and Tobias Jonas Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2099–2121, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2099-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2099-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary This study analyses snow cover evolution in mountainous forested terrain based on 2 m resolution simulations from a process-based model. We show that snow accumulation patterns are controlled by canopy structure, but topographic shading modulates the timing of melt onset, and variability in weather can cause snow accumulation and melt patterns to vary between years. These findings advance our ability to predict how snow regimes will react to rising temperatures and forest disturbances. Sourav Laha, Argha Banerjee, Ajit Singh, Parmanand Sharma, and Meloth Thamban Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 627–645, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-627-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-627-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary A model study of two Himalayan catchments reveals that the summer runoff from the glacierized parts of the catchments responds strongly to temperature forcing and is insensitive to precipitation forcing. The runoff from the non-glacierized parts has the exact opposite behaviour. The interannual variability and decadal changes of runoff under a warming climate is determined by the response of glaciers to temperature forcing and that of off-glacier areas to precipitation perturbations. Sarah Shannon, Anthony Payne, Jim Freer, Gemma Coxon, Martina Kauzlaric, David Kriegel, and Stephan Harrison Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 453–480, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-453-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-453-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Climate change poses a potential threat to water supply in glaciated river catchments. In this study, we added a snowmelt and glacier melt model to the Dynamic fluxEs and ConnectIvity for Predictions of HydRology model (DECIPHeR). The model is applied to the Naryn River catchment in central Asia and is found to reproduce past change discharge and the spatial extent of seasonal snow cover well. Eunsang Cho, Carrie M. Vuyovich, Sujay V. Kumar, Melissa L. Wrzesien, Rhae Sung Kim, and Jennifer M. Jacobs Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5721–5735, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5721-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary While land surface models are a common approach for estimating macroscale snow water equivalent (SWE), the SWE accuracy is often limited by uncertainties in model physics and forcing inputs. In this study, we found large underestimations of modeled SWE compared to observations. Precipitation forcings and melting physics limitations dominantly contribute to the SWE underestimations. Results provide insights into prioritizing strategies to improve the SWE simulations for hydrologic applications. Dhiraj Pradhananga and John W. Pomeroy Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2605–2616, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2605-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2605-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary This study considers the combined impacts of climate and glacier changes due to recession on the hydrology and water balance of two high-elevation glaciers. Peyto and Athabasca glacier basins in the Canadian Rockies have undergone continuous glacier loss over the last 3 to 5 decades, leading to an increase in ice exposure and changes to the elevation and slope of the glacier surfaces. Streamflow from these glaciers continues to increase more due to climate warming than glacier recession. Alexandre Tuel, Nabil El Moçayd, Moulay Driss Hasnaoui, and Elfatih A. B. Eltahir Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 571–588, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-571-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-571-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Snowmelt in the High Atlas is critical for irrigation in Morocco but is threatened by climate change. We assess future trends in High Atlas snowpack by modelling it under historical and future climate scenarios and estimate their impact on runoff. We find that the combined warming and drying will result in a roughly 80 % decline in snowpack, a 5 %–30 % decrease in runoff efficiency and 50 %–60 % decline in runoff under a business-as-usual scenario. Yong Yang, Rensheng Chen, Guohua Liu, Zhangwen Liu, and Xiqiang Wang Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 305–329, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-305-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary A comprehensive assessment of snowmelt is missing for China. Trends and variability in snowmelt in China under climate change are investigated using historical precipitation and temperature data (1951–2017) and projection scenarios (2006–2099). The snowmelt and snowmelt runoff ratio show significant spatial and temporal variability in China. The spatial variability in snowmelt changes may lead to regional differences in the impact of snowmelt on the water supply. Ryan L. Crumley, David F. Hill, Katreen Wikstrom Jones, Gabriel J. Wolken, Anthony A. Arendt, Christina M. Aragon, Christopher Cosgrove, and Community Snow Observations Participants Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4651–4680, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4651-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4651-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary In this study, we use a new snow data set collected by participants in the Community Snow Observations project in coastal Alaska to improve snow depth and snow water equivalence simulations from a snow process model. We validate our simulations with multiple datasets, taking advantage of snow telemetry (SNOTEL), snow depth and snow water equivalence, and remote sensing measurements. Our results demonstrate that assimilating citizen science snow depth measurements can improve model performance. Esteban Alonso-González, Ethan Gutmann, Kristoffer Aalstad, Abbas Fayad, Marine Bouchet, and Simon Gascoin Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4455–4471, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4455-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Snow water resources represent a key hydrological resource for the Mediterranean regions, where most of the precipitation falls during the winter months. This is the case for Lebanon, where snowpack represents 31 % of the spring flow. We have used models to generate snow information corrected by means of remote sensing snow cover retrievals. Our results highlight the high temporal variability in the snowpack in Lebanon and its sensitivity to further warming caused by its hypsography. Michael Weber, Franziska Koch, Matthias Bernhardt, and Karsten Schulz Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2869–2894, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2869-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2869-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary We compared a suite of globally available meteorological and DEM data with in situ data for physically based snow hydrological modelling in a small high-alpine catchment. Although global meteorological data were less suited to describe the snowpack properly, transferred station data from a similar location in the vicinity and substituting single variables with global products performed well. In addition, using 30 m global DEM products as model input was useful in such complex terrain. Francesco Avanzi, Giulia Ercolani, Simone Gabellani, Edoardo Cremonese, Paolo Pogliotti, Gianluca Filippa, Umberto Morra di Cella, Sara Ratto, Hervè Stevenin, Marco Cauduro, and Stefano Juglair Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2109–2131, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2109-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2109-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Precipitation tends to increase with elevation, but the magnitude and distribution of this enhancement remain poorly understood. By leveraging over 11 000 spatially distributed, manual measurements of snow depth (snow courses) upstream of two reservoirs in the western European Alps, we show that these courses bear a characteristic signature of orographic precipitation. This opens a window of opportunity for improved modeling accuracy and, ultimately, our understanding of the water budget. Michael Winkler, Harald Schellander, and Stefanie Gruber Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1165–1187, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1165-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1165-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary A new method to calculate the mass of snow is provided. It is quite simple but gives surprisingly good results. The new approach only requires regular snow depth observations to simulate respective water mass that is stored in the snow. It is called ΔSNOW model, its code is freely available, and it can be applied in various climates. The method is especially interesting for studies on extremes (e.g., snow loads or flooding) and climate (e.g., precipitation trends). Fraser King, Andre R. Erler, Steven K. Frey, and Christopher G. Fletcher Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4887–4902, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4887-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4887-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Snow is a critical contributor to our water and energy budget, with impacts on flooding and water resource management. Measuring the amount of snow on the ground each year is an expensive and time-consuming task. Snow models and gridded products help to fill these gaps, yet there exist considerable uncertainties associated with their estimates. We demonstrate that machine learning techniques are able to reduce biases in these products to provide more realistic snow estimates across Ontario. Silvia Terzago, Valentina Andreoli, Gabriele Arduini, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Lorenzo Campo, Claudio Cassardo, Edoardo Cremonese, Daniele Dolia, Simone Gabellani, Jost von Hardenberg, Umberto Morra di Cella, Elisa Palazzi, Gaia Piazzi, Paolo Pogliotti, and Antonello Provenzale Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4061–4090, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4061-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4061-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary In mountain areas high-quality meteorological data to drive snow models are rarely available, so coarse-resolution data from spatial interpolation of the available in situ measurements or reanalyses are typically employed. We perform 12 experiments using six snow models with different degrees of complexity to show the impact of the accuracy of the forcing on snow depth and snow water equivalent simulations at the Alpine site of Torgnon, discussing the results in relation to the model complexity. Nora Helbig, David Moeser, Michaela Teich, Laure Vincent, Yves Lejeune, Jean-Emmanuel Sicart, and Jean-Matthieu Monnet Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2545–2560, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2545-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2545-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Snow retained in the forest canopy (snow interception) drives spatial variability of the subcanopy snow accumulation. As such, accurately describing snow interception in models is of importance for various applications such as hydrological, weather, and climate predictions. We developed descriptions for the spatial mean and variability of snow interception. An independent evaluation demonstrated that the novel models can be applied in coarse land surface model grid cells. Louis Quéno, Fatima Karbou, Vincent Vionnet, and Ingrid Dombrowski-Etchevers Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2083–2104, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2083-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2083-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary In mountainous terrain, the snowpack is strongly affected by incoming shortwave and longwave radiation. Satellite-derived products of incoming radiation were assessed in the French Alps and the Pyrenees and compared to meteorological forecasts, reanalyses and in situ measurements. We showed their good quality in mountains. The different radiation datasets were used as radiative forcing for snowpack simulations with the detailed model Crocus. Their impact on the snowpack evolution was explored. Emma L. Robinson and Douglas B. Clark Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1763–1779, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1763-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1763-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary This study used a water balance approach based on GRACE total water storage to infer the amount of cold-season precipitation in four Arctic river basins. This was used to evaluate four gridded meteorological data sets, which were used as inputs to a land surface model. We found that the cold-season precipitation in these data sets needed to be increased by up to 55 %. Using these higher precipitation inputs improved the model representation of Arctic hydrology, particularly lying snow. Abbas Fayad and Simon Gascoin Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1527–1542, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1527-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1527-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Seasonal snowpack is an essential water resource in Mediterranean mountains. Here, we look at the role of water percolation in simulating snow mass (SWE), for the first time, in Mount Lebanon. We use SnowModel, a distributed snow model, forced by station data. The main sources of uncertainty were attributed to rain–snow partitioning, transient winter snowmelt, and the subpixel snow cover. Yet, we show that a process-based model is suitable to simulate wet snowpack in Mediterranean mountains. Joel Fiddes, Kristoffer Aalstad, and Sebastian Westermann Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4717–4736, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4717-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4717-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary In this paper we address one of the big challenges in snow hydrology, namely the accurate simulation of the seasonal snowpack in ungauged regions. We do this by assimilating satellite observations of snow cover into a modelling framework. Importantly (and a novelty of the paper), we include a clustering approach that permits highly efficient ensemble simulations. Efficiency gains and dependency on purely global datasets, means that this method can be applied over large areas anywhere on Earth. Keith S. Jennings and Noah P. Molotch Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3765–3786, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3765-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3765-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary There is a wide variety of modeling methods to designate precipitation as rain, snow, or a mix of the two. Here we show that method choice introduces marked uncertainty to simulated snowpack water storage (> 200 mm) and snow cover duration (> 1 month) in areas that receive significant winter and spring precipitation at air temperatures at and near freezing. This marked uncertainty has implications for water resources management as well as simulations of past and future hydroclimatic states. Maria Andrianaki, Juna Shrestha, Florian Kobierska, Nikolaos P. Nikolaidis, and Stefano M. Bernasconi Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3219–3232, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3219-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3219-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary We tested the performance of the SWAT hydrological model after being transferred from a small Alpine watershed to a greater area. We found that the performance of the model for the greater catchment was satisfactory and the climate change simulations gave insights into the impact of climate change on our site. Assessment tests are important in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the models when they are applied under extreme conditions different to the ones that were calibrated. Wenfeng Huang, Bin Cheng, Jinrong Zhang, Zheng Zhang, Timo Vihma, Zhijun Li, and Fujun Niu Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2173–2186, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2173-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2173-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary Up to now, little has been known on ice thermodynamics and lake–atmosphere interaction over the Tibetan Plateau during ice-covered seasons due to a lack of field data. Here, model experiments on ice thermodynamics were conducted in a shallow lake using HIGHTSI. Water–ice heat flux was a major source of uncertainty for lake ice thickness. Heat and mass budgets were estimated within the vertical air–ice–water system. Strong ice sublimation occurred and was responsible for water loss during winter. Phillip Harder, John W. Pomeroy, and Warren D. Helgason Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary As snow cover becomes patchy during snowmelt, energy is advected from warm snow-free surfaces to cold snow-covered surfaces. This paper proposes a simple sensible and latent heat advection model for snowmelt situations that can be coupled to one-dimensional energy balance snowmelt models. The model demonstrates that sensible and latent heat advection fluxes can compensate for one another, especially in early melt periods. Fanny Larue, Alain Royer, Danielle De Sève, Alexandre Roy, and Emmanuel Cosme Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5711–5734, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5711-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5711-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary A data assimilation scheme was developed to improve snow water equivalent (SWE) simulations by updating meteorological forcings and snowpack states using passive microwave satellite observations. A chain of models was first calibrated to simulate satellite observations over northeastern Canada. The assimilation was then validated over 12 stations where daily SWE measurements were acquired during 4 winters (2012–2016). The overall SWE bias is reduced by 68 % compared to original SWE simulations. Michael L. Follum, Jeffrey D. Niemann, Julie T. Parno, and Charles W. Downer Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2669–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2669-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2669-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary Spatial patterns of snow and frozen ground within watersheds can impact the volume and timing of runoff. Commonly used snow and frozen ground simulation methods were modified to better account for the effects of topography and land cover on the spatial patterns of snow and frozen ground. When tested using a watershed in Vermont the modifications resulted in more accurate temporal and spatial simulation of both snow and frozen ground. Jan Seibert, Marc J. P. Vis, Irene Kohn, Markus Weiler, and Kerstin Stahl Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2211–2224, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2211-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2211-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary In many glacio-hydrological models glacier areas are assumed to be constant over time, which is a crucial limitation. Here we describe a novel approach to translate mass balances as simulated by the (glacio)hydrological model into glacier area changes. We combined the Δh approach of Huss et al. (2010) with the bucket-type model HBV and introduced a lookup table approach, which also allows periods with advancing glaciers to be represented, which is not possible with the original Huss method. Florian Hanzer, Kristian Förster, Johanna Nemec, and Ulrich Strasser Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1593–1614, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1593-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1593-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary Climate change effects on snow, glaciers, and hydrology are investigated for the Ötztal Alps region (Austria) using a hydroclimatological model driven by climate projections for the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios. The results show declining snow amounts and strongly retreating glaciers with moderate effects on catchment runoff until the mid-21st century, whereas annual runoff volumes decrease strongly towards the end of the century. Muhammad Fraz Ismail and Wolfgang Bogacki Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1391–1409, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1391-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1391-2018, 2018 Marit Van Tiel, Adriaan J. Teuling, Niko Wanders, Marc J. P. Vis, Kerstin Stahl, and Anne F. Van Loon Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 463–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-463-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-463-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary Glaciers are important hydrological reservoirs. Short-term variability in glacier melt and also glacier retreat can cause droughts in streamflow. In this study, we analyse the effect of glacier changes and different drought threshold approaches on future projections of streamflow droughts in glacierised catchments. We show that these different methodological options result in different drought projections and that these options can be used to study different aspects of streamflow droughts. Felix N. Matt, John F. Burkhart, and Joni-Pekka Pietikäinen Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 179–201, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-179-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-179-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary Certain particles that have the ability to absorb sunlight deposit onto mountain snow via atmospheric transport mechanisms and then lower the snow's ability to reflect sunlight, which increases snowmelt. Herein we present a model aiming to simulate this effect and model the impacts on the streamflow of a southern Norwegian river. We find a significant difference in streamflow between simulations with and without the effect of light absorbing particles applied, in particular during spring melt. Hiroyuki Hirashima, Francesco Avanzi, and Satoru Yamaguchi Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5503–5515, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5503-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5503-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary We reproduced the formation of capillary barriers and the development of preferential flow through snow using a multi-dimensional water transport model, which was then validated using laboratory experiments of liquid water infiltration into layered, initially dry snow. Simulation results showed that the model reconstructs some relevant features of capillary barriers and the timing of liquid water arrival at the snow base. Claudio Bravo, Thomas Loriaux, Andrés Rivera, and Ben W. Brock Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3249–3266, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3249-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3249-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary We present an analysis of meteorological conditions and melt for Universidad Glacier in central Chile. This glacier is characterized by high melt rates over the ablation season, representing a mean contribution of between 10 and 13 % of the total runoff observed in the upper Tinguiririca Basin during the November 2009 to March 2010 period. Few studies have quantified the glacier melt contribution to river runoff in Chile, and this work represents a new precedent for the Andes. Sebastian Würzer, Nander Wever, Roman Juras, Michael Lehning, and Tobias Jonas Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1741–1756, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1741-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1741-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary We discuss a dual-domain water transport model in a physics-based snowpack model to account for preferential flow (PF) in addition to matrix flow. So far no operationally used snow model has explicitly accounted for PF. The new approach is compared to existing water transport models and validated against in situ data from sprinkling and natural rain-on-snow (ROS) events. Our work demonstrates the benefit of considering PF in modelling hourly snowpack runoff, especially during ROS conditions. Kelly E. Gleason, Anne W. Nolin, and Travis R. Roth Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1137–1147, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1137-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1137-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary We present a coupled modeling approach used to objectively identify representative snow-monitoring locations in a forested watershed in the western Oregon Cascades mountain range. The resultant Forest Elevational Snow Transect (ForEST) represents combinations of forested and open land cover types at low, mid-, and high elevations. Rafael Pimentel, Javier Herrero, and María José Polo Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 805–820, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-805-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-805-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary This study analyses the subgrid variability of the snow distribution in a Mediterranean region and formulates a parametric approach that includes these scale effects in the physical modelling of snow by means of accumulation–depletion curves associated with snow evolution patterns, by means of terrestrial photography. The results confirm that the use of these on a cell scale provides a solid foundation for the extension of point snow models to larger areas. Nena Griessinger, Jan Seibert, Jan Magnusson, and Tobias Jonas Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3895–3905, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3895-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3895-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary In Alpine catchments, snowmelt is a major contribution to runoff. In this study, we address the question of whether the performance of a hydrological model can be enhanced by integrating data from an external snow monitoring system. To this end, a hydrological model was driven with snowmelt input from snow models of different complexities. Best performance was obtained with a snow model, which utilized data assimilation, in particular for catchments at higher elevations and for snow-rich years. Jacob C. Yde, Niels T. Knudsen, Jørgen P. Steffensen, Jonathan L. Carrivick, Bent Hasholt, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Christian Kronborg, Nicolaj K. Larsen, Sebastian H. Mernild, Hans Oerter, David H. Roberts, and Andrew J. Russell Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1197–1210, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1197-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1197-2016, 2016 E. Cornwell, N. P. Molotch, and J. McPhee Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 411–430, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-411-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-411-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary We present a high-resolution snow water equivalent estimation for the 2001–2014 period over the extratropical Andes Cordillera of Argentina and Chile, the first of its type. The effect of elevation on accumulation is confirmed, although this is less marked in the northern portion of the domain. The 3000–4000 m a.s.l. elevation band contributes the bulk of snowmelt, but the 4000–5000 m a.s.l. band is a significant source and deserves further monitoring and research. S. Frey and H. Holzmann Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4517–4530, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4517-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4517-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary Temperature index melt models often lead to snow accumulation in high mountainous elevations. We developed a simple conceptual snow redistribution model working on a commonly used grid cell size of 1x1km. That model is integrated in the hydrological rainfall runoff model COSERO. Applying the model to the catchment of Oetztaler Ache, Austria, could prevent the accumulation of snow in the upper altitudes and lead to an improved model efficiency regarding discharge and snow coverage (MODIS). Z. H. He, F. Q. Tian, H. V. Gupta, H. C. Hu, and H. P. Hu Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1807–1826, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1807-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1807-2015, 2015 S. J. Marshall Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 5181–5200, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5181-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5181-2014, 2014 Short summary Short summary This paper presents a new 12-year glacier meteorological, mass balance, and run-off record from the Canadian Rocky Mountains. This provides insight into the glaciohydrological regime of the Rockies. For the period 2002-2013, about 60% of glacier meltwater run-off originated from seasonal snow and 40% was derived from glacier ice and firn. Ice and firn run-off is concentrated in the months of August and September, at which time it contributes significantly to regional-scale water resources. J. You, D. G. Tarboton, and C. H. Luce Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 5061–5076, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5061-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5061-2014, 2014 Short summary Short summary This paper evaluates three improvements to an energy balance snowmelt model aimed to represent snow surface temperature while retaining the parsimony of a single layer. Surface heat flow is modeled using a forcing term related to the vertical temperature difference and a restore term related to the temporal gradient of surface temperature. Adjustments for melt water refreezing and thermal conductivity when the snow is shallow are introduced. The model performs well at the three test sites. Z. H. He, J. Parajka, F. Q. Tian, and G. Blöschl Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4773–4789, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4773-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4773-2014, 2014 Short summary Short summary In this paper, we propose a new method for estimating the snowmelt degree-day factor (DDFS) directly from MODIS snow covered area (SCA) and ground-based snow depth data without calibration. Snow density is estimated as the ratio between observed precipitation and changes in the snow volume for days with snow accumulation. DDFS values are estimated as the ratio between changes in the snow water equivalent and difference between the daily temperature and a threshold value for days with snowmelt. Cited articles Anwar, F.: Robust Parameter Optimization (ROPE) routine, GitHub [code], https://github.com/faizan90/depth_funcs (last access: 12 December 2021), 2020. a Bergström, S.: Experience from applications of the HBV hydrological model from the perspective of prediction in ungauged basins, IAHS-AISH publication, 97–107, 2006. a Bergström, S.: The HBV model, in: Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology, edited by: Singh, V. P., Water Resources Publications, Colorado, USA, 443–476, ISBN 978-0-91833-491-6, 1995. a Climate Data Center of the German Weather Service (DWD): Index of /climate_environment/CDC/, Deutscher Wetterdienst [data set], https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC, last access: 15 February 2021. a Girons Lopez, M., Vis, M. J. P., Jenicek, M., Griessinger, N., and Seibert, J.: Assessing the degree of detail of temperature-based snow routines for runoff modelling in mountainous areas in central Europe, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4441–4461, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4441-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d Hall, D. K. and Riggs, G. A.: MODIS/Terra Snow Cover Daily L3 Global 500m SIN Grid, Version 6, NDSI_Snow_Cover, Boulder, Colorado USA, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD10A1.006, 2016 (downloaded using Earth Data Search Tool, https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search, last access: 19 February 2021). a, b Hofierka, J. and Suri, M.: The solar radiation model for Open source GIS: implementation and applications, Proceedings of the Open source GIS – GRASS users conference, 2002. a Liu, T., Willems, P., Feng, X. W., Li, Q., Huang, Y., Bao, A. M., Chen, X., Veroustraete, F., and Dong, Q. H.: On the usefulness of remote sensing input data for spatially distributed hydrological modelling: case of the Tarim River basin in China, Hydrol. Process., 26, 335–344, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8129, 2012. a Neteler, M. and Mitasova, H.: Open source GIS: a GRASS GIS approach – Appendix, vol. 689, Kluwer Academic Pub, 2002. a Rutter, N., Essery, R., Pomeroy, J., Altimir, N., Andreadis, K., Baker, I., Barr, A., Bartlett, P., Boone, A., Deng, H., Douville, H., Dutra, E., Elder, K., Ellis, C., Feng, X., Gelfan, A., Goodbody, A., Gusev, Y., Gustafsson, D., Hellström, R., Hirabayashi, Y., Hirota, T., Jonas, T., Koren, V., Kuragina, A., Lettenmaier, D., Li, W., Luce, C., Martin, E., Nasonova, O., Pumpanen, J., Pyles, R., Samuelsson, P., Sandells, M., Schädler, G., Shmakin, A., Smirnova, T., Stähli, M., Stöckli, R., Strasser, U., Su, H., Suzuki, K., Takata, K., Tanaka, K., Thompson, E., Vesala, T., Viterbo, P., Wiltshire, A., Xia, K., Xue, Y., and Yamazaki, T.: Evaluation of forest snow processes models (SnowMIP2), J. Geophys. Res., 114, D06111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011063, 2009. a Schmucki, E., Marty, C., Fierz, C., and Lehning, M.: Evaluation of modelled snow depth and snow water equivalent at three contrasting sites in Switzerland using SNOWPACK simulations driven by different meteorological data input, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 99, 27–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.12.004, 2014. a MeteoSwiss: Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology [data set], https://gate.meteoswiss.ch/idaweb/login.do, last access: 21 December 2020. a Tong, R., Parajka, J., Salentinig, A., Pfeil, I., Komma, J., Széles, B., Kubáň, M., Valent, P., Vreugdenhil, M., Wagner, W., and Blöschl, G.: The value of ASCAT soil moisture and MODIS snow cover data for calibrating a conceptual hydrologic model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1389–1410, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1389-2021, 2021. a Short summary In this study, different extensions of the degree-day model were calibrated on snow-cover distribution against freely available satellite snow-cover images. The calibrated models simulated the distribution very well in Baden-Württemberg (Germany) and Switzerland. In addition to reliable identification of snow cover, the melt outputs from the calibrated models were able to improve the flow simulations in different catchments in the study region. In this study, different extensions of the degree-day model were calibrated on snow-cover...
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) p-ISSN 2088-8708, e-ISSN 2722-2578 This journal is published by the Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES) in collaboration with Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama (IPMU).
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Artists Issues CD Reviews Interviews Concert Reviews DVD/Video Reviews Book Reviews Who We Are Staff Home Edward Heppenstall CD Reviews Parts That Hate Me Review by Josh Turner Take a Henning Pauly production and throw it in the oven. What comes out is sheet of well-baked Shrinky-Dinks severed into eleven elegant pieces. That's what this album is all about. More... Return to Artists Directory Enter your search terms Submit search form Web www.musicstreetjournal.com This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License . © 2024 Music Street Journal Site design and programming by Studio Fyra, Inc./Beetcafe.com
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Where the tiny becomes mighty Microscopes open a gateway to the unseen, revealing the intricate details of life at the cellular and sub-cellular levels. For centuries, conventional light microscopy was and continues to be the workhorse of labs to visualize cells and cellular details. But the advent of electron microscopy brought about a new level of detail, diving down to single nuclear pores or the DNA double helix, measuring just 2 nm across. A single but profound difference sets these two microscopes apart: the beam applied to the sample. This simple fact shapes each microscope’s components, operation, and applications. Let’s take a closer look and compare a conventional light microscope to an electron microscope. light vs electron microscopy From light waves to electron beams – how both techniques work A conventional light microscope, also known as an optical microscope, is a versatile and widely available tool that uses light at 400-700 nm wavelength to illuminate a specimen. The interaction of visible light with the biological specimen leads to absorption, transmission, or reflection, and the resulting image is magnified by a combination of objective and eyepiece lenses. Optical microscopes vary in layout depending on the application, but the basic setup includes a condenser to focus light on a specimen, plus an objective lens and eyepieces for magnification (Fig. 1). Various types, such as dark-field and fluorescence microscopes, offer specialized capabilities for studying specific cellular structures. MINFLUX is the spearhead of light microscopy today. With a resolving power down to a few nanometers, it penetrates into the realm previously reserved for electron microscopy. What’s more, in contrast to electron microscopy, MINFLUX may even be used to examine living samples and molecular dynamics (see below). But let’s first take a look at how an electron microscope works. An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to unveil specimen details. Operating in a vacuum, it employs magnetic lenses – a condenser, objective, and projection lens – to focus and magnify the electron beam and capture specimen information (Fig. 1). The image is generated by the transmission or scattering of electrons. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electrons pierce through specimens and leave details on fluorescent screens. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) crafts 3D-like images by scanning a specimen’s surface with a focused electron beam. Figure 1. Setup comparison of a conventional light microscope, transmission, and scanning electron microscope. The wave defines the resolution Conventional optical microscopes magnify a specimen up to 1,500x. However, their resolving power is limited by the wavelength of visible light. The performance of optical lenses decays at shorter wavelengths (∼ 400 nm) and Abbe’s diffraction limit puts the resolution boundary at roughly half that wavelength. Thus, structures smaller than 200 nm laterally and 600-700 nm axially are blurred, leaving numerous subcellular structures inaccessible. By comparison, electron microscopes offer far superior resolution, achieving a magnification of up to 1,000,000x and sub-nanometer resolution about 250 times that of a conventional light microscope. What’s the difference? The specimen is illuminated with electrons, which have a far shorter wavelength than photons. Operated at an accelerating voltage of 200 keV, an electron microscope’s illumination source has a wavelength of roughly 2.5 pm. That’s picometers. The details of viruses (250-30 nm), proteins (10 nm), and even glucose molecules (1 nm) come clearly into view. For electron microscopes, resolution is not limited by wavelength but by its electromagnetic lenses, which cannot be shaped as precisely as the optical lenses of light microscopes. Figure 2: Examples of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Left: Conventional light microscopy can easily resolve cellular structures such as chromosomes in onion cells as in this image. Middle: SEM is well suited to image surfaces in great detail (here: a blood clot). Right: TEM reaches sub-nanometer resolution and can resolve e.g. details of viruses like this Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. (Images: left: Bobjgalindo, CC license 4.0, no changes made; middle and right: public domain). And what about live specimens? Compared to electron microscopy, light microscopy steals the show here. You can use a variety of specimen types – living or dead, fixed or unfixed, stained or unstained, with thickness in the micrometer range. You can peer into specimens, like living cells, as they are transparent to photons. And it doesn’t take much to prepare these specimens. Staining with colored dyes or fluorophores to enhance contrast and highlight specific cellular structures is straightforward, and various colors can be used simultaneously to reveal multiple targets at once. Along with mounting on a glass slide with a coverslip, preparation is done within minutes to hours. Electron microscopy excludes live-specimen observation. Also, marking structures of interest with colored dyes and labels, like in light microscopy, is not an option. Specimens must be ultra-thin (usually 0.1 µm or below) and undergo a series of intricate preparation steps, from fixation to dehydration and coating with heavy metals to reflect electrons before mounting on a copper grid. Preparation is labor-intensive, requires advanced skills, takes several days to complete, and makes it impossible to keep a specimen alive. Photon vs. electron: a microscopy duel? Both conventional light microscopy and electron microscopy have their place in science. Each unveils unique aspects of life at different scales. On the one hand, simplicity and user-friendly operation make conventional light microscopes a fundamental choice for many scientific labs. They are compact, lightweight, suitable for field use, and come at an affordable price and low maintenance costs. On the other hand, electron microscopes are far superior in magnification and sub-nanometer resolution, clearly showing the molecular world. That high resolution, however, comes with a high price tag, requires dedicated rooms and trained operators, and the imaging conditions are incompatible with live specimens. So, is there a way of getting the best of both microscopes? Go beyond the conventional We’ve compared the electron microscope to conventional light microscopes, but today’s microscopy armory includes superresolution instruments that circumvent Abbe’s diffraction limit, revealing structures well into the nanometer range and below. MINFLUX is one instrument in particular that has pushed the boundaries of superresolution. Noteworthy is that MINFLUX steps in where the electron microscope comes to a halt: examining live specimens and investigating live molecule dynamics. Multicolored MINFLUX visualizes the two- and three-dimensional distribution of molecules within live cellular landscapes at a resolution of 1–3 nm. It has been used to image single molecules in peroxisomes, mitochondrial membranes, photoreceptors, neurons, and nuclear pores (Fig. 3). Furthermore, with a temporal resolution of less than 1 millisecond, MINFLUX also captures conformational changes of molecules, like the step-by-step movement of kinesin-1 along microtubules1,2 and the activation of the mechanosensitive ion channel PIEZO1.3 With simplified sample preparation and affordability, this advanced imaging technology is accessible and powerful. Want to know more about how MINFLUX makes the invisible visible? Dive into the details in this article. Figure 3: Both transmission electron microscopy (left) and MINFLUX light microscopy (right) reach single-digit nanometer resolution, revealing the circular architecture of nuclear pore complexes. (Left image: Zhang, Y., Li, S., Zeng, C.et al., CC license 4.0, no changes made). 1 Deguchi, T. et al. 2023. Science 379: 1010. 2 Wolff, J. O. et al. 2023. Science 379: 1004. 3 Mulhall, E. M. et al. 2023. Nature 620: 1117.
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The annals of Ashurbanapal (v Rawlinson pl. I-X) / autographed text by Robert J. Lau with a glossary in English and German and brief notes by Stephen Langdon. - Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria, active 668 B.C.-627 B.C. - Date: - 1903 - Books About this work Publication/Creation Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1903. Physical description x, 63 pages, 1 leaf, 45 pages 1 leaf ; 20 cm. Series Languages Where to find it Location Status Access Closed stores2
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US 0 suggestions are available, use up and down arrow to navigate them 1 Gardener Jobs in Littleton, CO Sort by: - AHorticulturist (Greenhouse Production)AMERICAN PUBLIC GARDENS ASSN Denver, CO (Onsite) Full-TimeUnder direct supervision, this position provides support to the Horticulture department through applying appropriate horticultural techniques to a wide variety of plant materials throughout the gar...
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Title | Migrants wintering in the Caribbean: vacation time? | ---|---| Authors: | Holmes, T. W. Sherry R. T. | Publication Type | Journal Article | Year of Publication: | 1998 | Volume: | 5 | Pagination: | 16-19 | Accession Number: | HBR.98-26 | Published Top Stories LTER at AGU, 2024 New DataNugget: Do urchins flip out in hot water? From Species Richness to Ecosystem Resilience: a Synthesis Study of Marine Consumer Nutrient Supply Love writing about science? Now accepting applications for our 2024 LTER Graduate Writing Fellows program! A changing Arctic drives a new generation of research Measuring Methane in 4D: Tree Fluxes at Harvard Forest Shaped by fire: the Bonanza Creek LTER Renewed funding for the LNO prioritizes synthesis, broadening participation, and mentorship It begins with quality data: non-LTER student uses SBC LTER data to learn R, presents work at ESA Science at the Top of the World, or, 48 Hours at Beaufort Lagoon Ecosystems LTER
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Km00068 Dwyer and Mackay Jill Gatenby with a crow found by Tony Cooper a Geologist at Hannans South. Keywords: | jillgatenbycrowtonycoopergeologisthannanssouth | ---|---| Registration Number: | Km00068 | Cataloguer: | Mrs. Moya Sharp | Month Taken: | 12 | Day Taken: | 1 | Year Taken: | 1987 | Cite this page Western Australian Museum Collections https://museum.wa.gov.au/online-collections/object/km00068 Accessed 14 Aug 2024 Rights We support the open release of data and information about our collections. Text content on this page is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Image content on this page is copyright WA Museum.
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