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Incentives under Automation and Basic Income
Globalization and technological acceleration are having a large impact on employment. The profit motive is the primary driver in a company's decision to move operations offshore and/or to introduce machines that can replace labor. Since the beginning of the 21st century we are seeing increasing automation and several scholars have already identified many professions that are likely to be displaced by technology with negative effects on employment. Along with this process there has also been an increasing interest in a potential solution, that of universal and unconditional basic income. The main concern with a program of this sort is the incentives that it creates when people can receive a basic survival income with no conditions. There is a concern that some people would stop working and others could engage in unproductive and potentially destructive behaviors. In this paper we present the results of a survey conducted in the United States that presents scenarios of a basic income to determine the type of activities people think they would do if they were given an amount substantially below the poverty line or an amount above it. The research relies on theories about incentives from psychology and economics and contributes to the discussion that both policymakers and scholars are having about this topic that could help guide efforts being made in designing support programs in an age of automation.
Martha Garcia Murillo is a Professor at the School of Information Studies at Syracuse University. She has an M.S. in Economics and a Ph.D. in Political Economy and Public Policy. She has been involved in research and consulting projects for the UN-ITU, US State Department, The World Bank and other national, regional and international organizations. Her research focuses on the impact on technology on development, the impact of regulation on business behavior, the impact of technology on regulation. In these areas she has explored the impact of ICTs on corruption, informal economies, new businesses and employment among others. Her current research focuses on the impact of technology on employment and the potential impact that a universal service income can have on incentives.
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Meeting a Terrific Challenge
Discussion of Larson Research Center work.
Moderator: dbundy
Posts: 134
Joined: Mon Dec 17, 2012 9:14 pm
Re: Meeting a Terrific Challenge
Post by dbundy » Thu Feb 01, 2018 3:06 pm
At the end of the previous entry, I wrote that we would introduce a new direction in the mathematical approach of our RSt. I've already written about a new scalar math and introduced the idea of three units of numbers or three number systems based on sqrt of 1, 2 and 3. The genesis of this idea and others that follow stems from the 3d stack of 8, 1-unit cubes, or the 2x2x2 stack of cubes we call Larson's cube (LC).
The fact that the 3d geometric figure of the LC perfectly corresponds to the numbers of the binomial expansion of the tetraktys reveals a deep and fundamental connection, or union, of numbers and geometry. It's hard to overestimate the significance of this discovery, as the pursuit of such a union has driven the historical development of traditional mathematics, from ancient times. I've written much about this on my website at
Here, though, I want to show how the math of the LC, in the form of the binomial expansion of the Tetraktys, should permit us to calculate the values of the LRC's RSt and thus the 1d, 2d and 3d properties of the S|T combos, which should, if valid, yield the magnitudes of the observed properties of the physical entities, which correspond to these various combos.
The key is understanding the expansion, or progression of the scale, or size, of the oscillating LC, since such an expansion corresponds to the sum of all its multi-dimensional scalar motion. To understand this, we must recognize that each physical dimension has two "directions." In the case of the unit LC, we can see that multiplying each dimension by the corresponding coefficient of that dimension, yields the correct number of dimensional units for a given dimension:
Recall that there is 1 0d point, 3 1d lines, 3 2d planes and 1 3d volume in the LC, and that these numbers are identical to the 1 3 3 1 sequence of numbers of the 4th line of the binomial expansion of the Tetraktys (BET). So, we can write this as:
10 x 1 point, 11 x 3 lines, 12 x 3 planes and 13 x 1 volume, or
10 (1mp) + 11 (3dp) + 12 (3qp) + 13 (1op) = 1(1) + 1(3x2) + 1(3x4) + 1(1x8) = 1+6+12+8 = 27 poles, where mp = monopole, dp = dipole, qp = quadrupole and op = octopole.
This is the multi-pole sum of the unit LC. So, to sum multiple units of the LC, we simply sum the coefficients of each dimension times the number of poles in that dimension:
n0(1mp) + n1(3dp) + n2(3qp) + n3(1op), or
n0(1) + n1(6) + n2(12) + n3(8).
On this basis, the progression of the LC, in terms of poles is, 27, 125, 343, 729, or
33, 53, 73, …(2n+1)3, n = 1, 2, 3, …∞
With this much understood, we can proceed to calculate the multi-dimensional magnitudes of the S|T combos. We have long since shown that summing the 1d numbers of the fundamental S|T combo, 1/2 + 1/1 + 2/1 = 4|4 num into the numbers of the triple combo, calculates the neutrino number, enabling us to calculate all the combos corresponding to the quarks and leptons of the first family of the LST's standard model of particle physics. For example, in the material sector:
Electron = 3(6|6) = 18|18;
Anti-Up = (2(6|6) + 4|4 = 12|12 + 4|4 = 16|16;
Down = ((2(4|4) +6|6 = 8|8 + 6|6 = 14|14;
Neutrino = 3(4|4) = 12|12;
Positron = 3(6|6) = 18|18;
with the inverse of these corresponding to the cosmic sector of the RST universe.
Combining these into the proton, neutron and helium atom entities, all the 1d charges work out perfectly, corresponding to the electrical properties of the observed entities, even in the beta decay process. However, these 1d numbers are not suitable to calculate the 2d and 3d magnitudes of the combos. We need to be able to calculate with 2d and 3d numbers to do this.
Of course, the vector mathematics of the LST are totally unsuited for this purpose. We must have a new scalar mathematics to calculate the multi-dimensional scalar magnitudes of the S|T combos, and I have shown why this is so on the LRC website. It's quite a story, but it's necessary to understand it, if one is to comprehend what we mean, when we refer to multi-dimensional scalar numbers and magnitudes.
Once it's understood how the scalar motion of an oscillating volume can form the basis for a multi-dimensional scalar mathematics, capable of describing the multi-dimensional magnitudes of scalar motion in various combinations, just as an oscillating vector motion can be used as the basis for multi-dimensional vector mathematics, describing magnitudes of vector motion, a whole new world of possibilities beckons us forward.
Hopefully, it's a valid world that can be shown to correspond to magnitudes of observed properties of matter, but, of course, there's no guarantee. It may turn out to be an exercise in futility, but I think it's worthwhile to explore it and see where it leads.
More next time.
Posts: 134
Joined: Mon Dec 17, 2012 9:14 pm
Re: Meeting a Terrific Challenge
Post by dbundy » Wed Feb 14, 2018 11:25 am
The idea that multi-dimensional scalars exist isn't in question. They do, even though the idea may seem preposterous to LST mathematicians and physicists. However, that's only because they've yet to recognize scalar motion and the reciprocity of space and time, as shown by Dewey Larson.
Multi-dimensional scalar motion is clearly evident, when we consider an oscillating volume. Such a volume has 0, 1 and 2 dimensional components, as well as a three-dimensional volume and it's clear that they can all be identified mathematically as well as geometrically. The mathematics of the oscillating volume is defined by the multi-dimensional units of Larson's cube, the 2x2x2 stack of 1-unit cubes, in which the radius of the inner volume, which is just contained by the stack, is an integer magnitude and the radius of the outer volume, which just contains the stack, is a non-integer magnitude.
While this may not appear to be very useful at first, I think it will turn out to be very useful eventually, since the ratios between the radii, areas and volumes of the two balls are integral magnitudes. We will explore those magnitudes later, but first we need to understand that the way they arise is fundamental, and this bids us to ponder the theoretical and philosophical implications.
Recall that in the previous post, I showed the startling correspondence between the tetraktys and the LC. We saw how, when the binomial expansion of the tetraktys (BET) is regarded as the expansion of two "directions" in each of three physical dimensions, the result is the mathematical equivalence of the unit LC's geometry. That is, the numerical expansion of the fourth line of the tetraktys,
is equivalent to the geometric expansion of the LC, the 2x2x2 stack of unit cubes, since the LC can be considered to consists of
1 0d point, 3 1d lines, 3 2d planes and 1 3d volume.
As explained in my previous post, when we expand the LC in the two "directions" of each of these dimensions, we can write the expansion of the multiple dimensions in terms of a sum of multi-poles:
or, more generally,
n0(1mp) + n1(3dp) + n2(3qp) + n3(1op) = (2n +1)3 poles, n = 1, 2, 3, ...∞. [1]
Of course, nature doesn't expand by these integer numbers of cubes with their right angles, but by the non-integer geometric magnitudes of balls, with their respective radii, and, as my earlier analysis has shown, there are three of these found in the LC:
√1, √2, and √3.
Consequently, the expansion of the LC, in terms of the numbers of the tetraktys, can be thought of as the geometric expansion of the 1d, 2d and 3d non-integer magnitudes, as well as the 1d, 2d and 3d integer magnitudes of [1], recalling that numbers have, as magnitudes do, three properties: magnitude, dimension and "direction."
Since each dimension has two "directions" in which magnitude can exist, the binomial expansion of the tetraktys enables us to identify it with the LC, up to its three, non-zero, dimensions. Beyond that, however, the powers of two that we find in Pascal's triangle, while exhibiting some of the properties of the LC expansion, loses its dimensional correlation with the LC. It is the expansion of the 3d level of the triangle that constitutes what we might call a 3d scalar number, and we can expand its integer magnitudes as shown in [1] above, or its non-integer magnitudes, as I will show now.
To do this, we simply multiply our 3d number, which we will designate with an uppercase R, by n, where n = 1, 2, 3, ...∞:
1 x R = 1mp+3dp+3qp+1op = (1x20)+(3x21)+(3x22)+(1x23) = 1+6+12+8 = 27;
2 x R = 2(1+6+12+8) = 2+12+24+16 = 54;
3 x R = 3(1+6+12+8) = 3+18+36+24 = 81;
n x R = n(1+6+12+8) = n+6n+12n+8n = 27n.
The dimensions of the terms of the expanded number ascend left to right, from 0 to 3, so there are n 0-dimensional units, followed by 6n 1-dimensional, 12n 2-dimensional, and 8n 3-dimensional units in the number. The magnitude and dimension of these units, ud, are:
u1 = √1,
u2 = √2,
u3 = √3,
as appropriate for each non-zero dimension:
n x Rud = 1n+6nu1+12nu2+8nu3 = 27nud
It's important to understand that the subscript number of the units, while identical to the exponential number of respective poles in each term, is an actual magnitude of the corresponding unit, so that the 1d unit (√1) is multiplied by the 1d coefficient (6n), the 2d unit (√2), by the 2d coefficient (12n), and the 3d unit (√3), by the 3d coefficient (8n).
Presumably, on this basis, we can calculate the units of n-dimensional motion in a given reciprocal number (RN) = n(1/2+1/1+2/1) = n(4|4). The procedure we will use requires us to take the ratio of various geometric quantities, based on these 3d numbers, as I will discuss next time.
Posts: 134
Joined: Mon Dec 17, 2012 9:14 pm
Re: Meeting a Terrific Challenge
Post by dbundy » Wed Feb 28, 2018 11:57 am
The most enduring challenge that Western science has faced down through the centuries, since the days of the brilliant Greeks, like Pythagoras and Euclid, is the fact that there are geometric magnitudes for which there are no corresponding numbers. It is the same challenge facing the modern LST community today: The integer numbers of quantum physics are irreconcilable with the geometric magnitudes of general relativity, creating the same kind of impasse the ancients faced. Believe it or not, digital approximation to analog magnitudes is still incomplete, in spite of the spectacular sight of 4k video and other technological achievements of the 21st century.
Perhaps Kronecker was right, after all, even though the world has followed Dedekind cuts and Cantor sets into the realm of real numbers, notwithstanding the objections of philosophers. Larson assumes Kronecker was right: "God made the integers, all the rest is the work of man," as he has taken a revolutionary approach to answering the question of how our analog world emerges from God's integers, even though that was not his intention, per se.
As it turns out, though, the 3d scalar expansion of numbers can be in-separately connected to the 3d scalar expansion of geometry, by recognizing the identity of the tetraktys and LC, uniting the magnitudes of numbers, with those of geometry, if I'm not mistaken.
What makes this possible is the fact that the ratio of the irrational numbers in the expanding LC, such as π, cancel out in these ratios, leaving only integers, or the square roots of integers. Consequently, the expanding cubes of the LC, though not corresponding to the 2d areas and 3d volumes of physical expansion, or progression, directly, nevertheless determine the boundaries of these associated 2d areas and 3d volumes, and the ratio of these turns out to be integer magnitudes, or their square roots, in terms of a given 2d or 3d unit.
For example, the ratio of the unit 3d volume with the radius square root of 3, to the surface area of the 2d sphere, with the radius square root of 2, is 1, 2, 3 ...n, in units of √3. The ratio of the same volume to the circle area of the 2d volume (its cross section) is 2, 4, 6, ...2n, again in units of √3.
Given that the LC defines three volumes, areas and radii, there are lots of combinations to consider, and I will try to deal with these systematically, in due course, but first the issue of how these magnitudes combine has to be addressed.
Recall that in the previous post, it was shown how the numerical expansion of the LC stack of 8 one-unit cubes can be calculated using the numbers of the fourth line (dimension) of the tetraktys, as shown in the table below:
This expansion of the geometric stack via its correspondence to the tetraktys may seem non-intuitive at first glance, because, when we think of a stack of 8 cubes added to another stack of 8 cubes, we intuitively think we should have 8+8 = 16 cubes.
However, when we are adding 23 + n3, the sum is equal to (2+n)3, not 8+n3. In the case of 1 stack +1 stack, for instance, we have:
(2x2x2) + (2x2x2) = 23 + 23 = 43 = 64 cubes, not 8 + 8 = 16 cubes.
With this much understood, we can calculate the magnitudes of the volumes defined by the magnitude of a given stack and the respective radii determined by that stack. We just use the multi-dimensional number line shown in the table below:
The chart omits the 2d number line, but it shows the progression of all three radii, which we can use to calculate the magnitudes of the volumes and areas of each of the three balls of any given LC combo and their ratios, and this capability should enable us to calculate the magnitude of the 2d and 3d scalar motion associated with a given RN, n(1/2+1/1+2/1).
If this is the correct approach, it ought to enable us to calculate the 2d and 3d magnitudes of a given S|T combo, such as those found in the LRC's version of the LST's standard model of particle physics, and thereby hopefully match their observed magnetic and mass properties.
Posts: 134
Joined: Mon Dec 17, 2012 9:14 pm
Re: Meeting a Terrific Challenge
Post by dbundy » Thu Mar 15, 2018 6:57 pm
Ok, the next step in our challenge is to relate the expansion of our 3d number system (i.e. √1, √2, √3), based on the radii of the the three balls defined by the LC, to our reciprocal numbers that constitute the S|T unit combos of the LRC's version of the standard model (sm).
In order to meet the terrific challenge of determining why the mass of the proton (~1836 MeV/c2) is so much more than the mass of the electron (~ .511 MeV/c2), we anticipate having to understand the 3d properties of the S|T combos.
However, it will also behoove us to understand the other two families of particles, the second and third families of quarks and leptons found in the LST's standard model of particle physics, especially their leptons, since the mass of these particles varies from that of the electron, but their charges do not.
The mass of the muon lepton is ~ 106 MeV/c2, and the mass of the tau lepton is ~ 1776.82 MeV/c2, and an investigation of these mass differences from the electron mass avoids the complication of multiple quarks with different masses in combination.
I don't know why taking this course in the development didn't occur to me before, except I guess it seemed too daunting to contemplate, so I just didn't, but, as it turns out, the solution might just follow as a consequence of the fundamental postulates, like all the rest! And why should we be surprised?
Now, the reason I think this might be so is I suspect the mysterious limit to three families of quarks and leptons has to do with the limit of the universe to three dimensions, and if that is the case, then the question becomes one of how this connection is realized. The only way I've been able to connect them is through our 3d number system. That is to say, by changing the unit measure for each family to the radius of the corresponding ball of the LC.
On this basis, the unit of the first family would be the √1, that of the second family √2, and that of the third √3. The unit of the first family has worked out very well, as I have shown now for years, but only in terms of integers not square roots. Yet, we can express the RN's of our sm combos in terms of square roots by simply substituting the square root unit for that of the integer:
S|T = 1(√1)/2(√1) + 1(√1)/1(√1) + 2(√1)/1(√1) = 4(√1)|4(√1),
which gives us the neutrino of the first family (called the electron family), when it is multiplied by the three S|T units constituting a neutrino, or 3 x 4(√1)|4(√1) = 12(√1)|12(√1) num. From there, we can calculate the num value of each quark and lepton and their anti-particles, as shown below:
Where each balanced S|T unit (green) in a combo has a value of 4(√1)|4(√1) num, and each unbalanced S|T unit (red or blue) has a value of 6(√1)|6(√1) num. This works out to 14, 16 and 18 num in both "directions" from the neutrino's 12 num. Again, we have been amazed at how well these preon combos have worked out, in terms of 1d, or electrical properties, especially in terms of plus and minus beta decay, and the formation of protons and neutrons and the elements of the periodic table.
Yet, we have not been able to find the 2d (magnetic) or the 3d (mass) properties of these combinations, using the 1d RN, so the idea of identifying the three families with RNs employing the three different radii of the LC might be a good approach.
Since 12 is the square root of 144, we can use this value for the num of the electron neutrino, and this gives us √324|√324 (or 182) num for the electron & positron.
Accordingly, the neutrino of the second family's RN would be based on the √2 unit, giving it a value of 12(√2)|12(√2), or √288|√288 num. Thus, for the second family (called the muon family), the three green S|T units, constituting its neutrino, would have a value of √288/3, or √32:
υμ = √32 + √32 + √32 = √288
and unbalancing each subsequent combo by adding an additional 2d space or time unit to each of these in turn, gives us the sequence:
√72 + √32 + √32 = √392; √72 + √72 + √32 = √512; √72 + √72 + √72 = √648, or
-√648, -√512, -√392, √288, √392, √512, √648
Therefore, the 2d muons have a num of √648. Now, a μ- decays into a muon neutrino, √288 num, and a W- boson, so next we need the num of the 2d W- boson, which would be,
W- = 30(√2)|30(√2) num, or √1800|√1800 num,
given the 2d unit substitution in its calculation. Consequently, the difference between the num of the W bosons and the muons has to equal the num of the muon neutrinos:
√648 - √1800 = √288.
Like the 1d boson of beta decay, the 2d boson quickly decays into an electron and its anti-neutrino, but with a difference: Instead of a 1d electron and its 1d anti-neutrino, these would both have to be 2d combos, with 18(√2) num and 12(√2) num, respectively. I don't know what to make of that, yet.
As might be expected, the 3d case works out as well. The num of the neutrino of the third family (called the tau family), based on the 3d unit, √3, is 4(√3)|4(√3), or √432. Based on this value, the two tauons have a num of √972|√972 and the num of the 3d W bosons works out to √2700|√2700.
Hence the difference between the 3d tauons and the 3d bosons is √972 - √2700 = √432, which is the magnitude of the 3d tauon neutrino.
The decay of the tauons is almost identical to the decay of the muons, with the exception that the much heavier mass of the tauons allows their W bosons to decay into hadrons as well as leptons.
This must be yet another clue to the elusive 3d mass property of these combos. Hopefully, it'll help get us to the bottom of this mystery sooner than later.
Posts: 134
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Re: Meeting a Terrific Challenge
Post by dbundy » Sat Mar 24, 2018 11:16 am
It may seem bizarre at first glance, but the logic is sound I believe and the math is trivial, when we scale up the S|T combos of the LRC's version of the first family of the LST's standard model (sm) of particle physics, in order to calculate the combos of the second and third families, as described in the previous post above.
We did it by assuming that the three units of the LC are actually the basis for three valid number systems, and as such could each form a family of combos. The calculations work out for the two "new" families, because they work out for the first family, upon which they are based.
When I say "work out," I mean the balance of the 1d electrical charges work out for all three families, not the 2d magnetic and 3d mass calculations, because we don't know how to make those yet. However, in the previous post, I forgot to divide the W boson num values by the appropriate unit, which caused an error in the magnitudes of the decay products.
Recall, that the num of the W bosons in the beta decay process of the electron family is 30 or the square root of 900, while that of the W bosons of the muon family is the square root of 1800 and that of the tau family is the square root of 2700. However, when each of these latter num values are divided by their respective unit values, √2 and √3, they both come out to 30, which is the sum of the electron (18) and anti-neutrino (12), as they should be.
So, while I'm happy that we've been able to extend our new physics model like this, using the new math that has come out of the RST, I have to stress how tentative it is at this point, knowing that I may have made a foolish mistake again, as I have many times in the past.
With this said, however, I am happy to show how the theory fits nicely and naturally into the 3d numbers of the tetraktys table, which I recently shared in a previous post above. The three tables, one for each family, are shown below:
Table 1. Tetraktys (LC) Progression of First Family Magnitudes (Electron Family of Quarks and Leptons)
Table 2. Tetraktys (LC) Progression of Second Family Magnitudes (Muon Family of Quarks and Leptons)
Table 3. Tetraktys (LC) Progression of Third Family Magnitudes (Tau Family of Quarks and Leptons)
As can be seen from these tables, we only need to substitute the √2 and √3 for the normal unit of √1, in order to get the values of the next two families.
The progression of the 3d magnitudes of the electron family's tetraktys are then doubled for the muon family and tripled for the tau family:
1) Electron's 3d (LC) progression: 8, 64, 216, 512, ..., 2n3, n = 1, 2, 3, ..., ∞
2) Muon's 3d (LC) progression: 16, 128, 432, 1024, ..., 2(2n)3, n = 1, 2, 3, ..., ∞
3) Tau's 3d (LC) progression: 24, 192, 648, 1536, ..., 3(2n)3, n = 1, 2, 3, ..., ∞
I should mention that the corresponding LST multi-dimensional number systems shown in red at the bottom of the tables were placed in the original table for an unrelated reason and I just neglected to remove them.
The bottom line is that we now have three families of S|T combos that correspond to the three families of elementary particles found in the LST's standard model of particle physics. Recognizing that the LRC's model is strictly deduced from the RST's postulates, while the LST's model is constructed from empirical observations, and that the mathematics used to calculate the properties of the LRC's model stem from the intuition, or, in other words, are intuited, from those same postulates, or from nature, we might say, while the mathematics of the LST's model is based on questionable formalisms, or non-intuited axioms of doubtful origins (real, imaginary and theoretical numbers), we are very pleased, to say the least.
If only we can figure out how to calculate the 2d and 3d properties of all these particles!
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Re: Meeting a Terrific Challenge
Post by dbundy » Mon Mar 26, 2018 12:50 pm
Accepting a universe of motion is not easy for us, because we naturally see space and time as a stage for the interaction of pre-existing objects. And even after we reach an age where we can intellectually entertain the idea of nothing but motion, it's still difficult, because we are not equipped with a mathematical understanding that would facilitate the mental conception of such a thing.
Our algebra is based on pre-existing objects, just as our physics is based on it. From 1+1 = 2 and 1-1 = 0 and 1x1 = 1 and 1/1 = 1, we are taught to deal with numbers as objects that occupy one position at any one moment of time, just as the physical objects around us do. Objects can only move in one "direction" of one dimension at a time. To move in the two "directions" of a given dimension, an object must stop its motion in one "direction" and commence to move again in the opposite "direction," of that given dimension.
It is the same with our algebra. We measure magnitudes of space from one end to the other, in one "direction" in a given dimension, at a time. Length a is given a magnitude of measurement, then length b is given one in another dimension. If they are equal measures, their sum is double their measure, and their difference is zero; their product is the square of their measure, and their quotient is equal to their measure, and it goes on from there, if they are not equal.
However, we do not measure scalar motion magnitudes in the same way, because they are not based on the motion of pre-existent objects. These magnitudes are constantly progressing and to measure them, we have to pick a point in time of that progression and a subsequent point in time in reference to it. Thus, it is an algebra of "order in progression," rather than the usual algebra based on "magnitude of substance," to borrow Hamilton's terminology (see here).
These order in progression magnitudes can oscillate, however, just as objects do, but the result is quite different, because the motion of change of scale is simultaneous in both "directions." The movement of scalar oscillation alternately expands and contracts, instead of vibrating back and forth, as the oscillating movement of an object does.
Therefore, the corresponding time-based algebra used to describe the scalar oscillation must be different than the substance-based algebra, used to describe the vibration. Using the substance algebra to describe a vibrating object, such as a back and forth swinging pendulum, for instance, the algebra calculates a changing position over time, whereas the time algebra calculates a changing size over time. These are two different concepts to be sure.
In another example, the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the square root of the sum of the squares of its sides, an irrational number, in substance algebra, but in time algebra, one side of the triangle is considered the reciprocal of the other, because they are orthogonal, so the hypotenuse is effectively transformed into a radius of a circle segment, which is the quotient of the two, orthogonal numbers, i.e. a/b = c, or r = a = b = c.
This then leads to another fundamental difference between the two algebras. In the case of scalar oscillation, r is cut in half, or doubled, depending upon the difference or "displacement" between them. In substance algebra, given integer displacements (i.e. n = 1, 2, 3, ...∞), side c is the same irrational number regardless whether or not side a > side b, or vice versa.
With the time algebra it's quite different. If side a > side b, then r expands, but if side b > a, r contracts. This difference is huge because it is tantamount to the difference between the integer number line, with datum 0, and the rational number line, with datum 1. Both are legitimate, but the integer line is a derivative of the more fundamental rational line.
The rational line has two "directions," while the integer line really has only one "direction." It is made to have two "directions" via the expediency of adding polarity signs to the integers to differentiate between two "directions." It doesn't come by this polarity naturally, though, so it requires another expediency, called the imaginary number, "i," further complicating our understanding, if the difference between the two algebras is not recognized.
In the new scalar mathematics that the LRC calls the reciprocal system of mathematics, both algebras are used, where the integer number line, with datum -1+1=0, is a measure of displacement from unit measure (1/1), and the rational number line, with datum 1/1=1, is a measure of oscillation. A unit of oscillation has a unit of displacement, in one of two "directions." It is an oscillation measure of less than unity or an oscillation measure of greater than unity. These are the only possibilities.
The algebra of the oscillations is synonymous with a third algebra consisting of a union between the substance algebra and the time algebra, where 1/2 + 2/1 = 0, in one sense ((-1) + (+1)), but 3/3 (or 1/1) in another sense, depending upon one's point of view. The sum of the latter (3/3) is misleading, however, because the two oscillations have to be summed over the unit boundary: 1/2 +1/1+2/1 = 4/4; That is to say, the oscillations cannot exist independent of the unit expansion, otherwise there is no unit motion to oscillate, by creating a unit displacement in the two "directions."
The bottom line is this: We cannot consistently revise our concept of a universe of matter to a concept of a universe of scalar motion, without revising our concept of numbers and their algebra, which we use to combine them and quantify the relations between them.
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Re: Meeting a Terrific Challenge
Post by dbundy » Tue Mar 27, 2018 8:20 am
The assertion that new bottles are needed for new wine is very old and wise, and evidently it's true in our case as well. We portend to offer a new and powerful paradigm for viewing the universe, but without a new bottle to put it in, the new wine tends to leak away. Could it be true that we have found a new bottle in what we are calling the reciprocal system of mathematics?
In our new system of physical theory, we have found that the integer number system, with datum (-1)+(+1) = 0, can be misleading, and the rational number system, with datum 1/1 = 1 actually generates the integer system and is therefore more fundamental, when the integer numbers are viewed as displacements from rational unity, either in the numerator or the denominator.
We also find that, while our new system postulates discrete units only, irrational numbers are found in the geometry and the mathematics of the three dimensional scalar motion that our new system also posits. These are the square roots of 1, 2 and 3. What we at the LRC are now contending, is that these three square roots can each serve as the basis for three different, but related number systems.
Whether or not this assertion is justified, only time will tell, but in the meantime, we notice that the three families of quarks and leptons found in the LST's standard model of particle physics can be generated from these three number systems, at least in the one-dimensional case, where electrical charges account for their properties.
Yet, that work is very preliminary and subject to change as our understanding of these proposed number systems grows. As those who have been following these posts know, the basis for our scalar algebra is found in the numbers of the tetraktys and the geometry of Larson's cube (LC), the 3d stack of 8 one-unit cubes that is generated by the progression of the multi-dimensional tetraktys. The algebra calculates the progression of the stack and the stack's geometry determines the progression of the three radii, which are the square roots of 1, 2 and 3.
Now, in the LRC's RST-based theory (our RSt, if you will), if the progression of the stack begins to oscillate at some point, it creates oscillating entities of space over time and also their reciprocal units, oscillating entities of time over space, and these are combined to form a ratio of space/time oscillations to time/space oscillations, which simply count the quantity of space versus time oscillations in combination.
Of course, these quantities may be equal, or unequal, and, if they are unequal, one may be greater or lesser than the other, which forms an "order in progression" algebra, upon which we can build an algebraic science, that can contain ("bottle?") the well-established science of geometry, used in our new scalar system, thereby satisfying what we may characterize as "Hamilton's complaint."
As already mentioned previously, the three square roots can be shown to be valid multi-dimensional units of numbers in at least two ways. The first way is by examining the three balls defined by the 3d stacks. The radius of the inner ball, contained by the stack, is the square root of 1, while the radius of the ball that just contains a 2d slice of the stack is the square root of 2, and the radius of the ball just containing the stack is the square root of 3. Rotating these three radii down to the horizontal line, pointing to the right from the origin, it can be seen how they form three units on a number line. This is a geometric representation.
The second way to see the same thing is doing so algebraically, using the Pythagorean theorem, where each of the three dimensional units are used in the calculation, as follows:
1) √((√1)2+(√1)2+(√1)2) = √(1+1+1) = √3;
2) √((√1)2+(√1)2+(√0)2) = √(1+1+0) = √2;
3) √((√1)2+(√0)2+(√0)2) = √(1+0+0) = √1;
But then using each of these units as units of measure in the expansion, we get two more sets:
1) √((√2)2+(√2)2+(√2)2) = √(2+2+2) = √6;
2) √((√2)2+(√2)2+(√0)2) = √(2+2+0) = √4;
3) √((√2)2+(√0)2+(√0)2) = √(2+0+0) = √2;
1) √((√3)2+(√3)2+(√3)2) = √(3+3+3) = √9;
2) √((√3)2+(√3)2+(√0)2) = √(3+3+0) = √6;
3) √((√3)2+(√0)2+(√0)2) = √(3+0+0) = √3;
So, from these calculations, we see at least two very interesting items. First, we see that the 1d value in each case is one of our square roots, but only in the first set, the 1d set we might say, is the square root an integer, i.e. √1 = 1. Second, however, we see that the 2d value in the 2d set is an integer (√4 = 2), and the 3d value in the 3d set is also an integer (√9 = 3).
It's no coincidence that I chose these three colors to highlight the dimensional integers, because I suspect that they play into the so-called "color" charges of the LST's quark combos constituting the protons and neutrons.
We'll see. Stay tuned.
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Re: Meeting a Terrific Challenge
Post by dbundy » Mon Apr 16, 2018 2:03 pm
Sometimes it's hard to fight the doubts that what we have developed and are still developing is something significant and worthwhile. This is especially true when I read the CERN propaganda heralding the accomplishments of the LST, such as the so-called completion of the standard model of particle physics with the "discovery" of the Higgs boson, requiring the LST community to accept the notion of the Higgs field, permeating all space and giving mass to some particles, but not others (see here.)
They blissfully bask in the light of their work, inviting all to join in the celebration with them, while ignoring the glare of the inherent contradictions they know full-well are there. True, Stephen Hawking lost his bet that they wouldn't find the Higgs, but the fact that they claimed to have found it doesn't change his characterization of the standard model theory as "ugly and ad hoc" (see here.)
They still talk of finding supersymmetry to save string theory, as if that's possible, and at the same time hail the report of the detection of gravity waves, without even offering a hint as to the disastrous incompatibility of the two theories underlying the quantum and continuum experiments.
And then, if that isn't bad enough, Hestenes' geometric algebra (GA), which we briefly entertained as a basis for RST mathematics many years ago, when it was still rather esoteric, is now so wide-spread that there are countless YouTube videos explaining it glibly! (For instance, see here) Not that there's anything wrong with that in our world of vector motion, but its success reinforces the philosophical hold that the LST has on the unsuspecting public that there's not more to be said.
Scalar motion, the observed motion of the expanding universe and the inverse of it, the gravitational motion of matter, is not even acknowledged as a worthy consideration for investigation, as the continual fight for the acceptance of a Wikipedia article on Larson and his work, attests.
When we looked at GA, with its connection to Clifford algebras, it was exciting to learn that scalars, vectors, bivectors and trivectors followed from the binomial expansion of the tetraktys (or Pascal's triangle). At least GA was a clarification of the confusion emerging from the view of the four, normed division algebras, the reals, complexes, quaternions and octonians, where the four dimensions, 0, 1, 2, 3, are confused with the number of their respective "directions," 1, 2, 4 and 8.
Of course, what we didn't realize at the time was that, although GA maintains the properties of algebra, unlike the four division algebras, which lose two of those three properties, as the "dimension" of the algebra increases, it may have lost the all-important property of triality, just as those algebras do.
Although I may stand corrected on the point of the triality of GA, one thing I know for sure is that its application of vectors to the binomial expansion of the tetraktys will not work for an RST algebra, because scalar motion, like scalar numbers, are quantities of magnitude only. It's true that they have "direction" (e.g. larger, smaller; expansion, contraction; in, out; etc.), but they don't have the infinite number of directions that vectors do, which gives rise to GA's extra property of "orientation."
It's great that the geometric product of GA enables the algebraic manipulation of vector spaces by increasing or decreasing the dimensions of the spaces, since that is so useful in LST work, but it hinders us in our efforts to raise the public's awareness that, at the fundamental level, there is an entirely different type of motion that needs to be understood, and it can be easily understood, when one considers that the dimensions of time and space in the tetraktys (0, 1, 2, 3, respectively) can be understood in terms of the duality of their scalar "directions" (1, 2, 4, 8, or powers of 2, respectively), as well as the "blades" of GA.
The Greeks thought of the tetraktys in terms of the monad (1), dyad (2), triad (3) and tetrad (4), emerging as the complexity of the universe unfolds, and that's not far off, but modern math has lost sight of this universal truth and how to interpret it.
Now, GA comes much closer to the truth; However, because Hestenes knows nothing regarding scalar motion (we approached him with the idea, but he thought we were crazy,) the scalar "directions" of the four dimensions are misinterpreted, as directions of basis vectors, not as multi-dimensional scalar spaces, generated by scalar motion.
Recall how we can quantify Pascal's triangle, in terms of the number of poles it generates in each dimension, which turns out to be powers of 3, because, as the ancient Greeks understood it, poles (i.e. opposites) are not possible without a middle; everything has to have a middle, or center, including numbers:
0d------- 1(20) = 30 = 1 pole
1d-------1(20)+1(21) = 31 = 3 poles
2d------1(20)+2(21)+1(22) = 32 = 9 poles
3d-----1(20)+3(21)+3(22)+1(23) = 33 = 27 poles.
The Greek idea was that "Things that had a beginning, middle and end, [should be] denoted by the number Three, saying that anything that has a middle is triform, which was applied to every perfect thing." (see Quote from Porphyryhere)
Of course, a scalar change of anything is, by definition, an increase (decrease) in the two "directions" of each dimension of that object or figure, or number, which dictates an unchanging middle, or center, from which all such change is referenced.
Hence, the number of poles in each level of the triangle (i.e. dimension) always includes the scalar, or point, from which the rest are measured, so the numbers of Pascal's triangle, 1, 11, 121, 1331, are summed left to right, starting with the ever present scalar on the left for each dimension, and giving us the total number of "directions" as the dimensions increase from 0 to 3:
0d: 1
1d: 1+1 = 2
2d: 1+2+1 = 4
3d: 1+3+3+1 = 8
but the number of poles in each dimension increases as a power of 3, because each succeeding dimension appends the number of its "directions" in that dimension to the number of "directions" of the preceding dimensions:
0d: 1(20) = 30 = 1
1d: 1(20)+1(21) = 31 = 3
2d: 1(20)+2(21)+1(22) = 32 = 9
Consequently, there is a lot of information in the numbers of Pascal's triangle, and the fact that they relate directly to the geometry of Larson's cube is deep and profound, as regards the nature of the numbers of the progressive algebra and the magnitudes of geometry. The following graphic is an attempt to capture some of it:
Given the discovery of this close one-to-one correspondence of numbers to geometry, the motivation to understand a corresponding multi-dimensional algebra of the numbers is very high, and we have been working on it, but, in the meantime, GA applies the dimensional, directional and polarizational properties of the numerical and geometrical transformation depicted in the graphic above to the vector motion of the LST:
The basis elements of GA multivectors correspond to the numbers of Pascal's triangle:
0d: 1 ----------------grade 0------scalar (1);
1d: 11 ---------------grade 1------scalar and vector (2);
2d: 121 -------------grade 2------scalar, 2 vectors and a bivector (4);
3d: 1331 ------------grade 3------scalar, 3 vectors, 3 bivectors and a trivector (8).
Using GA, with these multivectors and combinations of them, Hestenes is able to reduce the four Maxwell equations of electromagnetism in vector space to one equation and solve some long-standing issues of quantum mechanics. Defining GA with these elements and their algebraic rules of operations, Hestenes declares: "[GA] as the leading candidate to unify mathematics in the 21st century." (See page 146 of published interview here.)
In contemplating the situation, though, those few of us who have adopted Larson's view of a universe of motion see the vector motion of the LST as a subset of the scalar motion of the RST, valid in it's own realm, but without the underlying knowledge of scalar motion, it lacks conceptual clarity.
Units of space, or units of time, whether in the form of a 0d point, 1d line, 2d area or 3d volume, are related in a very fundamental way that must be clearly understood if one is to avoid confusion, because there are at least three ways to form them:
1) Change of position, or unidirectional motion (motion in 6 "directions," choose 1;
2) Change of interval, or bidirectional motion (motion in 6 "directions" choose 2;
3) Change of scale, or tridirectional motion (motion in 8 "directions.")
Clearly, all the units of space and time can be built up algebraically from the vector type motion (change of position motion) and it's a good thing, but not always the best choice, if we don't want to over complicate things. A 3d change of scale, with its 1d and 2d components, is manifestly easier to understand than constructing these components via combinations of GA scalars, vectors, bivectors, and trivectors, utilizing the geometric product.
But it's not just a matter of simpler is better. It should be understood that, in a given context, it's totally inadequate and inappropriate. I suppose you could construct the initial 3d scalar number, the 2x2x2 stack of 8, 1-unit cubes, with GA's multivectors, but not only would it be very tedious to do so, it would not lead to the subsequent quantities of 64, 216, 512, etc in any well-motivated manner.
The truth is, the GA trivector is simply a 1x1x1 cube (or ball with radius 1), and rotating it over time completes a 360 degrees cycle, not a 720 degree cycle, per unit of time, which quantum theory must have. I know they can make it work for quantum spin anyway, but not in the straight-forward way that the 3d scalar expansion/contraction does.
If they could, then they would undoubtedly find the essential property of triality in GA and this would enable them to build the entities of the standard model as we have done. But it can't be done with complex numbers, because they lose the property of triality, by going to the unit circle, and I suspect it can't be done with GA either, but I maybe wrong.
Perhaps a reader in this forum knows and can explain it? If so, please feel free to do so, okay?
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Re: Meeting a Terrific Challenge
Post by dbundy » Wed Apr 25, 2018 4:45 pm
I just happened upon a TED talk video by one James Beecham, a young man who is employed as a CERN physicist, working on what he calls a theoretical "disaster." Of course, he's referring to the "trouble with physics," which is the name of one of my blogs, which namesake is the title of Lee Smolin's anti-string theory book, published a few years ago.
The crux of the problem is the ancient one of squaring the circle. That is, the reconciling of the discrete-based quantum theory with the continuum-based general relativity theory, in order to unify the LST's physical theory - it can't be done and there's proof of that now, but they keep spending billions of dollars trying. What James tells his audience is that when they finally give up trying, it will not be the end of physics, but the beginning.
At that point they will need a fresh approach, one that Peter Woit contends will have to unify LST mathematics with its physics first. I've commented extensively about that over the years, but now that it's apparent that we can unite the algebra of time (or progression) with the algebra of space, to obtain a universal algebra of space/time (time/space), we can legitimately declare that the new beginning of physics has already commenced.
Of course, to convince the skeptics, we need to demonstrate the truth of our unification of numbers of the progression with the right lines and circles of geometry, which I think we can do with the tetraktys and Larson's cube (LC) and the world line chart.
We've already shown how the expansion of the tetraktys follows that of the LC, in 0, 1, 2 and 3 dimensions, since the two are mapped together, we might say. Recall how we identify the binary expansion of the tetraktys with the expansions of the two "directions" of each dimension in Pascal's triangle:
Figure 1. Binary Expansion of Four Dimensions of Tetraktys and Pascal's Triangle
In figure 1 above, the dimension 0 (black) has 20 = 1 "directions" (the "direction" of time), corresponding to the 1 of the triangle. The dimension 1 (red) has 21 = 2 "directions" (one dimension of space), corresponding to the triangle's 11 line. The dimension 2 (blue) has 22=4 "directions" (two dimensions of space), corresponding to the triangle's 121 line, and the dimension 3 (green) has 23=8 "directions" (three dimensions of space), corresponding to the triangle's 1331 line.
This clarification of our understanding of the dimensions and "directions" of the tetraktys maps directly to those of the LC, as I've shown many times. Hence the mathematics of the expansion of the dimensions of the tetraktys applies to the mathematics of the LC as well:
x = (n0(1x20) + n1(3x21) + n2(3x22) + n3(1x23))
Since the 0, 1, 2 and 3 powers of numbers are here mapped to the 0, 1, 2 and 3 dimensions of the LC spaces, to any number 1, 2, 3, ...n, of the progression, we can see that the long-standing disconnect between the powers of numbers in our algebra and the dimensions of the magnitudes of geometry is vanquished.
This point is made even more clear, when we place the four dimensional progression of the tetraktys and LC on the √1 number line:
Indeed, we can now graph the space/time (time/space) progression of each of the dimensions of the tetraktys and the LC on its own world line chart, which will be shown in due course, but the point to be made here is that the "disaster" Beecham was talking about is the failure to find a particle, a graviton, from which quantum gravity could be generated in the standard model of particle physics.
String theory, on the other hand, could easily provide for gravity and a host of other advances, but not without extending the standard model to include supersymmetric particles (sparticles.) So far, no evidence of the existence of sparticles has been found, at CERN's LHC, but what's more, the easier and less costly search for indirect evidence has dramatically failed as well (see here.)
As they say, however, "one man's trash, is another man's treasure." The indirect evidence of supersymmetry, for which they are so diligently searching, is its inducement of an electric dipole moment in the electron's charge distribution. The fact that they can't find any distortion in the electron's spinning charge that would cause it to deviate from a perfect sphere, only adds to the mystery of the LST's view of the quantum world.
As Einstein reportedly said, "It would be enough for me to understand the electron," or something to that effect. Given the union of algebra and geometry, which we have now found, where the 3d progression defines a continuous ratio of the inner volume of the LC to its outer volume, and knowing that the observed volume of the electron is perfectly spherical, it seems to me that we ought to proceed to the next step by attempting to identify the one with the other.
As the 3d numerical (digital) progression is 8(n3) (or (2n)3), the corresponding continuous progression, given by the ratio of the LC's outer and inner volumes, is n2(√27). Consequently the corresponding continuous magnitude, associated with the numerical 4x4x4 stack of unit cubes (i.e, when n=2), is equal to 22x√27 = √432.
In other words, the S|T unit that makes up the fermions of the first family of our version of the LST's standard model of particle physics (sm), has two units of space oscillation to one unit of time oscillation (S|T=2|1), which, in numerical terms is 64 cubic space units to 8 cubic time units, and in continuous terms is √432 space units to √27 time units.
Understand, the continuous units are given in terms of the ratio of two radii. The 3d outer volume radius, as the numerator and the 3d inner volume unit radius, as the denominator; that is, the ratio of the outer volume radius to the inner volume radius (rov/riv), in both the S and the T oscillations, is taken as the effective radius of the spherical oscillation of the 2nx2nx2n stack of units in each case.
So, because n=2 on the space side of the equation, and n=1 on the time side, in the first family of the sm, rov/riv on the space side is √432, while on the time side it is √27. The difference is the space/time imbalance, or √243, which when multiplied by 3, in the case of the electron, is √2187.
Now, because this is so new to most readers, let me restate the case in terms of the RN number,
S|T = 1/2+1/1+2/1 =4|4 num, [1]
which is sometimes written in a shorthand form as S|T = 1|1.
The first family neutrino and anti-neutrino is made up of three of these,
ν = 3(1/2+1/1+2/1) = (3/6+3/3+6/3) = 12|12 num,
which is a combination of three balanced S|T units; each S|T unit consisting of one space oscillation and one inverse time oscillation. The equation for the electron, on the other hand, consists of three unbalanced S|T units,
e = 3(2/4+2/1+2/1) = (6/12+6/3+6/3) = 18|18 num,
unbalancing the electron equation to its space motion side by three units. For the time oscillation component of the equation, n =1, but for its space oscillation component, n=2 (or S|T=2:1). Numerically, then, the magnitude of the space oscillation is 2(2)x2(2)x2(2) = 4x4x4 = 64 cubic units, while the magnitude of the time oscillation is 2(1)x2(1)x2(1) = 2x2x2 = 8 cubic units. It is this imbalance in the space and time motion that constitutes electric charge.
However, magnitudes of space and time oscillations cannot be measured in terms of cubic units. Therefore, we take the ratio of two radii defined by the stacks of cubes in order to measure the oscillation, or expansion/contraction motion, of the respective stacks. These two radii are the radii of the inner ball that is just contained by the stack and the outer ball that just contains the stack:
re = rov/riv
where re is the effective radius in terms of the outer volume radius (rov) and the inner volume radius (riv) of a given stack. For the 2x2x2 = 8 unit stack, the radius of the inner ball is √1, and the radius of the outer ball is √3. Taking the cube of their ratio, as in the volume formula, we get the square root of 27. As n increases, so does this ratio, so that for any n, the ratio is equal to n2(√27).
Some may be asking, "So what?" at this point. Well, besides showing that continuous magnitudes can correspond to discrete magnitudes, after all, there is also the matter of the electron's "internal clock," which de Broglie pointed out originally, but which the fathers of quantum mechanics ignored. It was termed Zitterbewegung by Schrodinger and forgotten, but Hestenes and others have revived it. See here and here.
In this interpretation of quantum mechanics, the "zitter" motion, as it is sometimes called, is responsible for quantum spin and the magnetic moment of electrons. To quote Hestenes, "The zitter electron is a lightlike charged particle with intrinsic spin that maintains it in a helical spacetime path, with curvature and frequency determined by the electron mass. Thus, electron mass is fully reduced to clock frequency in electron motion." (emphasis added)
Again, scalar motion is out of sight for these people, but unknown to them, we are closing in.
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Re: Meeting a Terrific Challenge
Post by dbundy » Thu May 17, 2018 9:45 pm
Thirteen years ago, a paper was submitted to the preprint archive, arXiv, entitled, "Some remarks about mass and Zitterbewegung substructure of the electron." The abstract is interesting:
It is shown that the electron Zitterbewegung, that is, the high-frequency microscopic oscillatory motion of electron about its centre of mass, originates a spatial distribution of charge. This allows the point-like electron to behave like a particle of definite size whose self-energy, that is, energy of its electromagnetic field, owns a finite value. This has implications for the electron mass, which, in principle, might be derived from Zitterbewegung physics.
Fifteen years before that, in 1990, David Hestenes published his paper entitled, "The Zitterbewegung Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics," where he used his "geometrically purified" algebra, he called his Space Time Algebra (STA), to reinterpret the Dirac QM equations, showing that the neglected "zitter" motion of the electron, is actually "a ubiquitous phenomena with manifestations in every application of quantum mechanics."
What's curious about all this is that the electron's charge is attributed to its "zitter" motion, but as Larson pointed out long ago, the LST community has no definition of electrical charge. They can only describe its effects, so when they speak of "charge distribution," it's a distribution of electrical effect. Yet in the RST, we know what charge is. It is a motion, like everything else in the RST universe.
Moreover, we know that the charge distribution, so-called, is perfectly spherical, as discussed in the previous comment above. Of course, if it is this spherical object itself that is oscillating, and its mass "is fully reduced to clock frequency," as Hestenes put it (see end of previous comment,) then the question is, "Why is the up quark more massive than the electron, and the down quark more massive than both of them?"
In the equivalent to the standard model in the LRC's RSt, the charges of the particles result from what Larson called "speed displacement," and it is so in our theory as well, but the basis for his calculation was quite different in his theory than in ours.
In our theory, the total speed displacement attributable to electric charge is three + or - units. These units are measured from the 0 displacement of the neutrino, in two "directions," or polarities. The charge of the down (anti-down) quark consists of one unit of + or - displacement, while the up (anti-up) quark consists of two units of + or - displacement and the electron (positron) consists of three such units.
This is a very powerful ansatz in our theoretical development, because it is so fundamental. As a comparison, we can think of the integer number system, where 4/4 represents the same potential as the swing of a pendulum divided, or quantized, if you will, into six segments. Each division of segments is represented by a displacement in one of two possible "directions," away from the center, or non-displaced position:
1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 4/3, 4/2, 4/1
We think of the center, non-displaced, position, of the pendulum (4/4), as the point of zero potential energy and maximum kinetic energy, while the - and + positions at the extremities (1/4 & 4/1), as the positions of maximum potential and zero kinetic energy.
This vibration is the basis of all LST physics, as Einstein. and most others, have observed. However its magnitudes are continuous magnitudes that we have artificially quantitzed with our integers. The desired goal is to understand how nature quantizes the continuum.
Clearly, in an RST-based system, such as ours, the continuum to be quantized is not one of bounded magnitude, but of space/time (time/space) progression, and the educated guess that leads to our ansatz, is the occurrence of periodic "direction" reversals in the progression of one or the other of its two aspects.
Consequently, we can consider our version of the standard model, as the basis of our version of quantum physics, in a manner very similar to the foundational role of the swinging pendulum in classical physics. To do this, we regard our units of space (S) and time (T) oscillation in terms of units of - and + displacement from zero displacement, in the same way we did the pendulum.
Only at the zero, or non-displaced position (4/4), the potential charge is maximum and the actual charge is zero, but at the extremities (1/4 & 4/1), the actual charge is maximum and the potential charge is zero. In other words, potential charge is displaced by actual charge, in our system, just as kinetic energy is displaced by potential energy, in the pendulum system.
On the other hand, unit motion, the inverse of unit mass, in the 3d case at least, is a balance of unit space and unit time oscillation, in the S|T = 1:1 unit. Therefore, one balances, or cancels out, the other, we might say. Even so, unlike in the displacement view, we begin the count with this "c" motion, or 1 at the 4/4 position and count 2 units of motion at the next position (3/4 & 4/3), 3 at the next and 4 at the last.
Although, this doesn't appear to follow the swinging pendulum model, it does, because a 4:4 ratio is effectively zero, and the space/time dimensions are inverted on the other side of unity. So, the charges are additive inverses (or zero sum), while the motions (masses) are multiplicative inverses, but the quantized pendulum analogy holds.
From this perspective, the neutrino is not massless, it's effectively massless, because its space motion is cancelled out by its inverse, time motion. (s3/t3 x t3/s3 = 1.) In reality, the (canceled) mass of the neutrino is the unit mass of our standard model version. It then follows that the down quark and its anti-particle would be 3/4 unit mass, the up quark and its anti-up would be 1/2 unit mass, while the + & - leptons would be 1/4 unit mass, but since this isn't the case, there must be other factors, affecting the mass. For instance, color charge.
Now, this concept is at the root of the LST’s so-called quantum chromodynamics (QCD) theory, used to explain how to account for the masses of the proton and neutron, where the combination of up and down quarks is bound by the "strong interaction" of the "color charges," whose force is much greater and much shorter range than the other two "forces" of the standard model, the weak and electromagnetic (electro-weak) forces.
It turns out that, according to the LST's QCD theory, quarks can be one of three "colors," which are labeled red, blue or green. The color charges have nothing to do with color of course, but the analogy works because combining these three colors produces a white color, just as combining the three different quark charges produces a neutral or balanced strong force between the constituent quarks of the proton and neutron.
Now, there's a further twist in the theory, since most of the mass of the nucleons is not due to the mass of the constituent quarks, but to the energy (mass equivalent) of these color charges of the strong interaction. What's more, the mix of the proton's color charges is slightly less massive than the mix of those of the neutron.
Well, in our RSt, we also have three variations of quarks, as we saw in the penultimate post above, and these variations have to do with the units of the 1, 2 and 3 dimensional scalar math. Recall how there are three integer values, one for each dimensional system: the 1d value = √1, the 2d value = √4, and the 3d value = √9.
Since the nucleons consist of three quarks, two of one variety and one of the opposite variety, if the difference between them is dimensional, then the dimensions of the two identical quarks could be 1d and 2d to oppose and thus balance the scalar motion of the third quark, which would be 3d, and the color analogy would hold.
In the case of the leptons, the 3d value would consist of three 1d values, thus they act as one 3d unit in two, opposite "directions," positive and negative, as observed.
Interestingly enough, there is a slight difference between a native 3d value and the combination of opposing 1d and 2d values, accounting for the slight mass difference of the two nucleons, but more on that later. For now, it's enough to know that perhaps we have something to work with in this regard.
We'll see.
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Learn Relaxation Techniques
There are many ways to enhance your healthy behaviors and reduce your reliance on destructive habits. To start, you can learn how to turn off your body's fight-or-flight reflex through breathing exercises and relaxation techniques.
Here are some simple stress-reducing strategies to help you lessen the impact of stress on your health and wellbeing.
Practice mindful relaxation
Mindful relaxation is an effective way to combat stress. With a little practice, you can learn how to shift into a relaxation mode. When done successfully, the relaxation response increases alpha brain wave activity and lowers blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate, metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, anxiety, and produces a greater sense of wellbeing.
Over time, you will develop an ability to shift into a more relaxed state in the midst of stressful situations.
Try these steps to help you achieve mindful relaxation:
- Commit to an uninterrupted length of time each day to do your practice. You might begin with five minutes and increase from there. Twenty minutes of relaxation once or twice a day is optimal.
- Choose a quiet place. Turn off the television, radio, computer, and telephone.
- Find a comfortable body position. You can sit or recline in a chair, or settle comfortably on the floor. Make sure you feel supported.
- Focus on the repetition of a word, sound, prayer, or your breath flowing in and out.
- Create a positive state of mind. While you may not always be able to block out worries or negative thoughts, you don't need to attach to them. Let them float by like clouds in the sky.
Try breathing techniques
Another way to master stress is to be aware of your breathing. When people feel panicked or unconsciously stressed, they tend to take short, shallow gasps of air. The resulting lack of oxygen restricts blood flow and causes muscles to tense. By allowing more air to enter your body, you slow down your heart rate, lower your blood pressure, and break the stress cycle.
Try the following Two-Minute Relaxation breathing technique:
- Focus your attention on your breathing. Take a few deep breaths, exhaling slowly.
- Mentally scan your body. Notice areas that feel tense or cramped. Quietly loosen them. Let go of as much tension as you can.
- Rotate your head in a smooth, circular motion once or twice, avoiding any movements that cause pain.
- Roll your shoulders forward and backward several times. Let all of your muscles completely relax.
- Recall a pleasant thought, event, or place.
- Take deep breaths and exhale slowly.
Imagery exercises use creative imagination to "picture" scenarios that relax and heal. They can be done on your own, or with a facilitator guiding you, which is called guided imagery.
A common relaxation practice is to mentally picture yourself in a pleasant place that puts your mind and body at ease. For example, imagine yourself lying on a beach with the sun shining, listening to the waves. It is important to imagine a place that has a positive association for you (an ocean beach may not be a pleasant place for everyone).
Another use of imagery is when cancer patients imagine their healthy cells eating and destroying cancerous cells. Studies done with cancer patients show that the use of guided imagery markedly improves stress levels.
Add body exercises
Having awareness of where you store stress in your body is another important part of stress reduction. Learn how to release tension in your body by trying the following exercises.
- Body scan
- Progressive muscle relaxation
- Shoulders and neck relaxation
In addition, mindful movement practices such as yoga, tai chi, and qi gong, are excellent for reducing body tension and stress and increasing flexibility and equanimity. These exercises are becoming increasingly popular and common, and they are available at many local community centers, schools, and health clubs.
Biofeedback uses a measuring device to assess how relaxed you are and teach you how to relax more effectively. Biofeedback equipment monitors systems of which you are not normally aware, such as blood pressure, pulse, temperature, and brain wave patterns. As you practice biofeedback, you develop the ability to change these systems (for example, lower your blood pressure).
You can try a simple biofeedback exercise on your own, using a thermometer as a guide. Hold a thermometer between your index finger and thumb, and note the temperature. Then complete one of the relaxation techniques previously described. After your session, measure your temperature again.
If you are interested in further exploring biofeedback, consult with a psychologist or other health provider who works with it.
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Фулга (комуна)
Фулга () — комуна у повіті Прахова в Румунії. До складу комуни входять такі села (дані про населення за 2002 рік):
Фулга-де-Жос (1755 осіб) — адміністративний центр комуни
Фулга-де-Сус (2127 осіб)
Комуна розташована на відстані 56 км на північний схід від Бухареста, 33 км на схід від Плоєшті, 138 км на південний захід від Галаца, 107 км на південний схід від Брашова.
Населення
За даними перепису населення 2002 року у комуні проживали особи. Усі жителі комуни рідною мовою назвали румунську. За віросповіданням усі жителі комуни — православні.
Національний склад населення комуни:
Посилання
Дані про комуну Фулга на сайті Ghidul Primăriilor
Примітки
Комуни повіту Прахова
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Clermont (Oise)
Clermont (prononcé ), dite Clermont-en-Beauvaisis ou encore Clermont-de-l'Oise afin d'éviter toute confusion, est une commune française située dans le département de l'Oise dont elle est une sous-préfecture, en région Hauts-de-France. Ses habitants sont appelés les Clermontois et les Clermontoises.
Chef-lieu de son arrondissement et bureau centralisateur de son canton, elle est située au centre géographique du département, sur une colline dominant la vallée de la Brêche. La cité est au centre d'une agglomération dont l'aire urbaine et l'unité urbaine comptent plus de , soit la cinquième du département par sa population. Avantagée par sa situation de carrefour des axes routiers Paris-Dunkerque et Rouen-Reims, elle l'est également par sa desserte sur la ligne ferroviaire de Paris à Lille. Lieu anciennement convoité par les Bellovaques à l'époque romaine, le site originel de la ville, jadis simple colline, fut ensuite progressivement occupé par un château comtal avant de se transformer ensuite en petite place forte entourée de remparts vers le . Au siècle suivant l'un de ses comtes, Robert de Clermont, de Saint Louis, fut le fondateur de la maison capétienne de Bourbon.
Son importance est abaissée à partir du : ses remparts sont abattus et la Révolution française fait fuir les comtes de Clermont. Grâce à l'arrivée du chemin de fer au milieu du , la ville a connu l'arrivée de quelques industries et la création d'un important hôpital psychiatrique, premier employeur de la cité. Depuis 1960, elle fait partie de la communauté de communes du Clermontois, successeur du district de Clermont.
Géographie
Localisation
Clermont est située à égale distance de Paris et d'Amiens (), à à l'est de Beauvais, à l'ouest de Compiègne. Elle se situe au centre géographique du département de l'Oise.
Communes limitrophes
Topographie et géologie
La commune s'étend entre et d'altitude. Le point le plus bas se trouve dans les marais de la Brêche, à , les rails du chemin de fer, à la gare, sont à au-dessus du niveau de la mer. Le donjon est à , le Châtellier à . Les hauteurs qui dominent la ville, à l'ouest, près de la rue Pierre-Viénot, atteignent . La place Décuignières est à , la Croix-Saint-Laurent à au-dessus du niveau de la mer. Le point culminant se situe à la sortie de la cité, en direction de Mouy, au lieu-dit . La commune de Clermont occupe une colline allongée du sud-ouest au nord-est, plus élevée vers son extrémité nord que du côté opposé par laquelle elle est rattachée aux coteaux de la région méridionale. Les pentes de cette éminence complètent le territoire qui descend jusqu'aux bords de la vallée de la Brêche, et comprend quelques parties marécageuses de la vallée. La rivière forme toute la limite vers le nord-est. Le centre-ville occupe la crête de la colline dans le sens de sa plus longue dimension. La ville de Clermont s'élève sur un coteau qui domine la Brêche, affluent de l'Oise. Sur l'esplanade du Châtellier, qui surplombe la ville, on découvre, vers l'ouest, la forêt de Hez-Froidmont et la de la Brêche. Vers le nord-ouest, s'ouvre la vallée de l'Arré. Au nord se développe un terrain de formation crayeuse, pays fertile et de grande culture qui s'étend vers l'est et va mourir dans les marais de Sacy-le-Grand. Au sud, Clermont domine toujours la vallée de la Brêche qui descend vers Liancourt et Creil.
Le sable de Bracheux, qui marque le début du cycle tanéthien à l'ère tertiaire apparaît au lieu-dit les Sables et quartier du Pont-de-Pierre. De larges bandes de terrains argileux font apparaître des graviers et limons anciens, au confluent de la Brêche et de l'Arré, et également entre le Pont-de-Pierre et Breuil-le-Vert. Des alluvions modernes tapissent la vallée de la Brêche. Dans la région sud, à la base de la montagne de Clermont, nous sommes en présence de sables inférieurs (sables de Bracheux). Une argile jaune, de formation lacustre (argile plastique), contenant du lignite pyritieux et recouvert de sable jaune traverse la colline de Clermont, réapparaît au-dessus du Pont-de-Pierre, contourne le mamelon passe à Faÿ et s'étend vers Agnetz et Giencourt. Des fossiles (coquilles brisées), abondent tout autour de la ville. À Béthancourtel, un dépôt superficiel, dernier vestige d'un banc emporté par les érosions qui ont creusé la vallée jusqu'à Creil, est composé de calcaire lacustre mélangé à de l'argile, de silex blonds et de calcaires siliceux (calcaire de Saint-Ouen). La présence d'argile sur les coteaux de la colline du centre-ville est à l'origine de quelques mouvements de terrains. La commune se situe en zone de sismicité 1.
Hydrographie
Clermont est le lieu de quelques confluences de rivières et de ruisseaux.
La principale rivière traversant la commune est la Brêche, prenant sa source à sa source à Reuil-sur-Brêche et se jetant dans l'Oise à Villers-Saint-Paul. Lors de son entrée dans le territoire communal, la Brêche rencontre son plus important affluent, l'Arré, prenant sa source à Saint-Just-en-Chaussée. La Brêche se divise ensuite en deux bras qui se rejoindront à Breuil-le-Sec. Marquant la limite communale entre Clermont et Fitz-James, elle traverse les marais communaux où elle conflue avec le Rû de la Garde naissant dans la forêt de Hez-Froidmont. Le cours de la rivière passe ensuite par le faubourg du Pont-de-Pierre avant de quitter la commune.
Le Rû des Ecoullaux prend sa source près d'Agnetz puis traverse le quartier des Sables avant de rejoindre le ruisseau de la Garde près du confluent avec la Brêche.
L'étang de Faÿ} et une mare se situent près du quartier de Faÿ. Un marais situé chemin des Marettes, derrière la gare, fait l'objet de travaux de réhabilitation en 2022 et constitue un naturel sensible de 20 hectares abritant une riche biodiversité.
Le Moulin Vieux du Pont-de-Pierre, situé au hameau du Pont-de-Pierre sur le premier bras de la Brêche, rive gauche. Établi depuis plusieurs siècles comme moulin à huile, il sert désormais à l'adduction d'eau potable de la ville. Jusqu'en 1750, date de la création de la route de Compiègne (actuelle avenue des Déportés), un moulin se trouvait au pied du raidillon pavé qui descend de la Porte Nointel. On trouvait également le moulin neuf du Pont-de-Pierre, situé sur la rive droite, à la sortie du hameau dit aussi , qui est construit en 1792. Vers 1900, il est propriété des grands moulins de Paris et cesse son activité en 1949. Une partie de ce bâtiment a été transformé en logements, le reste a été détruit.
Climat
En 2010, le climat de la commune est de type climat océanique dégradé des plaines du Centre et du Nord, selon une étude du Centre national de la recherche scientifique s'appuyant sur une série de données couvrant la période 1971-2000. En 2020, Météo-France publie une typologie des climats de la France métropolitaine dans laquelle la commune est exposée à un climat océanique et est dans la région climatique Nord-est du bassin Parisien, caractérisée par un ensoleillement médiocre, une pluviométrie moyenne régulièrement répartie au cours de l’année et un hiver froid ().
Pour la période 1971-2000, la température annuelle moyenne est de , avec une amplitude thermique annuelle de . Le cumul annuel moyen de précipitations est de , avec de précipitations en janvier et en juillet. Pour la période 1991-2020, la température moyenne annuelle observée sur la station météorologique la plus proche, située sur la commune de Creil à à vol d'oiseau, est de et le cumul annuel moyen de précipitations est de . Pour l'avenir, les paramètres climatiques de la commune estimés pour 2050 selon différents scénarios d'émission de gaz à effet de serre sont consultables sur un site dédié publié par Météo-France en novembre 2022.
Milieux naturels
Malgré un tissu urbain conséquent occupant près de la moitié de la superficie du territoire communal (), l'ensemble des espaces boisés composés par les parcs du Châtellier et François-Mitterrand ainsi que par les bois de Fay, de Béthencourtel, des marais de la Brêche et du Vignoble représente à lui seul 32,9 % de la commune, soit . Les cultures, à l'ouest, occupent (12,3 % du territoire), les vergers et prairies tandis que les jardins et espaces verts rassemblent plus de (1,4 %). Les mares, marais et zones humides de la Brêche ne réunissent que de la superficie totale de la commune (0,2 %). Les bois de Faÿ et de Béthancourtel font partie d'un corridor écologique potentiel. La promenade du Châtellier est un site naturel classé depuis 1933.
Urbanisme
Typologie
Clermont est une commune urbaine, car elle fait partie des communes denses ou de densité intermédiaire, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee.
Elle appartient à l'unité urbaine de Clermont, une agglomération intra-départementale regroupant cinq communes et en 2017, dont elle est ville-centre. Par ailleurs la commune fait partie de l'aire d'attraction de Paris, dont elle est une commune de la couronne. Cette aire regroupe .
Occupation des sols
L'occupation des sols de la commune, telle qu'elle ressort de la base de données européenne d’occupation biophysique des sols Corine Land Cover (CLC), est marquée par l'importance des territoires artificialisés (55,7 % en 2018), en augmentation par rapport à 1990 (43,4 %). La répartition détaillée en 2018 est la suivante :
zones urbanisées (49,2 %), forêts (26,1 %), terres arables (13,5 %), espaces verts artificialisés, non agricoles (4,5 %), zones agricoles hétérogènes (2,7 %), zones industrielles ou commerciales et réseaux de communication (2 %), prairies (2 %). L'évolution de l’occupation des sols de la commune et de ses infrastructures peut être observée sur les différentes représentations cartographiques du territoire : la carte de Cassini (), la carte d'état-major (1820-1866) et les cartes ou photos aériennes de l'IGN pour la période actuelle (1950 à aujourd'hui).
Quartiers et lieux-dits
Les quartiers urbains de la ville de Clermont sont les suivants : le centre-ville, construit sur la butte du donjon, plus en contrebas, on trouve les quartiers de la Sous-Préfecture et des Fontaines ainsi que l'ancien hameau de Béthencourtel. Sur la partie sud de la commune, au pied de la rue de Paris, est élevé le quartier de la Croix-de-Creil. Au pied de la face nord de la colline ancienne, se localisent les quartiers de la Gare et du Pont-de-Pierre, entre ligne SNCF et la Brêche. Plus à l'est, se trouvent l'Équipée, le quartier Belle-Assise et à l'extrême ouest, le quartier des Sables-beaujeu. Enfin, Faÿ se stabilise au pied du bois du même nom, au centre-ouest de la commune. Les lieux-dits ne sont pas nombreux sur le territoire. Sur le plateau d'Auvillers, une partie du territoire d'Agnetz est donné au profit de la ville en 1960. Dans ces champs se trouvent les lieux-dits le Télégraphe, de la Justice et le Champ de Béthencourtel.
Morphologie urbaine
La partie la plus ancienne se trouve au sommet de la colline : il s'agit du donjon au .
La ville naît et progresse vers le sud-ouest en formant le centre-ville, entouré de remparts au . À partir de la fin du , la maladrerie Saint-Laurent est construite en contrebas, dans le quartier Saint Laurent actuel. Le faubourg Saint-André ou Grand Faubourg se développe sous le bourg en formant la rue de la République.
Aux siècles qui suivent, le faubourg s'agrandit et descend vers le nord pour former la rue des Fontaines. Le quartier Saint-Laurent est construit. Lorsque la rue de Paris est inaugurée en 1767, les habitations se construisent le long de cette rue et se complète de jardins.
Au , le développement du chemin de fer et des industries augmente la ville d'un tiers à la ville actuelle. Les quartiers de l'Équipée, de la Gare et du Pont de Pierre se développent. Au même siècle, le hameau de Béthencourtel et le bas de la rue de Paris est pris à la commune de Breuil-le-Vert. La rue de la Cavée et le quartier Saint-Laurent est pris à Agnetz.
Lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les quartiers de la Gare et Belle Assise sont dévastés.
À partir de 1953, on assiste au démarrage de la construction de plusieurs bâtiments : sont construits sur les terrains appartenant à la maison Gervais qui en avait fait don à la ville. Un autre immeuble de est édifié en 1958 (avec école maternelle) sur le plateau de la Belle Assise. Un groupe scolaire (cours primaire et école maternelle mixte) est construit, rue Pierre-Viénot, en 1957. Enfin, en 1960, le quartier de Faÿ et la croix de Creil sont repris au communes de Breuil-le-Vert et d'Agnetz.
Habitat et logement
En 2018, le nombre total de logements dans la commune était de , alors qu'il était de en 2013 et de en 2008.
Parmi ces logements, 91,1 % étaient des résidences principales, 1 % des résidences secondaires et 7,9 % des logements vacants. Ces logements étaient pour 41,6 % d'entre eux des maisons individuelles et pour 57,9 % des appartements.
Le tableau ci-dessous présente la typologie des logements à Clermont en 2018 en comparaison avec celle de l'Oise et de la France entière. Une caractéristique marquante du parc de logements est ainsi une proportion de résidences secondaires et logements occasionnels (1 %) inférieure à celle du département (2,5 %) mais supérieure à celle de la France entière (9,7 %). Concernant le statut d'occupation de ces logements, 39,5 % des habitants de la commune sont propriétaires de leur logement (41,9 % en 2013), contre 61,4 % pour l'Oise et 57,5 pour la France entière.
Voies de communications et transports
Voies de communication
Clermont est aujourd'hui situé à de la Porte de la Chapelle et à une heure d'Amiens, à de Beauvais et de Compiègne, .
La ville était traversée par la route nationale 16 (aujourd'hui déclassée en et ), avant d'être déviée par une voie rapide a été inaugurée en 1993. La voie historique, ancienne route royale de Paris à Dunkerque, passe par la rue de Paris (quartier de la Croix de Creil, de Béthancourtel), la place Descuignères (quartier Saint-André), la rue du Général-de-Gaulle, la place Camille-Sellier (quartier de l'Équipée) et la rue de Saint-Just.
La commune est également traversée par la route nationale 31, un tronçon de la route européenne 46. C'est l'ancienne route royale de Rouen à Reims, qui est également déviée par la voie rapide. Son tracé initial est constitué par l'avenue Léon-Gambetta (quartier des Sables, quartier Saint-Laurent), la place Camille-Sellier (quartier de l'Équipée), et la rue de Compiègne, qui deviendra avenue des Déportés (quartier de la Gare, et du Pont de Pierre).
Plusieurs sorties sur les voies rapides de la et de la desservent la commune : à l'ouest de l'agglomération (Agnetz), à la limite nord de la commune et au sud, sur la commune de Breuil-le-Vert.
L'ancienne route nationale 329 reliant Beaumont-sur-Oise à Clermont (actuelle RD 929) arrive sur le territoire par le sud-ouest, passe par la rue Pierre-Viénot avant de rejoindre la RD 916 sur la place Décuignières.
Plusieurs rues relient la commune au hameau de Giencourt (commune de Breuil-le-Vert). La rue de Faÿ relie le quartier du même nom au bourg d'Agnetz. Avant la déviation de la route nationale 31, la route départementale 151, reliant Clermont à Froissy se séparait de la D 931 par la rue Wenceslas-Coutellier. Elle débute aujourd'hui à Agnetz.
La ville est également accessible par la sortie de l'A16 et par la sortie de l'A1 en passant ensuite par la , ces sorties étant situées toutes deux à de la ville.
La ville est traversée par la ligne de Paris-Nord à Lille et l'était par la ligne Rochy-Condé - Soissons, fermée à partir de 1964 et quasi-intégralement déclassée en 1972.
La ville est traversée par le second itinéraire de l'avenue verte Londres-Paris. Cette variante, partant de Neuville-sur-Oise, passe par Chantilly, Senlis, Clermont et Beauvais. Elle rejoint le tracé principal à Saint-Germer-de-Fly. En venant de Paris et de Pont-Sainte-Maxence, le tracé passe par les rues Marcel-Duchemin, du Chemin-Blanc, des Meuniers, des Meniers et de Paris et arrive sur la place Descuignères. En venant de Londres et de Bresles, l'itinéraire passe par les rues de Faÿ, Roger-Martin-du-Gard, de la Croix-Picard et du Général-de-Gaulle avant d'arriver rue de la République. Du centre-ville, on doit emprunter la rue des Fontaines puis la rue Roger-Martin-du-Gard pour rejoindre Beauvais, et également prendre les rues du Châtellier puis Marcel-Duchemin pour rejoindre Pont-Sainte-Maxence.
Transports en commun
La gare de Clermont-de-l'Oise, mise en service en 1846 est desservie par des trains TER Hauts-de-France des relations C10, C11, K10 et P10 assurant des liaisons entre Paris-Nord ou Creil et Saint-Just-en-Chaussée ou Amiens. Elle est également desservie par plusieurs services de taxi à la demande. Les trains mettent pour atteindre la gare de Creil, pour la gare de Paris-Nord et pour rejoindre Amiens.
La commune est desservie, en 2023, par les lignes 602, 606, 623, 642, 660, 682, 6242, 6301, 6341, 6342, 6343, 6344, 6345, 6346, 6347, 6348, 6349, 6350, 6351, 6352, 6353, 6354 et 6356 du réseau interurbain de l'Oise.
Le réseau de transport en commun Lebus, créé en 2014, dessert initialement les communes d'Agnetz, Breuil-le-Sec, Breuil-le-Vert, Clermont, Fitz-James et Neuilly-sous-Clermont. Il est repris le par la communauté de communes du Clermontois afin de lui permettre de desservir d'autres communes membres de l'intercommunalité.
Risques naturels et technologiques
Les zones les moins élevées de la commune sont exposées aux risques d'inondations du fait de leur présence au-dessus de nappes sous-affleurantes.
Toponymie
Le nom de la localité est attesté sous les formes de Baldinus de Clarimonte en 1023, puis Clarus Mons ( en latin) en 1120, Claro Monte in Belvacio en 1269, Clarus Mons in Belvacino en 1306 ou Clarus Mons in Belle Vicino en 1358, Clarimontis en 1363, Apud Clarum Montem in Belvacino en 1390. La première forme de Clermont se retrouve au début du avec la dénomination Clermont en Beauvoisiz, puis . En 1790, la cité prend le nom de Clermont en Beauvaisis avant d'obtenir le nom officiel de Clermont au avec l'arrivée du chemin de fer mais aussi sous les formes de Clermont de l'Oise ou Clermont-en-France.
Depuis le , le nom officiel de la commune est Clermont, « le mont lumineux ».
Ce toponyme étant courant dans le domaine linguistique roman, il a fréquemment été précisé géographiquement en Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, et ce depuis les plus anciennes mentions écrites de la ville. Depuis l'arrivée du chemin de fer au milieu du et la dénomination de la gare sous le terme Clermont-de-l'Oise, cette commune est parfois appelée sous ce nom par abus de langage. Cette dénomination est donc récente, mais aussi ambiguë puisque l'Oise ne coule pas à Clermont ; le terme Oise désigne ici le département et non la rivière contrairement à l'usage habituel dans les toponymes français.
Histoire
La préhistoire, les origines
De nombreux témoignages (silex taillés, haches taillées et polies, puits à silex) prouvent une occupation très ancienne de la région de Clermont par les hommes préhistoriques, dès le Paléolithique (nomades chasseurs et cueilleurs) et au Néolithique (apparition de l'agriculture et de l'élevage, premières habitations et villages). Cependant la colline de Clermont, par elle-même, n'a pas livré de vestiges de la Préhistoire. Un éminent savant clermontois, l'abbé Breuil (Henri), surnommé par plaisanterie , s'est beaucoup intéressé au sous-sol de la région. La nature particulière du sol, en cet endroit, formé de limons argileux très calcaires, le fit exploiter au pour la fabrication de briques. Plusieurs carrières se sont ouvertes, ce qui a permis à l'abbé Breuil de faire des recherches intéressantes sur le séjour en ces lieux de l'homme du Quaternaire. Des éclats de silex taillés, des rognons de silex très irrégulièrement façonnés, des lames et des couteaux, etc., lui ont permis d'authentifier un important atelier de taille de type "Levallois". De 1980 à 1986, des fouilles scientifiques dirigées par Jean-Claude Blanchet ont mis en évidence, sur le site de hauteur de Catenoy (au lieu-dit Camp-de-César), sur la pointe du plateau entre Villers-sous-Catenoy et Sacy-le-Grand, un grand camp fortifié néolithique, qui a été occupé principalement à la période chasséenne ( environ) et à l'âge du bronze final ( - environ). Il s'agit de l'un des premiers camps fortifiés organisés et occupés d'une manière continue autour de Clermont.
L'invasion romaine dans le Clermontois
Avant la conquête des Gaules par les Romains, le territoire du département était habité par différentes peuplades : les Ambiani occupaient le nord, vers la Somme ; les Bellovaci possédaient la plus grande partie des arrondissements actuels de Beauvais et de Clermont ; les Calètes, la vallée de la Bresles et les environs de Formerie ; les Veliovassi, le sud-ouest vers Gisors et Gournay-en-Bray ; les Silvanectes, les environs de Senlis ; les Suessiones, le territoire compris entre l'Aisne, l'Oise et l'Automne, et les Viromandui, la bordure nord-ouest vers Lassigny, Noyon et Guiscard. De ces peuplades appartenant à la Gaule Belgique, les Bellovaci, ou Bellovaques, étaient la plus puissante. En l' avant notre ère, Clermont aurait été, d'après G. Materat, le théâtre d'opérations militaires, au cours de la deuxième campagne de César contre les Bellovaques et leurs alliés. Arrivant du Soissonnais, les quatre légions romaines, après une rapide avance, se heurtèrent au gros de l'ennemi, protégé par la vallée marécageuse de la Brêche. Les adversaires ne purent se résoudre à l'attaque et s'installèrent défensivement, au moins pendant 5 mois ; d'une part, les Romains, sur la colline de Catenoy-Nointel ; d'autre part, les Bellovaques et leurs alliés sur le revers est du plateau d'Agnetz-Auvillers-Cambronne, avec la colline de Clermont comme bastion avancé. Cette période de stabilisation fut suivie de l'offensive de Jules César qui débuta vers par le lancement de ponts de fascines dans le marais de la Brêche, près de Breuil-le-Sec, et l'établissement sur la rive droite de cette rivière d'une tête de pont au mont de Crème. Les Gaulois n'ont laissé aucune trace de leur long séjour à Clermont, ni aux environs. Si les archéologues nous ont permis de mettre au jour les vestiges de la position des troupes de César, aucune découverte n'est venue restituer la contrepartie bellovaque sur le promontoire de Clermont.
Du Moyen Âge à la Renaissance, une période mouvementée
La ville fut probablement à l'origine de la famille Chiaromonte (forme italianisée de ), appartenant au baronnage italo-normand du royaume de Sicile, cette famille fit souche en Italie méridionale.
Un premier château a probablement dû s'élever sur la montagne de Clermont au moment des incursions normandes au . Le château fut sans doute bâti sur le territoire de Breuil-le-Vert, qui s'étendait alors jusqu'au confins de la paroisse d'Agnetz. Des maisons ne tardèrent pas à s'élever au pied de la forteresse et à former une nouvelle paroisse constituée au détriment des territoires de Breuil-le-Vert et d'Agnetz. L'invasion normande de 842 dut provoquer des réflexes défensifs à Clermont, mais l'archéologie n'a fait que découvrir des souterrains-refuges éparpillés dans toute la région. Toutefois, il n'est pas interdit de penser que le de l'époque vit son sommet couronné d'un château fort en bois, entouré d'un talus, et dont il ne saurait exister aucun vestige sur une éminence utilisée et remaniée les dix siècles suivants. La première mention historique date de 1023 : Beaudoin est cité comme témoin parmi les grands du royaume, réunis à Compiègne, dans un acte portant association de prières et reconnaissance de biens passés entre Garin, évêque de Beauvais, et Leudin, abbé de Saint-Vaast d'Arras. Guibert, abbé de Nogent-sous-Coucy, dans sa curieuse autobiographie, , raconte que toute l'université de Clermont résidait dans la chambre de son pédagogue : il cite son jeune frère, comme , (chevalier et citoyen du château de Clermont), et nous apprend qu'il fut lui-même doté d'une prébende de la collégiale, qu'il ne paraît pas avoir occupée d'ailleurs.
La Charte de Clermont, écrite en vieux français et datant de 1197, accorde des franchises à la ville et énumère les obligations des habitants, et précise que les affaires de la ville étaient gérées par un conseil de huit bourgeois élus par leurs pairs. Au , la ville est le centre d'un petit comté passé en 1191 entre les mains des puissants comte de Blois, et qui va tomber dans l'escarcelle royale, avec son achat en 1218 par Philippe Auguste qui le donne immédiatement à son fils légitimé Philippe Hurepel.
Jusqu'au milieu du , l'histoire de la ville ne fut qu'une suite ininterrompue de guerres et de pillages. Clermont joua un rôle important pendant la Jacquerie (1358) ; la dernière rencontre entre les jacques et les seigneurs eut lieu entre Nointel et Catenoy, au lieu-dit le Champ de Bataille - d'après Froissart - Guillaume Cale aurait eu la tête tranchée sur la grand-place de Clermont ; trois bourgeois, Pierre le Cirier, Jean Alliaume et Henri du Breuil reçurent des lettres de rémission pour avoir pillé pendant cette période le château d'Ermenonville. En 1359, le captal de Buch s'empara de Clermont, qui, d'après Froissart, était avec un bon château ; il la garda trois ans. Les Anglais, en 1420, . Le maréchal de Boussac tenta vainement en 1430 de prendre le château, défendu par Jean de Crèvecœur ; Thomas Kyriel s'y installa l'année suivante ; le château fut ensuite pris et repris par d'Offémont et la Hire.
Époque moderne
Pendant les guerres de Religion, Clermont se déclara pour la Ligue. En , s'empare du château, qui est ensuite repris par Charles de Mayenne ; après un nouveau siège, le capitaine la Grace, signe le , devant , une capitulation dont le texte a été conservé. La ville est pillée ensuite pendant dix-sept jours. L'humaniste Théodore de Bèze y fait l'acquisition du Codex Claromontanus.
En , le prince de Condé se retire à Clermont, où il fait et amène avec lui une grosse cavalerie. C'est pendant cette période qu'a lieu à Creil une fête, où figurent cinquante arbalétriers de Clermont, ; trois tambours, six trompettes, deux hautbois formaient la musique. Après un siège dirigé par le maréchal d'Ancre, la ville et le château se rendent le . Le maréchal de Senectère s'empare de la ville en 1654. Dangeau signale, dans son Journal, VI, 369, que le comté de Clermont relevait, en 1698, du prince muet Emmanuel Philibert de Carignan -(1628-1709).Une assemblée d'élection est tenue à Clermont le , sous la présence du duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, et le ont lieu, à l'auditoire royal, les élections des députés aux États-généraux.
Époque contemporaine
Révolution française, et Restauration
La Révolution se passe à Clermont d'une façon fort tranquille ; cité bourgeoise, la ville ne compte pas de véritable noblesse parmi ses habitants ; l'établissement de la liste des suspects se fait difficilement ; quelques chanoines, une religieuse, des nobles et bourgeois sont arrêtés puis transférés à Chantilly, où meurt Havart de Popincourt, seigneur de Béthancourtel ; à l'exception de ce dernier, tous reviennent ensuite. Les fêtes de la Révolution ne présentent pas de particularités, il convient de signaler seulement celle donnée en l'honneur de la femme Barbier, de Méry, le , et sous l'Empire, la célébration de la naissance du roi de Rome.
Après les invasions des Cents jours, sous la Restauration, fut célébrée le , la bénédiction des étendards de la Garde Nationale.
Monarchie de Juillet, Seconde République et Second Empire
Le chemin de fer arrive à Clermont avec la création de la gare de Clermont-de-l'Oise en 1846, lors de la mise en service par la Compagnie des chemins de fer du Nord de la ligne de Paris-Nord à Lille, facilitant les déplacements des habitants et le transports des marchandises et concurrençant les anciens transports par diligence, qui essaient de résister : la Société de messageries Labrunerie inaugure le service des voyageurs vers Beauvais. Une entreprise de transports, Dardelle et Compagnie, dont le siège est situé à l'hôtel du Croissant, place Saint-André (place Descuignères actuelle), assure l'acheminement des voyageurs, de Clermont à Paris, en doublant son service et à des prix défiant toute concurrence : de , selon la place du voyageur, sur la galerie ou dans le coupé, en passant par la banquette ou la rotonde.
La Révolution de est très calme, mais le les gardes nationaux de Clermont vont à Paris défendre l'assemblée menacée ; ils y retournent en juin pour aider les sections de la ville de Batignolles-Monceau, qui viennent, le , les remercier de leur concours et leur offrent un drapeau d'honneur. En 1846, la ville est l'une des premières villes françaises à être reliée à Paris grâce à l'ouverture de la ligne de Paris-Nord à Lille, dans un premier temps entre Clermont et la capitale, puis d'Amiens à Paris. L'arrondissement de Clermont manifeste à cette époque beaucoup d'enthousiasme pour le prince Louis-Napoléon, si l'on en juge par un rapport du préfet de l'Oise au ministère de l'Intérieur en date d'.
Pendant la Guerre franco-allemande de 1870, Clermont subit l'invasion allemande : Le , Clermont est déclarée ville ouverte lorsque les Prussiens sont aux portes de la commune. L'occupation cesse le .
À la suite de la répression de la Commune, un grand nombre de femmes sont enfermées à la Maison centrale (donjon actuel), dont l'effectif dépasse alors le chiffre de .
En 1878 est mise en service la ligne de Rochy-Condé à Soissons, dont le service voyageurs est supprimé en 1939.
Première Guerre mondiale
La ville de Clermont est attaquée une seconde fois par les Allemands, heureusement la plus grosse partie se jouait en Belgique où les formations françaises avaient des avancées. Le , le général Joffre, commandant en chef des forces françaises, prend la décision de battre en retraite. Il fait une chaleur écrasante. Les soldats sont épuisés et déçus. L'armée de la ville, sous les ordres de Maunoury, concentrée au sud de la Somme, est attaquée le , par l'armée de Von Kluck. Elle se replie sur Paris en passant par Clermont et Creil.
Le , un communiqué officiel paraît dans la presse. Il est affiché à l'ancienne poste, rue Pierre-Viénot : . Cependant, le canon tonne sans arrêt depuis deux jours, la plupart des Clermontois, inquiets par la situation, quittent la ville vers l'ouest et le sud. Dans la nuit du au , l'infanterie et l'artillerie déployées en arrière-garde autour de Clermont reçoivent l'ordre de retraite. Au petit matin, les premières colonnes ennemies arrivent par la ( actuelle) au Grand-Fitz-James (commune de Fitz-James) et entrent dans Clermont, par l'ancien passage à niveau au bout de l'impasse Henri-Barbusse. Une délégation municipale se rend à leur rencontre précédée du drapeau blanc. En tête le maire, , suivi de ses conseillers municipaux : , le docteur Joly, et quelques autres dont l'archiprêtre, l'abbé Toulet. Le maire s'adresse au colonel allemand commandant la tête de colonne. Il déclare que la ville est ouverte et qu'il se met à sa disposition.
Les Allemands se répandent dans les rues de la ville et établissent leur cantonnement à « la Belle-Assise » dans l'usine. Le commandant remet au maire la liste des réquisitions (vivres, vins, champagne, tabac, etc.) Il s'était aperçu que beaucoup d'habitations étaient fermées. Aussitôt il exige du maire de lui ouvrir les maisons désertées par les habitants. Celui-ci refuse énergiquement. Les quelques Clermontois restés sur place réunissent ce qu'ils peuvent pour contenter les envahisseurs, et l'incident n'a pas de suite fâcheuse. Le , subitement, les Allemands quittent la place, avec leurs blessés. Un dernier poste assurant les arrières prendra la direction de Montdidier, le lendemain.
La ville est libérée en ce . Sans trop de problèmes, l'occupation n'a duré qu'une dizaine de jours. Les voies ferrées sont rétablies par le Génie. Militaires et civils peuvent circuler librement, mais la guerre n'est pas terminée pour autant. Après la bataille de la Marne, c'est « la course vers la mer », la bataille de l'Artois (1915) et la Bataille de la Somme (1916) et le reste de sinistre mémoire.
La dernière phase du conflit, menée par le général allemand Ludendorff, se solde par une percée du front anglais en Picardie, dans la région de Montdidier. Mais les alliés se reconnaissent sous le commandement du général Foch qui reçoit, le , l'autorité suprême de toutes les forces de l'entente. C'est l'occasion pour Clermont d'être le siège de conférences militaires importantes, notamment celle qui a lieu en présence de Clemenceau, Foch, de Pétain et du général Pershing, commandant de l'armée américaine .
Cent-trente-six jeunes Clermontois sont tombés au champ d'honneur. En témoignage de reconnaissance, le conseil municipal décide de les inscrire sur le monument qui leur était destiné, par arrêté du .
La ville est décorée de la Croix de guerre 1914-1918 le .
Seconde Guerre mondiale
Lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le , un bombardement allemand détruit complètement le tribunal, situé rue du Châtellier, et une portion de l'hôpital psychiatrique. Les premiers bombardements aériens de la ville et des environs avaient commencé dès le .
Le , la municipalité donne un ordre d'évacuation. Le , des combats éclatent dans la région à proximité immédiate. Le maire donne l'ordre de l'évacuation générale de la population. Les colonnes de blindés allemands commencent leur entrée dans Clermont. Le , les troupes ennemies arrivent. Le lendemain, les Allemands prennent en main l'administration et installent une Kommandantur locale. Ils envahissent également l'hôpital psychiatrique qu'ils dévalisent. La résistance locale s'organise. Les voies ferrées sont sabotées, les lignes électriques et téléphoniques sont coupées.
Une famille clermontoise va être profondément éprouvée, victime de son patriotisme convaincu : Guy, Léonie et Jean Corroyer, tous trois membres actifs du groupe de résistants clermontois : Jean, ancien officier de la marine marchande installé comme radio-électricien, au numéro , est abattu, le , au petit matin, alors qu'il tentait de s'échapper par les toits d'immeubles voisins. Une plaque commémorative a été posée à l'angle de la rue de la République et de la ruelle des Gloriettes, à l'endroit où il fut tué. Sa femme Léonie et son fils Guy sont aussitôt arrêtés. Ils mourront en déportation comme bien d'autres citoyens de la ville.
Les bombardements alliés commencent le et, à sept reprises, Clermont est bombardée. Le quartier de la gare est visé ainsi que le quartier de la Belle-Assise où l'usine Gervais est transformée en centre important de ravitaillement allemand. Le plus désastreux de ces bombardements a lieu quelques jours avant la libération. Tout le quartier de l'Équipée, de la Belle-Assise et la Croix Saint-Laurent est cruellement touché. Quarante-six victimes civiles et autant de blessés sont retirés des décombres. Le nord de la ville est également très touché, aux alentours de la voie ferrée. Pour cette seule journée, de bombes sont répertoriés.
Clermont est libérée le vendredi . Les cloches de l'église annoncent la bonne nouvelle.
La ville reçoit la croix de guerre 1939-1945 avec étoile de bronze le .
De la libération à aujourd'hui
En 1959, pour des raisons d'économies budgétaires et à la suite de la réforme de la magistrature, le tribunal de première instance et le tribunal de commerce sont supprimés. Désormais, Clermont n'est plus que le siège d'un tribunal d'instance. En 2007, le tribunal d'instance est supprimé, à la suite de la réforme de la carte judiciaire.
En 1967, le monument aux morts est transféré sur l'emplacement du square Féret et la statue de Cassini qui s'y trouvait est transportée dans le hall puis dans la salle Cassini de l'hôtel de ville.
Un décret du réunit les derniers écarts dépendant des communes voisines, à savoir : une partie du quartier de l'Équipée, la Croix-Saint-Laurent et le hameau de Faÿ (dépendances d'Agnetz), le bas de la rue de Paris, la rue des Meuniers, la rue du Chemin-Blanc et le quartier Entre-Deux-Eaux (agglomération du Pont-de-Pierre), dépendances de la commune de Breuil-le-Vert ainsi que l'emplacement de l'usine des Eaux et celui de l'abattoir, dépendances de la commune de Fitz-James.
Dès 1960, Clermont s'investit dans l'intercommunalité avec les villages environnants pour former un district, puis, en 1966, avec communes, elle crée un « Groupe d'études et de programmations » permettant de mieux gérer l'avenir du centre de l'Oise, baptisé la .
Une forte tempête en 1984 fait s'écrouler une bonne partie du donjon, ancienne prison de femmes.
La ville est désengorgée par la déviation à deux fois deux voies de la en 1987, puis par celle de la (actuelle ), en 1994. La salle des fêtes communale André-Pommery est inaugurée en 1992. L'ancien hôtel-Dieu est détruit et remplacé par une maison de retraite en 1995.
Créé en 1939 rue Eugène Fortin, le lycée Cassini, qui accueille les élèves de la à la Terminale, est séparé en 1973 en deux entités, le collège Jean Fernel et le lycée Cassini. Le lycée est installé dans de nouveaux locaux rue Henri Breuil. En 2003, le collège Jean-Fernel ferme ses portes pour être déplacé avenue Gambetta.
Politique et administration
Rattachements administratifs et électoraux
Rattachements administratifs
La commune est le chef-lieu de l'arrondissement de Clermont du département de la Somme.
Elle était depuis 1793 le chef-lieu du canton de Clermont de Seine-et-Oise. Dans le cadre du redécoupage cantonal de 2014 en France, cette circonscription administrative territoriale a disparu, et le canton n'est plus qu'une circonscription électorale.
Rattachements électoraux
Pour les élections départementales, la commune fait partie depuis 2014 du canton de Clermont
Pour l'élection des députés, elle fait partie de la septième circonscription de l'Oise.
Intercommunalité
La ville est le siège de la communauté de communes du Clermontois, créée en 1960 sous le statut de district urbain et transformée en communauté de communes en 2000.
Tendances politiques et résultats
À l'élection présidentielle de 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy (UMP) est en tête avec 27,27 %, suivi par Ségolène Royal (PS) avec 24,96 %, François Bayrou (UDF) avec 17,26 %, Jean-Marie Le Pen (FN) avec 13,82 %, Olivier Besancenot (LCR) avec 6,30 %. Aucun autre candidat n'a dépassé 5 %. Au second tour, Nicolas Sarkozy domine Ségolène Royal avec 51 %.
Aux élections européennes de 2009, Dominique Riquet (Majorité) est le premier élu avec 20,21 %, suivi par Gilles Pargneaux (PS) avec 18,35 %, Hélène Flautre (Europe écologie) avec 13,93 %, Corinne Lepage (Modem) avec 11,04 %, Marine Le Pen avec 10,34 %, Jacky Henin (PCF) avec 7,50 %, Christine Poupin (Extrême gauche) avec 5,73 %.
Aux élections régionales de 2010, Claude Gewerc (PS) arrive en tête avec 39 % des voies. La revient à Caroline Cayeux (UMP) avec 21,1 % et Michel Guiniot (FN) arrive en avec 11,9 %. Le candidat, Christophe Porquier (EELV) obtient 10 % des suffrages. Il est suivi par Maxime Gremetz (DG) avec 5,60 %.
Aucun autre candidat n'a dépassé les 5 %. Au second tour, Claude Gewerc l'emporte avec 57,8 % des voix contre 27 % pour Caroline Cayeux et 15,3 % pour Michel Guiniot.
À l'élection présidentielle de 2012, François Hollande (PS), avec 29,80 %, devance Nicolas Sarkozy (UMP, 27,18 %) et Marine Le Pen (FN, 22,91 %). Jean-Luc Mélenchon (Front de Gauche) arrive en avec 12,41 %, suivi par François Bayrou (Modem, 6,87 %). Aucun autre candidat n'a dépassé 5 %. Au second tour, François Hollande obtient la majorité avec 55,96 % ; Nicolas Sarkozy obtient 45,04 % des suffrages.
Aux élections législatives de 2012, Claude Gewerc (PS) arrive en tête avec 37,63 % des voix, contre 37,46 % pour Édouard Courtial (UMP), député sortant. André Fouchard (FN) obtient la troisième place avec 12,96 % des suffrages. Il est suivi par Loïc Pen (FDG) avec 7,03 %. Au second tour, Édouard Courtial l'emporte avec 51,46 % contre 48,54 % pour Claude Gewerc. Les autres candidats n'ont pas dépassé 2 % des suffrages.
Lors du second tour des élections municipales de 2014 dans l'Oise, la liste PS, FG et EELV menée par le maire sortant Lionel Ollivier obtient la majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés, avec (55,05 ¨%, 26 conseillers municipaux élus dont 9 communautaires), devançant très largement celles menées respectivement par :
- Jean-Luc Poulain (UMP, , 29,32 %, 5 conseillers municipaux élus dont 2 communautaires) ;
- Johan Delcroix (UDI, 551 voix, 15,61 %, 2 conseillers municipaux élus dont 1 communautaire).
Lors de ce scrutin, 43,90 % des électeurs se sont abstenus.
À l'élection présidentielle de 2017, Marine le Pen (FN) arrive en tête avec 29,11 % suivi d'Emmanuel Macron (EM) avec 22,58 % avec en troisième position Jean-Luc Mélenchon (FI) avec 20,83% et en quatrième François Fillon (LR) avec 11,80%. Au second tour, Emmanuel Macron l'emporte avec 55,82% contre 44,18% pour Marine Le Pen.
Lors du second tour des Élections municipales de 2020 dans l'Oise, la liste DVG menée par le maire sortant Lionel Ollivier obtient la majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés avec (57,36 %, 26 conseillers municipaux élus dont 9 communautaires), devançant largement celle DVD menée par Maïté Biason (860 voix, 42,63 %, 7 conseillers municipaux élus dont 2 communautaires).Lors de ce scrutin, où la liste DVG (PCF) menée par Derek Carvalho s'est retirée et qui a été marqué par la Pandémie de Covid-19 en France, 65,89 % des électeurs se sont abstenus.
À l'élection présidentielle de 2022, Marine le Pen (RN) arrive en tête avec 29,35%, suivi de Jean Luc Mélenchon (LFI) avec 24,00% avec en troisième position Emmanuel Macron (LREM) avec 21,93%. Au second tour, Marine le Pen l'emporte avec 51,20% contre 48,80% pour Emmanuel Macron.
Aux élections législatives de 2022, le député sortant Maxime Minot (LR) arrive en tête avec 29,61%, suivi de Loïc Pen (Nupes) avec 28,92% Au second tour, Maxime Minot l'emporte avec 55,01% contre 44,99% pour Loïc Pen.
Administration municipale
Le nombre d'habitants au dernier recensement étant compris entre et , le nombre de membres du conseil municipal est de 33.
Liste des maires
Démocratie participative
Depuis 1992, la commune dispose d'un conseil municipal d'enfants ouvert aux CM1-CM2 des écoles primaires dont les élections ont lieu une année sur deux.
Distinctions et labels
La commune a obtenu sa seconde fleur en 2021 au concours des villes et villages fleuris, reconnaissant le travail effectué en matière de développement durable et de transition écologique ainsi que la mise en valeur des espaces naturels ou le balisage de sentiers dans la zone des Vignobles.
Jumelages et pactes d'amitiés
Au , Clermont est jumelée avec :
;
;
.
Équipements et services publics
La Maison de la citoyenneté et des services (MCS), qui utilise les locaux de l'ancien biureau de poste du quartier des Sables, est labellisée en 2022 maison France Service et donne accès aux services de Pôle emploi, la CAF, la CPAM, la Carsat, La Poste ou des ministères de l’Intérieur, des Finances publiques et de la Justice.
Enseignement
Clermont dépend de l'académie d'Amiens. À la rentrée 2019, les écoles de la commune accueillent plus de 1000 élèves, dont environ 500 déjeunent à la cantine. Compte tenu des projets d'urbanisation de la ville, notamment près de la gare et rue Henri-Breuil, ces effectifs devraient augmenter
En 2012, la ville gère quatre groupes scolaires publics primaires et maternels : la Gare (construit en 1907), Pierre Viénot (construit en 1952), Belle-Assise (construit en 1967), les Sables (construit en 1972) :
Elle accueille, également en 2012 :
un collège : collège Jean-Fernel (2002) Accueillant , il s'agit du collège ayant le plus grand nombre d'élèves du département répartis sur . On y trouve également un internat, le seul en collège public de l'Oise. Il remplace un lycée datant de 1936, qui aujourd'hui est non occupé ;
un lycée d'enseignement général : lycée Cassini (près de , dont les bâtiments ont été construits en 1970) ;
un groupe scolaire privé catholique, rue des Sables, l'école Notre-Dame-de-la-Providence, qui a emménagé dans ses nouveaux locaux en 2019, et qui succède à un établissement créé en 1825 par les Sœurs de la Providence de Ruillé-sur-Loir, devenu établissement diocésain en 2013.
Équipements culturels
En 2011, la ville dispose de :
un cinéma administré par l'intercommunalité et rénové en 2022 ;
deux bibliothèques-ludothèques (Hôtel de Ville et annexe centre socioculturel) ;
le CAL (centre d'animations et de loisirs) ;
une salle des fêtes (salle André-Pommery) ;
un centre socioculturel ;
l'espace Culturel Séraphine-Louis, qui abrite le FabLab, un équipement de l'intercommunalité qui en constitue la branche numérique et propose de nombreuses activités aux habitants du Pays du Clermontois ;
une école de Musique ;
le musée Henri-Theillou (dans l'hôpital psychiatrique).
Clermont possédait aussi un théâtre détruit en 1960.
Santé
En 2014, plusieurs établissements de santé sont situés à Clermont :
le Centre hospitalier général, situé sur l'emplacement de l'Hôtel-Dieu de la commune fondé en 1493, qui était lui-même sur l'emplacement d'un autre hôpital tenu par le couvent des trinitaires de Saint-André. Depuis 1995, les bâtiments ont été démolis pour faire place à une nouvelle maison de retraite moderne et à l'hôpital Actuel, en contrebas. Il accueille un service des urgences, un centre périnatal de proximité, un bloc opératoire, un service de chirurgie, de médecine polyvalente, d'un hôpital pluridisciplinaire et d'un service de radiologie ;
le Centre hospitalier isarien (CHI) : hôpital psychiatrique construit sur l'emplacement des vignes du couvent des Trinitaires, il fut construit au début du . Dans les années 1960, il était le plus grand centre hospitalier psychiatrique d'Europe. Il possède aujourd'hui un personnel de et de pour .
La commune accueille également un centre médico-psychologique, un centre d'accueil thérapeutique à temps partiel et une résidence pour personnes âgées. La ville compte une vingtaine de médecins généralistes ou spécialisés, un centre de sapeurs-pompiers ainsi qu'une maison départementale de la solidarité.
La commune envisage depuis 2019 la création d'une maison médicale, pour laquelle elle a fait acheter les anciens locaux de la caisse primaire d’assurance maladie (CPAM), rue de la Croix-Picard
Équipements sportifs
En 2011, les équipements sportifs sont les suivants :
quatre salles de sports ;
une piste d'athlétisme ;
trois terrains de football ;
un stade de rugby Benoit-Boyer, doté d'un centre de formation ;
trois city stades ;
Un complexe complexe tennis-boxe est mis en servoice en 2019.
L'intercommunalité dispose d'une piscine située sur la commune de Fitz-James et datant de 2009 et qui accueille chaque année de et . Des travaux de réfection interviennent en 2022. Elle réalise pour les Jeux olympiques de Paris 2024 une salle de gymnastique et d’une salle multisports, près du stade de football de Clermont, afin de pouvoir être « site d’accueil pour les Jeux olympiques de 2024 » en tant que centre de préparation de gymnastique. L'équipement sera également utilisé par les jeunes du Lycée Cassini et les licenciés du club de l’Éveil gymnique
Population et société
Démographie
Évolution démographique
Pyramide des âges
La population de la commune est relativement jeune.
En 2018, le taux de personnes d'un âge inférieur à s'élève à 38,4 %, soit au-dessus de la moyenne départementale (37,3 %). À l'inverse, le taux de personnes d'âge supérieur à est de 22,4 % la même année, alors qu'il est de 22,8 % au niveau départemental.
En 2018, la commune comptait pour , soit un taux de 52,81 % de femmes, légèrement supérieur au taux départemental (51,11 %).
Les pyramides des âges de la commune et du département s'établissent comme suit.
Manifestations culturelles et festivités
La commune accueille plusieurs festivals :
le festival des arts de rue « Divers et d'Été » organisé par le tous les deux ans, dont l'édition 2021 a attiré près de ,
le festival des Zicophonies organisé par le , dont la a eu lieu en mai 2019.
le festival de cinéma « Films à lire, Livres à voir ».
Les Rencontres musicales de Clermont, consacrées à la musique classique. Sa septième édition est prévue à l'automne 2021.
Les Médiévales, tous les deux ans, dont la troisième édition a eu lieu en septembre 2019
Sports
Clermont dispose d'une équipe de football (le Racing club Clermont) et de rugby à XV, le CCR (Clermont club rugby).
Le Club de Tennis Clermontois, qui, en 2022, compte 378 membres, a vu son équipe féminine être championne de France interclubs pro A en 2021.
L’Athlétic Club Clermontois organise le ClermonTrail, dont la troisième édition organisée en 2019 se déroule sur trois circuits respectivement de 8,5 et et une épreuve en relais de 2 fois
Médias
La rédaction de presse du journal local Le Bonhomme picard est basée à Clermont, au . Par son héritage historique et géographique picard sous l'influence de l'Ile-de-France, Le Courrier picard et Le Parisien tendent à s'affirmer comme les deux quotidiens régionaux majeurs.
Cultes
Le territoire de la commune est situé au sein de la paroisse catholique du « Cœur du Christ » dans le diocèse de Beauvais. Au sein de cette paroisse, on compte plusieurs lieux de culte dont l'église Saint-Samson et le centre Saint-Laurent.
En 2015, la communauté musulmane dispose de deux salles de prière réservées aux hommes.
Économie
Revenus par population et fiscalité
Le nombre de ménages est passé de à de 1999 à 2004, soit 459 de plus. Les ménages d'une seule personne sont passés de 31,8 % à 35,5 %. Le nombre moyen de personnes par ménage a cependant baissé entre ces années, de 2,4 à 2,3. La proportion de ménages ayant au moins une voiture a augmenté, de 80,0 % à 81,4 %.
En 2010, le revenu fiscal médian par ménage était de .
Emploi
Clermont comptait actifs en 1999 pour en 2004, soit une hausse de 535 personnes et de 11,7 %. En 1999, 41,2 % des actifs étaient occupés mais 41,6 % le sont en 2004 ; soit 0,4 % de plus. Les chômeurs étaient 6,1 % en 1999 et 5,8 % en 2004 soit une baisse de - 0,3 %.
Les retraités et préretraités sont de 15,9 % en 1999 et 17 % en 2004 (+ 1,1 %). La population active des 15-64 ans était de (1999) et de en 2004 (+ 521).
Entreprises
La Société Laitière de Clermont : La SAFR, Société des Fermiers Réunis, est créée en 1885. En 1992, elle devient la Société laitière de Clermont. L'usine actuelle est filiale de Lactel.
Commerces, foires et marchés
Les commerces de Clermont se réunissent principalement dans la rue de la République et ses alentours, en centre-ville. Puis, d'autres commerces se situent aux points économiques de la commune (hypermarché, gare). L'UCCA, l'Union Clermontoise des Commerçants et des Artisans regroupe un grand nombre de ceux-ci.
La ville accueille une foire, la foire Saint-André, organisée le rue de la République et place Decuignères. Le marché hebdomadaire est organisé le samedi matin, place de l'Hôtel-de-ville, et un marché secondaire est créé en 2021 les mardis, aux Sables. Un marché fermier et artisanal est organisé chaque année depuis 2009 par le Comité des festivités du Clermontois (CFC) et le Club clermontois de Rugby (CCR), en partenariat avec la Ville
Elle comporte plusieurs grandes surfaces : Intermarché, Aldi et un Carrefour Market dans le centre-ville.
Culture locale et patrimoine
Lieux et monuments
La commune de Clermont possède huit monuments historiques, dont trois classés et cinq inscrits.
L'hôtel de ville : cet hôtel de ville, édifié au , comme siège de l'assemblée communale, du bailliage et des autres juridictions du comté de Clermont. Il sert également de halle aux draps (on remarque encore les colonnes de l'ancienne halle). La construction de quinze mètres de large sur 52 mètres de long possède encore une partie de muraille d'une épaisseur de qui destinée à constituer la suite de l'enceinte fortifiée du bourg. La façade occidentale, appelée aussi castillet, faisait partie de l'enceinte fortifiée de la ville qui est terminée par des mâchicoulis avec des parapets et des meurtrières, le tout s'appuyant sur des corbeaux à étages décroissants. La façade est terminée en un grand pignon divisé du bas vers le haut par un contrefort sur lequel s'appuie un beffroi polygonal qui possède une cloche classée au titre objet aux monuments historiques et qui dépasse seulement de quelques mètres l'angle supérieur du toit. Au rez-de-chaussée, de chaque côté de ce beffroi existe une large arcade en anse de panier, sous laquelle sont ouvertes des portes carrées. Dans ce bâtiment on trouve aujourd'hui l'office de tourisme au rez-de-chaussée, la bibliothèque qui comprend plus de anciens et récents et la salle des mariages. L'hôtel de ville est classé au titre des monument historique depuis 1875.
L'église Saint-Samson : l'église paroissiale - a été bâtie au début du , même la fin du disent , puis remodelée au principalement. La façade occidentale et les bas-côtés de la nef sont les parties les plus anciennes, tandis que le croisillon sud du transept, l'élévation sud de la nef et la sacristie sont du . De ces deux campagnes de construction résulte le déséquilibre de la nef dont l'originalité est de six travées au nord et de deux au sud. Le chœur à la particularité d'avoir conservé ses ogives primitives retombant sur des chapiteaux à crochets du , alors qu'une reprise en sous-œuvre a remplacé les piles originelles par des piles ondulées, plus tardives. À l'emplacement de l'ancienne chaire, une huile sur toile le martyre de saint Pierre de Véronne d'après Le Titien (1490-1576), est une copie française du , d'après l'original détruit. L'église est classée monument historique en 1921.L'église est dotée d'un grand orgue du , inutilisé car en mauvais état.
La porte Nointel : Cette porte datant du milieu du faisait partie des fortifications du bourg de Clermont et ses aménagements évoquent des défenses d’accès caractéristiques du , mais il semble que des remaniements y aient été apportés aux . Il n'en subsiste que le bas d'un arc au tiers point et une archère de part et d'autre. La porte est classée depuis 1937.
Le donjon ou château des comtes de Clermont
Probablement érigé au sur les bases d'un château déjà existant au pour résister aux invasions normandes. De forme quadrangulaire et comprenant trois étages de six fenêtres, le donjon était protégé par deux enceintes. Il fut utilisé comme forteresse jusqu'au milieu du puis comme logement des seigneurs du lieu. Il est vendu en 1805 pour devenir maison de correction. Par ordonnance royale du , il est transformé en maison centrale pour la détention des femmes qui est supprimée en 1902. De nombreux graffitis témoignent de cette époque. En 1908, les lieux appartenant encore au ministère de la Justice sont transformés en maison de préservation réservée à la rééducation des jeunes filles mineures-délinquantes. En 1940 il redevient une prison jusqu'à ce qu'en 1951 ils servent de lieu d'hébergement pour des particuliers en attente de logement. En 1968 à la suite de l'effondrement du bâtiment la ville le rachète au ministère de la Justice, mais le délabrement est aggravé par l'absence d'entretien et par la tempête de . Le donjon est inscrit monument historique depuis 1950.
La sous-préfecture de Clermont.
Cet ancien couvent des trinitaires de Saint-André au comprenait à son apogée une église, un cloître et des bâtiments conventuels.
Le couvent est fermé lors de la Révolution française et l’église ainsi que le cloître sont détruits. Le bâtiment principal, initialement siège du District révolutionnaire, est utilisé depuis 1800 par la sous-préfecture.
Il en reste aujourd'hui l'aile droite du couvent (sous-préfecture) et des caves du qui ne se visitent pas ainsi qu'une tourelle inscrite monument historique depuis 1927.
L'ancien collège Fernel (autrefois Lycée Cassini), rue Eugène-Fortin, édifié entre 1938 et 1940 sur les plans de l’architecte Lucien Daboval (1895-1974) et inspiré de l'architecture de Henry Van de Velde, l'établissement a été utilisé comme lycée de 1940 à 1972, puis comme collège jusqu'en 2003. Présenté en , lors de son inauguration, comme le collège le plus moderne de France, le collège Cassini, cet « immense vaisseau aux parois de verre » résultait de la volonté hygiéniste, courant fort à l’époque, consistant à ouvrir les bâtiments sur la nature, laisser pénétrer la lumière et circuler l’air.Propriété de l'intercommunalité, il doit être réhabilité en 2022 pour accueillir le CAL (Centre d’animations et loisirs), une médiathèque et le Fablab, ainsi que, potentiellement par Diaphane, le pôle régional de photographie, et un tiers-lieu artistique.
Hôtels particuliers et immeubles :
hôtel particulier, 4, place de l'hôtel-de-ville : élévation, lucarne (inscription en 1998) ;
immeuble, 28, place de l'hôtel-de-ville : élévation, toiture (inscription en 1946).
La chapelle des Lardières
Située en surplomb de la rue de Béthancourtel, au croisement avec la rue Pierre-Viénot ; elle est abritée par un tilleul que les habitants du quartier appellent en picard. Elle est construite sous l'ordre de l'abbé Hucher, prieur de Breuil-le-Vert et seigneur de Béthancourtel. La chapelle porte plusieurs noms : chapelle des (Notre-Dame des) Lardières, de Béthancourtel, du tilleul ou encore du nom de son fondateur l'abbé Hucher.
Sur la façade d'entrée, on remarque la statue de sainte Thérèse et de l'enfant Jésus, un minuscule « clocher » contenait la cloche de la famille Morgan (famille du seigneur de Béthancourtel); mais aujourd'hui on retrouve l'ancienne cloche de l'usine Gervais, détruite pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
À l'intérieur, on remarque un autel moderne, mais sur le sol, on trouve une pierre tumulaire; celle de Louis-Havart de Popincourt, inhumé dans l'église Saint-Léger d'Agnetz, dont les restes furent rapportées en 1749 auprès de son épouse Catherine Lefèvre. Une épitaphe en marbre noir et scellé dans le mur qui rappelle le souvenir de Louis Havart de Popincourt, il est à noter également que la chapelle ne possède qu'une petite fenêtre, où il y a un simple vitrail.
On peut également signaler :
Les restes des fortifications : Les premières fortifications de Clermont datent du , elles entouraient le bourg de Clermont et étaient divisé en trois parties : le bourg, le château des comtes (donjon actuel) et une autre partie du bourg. Les remparts étaient à cette époque épais de d'épaisseur. On comptait trois portes : La porte du Bourg (vers la basse ville, Mouy et Beauvais), la porte Nointel (voir ci-dessus) (vers Compiègne), la porte de la Hart ou porte des Prisons (vers Liancourt). Les remparts étaient entourés de fossés et défendues par plusieurs tours, on remarque aujourd'hui la tour de Buha toujours intacte et entourée d'habitations ; et la tour des gloriettes (juste à côté de la ruelle du même nom) dont il reste la salle inférieure.
Borne au lieu-dit du Télégraphe, indiquant le point le plus élevé de la commune, à d'altitude. Elle marque l'emplacement de l'ancienne tour du télégraphe Chappe sur la ligne Paris-Lille entre les tours de Bury et de Fouilleuse.
Le monument aux morts, square Féret, au pied de l'hôtel de ville, réalisé par l’architecte Nestor Boudoux et le sculpteur Émile Pinchon, initialement situé sur le square de l’ancien hospice et inauguré le ; avec remise de la Croix de guerre à la ville par le ministre de la guerre et des pensions, André Maginot. La sculpture du soldat couché qui était placée devant le monument se trouve désormais au cimetière communal.Les arcades situées à l’arrière du monument proviennent de la façade nord de l’hôtel de ville, mises à jour lors des travaux de restauration en 1876.
Buste de Cassini, place Henri-Dunant
Rues et maisons anciennes
La villa Tisserand ou villa Boudier, 29 de la rue du Général Pershing (ancienne Rue de la gare), construite lieu de conférences avec Georges Clemenceau, construite en 29 de la Rue du Général Pershing (ancienne Rue de la gare pour le filateur Alexandre Tisserand, belle maison de maître, marquée par une belle marquise bien restaurée.Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, elle est utilisée en 1918 comme quartier général de à l’armée française et accueille des personnalités comme le général Georges Louis Humbert, le Président de la république Raymond Poincaré, le Président du conseil et ministre de la guerre, Georges Clemenceau, le général américain John Pershing, le général Ferdinand Foch (1851 - 1929).Le bâtiment a été transformé en logements.
Niche Renaissance, rue Pierre-Viénot, datée de 1544.
Bas-relief de la façade de l'école Pierre-Viénot.
Croix et Calvaires :
croix derrière l'église Saint-Samson ;
calvaire de Belvue, rue Belvue ;
la Croix-Picard, à l'angle des rues de la Croix-Picard et Frédéric-Raboisson ;
croix, à l'angle de la rue de Faÿ et du Chemin-de-l'étang ;
calvaire Saint-Laurent, à l'angle de l'avenue Gambetta et de la rue Wenseslas-Coutellier.
En matière de parcs et d'espaces verts :
le parc du Châtellier : c'est le premier parc de la cité, considéré comme un lieu de loisirs au Moyen Âge (on y jouait la joute) ; il était considéré au comme le jeu de paume de la ville, autrefois se dressait le rocher du Châtellier aujourd'hui disparu. Il est situé sous le donjon (château des comtes de Clermont). De ce parc on observe un panorama sur le nord et la ville et les communes alentour. Il s'agit d'un site classé depuis 1937. C'est le lieu où se déroule les fêtes foraines et la kermesse de l'école Notre-Dame de la Providence ;
le parc François-Mitterrand : situé sous le parc du Châtellier, sur le flanc nord de la colline du centre-ville, il est traversé par de nombreux chemins. Un circuit des arbres et un parcours sportif y a été installé ;
le bois de Faÿ : il domine l'ouest de la ville en culminant à d'altitude. Ses coteaux étaient autrefois propices à la viticulture, renommée dans la région pendant toute la période du comme en témoigne le lieu-dit des vignes de Faÿ. En contrebas du bois, au nord, se trouve le quartier du même nom, qui était une seigneurie appartenant à Louis Armand François du Guey, consistant en un château, une ferme, un étang, des garennes, des vignes et des terres cultivables qui permettaient la chasse en forêt de Hez-Froidmont toute proche. Le domaine a été racheté en 1860 par le vicomte de Plancy. Au , le château devient une maison de retraite privée. Les communs et la ferme existent toujours, le hameau et le bois furent pris à la commune d'Agnetz en 1960. Depuis, l'étang a été réaménagé pour la promenade. Le jardin d'agrément du château de Faÿ est au inscrit au préinventaire des jardins remarquables. Depuis la rue Belvue, au sommet du bois, une vue se dégage sur le centre-ville.
Personnalités liées à la commune
Personnalités nées à Clermont
Jean de Charolais (1283-1316) , seigneur de Charolais.
(1294-1328), roi de France et de Navarre, serait né dans le château de Clermont, d'autre sources le disent né dans le château de Creil.
Louis Gayant, né à Clermont mort en 1673, chirurgien, spécialiste de la circulation sanguine.
Jacques Grévin, médecin de Marguerite de France, sœur d'Henri II. Il était aussi homme de théâtre et poète ayant comme amis les très célèbres humanistes Joachim du Bellay et Pierre de Ronsard.
Jacques Charpentier (1524-1574), docteur en philosophie et en médecine. Médecin de Charles IX.
Pierre de Joncourt (16..-1725), pasteur et prédicateur.
Louis-François-Sébastien Fauvel (1753-1838), peintre, diplomate et archéologue.
Louis-Charles Caigniez (1756-1842), avocat au Conseil d'Artois, auteur dramatique. Auteur en 1815 du mélodrame La Pie voleuse dont s'inspirera le librettiste de l'opéra de Rossini La gazza ladra créé en 1817.
Louis Poinsot (1777-1859), mathématicien né à Clermont.
Adèle Daminois (1789-1876), romancière.
Charles Bernier (1857-1936), avocat et peintre
Paul Fesch (1858-1910), journaliste, essayiste et ecclésiaste catholique.
Ernest Laurain (1867-1948), historien, archiviste de la Mayenne.
Pierre Viénot, (1897-1944) Homme politique et résistant.
Mikel Dufrenne (1910-1995), philosophe (esthétique) né à Clermont.
Henry Hermand (1924-2016), homme d'affaires, à l'origine de la plus grande zone commerciale de l'Oise, mentor d'Emmanuel Macron
Frédéric Rébéna, illustrateur et dessinateur de bande dessinée né à Clermont en 1965.
Personnalités ayant vécu à Clermont
Liste des comtes de Clermont-en-Beauvaisis
Robert de Clermont (1256-1317), comte de Clermont, sixième fils de Saint-Louis qui lui a donné le comté de Clermont en 1269. Il fut le fondateur de la Maison capétienne de Bourbon, qui accéda au trône de Navarre en 1555 puis au trône de France en 1589.Robert de Clermont et Béatrice de Bourgogne en 1272. se sont mariés à Clermont.
Philippe de Beaumanoir (1250-1296) (1250-1296), juriste, y est bailli en 1280 au service de Robert de Clermont. Il est l'auteur des Coutumes de Beauvaisis en 1283 qui consacrent de longs développements à l'organisation de la Justice de l'époque ainsi qu'aux fonctions de bailli, il développe par exemple les distinctions entre les fonctions de magistrat et d'avocat. Beaumanoir y compare la manière dont est rendue la justice à Clermont avec d'autres villes (Senlis et Soissons par exemple), dans cette analyse des différentes coutumes il cherche à démontrer l'existence d'un "droit commun" du royaume. Ce texte encore mentionné dans les facultés de droit est considéré comme l'une des sources du Code civil.
(1279-1341), duc de Bourbon, comte de Clermont, comte de la Marche. Fils de Robert de Clermont du vivant duquel il aurait été appelé Louis-Monsieur. Il est l'un des principaux personnages de la saga romanesque Les Rois maudits.
Étienne de Vignolles dit La Hire' (vers 1390-1443)', qui fut compagnon d'armes de Jeanne d'arc a conservé de 1428 à 1437 le commandement du château de Clermont.
Louis Le Caron seigneur de Canly, dit Charondas (1536-1613), juriste, poète et philosophe de la Renaissance y fut nommé lieutenant général en 1568.Il est notamment l'auteur d'un commentaire de la Coutume de Paris
En , le prince Henri II de Bourbon-Condé (1588-1646) se retire à Clermont, où il fait « ».
Françoise de Brancas (v.1650-1715) , dame du palais de la reine Marie Thérèse d'Autriche de 1667 à 1683, marquise de Maubec, princesse d'Harcourt, vit à Clermont de son achat du château, au comte de Clermont Emmanuel-Philibert de Savoie en 1702 à sa mort.
Jacques Cassini dit Cassini II (1677-1756) occupe le donjon de Clermont comme résidence d'été 1719 la même année Bouillant de Montaigu, lieutenant des chasses du Prince, en a pris possession.
Le physicien Jean Antoine Nollet, connu sous le nom de l’abbé Nollet (1700-1770), enseigne à ses débuts (1720-1722) au collège de Clermont.
Charles Godard d'Aucour de Plancy (1809-1890), homme politique français, sous-préfet de Clermont en 1839, député de l'Oise de 1849 à 1870.
Delphe-Auguste Labitte (1821-1891), directeur de la maison de santé de Clermont, maire d'Agnetz, conseiller général du canton de Clermont de 1886 à 1891, député de l'Oise (1871-1876, 1877-1878).
Henri d'Orléans (1822-1897), fils du roi Louis Philippe, conseiller général du canton de Clermont de 1871 à 1886.
La communarde Louise Michel, dite la « vierge rouge » ou « Enjolras » (1830-1905), détenue à la prison des femmes de Clermont avec d'autres militantes de la Commune de Paris pour « pillage de pains commis en réunion ou en bande ». Une rue de la ville porte son nom.
Paul Cuvinot (1837-1920), ingénieur et homme politique français, sénateur de l’Oise de 1879 à 1920, président du Conseil général de l’Oise de 1890 à 1901, est l'un des premiers membres de la Société archéologique et historique de Clermont. Il crée à Clermont en 1909 l’office privé d’hygiène sociale (OPHS) pour traiter les cas de tuberculose,
Frédéric Masson (1847-1923), historien français, spécialiste des études napoléoniennes et secrétaire perpétuel de l'Académie française. Dans sa maison a ensuite habité Georges Bernanos.
Roger Martin du Gard (1881-1958), écrivain, romancier, dramaturge, nouvelliste, diariste et épistolier français, achète une maison en 1920 au 3, place de l'Hôtel de Ville, où il rédige Le Cahier gris et Le Pénitencier en 1921.Une rue de la commune porte son nom.
Séraphine Louis (1864-1942), dite Séraphine de Senlis, artiste peintre du courant de l'art naïf, y passe une bonne partie de sa vie, en travaillant chez les sœurs de la Providence comme domestiqueLe musée de Senlis conserve quelques-unes de ses œuvres représentant des bouquets de fleurs aux coloris très puissants.L'espace culturel de Clermont porte son nom.
Désiré Bouteille (1880-1940), député de l'Oise (1919-1932), du Journal de Clermont en 1905.
Henri Ayrald (1909 - 1942) cuisinier à la Maison de santé interdépartementale de Clermont, arrêté par la Feldgendarmerie allemande pour communisme en , jugé à Amiens et fusillé au Mont Valérien.
Georges Bernanos (1888-1948), écrivain français, demeure à Clermont de 1927 à 1930, dans la maison de Frédéric Masson.
Yanna Rivoalen (Compiègne, 1989- ), internationale de l'équipe de France féminine de rugby à XV, y vit ses années de lycée. C'est là qu'elle découvre le rugby.
Personnalités mortes à Clermont
Guillaume Cale dit Jacques Bonhomme, dirigeant de la Grande Jacquerie, soulèvement paysan survenu en 1358, est exécuté place de Grève à Clermont
Clermont dans les arts et la culture
Gérard de Nerval place à Clermont (désigné Clermont-sur-Oise) la légende de Saint Nicolas dans l'écrit qu'il y consacre.
Héraldique, logotype et devise
Voir aussi
Bibliographie
Mémoires en images de Clermont-de-l'Oise'', 1996
.
.
.
Articles connexes
Liste des communes de l'Oise
Liens externes
Site de la mairie
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Notes et références
Notes
Cartes
Références
Ouvrages
Site de la mairie
Site de l'Insee
Autres sources
Commune dans l'Oise
Sous-préfecture française
Aire d'attraction de Paris
Ancien chef-lieu de district
Ville décorée de la croix de guerre 1914-1918
Ville titulaire de la croix de guerre 1939-1945
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Bree was a very ancient settlement of men in Eriador by the time of the Third Age of Middle-earth, but after the collapse of the kingdom of Cardolan, which had claimed it, Bree continued to thrive without any central authority or government for many centuries.
Bree was the most westerly settlement of men in all Middle-earth by the time of the War of the Ring, and became one of only three or four inhabited settlements in all of Eriador. During the War of the Ring a days ride east from the village along the road lay The Forsaken Inn, according to Aragorn, although nothing else is known of that place.
Directly west of Bree were the Barrow-downs and the Old Forest. Bree was the chief village of Breeland, a small wooded region near the intersection of the main north-south and east-west routes through Eriador. Breeland was the only part of Middle-earth where Men and hobbits dwelt side by side.
The name Bree means hill, according to Tolkien, referring to the fact that the village of Bree and the surrounding Breelands were centered around a large hill. Bree was on the south-western side of Breehill and there were three villages in Breeland in addition to Bree proper.
- Staddle was populated primarily by hobbits who made a living from light agriculture, of pipeweed, primarily. Staddle was on the south-eastern side of Breehill, sitting south of Combe and Archet. It was the only of the villages (other than Bree itself) visible from the Great East Road.
- Combe was populated primarily by Men, with some hobbits, all of whom made a living from agriculture. Combe was situated on the borders of the Chetwood and on the edge of Breehill, between the villages of Archet and Staddle.
In The Fellowship of the Ring, Frodo Baggins met Strider (Aragorn) at the largest inn in Bree, The Prancing Pony, owned by Barliman Butterbur. Later on in Fellowship, some men in the service of the Ringwraiths (and possibly Saruman) broke into the room where the Hobbits intended to sleep, but Strider had anticipated trouble and stayed with them in the parlor through the night. The hobbits also returned to Bree near the end of the story, on their way home.
Bree is also the place where, earlier, seemingly by accident, Gandalf and Thorin Oakenshield met. They were both thinking about the same problem: the Dragon Smaug at the Lonely Mountain. The meeting led to the undertaking of the Quest of Erebor, which resulted in the death of Smaug and the finding of the One Ring by Bilbo Baggins. If Smaug had lived until the War of the Ring, he would have posed a serious threat.
In Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring, Frodo and his companions arrive at Bree almost immediately after the scene in which they leave the Shire, giving the impression (perhaps unintentionally) that the two are much closer together than described by Tolkien.
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How To Cure A Blocked Nose - Sinusitis Updates
How To Cure A Blocked Nose
Sinusitis Updates
How To Cure A Blocked Nose - Sinusitis Updates
Sinusitis, or simply the redness of one or many paranasal sinuses, is actually one of the most often diagnosed diseases in the United States. It results in unbelievable health-care costs every year, amounting to a few million dollars! Because of the magnitude of effect of sinusitis, this is not at all amazing it is consistently being reviewed as well as ongoing being studied by experts. These efforts are geared towards more effective prognosis, better management and also eventually, improving the quality of the patients' lives. The info that follows tackles some of the updated train guidelines in dealing with sinusitis instances introduced a few years ago by the American Academy of Allergic reaction, Asthma & Immunology.
New Age Treatment Whereas the combination of medications utilized in the treatment of sinusitis usually remains the same, there are now additional routes of management for these kinds of drugs. For example dixie state college irrigation and nebulisation. Both these types of techniques involve topical (or direct) government of the drugs' active ingredients right where the effect is actually intended. Topical administration will be an alternate to the staple, oral administration, by which pills or perhaps tablets are obtained by mouth and then allowed to disintegrate before active ingredients tend to be absorbed in the system where they will exert their own therapeutic effects. In the case of medication for nasal inflammation and congestion as nebulisation, however, medicated remedies are made to come in direct connection with the affected sinus mucous membranes and balloon sinuplasty sinuses through a specially designed misting nozzle spray (in medicated irrigation) or perhaps a nebulizer (in nebulisation). Because the active ingredients of the medicated answer are directly given to the affected tissues, immediate, long lasting alleviation with out threat of systemic side effects is actually afforded to the patient. Sinus disease symptoms explained compounding drugstore, manufactures its complete line of medication for sinusitis, rhinitis and rhinosinusitis all set for use with its irrigators and nebulizers like ActiveSinus and SinusAero. Ask your medical professional which therapy will work best for you.
Management The identification of sinusitis is manufactured by taking into consideration the patients' clinical history, physical examination and final results through image resolution studies, and/or laboratory tests. X-ray or CT scans, though helpful, might not always be necessary. Antibiotics stay to be a part of the main therapy regarding sinusitis, nonetheless, well being suppliers must be aware of the growing cases of antibiotic resistance. The use of new-generation antibiotics must be looked at when necessary. Those who suffer from longterm or methods used to prevent a sinus infection, especially when particularly connected with certain conditions, have to be referred to an allergologist or even immunologist regarding evaluation and possible concurrent treatment for sensitive rhinitis or other related problems. Surgery remains to be a last resort, any time medical management did not work.
Re-sinusitis information and sinusitis help for you have four ( categories according to the onset of signs and symptoms. In acute sinusitis, symptoms persist for less than a month. In the subacute type, the manifestations are evident from four to be able to eight days. On the other hand, if the alliant international university longer as compared to eight weeks, it is said to be persistent. Lastly, if a person experiences at least three bouts of acute sinusitis in a year, his circumstance is classified because repeated.
Sinusitis is a common ailment, but it can have extreme implications on your wellbeing and have an effect on your daytoday regimen. It occurs when one or more of the hollow cavities around your excessive mucus in sinuses become clogged and inflamed. This can impair your nasal functions and also prevent the movement of air and mucous in your nasal passageways. Sinusitis among children severe facial pain and discomfort, thick nasal discharges, persistent headaches, and even fevers. Most people can relate to the rigid and also heavy feeling that hoarseness with sinus problems so they can tell you that it's not a very pleasant knowledge.
Sinusitis home remedies Aside from these sinus medicine choices, you can also try some age-old home remedies. Rinsing your nose with saline solution may help sanitize your nasal pathways and clear the passageways coming from any kind of blockage. Heavy steam treatment also has the same effect - it clears the nasal passageways and also drains out the surplus mucus. Make use of essential natural skin oils and it is sure to provide you with a more soothing and relaxing feeling, helping to pay off the sinuses. Herbal sinus medications are helpful against sinus infection remedy of the negative effects frequent among drug medicines.
Herbal cures regarding sinus infection So what else could you do to cure sinusitis? There are actually many easy and economical remedies that can alleviate the signs of sinusitis and eventually cure you totally. Most people who have been getting different forms of sinus medicine have attested to their effectiveness in terms of battling sinusitis. For instance, taking antibiotics and antihistamines might help control the actual bacterial infections and allergens that cause your sinusitis. The usage of pain relievers can lessen the facial pain and headaches, making your condition much more bearable and allowing you to go on with your usual activities. Anti-inflammatory sinus medication like adrenal cortical steroids could lessen the inflammation and sinus inflammation of the sinuses, enhancing their total situation. Decongestants, on the other hand, can unclog the how to reduce swollen nasal passages naturally the weighty mucus release. We have omitted irrelevant information from this composition on Sinusitis Cure as we though that unnecessary information may make the reader bored of reading the composition.
With these cures and also remedies, it is possible to say goodbye to your own sinusitis in no time. These have been proven to be secure and efficient time and time again thus there ought to be simply no reason why these is not going to work for you. But whenever these kinds home remedies for sinus problems not improve your condition, after that you must search for the advice of a physician. He should be able to recommend a appropriate and methods utilized to stop a sinus infection or even cure in order to cure for sinusitis.
But in the end, protecting against an illness coming from occurring is definitely much better than treating that. Since sinusitis is a common ailment, you are able to opt to steer clear from the things that result in this condition. Keep your length through infectious organisms, as well as from regular dirt and dust inside your living and functioning areas. Boost your immune system my ear is ringing a healthy diet plan and eating plenty of fruits and vegetables. A strong disease fighting capability may fight off any kind of disease-causing bacteria or trojan which may invade your body. Another way to keep your body in tiptop shape would be to start exercising regularly and get enough rest and slumber. A typical exercise program can improve your blood circulation and bodily functions, while enough rest and sleep will let your body in order to recharge as well as repair any damaged cells or even muscles.
Sinusitis is perhaps just about the most common ailments in which an individual may take a hit. The condition can be very draining and will ruin your whole day's work. Think of yourself are you suffering from a burning headache? nose, a fever, cold, headache, dizziness, nasal still dripping wet, and also stuffed headedness. Given that sinusitis is very common, a lot of chronisch sinusitis are also being developed. There are two known groups when it comes to the different cures for sinusitis. They are the conventional methods as well as normal methods.
For this theme, organic cures for sinusitis is going to be discussed. Since conventional cures with say l8rs to sinusitis with balloon sinuplasty create bad pain in left side of face symptoms, sufferers often switched to using natural cures with regard to sinusitis. Frequently, tumeric sinus infection cures are composed of herbs and important oils. Having a proper diet and regular exercise should also be observed. The actual avoidance of triggers such as things that trigger allergies can be one other thing be considered. Sometimes, sacrifices should be done to experience victory; this is especially true whenever dealing with sinusitis.
Aside from those mentioned above, using herbal treatments such as ginseng, eucalyptus, and ginger are what really write natural cures regarding sinusitis. Ginseng will be popular around the world regarding having extremely powerful therapeutic attributes. And with regards to eucalyptus, maybe you have noticed that standard medicines and vapor rubs contain eucalyptus as their main ingredient. Eating fruits such as pineapples is also known as one of the best cures with regard to sinusitis. This is as a result of pineapples Bromelain content material. Bromelain is known to be an anti-inflammatory material. Besides, fruits also contain vitamins and assist boost the defense mechanisms.
For those who opt to use natural cures for sinusitis, one of the greatest sacrifices that they need to do will be to alter most of their lifestyle into a brand new one. This includes quitting bad habits such as drinking too much alcoholic drinks, smoking cigarettes, eating unhealthy foods, and also relocation of dwelling. For those who have already been doing these bad habits for a long period of time, detaching themselves away from these routines can really be considered as a big burden.
For those who already love the place these people are living, relocating to another place can also be very difficult in their part. But if your environment is the main reason why you are suffering from sinusitis, next it would be better to relocate after all. This is actually very true if you reside inside a place where you are surrounded together with pollution. Most of these sacrifices should be done in order to become victorious against sinusitis. You actually learn more about Sinusitis only with more reading on matters pertaining to it. So the more articles you read like this, the more you learn about Sinusitis.
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By Paola Ceccarelli
During this quantity, Ceccarelli bargains a background of the improvement of letter writing in historical Greece from the archaic to the early Hellenistic interval. Highlighting the specificity of letter-writing, in preference to other kinds of communique and writing, the quantity seems to be at documentary letters, but in addition lines the position of embedded letters within the texts of the traditional historians, in drama, and within the speeches of the orators.
While a letter is in itself the transcription of an oral message and, as such, could be both fair or deceitful, letters got destructive connotations within the 5th century, in particular while used for transactions about the public and never the non-public sphere. seen because the device of tyrants or close to japanese kings, those detrimental connotations have been obtrusive in particular in Athens the place comedy and tragedy testified to an underlying quandary with epistolary verbal exchange. In different components of the Greek global, equivalent to Sparta or Crete, the letter could have been visible as an unproblematic device for coping with public regulations, with inscriptions documenting the reputable use of letters not just by way of the Hellenistic kings, but in addition by way of a few poleis.
Read Online or Download Ancient Greek Letter Writing: A Cultural History (600 BC- 150 BC) PDF
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Additional resources for Ancient Greek Letter Writing: A Cultural History (600 BC- 150 BC)
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- The Library of Congress cataloging system has
placed this book in the following subject areas: boys, Minnesota,
fathers and sons, motherless families, brothers, and outlaws. How
does this constellation of subject areas contribute to the
unusual power of this book? What other books have similar
- How does the stark upper Midwestern landscape
contribute to the strength of this book? If the book were set in
the South, for example, how might the drama differ? How does the
presence or absence of a major role for landscape affect the way
you relate to a book?
- How does the book's time period contribute
to the strength of the book? If the book were set today, how
would the story unfold? How does the story relate to its time
- How does time move throughout the story? Discuss the
pacing of the story. Where are the places of slowness and the
places where events happen with intense speed? What does the pace
of the story contribute to its telling?
- The book begins and ends with the appropriately
named Land family hunting geese. What are the parallels between
these scenes and other scenes where humans are hunted by other
- Do you think Davy Land's battle against
Finch and Basco can be compared to the battle between David and
Goliath? If so, how? Can someone like Davy be a hero and an
outcast simultaneously? How can we justify Davy's
- Both Roxanne and the young Land children grew up
motherless. How does the absence of a mother affect the book? How
would the pilgrimage to find Davy be different if his mother were
part of the quest? What is the role of Sara, another motherless
- Discuss Natty Bumppo, Butch Cassidy, and Zane Grey
in the context of this book.
- Compare Swede as a writer to Little Women's
Jo. How is the craft of writing presented? How do youth, gender,
and writing interact in these stories? What is similar and what
- Both Davy and Jape are murderers. Describe the ways
in which the author has made one a sympathetic, forgivable
character and the other exactly the opposite.
- Why do Jeremiah's miracles seem to stop
once the Lands encounter Roxanna?
- Loyalty to the law versus loyalty to the family is
a huge issue throughout the book; discuss this.
- Swede's tale within a tale provides comic
relief in a serious situation; how does the author accomplish
this? How are embedded stories used in other books you have read
- Davy's situation is not resolved at the
end of the book; we gain no real insight into his life and mind.
Is this a flaw? Is Jape's violence realistic? Were you
satisfied with the book's end? How else might the author
have ended the book?
Created by Holly Carver, Paul Ingram, and Kristin
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Migration – an important player in political, social and economic life – is the central reality of Georgia, even if in most cases it is not so pleasant to talk about it. Emigration since independence in 1991 has significantly influenced the shape and dynamics of change in modern Georgia. Almost everyone in the country knows at least someone who has migrated. Entire families are supported by remittances that are sent home and entire communities have been altered by these movements. Georgia’s labour supply, particularly its highly-skilled labour, has also been significantly affected. Every year the number of migrants leaving Georgia increases, so that there are more and more people (especially women) who leave their native country. In a new world without borders, this might seem like something normal, but before deciding whether it is, we should think about the reasons for, and results of, these movements.
First we may search for some definitions of the concepts which we will need. Human migration is the permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people from one location to another. This movement may occur domestically or internationally, and can affect economic structures, population densities, culture and politics. People either choose to migrate (voluntarily), or they are made to move involuntarily (forced). Voluntary migration is based on one's free will and initiative. In such cases, people move for a variety of reasons, weighing options and choices. The strongest factors influencing people to move voluntarily are the desire to live in a better home and to find improved employment opportunities, but there are also other factors that contribute: a change in the circumstances of life (getting married, the “emptying of the nest”, retirement, etc), political factors (a liberal state that starts to turn conservative, states that recognize gay-marriage, etc.), and personal factors (such as the desire to move from a suburban form of life to the city). In the case of forced migration, we have another picture, often caused by persecution, development, or exploitation. In the Georgian situation we can find both kinds of migration. During the Soviet period, external migration was generally not allowed. Migration from and to the Republic was limited to the territory of the USSR. Post-Soviet emigration flows have been mainly directed towards the EU, the US and the Russian Federation. Top source countries for immigration flows include India, Turkey and China. In the early 1990s Georgia experienced a civil war and ethnic conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia1, while in August 2008 there was the Georgian–Russian war2. These conflicts led to massive emigration on the part of the affected populations, ethnic minorities in particular, including Greeks, Meshkhetian Turks, and Armenians. Twenty percent of Georgian territory was occupied during these two wars. The citizens had no other choice but to leave their cities and villages, even choosing to go abroad. Nobody knew for how long they would need to do so.
Regarding voluntary migration, we can say that it is largely caused by social and economic hardships (emigration for educational purposes, when students travel to Europe in order to improve their qualifications, is a special case). Georgia became a newly independent country in 1991 (Georgia had a brief period of independence in 1918-1921, following the Russian Revolution of 1917. Then Georgia was occupied by Soviet Russia in 1921, becoming part of the Soviet Union as the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic) and society had to get used to the changes caused by this in every sphere of life. Changes in trade and manufacturing caused an economic and social crisis. Factories were closed; industry and agriculture no longer worked. Many people were unable to find a job. The internal political situation was also unstable, so that business people lacked the confidence to invest. The resulting unemployment was one of the reasons for the family crisis in Georgia. If we look into the past, we will see that the “leaders” in families were men. To be a housewife was the usual “profession” for women – to be at home and to take care of the family. When the men started staying at home (since it was difficult for them to find jobs and they considered themselves to be a lost generation), the family crisis started. There had to be a reaction. Women found that there was more opportunity for them to find work abroad, which accounts for the number of migrant women and why it is higher than that of men. Thus, according to information published by the State Department of Statistics in Georgia, the number of women emigrants in 2013 was 55.581, while that of men was 39.483. As the accompanying chart shows, most of the migrants are in the age range 29-393. As a comparison, it is useful to know that, in 2013, the female population of Georgia was 2.345.000 while that of males was 2.138.8004. Therefore, nearly 2.4% of women and 1.8% of men have emigrated.
Most migrants rely on family and friends to help them with financing and organizing the migration process. While most Georgians enter countries legally, they often end up as irregular migrants. Some labour migrants manage to enter with short term documents allowing them to work, and then, loosing that status, they stay on illegally. Once a labour migrant has become undocumented, they can only find certain types of work. Women usually work as nurses, dog sitters, caregivers and cooks, while men tend to be construction workers and/or plant managers. Lack of sufficient language skills tends to hinder highly-skilled migrants from working in their professions. The working conditions are hard for migrants. In most cases they have working days that last for 12 hours or more, with only one day-off during the week and without a personal life (without family and friends). They put up with all these problems so as to make two types of investment in the future: one is in improving the social and economic conditions of their families, while the other is to give their children the opportunity (through paying for it) to get a good education.
Despite their working conditions, which often violate the basic principles of human dignity, many migrants still stay longer than they had expected when they left their home because they take longer to meet their economic goals, or else, even if their basic financial problems are already resolved, they simply no longer consider themselves to be members of Georgian society. According to what some migrants themselves say in a series of Georgian documentary films5 about migration, they are afraid that, should they return, they would not find a job and would be treated like foreigners. While family issues are the most cited reason for returning, other migrants return due to dissatisfaction with their life and opportunities abroad or because of legal issues6. Families with younger children are also more likely to return for affordable education. If they do decide to return home, the Georgian government gives them support in getting all their documents in order and helps them to realize their business ideas.
1. The Georgian Civil War comprised inter-ethnic and intranational conflicts in the region of Abkhazia. On August 14, Georgian forces entered Abkhazia to disarm separatist militias. By the end of September 1993, Russian-backed separatists fought back and took the region's capital, Sukhumi, after fierce fighting on September 27. Georgia's military defeat was followed by the ethnic cleansing of the Georgian majority in Abkhazia. The war produced approximately 20,000 deaths on both sides, and about 260,000 refugees.
2. This war started on 8 August 2008 amidst worsening relations between Russia and Georgia, both formerly constituent republics of the Soviet Union. The fighting took place in the strategically important Transcaucasia region, which borders the Middle East. It was regarded as the first European war of the 21st century.
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From Reddit r/Autos
I have said this same thing for years. Red turn signals are not as bad when they are a different section of the taillight themselves. But when you combine the turn/brake/tail lights all in one section they are ridiculous when someone is tapping the breaks you cannot tell if they have their hazards on if they are turning or just braking. It is my opinion as well that all turn signals and brake lights should be LED as they are instant on instant off. Id wager that the response time to LED tails compared to regular filament bulb tails is several milliseconds faster. Which adds up if you think about it.
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Today we wanted to add a short follow up on our previous post on artificial neural networks. The example which we gave of training an ANN on XOR function probably appears to be very trivial for the readers. Today we want to show another example that may highlight how neural networks can be used to recognize a simple pattern. This example is taken from Amanda Rao and Srinivas book Neural Networks (link at the end of the post). In their book they give an example of training a single hidden layer neural network to differentiate the capital letter T from the letter L. Either of the letters can be rotated 90, 180, or 270 degrees and the model should still be able to pick out the letter T.
With the above problem defined we can visualize it as below:
The top four figures represent the letter T while the bottom four represent the letter L. Now, to give these patterns to a neural network we need to put numbers to the patters. A logical way is to assign the number 1 to a cell in a pattern if it is shaded and 0 otherwise. Each cell will represent an input node in our neural network. Below is how we can represent each pattern with a combination of 1s and 0s.
Now we can set up a neural network in the workbook that we previously showed you how to build. We will set up an ANN with a single hidden layer with three nodes and a single output node. The output node will equal 1 if the model thinks the pattern it is presented with is one of four possible cases of the letter T and 0 if it is L. There will be 9 input nodes to input each pattern.
The front of the sheet should look like this:
Hopefully this example shows the strength of neural networks to recognize patterns. This is a toy example of an actual application of neural networks. In real world large scale models are trained to recognize hand writing by similar methods. An image is split into pixels and the pixel colour is identified by a value. Each pixel is an input into the neural network. After training the neural network can differentiate a hand written letter a from b for example. Hopefully this example gives more insight than the XOR function we presented in our previous post.
Some Useful Resources:
Example taken from Neural Networks by M. Ananda Rao and J. Srinivas http://www.amazon.com/Neural-Networks-Applications-Ananda-Rao/dp/1842651315
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Biological Sciences @ ScienceAlerts.com
Bangkok, Thailand (PRWEB) April 04, 2012
ScienceAlerts.com is a Web 2.0 social network to discover and share scholarly content in in the basic and applied sciences of agriculture, biology, environment, forestry, geography and health. While this new website has been operating on an on-invitation only basis for some time, it went fully online on Tuesday, February 28, 2012. To date, 17,527 members have signed up and actively contribute content to the site which is also accessible through several ScienceAlerts.com RSS feeds. The new Biological Sciences category currently features 520,658 stories largely derived from 984 scientific biology publishing sources.
ScienceAlerts.com's Biological Sciences Category covers life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, genetics, and distribution. It currently contains 520,658 stories partly derived from 984 scholarly biology journals. This category also provides an Biological Sciences RSS feed which is one of the best and most popular ways of staying up to date with the latest research in this science discipline. One of the latest articles presents the interrelationship of mycophagous small mammals and ectomycorrhizal fungi in primeval, disturbed and managed Central European mountainous forests. Fungal spore dispersal by mycophagy is deemed an important process involved in forest regeneration, resilience and vitality, primarily based on evidence from Australia and the Pacific Northwestern USA, but is poorly known for Central European mountainous forests. The authors conclude that mycophagy can be considered to contribute to nutrition of small forest mammals, to play a pivotal role for forest regeneration and functioning by providing mycorrhizal inoculum to tree seedlings, and to be vital for reproduction and diversity of the still poorly known hypogeous fungi. Another article presents catalytic properties and polymorphism of serine endopeptidases from the midgut gland of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon. This shrimp is a key species in the coastal areas of the North Sea and constitutes a significant food source for fishes. The authors identified 30 different bands of endopeptidases but they did not find any similarity between animals from the same sampling sites, neither between animals of similar size, weight or nutritive state. They conclude that the polymorphism of proteinase from the midgut gland seems to reflect the high adaptive potential of this species to variable trophic conditions in a continuously changing environment.
Besides the Biological Sciences category, ScienceAlerts.com contains an Agricultural Sciences Category which the cultivation and production of crops, raising of livestock, and postharvest processing of natural products. ScienceAlerts.com's Environmental Sciences Category covers the external physical conditions affecting growth, development, and survival of organisms, and their management while it's Forestry Sciences Category presents the cultivation, maintenance, and development of forests. ScienceAlerts.com's Geographical Sciences Category covers the physical characteristics of the earth including its surface features, and the distribution of life on earth, and that of the Health Sciences aggregates the effects of disease and medical treatment on the overall condition of organisms.
ScienceAlerts.com's review process is partly automated and partly manual to rigorously ensure that only relevant content is featured on the site. Since new science content is discovered in real-time, the delay between original publication and appearance at ScienceAlerts.com is usually only minutes. ScienceAlerts.com includes a search feature to retrieve specific titles or keywords from its' large database. In addition, it suggests up to ten related articles for each article selected. The site also maintains the new Twitter account @Science_Alerts.
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Stress is a problem that everybody must face, but so few people know anything about the mechanism that there is little that they can do to protect themselves against its often harmful effects.
Stress can be the source of many different health problems. Most significantly, it can damage your blood vessels.
When you get stressed, your brain tells your body to prepare for action. In doing so, it raises the blood pressure, which can be very helpful when the situation demands immediate action.
When stress builds up over and over again, however, the blood vessels can become damaged due to the changes in pressure. This can eventually lead to a higher risk of heart attack, clearly illustrating how important it is to ensure that your stress management techniques are sound.
One thing that many people find to be a significant factor in decreasing their levels of stress is having a pet. Most people tend to opt for dogs, but cats, and even some smaller pets can have a calming effect on you that can help to eliminate a stress problem that you may have.
Countless studies have shown that having a pet in the house can decrease stress and lower blood pressure.
So if your lifestyle allows it, it is an option that you may want to seriously consider in order to keep your stress problem under control as well as just making you feel happier in general.
Another thing that you may want to consider is joining a support group. When you are amongst people who share similar stress problems as you, you will be able to help each other to devise techniques that will help to straighten your lives out.
You will likely find plenty of friends with lots of tips to offer in terms of keeping the stress levels in your life toned down. Alternatively, if you dont do well in a group environment, you should consider speaking to a therapist who can help you to prioritize your life and teach you coping methods that will minimize the problem.
They say that laughter is the best medicine, and it is a very true statement when it comes to stress relief. Many people who have problems with stress tend to look at life from too serious of a perspective; taking some time out to poke fun at yourself and the crazy world in which we live can truly help you to put things into perspective.
Rent a funny movie or try to see some live stand-up comedy in your town if the opportunity is available. Sooner then you know it, you will be on the right track and your stress will be dissipated.
As you can see, theres probably plenty about stress that you are unfamiliar with that can be useful for improving your health and the quality of your life.
You should do all that you can to learn about the stress symptom and studies regarding it, as it is infinitely useful knowledge to have in your everyday life.
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(Subreddit: EDH)
My absolute favorite graveyard card by a mile is [[past in flames]]. Because of that I love to build "unconventional" spellslinger decks that don't really focus on self mill but don't dislike it if it's incidental. One of my favorite decks I've ever build was a durdly [[yidris]] deck that could build up really explosive turns with the past in flames + multiple wheels setup. Another deck I'm really enjoying right now is a "stormy" [[neheb the eternal]] deck, that can capitalize on getting milled by setting up the win with a past in flames and another few key spells in the yard. Based on the decks I build past in flames is a better tech against mill than something like [[gea's blessing]] or a big eldrazi. Love it love it love it.
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The History of St. Michael’s Parish Church
"St Michael is kinde to strangers". So runs the motto of the Ancient and Royal Burgh of Linlithgow. St Michael is the patron saint of the town and, in the form of the ancient church of that name, he still stands guard above its inhabitants, both residents and strangers alike.
Although it is undoubtedly of earlier origin the first mention of "the great church of Linlithgow" is in a charter of 1138 in which King David I gifted it "with all its chapels, lands and other rights" to the Cathedral of St Andrews.
On 22nd May 1242, the Church of St Michael of Linlithgow was consecrated by David de Bernham, Bishop of St Andrews. Whether he was hallowing a new building or rededicating an established House of God, is not certain. What is clear is that the ancient kirk has for centuries been recognised as a place of worship and as an historical memorial without equal in Scotland.
In 1301 King Edward I of England arrived and requisitioned the Church as a garrison storehouse in which to house the war provisions required for his fortified palisade or "Peel".
After the Scottish Victory at Bannockburn, and the recapture of the Linlithgow fortifications, St Michael’s stood in need of considerable restoration.
Whatever reconstruction work was done in the 14th century was not long-lived as, in 1424, a great fire occurred which caused massive damage to the church and neighbouring palace.
Over the next 115 years St Michael’s was largely rebuilt although many of the old stones were incorporated in the new construction. Several local strategies were enforced to finance the rebuilding of the Kirk. Taxes were imposed on ale and leather and the money from fines for chimney fires or overpricing at the market also swelled the church coffers.
All the Stewart kings from James I to V donated revenue to St Michael’s "kirk werk" and not until 1540 was the church’s completion celebrated with the granting of a new royal charter and, with it, the right to appoint a town Provost. The man chosen was Henry Forrest of Magdalenes who had himself been active in the "kirk werk" and had personally ensured that the masons received their "drinksilver". They certainly earned it for under their expert hands emerged the beautiful Medieval church we have today. First the nave and transepts were transformed; then the chancel and the apse. Outside, twenty niches were filled with carvings of saints and, inside, each of the 8 bays was graced with an altar, attended by a staff of chantry priests. The solid, square tower was furnished with a magnificent stone crown, topped with a weathervane, bearing the favourite emblem of King James III. The church was further adorned with the erection of a beautiful oak roof bearing the arms of George Crichton, vicar of St Michael’s and later Bishop of Dunkeld. The ecclesiastical masterpiece which resulted was much favoured as a place of worship by the Scottish monarchs, most notably Mary Queen of Scots who was born in Linlithgow Palace on December 8th 1542 and was baptised in St Michael’s church.
The font which carried the holy water used to baptise the royal baby did not survive for many years longer. In 1559 the Protestant Lords of the Congregation arrive to obliterate all traces of the Roman Catholic religion from the Church. They smashed the holy water stoop along with the statues and altars. Occasionally fragments of this orgy of destruction are found in and around the church.
The first Protestant minister of St Michael’s was Patrick Kinloquy and his parish kirk was equipped with new galleries (including those for the town magistrates and the monarch) and a stone pulpit on the north side of the chancel. The town did try to uphold its obligations to its church and considerable money was spent on equipping it as a fitting House of God. However the church was also to be used for other purposes. In 1620 part of it served as a wood store while in 1645 it became for a brief time the University of Edinburgh when the students and professors escaped to Linlithgow form the plague-stricken capital.
The year 1646 saw the arrival of the roundhead troops of Oliver Cromwell. St Michael’s found itself incorporated in the general defences of the town with horses stabled in the nave and soldiers billeted in the triforium. By the time the Cromwellian army left Linlithgow the church had deteriorated and the heritors estimated that £1000 Scots was required to repair the roof and windows.
The 18th century church of Linlithgow followed the general Scottish pattern. It was dominated by the minister and his Kirk Session who rigorously guarded the community’s moral life and enforced fines for any breach of church discipline. The money collected was used to help the poor of the parish. The church was equipped with a repentance stool, on which any wrongdoer had to sit in full view of the congregation, and a set of jougs at the church door to chain up by the neck anyone guilty of repeated transgressions. The Kirk Session minutes are full of references to such moral lapses: drunkenness, adultery, whistling, working or washing clothes on the Lord's Day or not "keeping elders’ hours". A typical church service lasted up to four hours. A sand-glass was attached to the ministers pulpit in order to ensure that he spoke (extempore, for all notes were frowned upon) for at least two hours. Singing was led by the precentor and was unaccompanied as music in the church was frowned on and an organ was referred to scathingly as a "kist o’ whistles".
In 1768 a storm damaged the steeple and blew down the weather cock and in 1773 the "old bell" cracked and had to be recast at Three Bells Foundry at Whitechapel.
In 1808 there was a panic when it was discovered that the old ceiling beams were rotten at the ends and that the "crazy roof" was about to collapse. In 1812, the 16th century "Crichton" ceiling was removed and replaced with a plaster one, partly due to the fact that oak was unavailable due to the shipbuilding demands of the Napoleonic War. The interior was also remodelled: a "restoration" generally regarded now as an act of colossal vandalism, especially the removal of the old dividing arch between chancel and nave and the whitewashing of the walls.
It was a grim church which emerged in the early 19th century and they were grim times. On February 19th 1819 a Linlithgow Mortsafe Society was established to hire out a huge metal cage which was placed over a recent grave to deter the grave robbers from "resurrecting" the body and selling it to the anatomy lecturers in Edinburgh. In addition, a watchman’s hut was erected in 1823 against the south wall of the churchyard and a watch of three men was appointed to prevent any "nocturnal activities".
In 1820 there occurred one of the most unfortunate episodes in the history of the church. A report concluded that the old stone crown was in danger of collapse. Despite the reluctance of the town and the church authorities there was no denying the fact that something had to be done. Local tradesmen all agreed that the crown was too heavy for the tower. It was reluctantly decided that the only course was demolition and, in the summer of 1821, the old crown was removed.
In 1885 the splendid centre window of the apse was fitted out with stained glass in memory of Charles Wyville Thomson, the locally born oceanic explorer who died in 1882. It features a fleet of ships such as that which accompanied the explorer on his charting of the world’s oceans in HMS Challenger from 1872-76.
In 1992 the Society of Friends of St. Michael's Church celebrated the church's 750th anniversary with the installation of a new stained glass window in the St. Katherine's Aisle. The window, created by Crear McCartney is designed around the theme of Pentecost.
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History :Magadha Empire ruled from 684 B.C - 320 B.C in India. The Magadha Empire is mentioned in the two great epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. It is been known that Shishunaga dynasty found the Magadha Empire. The greatest empires and religions of India originated here like the Gupta Empire and Mauryan Empire. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's different subjects like science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Indian "Golden Age". Buddhism and Jainism the great religions were also founded in Magadha Empire.
Magadha Dyansty was the dominant force in the political scene of Northern India of those times. This name was first mentioned in the Veda, and later it is seen mentioned in several other ancient Indian sources. The fertile soil of this state and the enthusiasm of the people for cultivation resulted in the fast development of agriculture and the state became richer. Very soon the state entered into trade relationship with other parts of India.
King Bindusara (545/544-493 B.C.) of the Haryanka dynasty is the founder of this dynasty, the brilliance of which illuminated the history of India for a long time. The Sisunaga dynasty captured power from the Haryanka dynasty. This period saw the glory of the development of the Buddha-Jaina religions. After the Sisunagas, it was the period of the Nanda dynasty to be followed by the Maurya. The King Bimbisara, was murdered by his Prince Ajatashatru. King Pasenadi, king of neighboring Kosala Ajatashatru was caught by an ambush and captured with his army. However, King Pasenadi allowed moving and army returned to Magadha. King Pasendi also got his daughter married to the new young king.
Due to the death of Buhlul Lodhi in July 1489, his son Nizam Khan succeeded him, under the title Sikandar Shah. He turned out to be the most capable ruler of the Lodhi Dynasty. Sikandar Shah established a fair system of administration & founded the historical city of Agra. His empire extended from Punjab to Bihar and he also signed a treaty with the ruler of Bengal, Alauddin Hussain Shah.Sikandar Shah was the one who founded a new town where the modern day Agra stands and was known to be a kind and generous ruler who cared for his subjects.
The Magadha-Maurya it was a period of colorful events when the first large states of India took shape, gained strength and then contended for supremacy. King Udayin (461-445 B.C.) shifted the capital of Magadha from Rajagriha to Pataliputra (modern Patna) and it became a very famous center of wealth, learning and power in ancient India.
Magadha Empire was among those which formed one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas (Sanskrit, "great countries") or regions in ancient India. The core area of the Empire was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its capital was Rajagaha (modern Rajgir). Magadha Empire expanded from Eastern Uttar Pradesh to the most of Bihar, and Bengal with the conquest of Licchavi and Anga respectively. Magadha Empire is also mentioned in Buddhist and Jain texts. The initial reference of Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. The republican community of Rajakumara was also included in the Magadha Dynasty.
Magadha Empire gained much power during the rule of King Bimbisara and successor Ajatshatru. Bimbisara was murdered by his son Ajatshatru. The Magadha Empire in India extended upto modern day Bihar, Patna and some parts of Bengal. The empire extended from River Ganges to the kingdoms of Kosala and Kashi which were annexed. The Magadha Empire fought many battles with most of its neighbors. During this period Ajatshatru built a huge fort at his capital Pataliputra. During the era Buddha prophesized and this place become a popular place of trade and commerce.
Magadha pursued a policy of expansionism and it had links with the states of Eastern and Northern India. The powerful states of Koshala, Avanti and Lichchavi were the contestants with Magadha for controlling the trade routes, especially the Ganges river system. This resulted in frequent wars. King Udayin (461-445 B.C.) shifted the capital of Magadha from Rajagriha to Pataliputra (modern Patna) and it became a very famous center of wealth, learning and power in ancient India With powerful military force, the Magadha Empire naturally had an upper hand over conquering neighborhood places and spreading their territory. However, after the death of King Udayan, the Magadha Empire started to decline very rapidly. Internal disturbances and corruption within the kingdom led to its decline. The Magadha Empire was finally taken over by the powerful Nanda dynasty who then ruled here for a good amount of time before being taken over by the Mauryas.
The 16 Mahajanapada and their capitals were as follows:
- Anga : Champa
- Magadha :Girvraj , Patliputra
- Kashi : Banaras
- Vatsa : Kausambi ( Allahabad)
- Koshal : Shravasti
- Sursen : Mathura
- Panchal : Ahikshatra, Kampilya
- Kuru : Indra Prastha
- Matsya : Bairath
- Chedi : Shaktimati
- Avanti : Ujjain , Mahishamati
- Gandhar : Takshshila
- Kambauj : Hatak or Rajpur
- Asmak : Potan or Potani
- Wajji : Vaishali or Lichchhavi
- Matsya : Kushniara or Pawa
The Magadha administration was divided into judicial, executive and military functions. Magadha was a region which was known for productive agriculture. Iron mines were accessible and provided resources for tools and weapons. Elephants formed an important component of the army in the region. Ganga and its tributaries provided a means of cheap and convenient communication. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas.
Bihar & Patna
684 B.C - 320 B.C
Pashto and Persian
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We recently explained the process of arriving at calculations for mark-up and gross margin. Next, we thought we would walk reader through calculating 'breakeven.' Breakeven will help you know how much your sales have to grow before you can reach profitability. With this information, you can estimate how long you will need to sustain losses, and to plan your cash flow accordingly.
We could just give you a formula for calculating breakeven. Unfortunately, though, plugging numbers into an equation you don’t understand may yield answers that will lead you in the wrong direction. Understanding only a few details can help you avoid that pitfall.
How to calculate breakeven
In its simplest terms, breakeven occurs when your business is neither making nor losing money. In other words,
Revenue = total expenses
For example, think about two types of expenses: fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs are those that don't change as the number of units you sell grows. For example, if you are a retail store, rent is likely to be the same regardless of the number of units sold.
On the other hand, variable costs are those that increase as the number of units you sell grows. Again, if you are a retail store, when the number of units increases, the money you pay for the merchandise you sell will also increase. These costs vary with the number of units sold. Therefore:
Total expense = variable costs + fixed costs
Variable costs may be expressed as the number of units sold times the variable cost per unit. Therefore,
Total expense = (units x variable cost per unit) + fixed costs
Obviously, the variable cost per unit will not likely be the same for every unit you sell. Some items will be more expensive; others will cost less. Therefore, the variable cost per unit will be an average. Total revenue may be expressed as price times units sold. Therefore, at breakeven:
Price x units = (units x variable cost per unit) + fixed costs
Solving for the number of Units that needs to be sold to breakeven yields
Breakeven units = fixed costs/(price – variable cost per unit)
This makes sense. Price minus variable cost per unit is the amount of money you have to cover fixed costs each time you sell a unit. Let’s say that fixed costs are $2,000 per month while the average price for the things you sell is $2, and the average variable cost per unit is $1.
This means that every time you sell a unit, you get $1 toward covering fixed costs. Because fixed costs are $2,000 per month, you’ll need to sell 2,000 units each month to achieve breakeven.
Obviously, once you calculate breakeven units, this figure can be converted into breakeven revenue. In our example above, the breakeven units number is 2,000, but each unit sells for $2. Therefore, breakeven revenue is $4,000 (2,000 x $2). It is also possible to calculate breakeven revenue directly without calculating breakeven units first. To do this, multiply both sides of the equation above by price.
Price x breakeven units = fixed costs x (price/(price – variable cost per unit))
(Price – variable cost per unit)/price = gross margin percentage
Price/(price – variable cost per unit) = 1/ gross margin percentage
Breakeven revenue = price x breakeven units
Plugging this into the equation above yields:
Breakeven revenue = fixed costs x (1/gross margin percentage)
Breakeven revenue = fixed costs/gross margin percentage
One word of caution: Make sure that you understand what costs are really fixed, given the revenue change you are contemplating. Costs that are fixed for a 10 percent or 20 percent increase in revenue may not be fixed if the business has to grow by a factor of 5.
Make sure you understand how your cost structure will change over the range of growth you need to reach breakeven. Failure to do so can result in grossly underestimating the breakeven, which can result in very bad business decisions.
Understanding your business’ breakeven point is powerful, but you’ll need to ensure you fully understand the economics of the challenge you face. Basing business decisions on an oversimplified analysis can lead to disaster. Getting a good grip on the details outlined above will enable you to avoid this problem.
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Drawn to Wildlife: Sketching for Scientists
11/17/2016 ● 12:30-4:00 pm ● Lab, Draper Natural History Museum● limited to 25 participants
This hands-on workshop for wildlife biologists will take place during The Wildlife Society’s Wyoming chapter annual meeting.
Participants will be be introduced to a suite of foundational sketching techniques, and will include discussion of materials and strategies useful for field sketching and incorporating drawing into research practices.
Hosted by: Wyoming Chapter of The Wildlife Society
Context: Drawing is not exclusively for artists. After all, the curiosity, close observation, recording, and critical thinking required for drawing should seem quite familiar to any scientist. The primary reason people avoid incorporating sketching into their professional work is because they have never learned how to draw. Bottom line: modern drawing basics are learned, not inherited. Fundamental skills, techniques, and knowledge of different media can be taught, practiced, and improved upon.
And that’s what this workshop provides – a foundation in essential sketching skills, so that you have the basic knowledge upon which you can build a self-satisfying drawing habit.
In addition to foundational techniques and field sketching experience, you’ll have time in this workshop to discuss how to incorporate sketching into data collection methodology, publications, and popular communication efforts.
Field Sketching Kit:
The art-quality kits available for pre-order include the materials workshop instructor Bethann Garramon Merkle finds most useful for field sketching and for packing around on a daily basis. Using quality materials makes sketching easier, because these materials are designed to produce visually appealing drawings; they aren’t working against you like craft-grade materials sometimes do.
The kits include:
- Stillman & Birn brand sketchbook (hard-cover, light-weight watercolor paper)
- Permanent ink pen
- Fine-line Sharpie pen
- Watercolor pencils in red, yellow, and blue (water soluble; easier to use than watercolor pigments if you are new to the medium, and very convenient for field sketching)
- Water brush (a watercolor brush with a water reservoir in the handle; easier to manage water flow when learning, and more convenient for field sketching)
- 2H drawing pencil
- Art gum eraser
- Transparency film
- Wet-erase marker
- Water cup
- Brush-dabbing cloth
- Large resealable plastic bag (to keep everything organized and dry!)
Kits are available for pre-order, for $30/kit, via the conference registration form.
If you have questions, get in touch! Bethann is happy to chat about what materials best suit your needs. She can discuss personal or professional use, bulk orders for trainings or public outreach, as well as nature drawing/field sketching reference books you might also appreciate.
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<issue_start>Title: [Form] Fix debug form when using partial type name
user0: | Q | A
| ------------- | ---
| Branch? | master
| Bug fix? | yes
| New feature? | no
| BC breaks? | no
| Deprecations? | no
| Tests pass? | yes
| Fixed tickets | -
| License | MIT
Since https://github.com/symfony/symfony/pull/29452 (4.3) we have the possibility of passing a partial type name. This fixes the case where `debug:form dateTime` doesn't work as expected:
```bash
In FormRegistry.php line 89:
[Symfony\Component\Form\Exception\InvalidArgumentException]
Could not load type "dateTime": class does not implement "Symfony\Component\Form\FormTypeInterface".
```
user1: Thank you @user0.
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From subreddit r/IdiotsInCars
He bought it like two weeks ago from the money he got for selling his (totally worn down) house to the city, which he had to to pay of his (tax?) debt he had accumulated for not paying taxes on his youtube income ("it's an american company, so I don't have to pay taxes in germany you know?")
After all, he is the "Drachenlord", dragon lord in English, and he was a couple of years ago provoked and announced his private address on the Internet.
As time went by, more and more visitors or "haiders", a germanisation of "haters", as they call themselves, came to his house. The area around his house eventually became a restricted area in a sense of "don't go there in groups to demonstrate or do similar things".
He is a narcissistic, self overestimating, dude with below average intelligence that got conditioned by his viewers and visitors to (re-)act the way he does, it just spiralled more and more to the extreme on both sides.
The haiders even dump old tires, trash and other things onto his compound.
Oh, and he is on probation and has an outstanding trial where he is likely to be convicted to jail for injuring a couple of people that provoked him at his fence.
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(From Reddit r/thebachelor)
That’s because it is performative. These people are like the person who doesn’t do any of the work but gets the A on the group project.
They spend their time patrolling the Internet, seeking out wrongdoings from decades prior to yesterday evening, and put them on blast so they can show everyone how much they care about racism, sexism, homophobia, etc.
They don’t ever bother to seek out political groups devoted to social change. They aren’t going door-to-door to educate people and make a true call to action. They aren’t reaching outside the radius of their electronics to really DO anything, because they don’t actually care. They want the credit without doing the work.
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<issue_start>Title: Switch from sqlite database to mysql database
user0: Hello,
is it possible to switch from SQLite to MySQL database for handling user authentification, signup ect....?
I have set up my app with the authentication models like in the example:
https://flask-security-too.readthedocs.io/en/stable/quickstart.html#basic-sqlalchemy-application-with-session.
That worked fine. But now I want to change from a local to a hosted database like MySQL .
I changed the engine:
` # engine = create_engine(
# 'mysql+pymysql://{0}:{1}@{2}:{3}/{4}'.format(config.us_ssh, config.db_pass,host,port,db),
# connect_args={'connect_timeout': 120},
# pool_pre_ping=True,
# convert_unicode=True
# )
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql+pymysql://{0}:{1}@{2}:{3}/{4}'.format(config.us_ssh, config.db_pass,host,port,db)
`
I can access the database via user_datastore (see below) and create users or define roles. But when I want to login, confirm emails or reset the password, the validator does not find the specified users. I don't know where to adjust the script to adjust it.
```
init_db()
user_datastore.create_user(username=request.form['username'],
fullname=request.form['fullname'],
email=request.form['email'],
password=generate_password_hash("password"))
db_session.commit()
```
It would be awesome if someone can help.
Thanks!
Here my python set up
Flask-Security-Too==4.0.0
Flask-SQLAlchemy==2.4.4
Flask-WTF==0.14.3
PyMySQL==1.0.2
Using python 3.8
user1: As they say - it should 'just' work. I might try using something like mysqlworkbench to connect directly to your MySQL instance and verify that the data is in fact stored correctly.
Second - it might be useful to see your models and config (such as SECURITY_USER_IDENTITY_ATTRIBUTES
user0: Thanks, yes the values are saved in the database. I checked that.
my models
`from database import Base
from flask_security import UserMixin, RoleMixin
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, backref
from sqlalchemy import Boolean, DateTime, Column, Integer, \
String, ForeignKey
## Define User Models
class RolesUsers(Base):
__tablename__ = 'roles_users'
id = Column(Integer(), primary_key=True)
user_id = Column('user_id', Integer(), ForeignKey('user.id'))
role_id = Column('role_id', Integer(), ForeignKey('role.id'))
class Role(Base, RoleMixin):
__tablename__ = 'role'
id = Column(Integer(), primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(80), unique=True)
description = Column(String(255))
class User(Base, UserMixin):
__tablename__ = 'user'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
username = Column(String(15), unique=True)
password = Column(String(80))
fullname = Column(String(80))
email = Column(String(255), unique=True)
last_login_at = Column(DateTime())
current_login_at = Column(DateTime())
last_login_ip = Column(String(100))
current_login_ip = Column(String(100))
login_count = Column(Integer)
active = Column(Boolean())
fs_uniquifier = Column(String(255))
confirmed_at = Column(DateTime())
roles = relationship('Role', secondary='roles_users',
backref=backref('User', lazy='dynamic'))
`
my database.py
`import os
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session, sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
import pymysql
import mysql.connector
import config
## Folder Directory
THIS_FOLDER = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
string_engine = 'mysql+pymysql://{0}:{1}@{2}:{3}/{4}'.format(config.us_ssh, config.db_pass,host,port,database)
engine = create_engine(string_engine, connect_args={'connect_timeout': 120},
pool_pre_ping=True,
convert_unicode=True )
db_session = scoped_session(sessionmaker(autocommit=False,
autoflush=False,
bind=engine))
Base = declarative_base()
Base.query = db_session.query_property()
def init_db():
# import all modules here that might define models so that
# they will be registered properly on the metadata. Otherwise
# you will have to import them first before calling init_db()
Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
def get_engine():
return string_engine
`
What exactly do you mean with SECURITY_USER_IDENTITY_ATTRIBUTES like this?
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = get_engine()
app.config["SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE"] = 299
app.config["SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS"] = False
user1: Please let me know if you haven't figured this out - and if you want additional help - please use the 'Discussions' tab rather than opening an issue.<issue_closed>
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Growing up, we’ve often heard phrases like “You’ll catch up in no time!” or “Don’t worry, you’ll have a growth spurt soon!” directed at shorter children. While it is true that many children who are short for their age eventually reach a normal height as adults, there is also a possibility of underlying factors contributing to their shorter stature. In this blog post, we will delve into the factors affecting toddler growth, explore normal growth patterns, examine medical conditions that can lead to short stature, and discuss the evaluation and management of short toddlers.
Factors Affecting Toddler Growth
A. Genetic Factors
One of the key factors determining a child’s growth potential is their genetic makeup. Parental height plays a significant role in the height potential of a child. However, it is important to note that genetics alone do not dictate a child’s final height. Familial growth patterns also have an impact on a child’s growth trajectory.
B. Nutritional Factors
Nutrition plays a crucial role in the growth and development of a child, including their height. Adequate calorie and protein intake, along with a well-balanced diet, are essential for optimal growth. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies can also negatively affect growth and contribute to short stature.
C. Endocrine Factors
Endocrine factors, specifically the functioning of hormones, also play a significant role in a child’s growth. Growth hormone is responsible for stimulating bone and tissue growth. Disorders such as hypothyroidism or growth hormone deficiency can impair normal growth patterns and result in short stature. Hormonal imbalances can have a significant impact on a child’s growth potential.
Normal Growth Patterns in Toddlers
A. Typical Height and Weight Ranges for Toddlers
Toddlers experience rapid growth during their first few years of life. The average height and weight for toddlers can vary, but there are general ranges that are considered normal. These ranges provide a helpful benchmark for monitoring a child’s growth.
B. Growth Spurts and Periods of Slower Growth
Toddlers go through periods of rapid growth, commonly referred to as growth spurts. These spurts are characterized by sudden increases in height and weight. However, there are also periods of slower growth in between these spurts. These normal variations in growth rates are a part of the natural growth process.
C. Variations in Growth Rates Among Toddlers
It is important to understand that not all children grow at the same rate. Some children may experience growth spurts earlier than others, while some may have slower growth during certain periods. These variations in growth rates are perfectly normal and may not necessarily indicate any underlying issues.
Medical Conditions Contributing to Short Stature
A. Constitutional Growth Delay
Constitutional growth delay is a common cause of short stature in children. It refers to a temporary delay in growth that is often seen in children with a family history of late bloomers. These children typically show normal growth patterns but follow a slower growth curve. Most children with constitutional growth delay will eventually have a catch-up growth during their teenage years and reach a normal adult height.
B. Chronic Diseases
Chronic diseases can have a detrimental effect on a child’s growth and development. Conditions such as cystic fibrosis or inflammatory bowel disease can impact nutrient absorption and lead to stunted growth. Managing these conditions effectively and ensuring proper nutrition is crucial in promoting optimal growth in children.
C. Genetic Disorders
Some genetic disorders, such as Turner syndrome or Down syndrome, can also result in short stature. These conditions have specific growth implications and require specialized management strategies. Early diagnosis and intervention are essential in optimizing growth outcomes in children with genetic disorders.
Evaluating and Managing Short Stature in Toddlers
A. Medical Evaluation
If a child’s growth pattern raises concerns about short stature, a thorough medical evaluation is necessary. This evaluation typically involves a physical examination, analysis of growth charts, and potentially laboratory tests to identify any underlying medical conditions.
B. Treatment Options
The treatment approach for short stature in toddlers depends on the underlying cause. Nutritional interventions, including a well-balanced diet and supplementation when necessary, play a vital role. Hormonal therapies may be recommended for children with hormone deficiencies. In rare cases, surgical interventions may be necessary to correct growth abnormalities.
C. Psychological and Emotional Support
Short stature can have an impact on a child’s self-esteem and social interactions. It is crucial to provide psychological and emotional support to both children and parents. Counseling and support groups can offer guidance and reassurance, allowing children and their families to navigate the challenges associated with short stature.
Long-term Outlook for Short Toddlers
A. Predicting Adult Height
While it can be challenging to predict a child’s exact adult height during their toddler years, growth patterns and medical evaluations can provide an estimate. However, it is important to remember that these estimates are not definitive and can be influenced by various factors.
B. Potential for Catch-up Growth
Many short toddlers have the potential for significant catch-up growth during their adolescent years. With proper management and intervention, these children can reach their full growth potential and achieve a normal adult height. Regular follow-up and monitoring of growth are essential to track progress and make necessary adjustments to treatment plans.
C. Importance of Regular Follow-up
Regular follow-up with healthcare professionals is vital in monitoring a child’s growth and ensuring that any underlying conditions are properly managed. Ongoing evaluation and adjustments to treatment plans, if needed, can optimize outcomes for short toddlers.
In conclusion, while many children who are short for their age will eventually reach a normal height without any underlying medical conditions, it is essential to consider the various factors that can contribute to short stature in toddlers. Genetic factors, nutrition, and endocrine disorders all play a role in a child’s growth potential. Early evaluation and comprehensive care, including nutritional interventions and hormonal therapy if necessary, can help promote optimal growth outcomes. With the right support and medical guidance, short toddlers can have a positive long-term outlook for achieving a normal adult height.
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|Above shows damaged box and below is my restoration.|
The history of lacquer is over a thousand years old, originating in China. In the 1930's modern laquer techniques were very popular giving a shiny gloss surface. It is still used in Japan and all over the world. There are three main categories of laquer, the first is the' true' laquer then 'resin ' laquer and finally japanning or Japan work. Modern laquer paint is another variation of japanning being sprayed onto furniture to achieve a high gloss tough finish.
|New decoration for a frame .|
True laquer used the sap of specially cultivated trees. The sap has to be processed and coloured before its used and is very poisonous. It was built up in lots of layers onto thin wood creating a wonderful smooth surface. I think this was sometimes done on a boat because there is less dust. The artists that did the fancy gilding and decorating were never given the job of prep because they were needed....I know sounds an awful way of treating workers but that was the way it was.
Resin Lacquer was made from the female of an insect related to the cochineal beetle. The insects fed on sap , were collected , crushed and heated slowly. After sieving ,the top clearest layer would be dried to form sheets that would be flaked and stored. Mixing with alcohol made a liquid that could be again built up in layers. It was used in Indian and Islamic laquer.
|Top: New Victorian style firescreen.|
Below ; gilded box. My design is based on wallpaper in Brighton Pavillion.
Japanning is the European substitute for oriental laquer, and was popular in the 1718th century. the wood or papier mache was built up with layers of shellac or varnish, even 20 or 30 coats ! The colours mostly used are black, red, green, blue and yellow. The raised designs were built up from gesso and then gilded. This is not as strong as the laquer base which is why so much chips off.
I used this technique when repairing, and nearly always aim for an old appearance, The Grandfather clock case had a new base and I designed a new decoration for the base, matching the original top and laquered it to match.
|Brand new but aged|
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Get ready for fireworks
Jun 29, 2016
An international team of researchers, including UW-Madion's very own Jay Gallagher, used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe the galaxy Kiso 5639 (shown in the image above; credit: NASA/Elmegreen), a member of the so-called class of tadpole galaxies. The name stems from their flattened shape with a bright "head" leading to one side. From studying the distribution of metals, they find that the galaxy is growing rapidly be eating "pristine" gas at one end and turning it into stars, which then pollute the gas on the other end of the galaxy with heavy elements they cooked up. Those young, forming stars, stud the galaxy with brilliant sources of ultra-violet radiation, making it the sparkly firework seen in the image.
Jay Gallagher, co-author of the study, puts it this way: "The sky rocket appearance of this galaxy reflects how star formation can be energized through interactions with their environment, which is one reason why astronomers no longer view galaxies as separated 'islands' in an otherwise empty universe." Read more in the NASA/Hubble press release.
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Among the many types of business relationships one encounters in the modern world of transactions is the concept of a license agreement, whereby one party grants to another the right to use in a business context a right, trade name, method or product or some other asset owned for mutual benefit. The person or entity granting the right is termed the “Licensor.” The person or entity receiving the right is termed the “Licensee.”
This article shall outline the basic requirements for a successful license arrangement. Competent legal and tax advice is required before culminating a license agreement in the United States.
The reader should first review the articles on Contracts, on Limited Liability Entities, and on Intellectual Property: What it is and How to Protect It before reading further since it will be assumed in this article that the information in those articles is known to the reader.
The Basic Concept of License:
To license is simply to grant another person the right to use some asset one owns for a particular purpose and, usually, for a particular payment or series of payments termed a “royalty.” Most commonly, a party licenses the right to sell or exploit some business asset one owns, such as intellectual property, a product or a methodology. A few examples are a license to develop and promote a patented product and sell same in a particular territory; a license to use one’s product as part of a blend of products that are sold; a license to utilize a trade name or logo to sell a product in a particular locale; the license to publish a copyrighted work one has written, etc. etc.
The license is usually reduced to a written contract specifying the rights, duties, and payments that are part of the license. A license can give all rights to exploit the asset to the licensee (“exclusive license”) or only some of the rights or rights to use in conjunction with other persons (“nonexclusive” or “limited” license.) The license normally grants full rights to the licensee to exploit as the licensee sees fit but may have certain performance criteria or the license lapses or becomes non exclusive.
Normally, the theme of a license is that the licensor is passive, merely receiving royalty payments, while the licensee engages in the business or development and is free to exploit so long as royalties are paid and other criteria met. Failure to abide by the license agreement by the licensee normally results in termination of the license as well as payment of damages to the licensor.
Unlike the sale of an asset, the licensor continues as the ultimate owner of the asset or methodology; limited rights to use what the licensor owns are transferred, not ownership. The alternative to a license is the actual sale of the asset to the purchaser but most licensors wish to continue as owners so that they may exploit the asset in the future or in other territories or applications. It is vital for the licensee to realize that unlike full ownership, the license is merely a group of rights that the licensee obtains with ownership of the whole remaining in the licensor.
Typical issues to Confront:
- Who Owns What? It is vital to define precisely what rights are being licensed and for how long and in what context. If the licensor owns other assets or concepts that the licensor is exploiting on its own or transferring to third parties, it is important to make full disclosure so that the licensee does not claim that it is facing competition from licensor’s other activities and that the license is valueless. Related to this are variations and improvements on the product or concept, discussed below.
- How Long, What Price? What does the licensor get from the license? What payments are due when? Is there any guaranteed amount or just a percentage of sales? How are sales computed? How long does it last? What performance criteria must the licensee accomplish to maintain the license? How can the licensee abandon the license and move on to other products and can either the licensor or licensee compete with the product or method with their own or a third party’s product or method?
- Who Defends What? Particularly with trade names or intellectual property, it is important to define who has the duty to defend against third parties violating rights to the intellectual property and that can be an expensive process. For example, if the licensor licenses a software design that a third party claims was stolen, who must defend the claim and pay any damages? This should all be defined precisely in the agreement.
- Improvements and Changes. Assuming that the licensor develops an improvement or the next generation of product, does the licensee have the right to exploit that improvement? This is vital to consider since the licensee may create a thriving business only to discover that the licensor has licensed a new product which utterly undercuts the business created by the licensee. Further, if the licensee comes up with a variation or improvement, does that generate any rights in the licensor?
- Role of Other Licensees. If the license is non exclusive, what protections may exist to stop the other licensee from interfering with sales of the current licensee? How are disputes between the licensees resolved?
- Right to Assign? Right to Co Venture? Often the licensee will wish to bring in other entities to assist in its efforts to promote the product or service or will seek to sell its own license to another party. What rights does the licensor have to object or approve of such steps?
- Right of Licensee to Alter the Product or Service. Typically a licensee comes up with its own ideas or variations to the licensed product, either alone or in conjunction with third parties or a customer requests a customized variation. What rights does the licensee have to alter the product or service?
- Advertising and Promotional Materials. Often a licensor will want approval rights as to all marketing, training, and advertising materials. Often the licensee wants freedom of action and does not want the licensor who may not be well versed in marketing or local conditions, to have a veto power.
- Indemnity Provisions: Most licensors want full protection, including insurance coverage, for the activities of the licensees. Most licensees want product liability carried by the licensor. The extent of such provisions is often an area of some tense negotiations.
- Local Regulations and Laws. Many locales, especially Europe, have extremely strict regulations as to products and services and restrictions on right to trade and sell. Indeed, often local law can void contrary provisions in the license agreement. Some products considered safe and legal in a particular jurisdiction are illegal in others. A good example is alcohol sold in some Arab nations. It is vital to check applicable laws and regulations.
- Taxes and Licenses. It is equally vital to allocate who is responsible for what taxes that may accrue. Normally, the licensor wants to have no involvement in sales or employment activities and wants to be held harmless from all such liabilities, but to achieve that careful attention must be paid to the structure created in the agreement since some jurisdictions may impose pseudo employment taxation in certain license arrangements and, of course, local business licenses must be paid and kept up to date by the licensee.
- Standard Contract Issues. In addition to the numerous applicable issues that a particular project must consider, the standard terms and conditions and issues relating to them in any business contract must be considered.
There are numerous other methods to join efforts to promote and sell a product or service, ranging from joint ownership of a single entity to joint ventures (partnerships of two or more entities) to distribution and sales representative arrangements. In most cases, a license is the method preferred by a person or entity who simply wants an entirely passive role, to wit receiving royalties, with no involvement in the day to day or even strategic marketing decisions. As one client put it, “I just want to sit back and cash my royalty checks.”
But it is seldom that simple, with the activities of the licensee being a matter that must be of keen interest to any wise licensor, since a bad or poorly performing licensee can result in a product or service that could have developed a good cash flow being useless while other competing products come to dominate the field. Further, most licensees need guidance and assistance from the licensor, so inevitably more than “cashing the checks” is involved. While many inventors have a dream of licensing their product to some multinational that will simply pay a great deal of money over time, the average license involves two relatively small businesses who have to work together to make the process successful.
Licensing a product or service can be an excellent way to generate good cash flow if the document is properly created with a clear understanding of the goals and duties of the parties. More often than not, a license is limited in scope so that the licensor is free to develop certain markets or work with more than one licensee. It is vital to keep not only good legal advice in mind, but to get good tax advice and local knowledge before commencing the relationship. If well done, it can be a way for an inventor or developer of a product or service to minimize the involvement in the work of marketing and providing the service or product while still receiving a good income.
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From r/AskReddit:
We had regular sex ed on multiple occasions throughout school, about how everything is natural and how stuff works biologically. At some point though, a guy (can't recall whether he was a doctor or what) came and told us in more detail about sex specifically. We had rounds of open questions, but also a box where we could drop questions anonymously, that he'd answer. Most of us weren't mature enough to take it seriously (I think we were 11 or 12 at the time) but I think that was a good approach. Bringing in an expert (someone you'll likely never meet again) to talk to, feels better than having your non-expert class teacher talk to you about it.
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Growing oats is an important economic activity in many of Québec’s agricultural regions. According to data from Institut de la statistique du Québec, 95,000 ha were seeded in 2012, for a total production of 220,000 tons. In 2011, oats were grown on over 4,700 farms, generating nearly $27 million in revenue. Therefore using fertilization charts that recommend doses that exceed the crop’s actual needs and the capacities of receiving environments to absorb them could cause serious agronomic and environmental impacts. So it was of some concern that the fertilization chart in Québec’s fertilization guide had been developed over the course of thirty years in cooperation with industry stakeholders and recommendations for the three main elements had not recently been tested in scientific field trials. In the case of nitrogen, recommendations varied from 40 to 60 kg per ha. So for example, if based on this recommendation a surplus of 10 kg N per ha had been used on 95,000 ha, nearly a million kilos of excess N would have been applied, with the associated environmental risks and economic losses. Therefore recommended doses of N, P, and K needed to be questioned, especially since cultural practices and fertilizers had changed since these doses were established. The grain industry needed more information on these recommendations given contemporary sustainable development objectives. Due to a lack of information, fertilization programs were not consistent among Québec producers, who did not necessarily consult the same information sources.
From 2013 to 2017
Fertilizer management, Water protection, Soil health
This project will help the grain industry ensure the quality of its products.
The purpose of this project was to study the vegetative propagation and regeneration capacity of Canada thistle and sow thistle with a view to developing effective weed control strategies.
Researcher: Maryse Leblanc
This project will develop a versatile tool that will allow to simulate the impacts of agricultural practices on soil organic matter.
A literature review, a survey of organic grain producers, and an analysis of historical yield and climate data in order to document the effects of climate extremes on yields and soil nutrient availability.
Researcher: Marc-Olivier Gasser
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Providence, Rhode Island
The First Baptist Meeting House, also known as the First Baptist Church of Providence, is both the oldest Baptist church in the United States and the oldest Baptist congregation. Founded by Roger Williams, the famous religious leader in exile from Puritan Massachusetts, this was America’s first truly home-grown church and therefore. The First Baptist Meeting House is regarded as the birthplace of the American Baptist movement and has become a place of religious importance on par with the Puritan sites of nearby Plymouth. It remains an active church to this day and is one of the most important historic sites in Providence.
Roger Williams was among the earliest settlers to immigrate from England to the Massachusetts Bay colony. In 1631 he arrived in Boston, where he was welcomed by other separatists who had come to the Americas in search of religious freedom. He served as a teacher and later a minister in Boston, Plymouth and Salem. However, within a few years he found himself at odds with local religious and political leaders over various matters, including the separation of church and state.
In 1635 Williams was tried and convicted of sedition and heresy. He fled Massachusetts and traveled more than a hundred miles overland to what is now Rhode Island. There, in 1636, he and a few of his followers founded the new colony of Providence. Over the next few years he was joined by other exiles fleeing the Puritan territories, including Anne Hutchinson.
In 1638, Roger Williams, a Calvinist, founded a new congregation in Providence. This congregation, which was organized as a Six-Principal Baptist Church, was the first true Baptist Church in the United States. His church espoused, among other things, freedom of religion and the separation of church and state. The colony became a haven for several religious groups, including Quakers and Jews. It was also here that the first seeds of the abolitionist movement were sewn.
Through most of the 17th century, Baptist meetings were generally held in informal settings, such as congregant’s homes. This was in keeping with some of the anti-establishment principals of the Baptist movement. However, in 1700 a small meeting house was built, and a larger one constructed in 1736. Finally, the current building was constructed in 1775, and the congregation has been active at this location until the present day.
The First Baptist Meeting House (officially now known as the First Baptist Church in America) is a stunning colonial era structure, one of the finest church buildings constructed in the late 18th century. Built of brick and timber, the entire church exterior is painted a brilliant white which makes it stand out among the buildings of the surrounding neighborhood. Its most distinguishing feature is the seven-story belfry and steeple which towers over the main entrance.
The church interior consists primarily of the two-story sanctuary, aka the meeting room, with its towering pulpit and graceful balcony. It is a strange combination of magnificent workmanship and an utterly neutral color scheme of whites and greys. The windows are almost conspicuously not stained glass. The lack of artistic distractions is clearly meant to keep the congregant’s minds focused only theological thoughts.
The First Baptist Meeting House is located in the center of Providence’s historic old town and just across the river from the main downtown area. As of this writing no visitor information was available. Web: www.firstbaptistchurchinamerica.org (official website).
Providence is home to several important early Baptist sites, several of which are closely related to the First Baptist Meeting House. One is the Roger Williams Memorial, located in a park a few blocks north of the church. Just a few blocks to the east is Brown University, which was founded in the 18th century by the members of the congregation. The First Baptist Meeting House is still used for university events. Just south of Providence, in North Kingstown, is the Six Principal Baptist Church, the oldest surviving church of one of the oldest Baptist spinoff denominations in the United States.
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Over the past decades, international migrations have reached unprecedented levels, shaping an increasingly ethnically diverse and socially connected world. The economic consequences of these migrations are at the heart of fierce political debates on immigration policy, yet our understanding of the economic effects of migrations remains incomplete. At the same time, local policymakers see attracting and retaining foreign direct investment (FDI) as a major goal, and technology transfers through FDI are both a conduit for technological progress abroad and a source of revenue for US firms (Holmes et al. 2015, McGrattan and Prescott 2010). In this column, we show that immigration and FDI are intimately related – the ethnic diversity created by migrations reaching back more than a century has a large positive causal effect on the ability of US firms to engage in FDI with the historical migrants' countries of origin.
Correlation versus causation
Evaluating the causal impact of migrations on FDI is tricky – many unobserved factors may simultaneously affect migrations, ancestry, and FDI, creating a spurious correlation between them. For example, migrants from Sweden may have historically settled in Minneapolis because it is climatically similar to their origin country, and these climatic similarities may also drive trade, business opportunities, and investments in Sweden today. Does Minneapolis receive Swedish investments today because of the weather or because of the presence of descendants of Swedish origin?
In a recent paper, we distinguish causation from correlation using an approach that is best explained by the examples of migrations from Germany and Italy (Burchardi et al. 2016). In particular, German migrations to the US peaked at the end of the 19th century when the Midwest was booming and attracting large numbers of migrants. We observe a relatively large population with German ancestry in the Midwest today. Italian migrations peaked a few decades later, at the beginning of the 20th century when the West was attracting large numbers of migrants. We observe a relatively large population with Italian ancestry in the West today.
We use this interaction of time-series variation in the relative attractiveness of different destinations within the US with the staggered arrival of migrants from different origins to instrument for the present-day distribution of ancestries. One may think of migrations from a given origin country to a given US destination county in decade as depending on the total number of migrants arriving in the US from that origin (a push factor) and the relative popularity of the destination among migrants arriving at the time (a pull factor). The number of residents in a given US destination today who are descendants of migrants from a given origin should then depend on interactions of the sequence of pull and push factors going all the way back to the 19th century.
To construct valid instruments from this sequence of interactions, we isolate variation in the pull and push factors that is independent of any unobservables that may make a given destination within the US differentially more attractive for both settlement and FDI from a given origin country. To that end, we leave out the migrants’ continent of origin when calculating the share of migrants choosing a given destination (the pull factor), and leave out the states surrounding a destination when calculating the push factor for a given destination. For example, we predict the number of Swedes that settle in Minneapolis in 1920 with the interaction of the share of non-European migrants arriving at the time that settle in Minneapolis and the number of Swedes arriving in the US at the same time that do not settle in the Midwest.
The effect of ancestry on FDI
Using this approach, we document that FDI follows the paths of historical migrants as much as it follows differences in productivity, tax rates, education, and other conventional determinants of economic competitiveness – for the average US county, doubling the number of individuals with ancestry from a given origin country increases by 4 percentage points the probability that at least one firm from this US county engages in FDI with that origin country, and increases by 29% the number of local jobs at subsidiaries of firms headquartered in that origin country. As an example, Figure 1 shows the relationship between the number of foreign subsidiaries based in Cook County, Illinois, and the predicted number of residents with ancestry from that foreign country.
Figure 1. Foreign subsidiaries by ancestry in Cook Country, IL
Theory suggests three potential mechanisms that could be driving these causal effects of ancestry on FDI. The presence of individuals with a given foreign ancestry may generate a comparative advantage for local firms:
- By facilitating the flow of information
- By providing social capital to enforce contracts where courts do not work well; or
- Because the descendants of migrants and the present-day population of origin countries may have shared tastes for consumption goods.
We find an array of evidence most consistent with the first channel. The effect of ancestry on FDI is largest for countries that have better (rather than worse) rule of law. Similarly, the effect is larger for intermediate goods than for consumption goods (weighing against the preference-based channel). We also find that the effect of ancestry on FDI is largest for relationships that we might consider to be most associated with asymmetric information – it is largest for countries that are furthest away geographically and in sectors that may be associated with a higher degree of information asymmetry (manufacturing versus natural resources). In addition, the effect of ancestry on FDI is highly concave, as one might expect in a model where information asymmetry is the main friction – the first few descendants from a given origin have a significantly higher marginal impact; similarly, there are negative spillovers where the marginal impact of a group of descendants of, for example, Swedish ancestry in a given county falls with the size of the Swedish population in the state, and with the size of individuals of ancestry from neighbouring countries (Chaney 2014, Arkolakis 2010).
We also find that the effect of ancestry on FDI is very long-lasting – migrations ranging all the way back to 1880 have a significant effect on the patterns of FDI that exist today. Interestingly, the effect of immigration on FDI is significantly smaller for first-generation immigrants (Borjas 2006).
An example: The effect of Chinese exclusion
To illustrate the quantitative implications of our results, we calculate the effect of Chinese exclusion – the effective ban on Chinese immigration between 1882 and 1965. Absent this ban, we predict the fraction of counties in the Northeast with FDI links to China would have increased substantially (doubled in New York State, for example; see Figure 2).
Figure 2. FDI links with China in the absence of Chinese exclusion
Arkolakis, C (2010) "Market penetration costs and the new consumer margin in international trade", Journal of Political Economy, 118(5): 1151-99.
Borjas, G J (2006) “Making it in America: Social mobility in the immigrant population”, NBER, Working Paper 12088.
Burchardi, K B and T A Hassan (2013) “The economic impact of social ties: Evidence from German reunification”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128: 1219-1271.
Burchardi, K B, T Chaney and T A Hassan (2016) “Migrants, ancestors, and foreign investments”, NBER, Working Paper 21847.
Chaney, T (2014) "The network structure of international trade", American Economic Review,104(11): 3600-34.
Chaney, T (2016) “Networks in international trade”, in Y Bramoulle, A Galleoti and B Rogers (eds),Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Networks, Oxford University Press.
Fuchs-Schuendeln, N and T A Hassan (2015) “Natural experiments in macroeconomics”, NBER, Working Paper 21228.
Holmes, T J, E R McGrattan and E C Prescott (2015) “Quid pro quo: Technology capital transfers for market access in China", The Review of Economic Studies, 82: 1154-1193.
McGrattan, E R and E C Prescott (2010) “Technology capital and the US current account", American Economic Review, 100: 1493-1522.
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(From Reddit r/politics)
> What's going on in Maryland?
There's a senate primary to replace Mikulski, as she is retiring. There are two candidates for the democratic nomination, both of whom are pretty decent. But one of them is [a populist progressive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Edwards) and one of them is [an establishment liberal.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen)
Truthfully, I have nothing against Van Hollen; he'd make a pretty solid senator. Just I like Edwards' more. And since this is in fairly blue Maryland, there's not really any noteworthy risk on the electoral side.
I have no idea how O'Malley is received, but I get the impression he's a bit disliked -- having your handpicked successor lose election is not an indication of general popularity.
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When did physicists first begin to suspect that what we experience as time emerges from quantum entanglement, much as we experience heat from the kinetic energy of molecules?
I suspect it was a long time ago, perhaps around the time of the double-slit experiment in 1909, but certainly by the 1960s. More recently some of the physicists I read have been openly speculating that time is emergent at the macro level, presumably in the context of a collapse of the wave function (measured in unit.
So it's particularly interesting that new experimental evidence of an "arrow of time" used quantum entanglement to expose T symmetry violation in kaons...
... The main hint that nature violates the time-reversal (T) symmetry ... —and thus that there really is an arrow of time—came from seemingly disparate discoveries about matter and antimatter. Mathematically, particles and their anti-versions differ in two ways: they have opposite electrical charges and they are each other’s mirror reflections. But in 1964 some particles called kaons were shown not to respect this charge-conjugation/parity (CP) symmetry, as it is known. Matter and antimatter are not, in other words, quite equal and opposite. However, according to another law, C, P and T symmetries, when lumped together into a single, overarching CPT symmetry, must be conserved. This means that if CP is violated, then T must be too, in order to even things out.
The obvious place to look for this T violation is where C and P are already known to misbehave. Between 1999 and 2008 a laboratory in California was set up to do just that. The old linear accelerator at Stanford was repurposed, turning it from the machine that co-discovered a particle known as the charm quark (thus winning its operators a Nobel prize) into a factory for making particles called B mesons. These are interesting because they and their antiparticles exhibit CP-violating tendencies. They are thus a promising place to look for T violations, too.
Which is what the scientists of SLAC’s BaBar experiment have been doing. Though the B-meson factory itself has been silent for four years (the accelerator is now in its third incarnation, as the world’s most powerful X-ray camera), its data live on, and the collaborators have been ploughing through them. They are looking in particular at how long it takes a B-meson to change its nature, focusing on one particular member of the extended B-meson family, the electrically neutral B0.
As with many things quantum, B0 can exist in a number of forms. These are known as B, B-bar, B-plus and B-minus. Like a subatomic werewolf, a B0 constantly shifts between them. If time truly has an arrow, though, some of these shifts will occur at a different rate when going in one direction rather than the other. In particular, CP-violation theory predicts that B-bar will turn into B-minus faster than B-minus turns into B-bar. All that remains is to measure the difference.
Unfortunately, that is not as easy as it sounds. A particle’s final state can be known by looking at what other sorts of particle it decays into. What cannot easily be known is what it was beforehand, and for how long.
In the wacky world of quantum physics, however, it is not always impossible to work out what a particle once was but no longer is. That is because B-mesons are sometimes born as quantum-mechanically conjoined twins. One twin gives away the initial state of the other and how long it lasted in that state—and all is revealed.
That revelation, which has been submitted for publication to Physical Review Letters, leaves no room for doubt: B-bars turn into B-minuses far faster than B-minuses turn into B-bars. As many as five B-minuses are produced for every B-bar. The chance of this result being a fluke is a nugatory one in 10**43...
It feels as though we're closing in on the nature of time. The next few years should be fun.
- Decoherence, Quantum Measurement and the Arrow of Time (workshop 2006)
- Planck time - Wikipedia - "The Planck time is the unique combination of the gravitational constant G, the relativity constant c, and the quantum constant h, to produce a constant with units of time."
- quantum mechanics - Can decoherence time be shorter than Planck time? - Physics (stackexchange)
- Gordon's Notes: Entanglement and the emergence of time 5/2012
- Gordon's Notes: The Tralfamadorians and the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics 4/2007 (before I wrote this there were no hits on these strings, now there are many)
- Gordon's Notes: Quantum macro 6/2011
- Gordon's Notes: Carroll on Time: emergent or fundamental? 9/2011
- Gordon's Notes: Macroscopic quantum mechanics 4/2010
- Gordon's Notes: The Standard Model - summarized 7/2012
- Gordon's Notes: One of these things is not like the other: Gravity 4/2010
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As you might imagine, much of the construction, design, and deployment of NASA’s space shuttle is unique and without precedent. Each implementation of technology in the space program is, quite often, the first time such an implementation has occurred. NASA’s cutting edge research and development also gives scientists a chance to try bold new things in bold new ways. One challenge NASA scientists must address for every object sent into space is how to handle the massive temperature fluctuations between outer-space and the earth’s atmosphere. Just as significant is the substantial heat and surface friction that spacecraft encounter as they re-enter the earth’s atmosphere and temperatures reach nearly 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Protecting astronauts, cargo, and the spacecraft themselves is a core objective within NASA’s ranks.
The space shuttle is not painted in any conventional way, nor with conventional paint. But paint chemistry is a very critical part of protecting the exterior. The space shuttle employs a custom thermal protection system (TPS) that utilizes everything from carbon fiber on the nose cone to heavy felt sheeting on the bay doors. The paint chemistry utilized for painting the space shuttle is actually quite different then you might be expecting: low density ceramic tiles placed on the shuttle exterior are coated with reaction cured glass. Reaction cured glass is a lightweight and extremely strong glass coating that provides the shuttle with a barrier that absorbs five percent and deflects ninety-five percent of the heat of re-entry without putting the shuttle or crew in danger.
Significantly more common is the use of glass coating in the automotive industry. Automotive clear coats feature many of the same properties and purposes of the glass coating found on the space shuttle. While a thin top-layer of clear coat gives cars and trucks a uniform gloss and appearance, the more important use is in protecting the car body from sunlight and road grime. Traditional paint is more likely to wear down over time through abrasion or if not cleaned correctly and often. Glass and glass-like top coatings are not only resistant to the elements, but hold up over time better than traditional paint due to the impermeable barrier the glass coating creates after curing. As for application, glass coatings are most commonly applied with pair sprayers so that they go uniformly and completely. A quality top coat will be reflective and produce an even sheen, as well as substantial protection from everything from chemicals in rainwater to harsh sunlight.
Obviously not all glass coatings are strong enough to protect the space shuttle, but the practical uses of glass coatings extend to things that you’re likely to paint in the future, like cars and boats. New developments in paint chemistry even make quick-spray glass coatings available for paint professionals and consumers alike. From the space shuttle’s ceramic tiles to the car parked in your garage, clear coats and glass coating are a vital part of the paint industry. Click here to learn more about exciting developments in paint chemistry!
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The Saints’ Rest excavations conducted by the Campus Archaeology Program have been well-documented and researched not only because this was the inaugural project for CAP, but also that it is one of the earliest buildings on campus, giving us a rare glimpse into how students […]
Tag: Saints Rest
Happy Halloween! Yesterday we hosted our 5th annual Apparitions & Archaeology: A Haunted Campus Tour. For this year’s tour, we decided to change several of the stops and the MSU Paranormal Society added stories from their investigations of each area! If you weren’t able to […]
The Saints’ Rest Dormitory has a foundational history with Michigan State University, acting as the first dormitory for the fledgling college, and with the Campus Archaeology Program itself, being the first large-scale excavation and archaeological fieldschool on campus. Built in 1856, Saints’ Rest was the second building erected on campus for the new school and was known as “the House”, “the hall”, or “old hall” . The building acted as the primary dormitory on campus until 1870 when Williams Hall was built. Unfortunately, Saints’ Rest burned down in the winter of 1876.
The site was originally excavated in 2005 as part of the Sesquicentennial Celebration and has been revisited for excavations in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2012. Throughout these digs, CAP has uncovered numerous artifacts relating to early campus life including items of personal hygiene, such as the lice comb that Lisa described in one of her earlier blog posts. Another item relating to hygiene found at Saints’ Rest was a fragmented, but reconstructed, chamber pot lid (Figure 1).
Measuring about 12in in diameter, the ceramic chamber pot lid has some kind of floral motif on the exterior surface; however, it is unclear as to what it exactly depicts (if you have any suggestions or recognize the pattern let us know – it’s previously been described as a thistle and leaf pattern). The dark blue color of most of the fragments is a result of burning during the fire.
Evidence for the use of chamber pots stems all the way back to ancient Greece, dating to the 6th century BCE [2, 3]. The use of chamber pots became more common, and more necessary, as areas of the world became increasingly urbanized. With settlements becoming larger and more organized and planned, sanitation became a major concern for many densely populated areas . Although extensive plumbing systems were installed in ancient Rome, indoor plumbing did not become readily available for small-scale buildings and for residents until the 19th century with chamber pots being used even into the 20th century .
The presence of this chamber pot lid in an early campus archaeological context highlights some of the realities of life on campus. These first students did not have the (then) luxury (but now commonality) of using a restroom inside the dorm that is separated from other rooms or is regularly sanitized; their only options were to use the privy just south of the building or to use a chamber pot inside their room. Chamber pots were often stored under the bed or in cabinets, and then emptied into designated dumping areas . Even with a lid covering the pot (and its contents), exposure to pathogens and diseases that travel through fecal matter was exponentially higher than it is today. Of course chamber pots were not the only reason that diseases relating to poor sanitation jumped easily from person to person, but the use of these vessels didn’t truly help to eradicate the problem. In 1886, there was an outbreak of typhoid fever (which is directly linked to fecal contaminants) on campus which resulted in one student death. It wasn’t until the 1890s that the college had modern plumbing installed after epidemics of diphtheria and measles, and after numerous student and parent complaints . These outbreaks even resulted in the college creating a 7-room hospital building to quarantine infected people as soon as possible.
Although we recognize that our lives as MSU students today are different from those of 150 years ago, sometimes we don’t realize by just how much. The presence of the chamber pot lid at Saints’ Rest highlights one of these aspects that may have contributed to serious health crises that broke out on campus. Books and movies have a tendency to romanticize the past as formal and proper, but studying this chamber pot lid, while fascinating, has only reinforced my gratitude for modern amenities and hygienic practices, e.g. indoor plumbing.
Kuhn, Madison. Michigan State: the first hundred years, 1855-1955. Michigan State University Press, 1955.
Kravetz, Robert E. Chamber Pot. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2006, 101: pp. 1414-1415.
D’Agostino, Mary Ellin. Privy Business: Chamber Pots and Sexpots in Colonial Life. Archaeology, 2000, 53(4): pp. 32-37.
van der Linden, Huub. Medals and Chamber Pots for Faustina Bordoni: celebrity and Material Culture in Early Eighteenth-Century Italy. Journal for eighteenth-century studies. 40(1): 23-47.
Cunningham, Zac. “Of Chamber Pots and Close Stool Chairs”. Web blog post. Lives and Legacies Blog. 15 July, 2015.
Take a long look at the objects in the picture below. What do you think they are? I bet that your first guess was just a little bit off. They are not small hand-cuffs (as they were originally labeled in the lab!), buckles, or tiny […]
As you may know from my previous blog posts, I have been working on analyzing the faunal remains from Campus Archaeology excavations. My current research project focuses on the Saints’ Rest trash midden, excavated in several seasons by CAP near the location where Saints’ Rest once stood. Because of the sites’ use as a small public dumping area, the artifacts recovered are expected to reflect the daily life of those living at and nearby Saints’ Rest dormitory. The end goal of this research project, in conjunction with research by Lisa Bright, Amy Michael, Jeff Painter, and Susan Kooiman, is to better understand the everyday lives of the early MSU students.
I’ve written at length about the foods purchased by the early campus boarding hall (aka dining hall), as well as the dishes they likely served. However, what we do not know is what the students thought of this food. Did they like it? Or did […]
Today the non-prescription medicine we can buy at the drug store is heavily regulated yet readily available. But in the 19th century patent medicine was dominant. Patent medicines are proprietary (i.e. secret formula) mixtures that were unregulated, advertised widely and sold directly to the public. […]
Today is the day! Campus Archaeology is throwing it wayy back with an 1860’s-inspired three-course meal. For my blog post this week, I thought I’d get into the spirit of historic food and drink with a little history—and some of my own, highly professional market research—on ginger beer.
Archaeology provides a unique opportunity to look at the physical evidence of past consumption. At MSU, archival documents tell us the official records of what the school bought for students and faculty to eat and drink. However, we can learn about what people were actually consuming on campus by looking at the archaeological record of things they threw away. This is how we learned that at least one thing people drank was ginger beer, as evidenced by a stone ginger beer bottle excavated from Saints’ Rest dormitory in 2005.
Ginger beer was a popular drink in Britain and North America from the 18th century until Prohibition. Technically speaking, ginger beer is not a beer. Whereas the production of beer involves the fermentation of a grain (typically barley or wheat) malted to turn its starch into sugar, ginger beer involves the fermentation of ginger and added sugar, typically molasses or cane sugar. Ginger beer is more likely related to the ‘small beers’ popular in Europe from Medieval times until Industrialization. Before the advent of sodas and modern soft drinks, these weakly alcoholic, fermented beverages were typically brewed at home and provided a safer alternative to often-contaminated water.
Why make a ginger drink? Humans have been drinking ginger beverages for thousands of years, often for medicinal purposes. However, the history of ginger beer is tied to the cultural and economic importance of its two main ingredients, ginger and sugar. Ginger and sugarcane, crops native to tropical regions of South Asia, were introduced to Europe via the spice trade. Europeans brought these crops and others to the New World, where they flourished in the tropical climates of the Caribbean. Powered by the labor of enslaved Africans, French- and English-controlled Caribbean plantations became the world’s biggest sugarcane producers. By 1655, England also controlled Jamaica, the Caribbean’s most prolific producer of ginger, with over two million pounds exported to Europe each year. Jamaican ginger was considered especially flavorful and was a prized ingredient in ginger beer.
Apart from ginger and sugar, ginger beer has two other traditional ingredients: lemon, and a special microorganism that aids in fermentation. The microorganisms responsible for the fermentation in ginger beer are a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (a SCOBY) known by the more innocuous name of “ginger beer plant.” A culture of ginger beer plant is added to sugar water flavored with ginger. These microorganisms ingest the sugars and produce carbon dioxide and low levels of alcohol as waste products. While today’s ginger beers are typically non-alcoholic, prior to the mid-19th century, ginger beer was up to 11% alcohol by volume. In 1855, British Parliament passed an act that imposed export taxes on beverages with an alcohol content above 2%. After this, most ginger beer brewers reduced the alcohol content in their products (via reduction of the fermentation time) in order to keep them affordable.
After it was brewed, ginger beer was corked inside stoneware bottles, like the one found at Saints’ Rest. Early stoneware bottles and those brewed locally in North America at were usually fairly plain, brown in color, and etched with the bottler’s name or city. The Saints’ Rest bottle seems to fit into this category. Beginning in the 1880s, however, sleeker gray bottles with colorful shoulder slips and stamped logos designed to attract consumer attention became more popular.
Part of the reason for packaging in stone rather than glass bottles was cosmetic: ginger beer was usually unattractively cloudy in appearance. However, packaging was also functionally important in the export of ginger beer. England shipped large amounts of ginger beer to the U.S. and Canada beginning in the 1790s through the 19th century. Though ginger beer was brewed regionally, England maintained market dominance in North America because English breweries used superior quality stoneware bottles that better maintained ginger beer’s effervescence and kept it cold. The bottles were sealed with liquid- and gas-tight Bristol Glaze and wired and corked shut to maintain carbon dioxide in solution.
During Prohibition, ginger beer dipped in popularity in favor of its cousin, ginger ale, and other soft drinks. Unlike traditional ginger beer, ginger ale is made by adding ginger flavoring and sweetener to carbonated water and does not involve the addition of a microorganism. Today, the difference between ginger beer and ginger ale is much less clear. Many modern manufacturers use this abiotic process to make or enhance ginger beer, adding flavoring and carbonation without the use of a microorganism. For this reason, modern ginger beers differ from ginger ales primarily in flavor; they are typically spicier and less sweet than ginger ales.
All this research got me excited to try some ginger beers. Naturally, Campus Archaeologist Lisa Bright and I had to do our own taste test, you know, for science. We picked four brands of ginger beer that I hadn’t yet tried at stores near us: Regatta, Barritt’s, Q, and Bundaberg. We tasted each ginger beer alone and for science—and because #gradschool—we added vodka and lime to make some Moscow Mules.
In no particular order, the first brand we tried was Regatta. It was spicy with a strong ginger flavor and made an enjoyable cocktail. Barritt’s was up next. This one was much less flavorful so it seemed disproportionally sweet, like a ginger ale. Third, we tried the Bundaberg. This was spicy and sweet and definitely enjoyable alone. Last, we tried Q ginger beer: spicy, very fizzy, but not at all sweet. According to the Q website, it is made with chili pepper and is specifically intended to be used as a mixer. Our highly scientific and definitive ranking put the Bundaberg in first place, Regatta in second, Q in close third, and Barritt’s in fourth.
If you have a favorite ginger beer, please tell us about it! We hope you open one up and think about early MSU students who might have enjoyed a ginger beer in their dorm after a long day of classes and farm work (although this was probably enjoyed in secret as alcohol was banned on campus).
Happy Fat Tuesday! After flocking to the nearest paczki-filled bakery, I hope that you sit down and enjoy your Polish donut on some fine china. Perhaps, if you’re historically or archaeologically inclined, you might want to enjoy your treat on a nice British ceramic plate. […]
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Vote by crossing out all candidates
A comment -
Not sure if it's the same in the UK, but rather than 'spoil' your votes or refuse to vote, in Australia, if you cross every name off the list (I'll be using a pen rather than the provided pencil), that is a valid vote that has meaning - the meaning is that none of the candidates meet your requirements. A guy called Arthur Chresby looked into this stuff a long time ago.
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Definition of the database:
A set of data stored in the magnetic disk, optical disk or other secondary storage
Collection of integrated data-related data of an enterprise (company, government or private)
Manufacturing companies -> data production planning, actual production data, data ordering materials, etc.
Hospital -> patient data, doctor, nurse, etc.
Database Management System
– Collection / database combined with software applications that are based database
– Application programs are used to access and maintain databases
– The main purpose DBMS is to provide an environment that is efficient and easy to use, withdrawal and storage of data and information
Size in Database
Bit -> data is the smallest that contains the value 0 or 1
Bytes -> the set of bit-bit similar
Field -> byte-byte set of similar, in the database used the term attribute
Field / Attribute
It is the nature or characteristics of an entity that provides provide detail on these entities
A relationship can also have attributes
STUDENTS: NIM, NAME, ADDRESS
CAR: NOMOR_PLAT, COLOR, TYPE, CC
Attribute Type :
– Single vs Multivalue
Single -> can only be filled at most one value
Multivalue -> can be filled with more than one value with the same type
– Atomic vs Composit
Atomic -> can not be divided into the attributes of smaller
Composition -> is a combination of several attributes of a smaller
– Derived attribute
attribute value can be derived from other attribute values, eg, -> age resulting from the date of birth attribute
– Null Value attribute
Attributes that have no value to a record
– Mandatory attribute Value
Attributes must have values
Record / Tuple
It is a line of data in a relationship
Consists of the set of attributes where the attribute-attribute-attribute is to inform each
other entity / relationship fully
Entity / File
File is a collection of similar records and have the same elements, the same attributes but different data value.
In processing applications, files can categorized as follows:
– Master File
– Transaction File
– File Report
– File History
– File Protection
– Job File
Domain is the set of values that are allowed to reside in one or more attributes.
Each attribute in a relational database is defined as a domain
Key elements of record which is used to find these records at the time of access,
or can also be used to identify each entity / record / line.
Key Type :
is one or more attributes of a table that can be used to identify entity / record
of the table are unique (not all attributes can be superkey)
– Candidate Key
is a super key with minimal attributes. Candidate must not contain a key attribute
of the table so that the other candidate key is certain superkey but not necessarily vice versa.
– Primary Key
One of the key attributes of the candidate can be selected / specified a primary key with
the three following criteria:
1. Key is more natural to use as reference
2. Key is more simple
3. Key is guaranteed unique
– Alternate Key
is an attribute of the candidate key is not selected to be primary key.
– Foreign Key
is any attribute that points to the primary key in another table. Foreign key will be going on a relationship that has cardinality one to many (one to many) or many to many (many to many). Foreign key is usually always put on the table that point to many.
– External Key
is a lexical attribute (or set of lexical attributes) that values are always identify an object instance.
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
ERD is a model of a network that uses word order is stored in the abstract system.
Differences between the DFD and ERD
DFD is a model of network functions that will be implemented by the system
ERD is a model that emphasizes the network data on the structure and relationship data
ERD’s Elements :
In the ER Diagram Entity is described with the form of a rectangle. Rntity is something that exists in the real system and the abstract where the data stored or where there are data.
ER diagram on the relationship can be described with a lozenge. Relationship is a natural relationship that occurs between entities. In general, the name given to the verb base making it easier to do the reading their relationship.
– Relationship Degree
is the number of entities participating in a relationship. Degree which is often used in the ERD.
is the nature or characteristics of each entity and relationship
tuple indicates the maximum number that can be related with entities on the other entity
Relationship Degree :
– Unary Relationship
model is the relationship between the entity originating from the same entity set.
– Binary Relationship
model is the relationship between 2 entities.
– Ternary Relationship
is a relationship between the instance of 3 types of entities are unilateral.
There are 3 cardinality relations, namely :
– One to One: Level one to one relationship with the one stated in the entity’s first event, only had one relationship with one incident in which the two entities and vice versa.
– One to Many or Many to One: Level one to many relationship is the same as the one to many depending on the direction from which the relationship .For an incident on the first entity can have any relationship with many incident on the second entity, if the one incident on the entity the second can only have one relationship with the incident on the first entity.
– Many To Many: if any incident occurs in an entity many have relationships with other entities in the incident.
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Question: Article: Betty is an American girl. She is thirteen. She is in Beijing with her parents. She doesn't know much Chinese. She can't speak Chinese well. Sometimes her friends don't understand her. It's Sunday morning. She's going to the zoo to see the pandas. She's waiting at the bus stop. At the bus stop she asks a Chinese boy how to go to the zoo. But the boy can't understand her. Then she takes out a pen and some paper. She draws a panda on the paper and shows the picture to the boy. The boy smiles and then shows her the way to the zoo. Question: Betty is in Beijing with her _ . Yes or no, is the answer "father and mother"?
Answer: No
Question: Article: People in different places eat different things. In South China people like to eat rice. Sometimes they eat it twice or three times a day. They usually eat it with fish, meat and vegetables. It tastes very delicious. Japanese like to eat rice, too. They also eat a lot of fish. Sometimes they eat raw fish.It sounds strange but smells very fresh. In western countries like Britain, Australia and the USA, the most important food is bread or potatoes. People usually make their bread at home. And they cook potatoes in different ways. In England the most popular food is fish and chips. Sometimes people eat this food at home, in their workplace, in the park or even on the street. People call it "takeaway" food. In China today,there are also much"takeaway"food,and most children like to eat them. Question: Which sentence is RIGHT? Yes or no, is the answer "Fish is very popular in Japan and England."?
Answer: Yes
Question: Article: Can you understand the following words? "Long time no see." "Good good study, day day up." "I like your smile, but unlike you put your shoes on my face." Yes, we call these examples Chinglish, like "people mountain, people sea". Chinglish usually means English vocabulary with Chinese grammar on street signs or products. However, many English speaking tourists love them. Tom has been living in Beijing for years. "I think many Chinese people dislike Chinglish. But I love it. It's quite interesting. I think if the translations of English in China are all perfect, something will be lost from Chinese culture." However, Chinglish will probably become a part of history in future. Beijing has made a plan to correct Chinglish within five years. "It is so funny to see Chinglish on the signs. And they are a kind of trouble for communication between the Chinese and foreigners," a Beijinger said. However, some people in China like Chinglish. They think that English has "borrowed" a lot from other languages such as German, French and Spanish in the past, and now as Chinese's turn. Question: What does Tom think about Chinglish? Yes or no, is the answer "It is also a part of Chinese culture."?
Answer:
Yes
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Q: In this task, you will be presented with a question, a word, and a POS tag. You have to determine whether the part-of-speech tag of the given word in the question is equal to the given POS tag or not. Give your answer with True or False. Here is the Alphabetical list of part-of-speech tags used in this task: CC: Coordinating conjunction, CD: Cardinal number, DT: Determiner, EX: Existential there, FW: Foreign word, IN: Preposition or subordinating conjunction, JJ: Adjective, JJR: Adjective, comparative, JJS: Adjective, superlative, LS: List item marker, MD: Modal, NN: Noun, singular or mass, NNS: Noun, plural, NNP: Proper noun, singular, NNPS: Proper noun, plural, PDT: Predeterminer, POS: Possessive ending, PRP: Personal pronoun, PRP$: Possessive pronoun, RB: Adverb, RBR: Adverb, comparative, RBS: Adverb, superlative, RP: Particle, SYM: Symbol, TO: to, UH: Interjection, VB: Verb, base form, VBD: Verb, past tense, VBG: Verb, gerund or present participle, VBN: Verb, past participle, VBP: Verb, non-3rd person singular present, VBZ: Verb, 3rd person singular present, WDT: Wh-determiner, WP: Wh-pronoun, WP$: Possessive wh-pronoun, WRB: Wh-adverb
Which brand with a name beginning with the letter `` C '' is owned by a company formed in October 2007 ?
, Word: beginning
, POS tag: NN
A: False
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eBook Price: $14.50 Print Price: $21.50
Although it is difficult to estimate the figure accurately, experts believe that 100,000 Scots emigrated to the United States or Canada during the middle of the nineteenth century. The majority of these emigrants were skilled, educated workers from urban industrial backgrounds whose expertise was in great demand in the rapidly industrializing cities of North America. For this book, the first of five in the series (see also Part Two, Part Three, Part Four, and Part Five), David Dobson, who has previously published the most extensive lists of Scottish immigrants to America during the colonial and early Federal periods in print, extends his coverage of Scottish immigration to the period 1825-1875. For the most part, his findings come from Scottish newspapers like the Aberdeen Journal, Fife Advertiser, Scottish Guardian, etc. as well as from a handful of documents in the Scottish Record Office and other archives. The Scottish expatriates identified by the compiler are arranged alphabetically and invariably give, besides the individual's full name, place of residence (country, state/province, or city), an identifying date, and the source of the information. In addition, many of the entries indicate the individual's date of birth, father's name and occupation or place of residence, spouse, or the name of the vessel upon which he arrived. In all Mr. Dobson has culled information on upwards of 2,000 Scotsmen who were residing in North America during the early Victorian era.
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FROM SUBREDDIT BleachBraveSouls:
It's a strategic business decision. People sank a lot of orbs (and often, money) into chasing Unohana. That well has largely dried up; most of the people who wanted her have her. Although there are now ways of beating her, having three-unit PvP teams means she still tends to have a place on the board for people who've got her. She is also a "near-perfect" unit. It's hard to beat that near-perfection without massively stat-creeping her, unless you do a very hard counter that outright nullifies her main strengths. That's what FH Ichigo II is designed to do; absolutely wipe her off the board so that people have an incentive to spend again. (This will probably be followed up on as a forward-looking strategy by the units in TYBW 5, CFYOW 3+, or both.)
This was always the problem with her from a business standpoint: the return of TYBW 2 would always produce a spike in revenue, but that has probably been steadily dropping as more and more people got her, and her combination of features made it hard to design new units that the PvP crowd would really get excited for. She was great for short-term business but bad for long-term business, so they're actively trying to force her obsolescence and compel people to "upgrade."
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Wildlife conservation or animal conservation is a simple practice of protecting animal species, their habits, and surroundings. It’s our belief that each living creature deserves a better lifestyle. In case of the animals, it is a part of our responsibilities to unite and do something better for them. We witnessed various animals’ misery, accident, death or other health issues many times. But, we do nothing for them because of numerous reasons. It is also confirmed that each religion teaches its followers to be kind with others, not only with humans but also with animals. Unfortunately, we forget the religious teachings and start focusing on daily needs and ignore others’ (animals, plants, and humans) necessities. This is not only a responsibility but also it’s our duty to take action and stand up for nature. Protect animals is also important because we humans, plants, animals and nature are interconnected. If one suffers, other three will automatically suffer.
An individual of any age can take part in such protecting nature activities, especially youngsters are the most energetic part of it. They have enough energy and power to generate positive opportunities to protect nature, creatures, and wildlife. It’s our luck that next generation is kind-hearted and has enough knowledge about humanity. The most common question is, how a person can save other animals’ life without following any rules or regulations implies by the countries’ government. Don’t worry, animal conservation is achieved through an act named as ESA (endangered species act). Before further proceeding, it’s important to know about ESA.
Acts for animal conservation and endangered species:
It’s a human nature that a shortage of anything attracts. Same happens with one species that received widespread attention from the inhabitants, that species is named as the whooping crane. The species’ historical range extended from Utah to the Atlantic coast and from central Canada South to Mexico. Till 1890, unregulated hunting and environmental loss or change contributed to the steady decline of this species. In the north-central US, it starts disappearing from its primary breeding. This unregulated hunting and decline in the most beautiful species’ range was a shook for everyone. That was the time when authorities start thinking about wildlife regulations. It would be another 8 years before the first wildlife regulating law was signed. In addition, another 2 years before endangered species act’s first version. In 1941, whooping cranes’ population was estimated only 16 birds.
This was the first federal law which was directly regulated commercial animal markets. In this law, the interstate killing of the animal was strongly condemned. This law covered all wildlife and nature’s aspects. After that, authorities passed a few other acts for animal conservation and endangered species. 1929’s act (Migratory bird conservation act), 1937 was about prohibiting of right and gray whales hunting, then Bald eagle protection act. These laws came with low-cost budget and face opposition. Congress adds some new provisions in land and water conservation fund act of 1965, that change provides money for land and water’s acquisition.
First, the ESA was passed in December 1969. Additionally, amended the original law to provide some additional protection and security to all animals. This act gives the conservation of endangered and threatened animals, plants and the environment. Accordingly, some species were missing in this law. To overcome from these issues, the amendments called for the worldwide meeting to adopt a treaty or convention on endangered species. This meeting was held in Washington, D.C. by February 1973 and created the inclusive multilateral treaty known as the convention or CITES on worldwide trade of endangered species of Flora and Fauna.
President Richard Nixon avowed existing species conservation efforts to be insufficient and called on 93rd United States’ Congress to pass proper and comprehensive endangered species law. In result, Congress answered with complete law and the endangered species act was signed by Nixon on 28 December 1973.
All rules and regulations are given in the act and you can read it very well from the internet in detail. Almost 2,268 species are listed as endangered in this act. The main objective to talk about acts and laws was to give an idea about animal conservation and its sensitivity.
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Know your skin
What is skin?
Skin is the largest organ in our body and it has several physiological functions. Mainly, it is a barrier that contains all our organs so It is the first and most important innate immune system. It keeps us protected from all pathogenic organism such as bacteria and viruses. Apart from its immunological functional, it also plays important roles in heat regulation, absorption, and sensation. Apart from the physiological function, Skin has the most important cosmetic appeal.
skin is comprised of three layers
The epidermis typically consists of 5– 6 separate layers (depending on the body location) As the outermost portion of the skin, the epidermis plays a vital protective role against external factors that necessitates constant renewal (usually every 28 days), irregular or abnormal epidermis peeling will result in unhealthy look and rough texture of the skin. The Epidermis layer is further divided into the outermost non-living layer, the stratum corneum, and the living cellular layers of the stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Throughout the layers there are four types of cells It is composed of four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.
- The stratum corneum is composed of corneocytes (non-living keratinocytes) and lipids, and is referred to as the epidermal barrier. It functions as an evaporative barrier maintaining skin hydration and suppleness, and as a protective physical barrier against microbes, trauma, irritants, and ultraviolet light. The epidermis requires continual renewal to maintain its integrity and function effectively. In young healthy skin, it takes approximately 1 month for keratinocytes to migrate from the living basal layer of the epidermis to the stratum corneum surface and desquamate during the epidermal renewal process. Melanin pigment, which determines skin color and causes hyperpigmentation, is primarily concentrated within the epidermis, and in some conditions, is found in the dermis (e.g., some forms of melasma). Melanin has a protective physiologic role in the skin to shield keratinocyte nuclei by absorbing harmful UV radiation, and eumelanin has the greatest UV absorption capabilities. When skin is exposed to UV radiation, melanin synthesis is upregulated which is clinically apparent as skin darkening or tanned skin. Stratum corneum is the target for all peeling procedures such as chemical peel (Jessner peel) and mechanical peel (microdermabrasion)
lies beneath the epidermis and is divided into the more superficial papillary dermis and deeper reticular dermis. The main cell type in the dermis is the fibroblast, which is abundant in the papillary dermis and sparse in the reticular dermis. Fibroblasts synthesize most components of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM), which includes structural proteins such as collagen and elastin, glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronic acid, and adhesive proteins such as fibronectin and laminins. All wrinkles and skin tightening working mainly on the dermis layers.
or superficial fascia, is the layer below the dermis and above the underlying muscle is the. This layer is composed of both fatty and fibrous components. This layer is not involved in any cosmetic treatment.
Why do we have different skin color?
The number of melanocytes is similar for both light and dark skin types; however, the quantity and distribution of melanin within the epidermis differ. Light skin has less melanin per square centimeter and smaller melanosomes that are closely aggregated in membrane-bound clusters. Dark skin has more melanin and larger melanosomes that are distributed singly. In addition to differences in coloration, other histologic and pathophysiologic differences exist between light and dark skin. The stratum corneum is thicker in dark skin, which may contribute to skin conditions exacerbated by compaction, such as acne. The dermis also tends to be thicker in dark skin. Dermal blood vessels are more prominent and dilated, suggesting an exaggerated inflammatory response, which may contribute to increased susceptibility to hyperpigmentation.
Why do we age and get wrinkles?
A photoaged skin has slower, disorganized keratinocyte maturation and increased cellular adhesion relative to healthy, young skin. These factors reduce natural peeling and result in a rough and thickened stratum corneum which has impaired barrier function. The stratum corneum also has the poor light reflectance which is evident as dullness or a sallow (yellow-gray) discoloration. Water escapes more freely from the skin causing dehydration, which can be measured as increased water loss and results in dry skin. The disrupted epidermal barrier also allows for increased irritant penetration which can be associated with skin sensitivity, redness and itchiness. It aslo demonstrates pigmentary changes due to overactive melanocytes and disorganized melanin deposition in the epidermis. Regions with excess melanin are evident as hyperpigmentation and regions with melanin deficits appear as hypopigmentation.
What is skincare procedures?
All skincare procedures aim to restore the natural cellular structure of Epidermis and dermis. In general, skincare and skin rejuvenation procedures can be gentle, medium and aggressive. The treatment of choice depends on the client complain, skin type and other compatibilities.
Gentle procedures (Exfoliating procedures):
Regular exfoliation with procedures such as chemical peels and microdermabrasion, combined with daily home skin care products, improves overall skin function and appearance and effectively treats photodamaged skin. These exfoliation procedures also referred to as superficial skin resurfacing treatments, remove the outer skin layers by chemical or mechanical methods, respectively. Their effects on the skin are based on the principles of wound healing whereby, controlled wounding of the epidermis with the removal of superficial skin layers stimulates cell renewal and generates a healthier epidermis and dermis. The skin’s natural cell turnover process is a complex series of steps that ultimately lead to the shedding of dead skin cells.
This process can be easily disrupted by aging, skin diseases, and environmental insults. Improper peeling leads to a dull complexion as well as rough, dry skin and is a key contributor to many common skin concerns. Regardless of the exfoliation method used the effects are similar, to regulate the skin’s natural epidermal renewal process, stimulate the production of ECM components such as collagen and glycosaminoglycans, even melanin distribution, and improve epidermal barrier function. Histologic changes observed in the skin after a series of exfoliation treatments include a thinned, smoother stratum corneum, increased dermal thickness with enhanced production of new collagen and elastin, and increased skin hydration. Visible clinical improvements may be seen in rough skin texture, fine lines, pore size, superficial acne scars, acne, and hyperpigmentation. These procedures are good enough to considered gentle and good to for maintenance.
this includes microneedling and fractional ablative and non-ablative laser (please click here to know more about these type of procedures)
We, at Albany cosmetic and laser centre, are the most advanced skincare clinic in Edmonton. We combine the most advanced beauty machines with the most experienced medical staff in Edmonton.
Our consultation is always free and has no obligation. Do not hesitate to contact us and let us help you shine again
In 1990, A park in Edmonton was named after James Ramsey. He was acknowledged for bringing the penny to Edmonton.
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Monday, January 2, 2012
Allergies Stink
I have really bad allergies to...just about everything. But especially to grass. It makes me break out in hives. So, naturally, I love to roll around in it and lay down in it.
Sometimes Mom lets me as a treat. She gives me a bath right after. That doesn't always work.
Mom has developed a new strategy.
You can see how fond of this new strategy I am. It's downright embarrassing for a dog to wear a t-shirt.
Even if it IS a Calvin Klein undershirt from Daddy's drawer.
I think she needs to at least get me a girlie shirt.
1. Omg...I giggled so hard a poor Lily's ashamed face. Pets HATE to be embarrassed I have learned. It's hilarious.
2. What's funny is that she LOVES her Bumblebee costume! So dress her up in a costume and she'll parade around all happy, but put a man's t-shirt on her? She's totally embarrassed.
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
'''
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2021-present Buster
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
'''
from contextlib import suppress
from textwrap import dedent
from discord.ext import commands
from discord.utils import escape_markdown
from .utils.enums import BigRLDChannelType, SmallRLDChannelType
class NewHelpCommand(commands.HelpCommand):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__(command_attrs={
'help': 'Shows help for the bot, commands and categories',
'hidden': True,
'checks': [lambda ctx: ctx.channel.id in {
BigRLDChannelType.bot.value,
SmallRLDChannelType.bot.value,
764801756680290335,
859739694635679794,
963752302475370496
}]
})
@property
def _prefix(self) -> str:
'''Returns the already mention transformed prefix with escaped markdown'''
return escape_markdown(self.context.clean_prefix)
async def send_bot_help(self, mapping):
'''Invokes with <prefix>help'''
ctx = self.context
title = 'Brankobot | Help'
formatted = '\n'.join(sorted([(
f'**{cog.qualified_name}** \u279F {len(cog_commands)} commands and {sum([(len(group.commands)) for group in cog_commands if isinstance(group, commands.Group)])} subcommands')
for cog, cog_commands in filter(lambda i: i[0], mapping.items()) if cog.qualified_name not in {'Help', 'Events'}
]))
msg = dedent(f'''
*Use {self._prefix}help [category] to see its available commands*
{formatted}
''').strip()
await ctx.send_response(
msg,
title=title,
show_invoke_speed=False
)
async def send_cog_help(self, cog):
'''Invokes with <prefix>help <category>'''
ctx = self.context
title = f'Brankobot | Help > {cog.qualified_name}'
formatted = '\n'.join(sorted([
f"**{self._prefix}{c.qualified_name}** \u279F {c.help}"
for c in cog.get_commands() if not c.hidden
]))
msg = dedent(f'''
*Use {self._prefix}help [command] for more info on a command or commandgroup*
{formatted}
''').strip()
await ctx.send_response(
msg,
title=title,
show_invoke_speed=False
)
async def send_group_help(self, group):
'''Invokes with <prefix>help <group>'''
ctx = self.context
title = f'Brankobot | Help > {group.cog_name} > {group.qualified_name}'
aliases = ', '.join(group.aliases) or 'This group doesn\'t have any aliases'
usage = group.usage or group.signature.replace('_', '') or 'This group doesn\'t take any arguments'
formatted = '\n'.join(sorted([(
f"**{self._prefix}{c.qualified_name}** \u279F {c.help}")
for c in group.commands
]))
msg = dedent(f'''
*Use {self._prefix}help [command] [subcommand] for more info on a subcommand*
**{self._prefix}{group.qualified_name}** \u279F {group.help}
**Usage:** {usage}
**Aliases:** {aliases}
{formatted}
''').strip()
await ctx.send_response(
msg,
title=title,
show_invoke_speed=False
)
async def send_command_help(self, command):
'''Invokes with <prefix>help <command>'''
ctx = self.context
# Ensures variables added with for instance checks, are actually added to the bot instance
with suppress(Exception):
await command.can_run(ctx)
get_limitations = lambda attr: ', '.join(set([
str(r) for r in getattr(command, attr, [])
if getattr(command, attr, [])] or ['No limitations']
))
roles = get_limitations('allowed_role_types')
channels = get_limitations('allowed_channel_types')
title = f'Brankobot | Help > {command.cog_name} > {f"{command.parent} > " if command.parent else ""}{command.name}'
aliases = ', '.join(command.aliases) or 'This command doesn\'t have any aliases'
usage = command.signature or 'This command doesn\'t take any arguments'
cd = command.cooldown
cooldown = f'{cd.rate} use{"s"[:cd.rate^1]} per {int(cd.per)}s' if cd else 'This command doesn\'t have a cooldown'
msg = dedent(f'''
*Arguments in between <> are required, arguments in between [] have a default value*
**{self._prefix}{command.qualified_name}** \u279F {command.help}
**Usage:** {usage}
**Aliases:** {aliases}
**Cooldown:** {cooldown}
**Limited to roles:** {roles}
**Limited to channels:** {channels}
''').strip()
await ctx.send_response(
msg,
title=title,
show_invoke_speed=False
)
class Help(commands.Cog):
def __init__(self, bot):
bot.help_command = NewHelpCommand()
async def setup(bot):
await bot.add_cog(Help(bot))
|
From subreddit r/guitarpedals:
I love delay pedals, and I can generally find something to like about most of them. Here are some I've owned:
Akai Headrush E2. I picked it up used at GC for $75 and only owned it for a few weeks. I mostly wanted it as a phrase looper. The tape delay sounds were fun and the phrase looper was easy to use, but overall the sounds were pretty mediocre.
Boss DD7. I love the DD7. One of my favorite delay pedals of all time. The digital delays are nice and clean. The analog and modulated are funky enough if the DD7 is your only or main delay. The external tap tempo works perfectly. I love it.
Boss PS3 Pitch Shifter / Delay. It's mostly a pitch shifter, but I used the delay a lot. I like the sound. It's not perfectly clean like the DD7 or others, but it's nice.
Chase Bliss Tonal Recall 2 RKM. Currently on my board. I love analog delays and I love have my delay time sync'd to specific songs and other effects. It's natural that this is on my current board. Sure, it's really $$$. Sure it's not really in the same class as the Timeline, TimeFactor, DD500, etc. It's in a class by itself.
Digitech Digidelay. I bought this when I got back into pedals after 6 years of playing nothing but modelers at home. It's a perfectly competent pedal. I played it for a few years. I really only sold it because it wasn't "fancy" and I wanted analog delay pedals instead. Really wish I had been able to A/B against the DD7.
Digitech TimeBender. I only had it for a few weeks, because I bought it with the intention of flipping it. My local mom & pop had one NOS for $49 at a sidewalk clearance sale, and I knew they were selling for up to $200 on Reverb. So, I purposely didn't play it a lot because I didn't want to fall in love. But it was a REALLY fun pedal when I tested it out on my rig. I did end up selling for ~$160 I think, so I cleared a nice profit without ripping the next guy off too much.
Ibanez AD99 "Vintage". Might have been my first delay pedal ever. Sounded great. Played a lot of gigs with it during undergrad college in the late 1990s. Sold it to a friend who has the matching FL99 flanger, so I still get to visit it sometimes.
Keeley Ibanez AD9. Owned this one for years. Very bright sounding, but relatively short delay times even for an analog. Cool self-oscillation switch. You can get these really cheap now
MXR Carbon Copy. Also owned this for years, played a ton of gigs with it. Basically an EHX DMM in a single pedal. Love it. Great dark delays with optional mod.
Source Audio Nemesis. My current main delay. I love the sounds, especially the analog, noisy tape and Binson drum sounds. I love having MIDI control, especially with their HUB system simplifying my PC messages and MIDI splitting. Love the computer and phone apps. I didn't need a phrase looper, so that's not anything I miss. YMMV.
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Race Training
On this page you’ll find short descriptions of the many types of runs prescribed in training plans so you can understand them better. For each type of workout, we’ve provided an example and links to longer articles that discuss it in more detail.
For clarity, we’ve detailed the main types of speed workouts instead of calling them all “speedwork.” We’ve also defined with a fair amount of precision “tempo run,” another term that’s often broadly used.
What follows are not black-and-white distinctions, but guidance on general parameters that you can use to better understand your training. (For advice on hill training, click here.)
What it is: Runs of 80 to 100 meters done at about 90 percent top speed, with plenty of recovery between to allow good form on each. Strides are typically done after an easy run or as part of a warmup or prerace run.
Why do it: Strides teach you how to run fast, but relaxed. They’re a good time to work on your running form. As with other short, fast repeats, strides put you through a fuller range of motion than normal runs, and this greater mobility can make you more efficient at all paces.
Sample workout: After an easy 5-mile run, 8 x 100-meter strides, with as much standing or walking recovery between as desired. For more information: Read this.
Speed Development Workout
What it is: Short (200 meters or 30-45 seconds) repetitions at mile race pace or a little faster. These are typically thought of as “turnover” workouts and done as a light, secondary hard workout in a training week.
Why do it: Short repeats have many of the same benefits as strides—increased efficiency and turnover, plus moving through a full range of motion. But because you hold the pace for longer they make for more of a conventional interval workout. Learning how to repeatedly produce this fast pace without straining will improve your finishing kick at the end of races.
Sample workout: 8-12 x 200 meters at mile race pace, with a 200-meter jog between repeats. For more information: Read this.
Running Economy Repeats
What it is: Repetitions of between 60 and 90 seconds at about mile race pace. Faster runners might call these workouts “quarters” if they do one lap of a conventional track at this effort. Runners specializing in longer races will typically do one or two economy sessions per month. Recovery jogs between repeats is often equal to the distance run, so that you can run each repeat at the prescribed pace.
Why do it: Running economy is analogous to the fuel efficiency of a car. It’s a measure of how efficiently you use the oxygen you take in (your body’s “gas”) when running. Improving your running economy enables you to go farther at a given pace (or faster at the same effort level).
Sample workout: 10 x 400 meters at mile race pace, with a 400-meter jog between repeats. For more information: Read this.
VO2 Max Repeats
What it is: Repeats of between 800 and 1600 meters at 5K race pace or a little faster, with a recovery jog that lasts 50 to 100 percent of the time it takes to run each repeat. These are usually the hardest workouts in a runner’s training week.
Why do it: VO2 max is your maximal aerobic capacity, or the highest rate at which you can deliver oxygen to your muscles so that they can keep working aerobically. Accumulating several minutes of work at this effort level will help boost your VO2 max, one of the key determinants of performance in popular races such as 5K. Bonus: Regular VO2 max workouts provide a good indicator of what pace you can expect to hold in a 5K.
Sample workout: 6-8 x 800 meters at 5K race pace, with a 400-meter jog between repeats. For more information: Read this.
Alternative for marathoners: Yasso 800s, created by Runner’s World’s Bart Yasso, can be a predictive workout during marathon training. The idea is to run 10 800-meter repeats in the minutes-and-seconds equivalent of your goal marathon time (e.g., repeats in three minutes and 30 seconds if your marathon goal is three hours and 30 minutes). Jog for the time of your 800-meter repeat between intervals. For most runners, the pace on Yasso 800s is close to VO2 max pace. For more information: Read this.
Aerobic Intervals
What it is: Repeats of 1-2 miles at about 10K race pace, with a recovery jog that lasts 50-100 percent of the time it takes to run each repeat. These workouts might be done once a month as a substitute for a VO2 max workout.
Why do it: Aerobic intervals improve VO2 max while also helping you prepare for longer races. Even though they’re long workouts, they’re often not as draining as VO2 max sessions, making them a good option for marathoners who need to be fresh for their long run later in the week. They’re also good pace practice if you’re focusing on a 10K.
Sample workout: 4 x 2K at 10K race pace, with a 400-meter jog between repeats. For more information: Read this.
Tempo Run
What it is: A continuous run at a “comfortably hard” pace, usually a little faster or equal to your half marathon race pace. Tempo runs are the key “hard” workout for half marathoners and marathoners, but also provide big performance boosts down to the 5K when done regularly.
Why do it: Tempo runs are run just below the pace at which your body can no longer clear the lactate you produce when running fast. As such, they increase your ability to keep working at a very high percentage of your maximal aerobic capacity. They’re also great at teaching mental focus for sustained faster-than-average running.
Sample workout: 4-mile run at half marathon race pace. For more information: Read this.
Marathon-Pace Run
What it is: A run at the pace you can hold for a marathon, done for the duration of a run, for a portion of a run, or during the last part of a long run as a workout preceded and followed by a warmup and cooldown. Marathoners will typically do at least two or three of these runs during their build-up, while non-marathoners most often do them in their base phase.
Why do it: Marathon-pace runs are crucial to building the physical and mental ability to hold a faster-than-training-pace speed for 26.2 miles. They’re also good dress rehearsals for testing the shoes, nutrition plan, etc. you’ll use on race day.
Sample workout: 13-mile run with the 8-10 miles at marathon race pace. For more information: Read this.
Progression Run
What it is: A distance run in which you get progressively faster throughout the run. These usually start at a normal easy-run pace for one to three miles, then get faster every mile so that you run the last few miles at marathon race pace or faster. They’re often done during base phase as a transition to harder workouts.
Why do it: Progression runs build the physical and mental ability to hold a good pace when you’re tired. They are a good way to get in some high-quality work without exhausting yourself.
Sample workout: 10-mile run with the first two miles easy, then increasing the pace by 10 seconds a mile for the final eight miles. For more information: Read this.
What it is: Fartlek is a Swedish word meaning “speed play.” It is meant to be an unstructured workout, in which you base how far and how fast to run on how you feel. Some repeats might be shorter, some longer, some faster, some slower, some with short recovery, some with longer recovery.
Why do it: A fartlek workout is a great light session to turn over your legs a few days before a race. It’s also a good choice in the week after a race, when you might be too tired to hit your normal workout paces, and a good way to introduce faster running if you’ve been doing nothing but steady running for a month or more.
Sample workout: During an 8-mile run, 12 pick-ups of between 30 seconds and five minutes at a pace ranging from mile race pace to 10K race pace. For more information: Read this.
Long Run
What it is: The longest run of the week, usually constituting 20 to 35 percent of a week’s mileage. While pace on long runs varies considerably, most coaches advise doing most runs at 10 to 20 percent slower per mile than marathon pace. This is a conversational pace but fast enough to encourage good running form throughout.
Why do it: Long runs build endurance, or the ability to keep running without having to slow significantly or stop. They do so by improving your ability to deliver fuel to working muscles, and the muscles’ ability to efficiently make use of that fuel.
Sample workout: 15 miles at 1:00 to 2:00 per mile slower than half marathon race pace. For more information: Read this.
Easy/Recovery Run
What it is: A run done the day (or days) before or after a hard workout, long run, or race. The pace is intentionally gentle, especially when done after a race or hard workout. It’s important to go as easy as your body wants to, rather than feel obligated to hit a certain pace. Fitter runners almost always run shorter than 10 miles at that easy pace, and most runners are comfortable with an easy run shorter than 45 minute.
Why do it: To rest up for a hard run in the near future and to recover from a hard run in the recent past. Going too fast before a workout or race will detract from your performance when it matters. Going too fast after a hard day will prolong your fatigue and delay being ready to run up to your potential.
Sample workout: 4-mile run as easy as your body feels comfortable going, with little to no focus on your time. For more information: Read this.
The Most Common Running Gear Questions—Answered
Some of the greatest mysteries about your favorite gear, solved by experts.
Dolly Parton, Mos Def, Nirvana, and 41 More Awesome (and Brief!) Running Songs
The shortest month’s mileage will fly by thanks to this 90-minute, 44-track eclectic mix.
The 10 Commandments of Writing About Winter Running
What Are Manual, Curve, and Anti-Gravity Treadmills?
You probably know all about motorized treadmills from the gym. But here’s the lowdown on three other types—and what they’re best for.
What's Behind Our New Training App? (Hint: Cool Tech!)
The training tool brings the expertise of world-class coaches directly to your phone, in a customized and adaptable app, but it was years in the making.
The Smartest Plan to Cross Every Finish Line Feeling Strong
Here’s how to make sure you conquer the end of your race in Insta-worthy fashion.
Here’s Why You Should Take Walk Breaks During Your Next Race
Try This Tactical Approach to Tapering
5 Runners Get Real About How They Broke Their Bad Habits
Keep making the same mistakes over and over? Here are tested strategies for breaking the cycle.
How Well Can Your Leg Muscles Handle a Beatdown?
Whether you’ll finish strong—or not—in your next marathon depends on the answer.
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r/socialskills:
Usually you’ll have to check in with the hostess and wait to be seated. They will usher you to your table and give you your menus. If you’re unfamiliar with their food, you can ask for a few minutes to look at the menus and they will leave you for a few minutes, then come back.
After you’re served your food, some waitresses will usually come every few minutes to check on you and see if you’re enjoying your food. A simple “it’s great, thanks” would suffice— you don’t need to hold a conversation with them unless you do have some complaints about the food (too cold, too salty, etc). If you have a problem with your order they will almost always replace it. Sometimes they will check if you want another glass of whatever you’re drinking if they see your glass is half full.
After your meal, ask for your check and they will get your card and go to the register. You remain seated. I think at Denny’s you’ll have to pay at the counter but I’m not sure as I haven’t been in a while.
Also, I think one of the things that confused me at first is that servers have assigned tables. You can flag down a server who isn’t assigned to your table and ask them to fetch your own server if you need to make new orders. Your server usually introduces themselves when you first sit down “hi I’m so and so and I’ll be your server today, if you need anything let me know.”
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High-energy instruments to reveal a new world
Physicists use high-energy accelerators to probe matter at the smallest scale. More powerful than any microscope, a high-energy accelerator allows physicists to study the smallest things human beings have ever seen, for example the quarks inside a proton. At the same time, high-energy accelerators can recreate the conditions of the early universe – though in a much smaller volume. Creating tiny fireballs of high density and high temperature, physicists produce the particles that were abundant in the early universe, a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang.
The Main Injector Ring (front) and the 4-mile-long Tevatron dominate the aerial view of Fermilab.
Fermilab's Tevatron was the second-most powerful accelerator in the world. In 1995, the
high-energy collisions of the Tevatron led to the discovery of the top quark, the heaviest elementary particle known to exist. The top quark is as heavy as a gold atom, yet its mass is confined to an area much smaller than a single proton.
The Tevatron accelerated and collided protons and antiprotons in a four-mile-long underground ring. Fermilab scientists used a chain of accelerators to produce and accelerate these particles before injecting them into the Tevatron ring.
About 2,300 physicists from all over the world still come to Fermilab to conduct experiments using particle accelerators. To observe and record the high-energy collisions from the Tevatron, physicists had built enormous detectors. Today they continue to use powerful computers to sort through and analyze the enormous amount of data they collected from accelerator experiments. They study the properties of and forces among particles to test and develop theoretical models to explain matter, space and time, the fundamental structure of our universe.
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From reddit r/IAmA:
Experience tells me that people will absolutely judge what you're selling based on how much you charge for it. I wouldn't be afraid to raise your prices honestly - you'll likely find that by doing so you'll attract a higher class of customer and also that it'll almost make you appear more attractive against places that charge more.
As crazy as it sounds, if I see you for half the price of similar offerings (or indeed even inferior ones), my first question is going to be "so what's wrong with it?". Perhaps not what you want potential customers to be thinking.
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State of the LMS
Watched an informative WebEx about The State of the LMS: An Insitution Perspective presented jointly by Delta Initiative and California State University. An true innovator in this market could become the leader.
Market share numbers annoy me. These are always self-reported numbers from a survey. The sample sizes are almost always not very impressive and when broken down doesn’t really represent the market. DI didn’t post a link to where they got the numbers just the name of the group. Some digging and turned up this Background Information About LMS Deployment from the 2008 Campus Computing Survey. For background information it is woefully lacking in important information such as sample size, especially the breakdown of the types of institutions in the categories.
The numbers DI quotes of CC are very different for the same year the Instructional Technology Council reports: Blackboard market share 66% (DI/CC) vs 77% (ITC). An 11% difference makes is huge when the next largest competitor is 10% (DI/CC).
Other missing critical information: Are these longitudinal numbers, aka the same respondants used participate in every year the survey quotes? Or is there a high turnover rate meaning an almost completely different set of people are answering every year so the survey completely relies on the randomness of who is willing to answer the survey? So the numbers could shift just because people refuse to answer giving Blackboard reduced market share only because Moodle customers are more willing to respond to questions about it?
Most of the major LMS products on the market started at a university or as part of a consortium involving universities. I knew the background of most of the products on in Figure 1. Somehow I never put that together.
Will another university take the lead and through innovation cause the next big shakeup? I would have thought the next logical step to address here in the DI presentation would be the innovative things universities are doing which could have an impact. Phil described Personal Learning Environments (not named) as potentially impacting the LMS market, but he was careful to say really PLEs are an unkown. The were no statements about brand new LMSs recently entering or about to enter the market.
Figure 1: Start year and origin of LMSes. Line thickness indicates market share based on Campus Computing numbers. From the DI WebEx.
Network Recording Player - State-wide LMS Strategy 8262009 90839 AM-1
When people use my project as an example, it gets my attention. GeorgiaVIEW was slightly incorrectly described on page 26 Trends: Changing definition of “centralization”.
1. We do not have an instance per institution which has a significantly higher licensing cost. We do give each institution their own URL to provide consistency for their users. Changing bookmarks, web pages, portals, etc everywhere a URL is listed is a nightmare. So we try to minimize the impact when we move them by a single unchanging URL.We have 10 instances for the 31 institutions (plus 8 intercampus programs like Georgia ONmyLINE) we host. Learn 9 will not have the Vista multiple institution capability, so should we migrate to Learn 9 an instance per institution would have to happen.
2. We have two primary data centers not have a primary and a backup data center. By having multiple sites, we keep our eggs in multiple baskets.
The primary point about splitting into multiple instances was correct. We performed the two splits because Vista 2 and 3 exhibited performance issues based on both the amount of usage and data. With ten instances we hit 20,000 4,500 users (active in the past 5 minutes recently) but should be capable of 50,000 based on the sizing documents. We also crossed 50 million hits and 30 million page views. We also grow by over a terabyte a term now. All these numbers are still accelerating (grows faster every year). I keep hoping to find we hit a plateau.
Figure 2: LMS consortia around the United States. From the DI WebEx.
Consortia Nationwide
All this growth in my mind means people in general find us useful. I would expect us to have fewer active users and less data growth should everyone hate us. Of course, the kids on Twitter think GeorgiaVIEW hates them. (Only when you cause a meltdown.)
UPDATE: Corrected the active users number. We have two measure active and total. 20,000 is the total or all sessions. 4,500 are active in the past 5 minutes. Thanks to Mark for reading and find the error!
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Ísland horfir til Norðurlandanna — Norrænt samstarf
Afdrifarík ákvörðun um stjórnarsetu Þrautaganga sænskra jafnaðarmanna
En í efnahagskreppu getur verið erfitt að standa við stór fyrirheit. Norræn velferð kostar mikið fé og það er vandasamt að halda henni uppi þegar þarf að skera niður á öllum sviðum ríkisrekstrarins.
Ekki stór sósíaldemókrataflokkur
Það er nauðsynlegt að skoða aðeins pólitíska sérstöðu Íslands gagnvart hinum Norðurlöndunum. Það stingur fyrst í augu að á Íslandi er ekki hefð fyrir stórum sósíaldemókrataflokki eins og í Danmörku, Noregi og Svíþjóð. Hinn hefðbundni sósíaldemókrataflokkur sem kallaðist Alþýðuflokkurinn hafði jafnan fylgi á bilinu 10-15 prósent. Þetta helgaðist af því að Kommúnistaflokkurinn og Sósíalistaflokkurinn og loks Alþýubandalagið sem komu í kjölfar hans voru alltaf sterkir á Íslandi, sterkari en flokkur sósíaldemókrata.
Alþýðuflokkurinn var yfirleitt ekki í ríkisstjórn nema sem veikari aðili með borgaraflokki eða bændaflokki. Milli sósíaldemókrata og kommúnista/sósíalista ríkti mikil tortryggni – sem reyndar eimir enn af. Utarlega á vinstri væng stjórnmálanna er orðið "krati" (les: sósíaldemókrati) uppnefni – þar þykja "kratar" ístöðulausir og óþarflega undirgefnir við erlent vald, til dæmis Evrópusambandið eða aðra norræna sósíaldemókrataflokka.
Valdaflokkur tekur upp velferðarpólitík
Hið leiðandi stjórnmálaafl á Íslandi allt frá því fyrir stofnun lýðveldisins 1944 er Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn. Hann spratt upp úr samruna Íhaldsflokksins og Frjálslynda flokksins og náði fljótt yfirburðastöðu. Í fyrstu gekk flokkurinn nokkuð purrkunarlaust erinda atvinnurekenda og útgerða, en í kringum stríðið fer hann að breikka skírskotun sína. Hann tekur meðal annars upp kjörorðið "stétt með stétt". Hann fer að taka upp ýmis mál sem áður voru á stefnuskrá vinstri flokka. Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn verður valdaflokkur Íslands, flokkur atvinnurekenda, bæjarstjóra, skipstjóra, presta – en hann eignast líka sinn eigin verkalýðsarm. Mikill fjöldi fólks úr verkalýðsstétt kýs flokkinn og lítur upp til leiðtoga hans, einkum manna eins og Ólafs Thors og Bjarna Benediktssonar.
Þannig byggist upp Ísland sem er ekki ýkja frábrugðið hinum sósíaldemókratísku velferðarríkjum Skandinavíu, jafnvel þótt hlutur eiginlegra sósíaldemókrata í ríkisstjórn Íslands sé ekki ýkja stór. Á Norðurlöndum ímynduðu menn sér á þessum árum að Ísland væri einstaklega ameríkaníserað, en það var alltaf nokkuð ýkt. Skattheimtan á Íslandi var nokkuð minni en í Skandinavíu, velferðarkerfið ekki eins alltumlykjandi, en í grundvallaratriðum var samfélagsgerðin svipuð.
Sósíaldemókratar leiða ríkisstjórn
Það er ekki fyrr en 1999 að til verður stór sósíaldemókrataflokkur á Íslandi, nægilega sterkur til að reyna að keppa við Sjálfstæðisflokkinn á jafnræðisgrundvelli. Þetta gerist með samruna Alþýðuflokks, Kvennalista og hluta af Alþýðubandalagi. Flokkurinn nefnist Samfylkingin, í síðustu þingkosningum fékk hún mest fylgi og er leiðandi í ríkisstjórn með flokksformanninn Jóhönnu Sigurðardóttur sem forsætisráðherra. Það er í fyrsta sinn að sósíaldemókratar leiða ríkisstjórn á Íslandi, ef undan eru skildar skammlífar minnihlutastjórnir. Staða flokksins í stjórnum stærstu bæja landsins er líka sterk.
Á sama tíma, eftir efnahagshrunið, hafa hægri öflin – les Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn – aldrei staðið jafn veikt og nú. Þessi hefðbundni valdaflokkur er ekki í ríkisstjórn – en þar hafði hann ríkt sautján ár samfellt fyrir hrun– og hann stjórnar ekki einu einasta af stærstu bæjarfélögunum á Íslandi. Þetta er alveg óþekkt staða í pólitíkinni. Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn hefur hins vegar verið að sækja á aftur í skoðanakönnunum, en það er frekar vegna óánægju með ríkisstjórnina en vegna einhverra vinsælda flokksins.
Það er enn litið svo á að af stjórnmálaflokkunum hafi það verið Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn sem fyrst og fremst ber ábyrgð á hruninu – og þá ekki síst sú misheppnaða frjálshyggja, blandin klíkustarfsemi og vinahygli, sem var kjarni stefnunnar síðustu áratugina.
Frjálshyggjubyltingin
Frjálshyggja nær mjög sterkum ítökum á Íslandi strax á áttunda áratugnum. Ungir menn í Sjálfstæðisflokknum tileinkuðu sér frjálshyggjustrauma og margir hinna eldri fylgdu með, urðu sumir ungir án ný. Ungu frjálshyggjupostularnir komust margir í stór valdaembætti síðar, en fyrstu árin var frjálshyggjan talin skrítin, enda gekk hún gegn þeim hugmyndum sem þá voru ríkjandi. Þegar Geir Hallgrímsson, þáverandi formaður Sjálfstæðisflokksins, reyndi að nota frjálshyggju í kosningabaráttu 1978 var hlegið að honum.
En boðskapurinn vann fljótt á líkt og víðar í heiminum. Það er líka á þessum árum að hugmyndastraumar frá Bretlandi fara að verða allsráðandi á Íslandi, en áhuginn á Norðurlöndunum dvínar mjög. Í umtalaðri skýrslu sem samin var af Viðskiptaráði árið 2006 sagði meira að segja að Ísland væri fremra Norðurlöndunum, af þeim gætum við ekkert lært. London varð nú önnur höfuðborg Íslands. Hægri menn dáðu Margréti Thatcher og jafnaðarmenn sóttu hugmyndir sínar til Tonys Blair og New Labour. Íslenskir bisnessvíkingar settust að í London og störfuðu þaðan. En nú er eins og þessi strengur hafi verið rofin; það er aftur farið að tala um Norðurlöndin sem æskilega fyrirmynd fyrir Íslendinga.
Aðdáendur Margrétar Thatcher
Tímamót verða þegar Davíð Oddsson varð forsætisraðherra 1991. Davíð hafði ekki áður setið á þingi, en hann hafði verið vinsæll – og einráður – borgarstjóri í Reykjavík. Davíð hafði verið framarlega hópi ungra manna sem gáfu út tímarit um frjálshyggju. Hann og vinir hans dáðu Margréti Thatcher, stefnu hennar og aðferðir. Hugmynd þeirra var að gefa fjármagninu lausan tauminn á Íslandi, losa þjóðina úr viðjum ríkisrekstrar, gamaldags banka- og sjóðakerfis og búa til nútímalegt og samkeppnishæft ríki.
Lykilatriðið í stefnunni var víðtæk einkavæðing. Einkaeignarrétturinn skyldi fá að njóta sín á öllum sviðum. Á sama tíma hófst mjög neikvæð umræða um ríkið og hlutverk þess – sem á undraskömmum tíma varð nánast að viðtekinni skoðun meðal stórs hluta þjóðarinnar. Á þessum tíma var fiskveiðiauðlindin í raun einkavædd, hún var færð útgerðarmönnum sem eign þótt lög um fiskveiðar segi reyndar annað –nú er sagt að um 70 einstaklingar "eigi" þrjá fjórðu hluta sjávarauðlindarinnar. Fjölmörg ríkisfyrirtæki komu í kjölfarið, svo bankakerfið – þegar hrunið varð 2008 stóð líka fyrir dyrum stórfelld einkavæðing orkuauðlindarinnar.
Einkavæðingin mistókst hins vegar hrapallega. Hún hefur valdið ómældum skaða á ýmsum sviðum. Útgerðarmennirnir sem fengu sjávarauðlindina á silfurfati náðu að veðsetja hana í botn, peningarnir voru fluttir burt úr sjávarþorpunum, til Reykjavíkur eða til útlanda. Upp úr þessu spratt fámenn en moldrík auðstétt. Þetta var forsmekkurinn að því sem koma skyldi þegar bankarnir voru einkavæddir. Þeir voru settir í hendur vildarvina stjórnmálaflokkanna og óreiðumanna sem tókst að setja þá á hausinn á örfáum árum. Græðgin varð allsráðandi í íslensku samfélagi, skattbyrði hátekjufólks var lækkuð, almennir borgarar voru hvattir til að reyna að ná í sneið af kökunni með því að fara út á hlutabréfamarkaðinn; Ísland varð um tíma nokkurs konar hlutabréfalýðræði.
Peningarnir sem bárust inn í landið, aðallega í formi lánsfjár og vegna alltof hás gengis krónunnar, seytluðu vissulega niður í samfélagið. Að því leyti virkaði "trickle down" kenningin um fjármagnið sem lekur niður af toppnum í neðri lög samfélagsins. Skuldsetningin var mikil og almenn. Það var nóg af skattfé svo ríkið stækkaði líka; það var enginn hvati til að hafa hemil á ríkisútgjöldum. En ójöfnuður óx mjög á þessum tíma. Íslendingar höfðu ætíð stært sig af miklum jöfnuði, samfélagi þar sem auðmenn og verkamenn bjuggu í næsta húsi hvor við annan og börn þeirra gengju í sömu skóla. Þetta fór að breytast á stuttum tíma, misskipting tekna stórjókst, skattbyrðin þyngdist á láglaunafólki en varð léttari á þeim sem höfðu mestar tekjur – eins og jafnan reyndi millistéttin að hanga í með löngum vinnutíma og miklum skuldum.
Vilji til að verja velferðina
Nú er fátt annað til ráða en að skera niður og borga skuldirnar. Það er vilji til að halda í velferðarkerfið, eins og nafn ríkisstjórnarinnar gefur til kynna. Um það er nokkuð almenn samstaða; það er reynt að hlífa því við niðurskurði eins og hægt er. Frjálshyggja er gjaldþrota á Íslandi. Það er kallað eftir meiri ríkisafskiptum. Öll pólitíkin hefur í raun sveiflast til vinstri. En ástandið er mjög ruglingslegt, það ríkir ekki bara efnahagskreppa heldur líka hugmyndaleg kreppa. Til dæmis er engu líkara að gömlu einkavæðingarmennirnir í Sjálfstæðisflokknum séu farnir að hallast að ríkisrekstri. Sósíaldemókratískar áherslur eru áberandi i málflutningi allra flokka, en á sama tíma tapar hinn eiginlegi sósíaldemókrataflokkur Samfylkingin fylgi í skoðanakönnunum. Ríkisstjórn hennar þykir of höll undir Alþjóða gjaldeyrissjóðinn og bankakerfið. Yst til vinstri í flokki Vinstri grænna eru þingmenn sem beinlínis dreymir um að kollvarpa auðvaldsskipulaginu og þola enga málamiðlun við það. Formlega séð teljast þeir vera í liði stjórnarþingmanna en í raun eru þeir orðnir háværasti stjórnarandstöðuflokkurinn.
Tortryggni gagnvart erlendu fjármagni
Íslendingar voru komnir á fremsta hlunn með að einkavæða orkuna í hendur útrásarvíkinga sinna. Nú er varla hægt að orða þá hugmynd í íslenskri pólitík að þær séu annars staðar en í höndum ríkissins. En á sama tíma hefur ríkið ekki fjármagn til að nýta orkuna sem er fólgin í vatnsföllum og jarðhita. Það ríkir líka mikil tortryggni gagnvart útlendingum og erlendu fjármagni, líkt og birtist í deilu um fjárfestingu kanadísks félags, Magma Energy, í nánast gjaldþrota íslensku orkufyrirtæki. Eins og stendur er líklegast að kaupunum verði rift og sett verði harðari lög um eignarhald á auðlindum.
Annars snýst stjórnmálaumræðan að miklu leyti um aðildarumsókn Íslands að ESB. Deilurnar þær eiga eftir að magnast enn og þær riðla hinu hefðbundna flokkakerfi. Umræðan er mjög ruglingsleg, enda er traustið í samfélaginu í algjöru lágmarki. Af máli þeirra sem eru lengst til hægri mætti ætla að ESB sé samsæri sósíalista, en þeir sem eru til vinstri halda því fram að bandalagið snúist um örgustu frjálshyggju. Það er útbreidd skoðun að Ísland tapi sjálfstæði sínu við inngönguna, en á móti má spyrja hversu sjálfstæð sú þjóð er sem er skuldug upp fyrir haus og á framfæri AGS.
Það hafa heyrst ýmsar skrítnar hugmyndir. Meðal annars sú að Íslendingar gangi í eina sæng með Noregi – í ríkjabandalag þar sem Íslendingar myndu fá að nota norsku krónuna – og jafnvel um nýtt Kalmarsamband. Ekki virðist vera mikill áhugi grannþjóðanna á þessu. Eitt er altént víst: Íslendingar eru ekki þeirrar skoðunar um þessar mundir að þeir séu fremri Norðurlöndunum – þvert á móti vilja þeir norræna velferð og norrænan stöðugleika. Höfundurinn ber sjálfur ábyrgð á innihaldi greinarinnar
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#include "./include/instructions_queue.h"
#include <stdio.h>
/*Inicializa a fila de instruções da busca*/
void initialize_queue(){
Instructions_Queue = (Queue*)malloc(sizeof(Instructions_Queue));
Instructions_Queue->instructions_queue = (Instruction**)malloc(sizeof(Instruction*)*4);
for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i){
Instructions_Queue->instructions_queue[i] = (Instruction*)malloc(sizeof(Instruction*));
Instructions_Queue->instructions_queue[i] = NULL;
}
Instructions_Queue->num_instructions = 0;
Instructions_Queue->begin = 0;
Instructions_Queue->end = 0;
Instructions_Queue->max_instructions = 4;
}
/*Insere uma instrução na fila*/
bool insert_instruction(Instruction* instruction){
if (Instructions_Queue->end == Instructions_Queue->max_instructions) return false;
Instructions_Queue->instructions_queue[Instructions_Queue->end] = instruction;
Instructions_Queue->end++;
Instructions_Queue->num_instructions++;
return true;
}
/*Remove todas as instruções da fila*/
void clear_queue(){
for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i){
free(Instructions_Queue->instructions_queue[i]);
Instructions_Queue->instructions_queue[i] = NULL;
}
Instructions_Queue->num_instructions = 0;
Instructions_Queue->begin = 0;
Instructions_Queue->end = 0;
}
/*Retira uma instrução da fila e a retorna*/
Instruction* get_instruction(){
if (Instructions_Queue->num_instructions <= 0){
return false;
} else if (Instructions_Queue->num_instructions == 1){
Instruction* instruction = Instructions_Queue->instructions_queue[Instructions_Queue->begin];
Instructions_Queue->instructions_queue[Instructions_Queue->begin] = NULL;
Instructions_Queue->end = 0;
Instructions_Queue->begin = 0;
Instructions_Queue->num_instructions--;
return instruction;
} else {
Instruction* instruction = Instructions_Queue->instructions_queue[Instructions_Queue->begin];
Instructions_Queue->instructions_queue[Instructions_Queue->begin] = NULL;
Instructions_Queue->begin++;
Instructions_Queue->num_instructions--;
return instruction;
}
}
/*Retorna se a fila está vazia ou não*/
bool get_status_queue(){
return (Instructions_Queue->num_instructions == 0)? EMPTY : NOT_EMPTY;
}
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As history shows, political activity in Peru has always been a dangerous occupation from the very beginning of the existence of the republic as an independent state. As noted by many political scientists, the main reason for this phenomenon is the complete absence of racial-ethnic monolithic “Peruvian nation”. The very notion of the modern Peruvian nation is extremely relative to the often unsolvable antagonistic contradictions between about 10% of the white minority, Indian peoples and a small number of blacks, mulattoes, sambo (a mixture of black representatives with Indians), the Chinese and the Japanese. By the way, from the last mentioned there is also the ex-President Alberto Fujimori, who was pardoned last December. Internal conflicts and contradictions very often develop into armed clashes and serve as the basis for the emergence of leftist and right-wing extremist political formations. Among the most famous for the whole world it is worth noting: the left radical examples – the Communist Party of Peru “Sendero Luminoso” and the revolutionary movement “Túpac Amaru”; the right-wing battalion “Rodrigo Franco” and others. In the 80-ies of the twentieth century, all of them acted on the territory of Peru and set their main goal – violence and revenge.
It is worth turning to the fact that Peru is a unitary decentralized presidential-premier republic based on the principle of separation of powers in such a way that the legislative power belongs to the unicameral Congress of the Republic, the executive power is headed by the President, who is the head of the state and at the same time the supreme commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and the judicial system includes the Supreme Court, district and local courts. In this South American country, in which fierce conflicts have flared throughout history aimed at political struggle, the functioning of this separation of powers is very real. An interesting fact is that since 1985, without exception, all the Presidents of the republic and their main rivals in the elections are currently under investigation: former President Alan García Pérez (1985-1990 and 2006-2011) has not been sentenced, however, it seems very likely; Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000) in December 2017 was pardoned at that time by the head of the state Pedro Pablo Kuczynski; Alejandro Toledo (2001-2006) is awaiting the verdict, and the Peruvian party has already sent to the United States, where he is hiding, a request for his extradition; Ollanta Humala (2011-2016) is already awaiting the verdict with his wife.
The opponent of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in the last presidential elections, Keiko Fujimori (daughter of ex-president of the Republic, Alberto Fujimori), is also still under investigation. By the way, her father’s rival in the presidential elections in 1990 was the writer, the Nobel laureate in literature of 2010, Mario Vargas Llosa. He is the only major presidential candidate for the last three decades, who has not yet been accused of either human rights violations or secret corruption ties with the largest Brazilian construction company “Odebrecht”.
The effectiveness of the judiciary in Lima impresses many Europeans, especially from Eastern Europe, where corruption scandals and corruption of politicians have long been perceived as a habitual phenomenon.
It seems that in Lima even protests against representatives of the judiciary may begin, if all former presidents can unite their efforts to save political reputation in the light of new disclosures from former figures in the affair with “Odebrecht”. One such precedent was that in December 2017, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski pardoned Alberto Fujimori in exchange for the fact that the son of the last mentioned, Kenji Fujimori, persuaded his supporters not to participate in the impeachment. As a result, the 10 deputies from the main opposition party “Fuerza Popular” abstained during the vote for impeachment and saved the current President. Relatives of the victims of repressions during his reign immediately took to the streets and announced the injustice of pardon, calling it not humane, but political and beneficial for authorities.
This “vicious circle” was closed on the 21st of March by Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, who assumed the presidency of Peru in July of 2016. The statement of resignation was made against the background of the political crisis that occurred in the country at the end of last year.
The first allegations of corruption against Kuczynski appeared in February of 2017, seven months after his inauguration. At that time, the document of Peruvian intelligence in the financial sphere was published, containing the list of names of 69 officials involved in dubious banking operations, including the Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. In addition, journalists argued that the company “Latin America Enterprise”, associated with Kuczynski, received payments from the mentioned Brazilian construction corporation “Odebrecht”. Such information surfaced on the background amid a new round of development of a major corruption scandal with the company “Odebrecht”. It involved high-ranking officials of at least ten Latin American countries, including former Peruvian Presidents – Alejandro Toledo (2001-2006) and Ollanta Humala (2011-2016).
Already in November of 2017, the Peruvian edition “Caretas” published documents proving the connection between “Odebrecht” and American consulting company “First Capital Partners”, one of whose directors was Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. In 2003-2006, the companies worked together on at least three projects. Then the events developed swiftly: on the 13th of December of 2017, the parliament deputies of the opposition party “Fuerza Popular” presented documents stating that in 2004-2013 “Odebrecht” transferred $ 4.8 million to two companies related to Kuczynski, it is noteworthy that of which $ 62.5 thousand during the period when Kuczynski held positions in the government (in 2004-2005 as the Minister of Economy and Finance, in 2005-2006 as the Prime minister).
Then, on the 15th of December, the Peruvian Parliament – the Congress, the majority of seats in which belongs to the aforementioned “Fuerza Popular”, launched the impeachment procedure of the President with the formulation of his “moral inability” to occupy this high post, which is provided in Article 113 of the current Constitution of Peru. The intention to remove the head of the state was made by representatives of several parliamentary parties. For the dismissal of the President, the 87 out of 130 deputies were to support the initiative. However, on the 21st of December of last year, the opposition managed to get the votes of only 79 deputies, which allowed Kuczynski to keep his post at that time.
Nevertheless, on the 28th of February of this year, the former top manager of the “Odebrecht” office in Peru, Jorge Barata, during the investigation of corrupt schemes of the corporation, announced that in order to undertake the election campaign of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2011 the company transferred $ 300 thousand. After the announcement was made, the Congress again began the process of impeachment in connection with Kuczynski’s “moral inability” to keep this post.
The current political crisis was exacerbated on the 20th of March of this year after the publication of new documents, handed over to the media by the party “Fuerza Popular”. Presented from hidden cameras, audio and video recordings clearly demonstrate that the Kuczynski’s supporters have repeatedly tried to persuade several parliamentarians to vote against impeachment. In exchange for their voices, they were offered various benefits, and in some cases, cash payments. In his appeal to the Peruvian nation on the 21st of March, Kuczynski said that the video was intentionally mounted in such a way as to accuse him and his associates.
Addressing the nation on this day, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski announced his resignation and stressed that “it will be better for my country”. All representatives of his government wrote a statement of resignation in solidarity with the President. According to the current Constitution, the first vice-president of the country, Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo, will be the head of state.
As the chain of these examples demonstrates, the Peruvian justice does not sympathize with any politicians in Lima. For representatives of the judiciary it does not matter whether they were Presidents or are currently in power. It should be noted that the exposure of the high-profile case of the Brazilian company “Odebrecht” will show the extent to which the separation of powers is functioning in the countries of the Latin American region. At the moment, it was able to be seen in Peru and in 2016 in Brazil, with the examples of former Presidents: Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff. In recent months, the scandal is also mounting in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Chile and Argentina.
Will the corruption scandal turn away the “fledgling” Peruvian nation from supporting the right regime? Will the leftists in the “wave of change” take strategic positions in the government? These and other rhetorical questions will have to be answered by the Peruvians in the coming months. But the main dilemma in Peru is still the development of a political course that corresponds to the modern alignment of forces in the international arena.
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Doctor Andy’s Wellness Corner
By: Andy Marrone, D.C.
Redmond Ridge Chiropractic
Thyroid Function and Estrogen
About 5% of the United States population suffers from hypothyroidism, that is and under functioning thyroid. (Golden SH, Robinson KA, Saldanha I, Anton B, Ladenson PW. Prevalence and incidence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States: a comprehensive review. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2009;94(6):1853–1878.).
Your thyroid is responsible for metabolism and can affect weight, body temperature, energy levels and much much more. The problem however, is many health care facility only look at the thyroid or chemicals that go to the thyroid to make clinical decisions about the health of your thyroid.
Often, the only marker tested is TSH. TSH stands for Thyroid Stimulating hormone. Before we go into why this is problematic, lets explain how the thyroid works.
Signals in the hypothalamus receive information on general metabolism and levels of T3 and T4 in our system. T3 and T4 are the chemicals released by the thyroid to regulate metabolism. Based on this information, the hypothalamus will release the appropriate amount of TSH into the blood stream. This signals the thyroid to produce T3 and T4. Incidentally iodine is by the Thyroid to make T3 and T4. T3 and T4 then bind to receptor sites on the cells of our body which cause long chain amino acids, mostly Tyrosine, to regulate cellular metabolism. Ok – for you physiologists reading this, I know, it’s way more complicated than this but I’m trying to keep it simple.
So lets go over some potential pitfalls with just measuring TSH levels. So what if your TSH levels are low but your T3 and T4 levels are high? This means that we don’t need to release T3 and T4, which mean the low TSH levels are correct. So the thyroid IS functioning properly. What if TSH is high and T3 and T4 levels are high? This is a problem because we don’t need any more T3 and T4 and yet the thyroid is being told to make more.
Estrogen also binds to thyroid receptors on the cell so if a person has high estrogen levels, it can interfere with thyroid function. Now if TSH his low and T3 and T4 levels are through the roof – this could mean the thyroid is being affected by a serious disease process.
Metabolism, thyroid and adrenal function are very tightly intertwined. It is very difficult to determine the true root of the problem without looking at all three.
Enzyme nutrition uses cutting edge reproducible testing to determine where nutritional deficiencies lie, and may lead to supporting thyroid help with proper nutrition. If you have questions, see a certified enzyme nutrition practitioner for a consultation.
After many years of clinical practice, Dr. Marrone has forged a remarkable career as a practitioner, educator and lecturer. His extensive knowledge of functional enzyme nutrition has made him a much sought after practitioner. If you are suffering from health problems that nobody seems to have the answer to, or are sick and tired of the revolving door approach of modern medicine, give Dr. Marrone a call to set up a consultation.
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Skin cancer often develops on sun-exposed areas of the body, including the ears as well as the face, neck, chest, hands, arms and legs. Skin cancer that develops on the ear can take various forms. Although fair-skinned people have a higher risk of skin cancer, people of all skin tones may be affected, MayoClinic.com notes 1. Skin cancers may be easier to spot on the face or chest, but simple examination of the ears helps avoid problems from this treatable condition.
Basal Cell Signs
Basal cell carcinoma, the most common type of skin cancer, may affect the ears. It may appear as a flesh-colored, pearl-like bump or a pink patch of skin, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. The marks may also appear as flat or brownish lesions. It usually takes a long time for basal cell carcinomas to grow or spread to other parts of the body. People who find these suspicious spots should see a doctor for examination or prompt treatment. Although it grows slowly, basal cell carcinoma can invade surrounding tissues and get into nerves and bone, leading to possible damage and disfigurement. Doctors can easily remove basal cell carcinomas, usually in the office, when treated early.
Squamous Cell Signs
Squamous cell carcinomas may develop on the ears. Squamous cell cancer, the second most common type of skin cancer, may appear as reddish, hard bumps or scaly patches. They may look like ulcers that heal and open again or develop as flat lesions with crusted surfaces. Basal cell carcinomas can grow deep in the skin and threaten to damage or disfigure skin tissue. Early treatment prevents the spread and damage.
Melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, can appear anywhere on the body, including the ears 2. Sun exposure may not even play a role in the development of this cancer. Examination by a doctor is essential for people who notice suspicious moles, spots or growths. Advances in medical techniques have bettered the prognoses for those with melanoma, as long as treatment begins early. The Skin Cancer Foundation recommends the ABCDE method of spotting melanoma 2. This method refers to asymmetry, border, color, diameter and evolving when looking for warning signs. Melanoma may appear asymmetrical with half of a mole looking different than the other half. Growths that have uneven or notched borders may signal melanoma. A mole may vary in color, being brown, black, red or blue. Melanomas are usually more than ¼-inch in diameter, or larger than the size of a pencil eraser. Moles that evolve and change in size, shape or color, or start bleeding or crusting indicate melanoma.
- ear image by Dubravko Grakalic from Fotolia.com
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While District 9 seems to have a case against racism and apartheid in South Africa, not all of its South African inspirations are political. Neill Blomkamp's aliens were also inspired by a common Johannesburg pest: the Parktown Prawn.
After the screening of District 9 in Johannesburg, many noticed the "prawns" - as the aliens are referred to by many humans - are a reference to Parktown Prawns, a common and loathed pest often found in Johannesburg homes. Parktown Prawns aren't actually prawns, but a species of king cricket that has likely been around since prehistoric times. The bugs can grow up to 10 centimeters in length, and are equipped with barbed legs and powerful mandibles.
But it's more than their name and appearance that the District 9 aliens don. One of the Parktown Prawn's features is its tendency to spew a nasty black sludge, which is probably the inspiration for the black alien liquid that's central to the movie's plot.
Human interactions with the prawns are also similar: you have to be calm, but firm.
[via io9]
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Details about La Chicana and the Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender:
This is a description of the social situation in America of La Chicana, a Hispanic minority female whose life is influenced by racism and sexism. It analyzes contemporary scholarship on race, class and gender, scrutinizing the use of language and labels to examine how La Chicana is affected by these factors. The author explores the history of Chicanas and the meaning of the term Chicana, and considers her socialization process, the consequences of deviating from gender roles, and the evolution of Hispanic women onto the national scene in politics, health, economics, education, religion and criminal justice. The shared lives of Mexican-American women and men at home and inside and inside and outside of the barrio are also investigated, and the book highlights the variables that effectively discriminate against coloured women.
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The Canadian Press
HAMILTON - A critically-ill premature-born baby from Hamilton is all alone in a Buffalo, N.Y., hospital after she was turned away for treatment at local facility and transferred across the border without her parents, who don't have passports.
Ava Stinson was born Thursday at St. Joseph's Hospital, 14 weeks premature.
A provincewide search for an open neonatal intensive care unit bed came up empty, leaving no choice but to send the two pound, four ounce baby to Buffalo.
Her parents Natalie Paquette and Richard Stinson couldn't follow their child because as of June 1, a passport is required to cross the border into the United States.
They're having to approve medical procedures over the phone and are terrified something will happen to their baby before they get there.
The Canadian Consulate in Buffalo is providing advice and guidance to the first-time parents, and their local MP, New Democrat David Christopherson, is working to arrange emergency passports.
But that will take until at least Monday afternoon and the situation is complicated by the fact the baby's dad has a criminal record.
"I just want to be with her," said Paquette.
"She only knows my heartbeat, my voice and her daddy's voice. It's all I can think about. I feel so helpless."
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<issue_start>Title: Add informatica UTEM
user0:
user1: utem.cl is already added whereas this seems to be a personal website - http://ceinf.cl/
user0: Actually, utem.cl emails are exclusively for administrative staff and teachers that have a contract.
Both domains in this pull request are used for students emails of the university.
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Affiliate Disclosure: As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.
The distance that an Ethernet cable must cover can be quite large, even in a home network environment, so should you worry about the length of cable you are using, and does a longer cable really slow you down?
Longer Ethernet cables can be slower as latency increases the further the signal has to travel. However, Ethernet signals travel at around two thirds the speed of light, so you likely won’t notice any difference when comparing shorter lengths of cable.
The short answer is that the length of Ethernet cable doesn’t really matter when it comes to the lengths we will be using in our home networks, but there is a limit to the length of a single cable before you start running into some issues.
How Long Can an Ethernet Cable Be?
There isn’t a defined limit to the length that a single run of Ethernet cable can be, however, the longer the cable is, the more likely you will experience some latency.
This has the potential to occur simply because the signal has further to go. The further the signal has to go, the more likely that something will go wrong along the way.
That being said, you are very unlikely to notice the difference in speed when comparing shorter lengths of cable, like a 10 meter cable with a 20 meter cable.
Even though the 20 meter cable is twice as long, you wouldn’t realistically be able to tell the difference.
There is a chance that you can experience some signal loss at longer lengths of cable, but it isn’t a huge issue until you have a single length that exceeds 100 meters.
A single run of Ethernet cable is designed to work up to a maximum distance of 100 meters, or 328 feet.
Beyond this, the signal will begin to weaken and has the potential to reduce the overall speed and reliability of the network connection.
If you are using an older Cat5 Ethernet cable, speeds of up to 100mbps are possible up to 100m. Anything over this and the speed will actually drop down to 10mbps.
A cable that exceeds 100 meters in length may well still work, but the likelihood of connectivity issues increases the further you push past this limit recommended by the manufacturers.
To summarise, you should be fine in terms of reliability and speed providing you keep a single Ethernet cable at less than 100 meters in length.
Just keep in the mind that the longer the cable is, the more likely you are to experience some latency.
How Fast Do Ethernet Signals Travel?
It becomes clear why you don’t have to worry about the speed of an Ethernet cable that is 20 meters long compared with another that is just 10 meters long when you consider how fast the signal travels down an Ethernet cable.
The signals within an Ethernet cable travel at around two-thirds the speed light which is approximately 200 kilometers per millisecond.
There isn’t much more to really say about this to be honest.
Just make sure that you get the correct length cable and don’t worry about the minuscule difference in speed that you simply won’t notice.
How Long Should an Ethernet Cable Be?
The length of the Ethernet cable you are using really doesn’t matter, providing a single run of cable remains under 100m in length.
Any longer than this and you will likely run into some issues with signal loss given how far the signal must travel from the source to the destination.
When running Ethernet cable myself, I like to keep it as tight as possible whilst still allowing some slack at either end.
This allows for a much neater installation where the cable can be run along the floors or the walls without being a trip hazard or generally looking messy.
If you are using a network or server rack to house all your networking equipment, it is better to use shorter cables.
The reason for this doesn’t come down to a shorter cable being able to perform marginally better than a longer one, but simply to keep it looking tidy.
Using shorter cables within a rack will result in less space being taken up, less money needing to be spent on Ethernet cables, and a neater installation that makes it easier to find where everything is connected.
Although shorter cables are easily accessible and inexpensive to buy, I would suggest considering investing in a box of Ethernet cable instead.
These boxes will often come with around 1000 ft of Ethernet cable which can be terminated at whatever length you require.
If you have a need for more than just a few individual cables, a box can work out to be cheaper in the long run when you consider that a single cable that is just 5 feet in length can cost upwards of $6.
You will of course be limited to just the one color, that is unless you decide to buy more than one box, so this is something to keep in mind if you are looking to color-code your networking equipment.
If you are just needing a few Ethernet cables, it probably doesn’t warrant buying 1000 feet of cable.
There is plenty of choice available when it comes to Ethernet category, length and color. Plus you don’t need to worry about having to terminate the cable yourself either.
It really comes down to how many cables you think you’ll need and whether you want to determine the exact length of each cable as to whether a large box of Ethernet cable is worth it.
Recommended Ethernet Cables
If you are looking for some Ethernet cables for your own home network, here are some recommendations.
- Monoprice Cat6a Cable – This cable is half the thickness of a regular Cat6a cable and comes in a variety of lengths and colors.
- Vandesail Cat7 Cable – This cable delivers the best performance with speeds up to 10 Gbps and supports a bandwidth of 1,000 Mhz. The flat design is also space-saving.
- Fast Cat Cat5e Bulk Cable – Buying in bulk and making your own Ethernet cables could save you money in the long run and offers more flexibility around the length of cable you need.
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This video lecture from Reaction Kinetics (F.Sc. first year Chemistry) covers the specific rate constant which is also called velocity constant of a reaction. It is the constant which helps to equate the active masses of reactants with the rate of reaction. It is defined as the rate of reaction as the concentrations of reactants are taken as one (i.e. uni-molar). Rate constant varies for each reaction and is also a function of several parameters including nature of reactants and temperature. The law of mass action which helps to determine the rate law is also discussed. Find more e-learning material and educational video lectures in Urdu at maktab.pk. These videos are free to use for promotional and commercial purpose by keeping the credits to Maktab.
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As professional communicators, we understand the importance of writing for our audience. But as healthcare communicators, the topics we cover can get complex quite fast. We’ve got a tough job – attempting to strike the right balance for explaining the latest oncology treatment with the fact some of our readers might not even know what oncology means. How do we justify the terminology choices we make on the Web?
It all comes down to readability. Readability is the term used to describe how easy something is to read and understand. On the Web, readability relates closely with accessibility and usability.
Readability refers to health literacy in healthcare and plain language in government. Researchers have designed formulas to measure readability’s quantifiable characteristics: sentence length in words and vocabulary level. Content quality, style, design and organization play major roles, too, but are more difficult to measure.
If you’d like to learn more about readability and health literacy, check out the Health Literacy of America’s Adults report of 2003. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) set four levels for health literacy: Below Basic, Basic, Intermediate and Proficient. 53% of American adults rated Intermediate, 22% Basic and 14% Below Basic.
Select health literacy tasks illustrate what the different levels require. The study demonstrates a variety of demographic variations to help identify audiences, including which audiences used which channels for health information, like the Internet, by proficiency level.
Test your own pages using online readability calculators like Read-able.com to get an idea of your writing level. You’ll get reports from a variety of formulas. If your text explains medical vocabulary terms using common health vocabulary, remove the technical terms and run the calculator a second time to see if you can achieve a 6-8th grade level on your pages.
Addressing health illiteracy is our job. Paying attention to readability is one way to make access to healthcare services and patient education materials as easy as possible.
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Hematuria is either the microscopic or the macroscopic presence of blood in the urineGross Hematuria
Gross hematuria is suspected because of red or brown urine. The color change does not necessarily reflect the degree of blood loss as little as 1 mL of blood per liter of urine can induce a visible color change.
The initial step in the evaluation of patients with red urine is centrifugation of the specimen to see if the red color is in
Hematuria is responsible for the red colour if the red color is seen only in the urine sediment, with the supernatant being clear.
If the supernatant is red, then the supernatant should be tested for heme with a urine dipstick. A red supernatant that is negative for heme is a rare finding that can be seen in several conditions, including porphyria, the use of the bladder analgesic phenazopyridine, and the ingestion of beets in susceptible subjects.
A red supernatant that is positive for heme is due to myoglobinuria or hemoglobinuria.
Beeturia refers to the presence of red urine after the ingestion of beets. It occurs in approximately 14 percent of people and is due to the excretion of the reddish pigment betalaine (betanin). Beeturia appears to be more common in the following conditions:
Uncorrected Iron deficiency
Achlorhydria due to pernicious anemia
Concurrent ingestion of oxalate-containing foods (spinach, oysters)
Microscopic hematuria may be discovered by accident when blood (either red blood cells or hemoglobin) is found on a urinalysis or dipstick done for other purposes. Hematuria is commonly defined as the presence of more than 2 RBCs per high powered field in a spun urine sediment.
Hematuria may be a symptom of an underlying disease, some of which are life threatening or treatable. The most common causes are inflammation or infection of the prostate or bladder. Kidney stones, malignancy, and glomerular diseases account for most of the remaining cases. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is not a significant cause of hematuria. Symptoms of BPH should not dissuade the clinician from pursuing further evaluation.
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Bayonetta: Feminist Powerhouse?
Little bit of background; I didn’t get much chance to play the first game at the time of its release, just a handful of hours with a friends XBox 360. And my first impressions were rather… poor, to put it mildly. It really struck me in that limited exposure to be your typical male sex fantasy romp, the main character spending extended periods half-naked (or barely covered by flowing hair) didn’t help matters.
So, imagine my surprise to be talking about the game’s sequel with friends and hearing the claim that Bayonetta is actually a very positive feminist character. With the circumstance of owning a Wii U and the inclusion of both games in one package, I decided to give it a second chance, and play through both games in their entirety.
Are the Bayonetta games actually very strong feminist models below the surface? The conclusion I’ve reached is, yes… ish.
Now, bear in mind, no two models of feminism are the same, so there is a lot of “Your Mileage May Vary” when it comes to assessing any given work. On top of that, within the Bayonetta games, there are really two levels to analyze, which muddies the water even further.
Firstly, let’s talk about Bayonetta herself.
One big problem that I tend to have with “strong” female characters is that writers tend to mistake “strong” with “masculine”; creating a character that is basically a man with larger breasts. And while its true that there are certainly women that fit that personality type, it tends to be the default way that writers tend to go when they want to create a female character that is more than window-dressing. “Femshep” of the Mass Effect series suffers from this issue. While it’s certainly true that she’s a soldier by trade and that profession tends to lead to a certain mentality, when you play both the male and female versions of the character the illusion really gets torn apart and you discover that “Femshep” is literally “Broshep” with a female rig and textures.
(And yes I used the word “literally” as it is defined, not ironically or in bad grammar.)
Bayonetta, on the other hand, embraces her femininity. She openly likes “girly” things, and makes no apologies for it. She gleefully parades in lavish dresses, accessories, and happily shops for “heels.” She openly admits cockroaches are terrifying. But her feminine traits are not a weakness. They’re a personal choice. She takes all the feminine stereotypes, owns it, and turns it on its head. If you have a problem with it, she will kick your ass and make you call her “Mummy.” No one in the setting disrespects her womanhood and gets away unscathed. She flirts openly and intimidates with her openness towards her own sexuality. She commands respect and gets it, while being completely and unabashedly “girly.”
There is a lot of girl power in the character, and it is definitely something good to see. That the feminine does not have to equal weak is a message that needs to be delivered more often, and a lesson that a good many writers could do to learn.
But now we get to the surface, the image that is thrust into the public eye, where everyone’s first impressions lie… and that’s where it gets dicey.
While it’s true that much of the time that she’s half naked, it’s usually in the middle of combat, and the player’s eyes (even the horny male) is focused on much more visually demanding things, and while even many of the cutscenes where she’s effectively nude with just curtains of swirling hair are usually very short and largely tame, there are more than one instance where she is laying on her back with her legs spread open and nothing but a thin wisp of her hair covering her erogenous zones while she winks playfully that are absolutely for no reason but to titillate the stereotypical horny male gamer. And while it is true that there are elements of feminism that say embracing sexuality in such a fashion can be empowering, it’s a very flimsy rationale for those few pretty blatantly over-the-top scenes. Perhaps it’s one of those “Your Mileage May Vary” moments, but if so, it doesn’t get very good miles to the gallon for me in this particular case.
The game itself is amazing (especially Bayonetta 2, which is my favorite of the year so far), and Bayonetta herself is certainly a huge step forward from the usual portrayal of strong female characters in video games (and even in most media for that matter). If you can look past those astonishingly small number of instances of blatant pandering, there is certainly a lot of merit to the argument that the titular character is indeed a very powerful and inspiring female character model.
But if you can’t look past them, I can’t say I terribly fault you. It is kinda unfortunate that such a very good character is packaged in with some (admittedly few) depressing moments of pathetically shallow eye-candy.
One Response to “Bayonetta: Feminist Powerhouse?”
1. What a great read!
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What You Should Know About Oil Field Explosion Accidents
Oil fields offer lucrative jobs for individuals willing to work hard in fast-paced, harried environments with potential hazards around every corner. When oil company employers and employees work carefully and follow the proper safety procedures, oil fields can run like well-oiled machines—no pun intended.
However, when expediency and profit take a backseat to safety, devastating oil field accidents occur.
Explosions are one of the most common—and deadly—types of oil field accidents. Despite employing less than 1 percent of the U.S. workforce, the oil and gas industry accounts for more than 10 percent of fire and explosion-related workplace fatalities, according to an EnergyWire review of federal labor statistics.
Oil field explosion victims fortunate enough to survive the blast are often left with catastrophic injuries that require extensive—and expensive—medical treatment and rehabilitation. If you were injured in an oil field explosion accident caused by employer or co-worker negligence, you may be eligible for compensation.
Common Causes of Oil Field Explosion Accidents
Explosions can be caused by any number of conditions out of the oil field, including negligence on the part of the employer, employee, or both. Other common causes of oil field accidents include:
- Improper maintenance: Oil and gas drilling equipment requires regular inspection and maintenance to ensure it’s working properly. When maintenance needs are ignored, what would have been a simple repair issue can quickly turn into a disaster.
- Impure drilling chemicals: The chemicals used in oil and gas drilling efforts must be pure and clean. Contaminated drilling chemicals can cause an unexpected reaction and increase the risk of explosion.
- Corrosion: When corrosion weakens the metal on machinery and other oil field equipment, accidents such as fires and explosions can be the result.
- Fires: Cutting, welding, and grinding—all of which can create sparks or an open flame— happen daily out on the oil field. If the spark or flame makes contact with oil or natural gas, fires and explosions can occur.
- Blowouts: When oil or natural gas is released without adequate pressure controls, a “blowout” can happen. If the uncontrolled oil or natural gas hits a spark, it could cause a serious explosion.
- Equipment failure: Oil and gas drilling equipment can malfunction or fail when not serviced regularly. This failure can lead to injuries and accidents, including explosions.
- Safety regulation violations: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, also known as OSHA, has a number of safety regulations in place to prevent workplace accidents and injuries. However, when employers, employees, or other oil field workers disregard safety standards, accidents such as explosions are far more likely.
Injuries Associated With Oil Field Explosions
- Severe burns
- Vision impairment or loss
- Back and neck injuries
- Spinal cord injuries
- Respiratory damage
- Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs)
- Broken bones, including arms, legs, and ribs
Oil Field Explosion Wrongful Death Cases
When an oil field worker loses his or her life in an explosion or other on-the-job accident, surviving family members can file a wrongful death lawsuit to seek compensation for a wide range of damages, including:
- Doctor or hospital costs incurred before death
- Funeral fees
- Burial or cremation expenses
- Past and future lost earnings
- The decedent’s pain and suffering
- The survivors’ mental anguish
- Loss of economic support
- Loss of family or household services
- Diminished inheritance
- Loss of companionship and guidance
- Loss of consortium (for spouses)
Were You Injured in an Oil Field Explosion Accident?
If you were hurt in an explosion while working out on the oil field, McGartland Law’s award-winning legal team can help you seek the compensation you deserve. Contact McGartland Law today to schedule a free initial consultation to review your case with legal professional. Don’t wait: statute of limitations laws restrict how long you have to file a lawsuit.
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From Library Journal
The author, an Episcopal priest and lecturer on recovery issues, defines religious addiction as "using God, a church or belief system as an escape from reality, in an attempt to find or elevate a sense of self-worth or well-being." Symptoms include refusal to doubt or question authority, judgmental attitudes, eating disorders, using fear, shame, or guilt to control others, and eventual emotional isolation. Booth explores the background of religious addiction, comparing the addict's progress with the stages of alcoholism and citing case histories that demonstrate the consequences of religious addiction on family members, especially children, victims of the addict's religious abuse. Booth recommends counseling and outlines a self-help program for developing a healthy spirituality, using affirmations and exercises based on a rewritten version of the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. Appendixes give guidelines for intervention and professional treatment. Stephen Arterburn and Jack Felton's Toxic Faith: Understanding and Overcoming Reli gious Addiction (Nelson, 1991) covers the same topic from a more conservative perspective. Recommended for public libraries.- Lucille Boone, San Jose P.L., Cal.
Copyright 1991 Reed Business Information, Inc.
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Gruppo Ravelli has always been driven by its careful consideration in protecting the environment and the balance of the ecosystem by manufacturing products that will best reconcile the demands of economic development with environmental protection. The company’s action fits into a wider trend towards global and individual rediscovery of ecological applications, in order to guarantee sustainable development dedicated to preserving the very world in which we live today.
The diagram illustrates how the pellets are transformed during combustion. Thanks to the combined action of the sun’s energy, carbon dioxide, water and the dissolved mineral salts, the pellets are constantly renewed.
The combustion releases the same amount of CO2 as the quantity absorbed and developed by a tree during the growth and the natural decomposition in a forest. The combustion of pellets, therefore, does not increase the CO2 quantity of the atmosphere.
The other important aspect of the pellet is the content of ash: while firewood bark contains various impurities, a good quality pellet has an ash content less than 1% of the total weight.
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If people have frequent leg cramps, one cause could be that the body requires more magnesium. Magnesium is popularly used in the treatment of leg cramps. However, the evidence for its efficacy is very limited.
Medicramp is designed to identify spasms and muscle cramps. Working in a Registered GMP Certified facility in the United States, a team of researchers developed a one-of-a-kind formula containing seven carefully selected ingredients in the exact doses shown in numerous clinical studies and trials to reduce muscle cramps and spasms significantly.
Medi Cramp Benefits
• There is a 90-day, no-questions-asked money-back guarantee.
• Vegan Friendly
• Working quickly
• Ingredients that have undergone clinical trials
• Produced in a cutting-edge using CGMP-compliant materials and ISO 9001:2000 quality certification.
• Specifically designed to address the underlying causes of muscle cramps.
• Extremely absorbent
• Over 96 percent of their customers say Medi Cramp helped them reduce cramp symptoms within 30 days.
Click Here to Buy Medi Cramp From The Official Website
Medi Cramp Key Ingredients
High-Quality Magnesium Citrate: Each serving contains 300 mg of Elemental Magnesium Citrate.
Magnesium Citrate naturally occurs in citrus fruits. It is commonly used in Magnesium supplements. Studies show that it is the most bioavailable form of magnesium, which means it is more easily absorbed by the body and thus works faster and more effectively.
Each capsule comprises Magnesium Citrate. This dosage has been shown in clinical trials to be efficacious.
Thiamine mononitrate
Vitamin B6
Cyanocobalamin Riboflavin
Vitamin B Complex: The Vitamin B complex in Medicramp comprises four different ingredients, each of which provides a variety of benefits and works synergistically to enhance the effects of the others.
They are essential for a healthy mind and body, as they play a role in maintaining good energy levels, brain function, and cell metabolism. They are also thought to increase testosterone, which naturally declines with age in men. Medicramp Review There is also evidence that taking a daily B complex supplement can reduce the effects of cramping. One study found that 86 percent of patients taking vitamin B experienced significant remission of leg cramps compared to those who took the placebo, who had no significant difference from baseline.
Zinc Sulfate: Second only to iron in terms of the most common trace mineral found in the body. Zinc is one of the most important micronutrients, essential for immune function and used to produce protein and DNA.
There is evidence that Zinc can help with muscle cramps
Bioperine: Bioperine, derived from black pepper fruits, is a patented antioxidant that aids the body’s absorption of nutrients. Bioperine significantly improves absorption.
What Is The Root Cause Of Leg Cramps, And How Can They Be Treat or Prevented?
Unfortunately, the precise cause of leg cramps has yet to be determined. It is best to consult with the healthcare provider to determine the specific reason Medicramp Reviews people may be affected by them. They can run physical and laboratory tests to figure out why people have them.
Nonetheless, there are a few possible causes of nighttime leg cramps, including:
Leg pain can be caused by nerve dysfunction or muscle fatigue.
• Electrolyte imbalances caused by low magnesium, potassium, or calcium levels
• Various medical conditions such as blood vessel diseases (vascular disease), cirrhosis, pregnancy, and others
• Some medications have side effects that may cause or contribute to leg cramps.
Click Here to Buy Medi Cramp From The Official Website
What medications can be used to treat nighttime leg cramps?
When leg cramps are a symptom or complication of another medical condition, treating the underlying condition may help alleviate the pain caused by the cramps.
It is critical to discuss the specific situation with the healthcare provider before beginning any new medication or supplement. Medicramp Reviews If people have a medical condition, they may be able to change the other medications to improve the efficacy of the overall treatment. They can also make a product recommendation based on the situation and medical history.
If people don’t have a medical condition, it is more likely that they will get leg cramps at night. There are a few medications and over-the-counter (OTC) supplements that preliminary research suggests may help with the symptoms.
It’s worth noting that none of these medications have strong evidence supporting their effectiveness in treating nighttime leg cramps. Among the medications and supplements available are:
Vitamin B complex: This is an over-the-counter vitamin.Medicramp Reviews One small study of older adults found preliminary evidence that vitamin B complex can reduce the frequency and duration of nighttime leg cramps.
Magnesium supplements: This is an over-the-counter supplement that is beneficial for pregnant women experiencing nighttime leg pain.
It is recommended that people speak with their healthcare provider if they are interested in taking medication to help relieve pain caused by leg cramps at night.
Head Over To The Official Website Using This Link
Are there any exercises or supportive options that could be beneficial?
Fortunately, there are a variety of exercises and other non-medication options that people can try to help relieve the bothersome symptoms of nighttime leg cramps. Medicramp Reviews These are also thought to be the best ways to prevent nighttime leg cramps — there are currently no medications approved or used to prevent them.
Among these are, but are not limited to:
• Taking a stroll
• Exercising the affected area
• Using heat to treat the affected area
• Taking a long, hot shower
• Getting a deep tissue massage.
• Riding a stationary bicycle for a few minutes if one is available
• Maintaining hydration, particularly after exercise
• Smoking cessation
Muscle cramps are sudden, involuntary cramping that most commonly affects the legs, feet, and hands.
These cramps are typically harmless, but they can be inconvenient, painful, and disrupt daily activities such as walking, sleeping, and socializing.
Muscle cramping is frequent in older people.
An underlying condition can cause these muscle cramps. However, they are more common in healthy older adults who do not have any conditions.
Simultaneously, Medicramp Reviews older adults are more likely to suffer from magnesium deficiency because they consume less magnesium from their diet, absorb less magnesium, and lose more magnesium in their urine.
In fact, it is estimated that 60% of adults do not meet their daily magnesium requirements.
Scientists believe magnesium benefits muscle cramping because of the mineral’s effects on nerves within the muscles.
Similar to how magnesium relaxes blood vessels around the heart and in the brain to reduce blood pressure and migraines, Medicramp Reviews magnesium relaxes the nerves surrounding the muscle during a cramp, reducing the severity and length of the cramp.
Click Here to Buy Medi Cramp From The Official Website
How Fast Will MediCramp Work?
According to their website, a large percentage of people see immediate results. However, the majority see improved results in 2-4 weeks, and they recommend trying for at least four weeks.
How Many Capsules Are In Each Bottle?
There are 90 capsules in each bottle.
How Much Do They Recommend?
Medicare recommends taking the full dosage of 3 Medi Cramp capsules every day for 4 to 6 weeks for those experiencing severe cramps.
If the cramps stop before the end of 6 weeks, take only 2 capsules in a day for the next fortnight, and then reduce it to 1 capsule a day if the cramp does not reoccur.
If the cramps return at any point, Medicramp Reviews they recommend increasing the dosage through cycles and then lowering it once the cramps have stopped.
Will My Cramps Return If I Stop Taking Them?
Because nutrient deficiency is frequently the cause of muscle cramps, they may return if people discontinue taking the supplement.
What dosage of magnesium should be taken for leg cramps?
Women who took 300 mg of magnesium daily had fewer and less severe leg cramps than women who took a placebo. Medicramp Reviews Although more research on magnesium and muscle cramps is needed, taking 300 mg of magnesium daily has been shown to reduce symptoms.
Is there any risk of side effects from taking magnesium?
In some people, magnesium may cause nausea, stomach problems, vomiting, diarrhea, etcetera. Magnesium dose should be less than 350 mg in a day.
Who should and should not take magnesium supplements?
People with heart disease, diabetes, and intestinal and kidney problems should not take magnesium without consulting with a doctor.
Diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, low blood pressure, and fatigue occur due to magnesium overdose. Magnesium causes a lot of side effects when taken in high doses.
ALSO READ: Medi Cramp Customer Reviews and Testimonials: Does It Work For Everyone?
• Mobility begins quickly.
• Substances with clinical evidence
• Made in the United States in a licensed facility
• There is a 100 percent success rate in reducing leg cramps and muscle cramps.
• Multi-purchase discounts from the official website
• 90-Day Money-Back Guarantee
• It does not contain quinine.
• It is not available at Walmart, GNC, Walgreens, or CVS.
Conclusion: Medi Cramp
Medicramp’s meticulous research-led approach distinguishes them from other similar supplements on the market. They are designed and engineered specifically to improve or prevent muscle cramps and spasms. The ingredients were chosen based on clinical trials that show they are effective in reducing such symptoms. Medicramp Reviews Their 90-day 100% money-back guarantee on every bottle demonstrates their confidence in the effectiveness of their product and gives people peace of mind when people buy.
Affiliate Disclosure
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Find the Latest Resources in Education Today
Here’s how digital content and teachers align
Much of the problem, South said, is that connectivity is available “at the front door” of schools, but doesn’t extend inside. Many districts aren’t savvy about how they buy and pay for that connectivity, and ED is working to educate schools on procurement issues to help them become smarter about how they fund connectivity.
“There’s a vast amount of digital content out there, but the quality and accessibility varies,” South said.
Creating accessibility and digital opportunity in districts is crucial, said Wanda Creel, superintendent of Barrow County Schools in Georgia.
Using videoconferencing technology, Barrow County students connect with Georgia Tech professors throughout the school year to work through labs and have conversations. Those same professors work collaboratively with district teachers to create and deliver digital instructional material.
While 60 percent of students met or exceeded standards in a middle school science class, now 100 percent of students meet or exceed state standards. And while 12 percent met the “exceed” standard on a state test in years past, now 85 percent meet that same standard.
“All of this, we believe, is the engagement that’s transpiring, and the use of technology,” Creel said. “It’s truly enhancing the way our students are learning.”
One problem with digital instruction is that it sometimes occurs under the radar, for fear that school administrators may not support teachers in their endeavors.
“A lot of times, the most innovative things teachers are doing are happening under the table,” said Steve Dembo, a school board member in Skokie School District 69 in Illinois and also Discovery Education’s director of social media strategy and online community.
“Many times, when teachers try something new or different, they aren’t quite sure whether they’re going to get slapped for it or heralded for it—so more often than not, even though they’re doing incredibly innovative things, they feel comfortable sharing it with the world via Twitter but not necessarily in the teachers’ lounge, which is kind of ironic,” he said.
In 2005, Arizona’s Vail School District opened a school that substituted laptops for textbooks. The district developed a digital system for sharing materials and lesson plans to encourage teacher collaboration and digital content creation.
“In 2005, everybody focused on what was happening with the kids and student engagement,” said Calvin Baker, Vail’s superintendent. “But what most people missed is what was happening with teachers and instruction. Three things happened—it completely broke us loose from being tied to a textbook, teachers had to find their own materials, and because they were doing these things on their own, it caused them to either collaborate or die—they had to either connect with the teachers around them and share materials, or they simply couldn’t survive.”
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First the land, then the loot.
Why will you not allow me to knight you?
No, I represent the people.
My merits will ennoble or ruin me.
I think more of you since you were captured by Cupid.
May I see the purity of which you speak?
-No wonder she loves you.
-Who said that?
Who?
Now, now. I merely observe.
Do not pluck that string Erik, lest the devil dive into my soul where l have built a chapel to an unknown God...
Love is a strange thing.
It is blind as childish faith.
How strange that you say so - l am of the same opinion.
-What do you mean?
Karin?
-Yes...
I don't know.
Yes...
-So!
There may be a wedding soon!
-And what would the nobles say?
-How would they feel, do you think?
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Q: In this task, you are given an input stream, and your task is to produce a grammatically correct version of the input sentence. The input to this task is a stream of words, possibly from captions generated by a speech-to-text engine, and the output is a grammatically correct version of the input stream. Stream words are in [] and have been separated with a comma. The sentence can contain words that have case, punctuation, stem-based, intra-word, and digit punctuation errors that need to be corrected. For example, the text should be uppercased/lowercased as per necessity (like the beginning of a sentence, proper nouns, etc.), and digits need to be normalized (6 as six and so on). Note that you don't need to normalize the years. You don't need to fully edit the sentences, if end of the input stream contains sentence fragments, keep them as is.
Q: ['in', '2004', 'my', 'cousin', 'Nadia', 'was', 'having', 'trouble', 'with', 'math', 'she', 'was', 'in', 'New', 'Orleans', 'I', 'was', 'in', 'Boston', 'I', 'decided', 'to', 'virtually', 'tutor', 'her', 'it', 'worked', 'out', 'and', 'so', 'I', 'said', 'oh', 'let', 'me', 'tutor', 'some', 'of', 'other', 'family', 'members', 'it', 'became', 'pretty', 'obvious', 'pretty', 'quick', 'that', 'it', 'was', 'hard', 'to', 'scale', 'that', 'it', 'was', 'hard', 'to', 'schedule', '', 'all', 'the', 'time', 'so', 'essentially', 'just', 'started', 'putting', 'videos', 'on', 'YouTube', '2009', 'I', 'started', 'doing', 'Khan', 'Academy', 'full-time', 'in', 'the', 'fall', '2010', 'we', 'got', 'funding', 'from', '', 'Bill', 'and', 'Melinda', 'Gates', 'Foundation', 'and', 'from', 'Google', 'and', 'now', "we're", 'a', 'real']
A:
A: ['In', '2004,', 'my', 'cousin', 'Nadia', 'was', 'having', 'trouble', 'with', 'math.', 'She', 'was', 'in', 'New', 'Orleans,', 'I', 'was', 'in', 'Boston.', 'I', 'decided', 'to', 'virtually', 'tutor', 'her.', 'It', 'worked', 'out', 'and', 'so', 'I', 'said,', 'oh,', 'let', 'me', 'tutor', 'some', 'of', 'other', 'family', 'members.', 'It', 'became', 'pretty', 'obvious', 'pretty', 'quick', 'that', 'it', 'was', 'hard', 'to', 'scale', 'that', 'it', 'was', 'hard', 'to', 'schedule', '', 'all', 'the', 'time', 'so', 'essentially', 'just', 'started', 'putting', 'videos', 'on', 'YouTube', '2009', 'I', 'started', 'doing', 'Khan', 'Academy', 'full-time.', 'In', 'the', 'fall', '2010', 'we', 'got', 'funding', 'from', '', 'Bill', 'and', 'Melinda', 'Gates', 'Foundation,', 'and', 'from', 'Google,', 'and', 'now', "we're", 'a', 'real']
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In A Nutshell
After selling his company in 1901 and amassing a fortune equivalent to over $75 billion today, Andrew Carnegie devoted most of the rest of his life to philanthropy, specifically the building and funding of public libraries. By the time of his death in 1919, he had spent over 90 percent of his wealth on charity and had a hand in the construction of 2,509 different libraries, with locations in the US, the UK, Canada, and even Fiji. He had a firmly held belief the wealthy needed to share their fortune for the betterment of mankind.
The Whole Bushel
A Scottish immigrant to the United States in 1848, at the age of 13, Andrew Carnegie began his life in poverty, helping his family by working as a bobbin boy (someone who changed spools of thread in a cotton mill). Over time, with a combination of luck, hard work, and a few shady deals, he amassed a large fortune and his company, US Steel, became the first company in the world to be worth $1 billion. It was sold in 1901, and Carnegie’s wealth reached its apex—a value equivalent to $75 billion in today’s dollars.
Throughout his life, Carnegie espoused the fact the wealthy had a duty to spread their wealth to the less fortunate, usually through philanthropic efforts. (In 1889, he published an article titled “The Gospel of Wealth,” which argued it was okay to gather wealth in the beginning of one’s life but the money had to be given away before death, or it was wasted.) Carnegie spent the last 18 years of his life giving away his massive fortune to charity in pursuit of that idea.
There were a number of charities and causes that benefited greatly from Carnegie’s wealth, including museums, universities, and various cultural buildings. But his biggest contribution was the construction and funding of an enormous number of public libraries. Toward the end of the 1800s, public opinion began to accept the idea that free libraries should be a part of every community. Carnegie agreed, aiding in the establishment of 2,509 different libraries in a number of countries, including the US, the UK, Canada, and Fiji.
In total, Carnegie donated nearly 90 percent of his fortune, living up to the ideals he preached. In addition, he requested his name not be put on many of the libraries (not that he objected if they insisted). Instead, he asked the builders to place an engraving on the front of the library, which he described as the following: “a representation of the rays of a rising sun, and above ‘LET THERE BE LIGHT.’ ”
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from reddit r/blackdesertonline:
Lets say you have no farms and straight up purchase your fruit. Now all you need is a processed grain (grinding grain). Afterwards, you can then make honeywine from the product. As your cooking goes up, your liquor yield will increase, allowing for twofold production. Beer is a dead end product. Yes crafting beer alone can work, but you are immediately constrained by how many grains you can pull in. Since grain is perma camped by lifeskillers, solely relying on beer for CP spam can be unreliable.
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In product benchmarking , the individual attributes of products are measured against the " benchmark " and compared with the company's own product portfolio. The benchmark represents the market leader in the product segment. The comparison is used to derive potentials for one's own product in a potential analysis in order to improve one's own position on the market.
The most important attributes to be examined are:
- Target of the product,
- Structure ( parts list ),
- technologies used,
- Materials and most of all
A direct comparison of products whose function or purpose is identical is mostly difficult due to the different manufacturing technologies and designs of the products.
For a comparison, abstract definitions of the partial functions of the products are therefore made. The basis for this is the function analysis in the value analysis . This can be done with simple aids such as flipchart , tables or spreadsheets .
With increasing product complexity, specially developed benchmarking systems with a focus on product and process benchmarking can help. Database systems (benchmarking databases, benchmarking software ) help to organize and analyze information. A distinction is made between databases that provide general information for the public and database systems that manage company-specific know-how and are hosted on the company's intranet .
- H. Sabisch, C. Tintelnot: Integrated benchmarking for products and product development processes. Springer-Verlag 1997, ISBN 3-540-61963-1
- James G. Patterson: The Basics of Benchmarking - Finding the Best Solution. Crisp Publications, 1996, ISBN 3-7064-0251-3
- ↑ Benchmarking as a competitive management method . Chapter 1.2.2 Comparison and evaluation criteria, p. 23
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Nerve roots exit your spinal cord and form nerves that travel into your arms or legs. These nerves allow you to move your arms, chest wall, and legs. These nerve roots may become inflamed and painful due to irritation, for example, from a damaged disc or a bony spur.
A selective nerve root block provides important information to your physician and is not a primary treatment. It serves to prove which nerve is causing your pain by placing temporary numbing medicine over the nerve root of concern. If your main pain improves after the injection then that nerve is most likely causing your pain. If your pain remains unchanged, that nerve probably is not the cause of pain.
By confirming or denying your exact source of pain, it provides information allowing for proper treatment, which may include additional nerve blocks and/or surgery at a specific level. Selective nerve root blocks are similar to epidurals, but instead of putting medication in to cover all of the nerve roots, selective blocks are done so as to cover just one or two nerve roots.
The membrane that covers the spinal cord and nerve roots in your spine is called the dura membrane. The space surrounding the dura is the epidural space. Nerves travel through the epidural space before they form the nerves that travel down your arms, along your ribs and into your legs. These nerve roots may become inflamed, for example, due to irritation from a damaged disc or contact with the bony structure of the spine. A selective epidural injection places anti-inflammatory medicine over the nerve root and into the epidural space to decrease inflammation of the nerve roots therefore reducing your pain. The epidural injection may assist the injury to heal by reducing inflammation. It may provide permanent relief or provide a period of pain relief for several months while the injury/cause of your pain is healing.
The selective nerve root block (SNRB) is a procedure that anesthetizes an individual nerve root, either within the neck (‘cervical’), or in the back (‘thoracic’ or ‘lumbar’), thought to be responsible for the patient’s pain. The nerve root sheath is injected and anesthetized with the intent of relieving this pain. This procedure is sometimes referred to as a ‘Foraminal Block.’ The SNRB procedure delivers a low volume of concentrated medication directly into the affected nerve root sleeve.
Back Pain is often multifactorial and difficult to diagnose because the symptoms overlap considerably with those of other degenerative disorders of the spine. The SNRB is useful in both the diagnosis and the treatment of back pain; therefore, it is both a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic procedure.
In other words, if we inject a medication within the suspected nerve root sleeve and the pain improves, we are fairly confident that this nerve root is responsible for the pain; conversely, if we inject a medication and the pain is no better, this implies that this nerve root is likely not responsible for the pain.
Nerve Root Impingement
Patients with pain from nerve root irritation often have an anatomic cause, which is usually the result of a nearby structure pushing on, or impinging on the nerve, causing irritation of that nerve.
The most common causes of this are either a disc abnormality or an adjacent bone spur, either of which, when in close proximity to the nerve, can irritate it and cause pain in the distribution of that nerve.
If there is irritation of a nerve in the back or neck, it may cause symptoms of pain, and usually this pain is in the
SNRB is most effectively used in patients with radicular pain.
These patients should have recent imaging studies (CT or MRI scan), which in many instances help to identify the cause of pain. Not all patients will have an identifiable cause for the pain on imaging, but all should have radicular symptoms. Electrodiagnostic studies such as EMG are useful in distinguishing peripheral neuropathy, entrapment and radiculopathy.
The procedure is explained to the patient, questions are answered and informed consent is obtained.
The patient is placed prone (stomach down) for lumbar or thoracic injections, or supine (face up) for cervical injection on the fluoroscopic table, and the area is sterilely cleansed with povidone-iodine (Betadine) and alcohol.
The exact level is located with the fluoroscope, and the skin overlying this area is anesthetized (numbed) with lidocaine. This is either to the right or left of midline on the back.
A needle is sterilely advanced along the nerve root sleeve, which typically elicits a mild degree of radicular pain in the distribution of that nerve. It is important for us to know whether the pain elicited is similar to the patient’s pain (concordant response), or dissimilar (discordant response).
Typically, as small amount of water-soluble contrast (dye) is injected to confirm proper needle tip position.
Once this is confirmed, a mixture of anesthetic (lidocaine or bupivacaine) and anti-inflammatory medication (steroid) is injected.
The needle is slowly withdrawn
This procedure may be performed with either CT or Fluoroscopic guidance.
What will happen after the procedure?
Immediately after the procedure, you will get up and walk around and try to imitate something that would normally bring about your usual pain. You will then report the percentage of pain relief and record the relief you experience during the next week. We ask that you remain at the Clinic until you feel you are ready to leave.
You may not be able to drive the day of your procedure. Your legs or arms may feel weak or numb for a few hours. You may be referred to a physical therapist immediately afterwards while the numbing medicine is still working. If the doctor prescribes physical therapy, it is very important that you continue with the physical therapy program.
Although you may feel much better immediately after the injection (due to the numbing medicine), there is a possibility your pain may return within a few hours. It may take a few days for the steroid medication to start working.
You may experience some weakness and/or numbness in your legs a few hours after the procedure. If so, do not engage in any activities that require lifting, balance and coordination.
Drink plenty of clear liquids after the procedure to help remove the dye from the kidneys.
General Pre/Post Instructions:
You should eat a light meal within a few hours before your procedure. If you are an insulin dependent diabetic, do not change your normal eating pattern prior to the procedure. Please take your routine medications (i.e. high blood pressure and diabetic medications). Do not take pain medications or anti-inflammatory medications the day of your procedure. You need to be hurting prior to this procedure. Please do not take any medications that may give you pain relief. These medications can be restarted after the procedure if they are needed. If you are on Coumadin, Heparin, Plavix or any other blood thinners (including Aspirin), or the diabetic medication Glucophage you must notify this office so the timing of these medications can be explained. You will either be at our clinic facility for approximately 1-3 hours for your procedure. You may need to bring a driver with you. You may return to your normal activities the day after the procedure, including returning to work.
Risks of nerve root injection?
Increased localized back pain, neck pain, arm pain or leg pain can be expected from several days to several weeks and rarely several months. There is a rare risk of permanent injury to nerve tissue with weakness or loss of sensation. There is also a rare risk of complication from anesthesia used to make you feel more comfortable during the procedure.
As with any procedure, there is a risk of significant complications. The most common side effects from the nerve root block can include (but are not limited to):
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From subreddit r/WomensHealth:
Both ovaries are somewhat larger than typical; based on other symptoms such as menstrual infrequency and acne/hair growth, you may meet clinical criteria for PCOS. (Another commenter mentioned “PCOD” - this is another word used for the spectrum of changes in PCOS, not a distinct disorder. There are some incorrect articles calling it a different condition online, but actually, there are at least four different types of PCOS.)
The observation of an arcuate vs separate uterus on ultrasound isn’t always accurate. Both of them are types of uterine malformations that can range from clinically irrelevant to very important/affecting your ability to carry a pregnancy. The only way to get clarity is to talk to your doctor and see what they think of the imaging; they may repeat the study or do different imaging to figure it out.
Regardless, none of these findings are likely the cause for your abdominal pain issues (thankfully/unhelpfully).
Another commenter also had an inaccurate comment echoing some common myths about hymens, speculums, and transvaginal ultrasounds. The long story short is you don’t need a transvaginal ultrasound to see what they’re looking for, but if you needed one, it would be safe to get one. The hymen is very misunderstood - it is actually an elastic semi-circular ring on the outside entrance of the vagina and it does not easily “break”. I’ve done speculum exams/IUD insertions on women who’ve never had sex and the hymen does not typically take any damage. Neither speculum nor transvaginal ultrasound probe would necessarily cause any damage to your hymen, and even if there was a nick or tear, the hymen heals incredibly quickly and easily.
-a doctor who treats this stuff
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Previous studies and research efforts have shown that noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a problem in the U.S. mining industry. In response, researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have been conducting a cross-sectional survey of equipment noise and worker noise exposures in the mining industry to estimate the potential for NIHL within the mining community. One commodity recently surveyed was the extraction of sand and gravel from surface pits and by dredging. To address the potential for NIHL in the sand and gravel industry, sound levels on and around the dredges and processing equipment were recorded to identify areas of high noise levels. Full-shift worker dosimetry, in conjunction with task observations, was documented to determine the relationship between exposure and source. This paper presents research examining noise on dredges used in several surface mine sand and gravel operations and in the processing facilities. Results indicate that there are areas on the dredges (crane, suction pumps and diesel engines) where sound levels greater than 90 dB(A) are present. In addition, crushers and screens used in the processing of the sand and gravel also generate sound levels greater than 90 dB(A). Although no surveyed worker exceeded the Mine Safety and Health Administration's (MSHA's) permissible exposure level (PEL) of 90 dB(A) eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA8), laborers, mechanics, oilers, helpers, pickers and greasers are the workers most likely to be exposed to hazardous sound levels and to thus develop NIHL over time.
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Reprezentacja Słowacji w piłce ręcznej kobiet
Reprezentacja Słowacji w piłce ręcznej kobiet – narodowy zespół piłkarek ręcznych Słowacji. Reprezentuje swój kraj w rozgrywkach międzynarodowych.
Turnieje
Udział w mistrzostwach świata
Udział w mistrzostwach Europy
Aktualna kadra
Piłka ręczna na Słowacji
Słowacja
piłka ręczna kobiet
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From Reddit r/pathofexile
I feel like nobody has really dug into the flaw of delve league yet. All you have to do is imagine greater rifts in D3 without paragon levels or legendary gem levels. It's like our community is being underestimated with how fast we will hit the ceiling without a support system like that. PoE has some incredibly talented players that I expect them to hit a hard cap in under a few days. Sure this is probably under 5% of the entire player base. But that 5% is likely streaming or uploading videos to YouTube. What happens then? Everyone will see optimal builds that are perfectly min maxed only being able to reach delve depth level 20. Then it'll be land of the one shots or lack of damage. It would have really added longevity to the league to have a support system to help continue progression. This is just a discussion I feel like hasn't really been mentioned enough. It's not saying delve will be bad, but.. is it really going to take 3 months for us to reach that wall? What do you guys think?
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Question: instruction:
Given a scientific question, generate an incorrect answer to the given question. The incorrect answer should be a plausible alternative to the correct answer. The answer should be some other item belonging to the same category as the correct answer but should be incorrect.
question:
The structure of a neuron allows it to rapidly transmit nerve impulses to other what?
answer:
muscles
question:
When the ground absorbs the water and it settles below the surface it is called what?
answer:
wastewater
question:
The prevalence of cervical cancer in the united states is very low because of regular screening exams called what?
answer:
Answer: prostates exams
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New Study Finds That Dogs Can Smell Cancer With Incredible Accuracy
Just when you thought you couldn't love them any more.
Dogs provide us with unconditional love and support, remind us to be grateful and present, and keep us walking and healthy well into our golden years. But it turns out, there's another skill dogs have that can improve our lives tremendously. New research presented at the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology's annual meeting in Orlando, Florida, suggests that dog's highly evolved sense of smell can identify cancer in blood samples with about 97 percent accuracy.
Whereas humans only possess six million smell receptors in their noses, dogs have 300 million, which means they're about 10,000 times better at detecting odors than humans. To conduct this new research, Heather Junqueira, the lead researcher at BioScentDx, and her colleagues used a form of clicker training to teach four beagles to distinguish between the blood samples of healthy patients and those with malignant lung cancer. Although one of the beagles was unmotivated to take part in the experiment, the other three managed to correctly identify the lung cancer samples 96.7 percent of the time and the normal samples 97.5 percent of the time.
"This work is very exciting because it paves the way for further research along two paths, both of which could lead to new cancer-detection tools," Junqueira said. "One is using canine scent detection as a screening method for cancers, and the other would be to determine the biologic compounds the dogs detect and then design cancer-screening tests based on those compounds."
The new study builds upon previous research, including a 2017 study that found a trained golden retriever and pitbull mix could identify the presence of lung cancer through breath samples with an extremely high accuracy rate. Prior to that, there was a 2013 study that found that trained dogs could detect breast cancer through blood samples 97 percent of the time. Then there's the 2011 study involving a black lab named Marine who was 97 percent accurate in detecting colon cancer among loose stool samples, which made her success rate even higher than the tests doctors do.
In many of these studies, what was especially impressive was the fact that the dogs could detect cancer while it was still in its very early stages, which could make them even more useful than lab testing when it comes to detection. "Although there is currently no cure for cancer, early detection offers the best hope of survival," Junqueira said. "A highly sensitive test for detecting cancer could potentially save thousands of lives and change the way the disease is treated."
And cancer isn't the only disease that dogs can assist in detecting. For more on this, check out this new study about how dogs can smell seizures before they start.
To discover more amazing secrets about living your best life, click here to follow us on Instagram!
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# Assume-Guarantee REasoning Environment (AGREE)
The Assume Guarantee REasoning Environment (AGREE) is a compositional,
assume-guarantee-style model checker for [AADL](https://aadl.info)
models. It is compositional in that it attempts to prove properties
about one layer of the architecture using properties allocated to
subcomponents. The composition is performed in terms of assumptions
and guarantees that are provided for each component. Assumptions
describe the expectations the component has on the environment, while
guarantees describe bounds on the behavior of the component. AGREE is
integrated into the [OSATE](https://osate.org) AADL model development
environment and uses k-induction as the underlying algorithm for the
model checking.
## User Guide
The user's guide for AGREE, including description of the plug-in for
OSATE, assume-guarantee concepts, specification language reference
manual, and examples is contained in the in-tool help. The source
code for the help documentation is contained in the
com.rockwellcollins.atc.agree.doc project.
## Development Guide
See the main [AGREE](https://github.com/loonwerks/AGREE.git)
repository for information regarding developing and maintaining AGREE.
## Installing AGREE in OSATE
This repository is laid out such that access via the GitHub raw
interface maps to a valid Eclipse P2 repository. Use the following
URL in the Eclipse "Install New Software..." dialog:
[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/loonwerks/AGREE-Updates/master](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/loonwerks/AGREE-Updates/master)
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User:Write a long and very detailed tutorial on "Apply Interior Design Techniques to a Bathroom" in the style of WikiHow. Include in-depth explanations for each step and how it helps achieve the desired outcome, including key tips and guidelines. Ensure clarity and practicality, allowing readers to easily follow and apply the instructions. Do not use images.
Assistant:Title: How to Apply Interior Design Techniques to a Bathroom
Introduction:
Designing or redesigning a bathroom requires careful planning and consideration of various elements such as color scheme, lighting, layout, and decor. This article will guide you through applying interior design techniques to your bathroom, ensuring that it is both functional and aesthetically pleasing.
Step 1: Assess Your Space
Begin by measuring the dimensions of your bathroom. Note down the size of the room, location of windows, doors, plumbing fixtures, electrical outlets, etc. Sketching a rough floor plan can be helpful. Understanding your space constraints allows you to make informed decisions about furniture placement, traffic flow, and storage solutions.
Step 2: Choose a Color Scheme
Decide on a color palette early in the process since this influences many other choices. Consider factors like natural light availability, ceiling height, and existing features (like tile work) when selecting colors. Neutral shades create a calming environment but may feel cold without warm accents; bolder hues add personality but could overwhelm if used excessively. A common practice is using lighter shades on walls and ceilings to open up small spaces visually.
Step 3: Plan Lighting Strategically
Lighting plays a crucial role in enhancing functionality and mood. Task lighting should illuminate specific areas like vanities, showers, and bathtubs adequately. Ambient lighting provides overall brightness while accent lights highlight special features or artwork. Remember to incorporate layers of light to avoid harsh shadows and ensure adequate visibility at all times.
Step 4: Optimize Layout & Functionality
Consider who uses the bathroom and how often when deciding on the layout. For instance, placing the toilet behind a half wall or cabinet offers privacy during shared usage. Also, prioritize safety measures - non-slip floors, well-secured towel racks, properly grounded electrical appliances, etc. Ample counterspace, under-sink cabinets, over-the-toilet shelves contribute to efficient storage and organization.
Step 5: Select Appropriate Materials
Moisture resistance is paramount in bathroom surfaces. Ceramic, porcelain, glass, stone, and engineered quartz are popular choices for counters, backsplashes, tub surrounds, and shower enclosures due to their durability and easy maintenance. Waterproof vinyl, rubber, or linoleum flooring with good traction prevent slips. Wood species suitable for high humidity environments include teak, cypress, and ipe.
Step 6: Install Quality Plumbing Fixtures
High-quality faucets, sinks, toilets, and shower systems operate more efficiently and last longer than cheaper alternatives. Look for water-saving models certified by organizations like EPA's WaterSense program. Dual-flush toilets save water, motion sensor faucets reduce spread of germs, and rainfall showerheads offer spa-like experiences at home.
Step 7: Add Finishing Touches
Mirrors reflect light making spaces appear larger; consider framed mirrors for added elegance. Towels, bath mats, curtains, and rugs introduce texture and pattern. Live plants bring life indoors and improve air quality. Artwork adds character and personalization. Keep these items cohesive with your chosen color scheme and style.
Key Tips & Guidelines:
1. Always maintain balance between form and function. No matter how beautiful a design element might seem, its feasibility within the context of daily routines mustn't be compromised.
2. Ventilation is vital in preventing mold growth and maintaining indoor air quality. Exhaust fans, operable windows, and skylights help circulate fresh air.
3. Accessibility matters. If possible, provide seating options, comfortable grab bars, and walk-in showers for users of varying ages and abilities.
4. Regularly clean and maintain your bathroom to preserve its appearance and longevity.
5. When hiring professionals, interview multiple contractors, check references, verify licenses, and read reviews before committing.
Conclusion:
Redesigning a bathroom involves several steps, requiring thoughtful decision-making regarding spatial arrangement, aesthetic preferences, product selection, and budget allocation. By following this comprehensive guide, you'll transform your bathroom into a stylish yet practical retreat tailored to your needs.
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// The Storyblok Client
import Storyblok from "../lib/storyblok"
import useStoryblok from "../lib/storyblok-hook"
import Page from '../components/Page'
import Layout from '../components/Layout'
export default function Home(props) {
// the Storyblok hook to enable live updates
const story = useStoryblok(props.story)
return (
<div>
<main>
{ story ? <Layout><Page content={story.content} /></Layout> : null }
</main>
</div>
)
}
export async function getStaticProps(context) {
let slug = "home"
let params = {
version: "draft", // or 'published'
"resolve_relations": "featured-articles.articles"
}
if (context.preview) {
params.version = "draft"
params.cv = Date.now()
}
let { data } = await Storyblok.get(`cdn/stories/${slug}`, params)
return {
props: {
story: data ? data.story : false,
preview: context.preview || false
},
revalidate: 10,
}
}
|
There are several factors why people are overwhelmed with the challenge of obtaining the treatment they need. In an attempt to summarize the factors involving treatment barriers, we can group these in two categories: practical and emotional barriers. Under practical barriers, cost and convenience come into play – the cost of treatment will always become a barrier no matter what, and people who are living in rural areas have limited access to resources.
Those who do not have insurance coverage experience greater barriers to care because they do not have the means to pay for the treatment they need. Under emotional barriers, stigma and privacy come into play – some people do not want or are not comfortable to be seen in a hospital or a specialist’s clinic. A perfect example for this would be an HIV positive person who risks being seen by his co-workers or friends seeking treatment from his or her doctor.
Once people find out that he or she has HIV, people stigmatize him or her, and he or she will lose his or her privacy, too. In our world today where technology is ever growing and where information can be obtained through a single click on the internet, people are becoming more and more increasingly hesitant to reach out and seek treatment, but regardless of these barriers, we should know and understand that it is better to seek treatment as soon as possible.
|
Q: Not run XAMPP because the port is conflict with Skype (in MAC) I started XAMPP and it not connect. I read in some pages that I need to uncheck the box "Use port 80 and 443 as alternatives for incoming connections" but I have a MAC and I cant find this option in my Skype.
|
(From reddit r/The100)
I'm disappointed with the CoL again. The best episode in terms of CoL was 314 in my opinion. I'm one of those who is simply unimpressed with the idea of an AI turning people into zombies. Episode 314 (finally) gave a tiny bit of much-needed layers to the CoL (with the whole "I understand now" and "I would, if I had any [defects]" stuff) and I feel like 315 took it away again. I wonder if there was a lot of disagreement in the writers' room about what they wanted the CoL to be. It's still super-ambiguous whether these people are deeply convinced of the CoL but still in control of themselves (like Jaha and Emori and Jasper seem to be) or simply controlled by ALIE (like Abby and Kane seem to be). Insofar as we're supposed to assume the latter, I'm not really impressed. The army of zombies is putting our unchipped characters in some very interesting situations (unlikely alliances, etc.), but there is no complexity on the other side, no spectrum, no rebels or dissidents, no understanding how they see things, no sympathizing with their perspective, nothing. That's a major departure from the tone of this show since the pilot, and I'm not enjoying it.
|
From r/TwoBestFriendsPlay:
I've been watching this Lp. Is actually one of the reasons I started to watch the guys again after dropping them when Liam left. I really liked the game when it came out. I do like both FE and SMT. I actually pay attention to this LP while God of War is basically just background noise.
The game do has its own problems but if there's something diminishing my enjoyment is how bad Woolie is at playing it. He is actively making the lp longer by not playing it better. Battles are just as fast and snappier like in p5 but Woolie doubts or missuses skills or miss manages his SP bar or as the second dungeon showed ignores a mechanic making it a worse game than it is. Their reactions and conversations around the theme and design of the game keeps me coming back but I do have to overlook Woolie's gameplay. The game is good. Is not stellar. Is for a small audience. The sessions system is deep and creative. It deserved better.
Edit: I am actively trying to avoid being harsh on them on this sub and I am trying to bite my lips on things but I can't help that the last threads for the episode have just been basically "hey Woolie you need to do this" or "Woolie this works like this". The sub is actively trying to help Woolie get better at the game and is the funniest part of the LP.
|
A student will be able to:
- Use linear approximations to study the limit process.
- Compute approximations for the slope of tangent lines to a graph.
- Introduce applications of differential calculus.
In this lesson we will begin our discussion of the key concepts of calculus. They involve a couple of basic situations that we will come back to time and again throughout the book. For each of these, we will make use of some basic ideas about how we can use straight lines to help approximate functions.
Let’s start with an example of a simple function to illustrate each of the situations.
Consider the quadratic function We recall that its graph is a parabola. Let’s look at the point on the graph.
Suppose we magnify our picture and zoom in on the point The picture might look like this:
We note that the curve now looks very much like a straight line. If we were to overlay this view with a straight line that intersects the curve at our picture would look like this:
We can make the following observations. First, this line would appear to provide a good estimate of the value of for values very close to Second, the approximations appear to be getting closer and closer to the actual value of the function as we take points on the line closer and closer to the point This line is called the tangent line to at This is one of the basic situations that we will explore in calculus.
Tangent Line to a Graph
Continuing our discussion of the tangent line to at we next wish to find the equation of the tangent line. We know that it passes though but we do not yet have enough information to generate its equation. What other information do we need? (Answer: The slope of the line.)
Yes, we need to find the slope of the line. We would be able to find the slope if we knew a second point on the line. So let’s choose a point on the line, very close to We can approximate the coordinates of using the function ; hence Recall that for points very close to the points on the line are close approximate points of the function. Using this approximation, we can compute the slope of the tangent as follows:
(Note: We choose points very close to but not the point itself, so ).
In particular, for we have and Hence the equation of the tangent line, in point slope form is We can keep getting closer to the actual value of the slope by taking closer to or closer and closer to as in the following table:
As we get closer to we get closer to the actual slope of the tangent line, the value We call the slope of the tangent line at the point the derivative of the function at the point
Let’s make a couple of observations about this process. First, we can interpret the process graphically as finding secant lines from to other points on the graph. From the diagram we see a sequence of these secant lines and can observe how they begin to approximate the tangent line to the graph at The diagram shows a pair of secant lines, joining with points and
Second, in examining the sequence of slopes of these secants, we are systematically observing approximate slopes of the function as point gets closer to Finally, producing the table of slope values above was an inductive process in which we generated some data and then looked to deduce from our data the value to which the generated results tended. In this example, the slope values appear to approach the value This process of finding how function values behave as we systematically get closer and closer to particular values is the process of finding limits. In the next lesson we will formally define this process and develop some efficient ways for computing limits of functions.
Applications of Differential Calculus
Maximizing and Minimizing Functions
Recall from Lesson 1.3 our example of modeling the number of Food Stamp recipients. The model was found to be with graph as follows: (Use viewing window ranges of on and on )
We note that the function appears to attain a maximum value about an value somewhere around Using the process from the previous example, what can we say about the tangent line to the graph for that value that yields the maximum value (the point at the top of the parabola)? (Answer: the tangent line will be horizontal, thus having a slope of .)
Hence we can use calculus to model situations where we wish to maximize or minimize a particular function. This process will be particularly important for looking at situations from business and industry where polynomial functions provide accurate models.
Velocity of a Falling Object
We can use differential calculus to investigate the velocity of a falling object. Galileo found that the distance traveled by a falling object was proportional to the square of the time it has been falling:
The average velocity of a falling object from to is given by
HW Problem #10 will give you an opportunity to explore this relationship. In our discussion, we saw how the study of tangent lines to functions yields rich information about functions. We now consider the second situation that arises in Calculus, the central problem of finding the area under the curve of a function .
Area Under a Curve
First let’s describe what we mean when we refer to the area under a curve. Let’s reconsider our basic quadratic function Suppose we are interested in finding the area under the curve from to
We see the cross-hatched region that lies between the graph and the axis. That is the area we wish to compute. As with approximating the slope of the tangent line to a function, we will use familiar linear methods to approximate the area. Then we will repeat the iterative process of finding better and better approximations.
Can you think of any ways that you would be able to approximate the area? (Answer: One ideas is that we could compute the area of the square that has a corner at to be and then take half to find an area This is one estimate of the area and it is actually a pretty good first approximation.)
We will use a variation of this covering of the region with quadrilaterals to get better approximations. We will do so by dividing the interval from to into equal sub-intervals. Let’s start by using four such subintervals as indicated:
We now will construct four rectangles that will serve as the basis for our approximation of the area. The subintervals will serve as the width of the rectangles. We will take the length of each rectangle to be the maximum value of the function in the subinterval. Hence we get the following figure:
If we call the rectangles R1–R4, from left to right, then we have the areas
Note that this approximation is very close to our initial approximation of However, since we took the maximum value of the function for a side of each rectangle, this process tends to overestimate the true value. We could have used the minimum value of the function in each sub-interval. Or we could have used the value of the function at the midpoint of each sub-interval.
Can you see how we are going to improve our approximation using successive iterations like we did to approximate the slope of the tangent line? (Answer: we will sub-divide the interval from to into more and more sub-intervals, thus creating successively smaller and smaller rectangles to refine our estimates.)
The following table shows the areas of the rectangles and their sum for rectangles having width
. This value is approximately equal to Hence, the approximation is now quite a bit less than For sixteen rectangles, the value is which is approximately equal to Can you guess what the true area will approach? (Answer: using our successive approximations, the area will approach the value )
We call this process of finding the area under a curve integration of over the interval
Applications of Integral Calculus
We have not yet developed any computational machinery for computing derivatives and integrals so we will just state one popular application of integral calculus that relates the derivative and integrals of a function.
There are quite a few applications of calculus in business. One of these is the cost function of producing items of a product. It can be shown that the derivative of the cost function that gives the slope of the tangent line is another function that that gives the cost to produce an additional unit of the product. This is called the marginal cost and is a very important piece of information for management to have. Conversely, if one knows the marginal cost as a function of then finding the area under the curve of the function will give back the cost function
- We used linear approximations to study the limit process.
- We computed approximations for the slope of tangent lines to a graph.
- We analyzed applications of differential calculus.
- We analyzed applications of integral calculus.
- For the function approximate the slope of the tangent line to the graph at the point
- Use the following set of values to generate the sequence of secant line slopes:
- What value does the sequence of slopes approach?
- Consider the function
- For what values of would you expect the slope of the tangent line to be negative?
- For what value of would you expect the tangent line to have slope ?
- Give an example of a function that has two different horizontal tangent lines?
- Consider the function Generate the graph of using your calculator.
- Approximate the slope of the tangent line to the graph at the point Use the following set of values to generate the sequence of secant line slopes.
- For what values of do the tangent lines appear to have slope of ? (Hint: Use the calculate function in your calculator to approximate the values.)
- For what values of do the tangent lines appear to have positive slope?
- For what values of do the tangent lines appear to have negative slope?
- The cost of producing stereo receivers by Yamaha each week is modeled by the following function:
- Generate the graph of using your calculator. (Hint: Change your viewing window to reflect the high values.)
- For what number of units will the function be maximized?
- Estimate the slope of the tangent line at
- Where is marginal cost positive?
- Find the area under the curve of from to Use a rectangle method that uses the minimum value of the function within sub-intervals. Produce the approximation for each case of the subinterval cases.
- four sub-intervals.
- eight sub-intervals.
- Repeat part a. using a Mid-Point Value of the function within each sub-interval.
- Which of the answers in a. - c. provide the best estimate of the actual area?
- Consider the function
- Find the area under the curve from to
- Can you find the area under the curve from to Why or why not? What is problematic for this computation?
- Find the area under the curve of from to Use the Max Value rectangle method with six sub-intervals to compute the area.
- The Eiffel Tower is high. Suppose that you drop a ball off the top of the tower. The distance that it falls is a function of time and is given by
Find the velocity of the ball after . (Hint: the average velocity for a time interval is average velocity change in distance/change in time. Investigate the average velocity for intervals close to such as and closer and see if a pattern is evident.)
|
Act For Dummies (Heftet)
Legg i ønskeliste
Forfatter: og
Innbinding: Heftet
Utgivelsesår: 2015
Antall sider: 528
Forlag: John Wiley & Sons Inc
Språk: Engelsk
ISBN/EAN: 9781118911563
Kategori: Fagbøker
Omtale Act For Dummies
The fast and easy way to score higher on the ACT Does the thought of preparing for the ACT give you anxiety? Fear not! This new edition of ACT For Dummies gives you a competitive edge by fully preparing you for the ACT exam with subject reviews, practice opportunities, three full-length practice tests and coverage of the optional writing test. Written in the accessible and friendly For Dummies tone, this hands-on guide helps you assess where you need more study help, gets you up-to-speed on the questions you can expect to encounter on the actual ACT exam, and will have you practicing your way to test-taking perfection before exam day. The ACT is a standardized test used by college admissions boards to measure high school achievement. Designed to gauge a high school student's preparedness for college in the fields of English, mathematics, reading, and science reasoning, the ACT is a nationally recognized college entrance exam that is accepted by more than 90% of four-year colleges and universities in the United States.
If you're a high school student preparing for this all-important exam, ACT For Dummies, 6th edition gives you everything you need to raise your chances of scoring higher. So what are you waiting for? Sharpen a pencil and get started! * Tips to maximize your score on the ACT * Strategies to stay focused on test day and manage your time wisely * To take your skills to the next level with practice problems and exercises. * How you measure up, with 3 full length practice tests Whether you're preparing for the ACT for the time or are retaking the exam to improve your score, ACT For Dummies, 6th edition gives you everything you need to score higher.
Til toppen
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Get started with Dart and learn to program with this language suitable for high-performing, modern applications. You'll gain the basics and be ready to move to the next level: web and mobile apps. While you won't learn the specifics of programming web and mobile apps, you will have the foundation to take your Dart skills in that direction.
This book starts with an introduction to the Dart IDE, after which you will take a look at the various components of the Dart programming language. You will look at types and variables, and get to know the significance of collections and arrays in Dart. Once you've familiarized yourself with the initial components of Dart, you will see how flow of control and looping can be achieved by using if, else, and conditional expressions. Moving on to functions and objects, you will dig deeper into the concepts of object oriented programming to gauge the importance of constructors in Dart. You will then discover more about inheritance and mixins, seeing how they contain methods for use by other classes.
After gauging the importance of abstract classes and methods, you will learn more about anonymous functions such as lambdas and closures. You will then take a look at key data structures including lists and maps to aid you in organizing your information for storage and retrieval. After all this you’ll move on to managing exceptions arising from executing your program. Finally, Dart programming relies heavily on libraries to perform a variety of functions. You will cover some of these packages and libraries, including dart:core and dart:math, and also build a backend server with the help of the Dart core libraries.
What You Will Learn
Use variables and conditionals in Dart
Work with arrays and collections
Apply flow control and looping
Explore data structures and their use
Use Dart packages and libraries to build a backend server
Who This Book Is For
Those new to Dart programming who aim to get a quick introduction to its concepts and programming principles. Readers with no coding experience can also take advantage of this book.
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As we’re mired in our day-to-day parochial concerns, it’s nice to be reminded that there are people still working on the big picture stuff. Jennifer Chu, writing in SciTech Daily, has an article about likely discovery of life on Venus. Scientists have discovered phosphine in a layer of Venus’ atmosphere that is the most likely to be hospitable to life. Venus has an atmosphere that is really, really inhospitable to life — extreme heat and acidic clouds, among other things. But, there is apparently a pocket between 48 and 60 kilometers above the surface, where temperatures range from 30 to 200 degrees Fahrenheit. If Venus had life, that’s where it would be expected. And that’s where they’ve detected phosphine.
Phosphine is associated with biological processes, and scientists have ruled out the non-biological explanations they can think of. So, their conclusion is that this probably means there is life of some kind in the air of the (relatively) hospitable pocket of Venus.
Extra-terrestrial life seems like kind of a big find. Josh Claybourn, writing on Facebook, suggested that the two most likely scenarios for the origin of that life would be that something hitched a ride on the Soviet probes to Venus 50 years ago or that something ejected from earth (debris from a meteor strike) made its way to Venus.
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Back to top
Draw a Group Works Card Within Slack
Robert Best has kindly developed a method of incorporating the selection of a random Group Works card within any Slack application. Here's his video that explains how to add a slackbot with that functionality to your Slack team, and here's a link to his Google Doc file of shortened URLs for all of the Group Works cards (you'll need that file because of the length limit for URLs in the Slackbot).
Once it's in place, all you have to do is type the magic phrase ("Group Works card please" in Robert's example, or whatever phrase you choose to set) and the bot will retrieve and display a random card from the Group Works deck.
Thanks so much to Robert for developing this cool add-on for Slack users, and to Ferananda Ibarra and Jeff Clearwater for showing it to us.
Thanks for the Slack-bot
It (almost) worked as advertised. My browser only showed an outline when I asked for a new card. It also put up a banner message that asked if I wanted to enable something-or-other. When I clicked OK, the outline filled with the card.
Thanks Robert (and Fernando, and Jeff)!
P.S. Is there a URL that returns a random card? I thought there was. If so we'd need only that single URL to randomly generate any of the other (possibly non-shortened) URL's. The trouble with shortened URL's is that they can't be shared so well. Well, they can, but that shared URL doesn't allow URL Surgery to get to the whole GW page. I can imagine that sharing a URL would be a great way to get (micro-)viral exposure to the project.
Shortened URL's *DO* expand upon navigation
When you click on the shortened URL, it does expand it to the full htts:// URL, so that anyone who navigates to the card will be able to start rooting around on the GW site.
If folks only look at the link, it's not obvious where they go, but if they click it, they will figure it out.
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There is no database of teeth that corresponds with databases of fingerprints or DNA, so dental records are how forensic dentists identify the dead. Tooth enamel (the outer layer of teeth) is harder than any other substance in the human body, which is why teeth remain long after all other parts have decayed. Victims of fires are often identified by their teeth, which can withstand temperatures of more than 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit (1,093 degrees Celsius). Teeth that have been through especially intense heat are very fragile and may shrink, but they can be preserved with lacquer and used for identification as long as they are handled very carefully. Dental work, such as a partial or gold crown, will be distorted by fire but can still aid in identification.
To identify a person from his or her teeth, a forensic dentist must have a dental record or records from the deceased person's dentist. In the case of an incident involving multiple deaths, forensic dentists receive a list of possible individuals and compare available records with the teeth and find a match. Examining the teeth of an intact corpse often requires working in a morgue to expose the jaws surgically. Even if only a few teeth are available, a forensic dentist can still make a positive identification. The best comparisons come from X-rays, but even if those aren't available, notations on the tooth chart can tell the dentist if the teeth are the same.
Robert Clare/Taxi/Getty Images
Identifying an individual by his or her teeth without dental records is much more difficult. However, things like broken teeth, missing teeth and gold crowns might be recognized by the friends and family members of the deceased. Things about the biter's lifestyle can be determined by the teeth; a constant pipe smoker or a bagpipe player has a distinctive wear pattern. Dressmakers and tailors, who often put pins and needles in their mouths, may have chipped teeth.
In addition to the dental records, forensic investigators can retrieve DNA samples by extracting the pulp from the center of the tooth. Unlike the enamel, pulp can be damaged by fire and other conditions, but it can also last for hundreds of years. Dental identification is often the last resort, and it isn't always possible -- some people simply can't be identified.
We'll look at the other aspect of forensic dentistry, bite-mark analysis, next.
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From subreddit fidelityinvestments:
There will be no stocks on decentralized finance, at least not anytime soon.
We have regulatory requirements and rules in place so that markets are stable.
Not to mention simple things like you cant take someone's stock if they misplace their wallet or seed phrase.
You cant re-order transactions for your friends
You cant charge for failed transactions.
You cant take tips to speed up transactions.
You're going to have to support share lending.
You're going to need to support reversing transactions in the cases of fraud and theft.
Securities trading is a regulated industry.
The SEC is never going to allow securities to move to blockchain under any of these circumstances.
At best the Fed or the DTCC might run their own blockchain, but the rest of this is a pipe dream.
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(r/arcadehunter)
Sure thing. Because it is applied after other effects, it scales better in the long run. If you're already at 25% or more added atk from the other sources(Thor, atk major/minor, rage, giant), the 20% being added after other effects will provide more damage than another 25 being added into the same initial calculation.
Easiest example is 100 base atk with 1 atk major gives 100 * 1.25 = 125.
From there, another atk major gives 100 * 1.5 = 150, whereas Bbullet would provide 125 * 1.2 = 150.
And another would give 100 * 1.75 = 175 vs 150 * 1.2 = 180
Smaller %, but beyond the 25% point it will scale better than Major because it's being applied at the end and increasing current buffs rather than being added to the same initial +Atk calculation. In the end, it's basically always better to take Bbullet as it'll give an extra buff(hitbox size), remove itself from the skill pool for better rng, and end up scaling better by the time you get a couple more buffs(or inherently even without skills if you play Thor as you'll passively stack atk).
As for giant, the same effect will eventually apply(but beyond +100% base atk instead) like if you play Thor and have a couple majors and minors or are using rage. Bbullet eventually catches up on scaling and provides more total damage while giving other benefits and no drawbacks.
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I wish I could have a do-over.
- Oh, my God!
- Oh!
This is amazing!
We're not alone!
I-I'm Gail.
This is Erica.
Oh, my God.
Hi-hi, Gail.
Hi, Erica.
I'm Phil!
So were you the one who put up those "Alive in Tucson" billboards?
Yeah, yeah, yeah.
Those were mine.
I-I...
I did that.
So, it's just you?
You're-you're all alone out here?
Yes.
Yes, yes.
It's just me.
It's just me.
Do you mind?
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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a tool used to provide pavement construction information using a non-destructive process. The procedure is split into two distinct parts, survey and analysis.
How it works:
GPR operates by transmitting a pulse of electromagnetic radiation from an antenna into the pavement. At the interfaces between different materials, part of the signal is reflected back. By collecting and interpreting this signal the type and thickness of the pavement layers can be ascertained.
What it’s used for:
GPR surveys on pavements tend to be employed for two main reasons. More often than not it is used as an initial scheme specific survey in order that more detailed surveys can be identified and targeted. It is also used as a network level survey where the reults are utilised to aid with network modelling and the production of deterioration trending and life cycle costing.
What it identifies:
GPR can confidently identify the following pavement features:
Bound and unbound layer thickness and profiles
Voids and areas of high moisture, particularly beneath concrete slabs
Depth and gross misalignment of joint dowel bars, and reinforcement detail
Variation of sub-base moisture content
It can also act as a guide in identifying:
Delamination between bituminous layers
De-bonding between cementitious layers
Average depth of cover to reinforcement
Condition of steel in concrete slabs
De-bonding of joint sealant
All our surveys are carried out to a “Survey Plan” which ensures that the following information is provided
Location reference information (using GPS, section and chainage plus written description)
Calibration of the system
Quality control procedures for both survey and analysis
Presentation of results
Analysis and Reporting of results:
At the outset we discuss the requirements of the client, so we can analyse and provide the results in a format that can be readily understood and which can be easily linked with any other pavement condition data for the project.
The raw data is processed using standard software, which can average the layer thicknesses over varying lengths from 0.25m upwards.
Tabulation – to be used on all types of management systems (excel, access, HMDIF, ASCII)
Written report – summarising the results, assumptions used, measurement accuracy etc.
One of the main advantages of using GPR, apart from it being non-destructive, is that it can be carried out at traffic speed. This not only eliminates the need for traffic management it also considerably reduces disruption to the travelling public and ultimately reduces cost.
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