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{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9694398641586304, "language": "en", "url": "http://americanpreppersnetwork.com/is-insurance-part-of-your-preparedness-plan/", "token_count": 1655, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.033447265625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:a2d9f93d-5cfe-4811-9c04-5ea264e77806>" }	Many articles and plans for preparedness talk about fire starting, water, shelter, and food storage. Those are very good topics that should be learned as part of our survival skills, but what about insurance? When spending the money that we all do in being prepared doesn’t it seem wise to invest in protecting it? With the economy the way it is right now, the thought of the added expense of more insurance plans makes me cringe. However, imagining what life for my children and I would be like if we lost my husband is even harder to imagine. His check pays the mortgage, the car payment, utilities, all of our health/medical insurance and not to mention clothes, food, and basic day-to-day needs. If something were to happen to him, life as we know it would end. This thought sets us on a journey into the world of financial preparedness. Wikipedia describes a financial plan as; In general usage, a financial plan is a series of steps or goals used by an individual or business, the progressive and cumulative attainment of which are designed to accomplish a financial goal or set of circumstances, e.g. elimination of debt, retirement preparedness, etc. This often includes a budget which organizes an individual’s finances and sometimes includes a series of steps or specific goals for spending and saving future income. This plan allocates future income to various types of expenses, such as rent or utilities, and also reserves some income for short-term and long-term savings. A financial plan is sometimes referred to as an investment plan, but in personal finance a financial plan can focus on other specific areas such as risk management, estates, college, or retirement. A successful financial plan and monthly budget will allow you to see where costs can be trimmed to set aside money for the type of insurance you need to protect your family. Different types of insurance your family can consider are; - Life Insurance: Life insurance is a contract between an insured (insurance policy holder) and an insurer, where the insurer promises to pay a designated beneficiary a sum of money (the “benefits”) upon the death of the insured person. Depending on the contract, other events such as terminal illness or critical illness may also trigger payment. The policy holder typically pays a premium, either regularly or as a lump sum. Other expenses (such as funeral expenses) are also sometimes included in the benefits.The advantage for the policy owner is “peace of mind”, in knowing that the death of the insured person will not result in financial hardship for loved ones and lenders. It is possible for life insurance policy payouts to be made in order to help supplement retirement benefits; however, it should be carefully considered throughout the design and funding of the policy itself. ~ Source - Health Insurance: A recent Harvard study noted that statistically, “your family is just one serious illness away from bankruptcy.” They also concluded that, “62% of all personal bankruptcies in the U.S. in 2007 were caused by health problems and 78% of those filers had medical insurance at the start of their illness.”Those numbers alone should urge you to obtain health insurance, or increase your current coverage. The key to finding adequate coverage is shopping around. While the best option and the least expensive is participating in your employer’s insurance program, many smaller businesses do not offer this benefit.Finding affordable health insurance is difficult, particularly without an employer-sponsored program or if you have a pre-existing condition. According to the Kaiser/HRET survey, the average premium cost to the employee in an employer sponsored health care program was around $4,100. With rising co-payments, yearly deductibles and dropped coverage’s, health insurance has become a luxury less and less can afford, yet even a minimal policy is better than having no coverage. The cost for a day in the hospital can range from $985 to $2,696. Even if you have minimal coverage, it can provide some monetary benefit for your hospital stay. ~ Source - Auto Insurance: There were over 10-million traffic accidents in the U.S. in 2009 and 33,808 people died in motor vehicle crashes in those accidents, according to data released by the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). The number one cause of death for American’s between the ages of 5 and 34 were auto accidents. Over 2.3 million drivers and passengers received treatment in emergency rooms in 2009, and the costs of those accidents including deaths and disabling injuries was around $70 billion.While all states do not require drivers to have auto insurance, most do have requirements regarding financial responsibility in the event of an accident. Many states do periodic random checks of drivers for proof of insurance. If you do not have coverage, the fines can vary by state and can range from the suspension of your license, to points on your driving record, to fines from $500 to $1,000.If you drive without auto insurance and have an accident, the fines will probably be the least of your financial burden. Your car, like your home is a valuable asset you use every day. If your car is damaged in an accident and you have no auto insurance, you will have no way to replace that vehicle unless you have a large savings account, and you don’t really want to tap into that savings when auto insurance could cover the cost.If you, a passenger or the other driver is injured in the accident, your auto insurance will pay those expenses, and help guard you against any litigation that might result from the accident. Auto insurance also protects your vehicle against theft, vandalism or a natural disaster such as a tornado or other weather related incidents. Again, as with all insurances, your individual circumstances will determine the price of your auto insurance. The best advice is to seek out several rate quotes, read the coverage provided carefully and check periodically to see if you qualify for lower rates based on age, driving record or the area where you live. ~ Source - Long-Term Disability Coverage: This is the one insurance most us think we will never need, as none of us assumes we will become disabled. Yet, statistics from the Social Security Administration show that three in 10 workers entering the workforce will become disabled, and will be unable to work before they reach the age of retirement. Of the population, 12% are currently disabled in some form, and nearly 50% of those workers are in their working years. ~ Source - Renters Insurance: An insurance policy which provides most of the benefits of homeowners insurance, with one notable exception. Renters Insurance does not include coverage for the dwelling, or structure, with the exception of small alterations a tenant may make to the structure. This way the tenant has liability insurance and the tenant’s personal property is covered against named perils such as fire, theft, and vandalism. The owner of the building is responsible for insuring it, but bears no responsibility to the tenant’s belongings. ~ Source These are a few of the more common insurance types that you can research and consider investing in. Always check with your employer first and see what types of insurance they offer. Only you can decide what type and how much insurance is right for you and your family While insurance can be costly and require sacrifice of some of life’s daily pleasures, the bottom line is that without it, you (or your family) could be financially ruined if you have a bad car accident, become disabled, lose your job or have a house fire. You could also leave your family in a world of hurt if you do not take responsibility now and purchase life insurance. There are many different options out there to pick from and many plans that are affordable. Why not make sure you and your family are covered financially in the event of a disaster? It is definitely something that we, as preppers, should consider a top priority in our plans. “The expense of not having insurance is nothing compared to the expense of living without it.” ~ Investipedia Keepin It Spicy,
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9298811554908752, "language": "en", "url": "https://davidicke.com/2020/01/12/chinas-smart-supercities-powered-5g-become-new-growth-engine/", "token_count": 333, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.07373046875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:94d88b7f-4260-407c-87c3-cd2006471592>" }	‘The next phase of growth in China could come from developing smart supercities through 5G connectivity, smart grids, renewable energy and modern transportation, according to a report by Morgan Stanley. It expects the country’s urbanization ratio to grow from the current 60 percent to 75 percent by 2030, bringing in 220 million new city residents. Morgan Stanley defines smart tech supercities as regional clusters of giant hubs surrounded by large satellite cities. “In our view, China is poised to be a global leader in smart city and city cluster development,” said Morgan Stanley’s Chief China Economist Robin Xing. In the long term, those smart urbanization trends will help sustain productivity growth and mitigate the structural growth headwinds from an aging population, he said. According to the report, China has shifted its urbanization strategy focus over the past two years to primarily developing five city clusters in advanced regions, including the Yangtze River Delta, Jing-Jin-Ji Area, Greater Bay Area, Mid-Yangtze River Area, and the Chengdu-Chongqing Area. It is estimated that the average population of the top five city clusters would reach 120 million by 2030, each close to the size of Japan’s entire population. The report has visualized the future life in a potentially smart supercity as daily commuting via high-speed rail and automated vehicles on smart grids, automated households with smart Internet of Things (IoT) appliances running on a next-generation 5G network, as well as better healthcare empowered by artificial intelligence and big data.’
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9524818658828735, "language": "en", "url": "https://robertwprice.com/2015/09/04/how-does-economics-connect-to-entrepreneurship/", "token_count": 3895, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.17578125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:f41331f6-4167-41e0-b8b8-214283e9db92>" }	How Does Economics Connect to Entrepreneurship? Discussions of Why Economics Matters to Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurship is seeing some great popularity at universities these days. The concept of entrepreneurship has been in our modern society for thousands of years and in the history of economic study. But we somehow delegate the subject and learning of economics to the academics and policy makers. Almost never are the two subjects connected, and yet they are. “It is no crime to be ignorant of economics, which is, after all, a specialized discipline and one that most people consider to be a ‘dismal science.’ But it is totally irresponsible to have a loud and vociferous opinion on economic subjects while remaining in this state of ignorance.” – Economist Murray Rothbard Understanding The Term: Entrepreneurship Carl Voigt, dean of the Marshall School of Business at the University of Southern California, explains, “We sort of defined entrepreneurialism too narrowly as someone who wants to start their own business. But entrepreneurialism can also mean finding new business opportunities and expansion at existing companies.” Starting with practically nothing, an entrepreneur is one who organizes a new venture, manages it, and assumes the associated risk. The term entrepreneur is broadly defined to include business owners, innovators, and executives in need of capital to start a new project, introducing a new product, or expanding a promising line of business. We include technology transfer experts, technologists at leading universities, and consultants and advisors assisting in all aspects of venturing. An entrepreneur’s principal objectives are profit and growth, and they will employ formal strategic management practices to achieve them. Origins of Capitalism To better understand entrepreneurship, it is useful to look back to the early development of capitalism. Capitalism depends on harnessing private motives to produce the goods and services that the public wants as efficiently as possible. Historian Charles Van Doren leads us to the early roots of “primitive capitalism” in his book A History of Knowledge: Past, Present, and Future. He provides insight to the ancient Egyptians, economic life before the peasant, the introduction of the merchant, the king, the rise of the labor markets. “Entrepreneurs . . . bring the new technologies and the new concepts into active commercial use. They are the change agents of capitalism.” – Economist Lester Thurow Defined today, capitalism is a political, social, and economic system. It is characterized by the private ownership of property—not only of land and buildings but of patents, know-how, and processes that are used by entrepreneurs to create profits for themselves. Capitalism sharply contrasts with other economic systems, like feudalism and socialism. In capitalism, entrepreneurs are responsible for such economic decisions as what to produce, how much to produce, and what method of production to adopt. The French Connection The concept of entrepreneur is borrowed from the French words entreprendre, “one who undertakes”—that is, a “manager.” In fact, the word entrepreneur was shaped probably from celui qui entreprend, which is loosely translated as “those who get things done.” In the early eighteenth century, a group of thinkers called the Physiocrats surfaced in France around a school of new economic theory. They were the first proponents of laissez-faire and opposed all government intervention in industry, especially taxation. Their doctrine was that the economic affairs of society are best guided by the decisions of individuals. One of the most famous among them was Richard Cantillon. In a paper he worked on between 1730 and 1734 and that was later published in 1775 as Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en General, he introduced the concept of entrepreneur. He developed these early theories of the entrepreneur after observing the merchants, farmers, and craftsmen of his time. Jean-Baptiste Say, a French businessman turned economist, followed Cantillon with his Trait d’economie politique in 1803. His work commented on the theory of markets and how the entrepreneur is involved in this transaction of goods for money. Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand and Pin Production The economic system based on the capitalism concept was completed by the Scottish economist Adam Smith. Leveraging the work performed earlier by the Physiocrats, and in particular Francois Quesnay, Smith completed his famous book, The Wealth of Nations, in 1776 at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Some believe that his main contribution to economics is centered on free enterprise. Introducing the concepts of liberal capitalism and entrepreneurial capitalism, Smith is “known as an architect of our present system of society.” Smith concentrated on the growing manufacturing and trade industries. In particular he studied the division of labor in the manufacturing of pins, which was beginning to incorporate new machines. His central argument in The Wealth of Nations is based on the concept of what he called the “invisible hand.” He believed that human self-interest is the basic psychological driver behind economics, and that a natural order in the universe makes all individual, self-interested endeavors add up to the social good. He also studied the competitiveness of nations and multinational trade. His major theoretical achievement was to take the first steps toward a theory of the optimal efficient allocation of resources under conditions of free competition. Austrian School Of Economic Thought Ludwig von Mises was the acknowledged leader of the Austrian School of economic thought, a prodigious originator in economic theory, and a prolific author. Mises’s writings and lectures encompassed economic theory, history, epistemology, government, and political philosophy. His contributions to economic theory include important clarifications on the quantity theory of money, the theory of the trade cycle, the integration of monetary theory with economic theory in general, and a demonstration that socialism must fail because it cannot solve the problem of economic calculation. Austrian School made a unique contribution to the Family Tree of Economics: the entrepreneur’s role society as the driving force of the market. “The issue is always the same: the government or the market. There is no third solution.” – Economist Ludwig von Mises Through their research in the fields of economics, history, philosophy, and political theory, Mises’s students F.A. Hayek, Henry Hazlitt, Murray Rothbard, and others carried the Austrian school into the late twentieth century. Austrian economics is a method of economic analysis, and is non-ideological. Nonetheless, the Austrian school has long been associated with libertarian and classical-liberal thought; promoting private property and freedom, while opposing war and aggression of all kinds. F.A. Hayek’s Road to Serfdom A classic work in political philosophy, intellectual and cultural history, and economics, The Road to Serfdom has inspired and infuriated politicians, scholars, and general readers for half a century. Originally published in England in the spring of 1944, when Eleanor Roosevelt supported the efforts of Stalin and Albert Einstein supported the socialist program, The Road to Serfdom was seen as heretical for its passionate warning against the dangers of state control over the means of production. For F. A. Hayek, the collectivist idea of empowering government with increasing economic control would inevitably lead not to a utopia but to the horrors of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy. Václav Klaus, former finance minister, prime minister, and president of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic, highlights not only Hayek’s role in the fall of communism in Czechoslovakia in 1989, but also his relevance to modern Europe: “Europe needs Hayek,” argues Klaus, “and his merciless analysis of the over regulated, controlled, centrally administered European economic system and of the slippery road to serfdom that we have already embarked on.” Joseph A. Schumpeter and His “Creative Destruction” Joseph Alois Schumpeter, an Austrian-American economist, was one of the first to study entrepreneurs and the impact of entrepreneurial capitalism on society. As he wrote in The Theory of Economic Development, he believed that innovation and creativeness distinguished entrepreneurs from other businesspeople. He observed that innovation and entrepreneurship are closely interwoven. He argued that the entrepreneur was at the very center of all business activity. He observed that entrepreneurs create “clusters of innovations” that are the causes of business cycles because their actions create disruptive dislocations and arrive in huge waves. In fact, Schumpeter believed that entrepreneurs deserve the credit for the industrial revolution. Schumpeter introduced the phrase “creative destruction,” stating that the entrepreneur does not just invent things, but also exploits in novel ways what has already been invented. He identified five types of entrepreneurial activity: - new product innovation or the introduction of a new service - new process innovation or new methods of production - market innovation or the opening of new markets, input or resources innovation - organizational innovation, which is the complete restructuring of an entire industry or the breaking up of a monopoly Milton Friedman Defending Free Markets Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman, an outspoken advocate of free markets and free choice, adviser to presidents and best-selling author. Often described as one of the most influential economists of the last century, Friedman led the Chicago School of monetary economics, which stresses the importance of the money supply in determining inflation and business cycles. Milton Friedman began his teaching career at the University of Chicago isolated intellectually. He defended the ideas that competitive markets work efficiently to allocate resources and that central banks are responsible for inflation. By the 1980’s, these ideas had become commonplace. Friedman was one of the great intellectuals of the 20th century because of his major influence on how a broad public understood the Depression, the Fed’s stop-go monetary policy of the 1970’s, flexible exchange rates, and the ability of market forces to advance individual welfare. His book “Free To Choose” published in 1980 became an international bestseller. The theme was a discussion on the extent to which personal freedom has been eroded by government regulations and agencies while personal prosperity has been undermined by government spending and economic controls. Entrepreneurs + Risk Capital + Low Taxes = Economic Growth For nearly every entrepreneur, access to private equity capital, or risk capital, is a key ingredient to successful business growth. For a business to grow it needs to be nurtured in an environment that supports entrepreneurial capitalism. “Capital is like oil; it’s stored energy. It’s the fruits of someone else’s labor ready to be put into play in businesses.” – Alfred R. Berkeley III, NASDAQ Frank Knight, a professor of economics at Chicago in 1928, wrote in Uncertainty and Profits, “The only risk which leads to a profit is a unique uncertainty. Profits arise out of the inherent, absolute unpredictability of things.” For nearly every entrepreneur, access to private equity capital, or risk capital, is a key ingredient to successful business growth. In the broadest understanding of the stratification of capital, risk capital is money for investment in innovative enterprises or research in which both the risk of loss and the potential for profit may be considerable. We use the terms risk capital and private equity to refer to the universe of that asset class—which includes angel investments, venture capital, leveraged buyout, and mezzanine financing—that make direct capital investments in high-growth potential ventures. The one element that binds this diverse group of investors is that they receive some type of equity or stock vehicle when they put money into a venture. Definition of entrepreneurial capitalism: private capital, investing in private start-ups, with potential for a viable harvest Entrepreneurship, combined with support from venture capital, is a major force driving economic growth in the United States. Thomas McConnell of New Enterprise Associates said, “Venture capital investment is a national phenomenon that helps set the U.S. economy apart from others in the world.” Venture capital financed groundbreaking research and untold improvements in infrastructure and technology. The average venture-backed company employs nearly 100 workers within five years and creates almost twice as many jobs as their nonventure-backed competitors. Venture capital, risk capital, was perfected in the Reagan era with the help from Jack Kemp. Things changed with President Ronald Reagan’s election in 1980, when the business environment shifted from President Carter’s “Days of Malaise” as the Republicans produced political leaders committed to entrepreneurial capitalism. Their thrust took shape under “supply-side economics,” which was first envisioned by economic adviser Dr. Arthur Laffer. His winning thesis was simply this: Lower the marginal tax rates. He believed that individuals should keep more of their hard-earned money, which would encourage them to make more. “Does government create jobs, or do entrepreneurs? Does government spending spur growth, or do lower taxes, less regulation, and spending limits? Can government direct investment better than the private sector? The answers to these questions provide the keys to designing a strategy for long-term growth in America.” – Jack Kemp In August 1981, less than seven months after being sworn in, President Reagan signed the Kemp-Roth bill into law. It was the cornerstone of what would become the most successful economic policy for new business venturing in U.S. history. The bill’s treatment of capital gains, a lowering of the top capital gains tax rate from 28 percent to 20 percent, made high risk investments even more attractive, causing a twofold increase in commitments to venture capital funds in 1981. Entrepreneurs then launched a boom that would last, except for a brief eight months following the Gulf War in 1991, until the end of the twentieth century. It was the longest period of economic expansion in the nation’s history. Between 1983 and 2003, the Dow Jones Industrial average provided an annual return of 11 percent. For comparison, between 1965 and 1983 its annual return was 1 percent. According to the U.S. Department of Labor Non-Farm Employment Data, the American economy generated over 27 million new jobs between 1980 and 1995. Over 24 million of these new jobs were created by small- and medium-size entrepreneurs operating high-growth ventures. As Dr. Laffer predicted, even Washington, D.C., prospered well, with the U.S. Treasury revenues increasing 28 percent to more than $1 trillion in 1990. At the closing of the last century, MIT economist Lester Thurow had this to say: “In what will come to be seen as the third industrial revolution, new technological opportunities are creating fortunes faster than ever before. The United States has created more billionaires in the past fifteen years than in its previous history—even correcting for inflation and changes in average per capita gross domestic product.” Jack Kemp Champion of Entrepreneurial Capitalism When Ronald Reagan took the oath of office on January 20, 1981, the country was experiencing some of bleakest economic times since the Depression. The American dream had been restored with the help from Jack Kemp. “Other than President Ronald Reagan himself, few people in the political world have had more influence on the last quarter century of wealth creation and rising levels of entrepreneurial business expansion than Jack F. Kemp.” – Steve Forbes The quarterback-turned-politician died of cancer at age 73 in 2009, was remembered for his commitment to free-market principles that transformed the world in the 1980’s. Kemp was an early influence, along with economist Arthur Laffer and President Ronald Reagan, in getting the Republican Party to embrace the philosophy of tax cuts. Republican Sen. Robert Dole’s selection of Kemp as his running mate in the 1996 presidential election reaffirmed Kemp’s imprint on GOP economic policy. Jack Kemp in His Own Words “It was this economy, triggered by President Reagan’s supply-side revolution of tax cuts in 1981 that generated 21.5 million new jobs, more than four million new businesses, relatively low inflation and higher standards of living for most people. This economy has created more jobs in the past decade than all of Europe, Canada and Japan combined. And according to the U.S. Treasury, federal income taxes paid by the top 1% of taxpayers has surged by more than 80% to $92 billion in 1987 from $51 billion in 1981.” “In my opinion, people of all colors and income levels don’t hate the rich. They want to get rich. They’re more interested in generating wealth than they are in redistributing wealth. They want to own property, educate their children and build a nest egg that can be passed on to their heirs. Unfortunately, some aren’t able to access the same ladder of opportunity that is so readily available to the majority. . . .” “By giving people access to capital and allowing them to take ownership of assets, entrepreneurship will be encouraged and the cycle of poverty can begin to be broken. All persons should have the opportunity to go as high as their merit and determination can carry them.” “My favorite quote is from Abraham Lincoln, who said, ‘I don’t believe in a law to prevent a man from getting rich; it would do more harm than good. So while we do not propose any war upon capital, we do wish to allow the humblest man an equal chance to get rich with everybody else.’ Lincoln’s definition of entrepreneurial capitalism is the best I have ever heard.” Rising Tide Lifts all Boats Around the world economic policy advisors are working to find solutions to the chronic unemployment and stifling lack of economic growth. For creating the environment for entrepreneurial capitalism to flourish they should look at success of the 1980’s that was first framed by President John F. Kennedy and put into practice by President Ronald Reagan. President Reagan’s Radio Address to the Nation on Martin Luther King, Jr., and Black Americans on January 18, 1986. “Now, none of this happened by accident. The economy is expanding because from the beginning we made it clear that one of the prime motivating intentions of this administration was to get the economy going again. And it was clear the way to do that was cut tax rates, stop penalizing initiative, and sit back and watch the fireworks. All of us have benefited. The poverty statistics show John Kennedy was right when he said, following his own tax cuts, a rising tide lifts all boats.” SOURCES: Roadmap To Entrepreneurial Success, Mises.org, Amazon.com PHOTO: , Reagan Library, Old Library in University of Salamanca, Antoine Taveneaux WikiPedia
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9606385231018066, "language": "en", "url": "https://theparentcue.org/how-to-teach-your-kids-to-manage-money-at-every-age/", "token_count": 1031, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.05126953125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:bf9796da-d6c2-46a5-9c53-c51721848671>" }	One of the most important, yet often overlooked, aspects of parenting is teaching our kids how to handle money. Kids who know the basics of healthy money management have a great opportunity to become adults who make good financial decisions. But teaching kids about money is not a one-size-fits-all situation. You have to treat each child and teenager differently based on their age and what they’ve already learned about money. Let’s walk through some of the different aspects to consider based on your kid’s age: Lead the way. As a parent, you have years of opportunities to set an example for your little ones. If they see you making good decisions and not stressed about money, they’ll be more likely to follow your example when they get older. Whether it’s budgeting, using cash only, or simply spending in order to keep up with the Joneses, your kids will sense whether or not you have it together financially by what you actually do. Teach them real-life examples. It’s important they know that everything you buy costs money. As you walk through Target or the grocery store, point out what different things cost. Even better, let them use their money to buy toys they want. Taking a $20 bill that was given as a birthday present and making a decision on whether they want a Batman figurine or a new LEGO set is a basic form of budgeting. Make your teaching clear. Use something like a clear jar so they can see how much money they are saving. As their Christmas and birthday money builds up, they’ll have a sense of pride and may not be as willing to blow it all on one thing. They might even (wait for it!) learn a little patience! Say no to allowances. Instead, make them earn their “allowance” by doing chores and basic tasks around the house. It doesn’t have to be complicated—taking out the trash, cleaning their rooms, sweeping the porch. The idea is that money is earned. It doesn’t just appear out of the blue because you exist, though wouldn’t that be nice? Be reasonable about purchases. Middle schoolers have no problems spending money. It’s just in their blood at that age. But don’t give in to their every demand. Video games aren’t needs, no matter what your 13-year-old tells you. If they just can’t live without it, let them save for whatever they want, then meet them halfway and match them with the rest of the money if you are able. Teach giving. Following Jesus’ example, show them why it’s important to give. Let them pick a charity or get involved in a fundraiser. It’s so important for kids this age to learn empathy and that everyone doesn’t live like them. Giving helps them take the focus off themselves and see the needs of others. Help them understand cars cost money . . . a lot of money. Life isn’t a Lexus commercial for most people. Cars don’t just show up in the driveway with a bow on top. So, just like a middle schooler buying a video game, it’s not a bad idea for your teenager to help with the costs of a car. That might mean they need to start saving as early as 12 years old, so they can match what you pay—assuming you’re able—to help them buy that ride when they turn 16. The important point is they understand that a car is a huge responsibility. Teach contentment. Comparison is a huge temptation at this age. Someone in their class will get a sweet SUV when they turn 16. Another might have an over-the-top birthday party. Someone else might have all the designer jeans and dresses. Understanding contentment—the ability to appreciate what you have—is vital for teenagers. Social media might communicate that there’s always someone with something cooler and more trendy, but contentment is the only true way to find happiness. Let them practice real money management. In just a few years, things will start to get real when it comes to money. Allow them to practice good money habits now so they are prepared when they’re on their own. Open a bank account. Download a budgeting app. Show them how interest works for you (when you save) and against you (when you take on debt). If they mess up, that’s okay. Now’s the time to make mistakes so they’ll be ready when they’re out on their own and those first bills start coming in. Every child is different. Lean into their differences and let them learn at their own pace when it comes to money. As a parent, you have a great responsibility. Use these formative years to teach your kids healthy money habits so they can ultimately pass on those same truths to the next generation!
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9459471106529236, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.policyforum.net/getting-better-by-design/", "token_count": 1682, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.220703125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:4ef9751d-38bc-444d-811f-5a45ec520f7b>" }	Carbon trading markets and carbon taxes both have their problems, but the answer could be somewhere between, writes Warwick McKibbin. Australian politics is yet again at an impasse on climate policy. But while the politicians may struggle to find answers, economists agree that pricing carbon needs to be a core part of a comprehensive and low-cost approach to managing climate uncertainty. The failure of Australia’s carbon pricing mechanism and the problems in the European trading system demonstrate how faulty design can destroy many of the benefits of carbon pricing policy. There are many ways to price carbon, including carbon trading markets and carbon taxes. So far the record of successful carbon pricing mechanisms in many countries has been disappointing. They have failed because of high economic costs and small environmental benefits. A key feature of any carbon pricing policy is an ability to generate a credible future carbon price to encourage development and adoption of new ways of abating carbon emissions. In addition the markets created need to have appropriate institutions for monitoring and enforcement. The policy should also create constituencies throughout the economy that reinforce the existence of the framework. Uncertainty and risk management should be at the core of the design of national and global climate policies. Climate policy should be designed to better manage risk by creating a framework that balances expected environmental benefits against the economic costs over time, and inspires innovation in activities that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and encourages adaptation at the lowest possible cost. ‘Science’ doesn’t produce a precise target for concentrations. Even if a global target was available, the way in which each country should share that target is not at all scientific. The entire climate change issue at the national level is a balance of competing interests across a range of areas. Addressing climate change calls for a whole range of policies but carbon pricing needs to be at the core of the lowest cost approaches. However, the carbon pricing regime has to be designed and implemented very carefully. There is no doubt that a short-term carbon price is a cost to the economy. On the other hand, a long-term carbon price provides an opportunity for potential benefits to the economy. These two time dimensions are frequently not distinguished. Many argue that there should be a high carbon price today because that is the only way to encourage abatement actions, particularly in encouraging the development of alternative energy. A high initial carbon price is more likely going to hurt the economy in the short run. What matters for alternative energy sources, though, is not the price of carbon today, but the price that people expect over the next many decades. This information will enable individuals and countries to manage their domestic costs of carbon abatement to suit their self-interest. Effective climate policy should have a short run price goal – a stable price of carbon in the economy – and a long run emissions goal – atmospheric carbon concentrations which when traded through a market would generate a clear long term carbon price that will drive greenhouse gas-reducing technologies and investment. The economy would then transition from the short- term to the long- term adapting to new information over time but incurring minimum economic costs. This idea is at the centre of the model a colleague and I have developed – the McKibbin Wilcoxen Hybrid. – It’s a model that can be implemented as a global system if countries ultimately agree to take coordinated action, but one that does not require that agreement as a precondition for implementing it as national policy. The Hybrid model consists of a number of key components: a long term concentration target for a country converted into long term emission permits; and a central bank of carbon within a country which intervenes in a spot market for carbon to maintain pre-announced fixed carbon prices. For the long term goal, the aspirational emissions target for many years into the future is converted into a number of annual emission permits dated with the actual future year they are valid. Each year there would be fewer permits than the year before. These annual permits would then be bundled together with less annual emission rights included for future years. This bundle of permits would be a long-term emission permit, and the total amount of long term permits would be the long term-emission concentration target. These long-term permits would be freely allocated to households and to industry within a country – partly as compensation for cost increases and partly as a way to self-fund emission abatement activities. The long-term permits can be traded in a market and are owned by consumers and firms who can sell them to generate the revenue needed to reduce their emissions. Ownership of the right to emit embedded in a financial asset creates a constituency throughout society who are financially driven to resist any government backsliding on future policy commitment, making the policy more credible. It also enables those who reduce emissions to gain financially from doing so. There is no international trading in these national emission rights. These long term permits would provide annual coupons equal to a specified amount of carbon that diminishes in quantity every year. Thus, if a company owning these emission rights does nothing to change its emissions, the quantity of the coupons disappears in time and more and more rights would need to be purchased to continue under business-as-usual emissions. The second component of the policy is a central bank of carbon (CBC) which would manage the entire system independently of government. The CBC would print annual permits in order to maintain a pre-announced price of carbon in the current year. Every few years the price would be reset based on observed emission reductions or as part of a global agreement on the carbon price. If an emitter cannot get enough emissions from the coupons in its long-term permit, it can obtain an annual permit for a fixed price from the carbon central bank for that year. The perfectly elastic supply of annual permits at a fixed pre-announced price acts like a safety valve. It means that in any given year an emitter can reach its legal emissions requirement either by using an annual coupon from the long- term permit or by buying an annual permit – effectively paying a fine – from the CBC. At a national level, the Hybrid approach controls the short-term cost of carbon abatement policy given uncertainty about global actions. If the rest of the world does nothing, the carbon price can be kept low until action is taken. However, if a global agreement eventuates and countries implement policies consistent with it, the short-term price would be stepped up over time. Coordination of national policies into a global regime would be done through carbon price agreements rather than (or in conjunction with) uniform emission targets. There are two critical differences between the Hybrid approach and the standard cap and trade approach or a carbon tax. First, the Hybrid creates long-term returns to short-term actions. The existence of the tradable right to emit carbon over a long period means a change in behaviour in the short run which reduces emissions. Second, the Hybrid creates transparent constituencies – corporations and individuals – who own the long-term rights to carbon in the economy. Thus, any government that tries to change carbon policy is more likely to face the wrath of the voters. Changing of policy has been the biggest reason for the collapse of the Australia carbon tax. There are better ways to generate carbon prices than the approaches usually proposed either in a conventional carbon trading market or through a pure carbon tax. Trying to avoid a carbon price system through subsidies can also work but it’ll come at an even higher economic cost relative to the alternatives. Any policy needs to be able to ramp up quickly if the evidence suggests more action is needed. The flexibility in the Hybrid approach to adjusting to uncertainty gives it an overwhelming advantage over more popular approaches. In the end the significant investments that will be required to move Australia towards a less carbon intensive future will be more likely to emerge under the stable and credible policy environment provided by a Hybrid policy approach to carbon policy than any of the more promoted, but so far unsuccessfully implemented, market-based alternatives. And a new solution might be just what’s needed to find a way through the political impasse. This piece was first published in Asia and the Pacific Policy Society’s magazine, Advance in September 2014: https://crawford.anu.edu.au/research/advance-magazine
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.957771897315979, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.wikitechy.com/full-form/adb-full-form", "token_count": 495, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.10546875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:857c1a10-760e-4bae-a815-1f8f70d70cf0>" }	ADB Full Form \| What is the full form of ADB ADB Full Form - Asian Development Bank Here, you’ll get the solution of following ADB Related Questions : full form of ADB , what is the full form of ADB , full form of ADB in android. ADB-Asian Development Bank - ADB stands for Asian Development Bank. It's a regional development bank that's Asian in character. It had been established to reduce poverty and foster economic growth and cooperation in Asia and therefore the Pacific. - It assists within the socio-economic development in member countries by providing loans, grants and technical assistance. - Its 67 members, 48 of which are from Asia and Pacific region. - It's headquartered at Mandaluyong, Philippines and as of July 2017, Takehiko Nakao is that the president of ADB. ADB Areas of Focus - Following are the areas on which ADB operations give prominence, - Regional integration - Finance Sector development ADB Areas of Focus - The idea of Asian Development Bank conceived within the early 1960s. Later, a resolution was passed at the primary Ministerial Conference on Asian Economic Cooperation in 1963 to establish the ADB. - On 19 December 1966, ADB was established with 31 members and Takeshi Watanabe as its first President. Within the beginning, ADB was focused on food production and rural development. - In 1970, ADB's first bond issue worth $16.7 million issued in Japan. - In 1974, Asian Development Fund was established to supply low-interest loans to the poorest member countries. - In 1982, it opened its first field office in Bangladesh to return closer to the people in need. - In mid-1997, during severe financial crisis within the region, it started projects to strengthen the financial sector, i.e. It approved its largest single loan worth $4 billion to the Republic of Korea. - In 2004, it spent quite $800 million for the recovery of areas hit by Tsunami in Sri Lanka , India, Indonesia and Maldives. - In 2008, it launched a replacement long-term strategy framework 'Strategy 2020' to reply to the changing needs of the region. - In 2014, a midterm review of the Strategy 2020 was released and various organizational changes were introduced to boost the business processes and to become stronger and better.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9266175031661987, "language": "en", "url": "https://originalresearchpapers.com/this-week-we-learned-that-the-interaction-of-supply-and/", "token_count": 196, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.09814453125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:b1bd422c-f72c-4c94-a1cf-8c21aad2be2f>" }	This week, we learned that the interaction of supply and demand determines prices and output levels in markets. Prices and output levels change when either the demand curve or the supply curve shifts. Sometimes price and output both increase and decrease. Sometimes one increases while the other decreases. Consider a situation where the price of a good rises when output increases. For example, lithium is used in rechargeable batteries for computers, phones, other electronic goods, and even certain cars. Demand for lithium was low as recently as the early 2000’s. Since then, both the price of lithium and the production of lithium have more than doubled. Start your discussion post by responding to this question: - What could explain the simultaneous increases in the price of lithium and the production of lithium? Use supply and demand curves to explain your answer. (Hint: Price and equilibrium quantity have both increased. Would a shift in the demand curve or a shift in the supply curve lead to this result?)
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9484819769859314, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.business.org/finance/accounting/what-is-payroll/", "token_count": 1710, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.0031890869140625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:03d817aa-822b-4ab3-a5a5-12bff735e4ed>" }	Paying your employees—it should be simple, right? If your business involves two or more employees, you already know the answer . . . and we could practically hear your dry laugh through the computer screen. Payroll doesn’t just mean your employees’ hourly wages. It also means calculating the right amount of taxes to withhold, garnishing wages, figuring out what counts as taxable income, and determining who qualifies as a taxable employee. Your business dedicates a huge chunk of time and money to payroll, and payroll also has a huge impact on how happy your employees are with you as their employer. But don’t sweat it. Maybe you’re doing payroll for the first time or modifying the way you currently process payroll—either way, we have the scoop on how payroll works, why you need it, and how you can make it as easy as possible. What is the definition of payroll? At its most basic, payroll refers to your list of employees and the amount you pay them. But it also means calculating your employee’s taxable wages and determining the amount of taxes to withhold on behalf of state, local, and federal governments. The term payroll can also indicate the department that takes care of paychecks and taxes, but for most small businesses, payroll software is a more efficient, affordable way to pay employees. What information do you need for payroll? Your payroll should include a basic list of employee information, including each employee’s name, social security number, and hourly wage—plus how many local, state, and federal taxes you as the employer will be withholding from each person’s wages on behalf of the government. In other words, the payroll list includes all the information you need to pay each person’s wages accurately and on time. Payroll is the reason each new hire needs to fill out and submit a W-4 tax form (or Employee’s Withholding Allowance Certificate). The employee details their exemptions, filing status, number of dependents, and withholding information so you, the employer, withhold the right amount of money from their paycheck in trust for the government. What does payroll include? Payroll management requires you to gather three crucial pieces of financial information: - Gross wages - Tax deductions - Other deductions (healthcare benefits, time off, etc.) An employee’s gross wage is the amount of money they earn before anything gets deducted. Once you subtract taxes and other deductions, the employee receives their net pay, usually through a direct deposit into their bank account. Tax deductions include typical state and federal income taxes as well as Medicare and Social Security taxes. (Psst: all of these taxes—plus the tax money the employer contributes to Medicare, Social Security, and unemployment benefits—are collectively called “payroll taxes.”) Other deductions include the cost of your company’s benefits, like dental and medical insurance. Types of payroll deductions The most common types of payroll deductions include the following: - Federal, state, and local taxes - Social Security and Medicare taxes - Medical insurance - Dental insurance - Vision insurance - Retirement plan contributions - Wage garnishments - Charitable donations Small business owners are responsible for pulling all of the above deductions from their employees’ gross pay and forwarding the payments to the right group. Some of the payments could go to your business’s insurance plan, a designated charity, or a government institution. In the case of garnished wages, a percentage of an employee’s pay could go towards court-ordered child support or to a creditor. When don’t you need to worry about employee deductions? When you’re working with a freelancer. If you outsource services like website design or legal proofing, you only have to worry about a worker’s gross pay. A 1099 worker, or freelancer, is considered self-employed, which means you don’t have to deduct anything from their gross pay. Freelancers will pay income, Social Security, and Medicare taxes on their gross wages when they file their taxes. Okay. We’ve covered the basic components of payroll. Now, let’s talk process. Doing payroll correctly means following these key steps: - Gather relevant employee information, including W-4 forms. - Calculate employees’ gross wages per pay period. - Calculate wage deductions (income tax, wage garnishments, etc). - Give employees their net pay. - Forward wage deductions to the relevant parties. Note that the process differs slightly (but only slightly) for hourly and salaried employees. Hourly employees clock in and out, and their pay stubs may vary a bit from pay period to pay period. Salaried employees earn a set wage that doesn’t change from week to week. For payroll to run smoothly, you need to classify salaried and hourly employees correctly and ensure you have accurate time stamps from your hourly employees before calculating their wages. In terms of who performs these steps, most companies choose from one of three options. Depending on your business’s size and budget, one of these payroll management methods will make the most sense for you: - Payroll software - Outsourced payroll companies - Internal accounting or HR department The bigger your business, the more logical it is to either outsource payroll to an external company or develop an internal accounting or HR department. Not sure how big is big? Some accounting software accommodates more than 100 employees, though the more employees you add, the slower the software runs. If you have only an employee or two, you might be tempted to do payroll by hand, relying on a wish, a prayer, and the IRS’s (Internal Revenue Service’s) online tax tables . . . but please, please don’t. Even if you’d put your business in the “tiny” rather than “small” category, it’s safer, easier, and cheaper to invest in bare-bones software with a one-time fee instead of risking financial hot water and ongoing legal troubles with the IRS. In case payroll was starting to seem too simple, here’s an added complication: payroll is both an accounting and human resource issue. If you decide to do payroll in house, you have to decide which department you want to be primarily responsible for payroll—the good-with-numbers department or the good-with-people department. Honestly, though, even if you want to turn payroll over to an accounting department, HR always has to have a hand (or at least a finger or two) in payroll. HR usually deals with issues like overtime pay, salary, benefits, sick leave, and paid time off. Since you’ll definitely still need an accountant or payroll specialist to manage money, the close relationship between payroll and HR can double the work in house. Here’s one of many places where software comes in handy. While you can find payroll-specific software, you can also find all-in-one payroll, accounting, and HR software. You don’t have to juggle numbers between different departments because the payroll management software does all the heavy lifting for you. Nifty, right? Best Small Business Payroll Software Learn more about our top brands. The amount you pay your employees is your main payroll expense, but it isn’t your only payroll expense. Because of the following laws, owning a successful small business comes with additional expenses: - FICA, or the Federal Insurance Contributions Act, is a law requiring employers to withhold Medicare and Social Security taxes (or FICA taxes) from employee paychecks. The same law requires employers to match those taxes with their own contributions. - FUTA, or the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, is a law that requires employers, not employees, to pay taxes (or FUTA taxes) that support state and federal unemployment benefits and insurance. FUTA is considered a payroll tax because the amount you pay is based on your employee’s wages, but remember—it isn’t paid by an employee or withheld from their wages.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9441395998001099, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.techopedia.com/definition/33729/cryptomining", "token_count": 769, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.2080078125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:aab4c163-afda-4957-9887-777f43374402>" }	What Does Cryptomining Mean? Cryptomining is the process of validating cryptocurrency transactions. The foundation of cryptocurrencies is distributed public ledgers that record all financial transactions. The records are saved in the form of blockchains. Each transaction is linked to the subsequent transaction creating a chain of records. The records are linked using cryptographic hashes. Because the ledger is public, a record needs to be validated before being added to the ledger. Otherwise, it would be too easy to forge fraudulent payments. Cryptocurrencies use Proof-of-Work (PoW) as a security measure. In order to post a transaction to the ledger, a problem that is difficult to solve, but easy to verify must be computed. The problems are computationally complex and require brute force to solve. A network of computers will compete to solve the problem first. This process is called cryptomining. The computer that solves the problem first earns the right to post the transaction to the ledger. The goal is to make the cost of solving the complex problem higher than the gain of posting a fraudulent transaction. The benefit to the cryptominer is that for every transaction posted, the winner receives a small reward. The reward is often a combination of a fee associated with the transaction and newly created cryptocurrency. Techopedia Explains Cryptomining Cryptomining was introduced in 2009 when Satoshi Nakamoto, (which is a pseudonym,) invented Bitcoin. Bitcoin was the first implementation of a decentralized cryptocurrency. Nakamoto implemented cryptomining PoW to secure the public ledger. Since then, miners have competed to create faster and cheaper mining machines. As the competition within mining has increased, more complex problems have been created. The mathematical problems used for PoW are designed to be nearly impossible to solve without using brute force. Brute force requires the computer to try multiple combinations of solutions until by chance one solution works. One of the most well-known PoW functions is called Hashcash. It is based on SHA2 cryptographic hashes. Hashes are encryptions that are easy to verify if you have both the key and the message, but nearly impossible to solve without a key. Full hash inversions have 2255 different possible solutions, which is difficult to feasibly solve with brute force. Hashcash uses partial hash inversions to create the PoW problems. Although anyone can mine for cryptocurrency, the hardware and energy requirements to be competitive are a big barrier. The energy requirements are so great that some energy companies use some of their resources to mine for cryptocurrency. In fact, as of 2019, the energy used for Bitcoin mining equals the energy consumed by the country of Switzerland! As with any money-making venture, eventually a criminal element will find a way to exploit it. With cryptomining, cybercriminals have devised ways to use malware to mine using other peoples' networks, a method called "cryptojacking." This can result in slower, less efficient computing power for the network's actual use, damage to equipment not designed to process the level of work required to mine and a staggering power bill for the victim. Because the high hardware and energy requirements are a barrier for some to engage in cryptomining, cloud mining services are now available. Cloud mining allows a person to pay to rent a mining machine, called a rig. The renter is allowed to keep any cryptocurrency the rig mines over and above the cost of the maintenance of the rig. Laws governing cryptomining vary internationally. In some juristictions, the mining itself is legal, however obtaining a permit to draw the amount of power needed can be difficult or impossible to obtain. leaving a bit of a gray zone. Experts advise not to operate in any of these "legally dubious" areas, as you could end up facing major consequences.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.940074622631073, "language": "en", "url": "http://forum.swiat-kamienia.pl/3461iqvq/archive.php?page=f14bc1-economic-factors-affecting-consumer-behaviour", "token_count": 2420, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.09716796875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:a13822a4-0afb-43c9-aab7-af9ba9352898>" }	Note: Apart from these factors other economic conditions such as inflation, recession, business cycles, etc. Consumer spending is one of the most important driving forces for global economic growth. Understanding these factors can help businesses ensure they're providing products at the right prices. Ahmed, E.-K. (2012, November 1). And like previous economic recessions, young people are going to be the hardest hit. 4. If the economy is struggling, the reverse is true. Interest rate fluctuations affect consumer spending because when rates are high, consumers are less inclined to borrow money from the banks to purchase big-ticket items such as a house or a car. 3. Understanding how consumer behavior impacts marketing renders it vital to understand those factors which affect consumer behavior and which include: Cultural Factors. As the change comes in these factors, consumer behaviour also changes. An Analysis of Factors Affecting the Consumer's Attitude of Trust and their Impact on Internet Purchasing Behaviour. With regard to the latter, there is a curious phenomenon. From the early year, Peterson (1987) found that socialization which is determined the way of patterns of behaviour or the process by which the person can adopt social roles. Personal factors can also affect the consumer behavior. Definition: The Economic Factors are the factors that talk about the level of sales in the market and the financial position of the consumer, i.e. â¦ These all factors jointly shape consumer behaviour. The modern consumer is a construct of growing economic pressure and increasing competitive options. Social factors play an essential role in influencing the buying decisions of consumers . The success or failure of a nation's economy can greatly affect consumer behavior based on a variety of economic factors. Copyright 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Business Dictionary: Law of Supply and Demand. Social Factors affecting Consumer Behaviour Consumer Behaviour is an effort to study and understand the buying tendencies of consumers for their end use. Suppliers. Some personal (internal) factors include age, lifestyle, occupation, income, culture and personality. A marketer has to understand such factors so that he can design appropriate products and marketing strategies and ultimately be able to deliver consumer satisfaction. Economic model of Consumer Behaviour. Many factors, specificities and characteristics influence the individual in what he is and the consumer in his decision making process, shopping habits, purchasing behaviorâ¦ The economic environment consists of microeconomic and macroeconomic factors.The microeconomic environment refers to things that happen at the individual company or consumer level.Microeconomic factors do not affect the whole economy. how much an individual spends on the purchase of goods and services that contribute to the overall sales of the company. The more the disposable personal income in hand the more is the expenditure on various items and vice-versa. It is undoubtedly an essential factor. Due to impact of various factors, consumers react or respond to marketing programme differently. cooking) and time 4. Consumer behavior is influenced by cultural factors â¦ After the cultural factors in the study of consumer behaviour, the Social factors also affect the consumer behaviour. policies, etc. Understanding how to motivate your customer is a powerful tool. ... and how factors such as economic situation and health status are driving changes in consumer behavior. Required fields are marked *, Economic Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior. Lifestyle. The law of supply and demand demonstrates the relationship between supply, demand and prices. The success or failure of a nation's economy can greatly affect consumer behavior based on a variety of economic factors. Family Income âIncome of the family. If the economy is strong, consumers have more purchasing power and money is pumped into the thriving economy. An increase in inflation means an increase in prices. How Do Psychological Factors Play a Role in Consumer Behaviour? International Journal of Business and Social Science, 147-158. There are many factors affecting consumer behaviour. However, there are several factors affecting buying decisions and consumer behavior. how much an individual spends on the purchase of goods and services that contribute to â¦ Psychological factors also play a pivotal role in consumer behavior. Growing up, children learn basic values, perception and wants from the family and other important groups. Lifestyle, a term proposed by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler in 1929, refers to the way â¦ Cultural factors. Age. This relationship attracts more suppliers, serving to not only stabilize the prices but also to keep the demand at healthy consumer levels. Economic man model is based on: Price effect: Lesser the price of the product, more will be the quantity purchased. Some of the other factors that influence food choice include: 1. COVID-19 is a health and economic crisis that has a sustainable impact on consumer attitudes, behaviors and purchasing habits. Age and life-cycle have potential impact on the consumer buying behavior. Unemployment affects consumer behavior because if a person is without a steady income, his purchasing power decreases considerably. For instance, if an individual borrowed money to purchase a home with an adjustable-rate mortgage, once that rate goes up, that individual may no longer be able to afford that house. If the economy is struggling, the reverse is true. In this model, consumers follow the principle of maximum utility based on the law of diminishing marginal utility. According to Trading Economics, the unemployment rate in the United States between October 2009 and December 2009 was the highest it has been since the record high of 10.80 percent in November 1982. Interest rates determine a consumer's purchasing power. CPG companies can adapt to these changes by taking action to respond, reset and renew to be positioned even stronger for the future. Psychological Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior, Social Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior, Cultural Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior, Personal Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior. Physical determinants such as access, education, skills (e.g. Biological determinants such as hunger, appetite, and taste 2. 2. The discretionary personal income is the income left after meeting all the basic necessities of life and is used for the purchase of the shopping goods, luxuries, durable goods, etc. There are four psychological factors that influence consumer behaviour: Motivation, perception, learning, and attitude or belief system. Some of the important personal factors that influence the buying behavior are: lifestyle, economic situation, occupation, age, personality and self concept. She has written for Amnesty International and maintains three blogs. How you supply your goods, i.e., the distribution chain. 1. optimism of consumers, 2. belief in overall good state of economy, 3. willingness to spend money and buy new products, 4. level of spending 5. purchasing power of potential consumers (amount of money or savings available), 6. levels of market demand and supply 7. bargaining power of customers, Supply and demand affect consumer behavior because if a product is too expensive, consumer demand for that product will decrease. As we reach adulthood and enter into it, our life becomes more complex and with it our needs become more compleâ¦ This affects whether or not a consumer is able to afford the higher price. Motivation speaks to the internal needs of the consumer. External issues could include economic situation and political environment. Social determinants such as culture, family, peers and meal patterns 5. Inflation especially affects consumer behavior when wages do not increase to accommodate the increase in prices. Stephanie Lee began writing in 2000 with concentration on food, travel, fashion and real estate. Beyond impacting some of the factors that determine consumer spendâsuch as consumer confidence, unemployment levels, or the cost of livingâthe COVID-19 pandemic has also drastically altered how and where consumers choose to spend their hard-earned cash. Your email address will not be published. ... â Socio-economic status of the population (e.g., education, occupation, employment status) â Rural versus urban area of residence ... consumers to adjust that tobacco use behavior. For the same product, price, promotion, and distribution, their responses differ significantly. The needs are also different. In the big picture, the societal or socioeconomic landscape each consumer inhabits â ranging from the buying power of a country's currency to how purchases are taxed on a state level, for example â influence purchasing behavior, as do factors such as supply and demand and the overall material quality of life in any given region. An increase in the discretionary income results in more expenditure on the shopping goods through which the standard of living of an individual gets improved. Your email address will not be published. Consumer behavior is affected by internal and external issues. Age and family status â¦ Such behavior is largely influenced by various factors. â¦ Culture plays a very vital role in the determining consumer â¦ A group of people are associated with a set of values and ideologies that belong to â¦ A struggling economy affects factors such as employment and interest rates, and the people may lose consumer confidence. Hence we can say that factors affecting consumer buying behaviour during E-Commerce are-: Customer Benefit includes-: Website design helps easy access of sit e, various brands comparabilit y Supply. Economic Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior Definition: The Economic Factors are the factors that talk about the level of sales in the market and the financial position of the consumer, i.e. The consumer wants to spend the minimum amount for maximizing his gains. The following are the main economic factors that greatly influence the consumer buying behavior: The disposable personal income is the income left in hand after all the taxes, and other necessary payments have been made. ADVERTISEMENTS: Everything you need to know about the factors affecting consumer behavior. The demographic factors which affect consumer behavior are: (1) age (2) sex (3) marital status (4) income (5) family background (6) education (7) occupation (8) family size (9) geographic factors (10) psychological factors. Economic determinants such as cost, income, availability 3. If the economy is strong, consumers have more purchasing power and money is pumped into the thriving economy. Personal Income: Income of a consumer is most important factor affecting the demand and subsequently the purchase decisions. 10 Consumer Behavior Differences between developed and developing Countries. Competitors. Consumer Behaviour â Cultural factors. Definition: The Consumer Behavior is the study of how an individual decides to purchase a particular product over the other and what are the underlying factors that mold such behavior. This article focuses on four important demographic factors and the effect they have on consumer behavior. Consumer behavior or purchases made by consumers are rarely unaffected. The reaction, as a consumer, of an 18-year-old teenager has nothing to do with that of a 68-year-old veteran. Factors Influencing Consumer Behaviour: Consumer behaviour is affected by a number of factors. The key driver for eating is of course hunger but what we choose to eat is not determined solely by physiological or nutritional needs. Market size. Inflation directly affects the value of the dollar because when inflation goes up, the dollar's value goes down, and so does the consumer's purchasing power. Factor affecting Consumer Behavior. Consumer spending is impacted by a variety of economic factors, including prices, their own ability to spend, the economy as a whole and what items they prioritize as being the most important. Cultural factors affecting consumer buying behaviour: Cultural factors have a significant impact on customer behavior.Culture is the most basic cause of a personâs wants and behavior. Some of these differences are easily noticeable whereas the others might be a little difficult to observe. Following the 2008 financial crisis, young people were burdened with debt, high unemployment and â¦ Age and Life Cycle: The activities of individuals and families vary over time. Below are some microeconomic factors that may influence a business: 1. 6. The economic factors that most affect the demand for consumer goods are employment, wages, prices/inflation, interest rates, and consumer confidence. 5. also influences the consumer buying behavior. 2020 economic factors affecting consumer behaviour
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9608307480812073, "language": "en", "url": "http://www.kolumnmagazine.com/2016/12/08/americas-poor-still-lack-access-basic-banking-services/", "token_count": 341, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.423828125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:6dc014c2-f15e-4929-8491-860ea6353ea3>" }	There are signs of improvement: A recent study from the FDIC found that the share of the totally unbanked—those without any checking account or access to traditional financial services at all—had declined to 7 percent from 7.7 percent in 2013. But the share of the underbanked—that is those who have checking accounts but still rely on alternative products such as payday or auto loans to make ends meet—has remained just about the same, at around 20 percent. That means that there is still a significant amount of work to be done when it comes to providing the necessary services for vulnerable Americans. Despite a sprawling and varied financial industry, more than one-quarter of Americans don’t have adequate access to basic banking tools, such as checking accounts, credit cards, or loans for instance. That group—known as the underbanked—is made up of those who suffer the most from growing inequality and systemic marginalization: Americans with low incomes, those with less than a college degree, and minorities. To assess the inclusiveness of the banking system, and in partial response to a statutory mandate, the FDIC has conducted the survey biennially since 2009. The most recent survey was administered in June 2015 in partnership with the U.S. Census Bureau, collecting responses from more than 36,000 households. The survey provides estimates of the proportion of U.S. households that do not have an account at an insured institution, and the proportion that have an account but obtained (nonbank) alternative financial services in the past 12 months. The survey also provides insights that may inform efforts to better meet the needs of these consumers within the banking system. (FDIC)
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9369374513626099, "language": "en", "url": "http://www.pennstateshalelaw.com/2017/03/shale-law-in-spotlight-dep-addresses.html", "token_count": 998, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.326171875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:09b2b612-0d54-4a25-87f6-24ecfd873952>" }	Written by Chloe Marie – Research Fellow The extent to which methane emissions from natural gas development is an issue that requires additional regulatory measures has been hotly contested across the country. Proponents of more stringent requirements against oil and gas operators claim that action is required to combat climate change while opponents of new regulations claim that these regulations will impose unnecessary obligations upon an important industry. On January 19, 2016, Governor Wolf issued a press release announcing the proposed implementation of a strategy plan by the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) to reduce methane emissions. In his press release, Governor Wolf declared that as “the second-leading producer of natural gas in the nation behind Texas, [Pennsylvania is] uniquely positioned to be a national leader in addressing climate change while supporting and ensuring responsible energy development, creating new jobs, and protecting public health and our environment.” This strategy plan was presented as an integral part of the updated Pennsylvania Climate Change Action Plan, which was published by DEP in August 2016. In the updated Climate Change Action Plan, DEP stated that “Pennsylvania’s gross GHG emissions are projected to be lower in 2030 than in 2000, with reductions in the residential, commercial, transportation, agriculture and waste sectors.” The strategy plan is comprised of specific measures including those listed below: · DEP plans to replace the August 2013 Category No. 38 conditional permit exemption (exemption 38) for unconventional wells with a new Air Quality General Permit for oil and gas exploration, development, and production facilities, including well pads, known as GP-5A. More precisely, unconventional wells in Pennsylvania are currently exempted from air quality permitting requirements provided that the operator or owner meets all application requirements established in the Category No. 38 exemption criteria. The new General Permit will establish requirements for the use of Best Available Technology (BAT) for sources at unconventional natural gas wells. · DEP proposes to review the existing GP-5 applicable to sources located at natural gas compressor stations and/or processing facilities and provides for updates to the existing BAT requirements and Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) program for new sources. DEP also intends to amend and strengthen the requirements for affected sources and expand the applicability of GP-5 to cover sources located at natural gas transmission stations. To advance this objective, in February 2017, DEP issued an updated Technical Support Document addressing the new GP-5A permit for Unconventional Natural Gas Well Site Operations and Remote Pigging Stations and the revised GP-5 for Natural Gas Compressor Stations and/or Processing Facilities. · DEP plans to bring forward specific proposals to address existing source emissions. In October 2016, U.S. EPA released its final Control Techniques Guidelines (CTG) for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry with recommendations to states to reduce VOC and methane emissions from certain existing oil and gas industry emission sources. · DEP will work through the Pennsylvania Pipeline Infrastructure Task Force (PITF) to implement best management practices (BMPs), including best available technology (BAT), to reduce fugitive methane emissions from oil and gas industry infrastructure. Following the release of the strategy plan, three state senators from Pennsylvania – namely Senator President Pro Tempore Joe Scarnati, Senate Majority Leader Jake Corman and Senator Gene Yaw, Majority Chair of the Senate Environmental Resources and Energy Committee – sent a letter to the Acting Secretary of Environmental Protection, Patrick McDonnell, dated February 6, 2017, asking a number of key questions regarding the proposed revisions to the existing GP-5 permit and the new proposed GP-5A permit. The senators expressed concern that such changes would “[add] new degrees of complexity to the permitting and site construction process that may significantly impair the competitiveness of the Commonwealth and strongly discourage the investment of private capital into Pennsylvania.” They questioned DEP’s legal authority to look into matters relating to methane emissions and asked for more information about the scientific evidence gathered to establish methane limitations on the unconventional oil and gas industry. In addition, the senators requested further explanation regarding the cost-benefit analysis of proposed permits, the content requirements for the permit application, and the legal justification chosen to impose methane limitations on only the unconventional oil and gas industry. On February 24, 2017, Acting DEP Secretary Patrick McDonnell responded to the senators’ letter stating that “DEP believes that proposed GP-5A and the proposed revisions to GP-5 balance the needs of industry for cost-effective operation and the needs of the public for enhanced environmental protection.” In the same letter, Secretary McDonnell also claimed that DEP is required to implement federal regulations governing control of methane emissions pursuant to Section 4 of the Air Pollution Control Act and the Clean Air Act permitting in Pennsylvania. With regard to the omission of the conventional oil and gas industry, Secretary McDonnell reasoned that it comprises a small portion of total gas production in Pennsylvania and is addressed through EPA requirements.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9677805304527283, "language": "en", "url": "https://actuaries.blog.gov.uk/2020/11/05/negative-inflation/", "token_count": 1042, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.04931640625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:ce0ef7bd-7eed-4ecc-9eca-669fec6b5254>" }	Firstly, let’s define what inflation is. For the purposes of this blog, I’ll give a broad definition for inflation as ‘the general increase in prices of goods and services.’ Therefore, negative inflation, commonly known as ‘deflation’, will refer to the general decrease in the price of goods and services – by which I mean things getting cheaper to buy over time. Because there are so many goods and services available in the economy, and different ways of calculating inflation, there is no single definitive measure. Instead, in the UK we have 3 main measures of inflation. These are the Consumer Prices Index (CPI), Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH) and Retail Prices Index (RPI). The Office for National Statistics (ONS) calculates these indices by looking at something called a ‘weighted basket of goods and services’. The ONS picks around 700 goods and services and assigns them a weight. This refers to how much they contribute to the basket – or in other words roughly how much the average household might spend on that good or service relative to everything else. The cost of this basket is then tracked to give a figure for inflation. The differences between these indices are largely due to the differences in the goods and services selected and their weightings. For instance, CPIH includes goods and services associated with housing such as Council Tax, whereas CPI doesn’t. However, for RPI the calculation methodology is quite different (which is explained in more detail here.) This has led to some noticeable differences between RPI and the other measures over the last 10 years or so, as demonstrated in the graph below. The goods and services, including their weighting are reviewed periodically to reflect how we typically spend our money. For example, in 2019, the ONS added smart speakers and removed envelopes from their CPI calculations. Perhaps next year we might see hand-sanitiser or toilet paper being given a greater role! We need to have a measure for inflation for 2 main reasons. Firstly, as an indicator for the general health of the economy, which helps consumers and businesses prepare for the future. Secondly, some financial products, such as the state pension’s ‘triple lock’, may have costs and benefits which are directly tied to inflation figures. Why does negative inflation occur? Negative inflation can occur for many reasons, and in reality, it probably occurs from a combination of them. I’ll split them into 2 broad reasons: consumers demanding fewer goods and services which leads to lower prices, or producers offering goods and services at lower prices – for example because of efficiencies in their production process or trying to outdo competitors. The factors that affect this supply and demand are far-reaching and intertwined, often including average earnings growth, interest rates, exchange rates and so on. You’d probably want an economist to untangle these. Winners and losers So, is negative inflation a good thing or not? From an initial glance, consumers are the winners here, as now their money can take them further than previously. I (among many others I’m sure) would be particularly happy if the weekly shop and monthly bills were a bit cheaper! However, if negative inflation is persistent, the main loser will be the economy and ultimately individuals. Expectations of negative inflation may incentivise people to put off purchases now in the belief that they can get the items cheaper in the future. Conversely, negative inflation caused by low levels of spending may be a symptom of a bigger economic problem, such as stagnating wages and unemployment. Either way, this reduced spending from consumers leads to reduced profits for businesses who may ultimately reduce their staffing which would increase unemployment. This can lead to further depression in consumer demand and so deflation can quickly become a vicious cycle that is hard for economies to get out of. For example, Japan’s battle with deflation and poor economic growth at the turn of the century lasted many years and is widely referred to as the “Lost Decade”. COVID-19 and the outlook for the UK The August 2020 figures give some concern for negative inflation as CPI was 0.2% which is well below the government target of 2.0%. This can be largely be attributed to falls in restaurant prices due to the ‘Eat Out to Help Out’ scheme and falling clothing and air travel prices, all of which are related to COVID-19. COVID-19 has severely impacted the global economy and there is currently still a lot of uncertainty surrounding it and the future. Therefore, although the prospects of deflation seem higher than before the pandemic, it is still far too early and extremely difficult to predict how inflation might unfold in both the short-term and long-term. For further detail and expertise from GAD, see our Market data insights. The opinions in this blog post are not intended to provide specific advice. For our full disclaimer, please see the About this blog page.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9445196986198425, "language": "en", "url": "https://banisib.ru/crypto/What+kind+of+investment+accounts+earn+compound+interest%0D%0A", "token_count": 2302, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.053955078125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:255ee2aa-2747-41b8-81e4-62e633e035e2>" }	bank accounts earn compound interest bank accounts are classic compounding vehicles. You can earn compound interest on a variety of commonly utilized accounts, including checking and savings accounts. Understanding compound interest compound interest refers to fractional interest payments made repeatedly during a year. In broad terms, compound interest refers to the phenomenon of adding interest to the principal sum of a deposit or a loan and can alternatively also be viewed as gaining interest on top of interest. It is a direct consequence of reinvesting interest instead of paying it out to earn the interest of the next period on both the principal sum as well as the previously accrued interest has taken together. Compound interest investments are bank-type or money market assets that compound over time. Its the process which an assets earnings (from capital gains or interest) are reinvested to generate more money. Essentially, assets earn money, and that money is put back in for a bigger long-term payout. how to invest with compound interest 5 factors to consider. Bank savings accounts, mutual fund and brokerage account money market accounts, and life insurance cash accounts typically accrue compound interest. Corporate and government bonds, on the other hand, often pay simple interest, although sometimes these products will have dividend reinvestment programs which enable compounding. similarly, what kind of accounts have compound interest? Most types of accounts stick to a standard compounding schedule. For example, bank savings and money market accounts usually compound interest daily. Cds pay interest thats compounded daily, compounded monthly, compounded annually or even compounded several times a year. Certain investment accounts or funds (basket of stocks) will automatically reinvest (the advisor generally does that) dividends or returns into the fund or account for you. With compound interest, that reinvested money can further assist with reaching your financial goals. IOTA is the first major cryptocurrency to look at using a DAG in order to process transactions. If their experiment proves a success, they will gain the advantage of being the first in a new field.It’s beginning to be accepted as a platform with the ability to provide a highly secure, scalable and decentralized system to provide numerous transactions per second.While such growth is impressive, making Bitcoin the world’s most powerful computing network by far, one unintended consequence of such rapid growth has been increased centralisation.Learn everything you need to know about Bitcoin in just 7 days. Daily videos sent straight to your inbox.There are a few exchanges that are regulated. For example, Coinbase, CEX, Coinmama are regulated.When using CBC ciphers, the AlgorithmIdentifier object may hold cryptographic parameters such as the initialization vector (IV) or the effective key length for RC2 ciphers. To specify these parameters when creating or initializing block ciphers, build a CBCAlgorithmIdentifier object or RC2AlgorithmIdentifier object with the cryptographic parameters. Example 3-7 shows how to create and initialize a CBC cipher and a RC2 cipher.Fees are what Bitcoin owners pay to bitcoin miners whenever they transfer funds to another bitcoin address. But in order to understand fees in detail we, first need to understand what happens when you send Bitcoins to another address:Unlike traditional banking, deposits in crypto interest accounts are not insured by the FDIC. Customers of conventional banks get a part of their funds back if, for any reason, the bank fails. So what happens to depositors of Crypto interest accounts?Edge is a mobile wallet for iOS and Android that supports multiple cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin Cash. It also has a variety of features allowing you to buy cryptocurrencies and exchange them from within the app.Checkout this guide to learn more about how crypto tax reporting works.Trend line bots Advanced index bots Trade bots Flash crash bot.To add an account on TabTrader, click on “Accounts”. Next select the exchange on which you have an account. [Here for this example, A Binance account will be added]Are there friends who you paid in that time period who say, ‘I gave you $50 for some Bitcoin that's now worth $20’?Trading Fee : 0.6% (0.3% for buyer/ 0.3% for seller)Le service d'exécution d'ordres au travers d’un compte risque limité présente un risque de perte du capital investi.This ad promotes virtual cryptocurrency investing within the EU (by eToro Europe Ltd. and eToro UK Ltd.) & USA (by eToro USA LLC); which is highly volatile, unregulated in most EU countries, no EU protections & not supervised by the EU regulatory framework. Investments are subject to market risk, including the loss of principal.The historical data can be extracted from the beginning of trades on the Gate.io platform. It’s worthwhile considering that REST API is pretty stable. The transaction time is given with the accuracy up to milliseconds. There are 300 cryptocurrency pairs traded on the platform. Gate.io doesn’t require the extra authentication and the generation of API Key. There may be some difficulties in delving through the transaction history because of the nature of each trade ID: it’s unique for the exchange platform as a whole, rather than for every single crypto pair.Use this responsive WordPress template to launch fully-featured cryptocurrency blogs. Cryplix is intended to become the rock-solid foundation of a range of content-rich online projects. The fully editable layout is enhanced with a number of pre-designed pages that are suited to be used for a range of purposes. The theme includes Elementor page builder. With its help, even non-techies can create versatile web pages code-free. Thanks to the mobile-first paradigm, you may feel confident that all pieces of content will be displayed perfectly well on the smaller screens. Premium extensions and high-quality images are added as the special bonuses at no cost.By Faraz Jafari \| Finance & Investment , Technology Cryptocurrency is the future of money, and even though it is still in its infancy and lacking the regulatory systems and networks to fully utilise. The shared agreement to use and embrace this new wave of technological assets, means that the current financial systems that control, regulate and maintain paper currencies such as the USD, GBD, EURO, YEN etc will no longer maintain a monopoly over the financial and monetary markets, and moreover, human affairs. Cryptocurrencies are used primarily outside existing banking and governmental institutions, and exchanged over the Internet. While these alternative, decentralized modes of exchange are in the early stages of development, they have the unique potential to challenge existing systems of currency and payments Wikipedia Besides being the future and the vigilant citizens currency of choice. Cryptocurrecny have been known to make many rich and therefore, there is a financial incentive to early investors that that pick the right coins. There has so far been two waves of monumental growth in the cryptomarket. The first being that of Bitcoin, and recently the Ethereum (which is believe to be able to surpass Bitcoin in the future). These digital coins make a great investments for those wanting to diversify their portfolios. Much like gold or silver, they can be backed and stable when traditional currencies fall or become obsolete. There are essentially two ways to enter the market. The first is to buy the coin using your money of choice, either early in its funding or down the track. Or by mining the coins using computation. Which is the system that allows for these decentralised proofs of transactions to occur in the network. Read more here After dabbling in cryptocurrency Continue reading >>With the recent launch of its mobile trading app, Gemini is taking its safe crypto trading platform to Main Street. Is one of the most advanced crypto exchanges for professional traders more than Main Street wants or needs?Initially known as Darkcoin, Dash was released in 2014 and was designed to ensure consumer privacy and confidentiality. In truth, the white paper of the cryptocurrency, co-authored by Evan Duffield and Daniel Diaz, defines it as “the first cryptographic currency centered on privacy” drawing on the findings of Nakamoto.You can think of these platforms as brokerage firms specifically designed for cryptocurrencies . Each offers trading in the most popular cryptos, and of course, you should expect to pay a fee for both buying and selling.The report recommends that Maryland’s General Assembly update the existing law to reflect the rise of cryptocurrency and make companies dealing in crypto subject to money transmitter regulations.As per Bloomberg’s report stating a composite of prices, Bitcoin was rising by 1.5% since 5 p.m. on 11th February 2021. It reached a value of $47,657 at noon in New York. The coin has achieved a total of 64% in terms of value this year.eToro allows you to buy 16 different cryptocurrencies. If you know which one you wish to buy, simply enter it into the search box and click on the result that loads up. In our example, we are buying Ripple.From the beginning of the year, the capitalization of the digital money market increased by 32% - in 2019 it amounts to $ 165 billion. In December 2018 , Bitcoin set an annual minimum of $ 3,242. At the end of February 2019 , a positive dynamic of Bitcoin growth was observed. In March , it became known that the Iranian government, which banned cryptocurrencies on the territory of its state, is now ready to accept them and even promote them. At the beginning of April 2019 , the rate of Bitcoin soared by 15%, testing the mark of 5 thousand dollars. Experts explain this anomaly by the return of major players to the market. The growth of Bitcoin on April 2, 2019 occurred in the Asian session, and an unknown buyer purchased 20 thousand bitcoins, which amounts to $ 94 million. In May , Bitcoin price continued to rise. On 29 May 2019, the price of BTC is equal to $8721. In June , the price of Bitcoin beats all records. At first, the bitcoin rate is testing the $ 10,000 mark, and then it continues to grow. At the beginning of July , Bitcoin price extremely rose up to $12 500 but fluctuated from $12 500 to $9 300. In August , after the rise and fall Bitcoin price varies around $10 300. The Bitcoin dominance was below 60% for a long period (from May 2017 to June 2019). In summer 2019, BTC dominance managed to spike to 90% level.The second factor to look into when selecting the best ASIC miner is electricity consumption. If you are using more than ten devices, you need to pay extra attention to the power of the network.Mutual funds are an indirect way of investing your money. If investors do not have time and expertise to invest in markets, mutual funds are ideal for your investment. They are managed by professional fund managers who have years of experience in capital markets and investments.In fact, it is difficult to see bitcoins, tides or other coins in a matter of minutes. It is more difficult to identify people as outsiders to avoid flooding in business groups, readings, telegrams and other discussion groups.“We’ve already heard of interest from other players that are looking at the Ugandan market,” Rugunda told CoinDesk.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9373257160186768, "language": "en", "url": "https://cleantechnica.com/2018/02/06/bitcoin-else-can-blockchain-think-solar-energy/", "token_count": 1138, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.185546875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:d33d4912-cbc6-4580-b353-d49d6ca5be9d>" }	Note: For a deeper dive on this subject, see CleanTechnica’s in-depth section on cleantechnica + blockchain. Ever wondered how much sunshine would be needed in order to power your house? What if a local microgrid would supply clean solar energy to your block of houses, or even your whole community, and you could share the bill with your neighbors. Let’s take it a step further: how much solar energy would we need to power the world on solar — and how much time would it take to get that much solar power installed? Does it matter that the sun produces power on the other side of the globe while I’m sleeping? And how could I get batteries to work with the existing grid? Imagine the disruption of the market for the local utility if I kept energy within my batteries at home, essentially going off-grid. Well, as it appears, there is a new technology around the block — one that will enable a new Industrial Revolution. Buckle up, we’re going for a ride into (not-so) Star Trek technology… Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network database. Think Napster, or file-sharing within a common group, but in the case of a Blockchain, it comes with real-time and distributed updating. And its non-spoofable! In a Blockchain, every transaction and data is recorded directly onto this database. One very promising Blockchain is that of Bitcoin, as its Blockchain serves as a tool for recording digital transactions occurring with this ‘internet’ currency. Unhackable. Why? Well, because all these transactions are recorded not only on your computer, but also in everyone else’s — — in total anonymity — and every transaction is validated by all participants in that same network. Great — what else other than Bitcoin can a Blockchain do? Blockchain can also serve for recording data and providing efficiencies for companies embedding such technology. One such example, in the finance industry, is that of the R3 Consortium which is developing Blockchain technology in order to ease and fluidify the processes of settlement, clearing and custody of market commodities and assets, hence allowing for transactions to take place (and being cleared under Blockchain technology) within a matter of minutes, as opposed to several days. It therefore allows these same banks — and you! — to send and receive assets and money instantly, anywhere in the world, securely. As it appears, each and every industry is going to be impacted by Blockchain technology: from supply chain-management, to auditing and accounting. In this last industry, imagine that your account statements are self audited — because as they are recorded onto a Blockchain, it could be made available (online and in real-time) to your auditors. No more fiddling with the books… No more moonlighting… Another such industry which is actively working with Blockchain technology is the energy sector, a traditionally “un-innovative” sector with well established near-monopolies. In this sector, Blockchain is already enabling peer-to-peer energy transactions between neighbors. Imagine that your solar panels are going to deliver energy to the grid and/or charge your batteries at the most convenient time. And it all lies in the palm of your hand. Indeed, a simple app will analyze the best moment for feeding the grid — at the best price — or charge your batteries and/or use the energy with, say, your dishwasher and internet-connected devices. And if you happen to need the energy to charge your electric vehicle and/or start the oven, the app (and the blockchain behind it) will adapt in real-time, in total transparency to the utility. This represents a new business model for you, the utility, and your network operator. Right — but what about solar? Recently, the Brussels-based European Solar Association, SolarPowerEurope, set up a Digital Task Force for studying digitalization and applications to the solar energy industry. A striking tool which is to be used soon is that of such peer-to-peer energy trading platforms enabling for energy billing and exchanging for prosumers: the consumers who are involved with designing or customizing products to their own needs. Okay — so I’m feeding the grid… what happens when everybody gets sunshine at the same time? Expect energy prices to drop, it’s logic… and this is where the SolarCoin digital asset comes into perspective. Indeed, in a world which is going to be predominantly producing solar power — 5,000GWp of it within the next 20 years, according to the International Energy Agency — an international and community-based initiative seeking to initiate the clean energy transition has used this disruptive Blockchain technology in developing the SolarCoin Digital Asset. SolarCoin essentially works like an air mileage program, whereby solar power producers register their solar install to the network and receive 1 SLR (ie SolarCoin, §) for each MWh of solar power produced. And you can exchange your SolarCoins for hard currency just like any digital currency. Your tablet, your car, your house, your phone, your windows, and perhaps your walls as well, are going to produce solar power. Right — but where do we stand now with solar power? Well, as it appears, some 300GWp of solar capacity have been installed in the past 20 years. So you’re telling me that a new blockchain-based global Feed-in-Tariff could be set forth with SolarCoin?
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.8647593855857849, "language": "en", "url": "https://pilydovurocasuru.astonmartingo.com/linear-algebra-for-economists-book-38102kp.php", "token_count": 2246, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.056884765625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:dee62988-8376-4ded-9362-5d347ad3f563>" }	1 edition of Linear algebra for economists found in the catalog. Linear algebra for economists F. T. Aleskerov Includes bibliographical references and index. \|Statement\|\|Fuad Aleskerov, Hasan Ersel, Dmitri Piontkovski\| \|Series\|\|Springer texts in business and economics, Springer texts in business and economics\| \|Contributions\|\|Ersel, Hasan, Piontkovski, Dmitri\| \|LC Classifications\|\|QA184.2 .A44 2011\| \|The Physical Object\| \|Pagination\|\|xii, 279 p. :\| \|Number of Pages\|\|279\| \|LC Control Number\|\|2011934913\| A First Course in Linear Algebra is an introductory textbook aimed at college-level sophomores and juniors. Typically students will have taken calculus, but it is not a prerequisite. The book begins with systems of linear equations, then covers matrix algebra, before taking up finite-dimensional vector spaces in full generality. The final chapter covers matrix representations of linear. The following books have been used to prepare this course. Kevin Houston. How to Think Like a Mathematician. Cambridge •Linear Algebra: exactly is what we are doing in Mathematical Economics. An economic model is a simplistic picture of the real world. In such a. Get this from a library! Linear algebra for economists. [F T Aleskerov; Hasan Ersel; Dmitri Piontkovski] -- This textbook introduces students of economics to the fundamental notions and instruments in linear algebra. Linearity is used as a first approximation to many problems that are studied in different. Linear algebra is a fundamental area of mathematics, and is arguably the most powerful mathematical tool ever developed. It is a core topic of study within fields as diverse as: business, economics, engineering, physics, computer science, ecology, sociology, demography and genetics. Welcome to Linear Algebra for Beginners: Open Doors to Great Careers! My name is Richard Han. This is a first textbook in linear algebra. Ideal student: If you're a working professional needing a refresher on linear algebra or a complete beginner who needs to learn linear algebra for the first time, this book . of topics in analysis and linear algebra with an economic twist. If you are going to end up as an economist that uses a lot of maths, then you will want to get hold of this book (especially if you are interested in micro theory). A useful analysis text is Rudin, W., Principles of. S. Ninians Cathedral A Permanent Magnet Circuit Design Primer World chess championship, 1957 Vegetation of the northern Yukon Territory First book of natural history Start to Finish Guide to Distributing Software With Systems Management Server 2003 (Start to Finish Guide) (Start to Finish Guide) Attack on Titan dynamic characteristics of human skeletal muscle modeled from surface stimulation Carla Gets a Pet Exercises on ordnance maps. Compilation of low energy electron collision cross section data British standard glossary of aeronautical terms. United States Senate The main aim of the book is, naturally, to give students the fundamental notions and instruments in linear algebra. Linearity is the Linear algebra for economists book assumption used in all ﬁelds of science. It gives a ﬁrst approximation to any problem under study and is widely used in economics and. Linear algebra is also the most suitable to teach students what proofs are and how to prove a statement. The proofs that are given in the text are relatively easy to understand and also endow the student with different ways of thinking in making proofs. Theorems for which no proofs are given in the Linear algebra for economists book are illustrated via figures and : Springer. This textbook introduces students of economics to the fundamental notions and instruments in linear algebra. Linearity is used as a first approximation to many problems that are studied in different branches of science, including economics and other social sciences. Linear algebra is also the most suitable to teach students what proofs are and how to prove a statement.5/5(1). The book provides a variety of economic examples using linear algebraic tools. It mainly addresses students in economics who need to build up skills in understanding mathematical reasoning. Students in mathematics and informatics may also be interested in learning about the use of mathematics in economics. Request PDF \| On Jan 1,Fuad Aleskerov and others published Linear Algebra for Economists \| Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate. The only prerequisite is high school algebra, but the book goes on to cover all the mathematics needed for undergraduate economics. It is also a useful reference for graduate students. After a review of the fundamentals of sets, numbers, and functions, the book covers limits and continuity, the calculus of functions of one variable, linear. A. If you are a beginner then read: (1). Mathematics for economists by Taro Yamane (2). Mathematics for Economists by C.P. Simon (3). Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics by A.C. Chiang and K. Wainwright B. If you want to look into mathem. II Solving systems of equations (Linear algebra) 71 6 Matrices 72 8 Using linear algebra in economics 95 The –rst section of the book is devoted to the theory of optimization, and it begins with basic calculus. It moves beyond basic calculus in two ways, though. First, economic problems often have agents simultaneously. Description: UCI Math 4 covers the following topics: linear algebra and multivariable differential calculus suitable for economic applications. Recorded on Aug Required attribution. Linear Algebra for Economists (Springer Texts in Business and Economics) - Kindle edition by Aleskerov, Fuad, Ersel, Hasan, Piontkovski, Dmitri. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Linear Algebra for Economists (Springer Texts in Business and Economics).Manufacturer: Springer. Mathematics for Economists Chapters Linear Models and Matrix Algebra Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (–) The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art ( BC) Objectives of Math for Economists To study economic problems with the formal tools of math. To understand mathematical economics problems by stating the. Until the 19th century, linear algebra was introduced through systems of linear equations and modern mathematics, the presentation through vector spaces is generally preferred, since it is more synthetic, more general (not limited to the finite-dimensional case), and conceptually simpler, although more abstract. A vector space over a field F (often the field of the real numbers. book successfully. With complete details for every proof, for nearly every example, and for solutions to a majority of the exercises, the book is ideal for self-study, for those of any age. While there is an abundance of guidance in the use of the software system,Sage, there is no attempt to address the problems of numerical linear algebra. Linear Algebra for Economists (Springer Texts in Business and Economics) by Fuad Aleskerov, Hasan Ersel, Dmitri Piontkovski Free PDF d0wnl0ad, audio books, books to read, good books to read, cheap books, good books, online books, books online, book reviews epub, read books online, books to read online, online library, greatbooks to read, PDF. Matrix Algebra and Linear Economic Models References Ch. 1 – 3 (Turkington); Ch. 4 – (Klein). Motivation One market equilibrium Model • Assume perfectly competitive market: Both buyers and sellers are price-takers. • Demand: Qabd =+P, a > 0, and b. Economics Institute Academy of Science of the Czech Republic A COOK-BOOK OF MATHEMATICS Viatcheslav VINOGRADOV June CERGE-EI LECTURE NOTES 1. A Cook-Book of MATHEMATICS 1 Linear Algebra Matrix Algebra De nition 1 An m nmatrix is a rectangular array of real numbers with mrows and. The book provides a variety of economic examples using linear algebraic tools. It mainly addresses students in economics who need to build up skills in understanding mathematical reasoning. Students in mathematics and informatics may also be interested in learning about the use of mathematics in economics. Linear Algebra for Economists. por Brand: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Theorems for which no proofs are given in the book are illustrated via figures and examples. All notions are illustrated appealing to geometric book provides a variety of economic examples using linear algebraic tools. Itmainly addresses students in economics who need to build up skills in understanding mathematical : Fuad Aleskerov. Systems of linear equations Linear spaces Euclidean spaces Linear transformations Eigenvectors and eigenvalues Linear model of production in a classical setting Linear programming --A. Natural numbers and induction --B. Method of evaluating determinants --C. Complex numbers --D. Pseudoinverse --E. Answers and. Linear algebra is the math of vectors and matrices. Let nbe a positive integer and let R denote the set of real numbers, then Rn is the set of all n-tuples of real numbers. A vector ~v2Rnis an n-tuple of real numbers. The notation “2S” is read “element of S.” For example, consider a vector. Buy Linear Algebra for Economists (Springer Texts in Business and Economics) by Aleskerov, Fuad, Ersel, Hasan, Piontkovski, Dmitri (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible : Fuad Aleskerov, Hasan Ersel, Dmitri Piontkovski. Linear Algebra for Economists. by Fuad Aleskerov,Hasan Ersel,Dmitri Piontkovski. Springer Texts in Business and Economics. Share your thoughts Complete your review. Tell readers what you thought by rating and reviewing this book. Rate it * You Rated it *Brand: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.One of the worst math books ever. 1 year ago # QUOTE 0 Good 2 No Good! Economist Linear Algebra Done Right 1 year ago # QUOTE 0 Good 0 No Good! Economist a Halmos 1 year ago # QUOTE 0 Good 0 No Good! Economist There's no such thing as "Linear algebra for economists". Just learn stuff even if it's at a slightly higher level than.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9223386645317078, "language": "en", "url": "https://scoopskiller.com/management-materials/business-accounts/vertical-integration/", "token_count": 332, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.00124359130859375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:ccadb958-d6a5-4679-992f-bd558e2b6d7d>" }	Vertical integration is a competitive strategy by which a company takes complete control over one or more stages in the production or distribution of a product. A company opts for vertical integration to ensure full control over the supply of the raw materials to manufacture its products. It may also employ vertical integration to take over the reins of distribution of its products. A classic example is that of the Carnegie Steel Company, which not only bought iron mines to ensure the supply of the raw material but also took over railroads to strengthen the distribution of the final product. The strategy helped Carnegie produce cheaper steel, and empowered it in the marketplace. Advantages of Vertical integration - Lower transaction costs. - Quality of products. - Competitive advantage. - Increase entry barriers for new entrants. Disadvantages of Vertical integration - The quality of goods supplied earlier by external sources may fall because of a lack of competition. - Flexibility to increase or decrease production of raw materials or components may be lost as the company may need to sustain a level of production in pursuit of economies of scale. - It may be difficult for the company to sustain core competencies as it focuses on the integration of the new units. Difference between Horizontal Integration and Vertical Integration \|Horizontal Integration\|\|Vertical Integration\| \|Combination of whose products and production level is same, then this is known as Horizontal Integration.\|\|When a firm takes over another firm or firms, that are at different stage on the same production path.\| \|Elimination of competition and maximum market share.\|\|Reduction of cost and wastage.\|
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9529950618743896, "language": "en", "url": "https://simplyconveyancers.co.uk/deed-of-trust/", "token_count": 648, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.08837890625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:c84a5bc2-78e3-4966-8f82-d1f3fa1ac44b>" }	A GUIDE TO A DECLARATION OF TRUST A Declaration of Trust is a statement showing how much of a property is owned by whom. It is often used by unmarried couples, those investing differing amounts in the purchase of a property and where a family member lends money for a deposit. Who should make a Declaration of Trust? You should consider making a Declaration of Trust if you are purchasing a property with someone else, moving into someone else’s home or contributing to the purchase of a property that will not be in your name. The Declaration of Trust will record your agreement as to how the sale proceeds of the property are to be divided between you when you come to sell the property. It could also set out: • the deposit each of you have paid towards the purchase price; • the amount each of you have contributed to legal costs, stamp duty and removal costs; • what share of the property you will each own; • the percentage of the mortgage each person is responsible for; • how property expenses will be paid; • the mechanisms that you will each accept if you need to buy out the other’s share of the property. Why do I need to protect my investment? Problems may arise if there is a relationship breakdown, one of you wishes to sell the property or one of you dies. Without a Declaration of Trust, a court may order that the sale proceeds should be divided equally amongst the parties. This may be unfair if you have made unequal contributions towards the purchase price of the property or you have spent a significant amount of money on home improvements. When should the Declaration of Trust be set up? If you are buying a property with someone else, then you will need to decide whether you hold the property as Tenants in Common or Joint Tenants. Your conveyancing lawyer will be able to advise you further on what is most suitable for you. If you hold the property as Tenants in Common, you will usually need a Declaration of Trust to support this type of ownership. Setting up a Declaration of trust when a property is first purchased will make the position clear from the outset. However, a Declaration of Trust can be set up at any time as long as all of the people involved agree. This might be suitable where, for example, one person pays for substantial repairs to the property or pays off a lump sum on the mortgage. When creating a Declaration of Trust, it is usually important to support this with a Will. For example, you might want a basic Declaration of Trust merely stating the shares on sale and in the Will make provision for the survivor to use the property for the rest of his or her life. It may also be a good opportunity for you to review your financial circumstances, any tax planning you have in place and consider making a Lasting Power of Attorney. How we can help Our experienced lawyers can advise you on the decisions that need to be made to enable a Declaration of Trust to be set up. You should note that we are usually only permitted to act for one party to the Declaration of Trust due to the potential conflict of interest between the people involved.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9534710049629211, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.agri.com.au/is-automated-farming-a-threat-to-job-security/", "token_count": 634, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.02392578125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:69580866-fc84-431d-8b4a-d225c10c6d3f>" }	By Dr Ray Johnson, Managing Director Agricultural Appointments. As I have previously written, there is a digital revolution underway in Australian agriculture, now with the timely confluence of record production levels marking agriculture as one of the key “industries of the future”. But it is the digital revolution that is changing the traditional harsh image of farming to an industry sector that is increasingly becoming attractive for the younger generations. But will the pace of implementation of automated farming technologies threaten or enhance the job opportunities of the future? Many experts such as billionaire investor Jeff Greene believe that artificial intelligence, big data and robotics pose a serious challenge to both white collar and blue collar jobs. It has been predicted that by the year 2025, robots would take up a third of all jobs. There is no doubt that these factors will play a key role in the future of agriculture as well. Food and farming systems are now already experiencing a new era of revolutionized farming. There have been major advances in autosteer of farm machinery, and there is a range of farm production and sensor technologies directed towards livestock monitoring and the optimization of water, fertiliser and pesticide applications. Research on automated farming is rapidly expanding. For example, the University of Sydney has research underway to train a ‘farmbot’ to herd livestock, monitor their health and check they have enough pasture to graze on. There are also a range of hovering platforms (drones) suited to ultra-high resolution scanning and targeted surveys, and even for interaction with the environment such as targeted spraying of weeds for example. The first fully robotic dairy in the southern hemisphere is in Tasmania, indicating that Australia is a developer and rapid adopter of new technology. So we would be wise to perhaps advise caution on predicting the future job market for young people in agriculture. However there are four significant factors at play in Australian agriculture at present: - Continued strong growth in agricultural production – in 2016 the national value of agricultural output increased by a remarkable 28%. The global importance of agriculture in providing sufficient food for the ever-growing human population means that Australian agriculture will continue on its major expansion path barring national climatic occurrences; - Low unemployment levels – the level of unemployment in Australia is currently around 5.6% and appears to be relatively steady between 5-6%, and in the long-term, the Australia Unemployment Rate is projected to trend around 5.60 percent in 2020; - On-going skills shortage in Australian agriculture – many experts have written about the relatively low agricultural graduate level compared with the available jobs, with estimates showing that there are around 3 jobs available for every graduate. While there is now a consistent increase in university enrollments it is unlikely to change this statistic significantly into the near future; - Baby Boomers retiring – across farming and the agribusiness services sectors there is good evidence to show that the average age is approaching the mid-50s, indicating a potential surge in retirements over the next few years; In conclusion there will be increased automation and robotics in Australian agriculture, but the future remains bright for those wishing to make a career in this key industry sector.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9587555527687073, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.altmo.com/want-to-know-where-the-rates-are-headed-you-might-want-to-look-at-the-stock-market/", "token_count": 315, "fin_int_score": 5, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.068359375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:2dde2202-2e17-4903-9207-963079974591>" }	The stock market does not directly influence rates, but is a very good indicator on where rates may be going. I have mentioned in the past that bad news in the economy normally means rates will be decreasing. This is not always true, but most of the time it is. How the stock markets play a role in how much discretionary income investors have. When markets are going up, some investors feel more comfortable pulling money out of stocks to be used elsewhere, or selling high. Many investors diversify their investments by moving money into bonds that are considered a safer investment with guaranteed rates of return. The bond market has a significant influence on mortgage rates. Mortgage lenders create mortgage-backed securities by packaging groups of loans together. These are then sold to investors on bond markets. The bond market is strongest when a lot of money is flowing in; this drives interest rates lower. When lenders are paying lower interest rates to bond buyers, lenders can offer lower interest rates to home buyers. Another correlation between stock markets, bond markets and mortgage rates. Another time that money moves from stock markets to bond markets is when fear grips the economy. This is a better measure than money moving for diversification, but diversification is also closely linked to economic fears. Fear drives more money into government-backed bonds than into mortgage-backed bonds. Still, the bottom line is that when money flows into bonds, interest rates can be expected to go down. So, bad headline news and bad economic news leads to lower interest rates because more money is available to borrow.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9493122100830078, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.energetskiportal.rs/en/shift-towards-clean-energy-in-southeastern-europe-challenges-and-opportunities/", "token_count": 769, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.341796875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:af20dcea-1cfd-4165-af10-356b056dbda0>" }	Various means such as petroleum products, biomass, sun, wind, water, nuclear fission, lead us to the production of electricity as the ultimate goal. Each of the methods of obtaining energy has its advantages and disadvantages from the perspective of operating costs, environmental impact, opportunities for continuous energy supply, safety, durability, and price. Numerous studies have shown that coal is the most dangerous for our atmosphere, followed closely by other fossil fuels – oil and natural gas. If we continue the relentless exploitation and burning dirty energy, we will bring into question the survival of our planet and descendants. Alternatives to fossil fuels exist and are increasingly competitive in the global energy market. Does Southeast Europe keep up with the world in this field? The German research institute Agora Energiewende gave an overview of the status of renewable energy sources (RES) in this region. The European Union strives to achieve a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 45 per cent compared to 1990 levels by 2030. It is estimated that by that time, 55 per cent of the kilowatts will be of green origin in Europe’s electricity distribution network, where sun and wind will have a particular contribution to the low-carbon future. Southeast Europe, however, has no precise plans for the gradual elimination of coal from its energy mix, and it does not look up to its neighbours from the west of the Old Continent in this field. Moreover, the countries from this region, and especially in the Western Balkans, are looking for investors for new thermal coal and lignite power plants. For the successful implementation of decarbonisation in the energy sector, which implies the reduction of CO₂ emissions from combustion of fossil fuels, it is necessary to invest in photovoltaic cells and wind turbines continuously, but also in the development of renewable energy as well as in energy efficiency in general. Equally important prerequisites are the integrated electricity market, the regulation of the secure supply system, the closure of coal power plants and the elimination of risks. In order to gain the confidence of investors and encourage them to direct their money into clean energy resources, stable and reliable political frameworks in the energy sector are necessary. In the current market conditions, green investments in Southeast Europe are twice as expensive than the same in Germany or France, so these countries should work to remove obstacles that generate higher project costs. An essential role in the “greening” of energy also plays the cooperation that goes beyond national borders. Merging of energy systems at the regional level does not require huge financial resources and is an effective way to strengthen the security of the electricity supply chain. The regional market should consequently ensure the “flexibility” and network resistance. Power plants in Southeast Europe are worn out, and as much as 95 per cent of capacities will require replacement by 2050. It is an opportunity for sustainable energy resources to take the place of thermal power plants in the energy mix. However, according to project plans, which are mainly financed by China, fossil fuels will be replaced – by fossil fuels. Another challenge for the energy transition in this part of Europe is the energy (in)efficiency of buildings. Residential and public buildings consume more than 40 per cent of electricity, which means that there is a vast potential for improvement. The final step of a successful energy transition is a comprehensive plan that refers to energy security, competitiveness, and mitigation of global warming. Whether sun’s rays will illuminate more solar panels or coal mines in Southeast Europe in 2050, is currently unknown. However, it is clear which option is better for human health and the environment. This article was published in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine on CLEAN ENERGY, December 2018 – February 2019. Prepared by: Jelena Kozbasic
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.892559289932251, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.ensae.fr/courses/cryptocurrencies-and-blockchains-hec/", "token_count": 362, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.0079345703125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:2a401182-c89a-4c1c-b982-d629dd62c5be>" }	Blockchains are distributed ledgers. What does that mean? A ledger records ownership. The ?rst blockchain was created for bitcoin. The blockchain ledger records the ownership of bitcoins. A ledger is distributed if it is maintained, in a decentralized manner, by the community of network participants. Until now, all large and actively used blockchains record ownership of cryptocurrencies. In this short class, we will tackle two fundamental issues about blockchains: - How is it possible for a ledger to be distributed? Nakamoto (2008) offered the first answer to that question. We will discuss and analyze it. - What can be the value of a cryptocurrency? To tackle these two issues, we will describe the workings of blockchains and cryptocurrency markets in practice, and we will use the tools of economics to analyze them. The first part of the class will be devoted to blockchains. We will show how game theory can be used to analyze blockchain protocols. The second part of the class will be devoted to cryptocurrencies. We will show how monetary economic theory can be applied to study the function and valuation of cryptocurrencies. While, during the first and second parts of the class, I will present lectures, the third part of the class will bedevoted to students presentations of research articles (mostly empirical articles) on blockchains and cryptocurrencies. - Proof of work - Proof of stake - Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant blockchain - Entering the mining industry - Valuing cryptocurrencies - Student presentations - Auer and Claessens (2018) - Makarov and Schoar (2018) - Liu and Tsyvinski (2018) Biais Bisière Bouvard Casamatta (2018) Garatt and Wallace (2018)
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9468941688537598, "language": "en", "url": "http://finvestfox.com/what-is-fintech/", "token_count": 1222, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.035888671875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:b2a2bf87-ee72-4311-8d40-dcfcb717b870>" }	Fintech stands for financial technology. as we all know. the revolutionary development in technology made tremendous changes in each and every part of the world and every business sector. as a part of this rapid change, there was a huge change in the finance sector also. financial technology aka fintech helps to enhance business operations in finance. fintech can be anything like software, business, or service they provide technologically advanced ways to make the financial process more efficient and accurate. To be more specific, Fintech refers to technological innovations that are coming in to disrupt traditional financial services. this includes a wide range of services including finance includes mobile payments, money transfers, bank loans, and other products like mutual funds and insurance, etc. one of the best examples of fintech is mobile banking.fintech is making banking very easy and effortless by mobile banking and internet banking. we can get all the banking services online. remember, there was a time, we had to go to our bank branch for every service. now banks provide all services online. and mobile payments make things further easy. Fintech becomes more powerful when more technologies combine together. The following are the major technologies that contribute to fintech. also read: Top 10 Fintech startup companies in India - Artificial intelligence - Machine learning - Big data science - Data analytics - Block chain - Robotics process automation Applications of Fintech When we ask ourselves what are the applications of Fintech, it is easy to understand it in terms of some of the latest innovations in financial services which have become a part of our life. Let us discuss some of them. One of the most popular uses of Fintech is mobile payments. This is very convenient as people can send and receive money and pay bills without using any physical money. internet banking and mobile banking made amazing changes in the entire banking system. people can instantly send and receive money from their mobile phones. all leading banks in India provide good mobile banking applications. more than money transactions, you can pay bills of mobile recharge, electricity bills, etc within seconds. Crowd funding platforms Crowdfunding platforms allow internet and app users to send or receive money from others on the platforms and allow individuals or businesses to pool funding from a variety of sources all in the same place. companies like Patreon illustrates the range of fintech outside of Traditional banking.v Blockchain is a core Fintech technology. Since it is showing some specific characteristics, the use of blockchain is not only limited to cryptocurrency, but has found uses in other areas of finance. Blockchain is considered to be one of the most advanced fintech.one of the most famous example of blockchanin is Bitcoin. bitcoin payment is geting popular these days. Robo advisory is a system where a computer uses a set of algorithms and based on available data suggests financial products to a customer without any human assistance. Going ahead this can replace a human financial advisor. though right now a blend of both is offered by most financial services firms. Robo advisory is active in the stock market and it plays a key role there, Chatbots are computer programs that work with artificial intelligence to conduct a conversation through text or voice. Chatbots give a feel as if one is talking to a human being. it has thus replaced a real human being sitting on a computer and answering user queries. A chatbot can help a customer with answering general queries, give product suggestions, and even generate leads 24X7. A chatbot is an example of the use of Fintech is enhancing customer experience. Digital lending and credit Through open banking technology, you can borrow money without hassle electronically. Open banking refers to the sharing of financial data electronically and securely under customer-approved conditions. Lots of lending apps leverage a customer’s transactional information to make lending decisions. Some use peer-to-peer lending where users can get loans without the need for bank involvement. Other fintech startups provide customers free credit reporting, including updated scored and insights. Credit Karma is an excellent example of such a company, also allows customers to check and compare different loans and credit card offers. Fintech has even disrupted the insurance industry. In fact, insurtech has come to include everything from car insurance to home insurance and data protection. Fintech companies are leveraging technology to sell insurance and mutual fund products to the end consumer. Armed with multiple data points, technology is used to match customers to a suitable product thus cutting off the time it takes to buy these products to only a few minutes. The introduction of finance apps made life easy. now we can do almost every finance-related thing through mobile apps. fintech startups like Paytm, phonepay, freecharge, etc are some of the famous examples. mobile recharge, railway, bus, movie ticket booking, bills payment are the major services they provide and that makes things very easy. we can do the booking, payments, etc through these apps in seconds. AI virtual assistance Virtual assistants made user’s mobile experience and access to services from financial institutions easy. With this technological innovation, customers can access their credit score data, get alerts about fraud, and make voice or text-enabled payments. virtual assistance made financial sector more cusomer friendly. In stock trading, fintech enables auto trading. auto trading is one of the most advanced methods of stock trading, auto trading is a process of buying and selling of stocks automatically with the help of a well-written trading program. The introduction of Fintech made a tremendous impact on our life. financial activities become so easy and effortless. especially banking related things became so easy. transaction of money and other payments are done in seconds with the help of finance apps. in this post, we discussed the basics of fintech and its few applications that make an impact in our daily life. I hope this post will give you a base idea of fintech.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9166259169578552, "language": "en", "url": "http://www.finance-lib.com/financial-term-supply.html", "token_count": 1267, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.1025390625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:eaf54d8e-8fa5-459c-82ca-ac26e2eb1d23>" }	Information about financial, finance, business, accounting, payroll, inventory, investment, money, inventory control, stock trading, financial advisor, tax advisor, credit. Main Page: investment, payroll, inventory control, accounting, finance, tax advisor, money, financial advisor, Also see related: home buyer, financing, home financing, home insurance, homebuyer, first time homebuyer, property, credit, real estate, Definition of Supply An amount made available for sale, always associated with a given price. Total quantity of goods and services supplied. Combinations of price level and income for which the labor market is in equilibrium. The short-run aggregate supply curve incorporates information and price/wage inflexibilities in the labor market, whereas the long-run aggregate supply curve does not. A situation in which supply exceeds demand. The amount of securities believed to be available for immediate purchase, that is, in the M1-A: Currency plus demand deposits As used in connection with project financing, an agreement to furnish a Money supply expressed in base-year dollars, calculated by dividing the money supply by a price index. the cooperative strategic planning, n event that influences production capacity and costs in an economy. View that incentives to work, save, and invest play an important role in determining economic activity by affecting the supply side of the economy. New muni bond issues scheduled to come to market within the next 30 days. A line representing equilibrium in the goods and services market, on a diagram with aggregate demand on the vertical axis and aggregate supply on the horizontal axis. A monetary policy of matching wage and price increases with money supply increases so that the real money supply does not fall and push the economy into recession. Very early orders for materials before the completion Balance of Payments The difference between the demand for and supply of a country's currency on the foreign exchange market. Corner A Market To purchase enough of the available supply of a commodity or stock in order to The process whereby the banking system transforms a dollar of reserves into several dollars of money supply. The absence of equilibrium. Disequilibrium implies excess demand or excess supply and pressure for change. A position in which there is no pressure for change, where demand and supply are equal. A situation in which demand exceeds supply. Federal credit agencies Agencies of the federal government set up to supply credit to various classes of Flexible Exchange Rate An exchange rate whose value is determined by the forces of supply and demand on the foreign exchange market. Whatever measure of the money supply is chosen for application of the monetarist rule will soon begin to misbehave. A policy of decreasing the rate of growth of the money supply gradually over an extended period of time, so that inflation can adjust with smaller unemployment cost. Contrast with cold-turkey policy. Total demand for loans by borrowers equals total supply of loans from lenders. The market, The system whereby using prices, the interaction of supply and demand allocates inputs and distributes outputs. Market segmentation theory or preferred habitat theory A biased expectations theory that asserts that the School of economic thought stressing the importance of the money supply in the economy. Adherents believe that the economy is inherently stable, so that policy is best undertaken through adoption of a policy rule. Proposal that the money supply be increased at a steady rate equal approximately to the real rate of growth of the economy. Contrast with discretionary policy. Any measure of the economy's money supply. Actions taken by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to influence the Actions taken by the central bank to change the supply of money and the interest rate and thereby affect economic activity. Change in the money supply per change in the money base. Neutrality of Money The doctrine that the money supply affects only the price level, with no long-run impact on real variables. Purchase or sale of government securities by the monetary authorities to increase or Preferred habitat theory A biased expectations theory that believes the term structure reflects the A firm that reacts to excess supply or excess demand by adjusting price rather than quantity. Contrast with quantity adjuster. Ease with which prices adjust in response to excess supply or demand. A firm that reacts to excess supply or excess demand by adjusting quantity rather than price. Contrast with price adjuster. Quantity Theory of Money Theory that velocity is constant, and so a change in money supply will change nominal income by the same percentage. Formalized by the equation Mv = PQ. Belief that supply creates its own demand. A situation in which a lack of supply tends to force prices upward. The value of research services that brokerage houses supply to investment managers "free of Central bank action offsetting money supply changes automatically generated by a balance of payments surplus or deficit under a fixed exchange rate system. Units of ownership, also called shares, in a public corporation. Owners of such units, called shareholders, share in the earnings of the company through dividends. The price of a stock is determined by supply and demand in the stock market. an agreement between two or more firms Also called chartists or technicians, analysts who use mechanical rules to detect changes Technical condition of a market Demand and supply factors affecting price, in particular the net position, The channels by which a change in the demand or supply of money affects aggregate demand for goods and services. A check issued by a bank to make a payment. Treasurer's checks outstanding are counted A system in which parts are reordered when their supply in one The number of times during a year that the money supply turns over in supporting that year's economic activity, measured as the ratio of nominal income to the money supply. Ease with which wages adjust in response to excess supply or demand. Zero curve, zero-coupon yield curve A yield curve for zero-coupon bonds; Related to : financial, finance, business, accounting, payroll, inventory, investment, money, inventory control, stock trading, financial advisor, tax advisor, credit.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9610974788665771, "language": "en", "url": "https://cryptonewspro.info/2020/12/05/bitcoin-101/", "token_count": 378, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.263671875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:2f162ed7-4d1c-4247-8d50-1bbd97aea8aa>" }	What is Bitcoin? Bitcoin has to be broken into two parts. The blockchain itself, and then the asset Bitcoin. The first part is the blockchain. This the network that is used to send and receive the actual digital asset Bitcoin. The blockchain is the public ledger, or record, of all transactions placed in chronological order via a timestamp. The second part is Bitcoin, the asset. This is a digital store of value that is actually placed inside your wallet. Bitcoin is used as a payment system that is peer-to-peer and permissionless. There is no third party involved that ultimately decides when or how you can spend your money. You are in total control and essentially get to be your own bank. How is it valued? The price is determined by scarcity. There will only ever be 21 million released into circulation. Where does new Bitcoin come from? Mining is the term used for creating new Bitcoin. New Bitcoin is issued as a reward for producing a new block on the blockchain. The blocks contain all of the confirmed past transactions and are based on computing power. The White Paper The white paper is the original document written by Satoshi Nakamoto that introduces Bitcoin to the world. The paper breaks down in detail on how Bitcoin works and why the concept of Bitcoin is actually needed. I have read it probably ten or more times, and it still blows my mind. I fully understand it, but I feel like I could not do it justice trying to re-explain it to you. In all reality, I would probably get something wrong, and I don’t want to do that to you. I am not a computer scientist, nor am I qualified enough to explain the technical aspects of the blockchain. I will leave that to the professionals. Give it a read to understand the pure scope and power of such a revolutionary concept.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9632279276847839, "language": "en", "url": "https://essaysexperts.com/essays/economics/unit-2-ip.html", "token_count": 750, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.1884765625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:80da1ce9-88ef-4753-99c5-95db881aa199>" }	The structure of any given industry is usually measured by determining the value of its four-firm concentration ratio (CR), which indicates the size of the firm relative to the industry at large. In other words, a concentration ratio is made up of the market share in relation to the four biggest firms in the industry (Arnold, 2008, p. 251). A market that has roughly equal competitors has low concentration ratio while one with dominant competitors has a higher concentration ratio. In that line of thought, for industry A with 20 firms, a 30% Concentration Ratio is relatively low. In an absolutely aggressive market, these firms would have equal share of the market and the 30% CR indicates that the market does not diverge much from a perfect competitive industry. Thus industry A is called a low concentration and it is said to operate under monopolistic competition (Carbaugh, 2010, p. 129).Some of the characteristics of a low concentration industry like A include; firms have equal benefits upon hike of the market price, no firms dominate the market therefore firms can sell the same quantity of product. Also, there are no firms to dictate the price since they all operate at the same level. As a result, commodity prices are determined by demand and supply thus maintaiing the price at equilibrium. Another characteristic is that there are no limits on the admission of new firms into this industry (Tucker, 2008, p. 172-173). An increased demand for the product that pushed up the prices of goods would imply that every person would acquire it but at some point its supply would decrease thus making the prices of these other goods even higher. As a result, very few of these firms will dominate the market by selling these high priced goods. Consequently, this anticipation will imply only a few firms will be controlling the market thus making the concentration ratio relatively higher (Carbaugh, 2010, p. 129). Industry B, with 20 firms and a concentration ratio of 80%, the concentration ratio is higher and the industry is referred to as high concentration. In such an industry, only a few of the firms dominate the market and determine the price. Market competition is imperfect and the industry is said to operate under oligopolistic competition (Carbaugh, 2010, p. 129). This industry is characterized by the fact that entry to the industry by new firm is greatly restricted. This is because, when additional firms are firms are allowed, they will pose a competition to the few prevailing player. Due to the restricted entry, tthe few established dominant firms continue to reinforce their top position with time (Dicken &Lloyd, 1990, p. 257). This industry has a higher concentration ratio because just a small part of the market, 20 firms, accounts for 80% of the market production. Conversely, industry A has a low concentration ratio because all the firms under it are responsible for a small percentage of the market production. Since this industry is controlled by the few dominant firms, it becomes impossible for small firms to operate under such competition (Dicken &Lloyd, 1990, p. 257). As a result, they fail and make it difficult to profit industry B. However; small firms can survive oligopoly completion only when they try to offer their services to niche markets. In conclusion, industry A is a low concentration industry and operates under a monopolistic competition while industry B is a high concentration and operates under oligopolistic competition. Key characteristics of low concentration industry is that there are no restrictions for the entry of new firms and no firms dominate the market whereas high concentration industry, like B, is characterized by the fact that new firms are restricted into the industry so as to avoid competition with the dominant firms.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9582369327545166, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.cato.org/cato-online-forum/raise-tuition-state-universities-boost-long-term-economic-growth", "token_count": 2192, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.328125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:c9885903-dcc2-4351-be23-b705da26ce61>" }	The same trends generally hold true globally, where postsecondary education brings significant benefits to individuals and to nations. A recent Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development study found, unsurprisingly, that spending on higher education, together with forgone tax revenues while students are out of the labor force, is costly for governments. But these expenses are more than offset by the higher tax revenues that go along with college graduates’ higher wages, as well as by lower outlays to college grads for social programs. On average, the study found, the return to governments for higher education spending is approximately 4 to 1 for men and 2.5 to 1 for women. All this amply reinforces a core observation in The Race between Education and Technology, the influential 2008 book by Harvard economists Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz: “Human capital,” they write, “embodied in one’s people, is the most fundamental part of the wealth of nations.” Against this backdrop, national and state policymakers’ push to improve the quality of human capital in the United States by raising college graduation rates makes a lot of sense. And ideas abound: rethinking the structure of student loans, lowering costs by improving campus productivity, changing the structure of degrees, bringing classes online, and more. Underlying most of these proposals is the recognition that improving access, affordability, and graduation rates is especially important for low‐income students. They are less likely than others to enroll in college, and significantly less likely to make it to graduation. As a result, they will often miss out on the financial benefits that accrue to earning a college diploma. The nation’s economy will miss out on gains as well. But although the case for some level of state support for higher education is strong, one of the most cherished policies used to promote college attendance — low in‐state tuition at state universities around the country — does much less than it could to attract and retain low‐income students. Instead, it provides heavy subsidies to students who would go to college anyway. This is neither an optimal use of taxpayer dollars nor a promising path to economic growth. Public tuition subsidies at the state level are enormous, and those subsidies apply to the lion’s share of undergrads nationally. Despite all the attention paid to fast‐rising tuition at Ivy League colleges and other elite institutions, the vast majority of American undergraduates—nearly four in five—attend public colleges and universities. And while tuition has risen significantly at many of those institutions in recent years, students still pay nowhere near the actual cost of their education. In 37 of 50 states, average list prices for public colleges and universities range from $10,000 to $14,000. That list‐price tuition covers only 50 to 60 percent of undergraduate costs, on average. To be sure, states vary significantly in how much they expect students to pay. On the low end, New Hampshire taxpayers cover only 16 percent of costs at state schools, according to a recent Lumina Foundation report. On the high end, Wyoming provides an unusually large subsidy—86 percent of total costs. Still, the extent of across‐the‐board subsidies is considerable. Writing in the Washington Post recently, Fred Hiatt noted that in‐state tuition plus fees at the University of Maryland’s flagship College Park campus comes to $9,400, while the state appropriates $19,000 for each Maryland college student. Americans have come to take for granted such high levels of state support for college tuition. But unlike, say, federal Pell grants, which are targeted at students from low‐income families, low tuition at state college and universities is an across‐the‐board subsidy for rich and poor alike. This is hugely problematic given the large numbers of affluent students to be found at state schools, particularly the most selective institutions. Family income figures for students at state schools are hard to come by. But a study by the Higher Education Research Institute found that in 2004, 40 percent of freshmen at the 42 most selective state schools in the country — including the likes of Berkeley and the University of Michigan — came from families making more than $100,000. In Michigan’s freshman class in the late 1990s, New York Times reporter David Leonhardt has written, there were more undergraduates from families making more than $200,000 a year than from families earning below the national median income of $53,000. Kids in the former group would surely still be going to college, with or without a subsidy. So why not raise tuition at state college and ask students from middle‐ and high‐income families to pay more? Higher education is a public good, but it’s a private good as well. Why should the daughter of an affluent lobbyist in Arlington, Va. attend the University of Virginia and pay heavily subsidized tuition of $13,200 when her family could easily pay two or three times that amount? Writing in 2011 on the joint blog he then ran with the late University of Chicago economist Gary Becker, law and economics pioneer Richard Posner said that “there is no case at all from an overall social standpoint for subsidizing students who would pay full college tuition, without the inducement of a subsidy … it is a windfall to their families.” For his part, Becker wrote, given that college graduates’ earnings are so much higher than those of the average taxpayer, “It is a questionable system of regressive taxation when taxes are spent on subsidizing individuals who will earn more than those paying the taxes.” Some advocates of improving college access go further than calling for subsidies, instead promoting the notion of free college for all. They argue not only that universal subsidies will create incentives for broader college attendance, but also that universalism is a recipe for widespread political support. But this is a big mistake. We know from the experience of other countries that what appears to be an egalitarian policy may in fact have perverse consequences. With free tuition—which Germany just reintroduced, and many other countries have instituted—government funds become spread too thin. That reduces quality, and often limits capacity. As a result, well‐off students, who tend to be better prepared academically, are more likely to get scarce spaces. Thus, intended beneficiaries from low‐income backgrounds may not get postsecondary education at all. Call it the egalitarian tuition‐subsidy paradox. It’s worth noting that low state tuition policies are not the only college subsidies that disproportionately benefit the well‐off. As journalist Jon Marcus notes, tuition tax credits, work‐study aid, and tax‐advantaged state college‐savings plans all do little to help poor families pay for college. For instance, the Tax Policy Center finds that although just 20 percent of U.S. households have annual earnings of more than $100,000, households in this income range received more than 50 percent of federal tax deductions for tuition, fees, and exemptions for dependent college students. Similarly, low‐income taxpayers are far less likely than their more affluent counterparts to participate in college‐advantaged savings accounts. The households that participate in these plans, according to the U.S. Government Accountability Office, have a median income of $120,000. None of this means that low‐income students get no state subsidies for college — they do, of course, often receive significant financial aid. But college costs and living expenses remain a barrier for many of these students. Raising tuition at state institutions to the true cost of attendance would free up additional funds to make financial aid much more generous. This, in turn, would open the door to many policy changes that could improve access, retention, and graduation rates. First, states could offset tuition hikes by increasing the size of direct grants to needy students. Research shows that $1000 in extra aid per student raises college enrollment rates by 3 to 6 percentage points. Increasing aid would also allow disadvantaged students to borrow less. That’s important, because even though there is a strong economic case for taking on debt to pay for college, given the high average returns to earning a degree, students from poor families are often debt‐averse. They may hesitate to attend, or to persist, because of anxiety about taking on loans. New funds from state tuition increases could also be spent on outreach to students from low‐income families. Researchers have identified a range of new, inexpensive outreach measures that seem to be very effective. For example, a study by economists Carolyn Hoxby of Stanford University and Sarah Turner of the University of Virginia found that talented low‐income students often don’t apply to selective colleges for which they would be qualified, and from which their chances of graduation would be much higher than at less‐selective institutions. But when high‐achieving students were provided with information about the application process and net costs after financial aid at these colleges, they applied to and were admitted to more colleges than those in a control group that didn’t receive the intervention. The intervention cost just $6 per student. Another experiment, by Benjamin Castleman of the University of Virginia and Lindsay Page of the University of Pittsburgh, focused on a disadvantaged student population headed to much less selective colleges. In an effort to combat “summer melt” — the phenomenon whereby high school graduates who intend to go to college do not enroll in the fall — the researchers used personalized text messages to remind students of key deadlines and offer them access to counselors. The results were striking: student enrollment in the districts studies rose between 4 and 7 percentage points. Like the Hoxby and Turner study, the texting experiment was cheap: $7 per student. Whichever route or routes policymakers take to improve postsecondary participation and success, using taxpayer dollars to advance this goal seems eminently more worthy than providing tuition breaks to large numbers of students who don’t need them. Inevitably, a policy change like this would be hugely controversial. Nevertheless, it would be the right thing to do. The elimination of across‐the‐board tuition subsidies at state colleges, to be replaced by more generous financial assistance to low‐income students, along with other new enrollment strategies for disadvantaged populations, may not lead to immediate and striking increases in economic growth. But how many policy changes do? If incremental, steady improvements in college attendance and graduation rates build human capital to meet fast‐changing workforce needs, over time the benefits will be substantial for individuals and the economy. That would be a remarkably worthwhile outcome from rechanneling a single kind of misdirected subsidy. The opinions expressed here are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Cato Institute. This essay was prepared as part of a special Cato online forum on reviving economic growth.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9731331467628479, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.futuremakerscoalition.com/briefing-paper-the-class-of-2015/", "token_count": 152, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.06298828125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:780219ee-247c-4195-8678-aef7fad49060>" }	The Great Recession has had lasting effects on employment prospects of young people entering the workforce after graduating from high school or college. Despite officially ending in June 2009, the recession left millions unemployed for prolonged spells, with recent workforce entrants such as young graduates being particularly vulnerable. The slow pace of the recovery means that seven classes of students have graduated into an acutely weak labor market and have had to compete with more-experienced workers for a limited number of job opportunities. This is on top of the fact that graduates since 2000 have confronted suboptimal labor market conditions, resulting in stagnant wages and limited job opportunities. While recent improvements in economic conditions have finally begun to brighten young graduates’ job prospects, the labor market is still far from recovered from the Great Recession.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9472840428352356, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.ipl.org/essay/Concept-Of-Globalization-F3Z5G42PJ4D6", "token_count": 1091, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:8f6d8f09-3604-4edc-abb1-899c10e684ef>" }	Globalisation and operate business globally are significant issues for contemporary organisations. Global business is refers as an economic activity that operates in different countries that selling and buying goods and services by people (McWilliams 2010).Businesses are incentivized to sell products and services in foreign markets with technology advancing so fast and international trade expanding. The global business strategy vision is to develop far beyond the borders of their countries and allow businesses to grow (Chan & Justis 1997).Through global business, it helps enterprises reduce costs, expand their market share and become more competitive. There are two impact of global business. One of the impact is multinational corporations However, nowadays, globalization due to the Industrial Revolution and the advances in transport and technologies has reached an unprecedented scope. Globalization can be explained in mainly 3 different areas: in politic, social and economic terms. In politic terms, globalization can refer to the shift of political activities from a single-nation level to a global level and it has been created international organization such as the United Nations. It has also tried to spread democracies all over the world. Social globalization describes an exchange of values, ideas and it has facilitated the promotion of equality, dignity and human rights. Globalization can be defined as the growing interconnection of the various nations worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions which results in capital flow , and also through the more rapid and widespread dispersion of technology (Hill, 2011). Globalization is the harvest of human modernization and technological progress. It refers to the increasing amalgamation of economies across the globe though trade and capital flows. The term also refers to the migration of people (labor) and technology across international borders. It has the potential of making societies richer through trade and creates an environment of knowledge and understanding across the world. The competition between businesses will ensure better quality of their goods and service they provide. Competition is well known for providing great productivity which leaders to a growth in the economy. Not only can competition improve the quality of work, it can also improve innovation. Innovation is an important quality to have in a company because it aids in keeping products and services fresh. “Economic Influence on Marketing” claims, “To keep current, your business has to adapt to changes in the industry and must always keep its eye out for innovative, cutting-edge technology and product improvements” (Bradley). Globalization took a large step after the war world 1and2 which occur several of changes in the following aspects: new territories, different allies grow, accessible transportation, raised the global economics and more trade of goods at a low price were transfer. What is Globalization? Globalization is a complicated topic, but you can see clearly its influence. Globalization is:" The worldwide movement toward economic, financial, trade, and communications integration. Globalization implies the opening of local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of capital, goods, and services across national frontiers." In the contemporary society, there are an increasing number of people involved in the globalisation. I choose the topic of international trade. And in the following paragraphs, I am going to introduce what is international trade, other possible benefits of trading globally and the bottom line. (Heakal 2015) Thanks to the international trade that allows us to expand the market for goods and services. And also, as a result of international trade, the market contains greater competition with more competitive price and cheaper products. Globalization and Nation States Globalization has integrated and intertwined the economies of the world. In the world today, every nation has become independent on every other nation, be it through trade or through finance. Developing countries today are attracting large rounds of foreign investment, and this foreign investment is coming from the developed countries. Thus, the money of the developed countries is today invested in the developing countries. At the same time, the world has also become interdependent due to trade relations. What can be defined by economic globalisation is the increasing economic integration and interdependence of national, regional and local economies across the world through an intensification of cross-border movement of goods, services, technologies and capital. Whereas globalisation is a broad of set of processes concerning multiple networks of economic, political and cultural interchange, contemporary economic globalisation is propelled by the rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive activities and by the developments in science and technology. Some theorist also defined Globalisation as a historical stage of accelerated expansion of market capitalism, like the one experienced in the 19th century with the 1. In my opinion, Post-American World Order will increase the relevancy of the Clash of Civilizations. To answer this question, I would like to explain about globalization and realism theory. The advancement of technology and information has taken place in many countries. The Advancement of communication technology with the more extensive network of television, radio, and the Internet spread in different countries with different cultures create a society in a country can easily get information from countries around the world. This is a new era of globalization that brings with it opportunities and also new challenges with the dynamics of a free market. Globalization award access to benefit from the international separation of labor, technologies, international specialization, cultural exchange and the consumers like a wider variety of products with lower prices. Globalization also brings a higher level of strategizing. Business evolves in new
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9255907535552979, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/general/growingbio-fueldemandunderpinninghigheragriculturepricessaysjointoecd-faoreport.htm", "token_count": 645, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.0419921875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:d774701e-f147-43fb-bd72-f298439f736e>" }	04/07/2007 - Increased demand for bio-fuels is causing fundamental changes to agricultural markets that could drive up world prices for many farm products, according to a new report published by the OECD and the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation. The OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2007-2016 says temporary factors such as droughts in wheat-growing regions and low stocks explain in large measure the recent hikes in farm commodity prices. But when the focus turns to the longer term, structural changes are underway which could well maintain relatively high nominal prices for many agricultural products over the coming decade. Reduced crop surpluses and a decline in export subsidies are also contributing to these long-term changes in markets. But more important is the growing use of cereals, sugar, oilseed and vegetable oils to produce the fossil fuel substitutes, ethanol and bio-diesel. This is underpinning crop prices and, indirectly through higher animal feed costs, also the prices for livestock products. In the United States, annual maize-based ethanol output is expected to double between 2006 and 2016. In the European Union the amount of oilseeds (mainly rapeseed) used for bio-fuels is set to grow from just over 10 million tonnes to 21 million tonnes over the same period. In Brazil, annual ethanol production is projected to reach some 44 billion litres by 2016 from around 21 billion today. Chinese ethanol output is expected to rise to an annual 3.8 billion litres, a 2 billion-litre increase from current levels. The report points out that higher commodity prices are a particular concern for net food importing countries as well as the urban poor. And while higher feedstock prices caused by increased bio-fuel production benefits feedstock producers, it means extra costs and lower incomes for farmers who need the feedstock to provide animal feed. The Outlook also says trade patterns are changing. Production and consumption of agricultural products in general will grow faster in the developing countries than in the developed economies - especially for beef, pork, butter, skimmed milk powder and sugar. OECD countries are expected to lose export shares for nearly all the main farm commodities. Nevertheless, they continue to dominate exports for wheat, coarse grains and dairy products. World agricultural trade, measured by global imports, is expected to grow for all the main commodities covered in the Outlook, but less rapidly than for non-agricultural trade as import protection is assumed to continue to limit expansion. Nevertheless, trade in beef, pork and whole milk powder is expected grow by more than 50% over the next 10 years, coarse grains trade by 13% and wheat by 17%. Trade in vegetable oils is projected to increase by nearly 70%. Journalists may obtain a summary version of the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2007-2016 from the OECD’s Media Division (tel. +33 1 4524 9700) or through the password-protected website. OECD Media Division (tel. (+33) 1 4524 9700 or [email protected]) ; Media Relations Office, FAO (tel. (+39) 06 570 53625 or [email protected]).
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.881370484828949, "language": "en", "url": "https://pdfslide.net/documents/2100-solutions-ch8.html", "token_count": 1981, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.1396484375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:d2f15da4-6fdf-4120-a02e-60e4848add75>" }	Chapter 8: Reporting and Analysing Receivables Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, Trenholm Financial Accounting, Second Canadian Edition Reporting and Analysing ReceivablesASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE 1.Identify the different types of receivables.1,21 2.Explain how accounts receivable are recognized in the accounts.3211A, 2A, 6A, 7A, 1B, 2B, 6B, 7B, 3.Describe the method used to account for bad debts.4, 5, 6, 73, 4, 5, 92, 3, 41A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 7A 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 7B 4.Explain how notes receivable are recognized and valued in the accounts.8, 9, 106, 7, 85, 66A, 8A, 9A 6B, 8B, 5.Explain the statement presentation of receivables.1197, 119A9B 6.Describe the principles of sound accounts receivable management.12, 13108 7.Identify the ratios used to analyse a companys receivables.14, 15, 169, 119, 107A, 10A, 11A7B, 10B, 11B 8.Describe the methods used to accelerate the receipt of cash from receivables.17, 181211, 1211A11B ASSIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS TABLE 1AJournalize receivables transactions.Moderate20-30 2ADetermine missing amounts.Complex15-20 3AJournalize bad debts transactions.Moderate20-30 4AJournalize bad debts transactionsModerate20-30 5ACalculate bad debt amounts.Moderate20-30 6AJournalize receivables transactions.Moderate20-30 7AJournalize receivables transactions and calculate ratios.Moderate30-40 8AJournalize notes receivables transactions.Moderate20-30 9AJournalize credit card and notes receivable transactions; show balance sheet presentation.Moderate15-20 10ACalculate and interpret ratios.Moderate15-20 1BJournalize receivables transactions.Moderate20-30 2BDetermine missing amounts.Complex15-20 3BJournalize bad debts transactions.Moderate20-30 4BJournalize and post bad debts transactionsModerate20-30 5BCalculate bad debt amounts.Moderate20-30 6BJournalize receivables transactions.Moderate20-30 7BJournalize receivables transactions and calculate ratios.Moderate30-40 8BJournalize notes receivables transactions.Moderate20-30 9BJournalize credit card and notes receivable transactions; show balance sheet presentation.Moderate15-20 10BCalculate and interpret ratios.Moderate15-20 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1. Accounts receivable are amounts owed by customers on account. They result from the sale of goods and services in the normal course of business operations (i.e., in trade). Notes receivable represent claims that are evidenced by formal instruments of credit. Notes normally extend for periods longer than an account and have a specified interest rate attached. 2. Other receivables include nontrade receivables such as interest receivables, loans to company officers, advances to employees, and income taxes refundable. 3. The sale should be recorded at $10,000 on December 29. If the customer takes the discount it will be recorded on January 8 as a sales discount. If sales discounts covering more than one period of time are material for a company, they should be estimated and recorded in the proper period similar to the allowance for doubtful accounts. 4. The purpose of the allowance for doubtful accounts is to show an estimate of the accounts receivable expected to become uncollectible. The allowance account is used because the amount is only an estimate and we do not know for certain which customers will not pay. The account can be in a debit balance if the amount of actual write-offs exceeds previous provisions for bad debts. 5. Soo Eng should realize that the decrease in net realizable value occurs when estimated uncollectibles are recognized in an adjusting entry. The write-off of an uncollectible account reduces both accounts receivable and the allowance for doubtful accounts by the same amount. Thus, net realizable value does not change. 6. A company should write off an account when all methods of attempting to collect it have failed. Therefore once an account is written off the company should no longer actively attempt collection. 7. Two journal entries are required because the first journal entry has to restore the previously written off accounts receivable and the second journal entry records the actual receipt of payment on the account. This way there is a record that the person did eventually pay for the purpose of future credit decisions. 8. Notes are not recorded at their maturity value because the interest on the note is earned over time. According to the revenue recognition principle, interest is recorded as earned. 9. In total the note will earn $1,250 interest ($30,000 x 5% x 10/12). $1,000 will be recorded for the year ended December 31 8 months interest ($30,000 x 5% x 8/12). Questions (Continued) 10. Maker (May Ltd.): Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts xx Net realizable value xxx Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts xx Net realizable value xxx12.The steps involved in receivables management are: (1)Determine to whom to extend credit (2) Establish a payment period (3) Monitor collections (4) Evaluate the liquidity of receivables (5) Accelerate cash receipts from receivables when necessary 13.A concentration of credit risk exists when a material threat of nonpayment exists, from either a single customer or class of customers, that could adversely affect the companys financial health. 14.An increase in the receivables turnover ratio indicates a faster collection of receivables. The higher the turnover ratio the fewer days it takes to collect the accounts receivable. An increase in the collection period means that it is taking longer for the company to convert sales in to cash. 15.Sales for the period = Receivables Turnover X Average Accounts Receivable =11.6 X $1,762.5 million 16. An increase in the current ratio normally indicates an improvement in short-term liquidity. This may not always be the case because the composition of current assets may vary. In order to determine if the increase is an improvement in financial health other ratios that should be considered include: the receivables turnover, average collection period, inventory turnover and days in inventory ratios. Questions (Continued)17.Bombardier may sell its receivables to accelerate the receipt of cash. The proceeds from the sale of the receivables could be used to finance operations and reduce the need for the company to rely on other sources of financing such as operating lines of credit. As well, the company may not want to dedicate resources to the time consuming responsibility of billing and collecting from customers. By selling the receivables and passing this responsibility to others, Bombardier is free to concentrate on its core business activities. 18.From its own credit cards, Sears may realize interest revenue from customers who do not pay the balance due within a specified grace period. To account for these transactions the company records a debit to accounts receivable and a credit to sales revenue. Bank credit cards offer the following advantages: (1)The credit card issuer makes the credit card investigation of the customer. (2) The issuer maintains individual customer accounts. (3) The issuer undertakes the collection process and absorbs any losses from uncollectible accounts. (4) The retailer receives cash more quickly from the credit card issuer than it would from individual customers. To record a bank credit card transaction, the seller normally records a debit to cash for the amount of the sale less the service charge required by the credit card company. A debit is made to the service charge expense and a credit is made to sales revenue for the gross amount of the sale. The advantage of the debit card is that the cash is deducted immediately from the customers account. There are no credit checks or collection concerns so the service charges are normally lower than for a bank credit card. The entries to record a debit card sale are the same as the entry to record a bank credit card sale. By using its own credit cards, bank credit cards and debit cards Sears provides more options to its customers, increases its revenue, and reduces its risk. SOLUTIONS TO BRIEF EXERCISES BRIEF EXERCISE 8-1 BRIEF EXERCISE 8-2 Cost of Goods Sold (b)Sales Returns and Allowances Cost of Goods Sold (c)Cash ($11,600 - $232) Sales Discounts ($11,600 X 2%) Accounts Receivable ($14,000 $2,400) 11,600BRIEF EXERCISE 8-3 (a)Bad Debt Expense Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9534130096435547, "language": "en", "url": "https://thaleszp.com/publication/tariff/", "token_count": 183, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.0673828125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:c7306ff4-f03a-4cd4-a216-d4e2b55a4a59>" }	The commercial treaty with Britain in 1810, along the authorization of foreign trade in ports in 1808, are among the most important institutional changes in nineteenth century Brazil. The 1810 treaty lowered tariffs for British manufactures while maintaining high tariffs in Britain for Brazilian sugar and coffee. These terms are generally viewed as disastrous for the Brazilian economy, although there is still limited quantitative information about how much the tariff affected the demand for British imports. This paper provides new qualitative and quantitative evidence on the operation and effect of Brazil’s imports tariffs in the period. I find that the effect of the tariffs is significantly different from what traditional literature assumes. First, the monetary instability in the 1820s and conflicts over product price assessment often led the de facto tariff to be higher than the 15% estab-lished by the treaty. Second, even with higher rates, quantitative analysis shows they did not have decrease imports of British textiles.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9331398606300354, "language": "en", "url": "https://torontosun.com/2016/01/16/folly-of-green-subsidies/wcm/869cce85-af89-4c62-8713-5d1ec3c9b2fa", "token_count": 1070, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.326171875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:4a246917-6a3f-4a3f-a82b-69ad6017264a>" }	We hear a lot these days from politicians, environmentalists and the industry itself about electric vehicles being on the cutting edge of the new green energy revolution aimed at fighting man-made climate change. So how are they doing, sales wise? Well, out of 1.45 million registered business and government commercial vehicles in Ontario at the end of 2015, there were zero plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and eight battery electric vehicles (BEVs). BEVs and PHEVs use external plug-in battery charging, while PHEVs and conventional hybrid vehicles also use hydrocarbon fuels to generate power in order to operate. Of 6.9 million registered private passenger vehicles in Ontario at the end of 2015, there were 2,113 BEVs and 3,274 PHEVs, totalling 5,387, or .078%. Considering the Ontario government’s recent announcement that it will spend $20 million on electric vehicle charging stations, that’s a subsidy of more than $3,700 per Ontario vehicle alone. Of 21 million registered vehicles across Canada at the end of 2014, there were 5,341 BEVs, and 5,437 PHEVs, totalling 10,778 or .05%. The average cost of Ontario’s eight commercial model BEVs, including subsidies, is twice that of a comparable gasoline fuelled vehicle. Government subsidies for purchasing or leasing EVs (electric vehicles) are up to $8,500 in Ontario, $8,000 in Quebec, $5,000 in B.C. and up to $1,000 for in-home vehicle charging systems in Ontario and Quebec. Typically mid-range priced EVs have about a 100 km battery range, low cost EVs less than that. Weighed against fuel savings of a few hundred dollars per year, the potential downsides are the unknown total cost of ownership due to a lack of data on long-term maintenance costs, downtime costs, and the limited driving range of EVs. All pose potential risks to private and public sector users. As with many claims by politicians and environmental advocates about the benefits of green energy, these often aren’t reliably or independently verified. A recent German study, for example, “Environmental comparison of electric vehicles (EV) versus vehicles fuelled by petrol, diesel, natural gas, biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas,” assessed 13 different environmental impact categories. Only EVs with batteries charged exclusively from renewable energy reduced the impact on the environment across most categories. For decades, Canadian and Ontario auditors general have reported on numerous cases of government energy and environmental policies and programs being implemented with little or no analysis done beforehand. With regard to provincial renewable electricity production, the 2011 Ontario auditor general’s annual report stated: “No independent, objective, expert investigation had been done to examine the potential effects of renewable energy policies on prices ... no long-term energy plan was in place,” and the energy ministry did not estimate potential job losses and the cost per renewable for energy-related jobs in Ontario. The 2015 Ontario auditor general’s annual report concluded Ontarians paid $37 billion extra for electricity from 2006 to ’14. We could eventually pay hundreds of billions of dollars more for higher than market price power and 20-year green energy subsidies, while curtailing manufacturing (due to high energy prices) and offloading excess power at a loss. Nationally, the federal government gave our fossil-fuel industries about 60% of the annual $2.74 billion (U.S.) available in subsidies in 2013 and in 2014. Canada’s “national energy strategy” that came out of the premiers’ annual meeting in July contained 50 “actions”, many of which are already common practice. It also included vague intentions to “maximize access to energy savings by all energy consumers,” plus pledges to “identify gaps in existing research” related to “transformational technologies.” Actual targets for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were excluded from this strategy. Free carbon credits and possible exemptions to select industries and technologies under Ontario’s looming cap-and-trade plan will skewer the marketplace. So will subsidies to Alberta’s fossil fuel industry arising out of its coming carbon tax. Presently, only B.C.’s carbon tax plan is revenue neutral. What we should do is eliminate all brown and green energy subsidies, and implement life cycle, cost-accounted economic and sales tax based policies to level the playing field among all energy suppliers for businesses, consumers and taxpayers. In the real world, businesses won’t invest in creating separate departments and expertise to manage or mitigate the risks of using any new new green technology, unless there are compelling profits or savings to be gained. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Canada’s premiers, territorial leaders and other stakeholders should do their homework before formulating these policies. — Vezina is chairman of Hydrofuel Inc., and co-author of Democracy Eh? A Guide to Voter Action tap here to see other videos from our team.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9662010669708252, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.motherhooddefined.com/encourage-budding-entrepreneur/", "token_count": 528, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.1328125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:962f9c6d-f6d8-4618-afb1-a8d64e2bd26a>" }	If your child comes to you and inquires about different jobs he or she could perform, you might just have the makings of a budding entrepreneur. It is important not to dismiss those budding entrepreneurial wishes, as your child may be onto something that will be a part of his or her future. If your child comes to you and wants to find a job or start a business and you do not have the time to discuss it at the moment, make certain to let your child know that his or her idea is important. Then, set up a “meeting” to discuss possibilities. Let Your Child Be Heard It is important to set up a date and time where you can brainstorm together with your child. He or she may or may not have an idea as to what the new business endeavor is. That could be the beauty in the whole discussion. Make sure you give your child free rein to come up with their own ideas. Do not discourage or dismiss any idea. Go with the Pros and Cons Make a list of different ideas and show your child the upside as well as the downside of any and all ideas that he or she may have. In this way, the reality of the notion of starting their own business will be available along with the dream. Also, list what is necessary to start the new business – such as tools, materials, and even money. If money is necessary to start the new business: * Find out where the money will come from * Ask how he or she will earn the money to start up the new business * Work out a plan that you will meet your child halfway for the start-up expenses Discuss Finances at Your Child’s Level If your child has a dream for a new business endeavor, that is wonderful news. However, the hard cold facts of finance must be discussed with your child. Support your child’s dream, but let them know that managing finances is and always will be a huge part of life. Help them create a document on the computer that will show their start-up expenses, their monthly expenses and their materials and supplies. Discuss the possibility of donating supplies to their business for the first month or two and then possibly taking out a loan from you to proceed. Make it clear that they will have to repay the loan from the profits. Discuss finances at your child’s level of understanding. Do not be afraid to have them sign an agreement of sorts so they will understand that integrity and commitment are part of owning and operating a successful business – even if it is a miniature business.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9058698415756226, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.r-bloggers.com/2012/02/a-slice-of-sp-500-kurtosis-history/", "token_count": 1125, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.08544921875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:0242a6b5-67f1-4ccb-ae11-45e56ba6252e>" }	How fat tailed are returns, and how does it change over time? The sister post of this one is “A slice of S&P 500 skewness history”. The word “kurtosis” is a bit weird. The original idea was of peakedness — how peaked is the distribution at the center. That’s what we can see, as in Figure 1. But it is the tail that wags the model. The modern idea of kurtosis is of fat tails (or long tails). Figure 1: Densities of a Student’s t with 5 degrees of freedom and scaled to have variance 1 (blue), and standard normal (gold). The normal distribution has a kurtosis of 3. The t-distribution in Figure 1 has a kurtosis of 9. Sometimes “excess kurtosis” rather than kurtosis is reported. Excess kurtosis is kurtosis minus 3. So the normal distribution has excess kurtosis of 0, and Figure 1′s t has an excess kurtosis of 6. It is good to have simple ways to make things really confusing. Kurtosis through time Figure 2 shows rolling 250-day estimates of kurtosis on the S&P 500 daily returns. Figures 3 and 4 show rolling windows for (essentially) weekly and monthly returns. The entry and exit points of the 1987 crash is clearly visible in each of the plots. That a single data point can seriously influence the estimate means that these estimates are suspect. (This is what statistical robustness is about.) Now instead of looking across time, we treat the data as one sample, and we can bootstrap to see the variability of the statistic. Figure 5 shows the bootstrap distribution for the daily returns. Figure 5: Bootstrap distribution of kurtosis for daily returns of the S&P 500. This is an interesting distribution — it has the hallmarks of a non-robust statistic with an outlier in the data. But note that the smallest of the 10,000 bootstrapped kurtosis estimates was 8.6. Even discounting the 87 crash — and numerous other events — there is a lot of kurtosis. Figures 6, 7 and 8 show the bootstrap distributions for 5-day returns, 20-day returns and 252-day returns. The bootstrap distributions for multiple day returns look more reasonable. We can hazard some observations based on these, but we should maintain some amount of suspicion. Table 1: Kurtosis estimates for the S&P 500 using returns of various lengths. \|days in return It is clear from Table 1 that the kurtosis estimate gets smaller as the number of days in the return increases. This is evidence against the stable distribution idea. If returns did have a stable distribution, then we wouldn’t expect such a trend. In particular this seems like evidence for a finite variance. The bootstrap distributions for 1, 5 and 20 day returns strongly argue against a normal distribution as 3 is not in their ranges. For the 252-day returns about 11.5% of the bootstrapped kurtosis estimates are below 3. We can take this as a p-value of the null hypothesis that the kurtosis is 3 against the alternative that the kurtosis is larger than 3. The p-value (plus Super Bowl) post gave two cases regarding beliefs and evidence in hypothesis tests. This is a third case: I inherently disbelieve the null hypothesis, but the data we have provides little evidence for rejecting it. This case is more complicated since we need to think about how big of a difference matters — we no longer have just a binary decision. If we had more data, the p-value would undoubtedly get smaller. But with enough data it can be very small even when the true value is minutely bigger than 3. There are undoubtedly applications where it is fine to assume that annual returns have a normal distribution. The art of modelling is to distinguish when wrong assumptions are okay to make. Long tailed cat sitting by the old rocking chair He don’t realize that there’s a danger there from “Long Tail Cat” by Kenny Loggins The functions for estimating kurtosis and skewness, and the function for aggregating daily returns are in the file aggkurtskew.R. Returns were aggregated like: spxret.5d <- pp.aggsum(spxret, 5) The pp.aggsum function already existed but didn’t do quite what was necessary for this task. (It expected a matrix, and it didn’t put names onto the result.) It is generally very easy in R to modify an existing function to do a slightly different task. The first thing to do is to create objects that will hold the bootstrapped estimates. We create several objects that are initially all the same: bootkurt1 <- bootkurt5 <- bootkurt20 <- bootkurt252 <- numeric(1e4) Now we do the bootstrapping: JJl <- length(spxret) for(i in 1:1e4) bootkurt1[i] <- pp.kurtosis(spxret[sample(JJl,JJl, replace=TRUE)])
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9715231657028198, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/blogs/2011/%2525e2%252580%25259cinvest-today-for-a-better-tomorrow%2525e2%252580%25259d-%2525e2%252580%252593-the-role-of-disaster-risk-reduction", "token_count": 717, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.076171875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:fd3c4919-90dd-47f0-8729-f7b4a9e9a9cd>" }	Invest today for a better tomorrow: Reducing risks before a disaster strikes “Invest today for a better tomorrow” was the title of the first UN General Assembly debate on Disaster Risk Reduction, which took place today in New York. What is it, you might ask? Disaster Risk Reduction is a set of actions or processes proactively taken before a disaster strikes to protect the poorest and most vulnerable people. 2010 was a devastating year in terms of disasters. The lives of over 200 million were affected by earthquakes, floods and cyclones and nearly 300,000 people lost their lives as a result. The costs of these events are also staggering — in 2010 the costs reached $110 billion. For the poorest countries, the costs can be overwhelming as they struggle to support their people and their country to recover. Disasters can also undermine and reverse progress on achieving the Millennium Development Goals. “Barely a day went by without lives devastated, homes demolished, people displaced, and carefully cultivated hopes destroyed,” said Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in his opening address. “It was one of the deadliest years in more than a generation.” Ban Ki-moon then highlighted the risks facing children, “Children are among the most vulnerable,” he said. “Thousands died last year as earthquake, flood or hurricane reduced their schools to rubble. These deaths could have been prevented.” We’re not powerless in the face of disasters This is a critical point – lives can be saved and we’re not powerless in the face of disasters. Simple actions can save lives Simple actions such as implementing strict building codes so hospitals and schools don’t collapse during an earthquake or ensuring an early warning system is in place that gives people plenty of time to evacuate to a safe place when a cyclone is coming. Save the Children’s experience shows that when children themselves are engaged and taught about disasters, the impacts are substantial. During the day, we hosted an event with World Vision, UNICEF and UNDP sharing our experience of what works in disaster risk reduction. We were also joined by Arnell, a 17-year-old activist from the Philippines who shared his experience of working on disaster risk reduction in his own community. A representative from the Government of Philippines shared his experience of getting a Disaster Risk Reduction law passed in his country. Even though the law is there, he said, this now needs to be followed up with action at the local level to ensure people in the most vulnerable communities are protected and ready before a disaster. Reducing disaster risk across the world The debate today represents a critical step in building momentum towards the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, which is due to be held in May 2011. This is where governments, civil society and the private sector will meet to discuss progress on reducing disaster risk across the world. What today has shown is that while momentum is building, more urgently needs to be done. No-one can argue with the fact that when it comes to disasters, prevention is cheaper than cure. However this doesn’t always follow with sufficient funds to implement the level of disaster risk reduction programmes required to protect the poorest and most vulnerable children. It was great to see DRR receive this level of attention in the United Nations. Save the Children will be continuing to push for greater progress throughout 2011. More than 60 million children are caught up in emergencies every year. Find out more about where we’re responding.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9123254418373108, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+developmental+perspective+on+children%27s+economic+agency.-a0409831984", "token_count": 17474, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.029541015625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:b07b1e87-538c-49e8-99c9-2495ac5bb262>" }	A developmental perspective on children's economic agency. The last decade has seen increasing efforts to open savings accounts for children. In 2003, a national demonstration--Saving, Education, Entrepreneurship, and Downpayment (SEED)--automatically opened specially designed savings accounts called Child Development Accounts (CDAs) for children age birth to 23 around the United States to determine whether children were capable of using savings accounts and saving (Sherraden and Stevens 2010). An average of $1,500 was accumulated in these accounts over three years (Sherraden and Stevens 2010), (1) providing some indication that children were capable of saving. The San Francisco Unified School District began opening savings accounts for all kindergarteners in 2010 in a program called Kindergarten to College (K2C). In 2014, Maine became the first state to automatically open 529 college savings accounts for all newborns at birth with a $500 initial deposit (Clancy and Sherraden 2014). These efforts are geared in part toward teaching children about money and finances and helping them save, especially for those living in poverty. The CEO of the Citi Foundation articulated the importance of opening accounts for children living in poverty, "Our goal is to dramatically increase the number of first-generation students--and those from low- to moderate-income families--who obtain a college degree, while also bringing their families into the financial mainstream ..." (Corporation for Enterprise Development 2011). These efforts are all delivered at a time when children are experiencing extensive developmental change, yet with limited attention to this context. As children grow, they make cognitive (Scheinholtz, Holden, and Kalish 2012), social (Friedman and Neary 2008), and linguistic (Wynn 1992) developmental gains that may be essential for using savings accounts and performing saving behaviors--important aspects of economic knowledge and behavior. An understanding of children's developmental capabilities (2)--what children are able to do cognitively, socially, and linguistically--is critical in the midst of growing efforts to teach children about money and finances and to open savings accounts for them early in life (Lusardi, Mitchell, and Curto 2010; Sherraden 2013). Through a review of research, this study characterizes children as economic agents who are capable of using savings accounts and performing saving behaviors and unveils specific ages at which children may acquire these capabilities based on developmental gains. While developmental gains are hypothesized to relate to children's use of savings accounts and performance of saving behaviors, research has not explicitly tested these finks. There are several reasons why savings accounts and saving behavior should be explored as aspects of children's economic agency. First, as aforementioned, efforts to open specially designed savings accounts for children are increasing (Cramer 2010). These savings accounts are designed to facilitate children's long-term savings toward educational, entrepreneurial, or retirement expenses--a more specialized financial product compared to a piggy bank or even a savings account at a mainstream financial institution. Second, while developmental explanations of consumer socialization and personal finance have been articulated (Shim, Serido, and Barber 2011; Shim etal. 2013), these developmental explanations have not been articulated for savings accounts--a specific financial product with unique benefits for educational and economic well-being (Assets and Education Initiative [AEDI] 2013). Third, consumer socialization emphasizes consumption that is broadly defined to include children's understanding of the social significance of products, markets, and pricing (John 1999; Shim, Serido, and Barber 2011). However, consumer socialization focuses on children as spenders while failing to also consider them as savers. Fourth, saving is relevant in an era encompassing the Great Recession that has questioned the sufficiency of households' savings and assets (Taylor etal. 2011) and knowledge to make economic decisions (Lusardi, Mitchell, and Curto 2010). There is reason to believe savings accounts relate to the economic knowledge and behavior that children exhibit as adults. Children with savings accounts are more likely to hold diverse asset portfolios and to accumulate more savings as young adults, compared to those without accounts (Friedline, Johnson, and Hughes 2014). Children who grow up with accounts may also use financial products more often, save more money, and make more informed economic decisions. This study begins by characterizing children as economic agents whose use of savings accounts and performance of saving behaviors are worthy of attention. This is followed by a review of research identifying gains in children's use of savings accounts and performance of saving behaviors as aspects of their economic knowledge and behavior. Research on children's cognitive (Scheinholtz, Holden, and Kalish 2012), social (Friedman and Neary 2008), and linguistic (Wynn 1992) development is reviewed to explore how gains in these developmental domains correspond to and explain in part children's concurrent gains in economic knowledge and behavior. A preliminary framework establishes the relationships between children's development and economic agency, while discussing the role of poverty in shaping these relationships. This study concludes with implications for research and policy. CHILDREN AS ECONOMIC AGENTS By definition, an agent refers to a person that exerts or is capable of exerting a behavior to produce an outcome (Bandura 2006). Following this logic, an economic agent refers to a person that exerts or is capable of exerting a behavior to produce an economic outcome (Dopfer 2004), like saving to accumulate sufficient assets for use in an emergency or spending to pay the most recent utility bill. This definition assumes that an economic agent acquires knowledge that can be used to produce economic behavior. For example, an economic agent who accumulates assets for use in an emergency likely has some knowledge--even if at a basic level--about the consequences of unexpected economic shocks for affording basic needs. While a related concept, economic agency is distinct from financial capability (Sherraden 2013). Sherraden (2013, 20) defines financial capability as the simultaneous "ability to act and the opportunity to act," with "ability to act" referring specifically to a person's financial knowledge. Here, economic agency refers to whether or not a person's knowledge and ability to act is developmentally possible; whether or not a person has opportunities to acquire knowledge and take action is another matter. Adults are widely considered to be agents capable of behaving in ways that produce effects on economic outcomes (Smith, McArdle, and Willis 2010), although debate remains about whether adults have the knowledge or ability to perform these behaviors optimally (Merigo and Gil-Lafuente 2010; Samanez-Larkin, Wagner, and Knutson 2011). Much research focuses on adults' economic agency in part because it is taken for granted that adults are capable of acquiring economic knowledge and exerting economic behaviors. Adults are assumed to be employed and to have a regular income from which they can save (Modigliani and Brumberg 1954). Adults are also assumed to have the developmental capabilities needed to, and the resources over which they can, exert agency. Less attention is given to children's economic agency because it is not widely understood as of when children possess the capabilities to acquire economic knowledge or produce economic behaviors. Moreover, families teach and encourage children (John 1999; Shim, Serido, and Barber 2011), providing a context for and serving as gatekeepers of children's economic agency by restricting or facilitating their economic knowledge and behaviors. For example, some families may teach their children the importance of saving in an account at a bank and provide them with opportunities to save, whereas other families may not (Friedline, Elliott, and Chowa 2013). In part for these reasons, children's economic agency comes into focus once they reach milestones that reflect greater independence from their families, like learning how to drive, earning their first paycheck, or accumulating debt (Bell et al. 2007; Shim, Serido, and Barber 2011). These milestones indicate that children's developmental capabilities may be mature enough for acquiring knowledge and producing behaviors apart from their families; however, these milestones often do not occur until adolescence and young adulthood. Focusing on economic agency in adolescence or young adulthood may miss crucial and earlier opportunities when children are developmentally capable of economic agency. From a young age, children acquire economic knowledge like recognizing monetary values of coins or comprehending the role of banks for saving and engage in economic behaviors like saving coins in jars and establishing saving goals (Berti and Bombi 1981; Strauss 1952). As such, their economic knowledge and behavior are worthy of attention if efforts to teach them about money and finances and to open savings accounts for them are to be successful. The following section describes the development of children's economic agency. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN'S ECONOMIC AGENCY Developmental gains are believed to shape children's acquisition of economic knowledge and behavior (Berti and Bombi 1981; Jahoda 1981; Ng 1983, 1985; Sonuga-Barke and Webley 1993). That is, children learn to recognize and categorize coins in phases just like their acquisition of knowledge about saving and spending, profit, and interest rates (Furnham 1999; Otto et al. 2006). Findings from this research--specifically related to developmental gains in children's capabilities to use savings accounts and employ saving behavior--are summarized in Table 1. Findings from studies conducted by researchers over several decades confirm that children acquire economic knowledge and demonstrate increasingly sophisticated economic behavior in phases or milestones that are detectable at age five or six, eight or nine, and 11 or 12 (see Table 1) (Otto et al. 2006; Sherraden et al. 2011; Sonuga-Barke and Webley 1993; Webley and Plaisier 1998). (3) Children at age five or six conceptualize banks mostly as a place for storage or may even consider saving in a bank as synonymous with losing money, whereas children closer to and older than age 12 have the capabilities to see banks as a way to save and invest their money (see Table 1) (Sonuga-Barke and Webley 1993). Young children's nebulous understanding of the bank--an abstract institution with which children have very little direct experience--may be due in part to their inability to integrate separate and abstract economic concepts. Researchers have also pointed to children's developmental gains in economic behavior like saving (Otto et al. 2006; Sherraden et al. 2013). Notably, gains in economic behavior coincide with their gains in economic knowledge. For example, in a game scenario in which children must save a certain number of tokens to purchase a toy, children at age 12 employ behaviors like saving in the bank or calculating expenses in advance to purchase successfully the toy more often than their younger counterparts (Sonuga-Barke and Webley 1993). Children at age five or six also employ saving behaviors, although their behaviors are less sophisticated and meet with success less often. This should not be taken to mean that children prior to age 12 lack the knowledge or developmental preparation to save (see, e.g., Elliott et al. 2010; Sherraden et al. 2013). Early opportunities to save may make use of an important time in children's development by influencing them when their knowledge and behavior may be most impressionable (see Bruck and Ceci 1999; Scullin and Ceci 2001 for information about young children's impressionability). Taken together, children may make notable developmental gains in their knowledge and behaviors and may move through developmental phases or milestones more quickly when they have early experiences with money (Ng 1983, 1985). For instance, the I Can Save savings program included children who were approximately five and six years of age (Sherraden et al. 2007), which is consistent with the age of initial developmental milestone identified by economic psychologists (Sonuga-Barke and Webley 1993). Children in the I Can Save treatment group received savings accounts, incentives to save, and economic education (Sherraden et al. 2007). These children demonstrated interest in and articulated economic knowledge about money and saving more often than children in the comparison group. Moreover, children in the treatment group saved an average of $8 per month (4) over a two-year period with the help of their parents. Children may be capable of using accounts as a saving strategy if given these early opportunities. Despite widespread agreement regarding children's developmental gains in economic knowledge and behavior, less research has articulated or explored the mechanisms behind these gains. A savings account has no discernible size or shape by which it can be categorized. At what age and through what processes might children be able to use savings accounts and employ saving behaviors? Answers to questions such as this require an understanding of children's development and may shed light on their economic agency. REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT Now that developmental gains in economic knowledge and behavior have been identified, research on cognitive, social, and linguistic development can be reviewed. It can be challenging to distinguish between these developmental domains given their interrelatedness. Aspects of cognitive development are clearly found in social and linguistic development and vice versa. However, these classifications help to organize the research on child development. Generally speaking, developmental gains at age five or six, eight or nine, and 11 or 12 correspond with gains in economic knowledge and behavior. (5) Gains made at specific ages are flexible and fluid (Spelke 2000). In other words, development operates along a continuum and ages are not intended to be rigid boundaries; rather, ages represent frames for guiding our understanding about when major developmental shifts or milestones are observed. Gains in development progress parallel to one another and become integrated over time, with later gains building sequentially on previously acquired gains: early development is fundamental for later development. For example, children at age five may develop the cognitive ability to focus on observable, concrete aspects of objects (i.e., shape and color) and the linguistic ability to use hypothetical speech (i.e., if, then ... statements). However, these abilities may be dissociated from each other despite being interrelated (Senn, Espy, and Kaufmann 2004); children's concrete understandings of the world have not yet been integrated with their ability to think and speak hypothetically. Asking a young child if they will roll up the windows on a motorcycle when it rains may produce confused and inquisitive facial expressions. The child may be able to observe that motorcycles do not have windows and they may have an emerging ability to use hypothetical speech; however, they may not be able to simultaneously integrate these abilities to explain why they will not roll up the windows on the motorcycle. Over time, children make links between and synchronize these developmental processes (Fischer 1980), eventually using their cognitive and linguistic abilities to explain that motorcycles do not have windows to roll up when it rains. Something similar may be taking place when young children do not like to make deposits into savings accounts because they consider depositing money as synonymous with losing it. For children who adopt this interpretation of deposits, it may be that their cognitive, social, and linguistic development has not yet been integrated for helping them to interpret deposits as protecting their money. Table 2 summarizes the domains of child development described below. Cognitive development is the process by which children acquire conscious thought, memory, problem-solving and goal-setting abilities, attention, inhibitory control, and intelligence (Best and Miller 2010). Cognitive development is guided in part by executive functions that are located in the brain's prefrontal cortex. These executive functions, although related, are distinguishable and form the bases of children's decision making and self-regulating behaviors (Marsh et al. 2006; Miyake et al. 2000). It is beyond the scope of this review to discuss all executive functions; however, cognitive flexibility and memory are discussed given that they may bear on the development of economic agency. Cognitive flexibility--the ability to think abstractly--may relate to children's acquisition of economic knowledge pertaining to coins, savings accounts, and banks. As children develop the ability to think abstractly, they may simultaneously develop the ability to more accurately identify coins and understand the purposes of savings accounts and banks. This may explain how children evolve from considering their deposit into a savings account as losing money to helping protect their money. The first consideration is a very concrete explanation of deposits (i.e., the deposit literally appears to have disappeared), whereas the latter is a more abstract explanation. Working memory--the mental capacity for storing and retrieving information--guides behaviors and may relate to children's performance of economic behavior like saving in the bank or calculating expenses in advance of purchases. Previous research has provided cognitive explanations of adults' economic agency, including saving in experimental games (Ballinger et al. 2011), averting risk (Benjamin, Brown, and Shapiro 2013), and taking on debt (Mullainathan and Shafir 2013). Table 2 summarizes children's development in these areas. Research on cognitive flexibility helps to explain why children may initially only focus on single dimensions of objects--like color or shape--and eventually focus on the multidimensionality of objects. Flexibility, or the ability to perseverate, refers to children's ability to switch back and forth between and to simultaneously think about several dimensions of an object (Zelazo 2004), which can be understood as children's ability to focus on single or multiple dimensions of objects. For example, physical size and monetary value represent two dimensions of coins. Until children develop the ability to think simultaneously about coins' physical sizes and monetary values and understand that these dimensions are unrelated, they may struggle to sort coins based on their value (Strauss 1952). In other words, they sort nickels as being worth more than dimes based on the coins' physical sizes. Children can accurately switch from sorting coins by their size to sorting coins by their value once they develop the ability to perseverate. Young children may find it especially difficult to readjust if a rule changes or becomes abstract (from size to value) (Zelazo et al. 2003), as evidenced by repeating behaviors that were guided by a previously defined rule even after they have been clearly instructed to switch to a new rule. Young children under age four who were first asked to sort a set of cards by their picture fail to subsequently sort the same cards by color (Zelazo 2004). Improvements are detectable between ages three and four; however, children make continued improvements at age eight or nine and 11 or 12 (see Table 2) (Brace, Morton, and Munakata 2006; Crone et al. 2004). Failures of perseveration--especially among young children--may be due to limited working memory capacity (Zelazo 2004). Like the studies that find that adults have limits on their cognitive capacity (Banerjee and Mullainathan 2008), children also appear to have limited capacity for storing information. Working memory refers to the process of storing and retrieving information to guide behavior during activities (Luciana and Nelson 1998), with improvements evident as working memory gains processing capacity (literally referring to mental space, like the processing capacity of a computer) (Hitch 2006; Luciana and Nelson 1998). As such, working memory relates to children's attention and conscious effort that are needed to carry out behaviors (Passolunghi and Siegel 2001). Researchers observe working memory through tasks such as sorting cards, matching objects, or reproducing a sequence of objects. Working memory becomes increasingly effective and efficient after approximately age eight or nine (see Table 2) (Gathercole and Pickering 2000; Towse, Hitch, and Hutton 1998). In a series of experiments with 181 children, five-year-olds significantly outperformed four-year-olds on working memory tasks (Luciana and Nelson 1998). At about age eight, children's use of working memory emulated that of adults; however, researchers found that this was mediated by task difficulty (Luciana and Nelson 1998). Taken together, children at age five can employ working memory to carry out simple behaviors with similar successes as those of adults. By age eight, their working memory can be employed to carry out more complex behaviors, although their working memory may still fail on difficult tasks. Thus, children at age five or six may be capable of performing simple behaviors such as choosing a saving goal or making deposits into an account. Such behaviors increase in sophistication as they grow older (Sonuga-Barke and Webley 1993). Around age 11 or 12, children may be capable of calculating potential future savings account balances and adhering to regular deposit schedules. Social development explores how children relate to objects and other people (Friedman and Neary 2008). Here, social development focuses on children's social competence and ownership over objects and ideas. Social competence and ownership may be relevant for economic agency because development in these areas helps children to make sense of the world around them, allowing them to interpret their economic knowledge and behavior. Ownership--control over an object or idea--may help children to integrate objects or ideas into their selves, including savings accounts. Objects integrated into the self can form the basis for identity development and future expectations (Belk 1988; Friedline 2014). Children who have savings accounts opened in their own names, have opportunities to use their accounts, or know they are the beneficiaries of accumulated savings may be able to identify themselves as account owners and consider the accounts part of their selves. Social competence--effectiveness of various social capabilities developed through interactions with others and the environment--guides children's understandings of relationships and social norms and achievements of social goals (Rose-Krasnor 1997). Social competence may also help children to develop their identities, eventually shaping how they use economic knowledge and act out economic behaviors (Baron and Markman 2003). Taken together, social competence and ownership may relate to children's identities and expectations, both of which relate to saving behavior (AEDI 2013). Table 2 summarizes children's social development and is used to highlight identified gains in ownership and social competence. Research on children's ownership is discussed here because ownership is a social construction that often requires interpreting multiple points of view and negotiating with others (Blake and Harris 2009; Noies and Keil 2011). In some instances, ownership is described as being formalized through a legal process (Etzioni 1991), like the process of owning a savings account. A legal document, such as bank paperwork filled out to identify the owner with a Social Security number, ties account ownership to an individual and can be disputed in a court of law. In other instances, ownership is described as a psychological process (Van Dyne and Pierce 2004; Furby 1980), like feeling and perceiving that a savings account belongs to the owner even though they do not always make deposits or investment decisions. Researchers have tested possession of objects or ideas as principles of ownership. Much of the research using samples of children examines the first possession heuristic--whether or not children assign ownership to an object or idea based on who they perceive to have possessed it first (see Table 2) (Friedman 2000; Friedman and Neary 2008). In one experiment (Gelman, Manczak, and Noies 2012), children of all ages preferred toys that they identified as their own, even if their toy was seemingly undesirable. Children have also been found to apply ownership to ideas (Shaw, Li, and Olson 2012). In another experiment, 20 children between ages six and eight were given two scenarios, the first of which asked about object possession (two boys catching a fish) and the second of which asked about idea possession (two boys solving a math problem) (Shaw, Li, and Olson 2012). Children applied the first possession heuristic to solving the math problem in the same way as catching the fish. Children--especially young children--may infer ownership of savings accounts to themselves if savings accounts are opened in their names and perceive that the accounts belong to them (AEDI 2013). This might in part explain why savings accounts opened in children's names produce effects on educational and economic well-being that are unique from accounts in which parents save on children's behalf (Friedline 2014). Social competence incorporates a diverse set of capabilities such as interpreting multiple points of view, regulating emotions and behaviors, and solving problems that children apply to and refine during interactions with families, peers, and their environment (Denham et al. 2003; Rose-Krasnor 1997). While social competence refers to a broad set of capabilities, these capabilities are closely linked to what has been referred to as theory of mind (Miller 2012). Theory of mind has been used to explain children's social competence (Jenkins and Astington 2000). Like other aspects of development, children achieve gains in social competence at notable ages (see Table 2) (Howes 1987). Children at age five or six struggle to recognize others' points of view and generally do not make comparisons with others (at least not in the same ways as adults) (Slaughter, Peterson, and Moore 2013), whereas children at age eight or nine are able to recognize multiple points of view. However, children at age eight or nine attribute multiple points of view to differing information rather than opinions and motives (Barenboim 1981). At age 11 or 12, not only are children aware of and able to understand others' points of view, they can also relate to and refine their emotions and behaviors based on those views and do so with greater ease (Howes 1987). Moreover, children at age 11 or 12 can associate points of view as belonging to social norms (Denham et al. 2003; Rose-Krasnor 1997). Consider, e.g., two five-year-old children who play together with a jump rope on the playground. The pair negotiates taking turns, regulates their emotions, solves disagreements, adjusts their behavior accordingly, and respects the rules of the playground. Their application of social competence becomes more sophisticated and automated as they grow older and they pool information from previous experiences, environmental contexts, and social norms. While much of the current research focuses on the relationships between social competence and peer relationships and school achievement (Alduncin et al. 2014; Caputi et al. 2012), social competence may also be relevant for economic agency via identity development. Oyserman and Destin (2010) write that identities are formed in part through connections with others and with the environment. Skills developed through these connections--interacting with others, recognizing multiple points of view, solving problems, and integrating information from the environment--may shape identities and future expectations. Children's identities are relevant for economic agency because children may be more likely to use savings accounts and engage in saving behavior when they identity as a saver (AEDI 2013). Linguistic development describes language formation and how other developmental domains are expressed through language (Wynn 1992). Linguistic development corresponds with children's monetary awareness (Berti and Bombi 1981), meaning that young children simultaneously develop abilities in numeracy, hypothetical speech, and use of verb tense that match their ability to count and identify coins. Numeracy--counting and understanding numbers--represents children's ability to perform basic calculations and has been linked with economic knowledge and behavior (Almenberg and Widmark 2011). Hypothetical speech--using words that quantify and represent conditional and counterfactual thinking--is a linguistic production of children's cognitive abilities to engage in abstract thought and reasoning (Minai et al. 2012), abilities that, as aforementioned, may be needed to use savings accounts and perform saving behaviors. Use of tense--distinguishing between time order of events through verb tenses--relates to how children think about and plan for the future (Friedman 2000). Thinking about and planning for the future have been linked to saving (Friedline, Elliott, and Nam 2011), and recent research explicitly connects use of future verb tense and saving behavior. Speakers of languages whose verb tense does not distinguish between present and future save more money, compared to speakers of languages whose verb tense does distinguish present and future (e.g., "she goes to school tomorrow" vs. "she will go to school tomorrow") (Chen 2013; Sutter et al. 2013). Thus, linguistic capabilities may inform children's economic agency. Table 2 summarizes children's linguistic development and is used to highlight identified gains in numeracy, hypothetical speech, and use of tense. Numeracy refers to children's abilities to verbally count and to understand numbers in relation to one another (Aunio and Niemivirta 2010; Condry and Spelke 2008). At first, children count as part of a recitation of numbers. Children at around age two can recite out loud and from memory numbers one through ten in chronological order; however, they struggle to spontaneously verbalize, e.g., the number four when asked to say the number that follows three (Condry and Spelke 2008). This suggests that young children have not yet developed relative understandings of numbers despite reciting numbers accurately. By age five or six, children can identify and spontaneously verbalize the appropriate number (see Table 2) (Wynn 1992). The development of numeracy is relevant given that early numeracy relates to math achievement scores (LeFevre et al. 2009; LeFevre et al. 2010), and math achievement scores relate to economic knowledge and behavior (Almenberg and Widmark 2011; Kim, LaTaillade, and Kim 2011). Moreover, development in numeracy allows children to perform basic calculations--a capability useful for making deposits into accounts or recording their savings balances (Almenberg and Widmark 2011). Flere, hypothetical speech refers to the use of quantification words such as some, or almost and conditional (if..., then...) and counterfactual statements (if not..., then...) (Beck, Riggs, and Gorniak 2009; Minai et al. 2012). Reflective of children's cognitive development, hypothetical speech demonstrates children's abilities for abstract thought and reasoning. For example, hypothetical speech may relate to children's capability to save some of their money as opposed to all or none. While research on the relationship between hypothetical speech and saving behavior among children is still needed, the relationship may not be far reaching given that young children in savings games use strategies of saving all or none of their money, as compared to older children who save some of their money (Otto et al. 2006; Sonuga-Barke and Webley 1993). Children develop an emergent ability to use hypothetical speech at the age of five or six (see Table 2) (Kuczaj and Daly 1979). For instance, successful application of the word every exemplifies increasing cognitive control because the successful application suggests children can view, interpret, and describe a scenario using words like some and most (Wynn 1992). Accurate use of such words may linguistically represent children's ability for abstract thought and reasoning. While accurate use of words like every is evident at age five or six (Kuczaj and Daly 1979), accurate use of conditional and counterfactual statements emerges around age seven (Braine and O'Brien 1991; McCabe et al. 1981). Use of Tense Children's use of past, present, and future verb tense speaks to the ability to identify how and when events occur and emerges around the same time as hypothetical speech (see Table 2) (Suddendorf and Busby 2005). Children are capable of using tenses to differentiate the past and future from the present at age four or five (Friedman 2000, 2002, 2005; Friedman and Kemp 1998). A series of experiments by Friedman (2000) examined children's ability to identify when events occurred by asking them to locate birthdays and holidays on a picture, "Will it happen very soon, a very long time from now, or an in-between amount of time from now?" Five-year-olds were more accurate than four-year-olds in using future tense to locate events. By age eight or ten, the ability to identify and use tense was fully developed. In many ways, saving is considered to be a future-oriented behavior that requires some understanding of verb tense. Chen's (2013) research on language and saving suggests that use of future verb tense might correspond to beliefs about the timing of events, making people less likely to save or to put off saving until tomorrow. In a sense, young children's underdeveloped use of tense may predispose them to save now for the future. A child at age five who cannot yet verbalize what it means for college to be 12 years away might also not grasp why they should not have immediacy in saving for that future expense. In contrast, an older child at age 11 or 12 who knows what it means for college to be several years away may decide to put off saving. A FRAMEWORK OF THE HYPOTHESIZED RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC AGENCY A framework is presented to specify the hypothesized relationships between child development and economic agency, attempting to integrate children's use of savings accounts and performance of saving behaviors with the developmental domains that underlie these capabilities (see Figure 1). This framework is not intended for application to adults' economic agency, as explanations for adults' economic agency may be more structural or institutional in nature as opposed to developmental (Sherraden 1991). In other words, an adult's saving behavior like having a retirement account may be better explained by whether or how their employer offers retirement benefits (Duflo et al. 2006), as opposed to limitations with working memory capacity or inhibitory control (Ballinger et al. 2011). However, explanations in working memory and inhibitory control may be relevant for children who are undergoing extensive developmental change. Figure 1 summarizes the relationships between child development and economic agency. Children's cognitive, social, and linguistic development produce capabilities that are mediated by age (see Table 2). In other words, children's developmental capabilities grow with them as they age. Children's economic agency related to using savings accounts and performing saving behaviors may also improve as they acquire developmental capabilities such as abstract thought, identity, expectations, or numeracy. Given that efforts to open savings accounts for children are geared in part toward helping those growing up in poverty, socioeconomic status is also incorporated into this framework. The effects of poverty on development and economic agency provide a structural lens through which to view this framework (see Figure 1). As mentioned, structural explanations of adults' economic agency may be more appropriate than developmental explanations (Sherraden 1991). However, poverty is a structural force that shapes opportunities available to families and their children and may in turn shape children's developmental capabilities and their economic agency. Figure 1 depicts socioeconomic status as a predictor of children's development and economic agency, relationships that are described in greater detail in the following section. Poverty: An Inhibitor of Children's Development and Economic Agency The effects of poverty, often operationalized using measures of socioeconomic status, have been found to be especially detrimental when experienced early in childhood (Shanks and Robinson 2013), inhibiting development in critical areas of cognition, social relationships, and language (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan 1997; Farah et al. 2006). Perhaps some of the most recent and convincing evidence on the effects of poverty come from studies of young children's brain development (Farah et al. 2006; Hackman and Farah 2009). Hackman and Farah (2009) reviewed research on neurocognition and brain development, focusing on studies that controlled for socioeconomic status and concluding that the effects of poverty were profound. In their experiment testing cognitive development (Hackman and Farah 2009), 60 kindergarten children with an average age of five who were equally divided between low and middle socioeconomic status participated in a series of card sorting and object matching tasks. Differences in socioeconomic status contributed to children's performance, with those from the low socioeconomic status group faring worse than their counterparts. The effects of poverty also emerge in children's linguistic development (Pruitt, Oetting, and Hegarty 2011; Siegler 2009). In a longitudinal study of language use between parents and children from 42 families, Hart and Risely (1995) found that children age three from the highest socioeconomic group produced more words than children of the same age from the middle and lowest socioeconomic groups, respectively 33% and 53% more words. Pruitt et al. (2011) found that children who grew up in poverty produced past tense language less often than their more affluent peers, findings interpreted by the authors as weaknesses in vocabulary. Siegler (2009) provided similar findings with regard to the effects of poverty on children's numeracy. The effects of poverty call into question not only whether all families have the resources to adequately nurture their children's development; these effects also call into question families as facilitators of economic agency. In Figure 1, socioeconomic status predicts children's economic agency through the socialization they receive from their families. For instance, measures of socioeconomic status like head of households' education level and household income and wealth are related to children's savings account ownership and saving behaviors (Friedline. Elliott, and Chowa 2013; Grinstein-Weiss et al. 2011), a relationship that exists in part through the socialization opportunities that families provide their children (Ashby, Schoon, and Webley 2011). For example, using income as an indicator of socioeconomic status, 69% of children between ages 12 and 15 from high-income households (>$50,000; (V = 411) have savings accounts of their own, compared to 38% of those from lower-income households (<$50,000; N = 333) (Friedline 2012). Disparities based on socioeconomic status suggest that not all families can adequately facilitate the development of children's economic knowledge and behavior. Notably, these disparities have less to do with families' willingness to provide opportunities to develop their children's economic agency and more to do with their ability to do so. It might be easy to mistake children's underdeveloped economic agency as a result of their families' irresponsibility or shortsightedness. However, underdeveloped economic agency should not be associated with irresponsibility in families of limited economic means. Families in poverty have limited knowledge and nascent saving behavior themselves (Grinstein-Weiss et al. 2011; Liisardi, Muchaud, and Mitchell 2013), thus limiting their ability to facilitate the economic agency of their children. The family living in poverty with limited economic knowledge may also be ill-equipped to teach their children about opening a savings account. This study focused on developmental gains related to children's use of savings accounts and saving behaviors--components of economic agency--through a review of research. This approach was undertaken because before it can be determined that children use economic knowledge to make decisions about saving when they have opportunities to do so, it must first be determined whether or not they are developmentally capable of doing so and at what ages. It appears that children are developmentally capable of economic agency as early as age five or six. Children make gains in economic knowledge and behavior at this age in tandem with developmental gains in cognition, social relationships, and language. The fact that children exhibit economic agency at young ages lends support for encouraging financial capability early in life (Sherraden 2013). A child who learns basic economic knowledge and has a savings account might be said to be financially capable because her knowledge is combined with opportunity. Young children may be able to acquire basic economic knowledge as evidenced by capabilities in cognitive flexibility and working memory. They may even be able to put knowledge into practice if they also have a savings account. Young children can perform simple saving behaviors, making it likely that they can combine their knowledge about and opportunities to save--even if they need assistance (Sherraden 2013). Experiential learning that allows for hands-on opportunities to put knowledge into practice might be important for helping young children to operationalize abstract concepts like saving accounts and saving behaviors. Notably, efforts to teach economic knowledge may need to be delivered much earlier than currently conceived if children are to become financially capable in accord with gains in development and economic agency; public school systems introduce financial education in middle and high schools during adolescence or early young adulthood (Council for Economic Education 2012). This is well beyond the age when children are capable of learning such concepts. On average, gains in development and economic agency are assumed to be experienced consistently across children; however, children whose development and economic agency are determined in part by poverty may start off at a disadvantage (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan 1997). This implies that policy can play a role in addressing the structural inequalities of poverty that constrain families' abilities to successfully facilitate their children's development and economic agency. Numerous policies (6) aim to alleviate family poverty, with children being the beneficiaries through related effects like increased family income, access to food and nutrition, and support for stable housing--all of which may promote healthy development (Shanks and Robinson 2013). Implications for Future Research While cognitive, social, and linguistic development is hypothesized to relate to children's economic agency, research has not explicitly tested these links. Opportunities for future research are revealed by considering children's economic agency from a developmental perspective. An assumption of previous research and of efforts to open savings accounts for children is that children who grow up with accounts may be better off educationally and economically in the long run compared to their counterparts who do not grow up with accounts (Friedline 2014). In other words, children's initial opportunities to own and use savings accounts may matter for how their economic knowledge and behavior accelerates forward. Questions here may ask, do children with savings accounts achieve gains in economic knowledge and behavior more quickly than their peers without savings accounts? At what age(s) can children assimilate basic economic knowledge and apply that knowledge to saving behaviors? Most existing efforts to open accounts for children are designed for college savings. Yet, given children's rudimentary understanding of time order (especially at age five or six) and their capability to maintain information over short time periods (see Table 2), children's capability to save for a goal 13 years in the future is unknown. Children may need multiple and short-term goals for which they can save in order to practice using savings accounts and employing saving behaviors (AEDI 2013), in addition to the long-term goal of college. Research questions here include, for what goals do children save and at what ages can children save toward long-term goals like college? What mechanisms facilitate young children's saving behavior and do these same mechanisms produce similar effects across the life course? Given the hypothesized importance of ownership (Friedline 2014), the following questions may be of particular interest. Does children's ownership of their savings accounts produce distinct effects on outcomes? How do children assign ownership to accounts? Is opening an account in children's names sufficient for them to assign ownership? Does interacting with their savings accounts strengthen the assignment of ownership and if so, what interactions facilitate this assignment? A related line of questioning might even explore whether and how "high-touch" saving interventions for children produce effects on outcomes compared to "low-touch" interventions. (7) In other words, should children's economic agency and development--which suggest a need for "high-touch"--be taken into consideration when designing programs and policies? Are there differences in outcomes when programs and policies are designed to recognize, incorporate, or leverage children's economic agency compared to those that are not? If so, how do outcomes differ? What are the tradeoffs of one design over another and can aspects of each be integrated for producing optimal effects on outcomes? Findings from these questions will be critical if we are to truly understand how policies that open savings accounts for children can be designed to meet their needs. Implications for Policy If relationships between economic agency, development, and poverty are supported by future research, then the following implications may be important for policy. The foremost implication is that policies aiming to help children develop economic agency should begin at or before the age at which they are capable of using savings accounts and performing saving behaviors--age five or six. This implication is consistent with efforts to open savings accounts for children as early as birth. As a policy concept, CDAs (also referred to as Children's Savings Accounts [CSAs]) that extend accounts directly to children are gaining momentum. A number of national and universal CDA policy proposals have emerged in the United States, and the America Saving for Personal Investment, Retirement, and Education (ASPIRE) Act is perhaps the most well-known (Cramer 2010). The ASPIRE Act proposes to roll out savings accounts with a $500 initial deposit universally to all newborns and provide additional subsidies to children whose households' incomes fall below certain thresholds. CDAs are proposed to be maintained across the life course for use toward expenses like education, home ownership, or retirement (Cramer 2010). While the United States has not adopted a national policy, CDA policies have been implemented in Singapore, Canada, and South Korea (Loke and Sherraden 2009). In absence of a national policy in the United States, educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, and states are enacting their own CDAs. These CDAs target children at age five or six and earlier (Clancy and Sherraden 2014), and potentially create opportunities to learn about children's economic agency and development. A related implication is that there may be other important times to intervene in children's lives after CDAs are opened at or before age five or six. Ages eight or nine and 11 or 12 represent opportune moments for interventions, such as allowing withdrawals toward short-term saving goals and making subsidized deposits into CDAs that help children interact with their accounts and accumulate wealth. These ages also correspond with third and sixth grades in the US educational system (even age five or six corresponds with kindergarten). Thus, schools may intervene at these grades by teaching financial education, consistent with children's natural gains in economic agency and development. Along these lines, it is advisable for schools to teach financial education from the start of children's educational careers as opposed to the end. A second policy implication centers on the incorporation of observable, concrete characteristics into CDAs--particularly for the benefit of young children. Children develop increased cognitive capacity to grasp abstract concepts and to consider objects from multiple aspects at approximately age five (Zelazo 2004). Savings accounts in and of themselves are abstract--they do not have a color or shape by which children can sort their dimensions. Giving children cues with observable characteristics, like a deposit slip with colors and pictures to represent their saving, may help young children understand the abstract nature of their savings accounts until they develop the ability for abstract thought. A bank account statement that displays a thermometer and their accumulated savings toward their goals might help make their progress salient and reinforce the goals for which they are saving. Opening CDAs in children's names is the third policy implication. Savings accounts opened in children's names may signal ownership based on the first possession heuristic (Friedman 2000), helping children to believe that they are the owners of the accounts and beneficiaries of accumulated savings. Bank statements and other communications directed explicitly to children may also facilitate ownership. This designation is potentially important because children may think about and interact differently with accounts that they own, gaining knowledge about the world of money and finances and practice with using savings to plan for the future. The fourth policy implication is to consider a CDA design that allows children to save for short- and long-term goals. CDAs by their very nature allow children to act out "the future is now." This is because CDAs are opened at age five or six and earlier and are geared in part for saving toward college. A design that facilitates short- and long-term saving lets children practice saving for goals to be achieved in the coming weeks or months and to do so in concert with developmental milestones; meanwhile, the design encourages children to save in the present for expenses that correlate with future identities to be realized in the coming years. Early successes with saving for short-term goals give children quick and timely feedback about their behaviors, perhaps helping them to recognize saving as a realistic strategy for achieving long-term goals (Otto 2013). Supporting children as they save for shortand long-term goals also recognizes the hierarchical arrangement of saving needs (saving for a new school uniform and saving for college; Xiao and Anderson 1997). These needs transition as children advance through the life course. Eventually, saving for college may transition to saving for retirement. An adaptable CDA design is the fifth implication for policy. In addition to taking children's development into consideration, CDA design may consider growing with children's saving needs over time. An account structure that meets children's developmental needs and adapts to their saving needs makes logical sense if children are to use and maximize their CDAs across the life course. Initially, it may sound impractical to develop CDAs that adapt as children grow and remain scalable at the same time. However, this concept is consistent with 401 (k) and other retirement plans--well-known products available from existing banking institutions--in which investments are made based on age to retirement and are adjusted as the account holder nears retirement. A person opening a retirement account at age 25 may take a higher-risk investment given that they have about 40 years to weather stock market fluctuations. Higher-risk investments can automatically transition to lower-risk investments as a person nears retirement, so as to not expose their investments to stock fluctuations. An example of an adaptable design comes from Singapore's rolling savings accounts, the first of which opens automatically for all children at age six (Loke and Sherraden 2009). Edusave accounts are available for children ages six to 16 and are used to maximize educational opportunities during primary school years. Funded in part with annual contributions from the government, children and their families use savings accumulated in Edusave accounts for short-term educational expenses like school supplies. When children reach age 17, any remaining funds roll into their Post-Secondary Education Account, where savings can be used toward obtaining a college degree or other type of postsecondary training. Funds that remain in their Post-Secondary Education Account at age 30 roll into a Central Provident Fund Account, where savings can be used toward housing, healthcare, and retirement needs. This adaptable design provides children and their families with one savings account at a time that is designed for saving toward goals that align with a specific developmental milestone; as children transition through stages of development, any remaining savings rolls into the next account in which they save toward expenses that align with their next developmental milestone. Children are economic agents capable of using savings accounts and exhibiting saving behaviors as early as age five or six. Their economic agency emerges and advances in congruence with cognitive, social, and linguistic developmental gains. Poverty inhibits children's development in these domains and may limit opportunities for economic agency via families' economic socialization. Policies such as CDAs that intend to redress the effects of poverty and develop children's economic agency should intervene at or before age five or six. Age five or six also corresponds with kindergarten enrollment, which means that CDAs can leverage children's enrollment into school and the start of their educational careers as a time for intervention. Later milestones detectable at ages eight or nine and 11 or 12 correspond with third and sixth grades and may represent opportunities for school systems to teach financial education. 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Here, this $8 amount excludes initial and match deposits and includes parent contributions. This amount may represent children's and parents' own contributions to this average. (5.) Developmental gains can be observed in sensitive stages, such as between ages five and six (Best and Miller 2010). However, this review focuses on gains at age five or six, eight or nine, and 11 or 12 that are consistent with the phases or milestones of children's development in economic knowledge and behavior. (6.) It is beyond the scope of this paper to review all policies geared toward alleviating family poverty, some of these policies include the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and rental assistance through Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (Stoesz 2013). (7.) "High-touch" interventions often require frequent and in-person interactions with children, such as simulated economies that take place in children's school classrooms or individual, face-to-face financial counseling. "Low-touch" interventions are less frequent and do not always require in-person interactions with children, such as emails or paper mailings about bank statements or computer apps and games that aim to teach financial concepts. Dr. Terri Friedline ([email protected]) is an Assistant Professor of Social Welfare at The University of Kansas and the Faculty Director of Financial Inclusion at the Center for Assets, Education, and Inclusion. The author would like to thank Sandy Beverly, Karen Kolivoski, Melinda Lewis, and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable feedback on this article. TABLE 1 Summary of Developmental Gains in Children's Capabilities to Use Savings Accounts and Employ Saving Behavior Age 5 or 6, and earlier (a) Age 8 or 9 (b) Savings Asks seemingly illogical Gains an understanding of account questions about the a savings account's savings account, like its abstract characteristics color Thinks depositing money Recognizes a savings into the savings account can help account is like losing achieve saving goals money Saving Articulates the Develops a preference for behavior importance or virtue of saving over spending and benefits to saving Develops rudimentary Improves saving saving strategies strategies Saves for shorter-term Saves for increasingly goals (e.g., days, longer amounts of time weeks) (e.g., weeks, months) Age 11 or 12, and beyond (c) Savings Recognizes a savings account account can be used to achieve shorter- and longer-term goals Prefers using a savings account to achieve goals Saving Integrates economic behavior knowledge with saving behavior Uses sophisticated saving strategies Saves for longer-term goals (e.g., months, years) Notes: This table synthesizes findings from the review of research on children's development of economic agency to identify the ages at which gains in the use of savings accounts and performance of saving behaviors are observed. The following notes give examples of the sources of information for this table. (a) Children at age five or six articulate the importance of saving consistent with societal norms (Berti and Bombi 1981), develop rudimentary saving strategies (Webley and Plaisier 1998), and hold illogical ideas about savings accounts (Ng 1983). (b) Children at age eight or nine develop a preference for saving (Berti and Bombi 1981), improve their saving strategies in part by saving for increasingly longer amounts of time (Otto et al. 2006), and gain understandings about and recognize accounts as facilitators of their saving goals (Sherraden et al. 2007). (c) Children at age 11 or 12 integrate their economic knowledge with their saving behavior (Furnham 1999), use more sophisticated strategies by saving for longer amounts of time (Sonuga-Barke and Webley 1993), recognize accounts as a way to achieve short-and long-term goals (Elliott et al. 2010), and develop preferences for accounts (Otto et al. 2006). TABLE 2 Gains in Children 's Cognitive, Social, and Linguistic Developmental Capabilities Capabilities Domains Age 5 or 6, and earlier Age 8 or 9 (a) Cognitive Focuses on observable Thinks abstractly to aspects of objects simultaneously understand several dimensions of a single object Maintains and manipulates Improves the ability to use information over short information to carry out periods of time without complex behaviors cues to complete simple tasks Develops ability to use Uses strategies to store information to carry out and retrieve information simple behaviors (e.g., labeling, rehearsing) Struggles to store and Requires cues to produce retrieve information when strategies for storing prompted and retrieving information Gains inhibitory control, Makes improvements in self-regulation over inhibitory control with simple tasks complex tasks Social Describes other people Considers the and situations in perspectives and points concrete terms of view of other people Does not make comparisons Gains awareness that to other people others have different opinions and motives Infers ownership based on Recognizes that ownership first possession, begins of objects and ideas is to apply ownership to not always based on ideas possession Exhibits preferences for Develops identities and objects that they own expectations associated with objects, ideas, and others Linguistic Spontaneously verbalizes Uses past, present, and and counts numbers future tenses accurately accurately Develops early language Develops external future revolving around concrete tenses items and structures Demonstrates emergent Accurately distinguishes ability for hypothetical time order of events speech Rudimentarily distinguishes time order of events Produces future tense more struggles to produce distant future accurately Capabilities Domains Age 11 or 12, and beyond (a) Cognitive Consistently uses information to carry out complex behaviors Develops capabilities in abstract and concrete thought, including understanding hypothetical situations Spontaneously uses strategies to store and retrieve information Refines ability to maintain and manipulate information without cues to complete complex tasks Refines inhibitory control over complex tasks Social Simultaneously considers one's own point of view and others' points of view Understands others' points of view as they relate to their social group or system Develops skills in persuasion and negotiation Linguistic Notes: This table synthesizes findings from the review of research on children's development to identify the ages at which gains in developmental capabilities can be observed. (a) Developmental capabilities in the domains of cognitive, social, and linguistic development and listed at age eight or nine and 11 or 12 include all of the previously abilities at age five or six. This represents building blocks of development--gains at age five or six are foundational for gains at age eight or nine and 11 or 12. \|Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback\| \|Publication:\|\|Journal of Consumer Affairs\| \|Date:\|\|Mar 22, 2015\| \|Previous Article:\|\|Foundations of financial well-being: insights into the role of executive function, financial socialization, and experience-based learning in...\| \|Next Article:\|\|Experimental evidence on the effects of financial education on elementary school students' knowledge, behavior, and attitudes.\|
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9377286434173584, "language": "en", "url": "https://earth911.com/eco-tech/reduce-cost-home-solar-system/", "token_count": 741, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.049072265625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:40292f70-7217-43db-bc82-2209bce04eb8>" }	Have you considered installing a solar power system on your home? Do you have concerns about the affordability of a home solar system? This article is the last in a three-part series that explores the financial aspects of installing home solar. Installing a solar panel system reduces your electricity bills for roughly 30 years, but it has a significant upfront cost. Let’s explore ways to reduce the cost of a solar system by focusing on energy consumption. Start With Energy Efficiency Most solar installers size systems partially by examining household electricity use. Add up your historical usage by viewing a year of electricity bills. If you can reduce your home energy consumption, it reduces the size of the solar system. Begin by examining where your home is inefficient and take action. Determine if your home still uses incandescent and halogen light bulbs and replace them with LED bulbs. Turn computers off when not in use and unplug idle electronics which could be sucking power. When some electronics are in standby mode, they can continuously consume a small amount of energy. Air conditioners and heating systems can use a lot of power. In the summer, set the temperature as high as possible while still being comfortable and use window treatments to keep your home cooler naturally. In the winter, put on a sweater and keep the thermostat as low as possible. If you have old, inefficient appliances, replace them with Energy Star-certified products. Some water heaters use electricity. Save energy by installing low-flow plumbing fixtures and use cold water instead of hot water when it’s a viable option. Get Competitive Bids When installing a solar system, shop around. Many small solar installers have lower prices than the bigger solar contractors. The price of a solar system also depends on the cost of the components. Ask for solar bids that include high-quality but lower priced solar panels and equipment. Including battery storage also adds a significant amount to the cost of a solar system and might not be worth the upfront cost. Shop around when choosing an installer to find the best prices, warranties, and solar equipment available. EnergySage is an excellent free service that connects solar shoppers with the best solar installers in their area for customized solar estimates. Take Advantage of the Federal Solar Tax Credit There is a federal tax credit available that is applied to the total cost of installing a solar system, including labor and materials. The tax credit is a dollar-for-dollar reduction in income taxes, significantly reducing the total cost of the solar system. For example, in 2019, a $15,000 solar system has a 30 percent tax credit of $4,500. However, starting in 2020, the federal solar tax credit for residential solar is being phased out. The same $15,000 solar system would receive a 26 percent tax credit of $3,900 in 2020, or a 22 percent tax credit of $3,300 in 2021. So, installing a solar system in 2019 while the tax credit is still available at 30 percent will result in a larger tax credit. The federal tax credit will be eliminated for residential solar by 2022, so you still have a few years to get at least some federal tax credit if you can’t install solar in 2020. You may also qualify for local incentives, so search the DSIRE database to determine if there are any in your area. Do you have questions about solar for your home? Earth911 has partnered with EnergySage to get you comparable cost quotes and all the answers needed to confidently make a renewable energy investment. Visit EnergySage to begin profiling your home’s solar potential.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.942620038986206, "language": "en", "url": "https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/18003/monopoly-and-competitive-output-levels", "token_count": 446, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.4453125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:59888bb6-b269-46cd-8b88-7926c4cd655d>" }	Why do markets that are dominated by a single seller have a tendency to maximize profits at lower levels of output than their competitive counterpart? Why is the competitive market equilibrium price lower than the monopolist price? The monopolist will restrict output to be able to charge a higher price. It is true that if the monopolist reduced the price, it could sell more units, but the benefit of selling more units is more than offset by the fact that the monopolist would have to charge a lower price on all units that were previously sold at a higher price. Profits are maximised when marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC). Producing in a region where marginal revenue is lower than marginal cost lowers profits. In the case of perfect competition, the firm can sell any quantity at the market price, so marginal revenue equals the price (MR = P). It will choose to sell a quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (MR = MC). From these two equations we have MR = MC = P. For the monopolist, marginal revenue is lower than price (MR < P). This is the crucial point. When the monopolist sells an extra unit of output, it earns price, BUT it also loses some money as it has to lower the price on all units previously sold at a higher price. This is why the monopolists marginal revenue at every quantity on the chart below is lower than the price. This is why on the chart below the marginal revenue curve lies below the demand curve. The monopolist will choose to sell quantity Q* corresponding to Point A, where MR = MC < P. This quantity is lower than the quantity were price equals marginal revenue (where the D curve intersects the MC curve above), which is the quantity chosen in perfect competition. So the quantity sold by the monopolist is lower than the quantity sold in perfect competition. This is why a monopoly is undesirable from the consumer's perspective. Look at the chart above to the right of Point B. There are people (represented by the D curve) who are willing to pay a higher price for an extra unit of output than the marginal cost. Still, the monopolist will not produce that extra unit.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9272851943969727, "language": "en", "url": "https://gailhurley.com/2018/11/12/leveraging-innovative-finance-for-caribbean-blue-economy-growth/", "token_count": 1271, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.1416015625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:b0d52d7f-016e-409f-a8e3-ecb76225f794>" }	This opinion piece was originally published by UNDP One of the more recent terms emerging from the kaleidoscope of colored economies (brown, black, orange) is the ‘Blue Economy’. While it may seem like following on the latest buzz of the development community, there are very tangible advantages for small islands to pivot their national development strategy towards the sustainable use of the ocean. In this 2-part blog series, we first introduce the concept and its advantages, then we discuss innovative financing mechanisms that can be used to direct investment to the sector. A 4-Point Policy Checklist for Diving Deeper into the Blue Economy The earth’s oceans have been described as the last economic ‘frontier’. Globally, ocean-based activities generated over US$1.5 trillion in economic output in 2010 and were directly responsible for over 31 million jobs, primarily in fisheries, tourism, off-shore oil and gas exploration and port activities. By 2030, on current trajectories, the ocean’s value added is expected to rise to US$3 trillion, and associated employment to over 40 million. However, the state of the world’s oceans and seas threatens these benefits. Climate change, pollution and overfishing pose significant threats to the sustainability of the oceans and the economic rents they could provide. For small island states where the ocean’s role as a source of subsistence and income is magnified, business as usual cannot continue. What can we do differently? How can Caribbean countries more effectively leverage their ocean and coastal assets for economic and social development, while protecting these assets? This is the topic of the research paper, “Financing the Blue Economy: A Caribbean Development Opportunity,” produced jointly by the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Adopting a “blue economy” approach (in which the economic value of marine assets is maximised while the health of marine and coastal ecosystems is protected) could help usher in a new development paradigm for the Caribbean. The paper proposes four key sectors for highly targeted interventions over the coming years: fisheries and aquaculture, tourism, renewable marine energy, and marine transport. What does this imply in practice? And crucially, what can Caribbean policy-makers and the international community do to create an environment where the blue economy can thrive? Here are four ways: 1. Proactively manage coastal and marine resources The absence of a strong policy framework for managing coastal and ocean resources, and weak enforcement of existing legislation have hindered expansion of the blue economy. Smart, integrated coastal management considers the long-term sustainability of economic activities, ensuring that growth in one sector does not diminish the long-term viability of other sectors. Plans to grow the blue economy should involve strategies to protect the marine space and to tangibly share dividends with coastal communities. Grenada leads the region with its Blue Growth Coastal Master Plan and the associated Integrated Coastal Zone Management Policy. 2. De-Risk (climate-smart) blue investments In the blue economy space, challenges associated with small markets and infrastructural deficiencies are compounded by higher risks associated with investing in coastal and ocean assets that are directly threatened by environmental degradation and climate change. These lead to elevated financing costs. Policymakers can put in place a package of targeted public interventions to address risks and thereby reduce financing costs. These interventions include strategies to reduce risk (e.g. through better renewable energy policy design, institutional capacity building); strategies to transfer risk (e.g. through loan guarantees issued by public development banks); or strategies to compensate for risk (e.g. through price premiums). UNDP’s ‘Derisking Renewable Energy Investment’ framework assists policymakers to implement a different mix of policy and financial instruments so as to address renewable energy investment risks and cost-effectively achieve a risk-return profile that catalyses private sector investment at-scale. 3. Improve the ease of Doing Business in the Blue Economy On average, CDB’s borrowing member countries rank 123 out of the 190 countries in the World Bank’s 2018 Ease of Doing Business Index. In many states, entrepreneurs have to contend with difficulties accessing credit, registering property, enforcing contracts, and realising cross-border trade, among other things. As in other economic sectors, this hampers economic diversification and also domestic and foreign investment in the blue economy. Implementing policies to improve the ease of establishing and operating businesses in the blue economy will be vital to simulate private sector-led growth, investment, and employment. Such policies may include reducing the cost and the administrative and legal processes for establishing and financing new businesses; introducing tax incentives for businesses that help to build coastal resilience; and liberalising certain markets (e.g., marine passenger transport). 4. Collaborate Regionally to Sustainably Exploit our Shared Space The Caribbean’s ocean resources are shared and activities within one country’s exclusive economic zone can have significant impacts on the health and value of resources in the marine space of its neighbours. Both domestically and regionally, public rights of access and shared benefit of the coasts and oceans introduce another layer of complexity that needs to be addressed in countries’ blue economy development strategies. A regional approach is critical to develop a cohesive and effective strategy to sustainably exploit these resources. The Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and World Bank are implementing a Caribbean Regional Ocean Policy to facilitate co-operation for transitioning to a blue economy. The CDB/UNDP paper also advocates for a regional policy approach to ensure maximum benefits are achieved and shared across the region. Beyond these policy strategies, one of the major difficulties rests in determining how to scale-up early investments in key blue economy sectors in a context in which fiscal space is severely constrained, public debt is elevated and aid resources are limited. Cash-strapped Caribbean governments still have to think creatively about how new investment can be catalysed, especially from the private sector, and how aid resources could be more strategically ‘blended’ with private sector investment. Look out for part two of this blog, where we will delve more into financing strategies for blue economy initiatives.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9695443511009216, "language": "en", "url": "https://glineq.blogspot.com/2019/03/formal-and-actual-similarities-between.html", "token_count": 1254, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.388671875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:09d2335a-5430-44f0-8199-aedd7633b962>" }	There are obvious and (to some people) surprising similarities between global climate change and global inequality. Both are obviously global problems. Neither can be solved by a single country, group or individual. In both cases, there are significant externalities and consequently coordination problems. Both issues are even formally linked (that is, not only conceptually): elasticity of carbon emissions with respect to real income is around 1. This means not only that if person’s (or country’s) income increases by 10%, emissions tend to increase at the same rate, but that the distribution of emitters mimics the distribution of income. Since in the global income distribution the top decile receives at least 50% of global income, it is also responsible for at least one-half of all emissions. But there are also significant differences. The effects of global inequality are in part the product of high within-country inequalities that obviously have to be dealt with at the level of nation-states. There are only two parts that are truly global. The first is that high global inequality also means high global poverty; the second is that high global inequality is due to a significant extent to high inequality between countries’ incomes which in turn fuels migration. The issue of global poverty is an ethical issue for all those who are not poor. It is not otherwise an issue that affects the non-poor in their daily lives. Moreover since they do not share space with the global poor, they, in their daily lives, tend to ignore them. Migration is the only concrete manifestation of global inequality that affects people in rich countries. If some of them want to reduce migration, it is in their self-interest to help growth of poor countries. But the benefits and costs of migration are unevenly distributed within rich countries’ populations. Some groups like employers, users of many services, and workers with complementary skills gain from migration while others who compete with migrants, or those who are afraid that their culture would be “diluted”, lose. Thus the overall effect of global inequality on the lives of most people in rich countries boils down to the effect of migration. The effect of global climate change is different in the sense that it is more remote in time and is uncertain. The winners and losers are not clear. To combat climate change requires adjustment of behavior by individuals and countries in order to forestall effects which lie in the future and whose benefits are unclear, while costs of adjustment are obvious and present. Individual adjustment, while entailing often significant monetary or convenience cost for that individual, has close to zero effect on climate change and is therefore not rational to undertake from a purely personal perspective. Change in the behavior of larger groups, induced by taxation of especially “bad” activities, can produce effects but the distribution of benefits from these adjustments is unknown. Even if the benefits were somehow equally distributed, a group that adjusted its behavior would receive a very small share of all benefits. It is a typical externality problem. This implies that no group of people and no individual country has an incentive to do anything by itself: they have to be roped into an international framework where everyone is compelled to reduce emissions and where, in the case of success, net benefits would be, most likely, unequally distributed. (Note the similarity with social insurance schemes.) This is indeed what has happened with Kyoto and Paris accords. To complicate the matters further, however, nation-states are not really the best units to do this, although they are the only ones through which, given the current global governance structure, such policies can be conducted. This is because the man emitters who should be targeted are the rich, regardless of where they live. Thus, a much more appropriate approach would be an international (global) taxation of goods and services consumed by the rich. But for that one would need to have an international authority that would be allowed to tax citizens of different countries and to collect revenues globally. As I mentioned above, there is a formal equivalence between global inequality and climate change. Migration, which is the strongest “negative” (from the point of view of some) effect of global inequality, also requires international coordination. The increased migration of Africans into Europe cannot be solved by any individual country alone. It can be “solved” or rather managed only by a joint action (distribution of quotas) involving both the emitting and receiving countries. But unlike climate change which is basically considered an overall “bad”, migration is not an overall “bad”, but rather an overall “good”. Therefore targeting for more action countries that are likely to be the largest emitters of migrants does not make sense. In fact, in the case of migration, we deal with a “global good” that reduces global inequality and global poverty even if it may in some cases produce negative effects. Because of these real or putative negative effects (economic and social) we need rules that would assuage some people’s fears lest these people wreck and stop the whole process of migration. This is where the idea of “circular migration” and differentiation between job-related rights (equal for all) and civic rights (not available to migrants) comes from (in my “Global Inequality” as well as in the forthcoming “Capitalism, Alone”). In the case of climate change, we are dealing with something that is essentially a “bad”, but we have trouble making those who are generating the bulk of this “bad” pay for it and forcing them to change their behavior. Thus in one case we try to keep what is globally good (migration) by reducing fears of those who may, locally, be affected negatively. In the case of climate change, we try to avoid something that is globally bad by using the only instrument that we have (nation-state) which is clearly suboptimal for that purpose. We are thus in both cases trying to devise what may be called “second-best” solutions, mostly because of a political limitation called the nation-state.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9542912244796753, "language": "en", "url": "https://irishfinancialreview.com/2018/05/07/irish-adults-can-add/", "token_count": 955, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.16015625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:1f9fb4c4-f56f-4d3b-9066-3327f89ac321>" }	A third of Irish adults struggle to work out how much change they should get in a shop and two-thirds cannot read a simple financial line graph, according to a leading financial skills study. The study, from Cambridge University and University College London, which was published in March found “striking weaknesses” in adults’ financial literacy skills across many countries but adults here in Ireland fared especially poorly in all key categories. Financial literacy is broadly defined as the possession of the set of skills and knowledge that allows an individual to make informed and effective decisions with all of their financial resources. MoneyWhizz has identified six key financial pillars; Earning & Income, Credit & Debt, Saving & Spending, Protection, Investing and Financial Decision-making. According to the UK report, researchers analysed more than 100,000 results from 16- to 65-year-olds from 31 countries (listed below) who had completed the Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) test in 2011. As part of this test, adults were asked four relatively simple money-related questions that could be expected as part of day-to-day living. The UK researchers’ analysis of these results said: “A substantial number of people lack the basic skills that are needed to solve everyday financial tasks.” The study, The financial skills of adults across the world, finds of adults across the 31 countries, Irish adults are especially poor: - About a third of Irish adults could not work out how much change they should receive from a shop when buying a handful of goods. - About four-in-ten adults here struggled to work out the price they had to pay for a product when they were given a per unit cost, for example per litre or per kilo. - Roughly two-thirds could not read a simple financial line graph – the type often used to convey key information about pensions, investments and the economy – this placed Ireland near the bottom of the global survey. - Most struggled to calculate discounts involving more complex calculations – in the example, the price of season tickets to sporting events. Adults in Estonia, Finland and Japan performed well across all four tasks, those in Ireland, Turkey, Chile, Israel, Italy, Spain and England & Northern Ireland had among the weakest financial skills. Examples of the sorts of questions asked - If you bought four packs of tea: chamomile ($4.60), green ($4.15), black ($3.35) and lemon ($1.80) with a $20 note, how much change would you get? - If a litre of cola costs $3.15, how much will you pay for a third of a litre? - Explain the information presented in a simple financial line graph. - If a football club offers the same discount for all season tickets – Main Stand – $50 for single entry, $300 for a season; Stand 2 – $35 for single entry, $210 for a season; Stand 3 – $25 for single entry, $150 for a season – what would the price be for a Stand 4 season ticket, where a single entry costs $21? The answers are $6.10, $1.05 and $126 respectively. With more and more Irish adults living longer, the long-term need to plan one’s financial well-being from an early age is more important than ever. This is due to the combined impact of changing employer pension arrangements which have shifted from so-called ‘final salary’ or Defined Benefit pensions to Defined Contribution pensions. Under the Defined Contribution pension option, all of the investment risk is shifted to the individual. Also, many states, including Ireland have increased the qualifying age for one to receive the State Contributory Pension by several years. This has resulted in loss of income for millions of future retirees. “Consumers today have far more financial responsibility for their long-term financial well-being. Yet, few have the necessary skills to make informed financial decisions. It is important that consumers with relevant, meaningful and timely financial education on key concepts, including investing, time-value of money, compounding and tax-relief so they are better prepared for their future financial needs” said Mr. Frank Conway, Founder of MoneyWhizz, which works with primary and secondary schools as well as leading employers across Ireland in the delivery and development of personal financial skills. The countries covered by the research paper are: - United States - Czech Republic - New Zealand - England and Northern Ireland (counted as one for the report)
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9413547515869141, "language": "en", "url": "https://raipurbusiness.com/financing-credit-investments-cost-effective-categories/", "token_count": 879, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.06689453125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:57568014-21f7-480c-9b7e-e74f8cbfe840>" }	Godwin Capital in often the hypotheses of finances and even credit, according to this specification of the analysis object, are characterized for being many-sided and many-leveled. The meaning of wholeness of typically the cost-effective contact formed within the process involving creation, distribution and use of budget, as money solutions can be commonly spread. For example , throughout “the general principle of finances” there are 2 definitions of finances: 1) “… Finances reflect economical interaction, formation of the cash pounds sources, in typically the process of circulation in addition to redistribution of indigenous receipts according to the syndication in addition to usage”. This explanation has fairly to this conditions connected with Capitalism, any time cash-commodity interaction gain universal character; 2) “Finances represent the particular formation of centralized advert decentralized dollars resources, cost effective relations somewhat while using submission and usage, which will provide for fulfillment on the point out functions and commitments together with also provision of typically the problems of the increased further production”. This explanation is introduced without displaying the environment connected with its action. We talk about to a certain extent such explanation of finances and think expedient for you to make some specification. Earliest, finances overcome the court of distribution and partage service of the domestic revenue, though it can be a basic first step toward finances. Also, formation together with use of the devaluation deposit which is the aspect of financial domain name, goes not to the syndication and redistribution of typically the national income (of fresh formed value during a new year), but to often the distribution of currently developed value. This latest first appears to be a good part of value involving major industrial funds, later it can be moved to this cost price of an all sety merchandise (that is in order to the worthiness too) and immediately after its knowledge, and it is set this depressive disorders fund. Its reference is taken into account in advance of hands as a major depression kind from the consistence of the ready items price price. Second, main purpose regarding finances is very much wider then “fulfillment connected with the state functions plus obligations and supply regarding conditions for the widened further production”. Finances are present on the state level plus on the produces and branches’ level as well, and in some conditions, when the most part of the manufactures are not state. V. M. Rodionova offers a different position with regards to this subject: “real structure of the financial sources begins on the level of distribution, when the particular value will be realized and even concrete cost effective forms involving the realized benefit can be separated from the consistence of the profit”. Versus. E. Rodionova makes the emphasis of finances, since distributing relations, when N. Ersus. Moliakov underlines business foundation of finances. Though both equally of them give really substantiate discussion of funds, as a technique involving structure, distribution and use of this funds regarding money sources, that will come out of the following meaning of the finances: “financial cash relationships, which forms during this process of distribution and redistribution of the partisan value of the country wide wealth and total sociable product, is related with often the subjects of the overall economy and even formation and consumption of their state cash salaries and cost savings in the particular widened further creation, in the material stimulation of the personnel for satisfaction with the society social and other requests”. In the instructions of the political overall economy many of us discuss with the following descriptions of budget: “Finances regarding the socialistic express stand for economical (cash) associations, with the help of which will, in the way of prepared submission of typically the incomes and even savings the particular funds pounds sources connected with the state and socialistic manufactures are formed to get promising the growth involving the development, rising typically the material and ethnic degree of the people and even for rewarding other normal world requests”. “The technique of creation together with application of necessary funds of money resources for guarantying socialistic increased further production represent exactly the finances of the particular socialistic modern society. And the totality of inexpensive relations arisen between point out, companies and organizations, branches, locations and separate citizen in accordance to the motion associated with cash resources make economic relations”.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9443076252937317, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.aircubana.com/2016/08/money/", "token_count": 313, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.5, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:7ff5292c-2e69-42b4-aa08-8e7de443696e>" }	Cuba operates a dual-economy which can take some getting used to. Two currencies circulate in Cuba: convertible pesos (CUC$) and Cuban pesos (the moneda nacional, or MN). What causes more confusion is that Cubans will refer to both CUCs and Moneda Nacional as Pesos. For the average Cuban it is obvious what is meant, but not so for strangers who may think they are bargaining in local currency only to find that the seller expects payment in CUCs. For most tourists the MN has little relevance because just about all their expenditure will be in CUCs. This includes accommodation, food in most restaurants, taxis, bus tickets, nightclub entrances, tips and so on. The things that can be paid for in local currency include fruit and vegetables, street food (such as pizzas and snacks) as well as local buses. Some restaurants, cafes and bars will also charge in Cuban Pesos although this will usually be at the lower end or the market. Which currency to take? Avoid US dollars because officially, they attract a 10% special tax. The best currencies are Euros, Canadian Dollars, or Sterling since the exchange rates are generally reasonable. The CUC is pegged to the US Dollar at parity, so a stronger US Dollar means a stronger CUC and therefore fewer CUCs for your Euros/Sterling. Other currencies which are universally accepted by the banks (Cadecas) include the Swiss Franc, Mexican Peso and Japanese Yen.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9362303614616394, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.martinkoehring.com/2020/10/22/spotlight-on-ocean-energy-on-world-energy-day/", "token_count": 471, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.0517578125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:25ad7129-a103-4785-b89f-95e5e294924e>" }	October 22nd marked World Energy Day. The quest for energy has always been a balancing act between the benefits and costs of creation or extraction, storage, transportation and waste disposal. As populations have grown, humans have searched for new energy sources. Today wave, tidal and wind energy are at the centre of the green energy mix, given their huge potential. For World Energy Day we have published a new report by The Economist Intelligence Unit that examines the past, present and future of energy innovation for the blue economy. The report looks at the energy needs of different ocean economy sectors, assesses groundbreaking innovations and outlines an enabling environment for energy innovation within the blue economy. Technological innovation has an important role to play in accelerating wave energy. Can the power of waves be harnessed to improve hurricane monitoring and forecasting? The US Department of Energy (DOE) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are offering up to US$2.4m in cash prizes and other support to help innovators find out. Europe’s leadership role We also explore Europe’s leadership role in ocean energy. More than half of wave and tidal patents worldwide are held by European companies. The goal is to deploy 100 GW of wave and tidal energy capacity by 2050, meeting around 10% of Europe’s current electricity consumption. Meanwhile, policy support has helped the EU reach nearly 20 GW of offshore wind capacity by the end of 2018, making the region a global leader. And now green hydrogen offers huge potential to accelerate the ocean energy opportunity. In July the European Commission launched its new hydrogen strategy, making hydrogen a central element of the road map to an integrated and decarbonised energy system. While ocean energy has created excitement among many businesses and environmentalists alike, deep-sea mining has created more controversy. As the latest film in The Protectors Ocean series shows, mining companies and governments will soon be allowed to extract minerals from the deep-ocean floor. These rare metals are vital for a more environmentally sustainable future on land, but at what cost to the health of the ocean? Energy is one of the six industry tracks at the World Ocean Summit in March 2021. The energy track will examine the next steps from policymakers, investors and industry to maximise the potential of marine renewable energy. I hope you can join me.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9610896706581116, "language": "en", "url": "https://appliedmythology.blogspot.com/2011/11/", "token_count": 1323, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.109375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:dc1761e4-6d28-4994-b7aa-140325bc207b>" }	(This post was originally posted on Sustainablog on 11/29/11) Nationwide, farmers only own 60% of the land they farm. In many of the most productive row cropping areas of the Midwest, the percent of farmer-owned land is significantly lower (see Map above from the USDA, 2007 Census of Agriculture). Much of our farmland resource is owned by non-farmers and rented to those who actually farm. Some of that rented land is owned by investors or real estate speculators, but most of it is actually still owned by the descendants of the families who used to farm it, often several generations back. These are the families who have been part of the steady trend of urban migration for more than a century. Why Does Farm Ownership Matter?This ownership question is important for several reasons. US agriculture not only supplies our domestic needs for many crops, we are also among the major grain exporters. Our farmers, and our farmland owners, play an important role in determining whether we will be able to supply the increasing, global demand for food. Land ownership is also a key issue for agricultural sustainability. The most sustainable row crop farming practices can actually "pay their own way," but they do so over time by building soil quality. Those soil changes are at the heart of the environmental benefits, but they also increase the productive potential and yield stability of the land. Land rental rates are closely related to yield potential. Thus, the economic benefits of soil building are realized by the owner of the land. If growers don't own the land that they farm, or if they can't predict how long they will be the ones farming each given field, they can't rationally make the optimal, long-term investments in soil improvement. Fading ConnectionsEarlier in the history of rural-to-urban migration, there were often were personal relationships between land owners and renters. That allowed for more stable "land tenure" (the same grower might rent a field for many years). But those connection have faded over generations. In many cases today, the ownership is through a family trust for inheritance purposes. The leasing arrangements are often handled by a farm management company that provides the service of making the connection and negotiating the lease terms. Land rental has become much more of a year-to-year arrangement. Is Rental of Farmland A Good Or Bad Thing?Rental is actually a practical arrangement for both sides. The city-dwelling families get a steady stream of income. The farmers are able to expand their operations without incurring the sort of debt risk that bankrupted many of them in the 1980s. The problem is that most lease arrangements don't provide the mechanisms to favor a long-term, soil-building protocol. Addressing this issue will be challenging, but first it is useful to look at what we know about the "farmland rental business" as a whole. Farmland Rental Is A Significant Economic Activity Every 5 years (2007, 2002, 1997...), the USDA conducts and publishes the "Census of Agriculture." This includes dozens of interesting statistics, including the number of farmland acres in each county that are rented. Since 2008/9, the USDA-NASS has been tracking average land rents at the county level (before that such data was only available for certain states). Combining these two data sets (see graph above), we see that farmland rental is a very substantial industry representing 217 million acres of land and combined rent payments of $14.7 billion/year. Much of the land area (green bars, millions of acres) is rented for low prices, while there is another subset of the land in the $150 or more range (13% of the total area). The value of the rented land (red line, millions of dollars) is concentrated in the higher rent land, representing 1/3 of the total value, or $4.9 billion/year. Not surprisingly, much of this high value land is in the heart of the "corn belt." Land Rents Reflect Productive Potential Land rents are actually a very good measure of the productive potential of a parcel of land. In the graph above, the X axis gives the average per acre value of the major crops grown in each county in Illinois. The Y axis is the county average rent, and there is obviously a strong relationship between the two. The graph below plots the same sort of data for all the corn belt counties where corn, soybeans, wheat, and sorghum are the dominant crops. Land Rent Is A Major Farming ExpenseIn the histogram below we see that average farm rents for the same "corn belt counties" generally represent 25-30% of the total gross crop income of that county. Thus land rental is one of the largest single, year-to-year costs that a grower must pay. Farmers effectively compete with each other for the better land, and so when crop commodity prices rise, rents rise as well. The graph below shows how land rents have been rising in recent years as agricultural commodity prices have been increasing. Sustainable Farming Could Increase Land Rent Potential If...As I mentioned earlier, a several year investment in soil building practices can increase the yield on a given piece of land. Beyond that, improved soils capture and store moisture more effectively so that the yield is better insulated from year-to-year variation in rainfall. That issue is likely to become increasingly important with climate change. The owners of farmland have the long-term financial incentive to find farmers who are willing and able to execute a soil-building strategy. What this would take, however, would be a mechanism for the farmer to share in the "upside potential" of land improvement, and a mechanism for the landowner to help to carry the near term investment costs and risks associated with that farming change. All of this is certainly possible, but it entails major challenges in terms of communications and legal/financial arrangements. Land lease practices are only one of several structural barriers to more sustainable farming. Normal crop financing and crop insurance are also designed around year-to-year economics and a year-to-year mindset. By definition, sustainable farming must involve a long-term perspective. Many of the people who are in the key role of farmland ownership don't know much of anything about farming of any kind, let alone what constitutes the cutting edge of sustainability. Therein lies both the challenge and the opportunity. A more detailed analysis of this issue is posted on SCRIBD
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9668471217155457, "language": "en", "url": "https://channels.theinnovationenterprise.com/articles/reducing-your-costs-through-sustainable-strategies", "token_count": 446, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.0869140625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:f187786a-e0bd-41e4-9f9c-e398a5ab2133>" }	Advocates of sustainable strategies often talk about their advantages within the context of the long-term. Although it would be untrue to say that companies aren't already seeing benefits from sustainability, it's the promise of the future that fills them with the most optimism. There are however a number of advantages that can be achieved in the short-term and in this article we will take a look at what some of these are. For British companies, the ECA scheme rewards companies which use energy saving equipment by handing them tax cuts. It's been reported that the average company in the UK wastes about 20% of its energy on inefficient equipment, which not only increases costs, but inhibits them from profiting from ECA. Although it's costly to implement energy savings systems, there are a number of organisations that offer financial support through loans, leases and hire to purchase equipment, so this shouldn't necessarily be seen as stumbling block. Using Raw Materials More Effectively Waste is costly and it's something that companies try and avoid at all costs. Not something that's easy to avoid, it requires a proactive approach that includes recycling and a reduction in packaging. By implementing these procedures, organisations will find that their production processes are made more efficient whilst also promoting more long-term sustainable strategies that contribute towards reducing carbon-emissions and global warming. The fact that companies see their costs increase when they have to remove waste will also ring large, meaning that this is a no brainer. Increased Employee Motivation Generally speaking, people prefer to work for companies that promote sustainability. Some may feel uncomfortable working for a company that has no regard for its actions and feel guilty in feeding its success. Companies can remove this all together if they actively implement ethical strategies, allowing everybody to galvanise and work harder for the cause. Due to this, it's possible that you might see efficiency rise and employment turnover reduce. This will increase productivity whilst also reducing recruitment costs. Outlined above are just some of the ways that companies can profit from sustainability in the short-term. Although the long-term advantages remain great, a reduction in costs is not something that companies will want to shy away from.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.8944738507270813, "language": "en", "url": "https://edinburghconservationscience.com/2019/12/23/impact-of-tanzanias-wildlife-management-areas-on-household-wealth/", "token_count": 288, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.07861328125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:4ba03b9f-c401-4431-a603-1493e6591f05>" }	Large-scale area-based conservation measures affect millions of people globally. Understanding their social impacts is necessary to improve effectiveness and minimize negative consequences. However, quantifying the impacts of conservation measures that affect large geographic areas and diverse peoples is expensive and methodologically challenging, particularly because such evaluations should capture locally defined conceptions of well-being while permitting policy-relevant comparisons. Here, we measure the impact of Tanzania’s Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs), a national community-based conservation and poverty reduction initiative. We use a novel, cost-effective impact evaluation method based on participatory wealth ranking and Bayesian multilevel modelling. We find that from 2007 to 2015 the impacts of WMAs on wealth were small and variable, with no clear evidence of widespread poverty reduction. Accompanying qualitative data suggest that apparently positive effects in one WMA cannot be directly attributed to WMA activities. Our results suggest that current WMA policy needs to be revisited if it is to promote positive local development. Citation & Link to journal full text Keane, A., Lund, J. F., Bluwstein, J., Burgess, N. D., Nielsen, M. R., & Homewood, K. (2019). Impact of Tanzania’s Wildlife Management Areas on household wealth. Nature Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0458-0
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9441514611244202, "language": "en", "url": "https://sia-tickets.com/qa/what-is-crr-and-lrr.html", "token_count": 1273, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.02392578125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:f6644b56-280c-4272-947e-78690c8953ce>" }	- What is the difference between CRR and LRR? - Is LRR sum of CRR and SLR? - What is reverse repo rate? - How is the money multiplier calculated? - What is CRR and SLR? - What are the components of LRR? - What is meant by LRR? - What is the other name of LRR? - What is CRR in bank? - How do you calculate LRR? - What is MSF rate? - What is CRR and SLR rate 2020? - What is SLR at present? - Is SLR and LRR same? - How do you calculate LRR and CRR and SLR? - What is the main source of money supply in an economy? - Is money a credit? What is the difference between CRR and LRR? Create refers to cash reserve ratio which means total percentage of deposits of commercial banks with central banks. whereas lrr refers to total percentage of deposits in which commercial banks kept itself.. Is LRR sum of CRR and SLR? So, SLR is defined as the minimum percentage of assets to be maintained in the form of either fixed or liquid assets with RBI. The flow of credit is reduced by increasing this liquidity ratio and vice-versa. … So, LRR is not equal to CRR and SLR. What is reverse repo rate? Reverse Repo Rate is when the RBI borrows money from banks when there is excess liquidity in the market. The banks benefit out of it by receiving interest for their holdings with the central bank. … It encourages the banks to park more funds with the RBI to earn higher returns on excess funds. How is the money multiplier calculated? Money Multiplier = 1 / Required Reserve RatioMoney Multiplier = 1 / 20%Money Multiplier = 5. What is CRR and SLR? Cash reserve Ratio (CRR) is a percentage of money to be kept by all the banks with Reserve Bank of India in the form of cash and hence it regulates the flow of money in the economy while Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) is time and demand liabilities of the bank which are to be kept with the bank itself to maintain … What are the components of LRR? Legal Reserve Ratio (LRR) is a certain minimum fraction of deposits which is legally compulsory for the banks to keep as cash. The two components of LRR are Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR). What is meant by LRR? LRR is the percentage ( ratio ) of deposits which banks are legally required to keep in the form of cash with (i) themselves and with (ii) Central Bank. It has two components. The percentage of cash the banks keep with themselves is called SLR and what they keep with Central Bank is called CRR. What is the other name of LRR? It was a combined procedure including lateral retinacular release (LRR), double-bundle medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction, and a vastus medialis tenoplasty according to the Krogius technique….LRR.AcronymDefinitionLRRLegal Recovery Resource (Georgia)29 more rows What is CRR in bank? Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is the share of a bank’s total deposit that is mandated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to be maintained with the latter in the form of liquid cash. How do you calculate LRR? Value of money multiplier = 1/LRR which is equal to 1/0.1 = 10 Initial deposit was Rs. 500 crores Hence Total Deposit will be Initial Deposit × Money Multiplier = 500 ×10 = 5000 Crores www.vedantu.com 4 Page 5 Q17. Calculate LRR, if initial deposit of Rs. 200 crores lead to creation of total deposits of Rs. What is MSF rate? MSF rate is the rate at which banks borrow funds overnight from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) against approved government securities. … Under the Marginal Standing Facility (MSF), currently banks avail funds from the RBI on overnight basis against their excess statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) holdings. What is CRR and SLR rate 2020? RBI Monetary Policy TodayIndicatorCurrent RateCRR3%SLR18.50%Repo Rate4.00%Reverse Repo Rate3.35%2 more rows What is SLR at present? Currently, the SLR is 19.5 per cent. These funds are largely invested in government securities. When the SLR is high, banks have less money for commercial operations and hence less money to lend out. When this happens, home loan interest rates often rise. Is SLR and LRR same? SLR or Statutory Liquidity Ratio is the amount that commercial banks are supposed to keep with the central bank in form of liquid assets. LRR or Legal Reserve Ratio is the total amount of reserves in form of cash and liquidity assets that are supposed to be kept by commercial bank in Central Bank . How do you calculate LRR and CRR and SLR? For finding multiplier(k) we use formula : k = 1/L.R.R . What is the main source of money supply in an economy? The relative amounts of the two main sources of money supply, viz., the currency and demand deposits, depend upon the degree of monetization of the economy, banking habit, banking development, trade practices, etc. in the economy. For example, almost 80 per cent of the money supply of the US is made of demand deposits. Is money a credit? Credit money is monetary value created as the result of some future obligation or claim. As such, credit money emerges from the extension of credit or issuance of debt. … Virtually any form of financial instrument that cannot or is not meant to be repaid immediately can be construed as a form of credit money.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9389157295227051, "language": "en", "url": "https://unclimatesummit.org/5-ways-the-global-economy-has-changed-since-paris/", "token_count": 810, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.0439453125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:ea3967f8-9732-4140-a3d0-06e9441fd0a4>" }	At the end of a long year beset by the pandemic, rising emissions and worsening climate impacts, it is worth taking a step back and observing what has changed since the Paris Agreement was sealed five years ago. In just half a decade, progress on low carbon solutions has accelerated faster than most realise. The Paris Effect report by the global consultancy- SYSTEMIQ describes the economic, social and political transformations that have accelerated since December 2015. The report identifies the trends that have created the conditions for sectors to move towards market tipping points. Going beyond these tipping points will allow increasing numbers of low carbon solutions to out-compete high carbon alternatives. In some sectors, we have or are very close to reaching these milestones. Like the headlines said on December 12, 2015, the era of fossil fuels is over. Now, the challenge ahead of us is to accelerate the market transformation so that low carbon solutions become cheaper and more abundant in the near future. Here are five trends that tell the story of how the Paris Agreement has been reshaping the global economy. Net-zero is becoming a reality In 2015 the idea of a decarbonised global economy was science fiction. Since the Paris Agreement was signed, over 120 countries, 1500 companies, hundreds of cities and investors covering trillions of dollars have committed to net-zero targets. Five years on from governments sealing Net Zero in the Paris agreement, more than 50% of the global GDP is covered by net-zero goals. This economic realignment has created new conditions for sectors to move closer towards new tipping-points. By 2030, low carbon solutions will be competitive in sectors accounting for about three quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions. This is up from one quarter in 2020 and zero in 2015. The cost of renewables declined far faster than anticipated Economic transformations are slow, however once tipping points are crossed transition spurs. Despite the 36 year projection of the IEA, it only took 6 years for solar prices to reach $ 0.05 kw/h. Today, solar and wind are cheaper in most places than its fossil fuel competitors. By the end of the 2020s this will be the case everywhere. Electric vehicle sales are set to take off The renewable energy boom is good news for the electric vehicle market. EVs are becoming popular and are expected to outcompete their internal combustion engine ancestors soon. According to the report, EVs will beat the costs of fossil fueled cars by 2024. Electric competitors will also have cheaper maintenance, unparalleled acceleration, and near equal range. A new appreciation of the value of nature is emerging Agriculture is a bugaboo sector- deforestation, polluting fertilisers, and harmful land management practices are having devastating impacts on the environment . The good news:nature centric, alternative solutions are on the rise. Plant based protein is one of the most outstanding examples here. Just in two years time the market of alternative proteins grew by 29% and by 2030 it is projected to be worth $85 billion. Even major fast food chains are picking up the new trend of meatless burgers. New jobs are emerging In 2020, millions of people lost their jobs. As governments construct economic recovery plans, investing in opportunities with the most potential to create jobs will stimulate the crisis rebound. Building towards a net-zero economy can create net 35 million new jobs. These new jobs are expected to emerge in sectors like renewable energy, transport, land management along with others. A low-carbon economy transition is happening. It is unstoppable. But it’s up to global leaders whether the transformation will be fast enough to keep global temperatures below dangerous levels of increase. The COVID-19 recovery process is a unique opportunity to reshuffle investments and direct financial flows towards high return, low risk and low carbon solutions. This will create jobs, protect the health of the global population and build an economy that is resilient to pandemics and similar global crises. Read more about the report here.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9491099119186401, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.abacon.co.za/will-robots-create-or-destroy-jobs-in-the-future/", "token_count": 392, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.3125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:0c7bd6c1-6118-4a6b-9cb5-510f1048a0e4>" }	According to a World Economic Forum (WEF) report, the rise of the machine or rather the robot can lead to more than 133 million jobs in the next decade. This is in stark contrast to the number of potential jobs lost due to the introduction of robots. 1. Rise of the robot According to the WEF study, approximately 133 million jobs could be created globally in the workplace, with the help of rapid technological advances. This is a massive jump in employment compared to the 75 million that could be displaced. 2. Human fears – are they justified Findings in the WEF report appease fears that the rise of the robot economy will cost millions of workers their jobs, with widespread ramifications for pay, living standards and inequality. Findings, from a survey of company executives representing 15 million workers in 20 different nations by the organiser of the annual Davos gathering, does, however, warn of risks posed by automation. 3. Robots and job losses Some companies are already beginning to shed jobs in favour of automation, including the online retailer Shop Direct, which earlier this year warned 2,000 jobs were at risk as it moves to a new distribution centre. 4. New technologies – their impact The WEF report suggests new technologies have the capacity to both disrupt and create new ways of working, similar to previous periods of economic history such as the Industrial Revolution when the advent of steam power and then electricity helped spur the creation of new jobs and the development of the middle class. 5. Government support for displaced workers Ideas previously floated for supporting workers have ranged from a universal basic income to help the unemployed to greater government spending on education and adult learning. The next decade is going to be both exciting and challenging as robots are introduced into the workplace in greater numbers. Is your company preparing for the transition? For more information contact Ryan Danvers of ABACON IT on 072 601 2858.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9600903391838074, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.gruberlaw.org/types-of-trusts.html", "token_count": 414, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.15234375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:b7c46aff-f676-4d85-bc7a-24193dd2d034>" }	Types of Trusts There are several types of trusts that can be created to protect assets and ensure the appropriate passage of wealth to beneficiaries. The most common trusts are: - Inter vivos trust (aka “Revocable Living trust”) - Testamentary trust - Irrevocable trust A Living trust is a legal document that is created by the trustor that gives specific instructions to how a trustor would like their assets to be managed and eventually dispersed. Control of trust assets are still controlled by the trustor and the assets or language in the trust can be changed at any time. A Living trust is similar to a Will in this sense but the main difference is that a Living trust is created during the lifetime of the trustor, it’s effective immediately, it’s private (it’s not required to be filed in a probate court) and can be used during the life of the Trustor to benefit the trustor and then continue to be managed for the benefit of the beneficiaries upon the Trustor’s passing. A Testamentary trust is a trust contained in and created by a last will and testament. It provides for the distribution of all or part of an estate and often contains proceeds from a life insurance policy held on the person establishing the trust. There may be more than one testamentary trust per will and they are created to receive assets for beneficiaries in the will that might not be ideal candidates to receive outright gifts, such as minors or those with a disability. An Irrevocable trust is similar to revocable trust because assets are placed in the ownership of the trust. However, the main difference is that once the assets are in the trust, it is irrevocably in the name of that trust and the trust can rarely be revoked or modified solely by the Trustor. This area of estate planning and probate can be hard to navigate so appointing an attorney to draft and help administer the trust will aid the trustee in executing the provisions of a trust.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9473063945770264, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.samrogroup.com/fixing-troubles-with-six-sigma-and-flowcharts/", "token_count": 753, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.035400390625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:82146541-2e7e-4d76-bbbc-5604c134be37>" }	Six Sigma can be beneficial to firms no issue their dimension. A flowchart is a graphical representation that serves as a quite useful device in examining a wide variety of processes. It signifies the complete process from the beginning to the extremely stop and will help to facilitate detailed evaluation. This, in change, increases the workflow and support shipping and delivery to the clients. When a problem occurs, it is required for companies to examine their procedures very carefully in purchase to uncover the root trigger. It is only when the root cause is discovered that the organization will be ready to find a answer that will proper the difficulty and any attainable injury that was caused. Flowcharts are utilized to aid in this approach, and are priceless instruments to companies everywhere. When 6 Sigma methodology and flowcharts are used jointly, it is attainable to attain an complete process at an observational degree that is really detailed in nature, hence enabling the entire process to be considered in a way that permits it to be noticed in its entirety. Flowcharts are also utilized to help in the effective implementation of remedies. No matter what variety of business is run, Six Sigma resources can be employed to analyze info. Flowcharts will supply the requested info in a manner that is simple to see and recognize. Because of this, each and every small detail of company functions can be examined. When it arrives to producing, organizations usually use Six Sigma and flowcharts to assist figure out why merchandise flaws have occurred, or why a modify has transpired in the purchasing of a particular product. This permits organizations who are a component of the production industry to assess every item line so the origin of a distinct dilemma can be discovered and a answer set in location. This methodology can be employed in all other industries to improve general amounts of productivity whether goods or companies are presented. In accordance to Six Sigma methodology, the approach equals the total quantity of sequences, collection, and arrangements of occasions, methods, or measurements, accomplished continuously for the purpose of producing good quality products or providers. When it comes to implementation of a Six Sigma improvement program, the 1st phase is to change a procedure in order to decrease expenses and enhance good quality. There are many diverse varieties of graphical representations that allow organizational leaders to see the stream kinds of all actions and conclusions that just take spot in a variety of processes. Approach maps together with flowcharts and other diagrams can be utilised to graphically depict the procedure currently being analyzed. A flowchart is a graphical representation of a method that exhibits the enter, actions, and output of a certain process. It is utilised to signify the method from commence to complete, and acts as an instructional guide for facilitating more comprehensive analysis, while strengthening work stream and supply of services. https://www.zenflowchart.com/ is employed to achieve the complete approach at a degree of observation that is quite thorough in nature. Flowcharts are also valuable instruments in the profitable implementation of 6 Sigma plans, which is 1 cause why they are so commonly utilized in conjunction with this methodology. Flowcharts are used within the 6 Sigma methodology for a amount of motives, and go over a lot of different procedures. They make viewing the details simple, and allow firm executives to see what has long gone in and arrive out of a distinct process. Flowcharts are simple to produce and give a wealth of data. The less complicated it is to assess, the a lot more rapidly the solutions can be discovered and carried out. This greatly will increase efficiency ranges in all aspects of business and allows firms to turn out to be far more worthwhile. The details in flowcharts is also effortless to interpret which is nevertheless one much more reason why they are so commonly utilized.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9514086246490479, "language": "en", "url": "http://www.bondeconomics.com/2020/02/mmt-and-fiscal-policy-radical-or-not.html", "token_count": 1126, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.373046875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:1d0b1b66-d1c8-4543-95df-b432663de37f>" }	If we look at economic theory, there are no credible challenges to the MMT story at present; at most, one can debate terminology. Since many economists are keen to present economics as a highly mathematical, scientific discipline, getting into long-winded, arcane debates about linguistic issues does not fit the narrative. However, there are plenty of reasons for there to be a strong debate in popular discourse: not everyone agrees on the proper role of government in the economy. However, we cannot appeal to any formal theory to adjudicate the popular debates. (This article is a brief introduction to a cycle of articles that are expected to be re-worked into a chapter in a brief intermediate-level introduction to MMT.) The main issue is the question of the fiscal constraint. There are two definitions in use, but I am focused on this definition: what are the practical limits on government spending? (What happens when those limits are hit?) I discuss the second definition (a mathematical definition) later. It is relatively commonplace to note that floating currency sovereigns are supposed to be invulnerable to default. For example, I have seen finance textbooks that refer to the government curve as a "risk-free curve" (technically, default risk free), and offer a hand-waving explanation about "printing money". If the government cannot default on (local currency) borrowing (like a household or business), why not give everyone a free pony? Although MMT proponents emphasise that default is not the issue, they are not saying that everyone can get a free pony. (And in response, critics will point to particular statements in popular articles that appear to imply that everyone can get a free pony. I am not attempting to police the truthfulness of every statement on the internet, and I do not care what other primers might say, only what I write.) Since the main divide in developed country politics revolves around the proper role of the government in the economy, any discussion of the limits of governmental policy is going to be a minefield of conflicting opinions. In the absence of divine revelation, I see no way to adjudicate such arguments. The question is whether we can relate this debate to economic theory -- and that is where this topic gets extremely awkward. Popular Discussion: What Does that Mean?I distinguish between popular discussion and scholarly discussion, since the two areas of debate are completely different. For most people, what I call popular debate is the only thing they will hear about. It includes: - Financial market commentary. - Comments by politicians and political activists. - Comments by people at "think tanks." - Internet wrangling and opinion pieces in legacy media -- including such pieces written by academics. Scholarly discussion is solely the discussion of articles written by other scholars, which normally appear in peer-reviewed journals or textbooks in the modern era. I use "scholarly" rather than "academic" since the collapse in academic standards has meant that some academics have written articles criticising MMT without undertaking even a cursory survey of the literature. It might surprising that people whose reputations depend upon being a member of academia in the area of economic theory would discuss fiscal policy without reference to the actual theory in their field, but people are rather surprising animals. Scholarly Debate: Is There One? If we look at the theoretical literature in a scholarly manner, the debate over fiscal policy options for floating currency sovereigns is not particularly interesting. To what extent the literature disagreed with the MMT arguments, the theories have been largely abandoned, or empirical studies collapsed. The core MMT position is that the ultimate constraint on fiscal policy is inflation, a stance that has its roots in Functional Finance, a school of thinking within the post-World II Keynesian consensus. There was a politically-motivated move to purge Functional Finance from mainstream economic textbooks, but that has not affected reality. Theories about fiscal policy limitations ultimately devolve to stories about hyperinflation -- which is exactly what the MMT stance is. After that, the debate comes down to sniping over language. Since I am writing popularisations, I do not care about the exact wording others use -- I am translating it into what I see as the clearest exposition anyway. To what extent there is a debate, it involves the mathematical definition of a financial constraint: an equation that allegedly applies to the sequence of (primary) fiscal balances over an infinite model time axis. However, this constraint is essentially an assumption that is being applied to a mathematical model: it is true by defining it to be true. The debate is whether real-world governments need to heed this equation; and the argument of MMT proponents is that they do not. Popular economic commentary is full of lots of opinions by people with economics degrees. One might hope that economic theory -- which is popularly presented as a science, like physics -- could offer some illumination on those debates. Unfortunately, writing down a mathematical model does not eliminate political economy, and that is really what those debates are about. As a result, we are in the domain of opinion, not in the domain of falsifiable theories. Later articles in this sequence will discuss what MMT says about fiscal policy, and then try to relate this to the debates that continuously rise and fall on the internet. However, the distinction between popular debate and scholarly debate needs to be kept in mind if the reader wants to asses the "correctness" of MMT. (c) Brian Romanchuk 2020
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.966046154499054, "language": "en", "url": "https://get2fiu.com/compensation-is-entirely-payments-received-by-personnel-in-yield-for-their-effort-at-the-workplace/", "token_count": 945, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.294921875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:798bf665-addc-48ea-9b16-1eae1ab76e08>" }	Compensation is entirely payments received by personnel in yield for their effort at the workplace. Such rewards can be attributed to either direct or indirect financial compensation as well as non-financial benefits. Total compensation in an organization is founded on diverse regulations both at the federal and at state level. The organization must observe existing legislation in areas of employment, remuneration equity, citizens’ rights employment, indemnity, social security, labor relations and job-related health and security. Such laws are also pertinent in shaping benefits plan and salaries of staffs as well as taxes paid on income which are normally based on rules produced from certain federal and state laws. The famous law that the civil service needs to observe is the labor standard act. This law is important and owners of industries should be acquainted with it. The labor standard laws deals with 5 major laws of compensation namely, strenuous allowance, the least wage level, records keeping responsibility and the child labor. It sets minimum wage for workers and what each of them should get paid. It came up with overtime for hours beyond 40 in a seven day period. It is important to note this law gave some guidelines on how much minors could get. (Milkovich, Newman, ; Milkovich, 2002) Equal pay act of 1963 together with the fair labor standard act have some connections. The variance in the two laws comes when the fair labor standards restricts the difference in salaries given to male and female employees in the same position while Equal Pay Act does not restrict the system of seniority. Equal Pay Act does not attend to both exempt and non-exempt position of the members rather it recognizes values and rewards decent performance. Women originally got a raw deal in terms of payments whereby they were paid less compared to male counterparts for jobs with equal experience. The act made it fairer for both gender when it came to matters of compensation. The consumer protection act of 1968 is mostly concerned with the consumer acknowledgement such as wage garnishment, general commission on consumer finance, and extortion of credit transaction. Another important law is employee superannuation income security act which manages and categorizes the pension benefits, retirement plan, disability and health insurance packages. It offers occupation safety and parity in employment and Medicare (Robinson, Xue, ; Yu, (2011). There are many factors to be considered especially when creating a compensation plan for a given company. Contracting employee working under federal government in a biotech industry demands different approach than hiring accounts clerk in an NGO. While some laws protect both employees working at different levels locally and federally, we find not all applies in every case. Under family and medical leave Act of 1993, only employers with over 50 employees or more were required to provide this package. Considering the two cases we find that not every individual working at the federal and another one working for local organization receive equal benefits. It is therefore not fair for workers to continue earning low income under extreme conditions and get less. The laws create a level ground for all players in the industry to work within the framework of laws and regulations without any party stepping on its mandate. There are some similarities in total compensation between organization as well as differences in respect to exterior markets. Benefits are major part of employee compensation plan normally given in pecuniary terms to persuade, entice and keep staffs. Some non-monetary rewards such fringe benefits extended to employee do add value to them. Benefits are included in compensation package even though there are no such demands in the law to embrace them. Such benefits can take form of insurance, retirement plans, entertainment package and leaves. Some organization can also spread such benefits to the employees in form of day care. Both the federal and states laws have varied specter in respect to compensation where by state laws oversee and control compensation plans of workers, and the federal laws demand that employer contributes into social security (Milkovich, Newman, ; Milkovich, 2002). However, compensation differs from one organization to the other considering the federal government and private sector organization case scenario. The two differ in other attributes such as motivation or effort that are not quantifiable but truly matters to persons. Differences in Total reward also varied according to the level of training of employee. This is demonstrated clearly where 36% higher total compensation to high school education working at the federal level compared to workers in private sector. Workers whose level of education concluded in a bachelor’s degree get an average of 15% higher total compensation than their private-sector colleagues (Perry, & Zenner, 2001). Generally, the federal government rewarded 16% extra in total benefits that it would have if average payment had been similar with that in informal sector, after taking into account definite visible characteristic of employees.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9570840001106262, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.avsolutions.in/services/best-ecommerce-application-company-kolkata", "token_count": 149, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.022705078125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:ae690957-cf47-4746-ad4c-d6735d127241>" }	E-commerce does not necessarily mean conducting commerce through the Internet, but also includes other forms of electronic communication. Technologies like Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) predate the advent of e-commerce using the Internet and put the foundations for the growth of e-commerce we see today. The point here is that these older and high-powered technologies have been used to connect one business house to one another business. The protocols used for communication between the business houses were point-to-point. But the recent advances accomplished in e-commerce allows for a one-to many or many-to-many approach and thus help to expand greatly any single business to any number of businesses throughout the world.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9710163474082947, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.irishpost.com/business/the-importance-of-the-irish-global-technology-hub-to-fintech-206204", "token_count": 1280, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.027587890625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:d8fbfeb6-3737-47c5-9886-68decca56624>" }	NO ONE can deny that the last couple of decades have seen unprecedented changes in the world of technology. Arguably, these have been even greater than those seen in the industrial revolution – and they have also had far-reaching consequences in many sectors. The world of finance has perhaps seen more changes than many and Ireland has had a disproportionately large influence on many of these. Because, while one might expect the United States to be the true powerhouse behind transforming how the financial world does business, Ireland is a country that indisputably punches above its weight in this respect. This is largely thanks to the thriving Global Technology Hub that has grown up in Ireland which is worth around €35 billion a year in terms of exports and which employs over 36,000 people in a variety of different roles. But one might ask, how did Ireland become a Global Technology Hub ? Answers in this article, where we will take a closer look at all the different factors which helped Ireland to place itself as a global economy, such as its skilled workforce, its favourable position in the EU and the support from the government in terms of investments and regulations. The first requirement for any particular sector to thrive is to have the people to service it. Ireland is fortunate that it does indeed have this resource at its disposal. With a young population, the majority of which is under the age of 35, as well as many others attracted from overseas to work in a booming sector, fintech companies can have the pick of a highly skilled workforce. This has been further bolstered by the National ICT Strategy and Skills Plan that has been in force since 2014 and which has given particular support to encouraging more and more young people to study computing and other related subjects at a tertiary level. So each year an increasing number of suitably-qualified graduates enter the employment market. Both Ireland’s physical and geo-political position also mean that it’s ideally-placed to do business with the rest of the world. Its nearest neighbour to the west opens up the vast potential of dealing with America and its position in the EU means that it also has free access to serve the countless financial institutions across Europe. The third, and perhaps most significant factor behind the growth and health of the Global Technology Hub, is the support that is provided by the Irish Government. Not only does this ensure that the body that promotes new business, Enterprise Ireland, is consistently well-funded, many other grants are awarded each year to stimulate growth. For example, early in 2020 the announcement was made that the planned €1.1 billion Innovation Hub which aims to regenerate Dublin’s Grand Canal Docks would have 15% government funding. Other financial inducements that also help to stimulate the Hub in general include a corporation tax rate of just 12.5% and tax credits of up to 25% for companies carrying out research and development work as part of their core activities. This has all acted to both spawn a large number of home-grown businesses as we as to attract many of the world’s biggest tech companies to site some of their most important European bases in Ireland. For example, everyone from Google to IBM and Cisco to Oracle have a presence in the country. Another type of support within the fintech market is the knowledge and information behind investment platforms such as eToro. With informational guides and innovative approaches for investors, it brings to the investment world a totally different approach to investing, which aligns with the Government’s support to lead Ireland into a Global Tech Hub. Equally impressive, if not quite as huge as names like these, are the businesses born and bred in Ireland. Covering many different areas of fintech services, many of these have also been given a financial leg-up thanks to the investment of venture capitalists keen to take advantage of a booming sector. And, while there may be a large number of companies in the country, it’s been noted that co-operation, not competition, has been helping so many to thrive. This is an attitude that is fostered by the government as well as the country’s business support agencies, to the benefit of all. A prime investment opportunity The boom in these kinds of companies isn’t simply good news for their clients, it’s also providing exciting new opportunities for investment in fintech in general. Blockchain technology and its associated fields are predicted to be worth around $176 billion a year by 2025 and perhaps even $3 trillion by 2030 so it’s little surprise that interest is so great. The good news for would-be investors is that it’s also become easier than ever to speculate on growth thanks to the numerous online platforms now available, such as eToro. As well as providing a simple and straightforward way to invest, these also provide useful and comprehensive information about trends and other data that can help with decision-making when wanting to invest in stocks and in Fintech companies. With Fintech guides, other valuable market research and information, investors with an interest in Fintech companies can benefit from this, which can help them to make wiser investment decisions. One especially exciting area for many fintech businesses is that of the blockchain. Many observers agree that this is the single most important element to have come from the cryptocurrency craze that was heralded by the arrival of Bitcoin. As time has gone on, more and more applications of the blockchain have been discovered and Irish businesses like Aid:Tech are pushing forward the boundaries in terms of what it can do for the financial sector. Founded in 2014 by entrepreneurs Joseph Thompson and Niall Dennehy, its clients include banks, insurance companies and even a growing number of charities. Looking to the future While there may be many global economic uncertainties in the short- to mid-term future, there’s every reason to be confident that the country’s Global Technology Hub will not just survive, but continue to thrive. With all of the necessary elements in place, and the increasing globalisation of the financial industry, Ireland is in the prime position to rise even higher than its current position as the fourth largest supplier of fintech in the world. Perhaps, one day, it may even occupy the top spot.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9537994861602783, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2014/10/27/climate-change-may-scupper-flood-insurance-for-many-in-sweden/", "token_count": 477, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.2392578125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:5890f369-81dc-4caa-83a8-5ae975cb4e9c>" }	Climate change is expected to hit Swedish households close to water, as an insurance industry representative says they may soon abandon any attempt to cover them. At the moment flood damage is included in all home and property insurance in Sweden, but that might be at risk, as climate change and more extreme weather hits. Staffan Moberg, lawyer at Insurance Sweden, says tough times are ahead for people hoping to get pay outs for flood damage. Speaking to Swedish Radio’s Klotet programme he says that “within five to ten years we are going to see some properties and areas finding it difficult to get insurance protection”. Many houses and buildings are located in areas where the risk of flooding is large, and that can be places close to the sea or lakes, or valleys where waters from heavy rain collect. The insurance burden for these kinds of places have generally been shared by the whole population, but due to the dangers posed by climate change in the future, the insurance industry recently issued their warning. Parts of southern England are already uninsurable, and a similar discussion is taking place in Denmark. The southern Swedish plains of Skåne are just across the water from Denmark, and that could be an area that could be hit if insurance companies decide to change their policy. Karl-Erik Svensson is responsible for climate change protection at Kristianstad local council in north-eastern Skåne. He says it will be problematic. “People are going to have trouble selling properties that lie near the coast”, he told Klotet, and the local councils have no responsibility towards them. Related stories from around the North: Canada: Addressing northern food insecurity, Blog by Heather Exner-Pirot Finland: Walkers warned – Finland’s sea ice could be thinner than it looks, Yle News Greenland: Changing Sea Ice: The Ripple Effect (VIDEO), Eye on the Arctic Norway: The food crisis in the Far North, Barents Observer Russia: Sanctions on Russia – Helping or hindering the Arctic environment?, Blog by Mia Bennett Sweden: Demand ups Sweden’s reindeer meat prices, Radio Sweden United States: Can UN and EU take the heat off Alaska?, Ice-Blog, Deutsche Welle
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9578149318695068, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/small/Sm-Z/Virtual-Private-Networks.html", "token_count": 1777, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.16015625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:12da58c5-3eb5-4bc4-bcd8-c3f9eba1120d>" }	Virtual private networks (VPNs) are systems that use public networks to carry private information. Some of the earliest examples of virtual private networks were developed in the 1980s by phone companies and included business voice services. The voice VPNs provided a multitude of features, such as teleconferencing, toll-free numbers, private numbering plans, and call management. With the growth of the Internet, the definition of virtual private networks has started to expand. The emergence of information sharing technologies like local area networks (LANs) has allowed Internet service providers (ISPs) and information technology (IT) managers to get in on the action. Equipment and software manufacturers also have a hand in reshaping the future of virtual private networks. Now, many companies are using the Internet and turning to virtual private networks to cut down on costs and increase performance and security. VPNs can connect remote users and other off-site users (such as vendors or customers) to a larger centralized network. In previous years, this was an expensive venture that required large equipment and maintenance costs for the extra servers and private lines that virtual private networks required. Mounting phone charges were also a financial concern. This is no longer an issue because ISPs are a lot more affordable (usually a flat monthly fee) than long-distance and toll-free services. This fact, along with the universal appeal of the Internet, has revolutionized thinking and made VPN technology more accessible and financially viable for large corporations and small businesses alike. The result is remote access that is quicker, more secure, and wider in scope. When a company decides to transfer from a remote access server to a virtual private network, it should first and foremost consider the financial impact of the decision. If there is an opportunity to save money, then VPNs should definitely be considered an option. One of the main cost concerns hinges on whether the virtual private network will be housed on site or outsourced to an independent service provider. When a business decides to use an outside provider, it is immediately eliminating any costs for purchasing and maintaining the necessary equipment. The most the business will have to do is maintain security measures (usually a firewall) as well as provide the servers that will help authenticate users. Of course, this too can be done by an outside provider for an additional price. Outsourcing also cuts down on the number of employees that would be required to manage and maintain the virtual private network. Today, there are a greater number of providers who help companies service their virtual private networks than ever before. This has forced many of the providers to be more competitive and therefore develop the communication and management skills necessary to keep their customers happy. This in turn has led to better all around service for the companies who decide to outsource their VPNs. There are several disadvantages to outsourcing virtual private networks. There is an obvious loss of control when an outside provider is running things. Remote users that are in different cities, states, or even countries may also experience difficulty dialing in to the VPN. Several roaming services are available to help eliminate this problem, but they can often be costly solutions. If a business decides to run a virtual private network in house, it is looking at larger startup costs upfront because the proper equipment must be purchased and a trained staff must be hired to maintain it. The advantage is that once this is done, the company has more control over features like authentication and access. A large corporation may find this more beneficial than a small business because it may already have the staff in place to take on such a project. Still, the potential for retraining the staff to properly operate the VPN exists, and this is another cost that should be considered. Virtual private network systems are constantly evolving and becoming more secure through four main features: tunneling, authentication, encryption, and access control. These features work separately, but combine to deliver a higher level of security while at the same time allowing all users (including those from remote locations) to access the VPN more easily. Tunneling is what creates the connection between a user (either from a remote location or separate office) to the main LAN. This connection is called a tunnel and is essentially the circuit-like path that transfers private information through the Internet (which is a public forum). This requires a corporate address to be programmed into the dial-up network to ensure privacy. To avoid crowded connections, a tunneling feature called "switching" was developed. This feature helps differentiate between direct and remote users to determine which connections should receive the highest priority. The switching can either be programmed directly into the virtual private network or upgraded so that the hardware recognizes each connection on an individual basis. Incoming callers to the virtual private network are identified and approved for access through features called authentication and access control. These features are usually set up by the IT manager who enters a user's individual identification code or password into the main server, which cuts down on the chances that the network can manipulated from outside the company. Authentication also offers the chance to regulate access to the material on the LAN so that select users can only view certain information. Encryption is the security measure that allows information on a virtual private network to be scrambled so that it becomes meaningless to unauthorized users. Encrypted data is eventually unscrambled at the end of the tunnel by a user with the proper authorization. This process is usually done via a private IP address that encrypts the information before it leaves the LAN or a remote location. Despite these precautions, some companies are still hesitant to transfer highly sensitive and private information over the Internet via a virtual private network and still resort to tried and true methods of communication for such data. The latest wave of virtual private networks feature self-contained hardware solutions (whereas previously they were little more than software solutions and upgrades to existing LAN equipment). Since they are now self-contained, this VPN hardware does not require an additional connection to a network and therefore cuts down on the use of a file server and LAN, which makes everything run a bit more smoothly. These new VPNs are small and easy to set up and use, but still contain all of the necessary security and performance features. In order for a virtual private network to perform properly, the server must have enough bandwidth to accommodate the number of users (which usually grows over time). The number of remote users can also affect a VPN's performance. In addition, new technology that requires more bandwidth is bound to come out from time to time, and this should be planned for in advance to avoid a potential disruption in performance. Many virtual private network service providers are able to relegate more bandwidth as it is needed to keep up with their customers' needs. High volumes of traffic are also known to adversely affect the performance of a virtual private network, as is encrypted data. Since encryption technology is often added on via software, this often causes the network to slow down, therefore hindering performance. A more desirable solution is to incorporate encryption technology that uses hardware solutions to keep the network running at the proper speed. New technologies are also constantly emerging that help to decide just how sensitive certain material is (and therefore how intensive the encryption needs to be). As virtual private networks continue to evolve, so do the number of outlets that can host them. Several providers have experimented with running VPNs over cable television networks. This solution offers high bandwidth and low costs, but less security. Other experts see wireless technology as the future of virtual private networks. While bandwidth is the critical issue here, the evolution of the mobile work force could create significant changes in the VPN market. Users who wish to take advantage of the added convenience that would likely be provided by wireless VPNs could increase the demand in this area. Still, wireless virtual private networks will probably not take off until technology is developed that is both convenient and reliable. The growing number of options as well as solutions that are more affordable make virtual private network technology that much more attractive to small business owners. Some VPN software is even available on a trial basis so that businesses can find the solution that works best for them. Another option would be ISPs and NSPs (network service providers), which are also starting to provide more VPN services at better rates. Still, virtual private networks do not always eliminate the need to maintain a company's remote access system. Toll-free-number services should be kept as backups to an ISP in case it is determined that they a better fit either financially or performance-wise for the company and its users. Binsacca, Rich. "Virtual Private Networks." Builder. June 2000. Hayes, Jim. "Managed Data Services." Communicate. July 2000. Kosiur, Dave. "VPN Buyers Need to Make the Right Call." PC Week. December 14, 1998.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9495587348937988, "language": "en", "url": "https://dailyyonder.com/federal-spending-rural-lags-cities/2012/03/08/", "token_count": 769, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.2734375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:2c9441db-e9ce-49d5-beef-b5e8d2b09c01>" }	The gap between federal spending in rural counties and in metro counties grew from 2009 to 2010, according to figures released by the federal Economic Research Service. Per capita federal spending in metro counties has been higher than spending in rural counties for five out of the last seven years, according to the ERS, a division of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. In 2009, federal spending in rural counties was $285 less per person than in metro counties. In 2010, that gap more than doubled, to $683 per person. In 2010, the federal government spent $10,976 per person in metro (or urban) counties and $10,293 per person in nonmetro (or rural) counties. The ERS counts all federal spending that can be tracked to a particular county — from defense spending to the National Archives to Social Security payments. Then the ERS divides that amount by the number of people living in each county. (NOTE: The ERS stopped publishing this report, saying the underlying data is no longer available. Previous reports are still available.) There is a continuing belief that the federal government spends more to maintain a resident in rural America than a person who lives in a metro county. Last year, the Washington Post’s Ezra Klein wrote that the federal government provides “a raft of subsidies (devoted) to sustaining rural living.” The New York Times economics columnist (now Washington editor) David Leonhardt wrote that “suburbs and rural areas receive vastly more per-person federal largess than cities.” As you can see from the chart above, federal spending isn’t “vastly” higher in rural counties than in urban ones. It isn’t higher at all. Federal spending per person in rural areas is, in fact, lower than it is in the cities. The breakdown in federal spending, rural and urban, varies by the kind of spending measured, of course. Agriculture and natural resources spending is much higher in rural places — $331 per person in rural counties compared to $43 in urban counties. Defense spending is much higher in metro counties. Klein’s and Leonhardt’s argument is that it costs more for the federal government to maintain a person in rural America than in the cities, that urban residents pay a subsidy for all the extra costs incurred by people living in small towns where the cost of everything is higher. You can see in the chart below that this is not true. If it did cost more to maintain a rural population, you’d expect to see that in spending on community resources — transportation, Native American assistance, environmental protection, development, business assistance and community facilities. But, spending on community resources is far lower in rural areas than in metro counties. And that gap between rural and urban spending on community resources has increased every year since 2007. Spending is higher in rural counties when it comes to income security payments. The largest of these programs is Social Security, a payment based on age not geographic location. This spending also includes disability, public assistance and hospital and medical benefits. The rural differential in income security payments shrank from 2009 to 2010, from $1,639 per person to $1,340 per person. You might want to bookmark this page, because sometime in the next year you will hear or read the argument that American taxpayers are “subsidizing” rural communities — that cities are being starved for funds while rural areas are, as Leonhard wrote, slurping up the “federal largess.” The Brookings Institution says this constantly. The New York Times makes this point every so often. The numbers compiled by ERS tell a very different story.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9639222621917725, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.wepapers.com/samples/united-states-economy-essay-sample/", "token_count": 3082, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.12451171875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:a53cd830-d233-4468-acc5-fa93c49c657d>" }	United States Economy Essay Sample The United State’s economic growth period is referred to as the gilded age and it is during this period the United States jumped to lead in industrialization. The nation was then rapidly expanding and its economy was moving to new areas like into the industry of factories, coal mining and railroads. This period ranged from 1870’s to 1990’s and larger markets grew, commercial farming increased, ranching and mining stabilized and further a national market place was established. “Steel production in America is mentioned to have risen to surpass that of Britain” (Tindall and David, 67). Mechanization of industries also increased and this marked the gilded age’s search that would provide cheaper ways to creation of more products. This paper aims at describing economic changes that took place in the US around 1870’s and how these changes differ from the ones that took place in 1900’s. The paper will further indicate consequences and reactions to the changes of industrial work, law, urban development, agriculture and foreign relation. During the 1870’s and 1880’s, economy of the United States had the fastest rate of rise ever in history. Wealth, wages, growth domestic product and formation of capital rose in a steady manner. Wages, distribution of wealth, human costs, labor unions, rural to urban migration, industries and technology increased beyond 1880’s and in the 1900’s the state was close to perfection. Wages that were paid to workers and employees increased more during the 1900’s as compared to the 1870’s, wealth became more distributed and most people could access wealth with poverty reduced and human costs rose with more salaries that would be paid to workers (Brynjolfsson and Kahin,142). Labor unions arose and grew to fight for workers, industrialization increased with most people moving from the rural to urban areas in search of better lives and employment and technology started becoming familiar. More industries came up, expanded and were able to accommodate more workers, products and services. For purposes of transportation, the railways if measured tripled around 1870’s to 1880’smore than before but later in the 1900’s it doubled making it improve more. The railways improvements gave rise to increase in commercial farming, mining, ranching and creation of market places. Development of the rail system in the United States during the periods of development has had positive reactions on the urban development, agriculture and industrial work domains. Railways began to be built in the south although it only concentrated on short lines that would link regions of growing cotton to river ports and oceans. The reactions given to the railway building increased the railway networks and later the rails were also linked to the sides of the cities (Spulber, 54). Faster developing financial systems followed and railways later attracted the subsidies of the local governments of the United States. Freight rail road came up and played important roles in the economy of the United States. They got the use of moving imports and exports by use of containers and both coal and oil were being shipped form areas of production to areas of consumption. More freight locomotives arose together with those of passengers. These railways further led to rapid industrial growth and several far5ms got ready for mechanization. Cost of food lowered, national sales in the market increased, and engineering culture started to excel and modern management systems arose. During the nineteenth century, the railway system of transportation impacted the United States economy on bases of industrial work, urban development and agriculture. Development of United States changed over time and developed more as the railway system also developed. Railways became the common mode of movement and connected one business to other. Markets could have sufficient goods to provide to clients and customers and this ensured a good flow of money in the market further increasing stability of the economy. These rails needed maintenance and at times could cost United States a lot of money for repairs and updating and this derailed the economy (Spulber, 89). So far the maintenance and damages of rails was the mentioned negative part of it in all dimensions. People were employed to operate and manage these rails creating a good form of employment. The railway system thus had its changes making positive results to the urban development, industrial work and agriculture domains. Wages for workers was less and many people were put to slavery, especially people from the African countries. Workers had no voice in what they were paid yet they worked tirelessly to make ends meet. In the period of 1880s, 1890s and 1900s, this changed and however little the changes could be noticed. People who worked on farms, urban areas and in slums all had some voice that could cater for their needs. Wages increased and workers could be paid depending with how they worked and their posts. Labor unions arose in the United States, making workers to know their rights and amount of wages that they should earn (Gallman and Wallis, 81). In the industrial work, urban development and agriculture, increased and meaningful wages had implications of bringing improvements. People’s lives improved since they were in a position to meet more needs. Besides, poverty and low living standards decreased, leading to further revolution in the industries and farms. Wages also increased transportation because the available salaries could now make the worker to afford transportation easily. Increased wages on the other hand also negatively affected the industrial work, urban development and agriculture domains. By making workers earn more the available budgets became interrupted and derailed further development. Industrial work and urban development was most affected since most of their funds were used to pay workers. Labor unions that acted as openers also ensured the officials were paid and employed properly with some benefits that any employee could have. Reactions even wanted more wages to be paid to workers and the race to industrialization became stiffer and tougher. Workers underwent encouragement to work even harder and technological developments accompanied the system. Output of textiles increased, efficiency of steam power increased and iron making lowered the cost of fuel (Westlund, 17). With both positive and negative effects on the domains that are important, increase of wages still deserves fluctuations and not only in the United States but worldwide. Inequality trends in the United States began revolving around the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Long term trends in inequality were now being erased several economic disparities was reducing. “Wealth distribution as a disparity in the United States started improving even the narrow groups were beginning to hold posts in the big issues of stabilizing wealth distribution”. In the industrial work and urban development domain, wealth distribution issue was most important and reactions to these gave more positive implications. “The top earners had national incomes in huge amounts and balancing wealth distribution was like a hyperbole when it was mentioned” (David and Tindall, 85). Later, wealth distribution could be seen to improve and even the poor people could acquire wealth however little it was. Economic elites came up and great wealth could be inherited and most of this wealth gets to be permanent. The state of affairs started to prove the middle class to also flourish in the wealth generation bracket. With time, even the low class belonged in the bracket of wealth creation and distribution of wealth became uniform. Wealth distribution is a remarkable claim because it is not easy to make different classes have the same rights. On the bases of urban development, most wealth is made in the urban and United States ensured that wealth was distributed in the urban equally. “Industrial works ensured industries also raised wealth and all classes of people were allowed to participate” (David and Tindall, 27). Agriculturally, productions were made also by both workers and employees. Just as making wealth was made free to everyone, ownership was also free and successfully even the poor came to own something. Wealth distribution came to melt grand historical sweeps that had existed over a long period of time. Survey of distribution of wealth thus is important in all aspects and should be done frequently in order to maintain the wealth distribution system. Development of industries marked the industrial revolution and was a major change during early 1800s. Later in the 1870s, 1880s1890s and 1900 there was further remarkable improvement in the revolution. Reaction to industrial revolution enabled a positive gain in the interests of making more industries and since then several industries have come to exist. Hand production to machine production now came up and technology also improved. Industries came to exist and were vital in the domain of industrial work and urban development (Durkin, 58). Several industries developed in the urban areas, making people move from rural to urban areas with an aim of employment and better lives. Glass making came up, paper machines increased, whereas agricultural productivity made workers free to work in other and all sectors of the economic system. More efficient developments in the industries of developing countries included water wheels for most industries. Experiments got to be conducted by a known British engineer and the machine industry gained fame with more discoveries that are concrete coming up (`Durkin, 51). Machines like vehicles and trains got enough use in the industries with more specification put on production and movement. The industrial work, urban development and agricultural issues, then improved with reactions to increase industrialization. Rural to urban migration in the United States was due to industrialization and this increased urbanization. Basing interest in the domains of industrial work, urban development and agriculture the migration seemed to seek better economic opportunities. Immigration in the 1870s increased effectively to the period of 1900s with more industries increasing. Population in such areas increased and major cities in the United States got to develop. Patterns of settlement developed and racial exclusion began to rise with several races moving from one place to another (Oyemelukwe, 111). Furthermore, populations made the availability of industries to decline and intensity of unemployment began to be felt. A reaction to the inadequate jobs made people to later venture into businesses and industries that would serve the nation. The changes were seen to be positive because one problem would come with a solution and the trend was maintained with less problems remaining unsolved. Several people from different backgrounds also gave a reason for the diversity of ideas and that is why rural to urban migration was seen to be helpful. “There came up an increased demand for cheap housing by the migrants in the United States and this made several homes to be built poorly and this made personal hygiene a lack” (Tindall and David, 49). It is documented that rural to urban migration ensured lack of basic amenities and this led to the spread of bacteria all over with diseases killing many people. So far, the mentioned negative effects of rural to urban migration are least, though crime and poverty have also come up with the migration. Despite the negative challenges of rural to urban migration, the migration has had more positive effects on the industries, agriculture and the growth of urban centers. Unlike the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the nineteenth century had more massive populations moving to the urban and defining economic statuses of nations in the United States. Population increased day in day out as an effect of the economic growth in the charter of the United States. United States became a land of opportunity and easily found work came by just as the harder to find jobs came. All depended on the aggressiveness of the job seeker and how these employees were qualified even though education was still not efficient by then. People even from other continents like Europe and Asia had a taste of the United States and to date some still exist in the urban centers (Gallman and Wallis, 162). The rural to urban migration had thus enhanced more reactions to improving industries, urban development and agricultural dimensions. In concluding, an improvement in the growth domestic product of the United States was also an experienced during the economic growth times. The entire economic growth is a process of tiresomeness and would collapse if not all the required factors are put in place (Lussier, 71). As mentioned before, the development of transport, especially in the railway sector came up and was known as great development of transport. Increased wages, stable wealth distribution systems, formation and stabilizing of labor unions, increased industrialization, technological advancements, growth of GDP and rural to urban migration were also changes during the economic growth period. All the mentioned changes both positively and negatively affected the industrial work, urban development and agricultural domains with positive effects being of great concern. Most of the reactions to the changes ensured better growth with positive outcomes. `Durkin, Thomas A. Consumer Credit and the American Economy. S.l.: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print. Brynjolfsson, Erik, and Brian Kahin. Understanding the Digital Economy: Data, Tools, and Research. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2002. Print. Gallman, Robert E, and John J. Wallis. American Economic Growth and Standards of Living Before the Civil War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. Internet resource. George Tindall and David Shi. -A narrative history 8th edition: America’’s economic development, United Sstates,2010 print Lussier, Robert N. Management Fundamentals: Concepts, Applications, Skill Development. Mason, Ohio: South-Western, 2012. Print. Onyemelukwe, C C. The Science of Economic Development: The Theory of Factor Proportions. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2005. Print. Spulber, Nicolas. The American Economy: The Struggle for Supremacy in the 21st Century. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. Westlund, Hans. Social Capital in the Knowledge Economy: Theory and Empirics. Berlin: Springer, 2006. Internet resource. Please remember that this paper is open-access and other students can use it too. 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{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9056895971298218, "language": "en", "url": "https://agenda2030.statistics.sk/Agenda2030/en/indicators-global-level-target-10/", "token_count": 799, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.146484375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:cc311324-9a47-4e9f-b5c8-e8d912d5bba6>" }	GOAL 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries. “Progress in reducing inequality within and among countries has been mixed. Income inequality has declined in many of the countries that experienced sustained economic growth, while increasing in countries with negative growth. Meanwhile, the voices of developing countries in international economic and financial decision-making still need to be strengthened. And, while remittances can be a lifeline for families and communities in the home countries of international migrant workers, the high cost of transferring money continues to diminish the benefits.” Source: United Nations, The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2017 10.1By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average. - Indicator 10.1.1 Growth rates of household expenditure or income per capita among the bottom 40 per cent of the population and the total population 10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status. - Indicator 10.2.1 Proportion of people living below 50 per cent of median income, by age, sex and persons with disabilities 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard. - Indicator 10.3.1 Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality. 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations. - Indicator 10.5.1 Financial Soundness Indicators 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions. - Indicator 10.6.1 Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizations 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies. - Indicator 10.7.1 Recruitment cost borne by employee as a proportion of monthly income earned in country of destination - Indicator 10.7.2 Number of countries with migration policies that facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people - Indicator 10.7.3 Number of people who died or disappeared in the process of migration towards an international destination - Indicator 10.7.4 Proportion of the population who are refugees, by country of origin 10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements. - Indicator 10.a.1 Proportion of tariff lines applied to imports from least developed countries and developing countries with zero-tariff 10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes. - Indicator 10.b.1 Total resource flows for development, by recipient and donor countries and type of flow (e.g. official development assistance, foreign direct investment and other flows) 10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent. - Indicator 10.c.1 Remittance costs as a proportion of the amount remitted Last updated: 10. 07. 2020
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9549330472946167, "language": "en", "url": "https://everything2.com/title/Deutsche+Bahn", "token_count": 355, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.3828125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:14af1a1c-b98d-42db-995b-9d432ad20229>" }	"Die Bahn" -- Deutsche Bahn AG On January 1st, 1994, the state-run railway systems of Western Germany and the former GDR, Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Reichsbahn, were merged and privatised in what came to be known as the German Railway Reform ("Bahnreform"). They became Deutsche Bahn AG -- at first glance, a private corporation, but really a huge mess of companies, subcompanies and subsubcompanies under the aegis of a central holding company. Deutsche Bahn's corporate structure is as complicated as anyone might expect. Several separate business units exist, some of the run as GmbHs, some as AGs. Just some of the "Bahn daughters" in alphabetical order: All these business units are of course subdivided into many, many smaller companies. Just to give you a slight impression: - more than 2,700 passenger-service locomotives - more than 1,800 DMUs - more than 1,400 EMUs - more than 12,600 passenger cars - more than 1,400 electric freight-service locomotives - more than 2,000 diesel freight-service locomotives and shunters - more than 128,000 freight cars (plus about 65,000 owned by third parties) - more than 36,000 kilometres of track (nearly 20,000 electrified) comprising more than 93,000 switches and crossings and over 7,500 stations and stops, about 26,000 road crossings, 844 tunnels and nearly 33,000 bridges Deutsche Bahn is the biggest investor and one of the biggest employers in Germany and Europe's largest rail-transport company.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9592035412788391, "language": "en", "url": "https://wonkhe.com/blogs/how-apprenticeships-can-help-productivity-and-social-mobility/?shared=email&msg=fail", "token_count": 1181, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.216796875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:42481f43-ea20-41b4-b832-f9d62ae0719c>" }	If you go back to the introduction of the apprenticeship reforms under the Cameron government, the purpose of apprenticeships was clear – to increase productivity. UK employers’ investment in skills was stuck on a long-term downward trend, partly explaining the comparatively low productivity of the economy. By 2010, employer investment in skills had already peaked, at levels last experienced in the early 1990’s. Apprenticeships were seen as the flagship programme to tackle the skills problem. Through apprenticeships, employers would invest in employee training and development, to raise productivity and improve business performance. Using a ‘Trailblazer’ process, employers were collectively invited to develop new apprenticeship Standards, defining the knowledge, skills and behaviours, which they believed were needed to be workplace competent in a defined occupation. Levy; to enlist or tax From April 2017, all employers with a payroll of over £3 million were also compelled to pay the apprenticeship levy, which could be used to purchase approved apprenticeships. Through the levy, the Government finally abandoned the voluntary approach to training, by making the employer both purchaser and direct funder of workforce skills. Not surprisingly, employers have chosen to develop apprenticeships in occupational areas where they need to develop the skills of new and existing employees. Approximately 40% of these apprenticeship Standards are at higher education levels of L6 and above, demonstrating that apprenticeships are migrating upwards in level, and not just in niche areas. Think high-level digital occupations, managers, engineers, or surveyors, and in the public sector; registered nurses, social workers, teachers or police constables. Under the May administration, the policy focus of apprenticeships has evolved. While productivity remains important, the use of apprenticeships to support social mobility is now seen as an equally important policy objective. Few would deny the importance of social mobility, nor are the objectives of social mobility and productivity incompatible. Indeed, the reforms to apprenticeships could lead to the development of new work-based progression routes into technical, professional and managerial occupations. Such progression routes are likely to be particularly attractive to individuals who were put-off university by perceptions of high debt. With a Degree Apprenticeship, a student has their fees paid for by their employer and they receive a salary throughout. Degree Apprenticeships are also likely to appeal to older individuals in work who have missed out on higher education, but have the aspiration and ability to progress to a professional or managerial occupation. In UVAC submissions to government, we have argued that employers should be incentivised to develop and utilise work-based apprenticeship progression routes from Advanced Apprenticeships, through Higher and Degree Apprenticeships, to technical, professional and managerial occupations. Of course, not everyone shares UVAC’s analysis, but to make our case I will refer back to the old apprenticeship system. Under the historic funding system, apprenticeship provision had no relationship to skills gaps or shortages. I’ve read many labour market reviews at national, regional and local level, and never has business administration or customer service at intermediate (lower-level secondary school) level been identified as a skills gap, a shortage, or flagged as a skills priority. Bizarrely, however, two of the apprenticeship Frameworks with the highest take-up under the old funding system were Level 2 business administration and customer service. With a clear productivity focus and employer leadership of apprenticeships, the days of dominance for such apprenticeships should be clearly numbered. Many training providers have, however, argued that such programmes make a major contribution to social mobility. Indeed, the position of the Association of Employment and Learning Providers (AELP) is that all intermediate apprenticeship provision should be fully-funded by increasing the required employer contribution for Higher and Degree Apprenticeships, on a sliding scale up to 50%. From an economic perspective, this seems perverse. Do we really want to incentivise employers to invest in low-level skills provision and disincentivise their investment in higher-level skills provision? From a social mobility perspective, don’t we want to increase the number of progression opportunities to Higher and Degree Apprenticeships, smashing the Level 3 glass ceiling that has characterised apprenticeships for years? A second social mobility argument is that Level 2 intermediate apprenticeship provision should be prioritised because it supports individuals, particularly young people, entering the labour market. I question whether such apprenticeships in their current form are really appropriate for 16-19 year-olds? Doesn’t a 16-19 year-old need a sound educational base for future lifelong learning, and transferable skills for the different occupations they will undertake over a working life potentially spanning 50 years? Is the current 20% off-the-job learning requirement really sufficient as a platform for future learning? For 16-19 year-olds shouldn’t the off the job requirement be increased to 40%, at least, and involve a properly structured college-based programme of study? I’d also suggest that new T levels are likely to be a far superior option to many of the intermediate apprenticeship programmes of the past. So how do we proceed? Most importantly, the government’s apprenticeship policy is entirely appropriate. Apprenticeships should be focused on productivity, with employers deciding where to develop apprenticeships and where to use them within their organisations to best support skills acquisition. New T levels and Traineeships should be used for individuals who would have followed the old intermediate apprenticeships of the past. And in respect of social mobility into technical, professional and managerial occupations, we have a unique once-in-a-generation opportunity to develop exciting work-based apprenticeship routes for new and underrepresented cohorts of learners. This will call for new patterns of apprenticeship delivery, new partnerships and new thinking.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9314373135566711, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.echo.net.au/2021/04/is-it-solar-fair/", "token_count": 214, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.1904296875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:d4e2c414-9203-4240-a4d5-9b090e6f79fa>" }	Meg Pickup, Ballina The Australian Energy Market Commission (AEMC) draft rule change will result in solar households and businesses being charged for exporting cheap, clean energy to the grid. AEMC argues that charging solar owners to export solar electricity to the grid is about fairness. To the contrary, it’s about keeping the generation of electricity in the hands of a few. Rooftop solar generation benefits all energy consumers. It provides cheap, local energy to the grid thus bringing down wholesale power prices, which electricity retailers should be passing on to customers. Solar households and businesses should be rewarded for the economic, environmental and health benefits they provide, especially now that feed-in tariffs are dropping. Instead, the plan is to tax them for exporting power to the grid while big coal and gas generators will not be taxed. More, not less rooftop solar should be encouraged. People trying to reduce their energy bills and make a positive contribution to the environment should not be penalised. This rule change must be challenged.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.8547741770744324, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.efficientlearning.com/blog/free-cpa-lesson-types-principles-accounting-controls/", "token_count": 381, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.0167236328125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:9fa0b1c2-864b-41f3-b2ff-351edbcb27d4>" }	This month’s free Wiley CPAexcel video lecture features Prof. Dan Stone of the University of Kentucky and covers Types and Principles of Accounting Controls, which are a recurring topic in nearly every section of the CPA Exam. This is a great introduction. This video lecture may be short but it’s very informative. Now, here are a few sample questions to help gauge your understanding of the topic. The answers are at the bottom of this blog post (don’t cheat!). 1) Which of the following statements presents an example of a general control for a computerized system? A. Limiting entry of sales transactions to only valid credit customers. B. Creating hash totals from Social Security numbers for the weekly payroll. C. Restricting entry of accounts payable transactions to only authorized users. D. Restricting access to the computer center by use of biometric devices. 2) Milo Corp. maintains daily backups of its accounting system in a fireproof vault in the file library. Weekly, monthly, and annual backups are stored in a secure, fireproof vault at an off-site location. Maintenance of the backup files is an example of A. a detective control. B. a feedback control. C. a corrective control. D. a preventive control. 3) A company’s new time clock process requires hourly employees to select an identification number and then choose the clock-in or clock-out button. A video camera captures an image of the employee using the system. Which of the following exposures can the new system be expected to change the least? A. Fraudulent reporting of employees’ own hours. B. Errors in employees’ overtime computation. C. Inaccurate accounting of employees’ hours. D. Recording of other employees’ hours.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.914548933506012, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.nap.edu/read/12924/chapter/22", "token_count": 817, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.1748046875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:29789580-6b8e-4df6-8b88-29dbfc911c71>" }	Probabilities in Estimation of Fuel Consumption Benefits and Costs The committee estimated cumulative fuel consumption by successively multiplying the base fuel consumption by one less the estimated fractional reductions associated with specific technologies. The estimates of cumulative cost impacts are obtained by successively adding individual retail price equivalent change estimates. The committee has provided rough confidence intervals for the individual fractional reductions. The confidence intervals are based on the committee’s judgment and have not been derived in a rigorous, reproducible method. The committee’s intent in providing the confidence intervals is to convey its opinion that all such estimates are subject to uncertainty. The committee believes it is important to communicate the degree of uncertainty in estimates of fuel consumption potential and cost even though it cannot make these estimates with precision or scientific rigor. Given the judgmental nature of our fuel consumption and cost estimates, the committee has attempted to aggregate them with an appropriate degree of mathematical rigor. The following describes the method used by the committee to aggregate its estimates of uncertainty for individual technologies to estimate the confidence intervals for the full technology pathways shown in Chapter 9. Assuming the individual estimates of cost impacts are independent, the variance of the sum of n cost estimates is equal to the sum of the variances. Thus the standard deviation of the sum is the square root of the sum of the squared standard deviations. Let ±1.64ω be the committee’s estimated confidence interval for the retail price impact of technology i. The confidence interval for the sum of i price impact estimates would be ± 1.64ω, where ωn is defined as follows. Let fi be the impact of technology i on fuel consumption, where fi = 1 – ∆I and ΔI is the expected fractional reduction expected from technology I, and let pi be the expected increase in retail price equivalent. Let ± 1.64σi be the committee’s estimated confidence interval for technology i and assume that is a reasonable estimate of the variance of the estimate, whose distribution is assumed to be symmetric. Furthermore, it is assumed that the individual technology estimates are independent. The exact formula for the variance of the product of n independent random variables was derived by Goodman (1962), who also pointed out that if the square of the coefficients of variation of the variables is small, then an approximation to the exact variance should be reasonably accurate. The committee’s estimates of fuel consumption reduction are on the order of f = 1 − 0.05, in general, while its estimates of the confidence intervals 1.64σ are on the order of 0.02. Thus the square of the coefficients of variation are on the order of 0.00015/0.9025 = 0.00016. However, Goodman also notes that his approximate formula tends to underestimate the variance, in general. As a consequence, we use his exact formula, shown below in Equation 2. Equation 1 can be used to calculate a confidence interval for either the cumulative fuel consumption or cumulative cost impacts by calculating the square root of the variance and multiplying by 1.64. The committee believes that its 1.64σi bounds represent, very approximately, a 90 percent confidence interval. Assuming that the cost and fuel consumption estimates are also independent, the probability that fuel consumption is within its 90 percent confidence bounds and cost is within its confidence bounds at the same time implies that the joint confidence interval is an 81 percent confidence interval. The committee did not address what specific probability distribution the uncertainty about fuel consumption and cost impacts might take. However, if one assumes they follow a normal distribution, then the ratio of a 90 percent confidence interval to an 81 percent confidence interval would be approximately 1.64/1.31 = 1.25. Thus, an appropriately rough adjustment factor to convert the individual confidence intervals to a joint confidence interval of 90 percent would widen them by about 25 percent. Goodman, L.A. 1962. The variance of a product of K random variables. Journal of the American Statistical Association 57(297):54-60.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9703225493431091, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.pdicstoreessentials.com/blog/interpreting-product-life-cycles-for-better-inventory-data-management", "token_count": 626, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.0079345703125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:70826381-80ca-498a-946a-94e1c4a1afe8>" }	The life cycle of a product denotes the various stages through which the product goes, during its span on the market. This applies to both consumer products as well as commercial ones. In its essence, a product life cycle is a business management method, which seeks to define all the phases of a product’s life. From the time it is launched into the relevant market, a product will usually go through various stages of demand and technological standing, where more innovative products last longer on the demand scale and lesser ones last for brief periods. For the inventory manager, it is important to know where the product stands at all times, since this will aid in arranging and managing the rest of the inventory, as well as the product itself, accordingly. Importance of knowing a Product’s Life Cycle towards Inventory Data Management In order to manage the inventory more efficiently, the manager needs to be on top of the product’s life cycle, carefully monitoring its performance on the market and determining where it is on the product life cycle. If the product life cycle is not accurately monitored, the inventory may result in having an excess of that product for a much longer time than is needed. This can go the other way as well, with there being an inadequate supply of the product in the inventory, despite the product growing in popularity. This is why it is necessary for the inventory management personnel to watch out for the product life cycle, and interpret its various stages accordingly. Interpreting Product Life Cycles Following are the life cycles of a product, which the inventory manager should know and keep track of, via either manual record keeping or through an inventory tracking software, in order to maintain a hassle-free inventory. This is the initial stage of the product life cycle, when the product has just been introduced into the market. This is the stage where the inventory managers have to make sure that the product is available in sufficient quantities as soon as sales climb. The launch then leads to the growth stage, where inventory managers have to keep track of the demand patterns and forecasts, and keep stocks as well as safety stocks in place for when demand rises and sales begin to increase. Sales can climb either very slowly or very fast, and it is up to the inventory manager to know when the company will need more of the product on the shelves. This stage is where the product has already established its place in the market, and demand has stabilized and slowed down, as compared to what it was when the product was still growing in popularity. Here, the inventory manager will need to watch the ebb and flow of the market, in order to ascertain when demand is high and low. This is the stage where demand is at an all-time low, as the product has run its course and has been rendered somewhat obsolete. An efficient inventory planner will know when to reduce production in order to roll the product out without being stuck with excessive, useless stock. Inventory data management is made easy through the use of comprehensive and efficient inventory tracking software such as the one offered by CStorePro. today.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.945743978023529, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.westcoastsolar.com/new-industry-proposal-would-save-billions-and-create-thousands-of-jobs/", "token_count": 347, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.06201171875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:87a54886-d12b-4fc6-be2d-73046b1085fd>" }	Media coverage of Northern California solar energy tends to focus on the benefits of solar electric systems and the value they provide in terms of lower electricity bills. One area that you may not know as much about is solar heating and cooling (SHC) systems, particularly when it comes to water heating systems that rely on sunlight instead of natural gas. A new plan from the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) lays out a plan for wider spread integration of SHC throughout the country that would save the economy $61 billion while creating over 50,000 jobs. The report, produced by BEAM Engineering at the request of SEIA, calls for the installation of 100 million new SHC systems nationwide. The goal is to bring the United States a cumulative SHC capacity from 9 gigawatts (GW) to 300 gigawatts (GW) by 2050. It’s a lofty goal, but one that could have monumental benefits for the American economy and job landscape. “Part of our challenge is to do a better job of educating policymakers… about the enormous benefits SHC provides to American consumers and businesses, as well as to the U.S. economy,” Rhone Resch, SEIA President and CEO, said in a news release. “If we’re successful, the payoff will be enormous in terms of future job creation and energy savings.” Homeowners and businesses who are looking to save money can do so by converting to solar water heaters and relying on sunlight for all their hot water needs. This can help you save thousands of dollars over the life of the system, while helping the environment and reducing your dependence on fossil fuels. For more information, contact West Coast Solar today.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9875453114509583, "language": "en", "url": "https://investtravelplay.com/event/how-the-rich-get-richer-with-these-5-principles/?instance_id=114", "token_count": 460, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.400390625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:f1cc0c95-9fdf-448c-af05-eb463db4d80d>" }	6 Raffles Boulevard Have you wondered why the rich get richer and the poor get poorer? Lee Ka Shing, one of the richest man in Asia, worked 16hours a day on his job when he was young. He was not born rich. He became rich because he understood these 5 principles and these got him to become what he is today. Many rich individuals like Li Ka Shing became rich and stay rich is because of these 5 principles which were written in an old book “Richest Man in Babylon”. Here is the original text of the 5 principles from the book: - Gold cometh gladly and in increasing quantity to any man who will put by not less than one-tenth of his earnings to create an estate for his future and that of his family - old flees the man who would force it to impossible earnings or who followeth the alluring advice of tricksters and schemers or who trusts it to his own inexperience and romantic desires in investment - Gold slippeth away from the man who invests it in businesses or purposes with which he is not familiar or which are not approved by those skilled in its keep - Gold clingeth to the protection of the cautious owner who invests it under the advice of men wise in its handling - Gold laboreth diligently and contentedly for the wise owner who finds for it profitable employment, multiplying even as the flocks of the field Heres a quick summary of the above text: - Pay Yourself First - Don’t Be Greedy - To Seek Understanding - Seek a Mentor - Proper Deployment of Money Robert Kiyosaki and Tony Robbins too were not born with a silver spoon. Robert was so broke before that he has to live in a small car and Tony, at his lowest, had only $26 on him. These men were once broke before and now multimillionaires. Caleb got inspired by their stories and went in search for his answer to time and financial freedom. Join now to meet Caleb and he’ll share how these 5 principles helped him to get out of a full-time job which demands lots of his time and now has the freedom of choice on how he spends his time.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9395034313201904, "language": "en", "url": "https://primetime.unprme.org/2014/05/05/business-contributions-to-the-post-2015-sustainable-development-goals-issue-briefs-part-1-of-2/", "token_count": 1139, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.07666015625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:a54d0d4f-2a02-454e-ab76-dccf041c9d15>" }	Over more than a decade, the international community has been working on reaching targets set forth by the Millennium Development Goals, a set of eight goals which focused global attention on a limited set of concrete human development goals and provided targets for national and international development priorities. As these targets are set to expire in 2015, the international community, including the private sector and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are currently discussing what will comprise the new set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) post-2015. Based on extensive consultations with the UN Global Compact network of companies around the world, a series of ten issue briefs have been developed to explore the critical role business has to play in achieving sustainable development goals, and the willingness of the business community and HEIs, to support the efforts of government and civil society in this work. These briefs provide suggestions of issues and accountability mechanisms to be included in the SDGs and outline business’ role in helping to achieve these goals. These papers were presented to the co-chairs of the inter-governmental Open Working Group on SDG. Here is a brief introduction to the different issues presented including, in part 1, energy & climate, education, food & agriculture, governance & human rights, and health, and in part 2 infrastructure & technology, peace & stability, poverty, water & sanitation and women’s empowerment. For more detailed information click on the links to access the full issue briefs. Energy & Climate: Climate change and unmet energy demands are challenges that recognise no political or physical boundaries, crossing all sectors and industries globally. The private sector has a role to play as solutions-providers in mitigating and adapting to the impacts of climate change and ensuring energy security, while simultaneously generating attractive financial returns. It also plays a role in developing new and innovative solutions to climate and energy challenges, and finding ways to collaborate and form partnerships, seizing opportunities for greater investment in technological solutions. Additionally, businesses themselves are aligning business practices to advance climate solutions—raising standards, increasing efficiency and reducing emissions, and committing to longer range sustainability objectives and goals in order to better align their efforts and strategies in relation to the broad global sustainable development agenda. For more on one active private sector participation, see Caring for Climate, an initiative aimed at advancing the role of business in addressing climate change. Education: Businesses consistently single out education as the first or second priority for the post-2015 world, and also one of the areas where they are best positioned to make a difference. This includes ensuring that every child completes primary education, facilitating computing skills in secondary schools, increasing the percentage of young adults with skills needed for work, achieving parity in enrolment and educational opportunities at all levels for girls and women, and including sustainable development concepts at all levels of schooling with special emphasis on business school. The business community is doing this through partnerships, on the job training, the development of new technologies, and through initiatives such as the Framework for Business Engagement in Education and the Principles for Responsible Management Education. Food & Agriculture: Farming and food occupy a pivotal position in sustainable development. Enhanced harvests, food processing and distribution will help to eradicate hunger, renovation of the rural sectors of the developing world, where the great bulk if the poor are found, is key to an advance on prosperity, and current agricultural practices are at once contributing and threatened by, climate change. The business sector believes the goals in this area should focus on eradicating hunger and halting increase of obesity and malnutrition, doubling the productivity of agriculture in the least developed countries, stopping and turning back the increase in greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation resulting from farming and livestock, decreasing overexploitation of ocean fish stocks, and reducing food waste. Business can play a role through development of new crops, training of farmers, utilising new technologies and processes, and increasing collaboration and lesson-sharing through issue platforms such as the Food and Agriculture Business Principles. Governance & Human Rights: The business community identified both fair and efficient governance and an environment where human rights can flourish as not only benefiting business, but being necessary features of a sustainable society. This includes raising awareness and implementation of all UN human rights conventions and instruments, achieving competitive and transparent procurement processes, further developing an open, rule based, non-discriminatory international trading and financial system, and establishing a climate supportive of business and investment at home and from overseas—including further incentives in favour of sustainability. Business can play a role through scrupulous respect for human rights in the workplace and in their dealings with stakeholders, as well as through the framework laid out in the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights. Health: Health is central to development and is an investment that enables economic growth and wealth, as well as better quality of lives. This includes affordable access to quality treatment and care for all, the reduction of the reach of TB, malaria,HIV/AIDS, and non-communicable diseases, universal reproductive health services, and reducing maternal and under-five mortality. Health care constitutes a major industry and is involved in global campaigns to fight disease and make medications more affordable. They are also involved in innovative partnerships in wide-ranging areas such as research & development, disease elimination, new business models, community partnerships, and innovative licensing. From now through July 2014, the Online Consultation for the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda on Engaging with the Private Sector is being held on the World We Want platform, hosted by the UN Global Compact and UN Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO). You can contribute to the dialogue at www.worldwewant2015.org/privatesector2015.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9555252194404602, "language": "en", "url": "https://selfsufficientkids.com/money-bags-game-teaches-kids-how-to-count-exchange-coins/", "token_count": 857, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.1357421875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:c9ea3d37-ccc8-497f-bd99-3833621f132c>" }	Money Bags game is fun and interactive, teaching kids how to count money, distinguish U.S. coins, make change, and hone addition and subtraction skills. To find additional reviews of money games, see: The Best Money Games for Kids. This post contains affiliate links, see my Disclosure Policy. Coins are such a mystery to kids. Round metal circles of varying sizes with bumpy images on either side. Adults hand over these shiny objects to store clerks, place them in vending machines, and insert them into tall structures next to parking places. Somehow coins let adults pay for things, but what distinguishes coins from other round objects like checkers or buttons? And what’s with the different names – quarter, nickel and dime? Letting kids pay for a few things on their own with coins can help them grasp the value of coins, but playing a few games with kids can also help. Money Bags is an excellent game to get kids interacting with coins, learning how to count money and make change. And let’s not forget there’s a bit of math involved too. How to Play the Money Bags Game Setting up the Money Bags game is easy-peesy. Just snap in the dial, put one of each coin in the “money bags” area, have everyone choose a game marker and you’re good to go. The first player rolls the dice to see how many spaces he or she needs to move. Once there, the amount shown on the space indicates how much money that player earns for that turn. But here’s the catch – the player can’t simply take that money out of the bank (a.k.a. the stash of all the leftover coins left in the box). Instead, they need to spin a dial to see if there is a particular coin they can’t use – a quarter, nickel or dime. So while taking 26 cents out of the bank seems easy enough (one quarter and one penny), if the player is banned from using quarters, more thought has to be taken about how to arrive at 26 cents without using a quarter (perhaps two dimes, one nickel, and a penny). Two special spaces on the board mix things up a bit: The “$ Space” and the “Change It Up!” space. The $ Space means the player can take all the coins out of the money bag – so one quarter, one dime, one nickel, and one penny – and add them to their stash. The “Change It Up!” space gets kids thinking about how they can reduce the number of coins they have by taking two of their nickels and getting a dime, or two dimes and a nickel in exchange for a quarter. If the player is able to find a combination among their coins that they can exchange, they are also get rewarded with 10 cent “interest”. The game ends when the first player has moved through the spaces and reaches the last “End” space. The winner is the person who has the most money. Will Kids Like It? My seven-year-old is the perfect age to play the Money Bags game. She has some sense of what distinguishes the different coins – their names and values – but could use some practice. Turning a lesson of how to count money into a game made the practice enjoyable. She liked the challenge of having to figure out how to get 41 cents from the bank without using quarters and experienced an “Ah, ha!” moment when she discovered her two nickels could be exchanged for a dime. As we advanced through the spaces, the game seemed to be just long enough to hold my daughter’s attention. Any longer and she might have jumped up and announced: “I’m done.” Money Bags will continue to be a popular game in our house and a great way for my daughters to practice counting money outside of real life experiences. Give the game a try in your family if your kids could also use practice using coins.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9500082731246948, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/f2d37f4b915c8a1bca2570ec0013b940!OpenDocument", "token_count": 1906, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.0673828125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:53d535b7-8d35-4384-9483-b150f7c157ab>" }	\|Page tools: Print Page Print All\| Income Distribution: Interstate income inequality There are considerable differences in average income unit incomes between Australia's States and Territories - largely associated with differences in employment levels as well as differences in the composition of the workforce (occupation, industry, educational qualifications) in each State and Territory. However, living costs also vary between different parts of Australia and this should be taken into account when considering the implications of interstate income inequality on living standards. Wide disparity in State and Territory incomes Among the States, in 1997-98, Western Australia had the highest mean weekly disposable income unit income (4% above the national average of $526); followed by New South Wales (2% above the national average); Queensland and Victoria (around average); Tasmania (13% below the national average); and South Australia (14% below the national average). Among Australia's capital cities, Canberra and Darwin had the highest mean weekly disposable incomes (around 20% above the national average); followed by Sydney and Brisbane (10% above the national average); while Adelaide and Hobart had the lowest (8% and 11% below the national average). With the exception of Western Australia, mean weekly disposable incomes were substantially higher in the capital city than in the rest of the State. The greatest disparities were in South Australia and New South Wales, where capital city incomes were around 30% higher than in the rest of the State. Factors contributing to differences in income Differences in average income levels between areas are partly due to differences in employment, unemployment, principal source of income and, for those in paid employment, differences in average earnings. Those areas with the highest incomes in 1997-98 tended to have relatively high employment to population ratios; relatively low unemployment rates; and low levels of dependence on government pensions and allowances. Those areas with the lowest incomes tended to have relatively low employment to population ratios; high unemployment rates; and high levels of dependence on government pensions and allowances (generally associated with an older population profile). For example, Canberra and Darwin, which had the highest capital city disposable incomes in 1997-98 (around $630 per week), also had the youngest populations (proportion aged 65 years and over, 8% and 4% respectively); the highest employment to population ratios (66% and 67% respectively); relatively low unemployment rates (7.5% and 5.0% respectively); and the lowest proportion of income units deriving most of their income from government pensions and allowances (16% and 17% respectively). At the other end of the capital city income spectrum, Hobart and Adelaide (with mean weekly disposable incomes of $470 and $483 respectively), had the oldest populations (proportion aged 65 years and over, 13% and 14% respectively); the lowest employment to population ratios (around 54%); the highest unemployment rates (10%); and the highest proportion of income units deriving most of their income from government pensions and allowances (35% and 36% respectively). In general, those areas with higher average earnings (among individuals in paid employment) also had higher average income unit incomes. For example, in 1997-98, the Australian Capital Territory had the highest mean weekly earnings (20% higher than the national average) and the highest mean weekly disposable incomes (also 20% higher than the national average). Conversely, those areas with lower average employee earnings, generally had lower income unit incomes. For example, Tasmania and South Australia which ranked sixth and fifth respectively among the States in average weekly earnings also had the lowest mean weekly disposable incomes. In some parts of Australia, however, there was not such a close correspondence between income and earnings. For example, Western Australia ranked only fourth among the States in average earnings (4% below the national average) but first in mean weekly disposable incomes (4% above the national average). The effect of moderate earnings on income levels was offset by relatively high employment levels and low levels of dependence on government pensions and allowances (associated with low unemployment and a relatively young population). Among the States, in 1997-98, Western Australia had the highest employment to population ratio (62%); the lowest unemployment rate (7%); the lowest proportion of population aged 65 years and over (11%); and the lowest proportion of income units dependent on government pensions and allowances (27%). Factors contributing to differences in earnings Differences in average earnings of employees between areas are largely attributable to differences in the composition of the work force (e.g skill levels, qualifications, industry mix). For example, employees in the Australian Capital Territory, who received the highest average earnings in Australia in 1997-98, also had the highest proportion with a bachelor degree or higher educational qualification, and the highest proportion employed in the higher skilled (and higher paid) occupational groups i.e. managers, administrators and professionals. Relatively high average earnings in New South Wales and Victoria were also associated with work forces with higher than average levels of educational attainment and above average representation in the higher skilled occupation groups. Western Australia's high ‘balance of State’ incomes in 1997-98 can be largely attributed to the relatively high levels of employment in the mining industry, and the associated high average employee earnings. In May 1998, 4% of employees in Western Australia worked in the mining industry compared to 1% for the whole of Australia.1 At the same time, mean weekly earnings in the mining industry ($1,273) were more than double the average for all industries ($610).2 Relatively low average earnings in South Australia and Tasmania in 1997-98 were associated with workforces with lower than average levels of educational attainment; lower than average representation in the higher skilled occupation groups; and higher than average representation in the lower skilled occupation groups. Income and living standards When considering the implications of income unit income differences for living standards between areas it is important to look at factors which affect the amount of income needed to achieve an equivalent standard of living, and how these differ between areas. One key factor is ‘the cost of living’ which can vary significantly between areas, primarily reflecting differences in the prices of goods and services between areas but also reflecting differences in expenditure patterns. For example, households living in colder parts of Australia need to spend more on home heating than households in warmer areas. As yet, there are no reliable measures available of overall cost of living differences between States or smaller areas of Australia. However, the amount spent on housing (e.g. rent, mortgage, rates) is a major component of the total living costs of most income units. Housing costs vary considerably between areas (see Australian Social Trends 2000, Housing costs) and can have a significant impact on an income unit’s potential ‘after housing’ living standards. Subtracting housing costs from disposable income has the effect of increasing the relative income level of income units in those areas that spent the lowest proportions of their income on housing (Perth, Hobart and most balance of State areas) and reducing the relative income level in those areas with the highest proportions of income spent on housing (Canberra and Sydney). Since income units in higher income areas, tended to spend a higher proportion of their disposable income on housing than those in lower income areas, the overall effect of this adjustment is to slightly reduce the gap between the higher and lower income areas. Differences in income unit composition between areas should also be considered when comparing income levels between areas. This is because the amount of income that different types of income unit need to attain an equivalent standard of living varies according to the number of members, and the characteristics of each member, in the unit. For example, a person living alone would generally need less income than a couple, who would need less than a couple with children. Also, costs associated with children generally increase as children get older while, among adults, those in paid employment incur additional costs associated with working outside the home. When disposable income after housing is further adjusted to take account of differences in income unit composition (Henderson equivalent income using true housing costs) it has the effect of further reducing the gap between higher and lower income areas. In general, there is an improvement in the relative income of those areas with older populations, lower labour force participation and higher proportions of one or two person income units (Hobart, Adelaide and most balance of State areas). The relative income of Sydney also improves, offsetting the drop due to housing costs. On the other hand, relative incomes decline for areas with younger populations, high employment levels and higher proportions of income units with dependent children (e.g. Darwin, Canberra and Brisbane). Among Australia's capital cities in 1997-98, Sydney and Canberra had the highest average equivalent incomes (10% above the national average), followed by Darwin (8% above the national average). Hobart and Adelaide had the lowest average equivalent incomes (8% and 6%, respectively, below the national average). In 1997-98, average equivalent ‘balance of State’ incomes were highest in Western Australia (8% above the national average) and lowest in South Australia (24% below the national average). 1 Australian Bureau of Statistics, unpublished data, Labour Force Survey, May 1998. 2 Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999, Employee Earnings and Hours, Australia, May 1998, cat. no. 6306.0, ABS, Canberra.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9413490295410156, "language": "en", "url": "http://www.privacyandcybersecuritylaw.com/what-does-brexit-mean-for-data-protection/", "token_count": 558, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.365234375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:47a4b934-0ec9-41bc-b715-92da312436e4>" }	On 23 June 2016, the UK is holding a referendum as to whether to stay in the European Union or leave it. But what does a BREXIT (a British Exit from the EU) mean for data protection? Most of the UK law on data protection comes from the EU. The UK Data Protection Act 1998 and the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations both implement overarching EU law. So you might think this is like “unplugging” the source of data privacy law and therefore switching it off? But UK data protection law, in fact, pre-dates the European data protection directives. In fact, the UK was a signatory to the 1981 Convention (the forerunner of modern data protection law). Enough history! What could happen in theory? The UK parliament could reduce (or repeal) the Data Protection Act. The Courts could decide to no longer follow EU case law. Most importantly, the UK could choose not to implement the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This, as we all know, is a wholesale upgrade to EU data protection law. GDPR includes new penalties of up to 4% of worldwide turnover, new legal duties to notify of data breaches and requirements to implement an accountability framework of policies and procedures. What will happen in practice? The UK could leave the EU and join the European Economic Area. In this case, it would be legally obliged to maintain data protection law on an equivalent footing to the EU. So all the current law would stay. GDPR would also be a requirement. Theoretically, the UK could go out on its own. However this would make it a non-adequate jurisdiction for international data transfers. This means it cannot receive personal data freely from the EU. It could ask the EU for an “adequacy decision” but its anyone’s guess as to how long that would take. It could be a difficult negotiation (…think about the recent story of Snowden, Schrems and the proposed Privacy Shield, which is still being worked on). No doubt there would be huge pressure on the UK to fall into line (dare I say it) with EU-style data protection law anyway. Otherwise, this could be a significant drag on international trade. Finally, there is the practical argument that we actually need data protection law to underpin consumer trust in the digital economy. So let’s not trash it. For what it’s worth, the ICO say that the UK needs clear and effective data protection law regardless of whether it remains in the EU. They don’t expect to be packing their bags. Whatever the uncertainty on a possible UK exit, the issue will, at least, be resolved in a little over 7 days.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9582335352897644, "language": "en", "url": "https://bilderlings.com/blog/dms-and-sms-transactions-which-option-suits-you-best/", "token_count": 998, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.1689453125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:4000bd79-c27e-498f-9976-fdc7758e2d4c>" }	Today, when it comes to different types of payment algorithms, specialists generally mention two immediately: SMS (single message system) and DMS (dual message system). Briefly, in the case of SMS transactions the servicing bank and the emitting bank send each other authorization messages at the moment of financial transaction. Based on these messages, the transaction is carried out. SMS transactions are the most common method of payment in situations where a customer in a store chooses a product and immediately purchases it. In the case of SMS transactions, the sum paid for the purchase is written off the client’s account immediately. In a DMS transaction, money is not immediately written off a client’s account, but is reserved on his card. This type of payment is primarily used by online store systems and in the hotel business, for example. The buyer makes a sort of request for the goods, and the client’s money is reserved for the purchase. When the store confirms that this product is in stock, available and ready to be sent to the customer, only then will the money be written off the card. In turn, if the requested goods are not, say, in the warehouse, then the reservation of the sum on the client’s card is cancelled and the money remains in the account of the buyer. How to receive money – choose for yourself Note that one or another algorithm is more preferable to some systems and less to others. For example, if we talk about the VISA system of a bank whose client is going to buy something in a store, then this system “prefers” the SMS algorithm, whereas for example, for Mastercard, almost all operations are carried out as DMS. In spite of this, everything is quite flexible here and the mentioned payment systems can use both algorithms – at the request of the client. For example, one owner of an online store may be more comfortable with the SMS algorithm and so makes an agreement with the bank that every operation be carried out in this form – both with users of VISA or Mastercard. For another businessman who, for example, owns a dental clinic or a hotel, the DMS algorithm seems more convenient. In other words, it all depends on the needs of the merchant, and it’s not up to VISA or Mastercard to determine what kind of “algorithm” he needs. The human factor in the vastness of virtual business Worth mentioning – the DMS algorithm is something considered a headache for sellers, because every now and then you have to deal with a chargeback. For example, a client enters an online store, selects the desired product, places an order – and buys it. And then suddenly it turns out that the goods are not in stock – and it’s not possible to fulfill the order. The client is sure that he has paid for the goods, he enters the internet bank and sees that the money is written off for the purchase, which hasn’t actually happened. With DMS transactions, the customer’s money will have been put on hold, but not yet written off his account completely. The client does not see the sum in his account. And he does not see the chosen product either. The buyer, without investigating further, typically assumes that the money has already been written off and requests a chargeback. Yes, the buyer could contact the merchant and ask him to “release” the sum, since he hasn’t gotten the product – but he doesn’t do this. Technically, the financial transaction has not yet ended, but the client has already gone into full panic mode. This is the human factor in trade. To the seller, this procedure is likewise unpleasant, because there is a high probability of receiving bad feedback – the client’s response or review on his website. And for online stores, as well as for hotels, which also usually receive payments using the DMS algorithm, the reputational risk is undesirable, because the business’ rating is gradually built from feedback. A lot of bad reviews result in a low rating, both for hotels and for shops. Result: fewer customers and, consequently, profits. At the same time, one of the main advantages of the SMS algorithm is the ability of companies to plan a budget. SMS transactions are simpler, since the money does not get “hung up” until all the confirmations about the execution of a particular payment are received. And is it worth saying that for a company that constantly needs working assets – for daily purchases of goods – a simple transaction method is very important. With all this, it is still a matter of dispute in the world which algorithm is better and more reliable: SMS or DMS. And still there is no consensus. In short, the choice, based on personal experience, is yours.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9643415212631226, "language": "en", "url": "https://cfpbjournal.com/lack-of-internet-determines-credit-invisibility-bureau-says/", "token_count": 384, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.19140625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:6c81775d-b77f-4c32-9b98-eabe85a86b2e>" }	An inability to access the internet rather than proximity to a bank branch is a better indicator of credit invisibility, according to a report from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The report focused on the ways geographic location affects consumers’ ability to build a credit footprint. These consumers include those who are “credit invisible,” meaning that they do not have a credit record maintained by one of the nationwide consumer reporting agencies. They also include those who have a credit record that contains either too little information or information that is deemed too old to be reliable. Lack of internet access appears to have a stronger relationship to credit invisibility than does the presence of a bank branch. Bureau research also found that many credit products are originated through online means, causing credit invisibility to be more prevalent in areas with less internet access. Focusing on the incidence of credit invisibility among adults 25 and older may better identify tracts where access to traditional sources of credit is more limited. More than 90 percent of consumers transition out of credit invisibility by their mid-to-late 20s, indicating that a focus on older credit-invisible consumers might yield more fruitful results. Credit invisibility among adults 25 and older is concentrated in rural and highly urban geographies. While credit invisibility is more common in rural areas as a percentage of the population, over two-thirds of adults 25 and older who are credit invisible reside in metropolitan areas because of the higher population within those areas. Rural areas overall have higher rates of credit invisibility while in urban areas, credit invisibility is tied to income. This set of data points is the third from the bureau which focuses on credit availability. The first, Credit Invisibles, estimated the number and demographic characteristics of consumers who were credit invisible or had an unscorable credit record. The second, Becoming Credit Visible, explored the ways in which consumers establish credit records.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9709275960922241, "language": "en", "url": "https://fredblog.stlouisfed.org/2014/07/spurious-correlation/?utm_source=series_page&utm_medium=related_content&utm_term=related_resources&utm_campaign=fredblog", "token_count": 457, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.01092529296875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:5ae5673b-a09e-487d-ba42-dd82df13c3bc>" }	Relationships between macroeconomic time series are not usually straightforward enough to establish with a simple graph. The problem is that almost all time series tend to grow in the long term as an economy grows. So, any measure in nominal terms will grow even more, since inflation rates are almost always positive. Because time series can exhibit a common trend, it becomes difficult to interpret whether there is a relationship between them beyond that common trend. We call this spurious correlation. There are various ways one can isolate the common trend, and we show some here using M2 and total federal debt. Above, with just the raw series, all we can see is that they both tend to increase in the long run at roughly the same rates. In the second graph, we simply take growth rates of both series. Now the trend is gone, and it is much more difficult to argue that there is some correlation here, positive or negative. (Remember also that correlation does not mean causation: Even if we saw some relationship, we wouldn’t be able to tell whether one series is affected by the other. That requires more substantial statistical analysis.) In the third graph, we remove the trend in another way: by dividing each series by another series that also has this trend. In this case, we take nominal GDP: GDP because it measures the size of the economy, and nominal because both M2 and the federal debt are measured in nominal terms. The picture of the two ratios now looks different, but it is still difficult to claim that there is a systematic relationship between them. Looking only at the first graph, one would not have concluded that. How these graphs were created: Search for “M2” and “federal debt” to find the series: Be sure one of the series has its y-axis on the right. For the second graph, select “Percent change from year ago” for both series. For the third graph, change units to levels and add “Gross Domestic Product” to “M2” and apply the transformation “a/b”; then replace federal debt with the debt/GDP ratio available in the database (or create that ratio yourself). Suggested by Christian Zimmermann
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9309771656990051, "language": "en", "url": "https://permission.io/blog/what-are-altcoins/", "token_count": 3573, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.07568359375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:5062927a-ccb9-4920-8ed3-ad244469e2dc>" }	After its birth in 2009, Bitcoin ruled the cryptocurrency space as the only digital asset on the market. But not for long. After seeing BTC’s success, altcoins have appeared on the crypto market to introduce their own digital asset solutions. But what are altcoins, what are their purpose, and what is the major difference between an alternative cryptocurrency and Bitcoin? We will find out in this article! What Are Altcoins? Before deep-diving into our topic, let’s first define “altcoin.” Altcoin, or alternative digital asset, is a term used to describe cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin. The reason for the name is pretty straightforward, as BTC is often viewed as the original cryptocurrency, while other digital assets provide alternative solutions to crypto users. In addition to being the original cryptocurrency, Bitcoin has been dominating the digital asset industry. The BTC dominance index – the metric that measures Bitcoin’s share from the total crypto market cap – currently stands at 63.7%. According to CoinMarketCap, there are nearly 5,400 cryptocurrencies on the market, and none of them have managed to take over Bitcoin’s leading position since the inception of the digital asset industry. The Brief History of Altcoins The history of Bitcoin started in 2009 when the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto created the world’s first cryptocurrency. But when did altcoins appear on the crypto market? 2011 marks the birth of altcoins when Namecoin (NMC) emerged as the first cryptocurrency ever created after Bitcoin. Namecoin has an ambitious goal to replace the domain name system with a decentralized network, which allows users to register domains for a small fee, which is paid in cryptocurrency. While Namecoin was the first digital asset after Bitcoin, its position as the second-largest cryptocurrency was soon taken by other altcoins. One of them is Litecoin (LTC) – a cryptocurrency that is very similar to Bitcoin – that also launched in 2011. Unlike Namecoin, LTC – that features a higher supply and transaction speed than Bitcoin – managed to stay among the top ten cryptocurrencies by market capitalization since its creation, standing at position seven at the time of writing this article. In August 2013, Ripple (XRP) joined the ranks of cryptocurrencies, using the “OpenCoin” name at the time for its payment network. Ripple has since partnered with numerous financial institutions and payment services – such as MoneyGram, American Express, and Santander – while featuring the world’s third-largest cryptocurrency by market cap. Let’s jump ahead to one of the most important events in the history of altcoins: the birth of Ethereum in July 2015. Ethereum is a decentralized platform where users can deploy smart contracts – self-executing agreements between two or more parties in the form of computer code – and run decentralized applications (DApps). The platform also allows crypto projects to issue their own Ethereum-based altcoins via the ERC-20 token standard. As a result, the number of altcoins skyrocketed soon after Ethereum’s birth. Furthermore, the ERC-20 standard was commonly used by many crypto projects thathad launched Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) for fundraising, allowing blockchain startups to issue their tokens and sell them to investors in exchange for major digital assets. Since then, thousands of new altcoins have appeared on the market, providing the crypto industry with new use-cases and innovative solutions. Altcoin vs. Bitcoin: What’s the Difference? To see the difference between altcoins and Bitcoin, it’s important to take a deeper look at BTC first. Bitcoin 101: The Basics As per the original BTC whitepaper, Bitcoin operates as a peer-to-peer (P2P) electronic payment system where users can transact cryptocurrency in a decentralized way. Since there is no central authority in the blockchain network, users can avoid censorship while taking charge of their finances. Also, Bitcoin’s network is maintained by numerous miners from all over the world, which makes it more secure against hacker attacks than conventional systems that use central servers to operate. Unlike the banking system, Bitcoin lacks third-parties, which allows the blockchain network to feature low-cost and fast transactions. As the maximum coin supply is capped at 21 million, investors often consider BTC as a decent store of value that has no to minimal correlation with general market assets. Furthermore, BTC possesses one of the highest liquidity among cryptocurrencies as well as the lowest levels of volatility compared to non-stablecoin digital assets. Because of these reasons, Bitcoin is considered as one of the lowest risk crypto assets for investors. Due to the benefits mentioned above, Bitcoin has established a great reputation for itself as the world’s original cryptocurrency while featuring a decent infrastructure and a large community of active supporters. However, Bitcoin has some limitations, which prevents it from being used as the universal (and only) cryptocurrency in the digital asset space. First, BTC’s use-cases are limited. Apart from sending and receiving crypto payments and holding the asset to hedge against general market risks, Bitcoin is rarely used for commercial purposes. Also, the algorithm used to reach consensus in the Bitcoin network, Proof-of-Work (PoW), is highly energy-intensive as it requires miners to continuously operate their equipment to secure the blockchain. While Bitcoin mining uses more energy in a year than Finland, due to the inefficiencies of the PoW consensus algorithm, the BTC network faces issues of limited scalability. Compared to traditional payment networks like Visa and Mastercard that can process thousands of transfers per second, Bitcoin only has the capabilities to process a maximum of seven transactions per second (TPS). As a result, there’s an increased risk of network congestion in the Bitcoin network – which often results in excessively high transaction fees and long processing times. Altcoins to Empower Crypto With More Use-Cases Due to Bitcoin’s limitations, altcoins have appeared on the market with the ambitious goal of empowering the crypto space with more use-cases. To date, many successful altcoin projects have delivered value to crypto users. For example, Ethereum supercharged its blockchain platform with smart contracts and DApps to provide new functionality to cryptocurrencies. As a result, Ethereum is one of the busiest blockchain networks, featuring nearly 900,000 transactions every day. Due to Ethereum’s features, decentralized finance (DeFi) – a fast-growing movement in the crypto space to create decentralized alternatives to traditional finance solutions (e.g., lending, borrowing, insurance) – has become a reality. Higher Risks but Increased Profitability Investing in legitimate altcoins often comes with higher potential for greater profits for investors. However, compared to Bitcoin, altcoin investments usually bear increased risks; as such, Altcoins have much lower market capitalization than Bitcoin. While major altcoins should be fine, the ones with lower market caps and limited liquidity could carry high risks of market manipulation (e.g., pump and dump schemes), volatility, and fraud. Furthermore, some altcoin projects – especially a part of those that launched their token sales during the “ICO craze” of 2017-2018 – are dishonest about their goals or their products. Unfortunately, several altcoin projects couldn’t deliver on their promises after their token sales ended. And even some of those that tried to do their best have failed to satisfy investor demands. What Is Altcoin Mining and How Does It Differ From Bitcoin Mining? As mentioned before, Bitcoin uses the Proof-of-Work consensus algorithm, which requires miners to leverage their computational power to maintain the BTC blockchain. For this, they purchase special mining equipment, called application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) miners. However, as ASIC miners are often expensive for the ordinary Bitcoin user, some altcoins utilizing the PoW consensus model deployed alternative mining algorithms to BTC’s SHA-256 to combat the dominance of ASIC rigs. As a result, these altcoins can be mined with lower-end mining equipment (e.g., GPUs, CPUs, smartphones) that require a smaller investment from the user’s end. Also, many cryptocurrencies have utilized consensus algorithms alternative to Bitcoin’s Proof-of-Work to solve the energy-consumption and scaling issues of BTC’s blockchain network. While there are still validators in the network (who are miners in BTC’s case), most of these algorithms do not require users to physically use their computational power to maintain the system. Instead, they reach consensus by other means. For example, the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) algorithm requires validators to lock a part of their tokens for a specific time to verify transactions and add new blocks to the distributed ledger. What Are the Pros and Cons of Altcoins? Below, you can find a table that includes the pros and cons of altcoins. - Higher potential for greater ROI - Legitimate altcoin projects add new value and functions to cryptocurrencies - Many altcoins utilize more efficient consensus algorithms than Bitcoin - Some altcoins feature highly scalable blockchains (e.g. Permission.io) - Increased risks of volatility - Some dishonest altcoin projects are run by scammers, while others have failed to deliver on their promises - Altcoins with small market caps and limited liquidity face increased risks of market manipulation What Are the Different Types of Altcoins? Now that you know the essentials about altcoins, it’s time to see their different types. Examples: Ethereum (ETH), Ripple (XRP), Bitcoin Cash (BCH) This category includes those altcoins that have managed to carve out large shares of the crypto market. Major altcoins often feature higher liquidity, lower volatility, as well as big communities of active users, and an already established infrastructure. Due to these reasons – after Bitcoin – major altcoins are considered to pose the lowest risk to investors among cryptocurrencies. Examples: Tether (USDT), DAI, Digix Gold (DGX) As most cryptocurrencies possess higher volatility than general market assets, many have criticized the crypto asset class for the risks digital assets pose to individuals and businesses who utilize them for everyday transactions. To solve this issue, many crypto projects have introduced their stablecoin solutions, a cryptocurrency that has its value pegged to one or a basket of assets. The most common stablecoins are pegged to major fiat currencies like the USD or the EUR so they can maintain low levels of volatility while taking full advantage of blockchain technology’s benefits. Altcoins that have value pegged to other general markets (such as gold or silver) also fall in the category of stablecoins. Utility Tokens and Coins Examples:Status (SNT), Augur (REP), Tezos (XTZ) Most altcoins are categorized as utility tokens. These digital assets grant specific rights to their users. These could be anything from providing access to their platforms and services to giving discounts or special perks. The main goal of crypto projects that use tokens or coins is to incentivize users to power their ecosystems. In exchange, users can redeem the tokens or coins they gain on the crypto’s native platform or trade them on an exchange. Utility tokens are often Ethereum-based altcoins that have been often issued with the ERC-20 standard during Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) or Initial Exchange Offerings (IEOs). Examples: Blockchain Capital (BCAP), 22x Fund (22X) Unlike utility tokens, security tokens grant altcoin holders a fraction of the project’s ownership. Some crypto projects even provide security tokens to their investors that represent digital shares of the company and pay dividends to the holders. In the latter case, the value of the digital asset is tied directly to the valuation of the company. Therefore, if the valuation of the firm grows, so will the security token. As most security tokens – which are often distributed via Security Token Offerings (STOs) – have to comply with strict regulations, the risk of fraud is limited. However, security tokens are quite rare among altcoins, and they haven’t reached widespread adoption within the crypto community. Where Can You Buy Altcoins? The easiest way to purchase altcoins is by utilizing a cryptocurrency exchange’s services. On fiat-to-crypto exchanges, you can purchase BTC and a great share of major altcoins via bank transfers or credit cards. On the other hand, if you want to buy altcoins with smaller market caps, you have to first exchange your fiat currency into a major crypto (preferably ETH or BTC). Then you need to transfer your crypto to an altcoin exchange that supports the coin you want to purchase. Below, you can see a simple step-by-step guide to make things easier for you. Step 1: Register an Account at a Prominent Fiat-to-Crypto Exchange The first step to buy altcoins is to register an account at a reputable crypto exchange where you can exchange fiat currency to digital assets. Due to regulation, cryptocurrency exchanges – especially the ones that offer fiat-to-crypto trading – will ask for Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) documents. After you have created your account at the exchange, submit the required documents to verify your identity and residence. Some services may also ask for further information, such as the source of your income. After submitting your documents, the exchange will process and verify them, which usually takes a few days. Step 2: Buy Crypto Using Fiat Currency As soon as the exchange has verified your documents, you can start trading on the platform. Before you purchase crypto, you have to first decide on the payment method you will use to fund your account. The most convenient method to purchase crypto with fiat is by using a credit card as it usually takes a few seconds for your funds to appear in your exchange wallet. On the flip side, buying crypto with a credit card is the most expensive method as exchange services charge a fee ranging from 3% to 5% for card transactions. Furthermore, some crypto services use payment processors that place an additional charge (4-6%) on credit card transactions. You can also choose to fund your exchange account via bank transfers. As there are no credit card companies or payment processors involved in the process, bank transfers are among the most cost-efficient methods to purchase crypto. However, bank transfers could take several days to arrive, so this payment method is much slower than credit card payments. The best way to speed up your transactions is to use a crypto exchange that supports local bank transfers (e.g., SEPA for EU countries or ACH for the US) as these usually take 1-2 working days to arrive at your account. After selecting your preferred payment method and funding your account, head to the trading page on the exchange platform, choose your crypto-fiat currency pair (e.g., BTC/USD), set the number of coins you want to purchase and execute the transaction. Step 3: Transfer Crypto to an Altcoin Exchange After you have your crypto ready, the next step is to register an account and verify it at an altcoin exchange. The process should be identical or very similar to fiat-to-crypto exchanges. When you are done, transfer your crypto from the first exchange to the altcoin exchange service. Copy-pasting your wallet address or scanning the QR code of your wallet (when you are on mobile) is recommended when transferring your crypto. Be sure to double and triple-check your wallet address before sending your coins to ensure that everything is correct. After initiating the transaction, it usually takes a few minutes for altcoins to arrive while it could take up to 1-2 hours for your BTC to be credited to your exchange wallet. Step 4: Trade Your Major Crypto to Altcoins When your coins have been transferred to your wallet, it’s time to exchange them to your altcoin of choice. Head to the trading platform of the exchange and choose your preferred altcoin-major crypto pair. After setting the number of coins you want to buy, execute the trade. Don’t forget to withdraw your altcoins from the exchange to a secure wallet – where you own the private keys to your crypto wallet – to ensure the safety of your funds. Bitcoin has established a reputation for itself as the world’s original cryptocurrency that could be used for decentralized payments and as a store of value. On the other hand, altcoins fill the void that’s left by Bitcoin’s limitations, empowering the crypto industry with innovative use-cases. Disclaimer: The content of this blog is for general informational purposes only and is not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual or on any investment product. It is only intended to provide education about the cryptocurrency industry. Nothing in this post constitutes investment advice, or any recommendation that any cryptocurrency or investment strategy is suitable for any specific person. Do your own research thoroughly before making any investments of any kind.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9648076891899109, "language": "en", "url": "https://reason.org/policy-brief/why-florida-should-shift-from-gas-taxes-to-per-mile-user-fees-and-how-to-do-it/", "token_count": 635, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.1865234375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:2bffc482-00cc-4dba-8599-27ab66250e9f>" }	Florida’s road network depends heavily on per-gallon taxes on gasoline and diesel fuel. The gas tax was invented in Oregon in 1919 and within a decade it was adopted by all of the then-48 states. Nearly all states dedicated the revenue from these fuel taxes to the construction and maintenance of their roadway systems, as Florida also did. The first federal fuel tax was adopted during the Great Depression as a general revenue source. Dedicating federal fuel tax revenues to highways did not occur until the 1956 legislation to pay the majority of the cost to construct the Interstate Highway System. The increased federal gasoline and diesel taxes became the primary source of funding for the newly-created Highway Trust Fund (HTF). Ever since then, states have received annual federal highway (and some other transportation) funding from the HTF, to supplement what they raise from their state fuel taxes. Unfortunately, this funding system is threatened with a long-term decline in revenue. The reason, in part, is that long-standing federal policies are focused on reducing the use of petroleum-based fuels over time. In response, auto companies continually increase new-vehicle fuel economy, and are now making major investments in electric vehicles, which use no petroleum. This problem was first studied by a special committee of the Transportation Research Board of the National Academy of Sciences in 2005. (The author of this brief was a member of that committee). It concluded that fuel taxes would not remain viable as the primary highway funding source for the 21st century. In response, Congress appointed a national commission to look into how surface transportation should be funded in the longer term. After considering a large number of alternatives, the commission concluded that (1) the original users-pay/users-benefit principle should be retained and (2) the best way for users to pay would be a charge per mile driven, rather than per gallon consumed. It also recommended that the new mileage-based user fees (MBUFs) should be the replacement for fuel taxes, rather than being charged in addition to them. In the decade since that commission report, Congress has authorized federal funding for state departments of transportation (DOTs) to carry out a number of pilot projects, under which motorists and truckers operate their vehicles under a simulated mileage-based user fee-charging mechanism. Most of those pilots have taken place in western states, plus Minnesota. The only pilot projects in the eastern half of the country have been carried out by the I-95 Corridor Coalition. Florida has not participated in any of these pilots. This policy brief focuses on how Florida policymakers might address this looming highway-funding problem. First, it provides estimates of the likely shrinkage of fuel-tax revenues over the next 30 years. Then it discusses the general lack of understanding among some policymakers and especially the general public about the shrinking-fuel-tax problem and the potential per-mile charging alternative. Following that, the brief suggests a policy framework for how such a system might be developed for Florida. And it suggests a first implementation step that would build on systems already in place on portions of the state’s major highways.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9677703380584717, "language": "en", "url": "https://socialdemocracy21stcentury.blogspot.com/2015/01/more-evidence-on-profit-squeeze-of.html", "token_count": 998, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.41015625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:b6d499c2-3f47-4724-8ac6-eb69d75e7310>" }	America seems to have had a recession too in the years around 1888, and in 1886 the newly-established US Bureau of Labor (which was founded in 1884) issued a report called Industrial Depressions. The First Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, March, 1886, which looked into the recession and current economic conditions. As part of their research into conditions in Europe, the report noted the following: “One of the agents of the Bureau reports as the result of interviews had with leading economists in Europe the following as the predominant features of modem industrial development among the producing nations: (1) The influence of the increased facilities for transportation and international communication. (2) The steady progress of rising wages, contemporaneous with declining profits. (3) The enlargement of the circle of producing nations to such extent as to make the means of production far in excess of the needs of consumption.” (Industrial Depressions. The First Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, March, 1886, pp. 258).So the “profit deflation” or profit squeeze that British business people were complaining about (the evidence for which can be read here, here, and here) seems not to have been restricted only to Britain. There is also evidence in the report that the fall in prices and the increasing wage rigidity was distributing income from capital to labour in other European countries too: “Upon the phenomenon of the rise of wages side by side with the general decline of prices and profits in Germany, Dr. Barth, one of the highest economic authorities of that country, observes that ‘human labor has become more productive; by the same quantity of labor vastly more useful products are produced and exchanged to-day than even twenty years ago. The sum of all products of labor in which the world has to share or which the world is free to enjoy has not only absolutely but also relatively been largely increased, and the economical condition of mankind has been improved. This, of course, does not mean that all classes of mankind have profited equally by the change. Certainly, however, the wage-laborers are not the losers but the gainers by this change. Take a list of wages wherever you please, and you will always find wages to have advanced with rare interruptions during the last half century. Even where such an advance of wages is not found, the contemporaneous decline in the prices of commodities nevertheless amounts to an advance of wages. This constant increase in the value of labor constitutes an immense progress of civilization.’BIBLIOGRAPHY M. Piermez, a thoughtful Belgian banker and public man, in an examination of the present economic situation, asks the questions: ‘(1) Are we in the face of a general diminution of wealth? (2) Or is there only a change in its distribution?’ Answering the first in the negative, he proceeds to show how the distribution has been modified so as to give a proportion of revenue relatively less to land and capital and greater to labor. Capital has greatly increased and will continue to increase, but probably not in such a rapid progress as heretofore and chiefly for these reasons: ‘(1) It is not likely that there will be again an economic progress comparable to that by which this century has changed the face of the whole world. (2) The accumulation of savings will tend to diminish in proportion as they are rendered less and less productive. (3) The lower classes, whose share in the world’s distribution of wealth will continue to increase, save less than the upper classes. The average well-being of society increases with increase of wealth, and in the partition of this well-being a continually smaller share will go to those who live by wealth already acquired and a greater share to those who work. It will be still more difficult than it is to-day to live without working. Side by side with the fact of the increased reward of the wage-earner must be placed the great advance in the purchasing power of his wages. All the necessaries of life, food, clothing, heating, and lighting have been cheapened, and the tendency is for them to become cheaper still, that is, unless, in the case of the first-named article, the tariffs recently imposed in some European countries, Germany and France especially, the cost of food should remain normal or ascend. Laborers are feeling the effects of higher wages by eating more, clothing themselves better, and lodging in more wholesome houses. This, in return, reacts in making their labor more efficient and enables them to gain still more.” (Industrial Depressions. The First Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, March, 1886, pp. 260–261). Industrial Depressions. The First Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, March, 1886. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1886.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9587363600730896, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/small-wind-coming-on-strong", "token_count": 904, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.05126953125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:e0829464-3aff-40ef-86a1-75f37aff0791>" }	Maybe small wind won't be so small in the future. The just-released American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) 2010 Small Wind Market Study shows the industry sold 9,800 turbines in 2009, a jump of 15% over 2008, with cumulative capacity coming to 9.8 gigawatts. Small wind turbines generate up to 100 kilowatts. That's a 100 kilowatt turbine from Northern Power that was photographed at WindPower 2010 this week. "Not bad considering there's a recession going on and this is a big ticket item," Ron Stimmel, AWEA's Manager for Small Wind Systems, said in an exclusive interview with Greentech Media. Small wind is still a niche, but it's getting bigger. The total wind capacity added last year topped 38 gigawatts, with a cumulative capacity of over 159 gigawatts. Worldwide, the energy capacity of solar panels in the ground will likely surpass 30 gigawatts this year. Approximately 6.4 gigawatts went into the ground last year and the figure for new capacity this year will likely exceed 11 gigawatts. "There's a huge difference between what we consider small wind and rooftop wind -- 99% of all small wind turbines are installed on tall towers in open spaces," Ron Stimmel, AWEA's Manager for Small Wind Systems, said in an exclusive interview for Greentech Media. "When you get to a rooftop, the economics change tremendously because the resource changes tremendously. You don't get laminar flow [which is a good thing in wind]. What you get instead is a lot of turbulence." A number of people have wrestled with ways to use wind in urban settings, but they have discovered that the sites with really good wind access are few and far between. "If you're in a city," Stimmel said, "solar panels are a better bet." In many cases, it's not an either-or situation, Stimmel went on to explain. 90% of all residential small wind turbines also have a solar component installed with them. "They're natural complements," he said. Winds usually pick up at night, after all, and most of the local dealers who sell small wind turbines also sell rooftop solar systems. A small wind turbine needs open space around it to prevent turbulence. The general rule of thumb is that the turbine needs to be at least 30 feet higher than anything in a 500-foot radius to maximize its performance." It doesn't matter how high up you go. In fact, the higher the building, the stronger the winds. But the turbine nacelle and blades have to be 30 feet above it. Besides the standard three-bladed, horizontal-axis turbine now becoming familiar sight across the landscape, there are a variety of unique and innovative machines being developed. Stimmel didn't disrespect these newcomers, but did point out that the standard model has an 80-plus-year history of performance and emerged from "the so-called configuration wars of the 1980s" still dominant. "However," he acknowledged, "it doesn't seem to be keeping a great number of manufacturers from toying with the idea of very different designs. Irrespective of what it looks like, as long as it's producing kilowatt-hours cheaply and reliably, that's the Holy Grail." The many innovative systems, like vertical-axis designs from Windspire, draw an inordinate amount of attention, especially when proponents make big claims. But the fact is that most such conspicuously iconoclastic machines are capable of producing only very small amounts of power, often less than a standard rooftop solar system. Among the successful makers of the standard three-blade model, Southwest Windpower and Northern Power are regarded as the industry leaders. Some say Endurance is an up-and-comer. Parthiv Amin, the President of Community Wind, Northern Power Systems, pointed out that the really important thing about small wind systems is that they are located where people actually live. That's why it is crucial that the turbines be safe, quiet, reliable and affordable. "The key thing that small wind does," Amin said, "is put wind close to the hearts and minds of people. If people are convinced that putting these systems in their backyards is safe, reliable, economical, and quiet, then they are more supportive of big wind farms that are coming closer and closer to the communities."
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9441964626312256, "language": "en", "url": "https://brusselsreporter.com/lifestyle/2019/traffic-pollution-looking-at-the-healthcare-cost-of-our-cars/", "token_count": 850, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.1376953125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:14e6ae33-7cf2-4024-915c-19c08687ff1b>" }	Each year 500 000 Europeans die prematurely as a result of air pollution. Road transport alone causes 18 percent of air pollution. The overall cost for healthcare systems exceeds 60 billion euro per year. Déborah Berthier for VoxEurop In addition to the unacceptable death toll, such air pollution has a serious health impact among Europeans, causing respiratory and cardiovascular conditions in particular. The cost in healthcare of such illnesses has just been assessed and made public by the European Public Health Alliance (EPHA), an NGO regrouping over 90 associations of healthcare professionals. It comes to € 62 B per year. The estimation is based on data gathered by CE Delft, an independent Dutch research institute, across nine European countries: Germany, Poland, Spain, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania and Estonia. If all costs associated with road-transport pollution are included (not only healthcare but also damage to biodiversity, the built environment and farming), the cost rises to € 66.7 B annually. And most of this spending, 83 percent, can be imputed to diesel emissions. To make its estimates, CE Delft firstly took the European standard for calculating emissions of cars (Copert). Then the researchers made the same calculations but with measures used by the project TRUE (The Real Urban Emissions initiative). This program, carried out by the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), the NGO at the source of Dieselgate, records pollution levels caused by real-life driving. Such measurements are far higher, by around 20 percent. It might have been expected that, since Dieselgate in 2015, the number of “dirty” vehicles – meaning those with emissions at least three times higher than the norms, particularly in NOx – would have decreased on European roads. Absolutely not: in 2015 there were 29 million of them, and today nearly 43 million, according to the NGO Transport and Environment. Taking into account these new measures, the costs associated with road pollution in Europe increase from € 66.7 B to € 80 B, of which € 60 B can be imputed to diesel vehicles. Out of the € 80 B, healthcare spending accounts for more than € 72 B. The great majority of this healthcare is a burden on EU state budgets: governments and compulsory health insurance account for 73 percent of costs. In 2016 the health impact of road pollution cost nearly € 53 B to governments and health insurers of EU member states. For example, Germany needed to spend € 15 B, Austria € 2 B and Spain € 3.2 B. The good news is that levels of traffic-caused air pollution should fall by 2030, with renewal of the vehicle fleet bringing cleaner cars. At the European level, the share of diesel vehicles rated Euro 6 – the least polluting – will increase from 6 percent to 85 percent between 2016 and 2030. For petrol, Euro 6 models will increase from 8 percent to 89 percent of vehicles. Emissions of nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide should fall by 89 percent, and fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) by 80 percent. Nonetheless, emissions of less-fine PM10 particles may increase by 29 percent by 2030. Falling pollution should entail a 71 percent fall in general healthcare costs between 2016 and 2030, as well as in the amount of healthcare spending by governments and compulsory insurance providers (also -71 percent). Using the TRUE reference values, the fall in costs is less but still significant (-68 percent and -63 percent). Pollution-reduction measures could allow a bigger fall in externalities. The EPHA envisioned two scenarios, one with “low ambitions”, the other with “high ambitions”. In the “low” scenario vehicles not respecting the Euro 6 norm would be banned from towns larger than 100 000 inhabitants, and electric vehicles would increase slightly in share. In the “high ambition” scenario this share would increase further still, and vehicles not respecting the Euro 6 norm would be banned completely from circulation, while other measures might include a diesel tax to increase the price of fuel. Translated by Ronald Grayson Factual or translation error? Tell us.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9460533857345581, "language": "en", "url": "https://cryptstorm.com/beginners-guide-trading-and-investing-in-cryptocurrencies/", "token_count": 821, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.1640625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:eb93fd63-8615-402f-86d2-249bc03cfae1>" }	Cryptocurrencies have drawn great interest from people across the world. The oldest digital currency Bitcoin has given tremendous returns over the last few years. A study suggested that only 8 percent of American households had invested in cryptocurrencies but the number was set to increase over the coming years. Cryptocurrency investing is simple but one needs to exercise utmost caution. Basics of cryptocurrency trading Cryptocurrencies are digital money and their price is dependent on its supply and demand at any given time. If more investors are bidding for digital currencies then their prices increase. Opening an account with a cryptocurrency exchange is the first step for any crypto investor. A digital currency exchange is similar to an equity exchange where one can trade crypto instead of securities. A user can register at any online cryptocurrency exchange. The exchange will create different wallets for every cryptocurrency in his account. He can add fiat currency to the account and then start investing in cryptocurrencies. A cryptocurrency exchange is a place that matches orders of different traders. It matches orders at same prices and executes them. Most cryptocurrency exchanges offer two trading options. One is fiat to crypto and the second is crypto to crypto. Fiat to crypto trading takes place when the investor uses fiat currency to buy digital currencies. While a fiat to fiat trade occurs when the investor uses one cryptocurrency to acquire another cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency traders use a crypto to crypto trading strategy when price of Bitcoin and Ethereum rises significantly but other cryptocurrencies have not rallied. They receive more number of the exchanged digital currency. Crypto trading is not only restricted to only digital currencies. It also extends to digital tokens. These tokens are issued by companies who are developing dapps. These smart contracts will either be built on the Ethereum mainchain or migrate to a native network later. Companies raise money from investors through an ICO and issue them tokens. Tokens built and developed on Ethereum mainchain adhere to a set of ERC standard. This helps in differentiating tokens as each token has a specific purpose. Tokens acquired in an ICO are available at discounted rates. Hence investors can reap huge profits on their investments when the token is listed for trading. Trading vs Hodling Cryptocurrency investors who buy cryptocurrencies with a long term horizon expecting prices to eventually rise are termed as hodlers. On the other hand, investors who use technical analysis to trade cryptocurrencies are termed as day traders. It is important to have a clarity on what kind of investor one would like to become. Important notes to remember before beginning Before investing in cryptocurrencies, investors must study local regulations. Every nation has a different set of rules and regulations for cryptocurrency trading. Some countries have taken extreme steps to abolish cryptocurrency trading but most countries allow trading in digital currencies. Cryptocurrency exchanges typically charge commission for every trade executed on the platform. They also charge a processing fee when you withdraw your investment and returns in fiat currency. Hence investors must lookup about trading and other fees before signing up at any cryptocurrency exchange. Also investors need to consult a tax professional in order to analyze the tax rates for profits from cryptocurrency investments. There is a lack of clarity on how these profits are to be taxed. Some countries consider profits generated from cryptocurrency investments as capital gains. Hence they are taxed according to capital gains laws. Safeguarding digital holdings Safety of digital currency holdings is of utmost importance. Previous events such as Mt. Gox hack and the most recent Coincheck and Bancor hack have exposed security concerns. Hence investors must take caution with security of their digital tokens. It is advised to move all cryptocurrencies to a cold wallet when not being used. The offline wallet is a preferred way of safely storing digital currencies. There are three main types of wallets. Online wallets, desktop wallets and cold storage or offline wallets. Online wallets are easiest to use and can be accessed from any device. Desktop wallets can be accessed from a specific computer on which it is installed. Both these wallets are online wallets and could be hacked. Hence offline wallets are a better option to safeguard digital currency holdings. Image provided by Pixabay.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9273626804351807, "language": "en", "url": "https://digitalarchive.worldfishcenter.org/handle/20.500.12348/2022", "token_count": 342, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.0035858154296875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:8294f762-0d1a-40cb-9e56-5afcfa67b714>" }	The recreational benefits of coral reefs: a case study of Pulau Payar Marine Park, Kedah, Malaysia - Coral reefs are increasingly recognized as valuable assets in terms of supporting local economies, maintaining national heritage and conserving global biodiversity. Nevertheless, coral reefs are under pressure from a number of threats. In response, resources are being committed to address and minimize the impacts of these pressures on the reefs. Economic valuation studies highlight the monetary values of coral reefs and help to reflect the true value of the related environmental attributes. In so doing they provide important information about sustainable resource use and management. A case study based on Pulau Payar Marine Park, Kedah, Malaysia, estimated the recreational benefits of the coral reefs at that location. It involved a contingent valuation (CV) study using both face-to-face interviews and self-administrative questionnaires. The willingness to pay (WTP) to access the marine park of visitors to marine park was elicited. In practice, the respondents were asked whether or not they would visit the marine park if an entry fee were charged and what their WTP would be in terms of an entry fee. The study found that 91 per cent of respondents would accept an entrance fee. The average WTP was estimated at RM$16.00 (US$4.20). In terms of the tourist numbers recorded during the year of the study, this estimate reflects a potential recreational value of the reefs in the park in the order of RM$1.48 million (US$390,000) per year. This estimate provides an important indication as to the value of recreational benefits from the coral reefs in Pulau Payar Marine Park. - Miscellaneous themes
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9614500999450684, "language": "en", "url": "https://sbi.sydney.edu.au/quo-vadis-air-travel-after-covid-19/", "token_count": 1657, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.076171875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:40b3c28f-1b91-4542-b092-40aa32cc4331>" }	Air travel has been hit hard by COVID-19. At a global level, scheduled flights have halved and have fallen by 65% in Australia. It is estimated that 50 million jobs will be lost world-wide in the travel and tourism industry. What then is to become of the sector post crisis? Air travel has been hit hard by COVID-19. At a global level, scheduled flights have halved and have fallen by 65% in Australia. It is estimated that 50 million jobs will be lost world wide in the travel and tourism industry. Airlines, despite exponential growth in passenger numbers and revenue over the past decades, will be particularly affected and many may not survive the crisis. Looking forward, there is no clear trigger for an easing of travel restrictions as countries will be reluctant to open borders without clear signs that the threat has passed. Moreover, there is no clear indication yet as to how the preferences of both tourists and business travellers may change or how their budgets might be affected by a prolonged global recession. As a result, we may see less competition and a contraction in the airline industry, yet a functioning airline sector is essential for the country’s many tourism and travel-related jobs. Two likely futures need to be considered. First, airlines, much like banks after the global financial crisis, might be required to keep much higher cash reserves for resilience. Second, we might see much greater levels of government involvement as the result of bailout action, either through regulation or state ownership. In the current spirit of exponential graphs, prior to the spread of COVID-19, the global airline industry itself exhibited growth at an exponential rate. The world has never been more connected and people have never enjoyed more freedom to travel the globe, a fact that contributed to the swift spread of the virus. A recent report by the World Travel and Tourism Council estimated that global travel and tourism accounted for 10.4% of global GDP, supported 319 million jobs (10% of total global employment), with one in five jobs over the last 5 years being created in the travel and tourism sector. Historically the airline industry has been robust with revenue, also growing exponentially over time despite pandemics, terrorism and recession. Perhaps the last time the air travel sector saw comparable widespread groundings was in 2010 with the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, which led to the suspension of flights in Europe from the 15th to the 23rd of April, with intermittent shutdowns following that period. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) estimated that the total loss for the airline industry was around US$1.7 billion (£1.1 billion, €1.3 billion). During this time, several airlines made calls to their respect governments for compensation and support, while others in the industry felt that at the time “the airlines that are around today have been toughened by adversity, the weak players have already been found out by the market.” The situation today The COVID-19 outbreak is unlike anything else we have seen before. Looking at the latest global statistics on scheduled flights, we can see what is now a halving of scheduled flight movements as countries close their borders and similarly place limits on domestic travel. The gap between scheduled movements this year compared to last year will likely increase, as the Northern hemisphere moves into what would be the summer holiday period. And the reduction of scheduled flights in Australia has been even more dramatic (second figure below). Latest modelling by IATA indicate that passenger revenues will be $252 billion lower this year compared to 2019 and revenue passenger-kilometres will decline by 38% in year-over-year terms. Moving forward, what might this mean for global travel and tourism, and the airline sector? Firstly, the future is unclear, what exactly will trigger the freeing international movement is not known. Countries will be reluctant to open their borders and risk a re-emergence of COVID-19 without definitive evidence that the threat has eased. Perhaps the most definitive trigger for relaxation of global travel restrictions will be the advent of a vaccine but that is at least 12 months away, ignoring the further time it would take to mass produce a vaccine on the scale that would be required. There is very little indication as to how individuals will react. While some may be less inclined to travel, previous graphs have shown that growth in international travel continues unabated by shocks of many types. Previous research has shown that travellers react to external threats in the short-term, but over time those preferences have so far reverted back to pre-existing thresholds. However, the recent growth in travel has been predicated on the fact that international travel was becoming more affordable, thanks to new technology and fiercer competition in the industry. Yet, with a prolonged global recession there may be less competition in the sector moving forward and what was once affordable may no longer be so, and the number of competing airlines may well be less. Many airlines are going to be in financially precarious positions. While revenue has grown exponentially, many airlines have used the gains during that period to engage in share buy-backs1. Many airlines now face an immediate and critical liquidity challenge; IATA estimate that most have less than three months liquidity and that simply surviving this extended period of turmoil will be no simple task for the majority. Airlines in Australia are not immune, with the industry receiving a $715million support package as a result of COVID-19. Virgin Australia has asked the Australian government for a $1.4 billion loan that could be converted to shares in the airline in certain circumstances. Qantas, in a somewhat tit-for-tat response is asking for a $4.3 billion dollar loan arguing that it is about three times as large as Virgin. In the US, President Trump has also flagged that support for the airline industry is likely. The debate on assistance is mixed. Individual airlines operate with very thin margins due to huge capital investments on expensive and depreciating assets, and have no sustainable competitive advantage. Equally, a functioning airline sector is important for supporting Australian tourism and travel jobs, many of which exist in regional parts of the country. Consequently, there is a strong public good argument for supporting the airline industry. However, what will rankle many is that airlines are adept at gaining public support in times of crisis, but are able to privatise gains when times are good. From this there are likely two futures that airlines might need to consider. Firstly, much like the banking sector was forced to keep greater reserves of liquidity as a result of the global financial crisis, airlines could be encouraged to keep greater reserves of liquidity to be more resilient to shocks to the sector. Secondly, we may see a future where the government is increasingly more involved in the airline sector either via regulation or direct ownership. For example, Alitalia is now fully owned by the Italian government as a result of COVID-19 and indeed, state ownership of airlines is not at all unusual. Air China, Air France, Air New Zealand, Cathay Pacific, China Airlines, Emirates, Etihad Airways, Finnair, Malaysia Airlines, Qatar Airways and Singapore Airlines are a handful of carries that are either fully or in part owned by the government. Lastly, with regards to the Australian tourism industry, it is likely that preference for international travel may be suppressed, or unaffordable, for some time thus raising the attractiveness of domestic travel. Following the bushfires there were many well received campaigns to travel and buy local, and the sector will need to recapture that momentum and sense of Australian-ness. But again, the ability for Australians to begin travelling domestically is still unclear. It may well lie in the success of “flattening the curve” rather than an outright identification of a vaccine. In the US, six of the larger airlines spent 96% of their free cash flow on stock buybacks over the past 10 full years through 2019. This is part of a series of insights related to Coronavirus (COVID-19) and its impact on business.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9711421728134155, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.bickellawfirm.com/blog/the-car-purchase-process-a-look-at-haggling/", "token_count": 645, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.384765625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:c4679937-a1d7-43d9-9377-50255d51af90>" }	The Car Purchase Process: A Look at Haggling Buying a car can be very stressful, as there is often a lot to learn. Consumers in Orange County and elsewhere throughout California need to know about consumer protection laws like the lemon law, as well as how to actually decide which car to buy and how much to pay. One of the things that makes car buying so unpleasant for a lot of people is that they don't just walk into the dealership and find out what the price is (as they do in almost all other transactions they do over the course of their life). Instead, consumers end up haggling with car dealers in a process that often makes them miserable. With haggling over the price of cars such a standard feature of everyday life, it is surprising that so many people don't know why we haggle for cars and how this tradition got started with this particular consumer item. Priceonomics provides insight into the history of haggling. Why Do We Haggle for Vehicles? According to Priceonomics, one of the big reasons why people haggle for new car prices, but not for most of their other consumer goods, is because there is a different history with cars. An anthropologist of American consumer culture indicated there is a “circumscribed range of culturally tolerated bargaining behavior.” Haggling with the “friendly neighborhood grocer” falls outside of the bounds of that cultural acceptance of bargaining. However, car culture is unique because the horse pre-dated the modern vehicle as a means of transportation. The horse-trading mentality defines the car market today because in this earlier mode of transportation, people were actually engaged in the literal trading of horses. One of the established practices of horse trading involved an owner swapping out an old ride for a new ride, while paying cash to make up the difference. Once cars began to replace horse-drawn carriages as a means of transportation, car buyers demanded that sellers keep up this traditional of the “trade-in” which occurs when an old vehicle is swapped for a new one. Once the trade-in had been introduced to the transaction, some haggling was inherently necessary because it was essential to negotiate over the value of the trade-in. While this used to involve the horse-traders of old looking at the teeth of the horse to estimate its worth, today it involves car dealers checking over the car or “kicking-the-tires,” as the metaphor goes. Since the lack of certainty over the trade-in left room for negotiation, the rest of the haggling process naturally evolved from there. This became such a standard practice that now every consumer who goes to a car dealership expects to haggle, even though most hate it. While consumers can feel overwhelmed by haggling, at least understanding the cultural background means the process makes a little more sense. Consumers need to be sure they are smart about the haggling process to get a good deal. They also need to know their rights under the lemon law in case there turns out to be a problem with the vehicle they purchased.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9569570422172546, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.businesspundit.com/encyclopedia/accounting-2/debt/", "token_count": 219, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.07763671875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:b56f0f05-b8ba-4449-a8da-8a3d6d5e43b4>" }	Debt refers to the amount of money or assets a borrower owes a creditor. Payment of debt is usually in the form of money, though it can also take the form of goods, service, and favors. An individual incurs debt when a creditor agrees to lend money, goods or services on the terms of an agreement. In return, the individual can use credit to purchase goods or services, or as a form of money. The individual then pays back the creditor on the agreed terms. Because debt incurs interest, most debtors pay creditors a larger amount than was initially borrowed. Companies also use debt as a way to finance more assets, such as stock. Using debt, a company can increase the value of stocks, while simultaneously increasing risk. Basically, a company takes on debt, for example in the form of a loan. It reinvests the money from that loan to earn more return than the cost of interest on that loan. However, if the investment goes back (remember credit default swaps?), the company is still stuck paying back the interest and principal on its loan.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9473429322242737, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.cleria.com/post/planned-vs-impulse-purchase-behavior", "token_count": 1170, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.09619140625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:b3754a5b-e1bc-497a-ba22-140c4e26151b>" }	People make purchasing decisions for a variety of reasons. But, by and large, the behavior involved in any purchase usually falls under one of two different behavioural types – logical (planned) or impulse-driven. For marketers, it is important to understand which type of buyer behavior you should be targeting because the difference is substantial. Intuitively, an impulse purchase is one that is not planned. More specifically, it is an immediate act to purchase a product or service and more often driven by an emotion or previously unrecognised desire. In other words, this is a purchasing decision that is based entirely on “want” and not on “need”. Depending on the product or service in question, impulse purchases can drive greater revenue with a lower cost in effort. While we’ve all likely experienced an impulse purchase ourselves here’s a simple example: a consumer walks into a grocery store, sees a store display for chocolate chip cookies, and purchases them, despite the fact that the cookies are not included on the consumer’s pre-written shopping list. The cookies are very clearly an impulse buy, but everything else on the list is classified as a planned purchase. Planned purchase behavior is more often exhibited by a consumer that carefully weighs the necessity of the item being purchased before buying it. Planned purchases are more common in super-premium product categories or repurchased products. Examples of the most common planned purchases include homes, cars, and electronics. When a consumer spends a substantial amount of time researching something before they make the purchase, they are exhibiting planned purchase behavior. Researching for a planned purchase can include a variety of outlets. Consumers usually discuss their thoughts with trusted friends, family, and colleagues, search out reviews and ratings online and in magazines or visit multiple locations to compare options. Because these types of decisions usually involve a lot of money, the purchasing decision takes much longer to solidify and the consumer will seek out internal and external validation before making a decision. There are several internal and external factors that attribute to a consumer’s impulsive decision to buy something. The internal factors deal with the unique personal attributes of the consumer. Some of the different internal characteristics that can affect one’s impulsive buying behavior include, but are not limited to: Influential external factors involve the physical environment in which the consumer is shopping. Stores that focus on strategic displays while presenting a clean, pleasant, and enjoyable atmosphere do much better at generating impulse buys than stores that don’t. If the shopper feels inconvenienced or frustrated by a poorly designed store, the opportunity for impulse purchases plummets. When a customer is uplifted emotionally, it makes a significant difference in how much they spend. In-store promotional incentives can also act as stimuli for emotional shoppers. In-store advertising and seasonal promotional deals are highly successful in enticing impulse purchases. While the overall physical environment sets the right mood for an impulse purchase, enticing materials like posters, banners, stickers, and product displays drive the attraction which can ultimately result in an impulse purchase. Because impulse purchases are primarily based on emotion, advertisements can have a big impact on these buying decisions. Most often the commercials you see aired on television are produced in such a way as to create an emotional response and spur an impulse thought or purchase at the time you may be watching, or more likely to stay with you and re-emerge as your shopping. Impulse purchase behavior is built on a consumer's desires and aspirations. As a result, marketers should strive to evoke emotions relevant to those desires if they’re aiming for impulse buyers. Think of an outdoor gear or clothing brand commercial that evokes the desire for adventure and a sense of freedom or belonging in the world. The next time a consumer is shopping in-store or online, they may recall that brand's message and believe if they buy that brand, they will get that experience. Whether that’s true or not doesn’t matter, they’re purchasing it based on the promise. The more emotionally relevant a promotion is to a consumer, the more likely they are to retain the message and the more likely it will come back in the form of an impulse purchase. Why? Impulse purchases require less thought. So if you can establish a place in the consumer's mind, and they’re already aware of you, it makes it easier to choose your brand over an unknown brand during an impulse buy far more likely. If you’re trying to attract more customers with impulse purchase behavior, then you need to understand your target customer not only demographically but behaviourally as well. What are they interested in? What do they care about? Where do they go? What do they do there? Ask the right questions. Look to market research as your greatest ally when it comes to increasing impulse purchases. There are two aspects of market research that can enrich the view of the consumer and their behavior, particularly during those impulse situations. Consumer insights is one aspect that’s ideal for drilling down to the emotional appeal your consumer may have towards your brand or product. If you can identify that, you can translate it into messaging, packaging, or branding to entice consumers. Shopper insights is the other aspect that will allow you to assess the consumer environment. Understanding behaviors by channel, retailer, time of day, in-store placement and so on will help you optimize each experience. Using those insights to create the right in-store or online shopping experience and to generate the right emotional appeal to translate across your brand and marketing will help drive impulse purchases. Market research makes it possible to identify the things you need to promote to make an impulse buy as easy as possible for consumers.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.8960066437721252, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.iisd.org/projects/nature-based-infrastructure-climate", "token_count": 1042, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.05615234375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:0217dd78-c562-45af-99a5-71d7d3b3f8b8>" }	Using Systemic Approaches and Simulation to Scale Nature-Based Infrastructure for Climate Adaptation Together with the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the MAVA Foundation, and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), IISD is working on systemic approaches and simulations for nature-based infrastructure (NBI). This landmark collaboration will promote the use of systems thinking, system dynamics simulation, and project finance modelling, the core pillars of the SAVi methodology, to plan and prepare NBI projects. Overall, the project aims to increase confidence in all market participants, including project developers, design and engineering firms, cities, national governments, and public and private investors, in the use and performance of NBI. One of the major challenges for scaling up NBI is understanding and valuing how it performs in comparison to “grey” or “built” infrastructure. It is also essential for decision-makers to understand the full scope of costs and benefits beyond the traditional metrics used in financial valuations and to value how NBI performs under different climate change scenarios. Indeed, climate change is a material risk to all infrastructure projects, and NBIs are often better equipped to protect us from the impacts of climate change. Using systems thinking and simulations that look at climate change risks and will incorporate environmental, social, and economic benefits, costs, and externalities will increase the predictability and certainty of NBI performance, either as a replacement for or complement to traditional “grey” infrastructure. This is essential for shifting investment and finance toward NBI, as well as for NBI design and implementation. This new GEF–MAVA-funded project will offer decision-makers the opportunity to receive customized valuations, based on the SAVi methodology, that calculate the dollar value of: - The ecosystem services delivered by a given project, as well as their direct and indirect co-benefits. - The financial performance of the ecosystem services under different climate change scenarios, with climate data derived from the Copernicus Climate Data Store. - The capital and operating costs of grey infrastructure required to provide the same level of services. The project encompasses four components: For the climate change scenarios, we will draw from IISD’s ongoing collaboration with the Copernicus Climate Change (C3S) Service, which has allowed us to integrate world-class climate data into SAVi assessments. Finally, the project will provide a strong evidence base for GEF and its partners to mainstream NBI in their investments. It will also contribute to the Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) Action Track of the Global Commission on Adaptation. The GEF–MAVA project will be executed by IISD, while UNIDO will be the GEF implementing agency. GEF support comes from its Special Climate Change Fund. This work is also a key input into the work of the Global Commission on Adaptation. Integration of Climate Data in the SAVi Nature-Based Infrastructure Model This report outlines the integration of authoritative Copernicus Climate Data from the Climate Data Store (CDS) into a Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) of nature-based infrastructure. An Application of the Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) Methodology: Assessing the economic value of restoring the wetlands of S'Ena Arrubia and Corru S'Ittiri-Marceddì-San Giovanni in the Gulf of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy This assessment uses the Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) tool to calculate the economic and societal value generated by the S’Ena Arrubia and Corru S’Ittiri-Marceddì-San Giovanni wetlands in the Gulf of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) of Senegal’s Saloum Delta The assessment provides an economic valuation of the contribution of the Saloum Delta to local livelihoods and regional development. You might also be interested in Integrating Copernicus Climate Data in the Sustainable Asset Valuation Connecting authoritative data on climate in Europe and the rest of the world to the Sustainable Asset Valuation model to generate sophisticated analyses on the costs of climate-related risks and climate-related externalities. Stories of Change Through these publications, IISD aims to share the stories of changemakers in its community of practice—ministers, parliamentarians, government lawyers, and other officials—by exploring and demonstrating evidence-based change that has occurred as a result of legal or policy reform. Task Force for a Resilient Recovery With ideas from Canada and around the world, our Task Force aims for a resilient recovery—one that delivers good jobs, is positive for the environment, and addresses inequality. China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development - CCICED The China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED) was founded in 1992 as a high-level international advisory body with the approval of the Government of China.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9636154770851135, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fail.asp", "token_count": 1041, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.000614166259765625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:4ff12c4f-04ce-43fe-92f9-737e6c0213a8>" }	What is a Fail? In common trading terms, a fail occurs if a seller does not deliver securities or a buyer does not pay owed funds by the settlement date. Through a stock exchange, this occurs if a stockbroker does not deliver or receive securities within a specified time after a security sale or a security purchase. When a seller cannot deliver the contracted securities, this is called a short fail. If a buyer is unable to pay for the securities, this is called a long fail. Technical analysts also use the term fail, but this is typically related to a failure of the price to move in an anticipated direction after a breakout or following a specific catalyst. This may be called a fail but is more commonly called a failed break or false breakout. - A fail is when a buyer fails to deliver funds or a seller fails to deliver an asset by the settlement date. - Depending on the market, settlement is supposed to occur within T+1 to T+3 days. - The most common reasons for a failed transaction are an inability to pay, not owning the asset to deliver, or mismatching, late, or missing information. Understanding a Fail Whenever a trade is made, both parties in the transaction are contractually obligated to transfer either cash or assets before the settlement date. Subsequently, if the transaction is not settled, one side of the transaction has failed to deliver. Failure to deliver can also occur if there is a technical problem in the settlement process carried out by the respective clearing house. Presently, firms have one to three days after the date of a trade to settle transactions, depending on the market. Within this time frame, securities and cash must be delivered to the clearing house for settlement. If firms are unable to meet this deadline, a fail occurs. Settlement requirements for stock, options, futures contracts, forwards, and fixed-income securities differ. Subject to change, as the settlement process continues to become more efficient, stocks settle in T+2 days. That means they settle two days after the transaction (T) date. Corporate bonds also settle in T+2 days. Options settle in T+1 days. Fail is also used as a bank term when a bank is unable to pay its debt to other banks. The inability of one bank to pay its debt to other banks can potentially lead to a domino effect, causing several banks to become insolvent. Why Do Trades Fail? The cause of a failed trade could be one of three main reasons. - Mismatches with instructions, late instructions, or missing instructions. Sometimes buyers and sellers disagree on exactly what is to be delivered (specifications). This generally happens where the parties disagree on whether the delivered item meets the agreed upon specifications. This is more likely to occur in the over-the-counter (OTC) market where specifications are not formalized like on an exchange. - The seller does not have the securities to deliver. The seller must either own or borrow securities to deliver. - The buyer does not have sufficient resources, such as cash or credit, to make payment. Failing to pay for purchases creates a risk to the buyer's reputation that may impact its ability to trade in the future. Failing to deliver also hurts the seller's reputation and may impact how and with whom they can trade in the future. Failing to deliver securities could create a chain reaction. During the financial crisis of 2008, failures to deliver increased significantly. Similar to check kiting, where someone writes a check but has not yet secured the funds to cover it, sellers did not surrender securities when they were supposed to. They delayed the process to buy securities at a lower price for delivery as the price rapidly and dramatically fell. Regulators still need to address this practice as fails continue to occur. An Example of a Fail to Pay Fail to Deliver Failures to deliver can occur when a short sale isn't properly secured or borrowed prior to the sale taking the place. Assume a trader shorts Company XYZ, but the broker didn't make sure they actually had borrowed the shares. To short, there must also be a buyer buying the shares. The buyer then expects delivery of those shares. But if the shares haven't been borrowed, then there are no shares to give the buyer. The seller can't deliver. This is a short fail. On the flip side, a buyer may fail to deliver funds when buying. This could happen if they have the funds in their account when the trade is taken, but they then lose a bunch of money through a number of other margined trades. Because of the losses they don't have enough capital to cover the cost of their purchases. This could happen as some margin violations are often not noticed or flagged until the end of the trading day. While margin rules are in place to protect investors, it is possible that an unexpected sharp and adverse price move could leave a trader with less capital than they need to settle the transactions they have taken. If funds aren't available to buy the asset they purchased, they have failed to pay. This is called a long fail.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9283960461616516, "language": "en", "url": "http://alliedin.com/defining-toll-blending-and-its-importance-in-industry/", "token_count": 1118, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.04443359375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:f1884a4c-a0e5-42cd-9beb-b12e87905516>" }	Toll blending is increasingly becoming popular for chemical companies or for industries that use specially customized compounds in their manufacturing processes. This service is also used extensively across industries, from global conglomerates to small-scale or special product manufacturers requiring specific formulae available to them. To this effect, manufacturers with requisite facility for producing such chemicals accept orders from external sources which require the usage of such facility for producing the required complex chemical compound. Let us now understand the definition and broad types of toll blending process from the service provider’s point of view. What is Toll Blending? Toll blending, also known as chemical toll manufacturing, is a specialized, separately chargeable, service provided by chemical manufacturers with requisite facilities, experience and expertise to customers (generally other industries or industry-related parties) requiring mass production of customized chemical mixtures, formulae or preparations. Many industries which include battery manufacturers, commercial research laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, Chemical Suppliers, oil, natural gas, and their derivatives industries, Plastics manufacturers outsource specific formulae to toll blending units specializing in scalable production of similar compounds. Types of Toll Blending Services Toll blending service types mainly depend on the customer requirement along with the capacity of the manufacturer. In such orders, the customer only provides the formula or recipe of the specialized compound. He expects the toll blender to work out everything else based upon delivery time and its production capacity. The customer expects the finished product at its premises as per mutually agreed timelines with the toll manufacturer taking care of production, quality control as per standards set, packaging and delivery. In this case, the customer only uses the facilities and processes of the toll blending service provider. He decides the raw material pricing and supplier, packaging standards, materials and specifications, even delivery schedule and mode of transport. This service is a combination of the above two types – the customer may provide some raw materials and packaging instructions, while the rest is taken care of by the toll blender. Depending upon the actual customer order, multiple ingredients may be required, necessitating the involvement of multiple suppliers, packaging types and materials, even different transportation systems to properly facilitate delivery. This service type is often chosen by customers who have multiple orders to be fulfilled and require exacting standards for their chemical blending in particular for one formula, while others in the order are more generic in nature with easier availability of the required quality ingredients, which can then be sourced to the toll blender. Why use Toll Blending Services? Such specialized services are often outsourced by industries due to various advantages and concerns as discussed below. Many industries such as chemical and plastics manufacturing use a host of different ingredients in their finished products. Many such ingredients require specialized processing of their own, such as liquid chemicals – they require customized handling, or hazardous compounds requiring careful handling with protective gear. Thus, industries find it much safer to outsource the production and packaging of such chemical compounds to units properly geared to handle them, ensuring the safety of its employees and the premises. Industries outsourcing the production of its formulae or special chemical blends often do so simply to save manufacturing costs. Because such complex compounds require specialized equipment, expertise, and processes for their production, they find it convenient to place orders to external units having such systems already in place. This works out to be much more economical than setting up and maintaining an in-house production unit. - Regulation Compliances Another reason for the rapid rise in demand for toll blending companies is the requirement of strict adherence to safety and environmental regulations during the manufacturing of complex compounds. This is especially true for chemical or its allied industries wherein maintaining multiple emission indexes, non-pollution certificates, etc. are mandatory for its continued operation. Thus, toll blending companies with such certificates like ISO 9001, ISO 14001, REACH, etc. are ideally suited for handling such complex or hazardous chemical production on a regular basis. - Confidentiality Issues The term “Industrial Espionage” is one of the most dreaded ones in this highly competitive industrial age. Companies are vying with each other continuously to gain even a slight advantage in their field. So, the question of integrity always arise when outsourcing in-house formulae or recipes. The common practice is to enter into a Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) with the toll blending company, who agrees to fully honor the client’s need for secrecy and confidentiality, even while working on multiple customer orders. Their reputation and sustainability are dependent on this issue as non-trustworthy partners can quickly gain negative publicity, thus losing future orders. Toll blending is a paid service provided by specialized manufacturing units to industries requiring scalable production of (often complex) chemical compounds or formulae. The companies ordering this service using one of these three types, turn-key (customer only provides the formula or recipe), service (customer provides everything while using blender’s facility) or hybrid (a combination of both). Demands for toll blending units are steadily rising due to the many advantages of using this outsourced service. Safety of client’s employees and manufacturing premises, significant saving of production costs, strict compliance of regulations related to chemical production and handling, ensuring confidentiality (through NDA) of the formulae to prevent copying and re-selling are some of the advantages and considerations when deciding to outsource production of complex or hazardous chemical compounds, thus the rising importance of professional and trustworthy toll blending companies.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.942816436290741, "language": "en", "url": "http://au.studybay.net/climate-change-and-trade-issues/", "token_count": 2714, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.07958984375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:f4bea944-16b7-435e-afec-93002733d0d7>" }	TRADE AND CLIMATE CHANGE *Dr. Navdeep Kaur There has been an enormous expansion in world trade which has been made possible by technological advancements which have dramatically reduced the cost of transportation and communications, and by the adoption of more open trade and investment policies. The number of countries participating in international trade has increased :developing countries, for instance, now account for 34 per cent of merchandise trade – about double their share in early 1960s. Trade can increase GDP in a number of ways – for example by improving resource allocation through specialization according to comparative advantage or by allowing economies of scale in production to be exploited. Open economies also grow faster because trade fosters investment, innovation and institutional reform. However, development goes beyond higher GDP per capita. Other important indicators are Human Development Indices (HDIs) i.e life expectancy, infant mortality, nutrition, literacy, employment etc, Some of these factors are summarized in HDIs are positively correlated with GDP growth. But no clear picture emerges of the impact of growth on other dimension of development such as income inequality and environmental performance. Various environmental indicators ranging from greenhouse emissions to deforestation can be summarized by an Environmental Performance Index (EPI) which in turn can be compared to income growth .In the last decade, there has been a positive relationship between growth and environmental quality. This suggests that countries with rising income were able to pay more to preserve the environment. To the extent that trade and other policies can promote economic growth, they may indirectly help to improve natural environment. However, empirical evidence has to date produced mixed results on this question (World Trade Report, 2014). EPI is based on 22 indicators of environmental health and ecosystem viability including pollution, access to clean drinking water, sulphur dioxide emissions, carbon dioxide emissions, agriculture subsidies and critical habitat protection. Higher values of the index represent better environmental quality. Among the fast growing developing economies, some have improved their EPI performance while others have seen deterioration. There is a positive relationship between the EPI and per capita income. This suggests that countries with higher incomes are better able to pay for preserving their environment (World Trade Report, 2014). If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! Environmental economies refer to the “Environmental Kuznets Curve” (EKC) to identify correlation between per capita income and environmental degradation. The hypothesis is that environmental quality degrades at the early stages of development while beyond a certain income level, environmental quality improves (Grossman and Krueger, 1993). Pollution increases as an economy industrialize and moves from agriculture to manufacturing (a pollution intensive sector). Then, as the country GDP per capita increases, environmental quality improves despite the increase in economic activity (scale effect). This is for several reasons- First, as an economy develops the composition of production changes. Production tends to move away from natural resource intensive goods to services. Secondly, changes in consumption and growing preference for environmentally friendly emerge at higher levels of income. Thirdly, as the country’s level of development increases, the quality of institution improves, as does a country’s capacity to enforce regulatory measures to address environmental problems. Finally a higher GDP per capita also enhances the possibility to exploit economies of scale associated with pollution abatement technologies (Technique Effect). Trade is an important factor affecting the relationship between growth and environment. First, opening up the trade increases the availability and lower the cost of environmental friendly technologies, secondly the greater demand by the public especially in more advanced economies – for cleaner environment also provides an incentive to adopt cleaner technologies. For example it has been argued that multinational enterprises, due to concerns about their reputation and economies of scale, may require more stringent environmental measures from their subsidiaries than that required by the host country (Abornoz et. al, 2009). Thirdly assuming no changes in scale of an economic activity and production method, trade opening may reduce domestic pollution in the country that specialize in clean sectors. Specialization in a pollution intensive sector, however worsens environmental quality if the country does not improve its environmentally friendly technologies. In the light of above observations, the objective of this paper is to study the impact of climate change on trade and various issues related to WTO and environment. This paper is divided into three sections. In Section I, the impact of climate change on trade and mitigation and adaptation measures are discussed. In Section II , WTO and environment measures are discussed, and in Section III, concluding remarks are made. The impact of climate change is specific to location and to the level of development, but most sectors of global economy are expected to be affected and these impact will have implications for trade .The three trade related areas which are considered vulnerable to climate change are(WTO-UNEP,2009): 1. Agriculture: It is considered to be the key sector in international trade, which is highly vulnerable to climate change. In low-latitude regions, where most developing countries are located, reductions of about 5 to 10 per cent in the yields of major cereal crops are projected even in the case of small temperature increases of around 1degree centigrade .Although it is expected that local temperature increases of between 1-3 degree centigrade would have beneficial impacts on agriculture outputs in mid –latitude regions, warming beyond this range will most likely result in increasingly negative impacts for these regions also. According to some studies, crop yields in some African countries could fall by up to 50 per cent by 2020,with net revenues from crops falling by as much as 90 per cent by 2100. Depending over the location, agriculture will also be prone to water scarcity due to loss of glacial meltwater and reduced rainfall or droughts. 2. Tourism: It is another industry that may be particularly vulnerable to climate change, for example, through changes in snow cover, coastal degradation and extreme weather. Both fisheries and forestry sectors also risk being adversely impacted by climate change. Likewise, there are expected to be major impact on coastal ecosystems, including of the disappearance of coral and the loss of marine biodiversity. 3. Trade infrastructure and shipping routes: The IPCC has identified port facilities, as well as buildings, roads, railways, airports and bridges, as being dangerously at risk of damage from rising sea levels and the increased occurrence of instances of extreme weather, such as flooding and hurricanes. Moreover, it is projected that changes in sea ice, particularly in the Arctic, will lead to the availability of new shipping routes. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: There is a need for increased efforts focused on climate change mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation refers to policies and options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or at enhancing the “sinks”(such as oceans or forests) which absorb carbon or carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Adaptation, on the hand, refers to responses to diminish the negative impacts of climate change or to exploit its potential benefits. Mitigation includes using energy more efficiently in transport, buildings and industry, switching to zero or low carbon energy technologies ,reducing deforestation and improving land and farming management practices ,improving waste management. The potential for adaptation depends on the “adaptive capacity” or the ability of people or ecological systems to respond successfully to climate variability and change. Adaptation measures are undertaken as part of larger sectoral and national initiatives related to, for example, infrastructure construction (dykes, sea walls, harbours, railways, etc.), building design and structure, and and research into development and deployment of drought-resistant crops.The cost of these technologies and of other activities may be considerable but the benefits of adaptation will outweigh the costs. Technological innovation ,as well as the transfer and widespread implementation of technologies, will be central to global efforts to address climate change mitigation and adaptation. International transfer of technologies may be broadly be understood as involving two aspects. One concerns the transfer of technologies which are physically embodied in tangible assets or capital goods, such as industrial plant and equipment, machinery, components, and devices. Another aspect of technology transfer relates to the intangible knowledge and information associated with the technology or technological system in question. Since it is predominately private companies that retain ownership of various technologies, it is relevant to identify ways within the private sector, such as foreign direct investment, licence or royalty agreements and different forms of cooperation arrangements, which can facilitate technology transfer. Moreover, bilateral and multilateral technical assistance programmes can play a key role in technology transfer. A continuing debate within political discussions and among academia has been whether the protection of intellectual property rights – such as copyrights, patents or trade secrets- impedes or facilitates the transfer of technologies to developing countries .One key rationale for protection of intellectual property rights, and in particular patents, is to encourage innovation: patent protection ensures that innovators can reap the benefits and recoup the costs of their R&D investments. On the other hand, it has been argued that ,in some cases, stronger protection of intellectual property rights might act as an impediment to the acquisition of new technologies and innovations in developing countries. While strong patent laws provide the legal security for technology-related transactions to occur, firms in developing countries may not have the necessary financial means to purchase expensive patented technologies. The importance of intellectual property rights needs to be set in a relevant context. In fact, many of the technologies which are relevant to addressing climate change, such as better energy management or building insulation, may not be protected by patents or other intellectual property rights. WTO Trade and Environment Negotiations In the Marraakesh Agreement establishing the WTO, members highlighted a clear link between sustainable development and trade opening – in order to ensure that market opening goes hand in hand with environmental and social objectives. In the Doha Round of negotiations, member nations went further to pursue a sustainable development path and launched first multilateral trade and environment negotiations. One issue addressed in Doha round was the relationship between the WTO and multilateral environment agreements (MEA), such as the UNFCCC. In this area of negotiations, WTO members have focused on opportunities for further strengthening cooperation between WTO and MEA secretariats, as well as promoting coherence and mutual supportiveness between the international trade and environment regimes.(WTO-UNEP,2009) Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. In Doha round, the member nations focused on environmental goods and services for liberalization. The negotiations called for “ the reduction, or as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non- barriers to environmental goods and services”. The objective was to improve access to more efficient, diverse and less expensive environmental goods on global market, including goods and services that contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Climate- friendly technologies can be employed to mitigate and adapt to climate change in diverse sectors. Many of these technologies involve products discussed in the Doha negotiations, such as wind and hydropower turbines, solar water heaters, photovoltaic cells, tanks for production of biogas, and landfill liners for methane collection. In this context, the WTO environmental goods and services negotiations have a role to play in improving access to climate friendly goods and technologies. There are two key rationales for reducing tariff and other trade distorting measures in climate-friendly goods and technologies. First, reducing or eliminating import tariffs and non-tariffs barriers in these types of products should reduce their price and therefore facilitate their deployment. The access to lower cost and more efficient technologies may be particularly important for industries that must comply with climate change mitigation policies. Second, liberalization of trade in climate -friendly goods could provide incentives and domestic expertise for producers to expand the production and export of these goods. Trade in climate-friendly goods has seen a considerable increase in the past few years, including exports from a number of developing countries. In this paper attempt was made to highlight various issues relating to climate change and trade. Climate change has affected many trade related areas i.e. agriculture, tourism, trade infrastructure and shipping routes. To counter the adverse affects of climate change efforts are being made by the nations. Several Climate change mitigation and Adaptation measures are being taken. WTO has also focused on sustainable development and trade. It has called for the reduction and elimination of tariff and non tariff barriers to environmental goods and services and also to improve access to more efficient, diverse and less expensive environmental goods on global market, including goods and services that contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Grossman,G.M. and Kruegar,A.B (1993). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. in Garber,P.M(ed),The US-Mexico free trade agreement, Cambridge, MA:MIT press. World Bank.(2007).International trade and climate change – Economic, Legal, and Instituitional perspectives World Trade Organisation.(2009).Trade and climate change-WTO-UNEP Report. Albornoz, F.,Cole, M.A, Elliot, R.J.R and Ercolani, M.G.(2009). In search of environmental spillovers. The World Economy.32. UNCTAD.(2013). Trade and environment review. WTO (2014) World Trade Report
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9365599751472473, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.biz-valuation.com/discounted-cash-flow-vs-capitalization-of-earnings/", "token_count": 915, "fin_int_score": 5, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.048583984375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:52b027d7-7580-48d9-802f-8947e7c3f757>" }	Comparing two methods Under the income approach, future cash flow drives value. Although that sounds simple, there are several methods that fall under the income approach, including discounted cash flow and capitalization of earnings. How do these two commonly used methods compare and which one is appropriate for a specific investment? Here are some answers to help clarify matters. The International Glossary of Business Valuation Terms defines discounted cash flow as “a method within the income approach whereby the present value of future expected net cash flows is calculated using a discount rate.” In other words, this method entails these basic steps: Compute future cash flows. In terms of cash flow, potential investors are generally trying to determine what’s in it for them and an acceptable return on investment. Often the starting point for estimating expected cash flow over a discrete discounting period of, say, five or seven years, is based on historical earnings. Then, the valuation expert calculates a terminal (or residual) value, which, in theory, represents how much the business could be sold for after the discrete discount period. (In reality, the business probably won’t be sold at that time, however.) Discount future cash flows to present value. The valuation expert adjusts the cash flow forecast to present value using a discount rate based on the risk of the investment. If equity cash flows are computed in the first step, they’re discounted using the cost of equity. Conversely, if cash flows to both equity and debt investors are computed, they’re discounted using the weighted average cost of capital. The value of the business is represented by the sum of those present values represents. The valuation professional may also need to subtract interest-bearing debt to arrive at the value of equity, depending on the nature of the expected cash flows that are discounted. Fundamentals of capitalization The same valuation glossary defines capitalization of earnings as “a method within the income approach whereby economic benefits for a representative single period are converted to value through division by a capitalization rate.” Although this sounds similar to the discounted cash flow method, it’s actually simpler. (Note: The term “earnings” typically refers to cash flow when valuation experts use this method, because capitalization rates are based on discount rates used in the discounted cash flow method.) This method assumes that future cash flow will grow at a slow, steady pace into perpetuity, instead of calculating cash flows over a discrete discount period based on varying growth and performance assumptions. The method is based on the assumption that a single period (with modest adjustments for growth) provides a reliable estimate of what the business will generate for investors in the future. As such, this method requires two simplified steps: - Compute expected cash flow for a single period. - Divide cash flow from the single period by a capitalization rate. A critical component of this method is the long-term sustainable growth rate. Under the Gordon Growth Model — which is often used to value perpetuities — cash flow from a single period is multiplied by one plus the long-term growth rate. Then, the long-term growth rate is subtracted from the discount rate to arrive at a capitalization rate. Again, depending on the nature of the expected cash flow, the valuation professional may also need to subtract interest-bearing debt to arrive at the value of equity. How to decide which method to use Which method is more appropriate for a particular investment? In general, the discounted cash flow method provides greater flexibility if management expects short-term fluctuations in growth, revenue and expenses, leverage, working capital needs and capital expenditures. It’s particularly useful for high-growth businesses and start-ups that aren’t yet profitable — or when calculating damages over a finite period. On the other hand, the capitalization of earnings method is often applied by established businesses with stable earnings because they generally find it easier and equally reliable. This method is also convenient when valuing a business for litigation purposes because it’s easier to explain to a judge or jury than a sophisticated discounted cash flow model. However, the discounted cash flow method is widely accepted in more sophisticated courts, such as the U.S. Tax Court or federal courts. Expertise is essential It’s critical to contact a credentialed valuation professional for more information on how these methods work. They can help you decide whether these methods are right for a particular investment.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9189646244049072, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.dataversity.net/bad-data-crippling-data-analytics/", "token_count": 1557, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.2294921875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:d19c7c4d-9d74-434c-8fa8-951e073346bf>" }	Some striking evidence of the impact of bad data can be found in fake email IDs, impersonations on social media, or misuse of stolen financial or personal information. The more widespread harm can be caused by bad data in Data Analytics, where anything from the wrong medical diagnosis to incorrect interpretation of stock history can cause service providers to close shops or face lawsuits. With the wide proliferation of Big Data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Real-Time Analytics, the chances of acquiring huge volumes data at high speed is assured, but the current Data Governance processes of many organizations are still not sophisticated enough to trap the inaccuracies in such high-speed and high-volume data. The Result? Bad diagnosis, bad predictions, and missed opportunities across all industry sectors. The article titled What Does Data-Driven Culture Look Like? demonstrates how high volumes of data from many different sources have continued to affect the business ecosystem. In a data-driven business environment, the continuous evolution on newer data sources and more complex data types has necessitated the implementation of sound Data Governance mechanisms without which much of the data will remain as noise without any substance. Business owners and operators have access to huge amounts of data they do not trust, especially those emanating from new data sources. The Rising Data-Driven Business Ecosystem The article titled How Bad Data Can Break Your Business shares the following important statistics about data-enabled decision making in businesses: - A Price Water Cooper Survey pointed out that over 40 percent business executives make major decisions at least once within 30 days and the data they rely on to make these decisions are rapidly rising at an upward rate of 40 percent per year. - A Gartner study states that about 40 percent of enterprise data is either inaccurate, incomplete, or unavailable, which results in businesses failing to achieve their data-driven goals. This author of this article makes an interesting observation; the speed of incoming data that looks intimidating now will multiply many fold when the Internet of Things reaches full maturity. Thus, the possibility of disconnected data silos, human errors, lack of system integration, and failure of data migration are real threats to Data Management of the future. The businesses who quickly recognize these problems and plan for centralized Data Governance are surely ahead of their competition. In the near future, Data Quality will supersede technology footprints in ensuring business success. The Cost of Bad Data Yes, bad data can cause a huge loss to companies in terms of lost opportunities, reduced revenues, and customer attrition. In the world of Big Data, these threats are more prominent, which is confirmed by Gartner. According to this reliable market watcher, lack of Data Quality control costs average businesses $14 million dollars a year. - Cleaning of incoming Data - Standardization of Data - Monitoring of Data - Centralized Control of Data (Data Governance) What Is Poor Data Quality Costing You? repeatedly states that in an era of the engaged customer, the quality of customer experience is what makes or breaks a business. As most businesses have gone digital or maintain a digital presence, a substantial portion of the customer engagement with the vendor happens online. The 360-degrees view of the customer is now a crucial competitive edge for businesses. So how do vendors gain this 360-degrees view of the customer? Simple – through customer data acquired through a variety of digital touchpoints. As businesses increasingly depend on customer data for improving their customer service, the quality and value of the incoming data will play a major role in customer analytics. At the end of the above report, the reader can find a useful questionnaire to evaluate and monitor Data Quality. A Kissmetric post indicates that business can not only save dollars from a solid Data Governance framework, but can also earn a solid business reputation for being reliable. The Imminent Challenges Facing Data Analytics - Poor Quality Data Take the case of procurement industry. The article titled Data Quality and Governance Are Biggest Challenges for Procurement Teams aptly describes how the lack of Data Governance has stymied the performance levels in the procurement industry. The article talks about a CPO Survey, which indicates that bad data is the primary reason for poor quality analytics in this sector. The primary reasons behind bad investment decisions in Bad Data: A 21st. Century Epidemic, you will notice that inaccurate, incomplete, or unavailable data can lead to poor risk assessment, incorrect financial data, or erroneous loan applications. Such bad decisions can not only cause customer fallouts but also poor business reputation. - Disconnect between Analytics Sub-Systems In the investment industry, business operators or service providers using legacy backend systems often have to wrestle with the lack of continuity between the backend, the middleware, and the frontend systems. In this sector, the critical need of the hour is to roll out data platforms that provide integrated back, middle, and front ends for maximizing operational efficiency and agility. The single view management of “risks, security forecasting, reconciliations, valuations, and accruals” can greatly enhance the effectiveness of investment brokers. The article titled Data Analytics Risk Management and Front-Office Tech Amongst Top Investment for Heads of Operations demonstrates how integrated data management systems can help business operators achieve high ROI from their technological investments. The Importance of Data Quality in Analytics Business Analytics is one area where the need for clean data cannot be overemphasized. Many current data service providers have now transitioned into cost-friendly packages offering bundled data collection-cleansing-preparation-analytics services. Many of these services are Cloud based and offer economical, data solutions that medium- or small-sized businesses can use. Due to the rapid commercialization of managed data services, more businesses of all sizes are now adopting clean data strategies as part of their core business activities. The article titled Five Ways to Maintain Data Quality in Your Analytics states AT Internet conducted a recent study on the role of Data Quality in digital analytics. The article provides some tips on how to monitor the quality of data on sites that frequently update their content. The Importance of Data Reliability in Analytics Numerous business activities today are largely dependent on the data pipelines that collectively provide business timely competitive intelligence or operational wisdom for survival. This is more so because Big Data has facilitated the use of multi-channel, multi-variety data from disparate customer touchpoints. IBM Integrating Governing Big Data discusses how metadata, data integration capabilities, and Data Governance all jointly contribute to the quality of data that is used for day-to-day Business Analytics The article titled How to Avoid Being Deceived by Data makes a highly convincing case for the reliability of data. According to this article, data-driven activities like A/B testing have to solely rely on data samples to evaluate results. Here it is easy to understand why a bad data sample, which is “representative” rather than “actual,” can adversely affect the results. In Almost All UK Law Firms Are Vulnerable to Email Fraud Study Shows, the author claims that a fairly recent study demonstrates that almost all UK-based law firms use email systems that are largely prone to data piracy or fraudulent use by fake accounts. The email security firm Mimecast reports that information piracy has increased by almost 40 percent in the last quarter of 2016. This email security firm further states that as any email system is the first customer touchpoint for the law firm, any fraudulent user can access the mail domain to distribute fake messages to external clients. Photo Credit: funnyangel/Shutterstock.com
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9492616653442383, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.engineerlive.com/content/understanding-and-managing-oil-market-volatility-era-increasing-uncertainty", "token_count": 1892, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.359375, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:a9bcd605-37c3-48c3-90ad-27b23670b400>" }	Significant price swings in crude oil puts profits and operations in jeopardy. Lauren LaFronz looks at the factors that cause this extreme volatility, and the urgent need for technology solutions that manage and mitigate risk. Oil is a very popular commodity due to its high consumption levels and versatility as a key component in numerous products including fuels, chemicals, and plastic items. According to the International Energy Agency, close to 90 million barrels are used globally every day. This makes it the most widely traded commodity, both physically and financially, around the world. However, high consumption and versatility are not the only things for which oil is well known. Mention the oil markets, and it’s a good bet that volatility and its cousins instability and unpredictability are among the first things that come to mind for many people. The oil market is highly complex, with multiple fluctuating supply and demand side variables including geopolitical issues, new oil sources, and speculative trading that contribute to oil’s extreme volatility. This volatility significantly increases risk exposure and makes price clarity elusive for producers, refiners, merchants, and traders. The most recent price outlook from the US Energy Information Agency reflects this situation: its forecast for 2035 ranges from a low of $50/bbl to a high of $200/bbl. Supply disruptions due to geo-political issues have become relatively frequent events, causing significant price spikes as the delicate supply – demand balance is thrown off kilter. Issues in the Middle East in particular have a large influence on oil prices because of the region’s massive reserves. For example, take the Arab Spring, which caused crude output to fall quickly and significantly. Oil prices rose from $92 per barrel in January, 2011 just prior to unrest in Tunisia, to $120 per barrel in April after violence erupted in Libya. In addition, if Iran makes good on threats to close the Strait of Hormuz, through which one third of the world’s traded oil passes, energy analysts predict oil prices could rise 50 percent or more within days. Speculation about the closure alone has been known to keep oil prices above $100 a barrel. Outside of the Middle East, political issues in other important supply regions are creating additional market uncertainty. In Latin America, the trend towards greater nationalisation of private investment in energy production has had a detrimental impact on output, while in Russia, difficult business conditions have reduced the expertise and investments required to continue the development of production infrastructure. And in Argentina, a nascent nationalisation program threatens at least part of the country's 700,000bbl/day production. It is an understatement to say that the uncertainty and volatility caused by geopolitical issues make for a very risky market, and renders any kind of business planning a complex and seemingly insurmountable task for oil market participants. Shale oil has enormous potential, with US reserves alone totalling an astounding 1.5 trillion barrels of oil – more than five times the stated reserves of Saudi Arabia. According to an International Energy Agency forecast, these shale reserves will help the US become almost self-sufficient in oil by 2035. However, they currently remain largely untouched because extracting oil from shale is expensive and complex. That is, for now. New technologies such as Shell’s in situ conversion process are being developed that could potentially revolutionize shale oil production by making it cheaper and easier to extract. Should one or more of these technologies become commercially viable, shale oil would become an abundant fuel source. There is much debate in the industry about if and when feasible extraction technologies will come to fruition. The testing required to explore and perfect these technologies is extremely expensive, making it an endeavour largely limited to companies with exceptionally deep pockets. And some of the companies that do have the resources to forge ahead with development have not been very clear about how their technology is different or better than existing methods. These technical uncertainties further exacerbate the murkiness surrounding the world’s future oil supply, and underscore the importance of having access to advanced analytics that enable accurate and informed decisions. Demand side ambiguity While geopolitical developments and technical uncertainties create significant doubt as to the levels of future crude supply, forecasting market demand is no less challenging. All major centres of consumption have been affected to some degree by the global economic slowdown. While overall consumption continues to grow, according to the IEA, the rate of growth in global crude demand fell from an annualised growth rate of 3.2 percent in 2010 to 0.9 per cent in 2012. In Europe, for example, the Euro crisis has reduced regional demand for crude and crude products to levels not seen since 1987. Full-year demand in 2011 fell below 13.5 million bbl/day. This is 1.5 million bbl/day lower than the 10-year high in 2006, and more than 2.1 million bbl/day lower than the record high of 1979. And in China, an epicentre for global demand growth over the past decade, oil consumption in 2012 flattened out to the same levels seen in 2011. Furthermore, while the US is still the world's single largest consumer of crude, the recession of 2009 and a decrease in demand for motor fuels has driven oil consumption down to a 12-year low of 18.8 million bbl/day. However, the future of oil consumption is not relegated to the picture of gloom and doom painted by these numbers. There are signs that the economy is starting to turn around. According to the International Monetary Fund, global economic conditions improved modestly in the third quarter of 2012, primarily due to increased activity in emerging market economies and the US, and economic growth is projected to rise throughout 2013. The fact of the matter is, despite all of these statistics, no one knows for certain what will happen. As a result, the global demand forecast remains ambiguous, with projections for near-term demand only slightly clearer than the 10-year outlook. Combine these conditions with the aforementioned supply side issues, and oil market participants are left with at best a cloudy view of the future riddled with unpredictable storms that can cripple their businesses if not properly managed. The speculators effect Despite the global downturn, trading in physical crude and derivative instruments has been robust over the past few years. The NYMEX/CME exchange recovered from the financial crisis of 2008, with significant growth throughout 2012. Besides the larger producers, traders, industrial consumers, and merchants that have always participated in the market, many newer players are beginning to speculate with the sole purpose of financial gain. The oil futures market trades more than one billion barrels of oil each day. The entire world produces only around 85 million a barrels a day – meaning that more than 90 per cent of trading involves speculators, who never actually take physical possession of oil. These speculators enter and exit the market quickly, basing trading decisions solely on price momentum and recent volatility. There is no absolute evidence to show that this activity has a sustained and quantifiable effect on the market, but many industry observers believe that volatility is being exacerbated through high-volume trading by speculators (the 'speculators effect') – particularly during periods with a high level of market uncertainty. The potential for volumetric shocks on both the supply and demand side of the crude market combined with the potential for increased volatility due to the 'speculators effect' leaves companies increasingly exposed to risk. In order to effectively and efficiently manage this exposure, market participants must have sophisticated, end-to-end Commodity Management solutions that provide both the metrics required to measure exposure and the insights needed to successfully manage it. These sophisticated solutions enable crude market participants to: * Mitigate enterprise risk by delivering a real-time, holistic view of their business that integrates all physical and financial exposures alongside operational, counterparty credit, and regulatory risk exposures. * React quickly to unforeseen market events and daily volatility by providing advanced analytics that support smarter, faster decision-making. * Maximise profitability by integrating physical and financial instruments, optimising cross-commodity and FX hedging strategies, and rapidly identifying arbitrage opportunities across markets and products. * Minimise supply chain risk by providing inventory management functionality and optimizing product movements and complex itinerary scheduling. Commodity Management solutions are most commonly available in traditional 'local' or desktop installations, however, they are increasingly being delivered through mobile platforms and as ‘in-cloud’ solutions, giving users multiple deployment options. The oil business was built on the reputation of mavericks and risk-takers. But in today’s climate, the risks are so much greater and the consequences of poor decision-making are far more serious. Unprecedented volatility due to a combination of geopolitical issues, changing demand, speculators, and a myriad of other factors make it exceptionally difficult to run a profitable business these days. An inability to manage this volatility-induced risk has an overwhelmingly negative impact on the bottom line. For many businesses it will be fatal. Mitigating these risks with the use of an advanced Commodity Management solution is imperative for any firm that plans on a long-term future and takes its shareholders’ interests seriously. Lauren LaFronz is with Triple Point Technology. www.tpt.com
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9595692753791809, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.equifax.co.uk/resources/loans-and-credit/interest-rate-types.html", "token_count": 1568, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.0230712890625, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:0646366e-ce36-43a3-8621-e4ce5ce599d0>" }	Interest Rate Types The cost of borrowing money is known as interest. Therefore, when you take out a loan, the money you pay back in addition to the initial amount is the interest. When you deposit money in a bank, the amount the bank pays you to keep the money in that account is also called interest. This is because the bank is effectively borrowing money from you. The interest rate is normally determined as a percentage of the original sum. Simple Interest (also known as nominal interest) Simple interest is interest based on the original loan or saving amount. For example, if you deposit £1,000 into a bank account and earn 2% interest per annum, after one year you will have £1,020. The same applies if you borrow money. If you borrow £1,000 at 2% interest per annum, after a year you would owe £1,020. The above examples are very simplistic and don’t account for withdrawals or payments. Compound interest is more complicated. Rather than a percentage of the initial sum being continuously added to the final amount, the percentage is applied to the most recent sum. For example, if you deposit £1,000 into a bank with compound interest of 2%, after a year you would have £1,020, and after the second year you would have £1,040.40 as the 2% interest would have been applied to £1,020 rather than the original £1,000. The difference does not seem like much, however, after a number of years and with a larger sum of money, the figures will accumulate. Compound interest can also apply to borrowing money, and you would owe £1,040.40 rather than £1,040 after two years. Banks generally apply compound interest to money that you borrow or save. When borrowing money with a credit card, loan, or mortgage, there are two interest rate types: Fixed Rate Interest and Variable Rate Interest. Fixed Rate Interest Fixed Rate Interest offers borrowers a fixed interest percentage to pay back over an agreed period of the loan. This helps borrowers to calculate their repayments as the fixed rate is unaffected by market increases. However, the repayments will also not go down should the market rate decrease. A fixed rate helps take away the risk of not being able to pay an unexpected higher monthly repayment, but also removes the possibility of benefiting from lower monthly payments should the market rate go down. Interest Variable Rate Interest allows the lender to increase or decrease the interest rate at any point during a credit agreement, normally but not always as a result of fluctuations in the market base rate. A borrower on an variable rate risks being is less able to afford the repayments if the interest rates rise but is able to benefit from more affordable repayments if rates fall. Interest can be calculated per year and per month, which can make it difficult to compare quotes from product providers. There are also surrounding costs, such as administrative fees, that can affect how much you are paying. To calculate such costs, there are measures called the annual percentage rate (APR) and the annual equivalent rate (AER). These are universal measures that can help you to compare the overall interest you will pay, or be paid by, a product provider over a certain period of time. Annual Percentage Rate (APR) The annual percentage rate represents the annual rate of interest that is payable on mortgages, loans, credit cards and other credit products – it tells borrowers how much it will cost to borrow, including interest as well as any upfront fees the lender charges. This is calculated as a combined annual percentage rate, paid over the duration of the loan. Mortgage adverts could also quote a ‘headline’ rate alongside its APR. The headline rate tells you what the basic interest rate is without taking fees into account, while the APR advertised includes fees and is normally higher than the headline rate. Lenders often advertise a standard APR and will then review your credit history, and personal situation to determine the actual interest rate they are prepared to lend you for the amount you wish to borrow. However, the standard APR advertised must be offered to at least 51% of consumers. If you are refused credit, the lender should tell you why your application was refused and the details of the credit reference agency they used. Understanding your credit report can help you work towards improving your credit score. Learn more about credit hygiene and what can affect credit scores. Annual Equivalent Rate (AER) The annual equivalent rate tells you how much interest your money will earn over a year, taking into account whether you are paid monthly or yearly, and how the interest is compounded. For example, if you were to deposit money into two savings accounts, one that paid interest monthly and one that paid annually, the interest rates would differ due to the benefits of compounded interest for the monthly account. As a result, an account that pays monthly interest may offer a lower interest rate compared to an account that pays yearly interest, yet their AER or the interest you get at the end of 12 months, could be the same. 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You can cancel at any time. - Guide to student overdrafts - Guide to student credit cards - What is a credit blacklist? - What are 0% interest credit cards? - Moving to the UK and your credit score - Who can see your credit report? - Should you lease or buy your next car? - Student loan repayments - Balance transfers explained - Credit cards and minimum repayments - Financial association explained - Getting a mobile phone contract with bad credit - What is a credit union? - Why have I been refused a credit card? - Why do people use vehicle refinancing? - What does my credit score say about me? - What to do if you've missed payments - New interest rates for savers and borrowers - How to maintain a good credit score - Can you achieve the highest credit score? - Can you pay off loans early or late – or take a payment holiday? - Infographic: Back to basics – how do credit reports and scores work? - What happens to credit history when moving abroad - Credit checks for renting - Understanding credit score ranges - Divorce and your credit score - How credit cards work – how they may affect your credit rating - Students and credit reports - Credit agreements – the basics - Different types of credit card - Death and credit reports - Newlyweds, financial planning and credit - Getting credit cards with bad credit history - What is a guarantor and how do they work? - Explaining compound interest - How Credit Scores Affect Car Finance - How can I improve my credit score? - Getting credit with no credit history - Soft credit searches explained - What to consider when applying for credit cards - What is a credit rating? - What types of credit can you get? - Staying on the electoral register when moving - The Electoral Register and How It Influences Credit Scores - 7 types of credit provider - Credit: Why do People Use it? - Credit Myths - The truth about Credit - Credit Hygiene - Which factors affect credit scores?? - Your Credit Limits: Do’s & Don’ts - Secured Vs Unsecured Loans - Joint Liability - Everything You Need to Know
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.8824816942214966, "language": "en", "url": "https://www.neutralsupplychain.co.uk/port-shipping", "token_count": 283, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.028076171875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:830b9f57-d074-43bc-a21e-d095c058d190>" }	Maritime Supply Chain Sustainability Click the button to return home Maritime Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions currently account for 3% of total global emissions, which is a footprint the size of Germany's. In 2018 the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) announced the following about the sustainability of global shipping and its Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Click the arrows to see how Neutral Supply chain is setting out to tackle the net zero challenge in the maritime sector: Net Zero Shipping By 2050 Integrating and synchronising the Land and Marine Supply Chains will remove many inefficiencies and GHG emission intensity: To shine a light in the black hole: It's not sufficient to track only your vessel and only your cargo ... ... We need to understand how the whole eco-system works, particularly in the port interfaces. Neutral Supply Chain is working with its strategic partner Nisomar Ventures Ltd to provide new technology based tools and answers to the marine sector: - Real time information and predictive analysis coupled with World Class Supply Chain Management. - Attack the $20bn of “delay costs” in global ports. - Develop sustainability strategy and help maritime businesses and organisations to implement. - Virtualize the role of Port Agents and automate much of their role. - Provide Charterers/Owners with information to make optimal price decisions
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9587506055831909, "language": "en", "url": "http://newarkbusiness.org/insurance/prudential.php", "token_count": 2014, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.1513671875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:daf8c65f-a223-4966-948e-e0b5b91969ab>" }	May 3, 1903 - Prudential The Prudential Insurance Company was founded in 1875 as "The Prudential Friendly Society". The building pictured above was of Romanesque Gothic architecture and only part of the Prudential Insurance complex. Bank Street, also known as the "Canyon" ran between the main buildings. The Prudential buildings contain 32,000 tons of Indiana limestone, 11,000 tons of marble, 24,000 tons of iron and steel and 22,000,000 bricks. The total floor area was 690,000 square feet and the total contents 15,000,000 cubic feet. The height of the tower is 268 feet and the tower water tank held 50,000 gallons. There were 52 elevators, 436 telephones and three connecting tunnels. The buildings had self contained steam and electric power, water plants and an extensive sprinkler and vacuum system. The following is a listing of the Presidents of the Prudential Insurance Company taken from the book "From Three Cents a Week" by William H. A. Carr. Transcribed by Michelle Groel Allen L. Bassett, the first president (1875-1879). From: "Newark, the City of Industry" Published by the Newark Board of Trade 1912 The Prudential commenced business back in 1875. Its assets consisted of an idea, a few men with unlimited faith in the idea and about $95,000 in cash. Today the Prudential has over 10,000,000 policies in force. It is simply impossible to calculate the stupendous good that this has done. It is a long record of homes saved, of families kept from possible poverty, of freedom from worry for thousands of wives and mothers; of chances to make good starts in the work, of helpfulness in a thousand ways. The Prudential offers a line of policies designed to meet the wants of every insurable man regardless of how large or small his income may be. Its industrial or weekly payment policies are intended especially for wage workers. The premiums which are for small amounts, are payable weekly to agents of the Company who call for them. These policies are issued to both sexes between ages 1 and 65. The small premiums make it possible for every healthy member of the family to be insured. The Prudential issues what it calls Intermediate policies. These are for $500 and $750. and are for folks who, although they do not want a large amount of insurance, prefer to pay their premiums at longer intervals than a week. Then there is the Whole Live and the Limited Payment Life. The Endowment policy requires premium payments for a pre-arranged number of years only. At the end of this period the amount of the policy is payable in cash to the insured himself. If he should die before this time it is payable to his beneficiary. The Prudential also issues a Monthly Income Policy. This is no doubt one of the most admirable life insurance contracts ever offered to the public. It provides for the payment of the policy in regular monthly installments, instead of a lump sum. This plan does away with the necessity and risk of investment. It guarantees an income, regular and unfailing, free from danger of loss. From: Rider's Newark 1916 The Prudential Insurance Company is housed in a group of buildings occupying a large part of three city blocks, two of them lying between Broad and Halsey Streets, on the north and south side of Bank Street and the third in the rear at the northwest corner of Bank and Halsey Streets. The four buildings comprising the group, and erected successively (the latest in 1911) were all designed by George B. Post and consequently show a general uniformity of construction. The style is in the main classic, with Romanesque detail, and a blending of flamboyant French Gothic, all skillfully harmonized. The two lions supporting shields, over the Broad Street entrance to the main building, are carved in brown Indiana limestone, from designs by Karl Bitter. The other external stone carvings, including the gargoyles and the drinking fountain at the Bank Street corner, are also of limestone, and were executed by George Brown & Co. of Newark from drawings by George P. Post & Sons. The buildings contain some admirable mural paintings and other features of artistic interest. For permission to visit them, apply at the superintendent's office on third floor of main building. The Prudential Insurance Company was founded in 1875 by the Hon. John F. Dryden (later U. S. Senator), who was the pioneer in America in the field of popular insurance at easy rates of payment, thus placing insurance within reach of the masses. The company estimates that at the present time more than thirty million persons are protected by its policies. There are no branch offices, the vast army of agents reporting directly to the headquarters in Newark. The office staff comprises more than 3500 employees. On the lower floor of the main building is a small library for the use of the employees. It is affiliated with the Newark Public Library to the extent that any book contained in the latter may be borrowed through the Prudential, as through it were a branch library. Its rooms situated in the southwest corner are worth a visit, for they contain models, not only of the present buildings, but also of all their predecessors, from the original humble beginning in the basement of a one-story shop. Adjacent to the library, in the rotunda, is a full length bronze statue, heroic size, of John Fairfax Dryden, mounted on a pedestal of pink New jersey granite, presented in 1913 as a "tribute of esteem and affection from the Field and Home Office Force." (Karl Bitter, sculptor.) The chief point of interest is the Board Room, on the tenth floor. From floor to ceiling, the walls are lined with Caen stone, the entire surface of which is covered with delicate hand carving, no two panels being alike. The designs are outlined with traceries in gold. On the ceiling is a large central panel by Edwin H. Blashfield, showing how Increase, Foresight and Constancy, Thrift, Order and Temperance lead the People to Security. Security, the central figure, holds in one hand a shield, emblem of protection, and in the other an hour-glass, a reminder that our days are numbered. Around the walls are eight lunettes. At the south or window end Prudence, with her shield, shelters the Family, while to left and right respectively Commerce and the Growth of Cities are symbolized by men loading a ship and by architects in Romanesque costume. (Artist, Siddons Mowbray). At north end are represented Intellectual and Physical Force, the former pictured with the features of Erasmus (a typical scholar), the latter as a young Roman. To right and left are figures representing the Arts and Industries. On the east or main doorway side are three lunettes: Youth and Age by Mowbray: Prudence binding Fortune, by Blashfield: and between them a panel with an inscription from one of Senator Dryden's speeches: "A wonderful Business; a Business with a Noble History; a Business with a Lofty Aim; a Business with a Magnificent Purpose; a Business with Splendid Results." On the opposite side: Industry (a mother showing her child a bee-hive), by Mowbray; Thrift driving the Wolf from the Door. by Blashfield; and between them The Rock of Gibraltar, by Mowbray. In the vaulting and pendentives are sixteen medallions and rectangles, painted in cameo, white on blue (Blashfield and Mowbray). The general color scheme, the dominant tones of which are gold and red, was supervised by Elmer E. Garnsey. The visitor should not fail to note the four lofty bronze candelabra, on either side of the mantel and the entrance door. They are of Italian workmanship, the originals from which they were copied being in the Church of San Giorgio Venice. The room contains four portraits: Hon. John F. Dryden, (1839-1922), by Madrazo; Dr. Leslie Ward, Medical Director 91844-1910), by Madrazo; Edgar B. Ward, Second Vice President, by Madrazo; Noah F. Blanchard, Vice President, by Carroll Beckwith. Adjoining the Board Room are two Committee Rooms, in French Renaissance style, with high wainscoting, elaborately carved in panels and pilasters, the wood being imported from the Black Forest. Before leaving the main buildings, note the front staircase of pale yellow marble, richly wrought in delicate lace-like traceries. On the first landing are three stained-glass windows representing Prudence, Protection and Strength. Across Bank Street, in the new building, is the Assembly room, the chief purpose of which was to afford a gathering place in which the hundreds of traveling agents could receive systematic instruction regarding their work. Its chief features are a ceiling of richly carved and gilded work; an ornamental screen in the rear of the presiding officer's platform suggestive of the reredos of a cathedral, and two large lunettes, by Edward Simmons. In the north end, Insurance, symbolized by a husbandman planting a fruit tree; beside him are Ceres with her sickle, and Hope with a branch of blossoms. In the south end, Benefits, typified by Abundance, a female figure hearing a Horn-of-Plenty, ministering to a Widow and her Children. \|Copyright 1998 - 2021 Glenn G. Geisheimer\|
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9574765563011169, "language": "en", "url": "https://abbysavingstips.com/how-to-solve-financial-problems/", "token_count": 1104, "fin_int_score": 4, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": -0.01513671875, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:f4f21117-cbdd-492f-a951-fcf8d74a7555>" }	Have you been having difficulty about how to solve your financial problems as a low income earner? Lack of money kills ambition and creativity. Maybe you are stuck on ways to pay your bills by the end of the month as a low income earner. If you are struggling financially, stick around and find possible solutions on how to solve your financial problems as a low income earner in this article. Meaning of financial problems This is when an individual or people run out of money. This can be caused by making decisions without understanding their income or earning patterns. Taking financial risk without protection can also lead to financial problems. Financial problem is completely different from earning or making money. There are high income earners with money problems and there are low income earners that do not have money problems. The amount of money people are making is not the problem, financial problem comes from poor financial decision. How to solve personal financial problems In the world, there are two groups of people. One group tend to be good with money and the other group tend to have personal financial problems. This particular group will also be looking for ways to solve their financial problems. Every income you make today is a tool that is capable of making you more money now and in the future. There are three major ways you can solve personal financial problem namely planning, reporting and analyzing. - Planning: Get a paper and write your goals and dream somewhere visible for constant reminder. Note where you want to end up in your finances.This is crucial because we all have limited resources to work on. You have to focus the little money we have today towards reaching your financial goals as a low income earner.It is also important to keep your money away from what you do not need and remember to include the financial information you need to fund your goals. For example, how much are you setting aside weekly to fund your goals. - Report: A detailed report about how you plan to solve your financial problems is highly essential. While solving your financial problems, you need to track your progress against your goals. Do this by updating your financial report every week.This simple act of holding yourself accountable towards your financial activity weekly will help you change your behavior about money. - Analyze: It is not enough to plan and report, you need to spend some time to analyze where you are and what is going on. Are you are making progress towards your goal? Reasons why you are moving forward or backward financially. Your money will give you information about what is working and what is not working. Things you need to do about your financial problems as a low income earner - Start implementing simple financial habits that can help with your financial problems. - Make responsible choices towards your money and see your money problems become a thing of the past. - Start undergoing financial responsibilities like, saving, budgeting, insurance, retirement planning and investments. - Start making choices that will make you more money. Causes of financial problems for low income earners Some of the major causes of financial problems include; - Inability to make small decisions that will compound positively overtime with your money. - You are not managing your money properly. - You are living paycheck to paycheck as a low income earner. - You are not having positive cash flow - You are saving money as a low income earner. - You are into a lot of debt. - You are making poor financial decisions with your income. 6 ways to solve financial problems as a low income earner 1. Be courageous financially: Courage is the first step to solving any money problems. Financial problems are scary and people try to push them away in order to avoid them. The real secret about money is understanding the personal process of facing your financial fears, taking ownership of your situation and doing something about it. 2. Get a side job and make immediate short term money: This will help you to get back on your feet financially as a low income earner. 3. Learn to be resourceful: Figure out some simple skills that you can monetize. Be driven and persistent towards mastering these set of skills in order to make money that will solve your financial problems. 4. Learn to manage your finances: What you do with the money you are earning now or in the future will determine if your financial problems are going to be solved or not. You need to set your some money aside for the future. Keys to manage your finances as a low income earner includes tracking your income and expenses and budget your finances. 5. Learn to allocate your money effectively: Set a suitable percentage you are comfortable with towards necessities, savings, financial freedom and education. When you successfully allocate your finances well, financial problems will be a thing of the past for you as a low income earner. 6. Invest in yourself: Investing in yourself is crucial and will help a lot in achieving financial freedom. Make conscious changes with what you are doing with your money in order to create wealth in abundance. In conclusion, it is easy to get confused on how to solve financial problems as a low income earner, money can be complicated but the solutions are fairly simple. No matter how much money you are making as a low income earner, aim to always make good financial decisions. If you enjoy this article share with family and friends or leave a comment down below on how to solve financial problems.
{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "language_score": 0.9334261417388916, "language": "en", "url": "https://dailyhodl.com/2020/01/23/worlds-richest-22-men-are-worth-the-same-as-all-325-million-women-in-africa-new-oxfam-report-reveals/", "token_count": 1102, "fin_int_score": 3, "fin_score_model": "en_fin_v0.1", "risk_score": 0.453125, "risk_score_model": "en_risk_v0.1", "id": "<urn:uuid:64c3eceb-3b0c-4236-a079-5d4d14ae55be>" }	The 162 richest people on the planet boast the same wealth as the poorest 50 percent – 3.85 billion – in the world. From Tuesday, January 21, close to 3,000 delegates – including 53 heads of state – from 117 countries, will participate in the WEF summit in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland. According to the website blurb, the WEF Annual Meeting is “the foremost creative force for engaging the world’s top leaders in collaborative activities to shape global, regional and industry agendas at the beginning of each year”. This year’s topic, for the great and the good of the business world and politics, is “stakeholders for a cohesive and sustainable world”. While the hellish fires raging in Australia fan the flames for climate change, the perverse irony that most of the 774 public speakers will have been flown into the summit will not be lost on the people who are truly concerned about the heating of the world. Similarly, that many of the wealthiest people in the world will gather to no doubt use the WEF platform to further boost their riches, through additional business deals and contacts, while vowing to help those less fortunate is alarming to Oxfam. Hence why every year at this precise time the leading charity publishes the latest data showing the gulf between the globe’s haves and have nots. A Man’s World? But Nothing Without Women The Oxfam report shows that the world’s 22 richest men have more wealth than all the women in Africa. Furthermore, women and girls are putting in 12.5 billion hours of unpaid care work every day – tending to children and the elderly, for instance — which amounts to a contribution to the global economy of at least $10.8 trillion a year (more than three times the size of the global tech industry). “When 22 men have more wealth than all the women in Africa combined, it’s clear that our economy is just plain sexist,” says Danny Sriskandarajah, Oxfam GB Chief Executive. “One way that our upside-down economic system deepens inequality is by chronically undervaluing care work – usually done by women, who are often left little time to get an education, earn a decent living or have a say in how our societies are run, and are therefore trapped in poverty.” “If world leaders meeting this week are serious about reducing poverty and inequality, they urgently need to invest in care and other public services that make life easier for those with care responsibilities, and tackle discrimination holding back women and girls.” “Bloomberg [has] just shown how 500 people last year got over a $1 trillion richer. While estimates of overall wealth and the wealth share of the bottom 50 percent fluctuate from one year to the next, the overall picture of incredible levels of wealth inequality remains shockingly high.” Much in the same way climate change should have been on the agenda years ago – long before Greenland’s glaciers began to melt and ahead of Australia’s ongoing and unprecedented wildfires, which have claimed the lives of approximately 500 million animals – it is time for the world to wake up to financial imbalance, and take action now. GoodDollar is a not-for-profit foundation whose driving ambition is to reduce global wealth inequality through a combination of universal basic income (UBI) principles and blockchain. Aside from the headline number of 162 billionaires owning as much as half of the world, a raft of other calculations from the new Oxfam report justified our mission and strengthened our resolve and determination to strive for financial change. Consider the following: The 162 richest people on the planet boast the same wealth as the poorest 50 percent — 3.85 billion — in the world. - Half the global population earns less than $5.5 a day ($120 a month). - 500 people last year got over a $1 trillion richer. - Getting the richest 1 percent to pay just 0.5 percent extra tax on their wealth over the next 10 years could raise enough money to create 117 million jobs, including 79 million in education, health and social care, which would help close the current care gap. The stage is set: help us at GoodDollar to reduce global wealth inequality, before it is too late. GoodDollar: Changing The Balance – For Good Do you have the skills to help the GoodDollar project? We need builders, scientists and experts in identity, privacy, and financial governance, as well as philanthropists and ambassadors. Contact us at [email protected], via our social media channels (Twitter, Telegram, or Facebook), check out our community website, join the OpenUBI movement, or visit our. GitHub page. Our YouTube channel is worth exploring, too. This content is sponsored and should be regarded as promotional material. Opinions and statements expressed herein are those of the author and do not reflect the opinions of The Daily Hodl. The Daily Hodl is not a subsidiary of or owned by any ICOs, blockchain startups or companies that advertise on our platform. Investors should do their due diligence before making any high-risk investments in any ICOs, blockchain startups or cryptocurrencies. Please be advised that your investments are at your own risk, and any losses you may incur are your responsibility.

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