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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Does Grigorievna Nazarenko live in Moscow?
Context: Professor Tatyana Grigorievna Nazarenko is one of the leading Russian contemporary painters who has set new directions in Russian Art and Painting starting from the 1970s. She was born in Moscow where she still lives and works.
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Yes, she lives in Moscow
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Who would win in a fight? Pirates or ninjas?
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While this topic has been hotly debated over the years with people siding with one group or the other based on admiration or perceived skill advantages, it's actually pirates that would win in a fight due to their innate resourcefulness and guns.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is React?
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React is a JavaScript library that specializes in helping developers build user interfaces.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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How big is the universe?
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While the entire size of the universe is unknown, scientists have estimated that the universe is approximately 93 billion light-years in diameter.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is exchange rate?
Context: In finance, an exchange rate is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another currency. Currencies are most commonly national currencies, but may be sub-national as in the case of Hong Kong or supra-national as in the case of the euro.
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Exchange rate is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged at for another currency. Most countries have their own national currency. However, some currency are sub-national such as Hong Kong; some are supra-national such as the euro.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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When did King Charles II return to Navarre?
Context: King Charles II returned to Navarre in November 1361, leaving his wife and son behind in France. When in January 1363 it was her turn to move to Navarre, Queen Joan left Charles in the custody of his aunt Blanche, sister of his father and widow of his maternal great-grandfather King Philip VI of France. Charles was reunited with his mother when she returned to France in December 1365, and the following August Charles set foot in his father's kingdom for the first time.
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King Charles II returned to Navarre in November 1361.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What does the company Navibulgar do
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Navibulgar is a Bulgarian shipping company, the largest in the country, with a fleet of 70 vessels: 46 bulk carriers, 9 container vessels, 5 tanker and chemical vessels, and 10 combined tonnage vessels, including their new 30,700-tonne ship, which became a part of their fleet in June 2012.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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According to the below, what is the Markov decision process?
Context: In mathematics, a Markov decision process (MDP) is a discrete-time stochastic control process. It provides a mathematical framework for modeling decision making in situations where outcomes are partly random and partly under the control of a decision maker. MDPs are useful for studying optimization problems solved via dynamic programming. MDPs were known at least as early as the 1950s; a core body of research on Markov decision processes resulted from Ronald Howard's 1960 book, Dynamic Programming and Markov Processes. They are used in many disciplines, including robotics, automatic control, economics and manufacturing. The name of MDPs comes from the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov as they are an extension of Markov chains.
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A Markov decision process (MDP) is a mathematical framework for modeling decision making in cases where outcomes are not entirely under the control of decision makers. MDPs are used in a variety of disciplines, such as robotics and economics.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Can you think of some different cities on the American West coast?
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Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Which city is the best to relocate in Texas
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Texas offers some great places to live, if you like city life. The prominent choices can be Houston, Dallas, San Antonio, Austin, all of which are part of the Texas triangle, and are connected by 2-3 hours drive. Houston and Dallas are bigger and dense metropolitans. San Antonio and Austin have smaller footprints but the proximity to hill country makes them more charming in terms of geography. Some other places to consider also can be Corpus Christi, Lubbock and El Paso, but are a bit distant.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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If the year is 2013, is the Samsung E1200 being produced?
Context: The Samsung E1200 (also known as Samsung Pusha and Samsung Keystone 2) is a mobile phone made by Samsung. This phone was released in 2012 through Tesco in the UK. It was discontinued in 2015 when the Samsung Guru FM E1202 was released as its successor.
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Yes, the phone was released in 2012 and was not discontinued until 2015.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Which of the 10 largest earthquakes was the deadliest?
Context: Largest Earthquakes ever recorded
The 10 largest magnitudes in recorded history
1. Valdivia, Chile 22 May 1960 (magnitude 9.5)
This earthquake killed 1655 people, injured 3000 and displaced two million. It caused US$550 million damage in Chile, while the tsunami that it spawned caused deaths and damage as far away as Hawaii, Japan and the Philippines. The 'rupture zone' of the quake was more than 1000 km long. Two days after the initial quake, the nearby volcano Puyehue erupted, sending ash and steam up to 6 km into the atmosphere over a period of several weeks.
2. Prince William Sound, Alaska 28 March 1964 (magnitude 9.2)
Compared to the Chilean earthquake, this earthquake was less damaging: the resulting tsunami took 128 lives and caused overall US$311 million in damage. The earthquake was felt mainly over Alaska, as well as some places in Canada, while the tsunami created by it caused damage as far away as Hawaii. The most damage was sustained by the city of Anchorage, 120 km north-west of the epicentre. Shaking from the quake itself is reported to have lasted for three minutes.
3. Sumatra, Indonesia 26 December 2004 (magnitude 9.1)
In terms of damage and loss of life, the scale of the disaster caused by the resulting Boxing Day Tsunami was enormous. In total, 227,900 people were killed or presumed dead, with around 1.7 million displaced over 14 countries in South Asia and East Africa. The epicentre was 250 km south-east of Band Aceh, Indonesia, at a depth of 30 km. Several days later on 28 December, a mud volcano began erupting near Baratang, Andamar Islands, which is thought to have been associated with the earthquake.
4. Sendai, Japan 11 March 2011 (magnitude 9.0)
So far the official death toll stands at several thousand from the combined effect of the powerful earthquake, aftershocks and the tsunami. However, the total is expected to rise, with some estimates of a final toll of over 10,000. Economic impacts are expected to be huge, with the shutting down of nuclear reactors which many industries rely on for power.
5. Kamchatka, Russia 4 November 1952 (magnitude 9.0)
This earthquake generated a tsunami that caused widespread damage in the Hawaiian Islands. Property damage was estimated at around US$1,000,000. Some reports describe waves of over 9 m high at Kaena Point, Oahu. A farmer on Oahu reported the loss of six cows to the tsunami, but no people were reported killed.
6. Bio-bio, Chile 27 February 2010 (magnitude 8.8)
This earthquake and subsequent tsunami killed at least 521 people, with 56 missing and 12,000 injured. More than 800,000 people were displaced with a total of 1.8m people affected across Chile, where damage was estimated at US$30 billion. The epicentre was 335 km south-west of Santiago, at a depth of 35 km. A minor tsunami travelled across the Pacific causing damage to boats as far away as San Diego, California.
7. Off the coast of Ecuador 31 January 1906 (magnitude 8.8)
This earthquake caused a tsunami that is reported to have killed between 500 and 1,500 in Ecuador and Colombia. The tsunami travelled as far north as San Francisco, on the west coast of the US, and west to Hawaii and Japan. The tsunami took roughly 12 hours to cross the Pacific to Hilo, Hawaii.
8. Rat Islands, Alaska 2 April 1965 (magnitude 8.7)
The worst of the damage attributed to this earthquake was caused by a tsunami, reported to be about 10 m high on Shemya Island. The wave caused flooding on Amchitka Island, causing US$10,000 in property damage. No deaths or injuries were reported.
9. Sumatra, Indonesia 28 March 2005 (magnitude 8.6)
This earthquake killed 1313, with over 400 people injured by the tsunami as far away as Sri Lanka. The epicentre was 205 km north-west of Sibolga, Sumatra, at a depth of 30 km. This region, also the site of the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami, is particularly geologically active, with three of the 15 biggest known earthquakes having happened here.
10. Assam - Tibet 15 August 1950 (magnitude 8.6)
This inland earthquake caused widespread damages to buildings as well as large landslides. 780 people were killed in eastern Tibet, with many villages and towns affected across Assam, China, Tibet and India. Oscillations to lake levels occurred as far away as Norway. The total death toll is likely to be higher, as no definitive total was ever estimated. While the earthquake itself is known as the Assam Earthquake, it is believed the epicentre may have been in Tibet.
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The 2004 earthquake on Sumatra, Indonesia was the deadliest. It caused a tsunami that killed more than 200,000 people.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Given a reference text about Anne Elizabeth Howells, tell me the names' of her parents and how she died.
Context: Anne Elizabeth Howells (12 January 1941 – 18 May 2022) was a British operatic mezzo-soprano.
Biography
Howells was born in Southport, Lancashire on 12 January 1941, the daughter of Trevor Howells and Mona Howells (née Hewart). She was educated at Sale Grammar School, where her teachers included Alfred Higson. She further studied music at the Royal Manchester College of Music (now the Royal Northern College of Music), where her teachers included Frederic Cox. Howells continued singing studies with Vera Rózsa.
Howells sang in productions at Glyndebourne, the Royal Opera House, and with the Metropolitan Opera in New York, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the opera houses of both San Francisco and Los Angeles, the four Parisian opera houses, the Grand Théâtre de Genève, the Salzburger Festspiele, the Vienna Staatsoper, the Carnegie Hall, and the Musikverein of Vienna. She sang in the premieres of Rolf Liebermann's Forêt (as Régine), Nicholas Maw's The Rising of the Moon (as Cathleen) and of Richard Rodney Bennett's Victory (as Lena). Following her retirement from public performance, Howells taught at the Royal Academy of Music.
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Anne Elizabeth Howells parents are Trevor and Mona Howells. She died from myeloma.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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When was the wheel invented?
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No one knows when the wheel was first made. Archaeological evidence seems to show that the wheel was first used to make pottery in Mesopotamia about 7,000 years ago, during the Neolithic period. Later, it was used to make chariots. Chariot wheels have been found in Sumer as early as 3000 BC. The wheel is one of the most important inventions in human history. It was very useful for making pottery and getting around on land. It is also a key part of machines.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What are some common types of lettuce used in salad and other dishes?
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Common types of lettuce used in salads and other dishes include iceberg lettuce, butter lettuce, red leaf lettuce, green lettuce, frisee, endive, escarole, arugula, spring mix, and baby kale.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Classify the cities based on whether they are located in Namibia or Lithuania.
Klaipėda, Oshakati, Kaunas, Windhoek, Vilnius, Rundu
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Namibia - Windhoek, Rundu, Oshakati
Lithuania - Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Categorize the days of the week based on their starting alphabet.
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday
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S - Sunday, Saturday
M - Monday
W - Wednesday
T - Tuesday, Thursday
F - Friday
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is the Shiba Inu
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The Shiba Inu is a breed of hunting dog from Japan. A small-to-medium breed, it is the smallest of the six original and distinct spitz breeds of dog native to Japan. Its name literally translates to "brushwood dog", as it is used to flush game.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is the oldest known civilization?
Context: Scholars generally acknowledge six cradles of civilization. Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Indus Valley, and Ancient China are believed to be the earliest in the Old World. Cradles of civilization in the New World are the Caral-Supe civilization of coastal Peru and the Olmec civilization of Mexico. All of the cradles of civilization depended upon agriculture for sustenance (except possibly Caral-Supe which may have depended initially on marine resources). All depended upon farmers producing an agricultural surplus to support the centralized government, political leaders, priests, and public works of the urban centers of the civilization.
Less formally, the term "cradle of civilization" is often used to refer to other historic ancient civilizations, such as Greece or Rome, which have both been called the "cradle of Western civilization".
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The oldest known human civilizations are known to exist in Mesopotamia (Modern day Iraq), Indus Valley (a region located in modern-day Pakistan), Ancient Egypt and Ancient China.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Please summarize the MECE principle, give an example and explain how it can be used in business
Context: The MECE principle, (mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive) is a grouping principle for separating a set of items into subsets that are mutually exclusive (ME) and collectively exhaustive (CE). It was developed in the late 1960s by Barbara Minto at McKinsey & Company and underlies her Minto Pyramid Principle, and while she takes credit for MECE, according to her interview with McKinsey, she says the idea for MECE goes back as far as to Aristotle.
The MECE principle has been used in the business mapping process wherein the optimum arrangement of information is exhaustive and does not double count at any level of the hierarchy. Examples of MECE arrangements include categorizing people by year of birth (assuming all years are known), apartments by their building number, letters by postmark, and dice rolls. A non-MECE example would be categorization by nationality, because nationalities are neither mutually exclusive (some people have dual nationality) nor collectively exhaustive (some people have none).
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MECE stands for Mutually Exclusive, Collectively Exhaustive and serves as an organizing framework used by management consulting firms, such as McKinsey and BCG as a way to organize reports and complicated data. Due to its effectiveness, it has made it's way into the larger business community. An example MECE arrangement would be departments within an organization, year hired for employees, the choice to eat in or eat out. MECE can be used to simplify complex ideas.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is the terminal outbound station of the D line in the Boston MBTA?
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Riverside Station is the last station headed outbound on the D line of Boston's MBTA.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What were the primary motivations for the Dual Alliance?
Context: The Dual Alliance (German: Zweibund, Hungarian: Kettős Szövetség) was a defensive alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary, which was created by treaty on October 7, 1879, as part of Germany's Otto von Bismarck's system of alliances to prevent or limit war. The two powers promised each other support in case of attack by Russia. Also, each state promised benevolent neutrality to the other if one of them was attacked by another European power (generally taken to be France, even more so after the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894). Bismarck saw the alliance as a way to prevent the isolation of the German Empire, which had just been founded a few years before, and to preserve peace, as Russia would not wage war against both empires.
Formation
When Austria-Hungary and Germany formed an alliance in 1879, it was one of the more surprising alliances of its time. Though both shared the German language and a similar culture, Austria-Hungary and Germany were often driven apart, most notably during the recent Austro-Prussian War. Additionally, the Habsburg rulers believed that the promotion of nationalism, which was favoured by Germany, would destroy their multinational empire. However, their common distrust of Russia brought both empires together for a common cause.
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The primary motivations for the alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary were peacemaking and protection. The alliance ensured that both Germany and Austria-Hungary would be safe from attack by Russia. The alliance also promoted peace between the two countries and other European powers.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Who would be your starting five on your current NBA team?
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My starting five is not determined by who would be the best statistical performer at each position but more made up of which group of players I think would be the most fun to watch while also being a championship contender. To start, let's get the elephant out of the room, the big man down under has to be Joel Embiid for me. Offensively he is one of the best players in the league, no questions asked. Defensively, when he can stay out of foul trouble, he could easily make a run at DPOY (Defensive Player of the Year). At the 4, im still going big because of this mans ability to move his feet. Jokic is a 280lb ballerina with Einstein'esque IQ and court vision like an owl. At the 3, I need a lock down defender and a court runner, oh, and two time MVP in Giannis Antetoukoumpo. I doubt this front court would be allowed to share an elevator. For my back court I need to support this tremendous front court cast with shooters and passers. Im going to pair Lamelo Ball with Luka Doncic to further bolster the teams height (avgs 6'9). Lamelo and Luka can both knock down the three ball, get to the paint off the dribble, execute the pick and roll flawlessly and are 6'6 and 6'7 respectively. This group should have no problem taking on any other 5 in the league and probably any historically.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Give me a bulleted list of 3 books Thomas Sowell has written and what they are about.
Context: Until the spring of 1972, Sowell was a registered Democrat, after which he then left the Democratic Party and resolved not to associate with any political party again, stating "I was so disgusted with both candidates that I didn't vote at all." Though he is often described as a black conservative, Sowell said, "I prefer not to have labels, but I suspect that 'libertarian' would suit me better than many others, although I disagree with the libertarian movement on a number of things." He has been described as one of the most prominent advocates of contemporary classical liberalism along with Friedrich Hayek and Larry Arnhart. Sowell primarily writes on economic subjects, generally advocating a free market approach to capitalism. Sowell opposes the Federal Reserve, arguing that it has been unsuccessful in preventing economic depressions and limiting inflation. Sowell described his study of Karl Marx in his autobiography; as a former Marxist who early in his career became disillusioned with it, he emphatically opposes Marxism, providing a critique in his book Marxism: Philosophy and Economics (1985).
Sowell has also written a trilogy of books on ideologies and political positions, including A Conflict of Visions, in which he speaks on the origins of political strife; The Vision of the Anointed, in which he compares the conservative/libertarian and liberal/progressive worldviews; and The Quest for Cosmic Justice, in which, as in many of his other writings, he outlines his thesis of the need felt by intellectuals, politicians, and leaders to fix and perfect the world in utopian and ultimately, he posits, disastrous fashions. Separate from the trilogy, but also in discussion of the subject, he wrote Intellectuals and Society, building on his earlier work, in which he discusses what he argues to be the blind hubris and follies of intellectuals in a variety of areas.
His book Knowledge and Decisions, a winner of the 1980 Law and Economics Center Prize, was heralded as a "landmark work," selected for this prize "because of its cogent contribution to our understanding of the differences between the market process and the process of government." In announcing the award, the centre acclaimed Sowell, whose "contribution to our understanding of the process of regulation alone would make the book important, but in reemphasizing the diversity and efficiency that the market makes possible, work goes deeper and becomes even more significant." Friedrich Hayek wrote: "In a wholly original manner [Sowell] succeeds in translating abstract and theoretical argument into highly concrete and realistic discussion of the central problems of contemporary economic policy."
Sowell opposes the imposition of minimum wages by governments, arguing in his book Basic Economics that "Unfortunately, the real minimum wage is always zero, regardless of the laws, and that is the wage that many workers receive in the wake of the creation or escalation of a government-mandated minimum wage, because they either lose their jobs or fail to find jobs when they enter the labor force." He goes further to argue that minimum wages disproportionately affect "members of racial or ethnic minority groups" that have been discriminated against. He asserts that "Before federal minimum wage laws were instituted in the 1930s, the black unemployment rate was slightly lower than the white unemployment rate in 1930. But then followed the Davis-Bacon Act of 1931, the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of 1933 and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 – all of which imposed government-mandated minimum wages, either on a particular sector or more broadly... By 1954, black unemployment rates were double those of whites and have continued to be at that level or higher. Those particularly hard hit by the resulting unemployment have been black teenage males."
Sowell also favors decriminalization of all drugs. He opposes gun control laws, arguing, "On net balance, they do not save lives, but cost lives."[
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The following are the names and overviews of three books Thomas Sowell has written:
- Knowledge and Decisions: This book discusses the differences between market and government processes
- The Vision of the Anointed: This book compares conservative and liberal worldviews
- A Conflict of Visions: This book reviews the origins of political strife
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Extract the reason why the check clearing system was created
Context: Because some banks refused to clear checks from certain other banks during times of economic uncertainty, a check-clearing system was created in the Federal Reserve System. It is briefly described in The Federal Reserve System—Purposes and Functions as follows:
By creating the Federal Reserve System, Congress intended to eliminate the severe financial crises that had periodically swept the nation, especially the sort of financial panic that occurred in 1907. During that episode, payments were disrupted throughout the country because many banks and clearinghouses refused to clear checks drawn on certain other banks, a practice that contributed to the failure of otherwise solvent banks. To address these problems, Congress gave the Federal Reserve System the authority to establish a nationwide check-clearing system. The System, then, was to provide not only an elastic currency—that is, a currency that would expand or shrink in amount as economic conditions warranted—but also an efficient and equitable check-collection system.
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During financial crises in early 20th century, some banks refused to clear checks drawn on certain other banks, a practice that contributed to the failure of otherwise solvent banks, which ultimately led to severe crises that swept the nation, therefore Congress gave the Federal Reserve System the authority to establish a nationwide check-clearing system to address such systematic issues.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What are five totally distinct, creative ways to describe the usefulness of a broken stapler.
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Even though it may be broken, a stapler may still retain its usefulness. Consider these alternative uses for a broken stapler:
1. Hammer - the solid metal frame is sturdy enough to pound a nail.
2. Paper weight - even if you can't use staples to hold your papers together, the stapler can keep them on your desk.
3. Weapon - Whip it back and forth as a flail or throw it to dent someone's skull.
4. Door stop - hold the door open by wedging it between the door and frame.
5. Compass - magnetize the frame and never get lost again!
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Why is the World Cup the best sporting competition?
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The World Cup is a global event that happens only once every four years. It always has a Host(s) Nation, which is the only team that automatically qualifies for the tournament. Various tournaments lead up to the event, leading to the qualification for the World Cup. From there, FIFA will rank the qualifiers in different tiers and draw them via lottery into "Groups" together.
The Qualification process is available to all teams across the globe. Regionally-based tournaments hosted by the likes of CONACAF, UEFA, CAF, CONMEBOl, etc lead up to the World Cup Tournament.
Once the Groups are drawn via lottery together, all Four teams (from different regions). They play against each other and the two teams with the highest total points will advance to the elimination rounds, which include a round of 16, Quarterfinals, Semifinals, and the Final. Once the elimination round begins they are single elimination matches the loser is out of the tournament and the winner advances to the next round.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Given this paragraph about John C. Young, where did he go to college?
Context: John Clarke Young (August 12, 1803 – June 23, 1857) was an American educator and pastor who was the fourth president of Centre College in Danville, Kentucky. A graduate of Dickinson College and Princeton Theological Seminary, he entered the ministry in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1828. He accepted the presidency of Centre College in 1830, holding the position until his death in 1857, making him the longest-serving president in the college's history. He is regarded as one of the college's best presidents, as he increased the endowment of the college more than five-fold during his term, and increased the graduating class size from two students in his first year to forty-seven in his final year.
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Dickinson College and Princeton Theological Seminary
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Why did Kim Kardashian and Ye divorce?
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Kim Kardashian and Ye experienced marital stress from many causes. The initial commonly cited reason by social outlets for their separation and later divorce was tensions that arose from Ye's erratic behavior on social media and in public spheres.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What's the appeal of a vacation rental on the Big Island of Hawaii?
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The Big Island of Hawaii is a bit quieter than the island of Oahu, where Waikiki Beach is. While Waikiki is a beautiful beach and place, the Big Island of Hawaii has so much to offer that is unique only to this island. First, you can visit black sand beaches. This is due to all of the volcanic activity on the island. There are still active volcanoes on the island. You can also take tours around them should you wish to get closer. You still get all the beautiful beaches Hawaii offers, but with features, you can't find on the other islands. Also, if you want a slightly less touristy destination, the Big Island is for you!
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Given the following paragraph, how tall is the Leaning Tower of Pisa?
Context: The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: torre pendente di Pisa), or simply, the Tower of Pisa (torre di Pisa [ˈtorre di ˈpiːza; ˈpiːsa]), is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral. It is known for its nearly four-degree lean, the result of an unstable foundation. The tower is one of three structures in the Pisa's Cathedral Square (Piazza del Duomo), which includes the cathedral and Pisa Baptistry.
The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183 feet 3 inches) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 m (185 ft 11 in) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m (8 ft 0 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes (16,000 short tons). The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase.
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The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183 feet 3 inches) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 m (185 ft 11 in) on the high side.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Does Bolivia have a wine scene?
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Bolivia and more specifically, Tarija, have a wonderful wine scene that has continued to develop in the shadow of its southern neighbor, Mendoza. The high altitudes and clay soil produce many excellent varietals of grape, of which they are most predominantly known for their, Tannat, a full bodied red wine originating from France and thriving in South America.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Given the passage about churches built in the village of Zijldijk in the Netherlands, when was the only running church built?
Context: Zijldijk has three churches. The Mennomite church was built in 1772 in a non conspicuous barn-like building. It is still in use as a church. The Dutch Reformed church has been reconstructed as a village house. The Reformed Church was constructed in 1886, and nowadays serves as a care facility.
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The Mennomite church was built in 1772 and is still in use as a church.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Who are some of the top goal scorers of all time for Manchester City?
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Some of the top goal scorers of all time for Manchester City are Sergio Aguero, Eric Brook, Tommy Johnson, Colin Bell, and Joe Hayes.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is black tie dress code?
Context: Black tie is a semi-formal Western dress code for evening events, originating in British and American conventions for attire in the 19th century. In British English, the dress code is often referred to synecdochically by its principal element for men, the dinner suit or dinner jacket. In American English, the equivalent term tuxedo (or tux) is common. The dinner suit is a black, midnight blue or white two- or three-piece suit, distinguished by satin or grosgrain jacket lapels and similar stripes along the outseam of the trousers. It is worn with a white dress shirt with standing or turndown collar and link cuffs, a black bow tie, typically an evening waistcoat or a cummerbund, and black patent leather dress shoes or court pumps. Accessories may include a semi-formal homburg, bowler, or boater hat. For women, an evening gown or other fashionable evening attire may be worn.
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Black tie is a dress code for events, typically weddings and other formal ceremonies. The dress code roughly translates to a tuxedo or dinner suit for men and an evening gown for women.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Is Divine Child High School a private or public school?
Context: Divine Child High School, commonly known as Divine Child (DC), is a private, Roman Catholic, college-preparatory, parish high school in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. Divine Child is a highly ranked private high school in Michigan, scoring in the top 15 percent of private schools in the State. Notably, it is the seventh-largest private high school in Michigan and the largest co-educational Catholic high school in the State.
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private school
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What was invented by Dr Albert Southwick in 1881
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Electric chair
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Classify each of the Super Bowl winners from the oldest to the most recent (first win): New England Patriots, Philadelphia Eagles, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, St Louis and NY Giants.
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The answer is :
1. NY Giants in 1991
2. St Louis in 2000
3. Tampa Bay in 2003
4. New England 2004
5. Philadelphia Eagles in 2018
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What are some examples of plants that grow around Stanwell-Fletcher Lake? Use a numbered list.
Context: Stanwell-Fletcher Lake is the largest lake on Somerset Island, the tenth-largest island of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The lake, along with most of Somerset Island, is located within the Qikiqtaaluk Region of the Canadian territory of Nunavut.
The harsh tundral climate and minimal soil cover of the highlands surrounding the lake allows only a few types of plants to grow there, mostly lichens, mosses, and arctic willow. Vegetation is more prominent in the thermokarst lowlands to the north of the lake, which are dominated by sedges during the summer. The low-lying areas to the southeast of the lake, and the nearby Creswell Bay, host a Canadian Important Bird Area. The area supports large bird populations during the summer, especially breeding populations of various shorebirds. 13 shorebird species have been observed in the area, while 11 are known to breed there. These species includes the white-rumped sandpiper, red phalarope, black-bellied plover, sanderling, American golden plover, ruddy turnstone, Baird's sandpiper, buff-breasted sandpiper, pectoral sandpiper, semipalmated sandpiper, and red knot. Other birds with populations in the area include the snow goose, king eider, long-tailed duck, northern fulmar, black-legged kittiwake, and peregrine falcon. Stanwell-Fletcher Lake is also a large and important habitat for anadromous populations of arctic char, which spend summer in coastal areas including Creswell Bay and surrounding waters, but migrate via the Union River to in the lake before it freezes over. Fourhorn sculpin are also present within the lake.
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1. lichens
2. mosses
3. arctic willow
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Tell me if these are safe or not safe to let me child play with: the monkey bars, matches, scissors, rock paper scissors, a baseball, the stove, a cooking board game
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the monkey bars: safe, matches: not safe, scissors: not safe, rock paper scissors: safe, a baseball: safe, the stove: not safe, a cooking board game: safe
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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When playing golf, categorize each of the following items as "useful" or "useless": Irons, putter, dumbbell, tees, skis, range finder, jeans, kayak.
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Irons: Useful
Putter: Useful
Dumbbell: Useless
Tees: Useful
Skis: Useless
Range Finder: Useful
Jeans: Useless
Kayak: Useless
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Which African country was formerly known as Abyssinia?
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Ethiopia
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is Flink?
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Apache Flink is an open-source, unified stream-processing and batch-processing framework developed by the Apache Software Foundation. The core of Apache Flink is a distributed streaming data-flow engine written in Java and Scala. Flink executes arbitrary dataflow programs in a data-parallel and pipelined manner.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Tell me about Joseph Anthony
Context: Joseph Anthony (born Joseph Deuster; May 24, 1912 – January 20, 1993) was an American playwright, actor, and director. He made his film acting debut in the 1934 film Hat, Coat, and Glove and his theatrical acting debut in a 1935 production of Mary of Scotland. On five occasions he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Direction.
Biography
Joseph Anthony was born as Joseph Deuster in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on May 24, 1912. His parents were Leonard Deuster and Sophie Deuster (née Hertz). Anthony attended the University of Wisconsin. He married Perry Wilson on August 2, 1942, in New York City. He prepared for the stage at the Pasadena Playhouse from 1931 through 1935 and at the Daykarhanova School from 1935 through 1937. Anthony served in the United States Army in World War II from 1942 through 1946. He trained at Camp Ritchie and it’s Composite School Unit. On January 20, 1993, Joseph Anthony died at the age of 80 in a nursing home in Hyannis, Massachusetts.
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Joseph Anthony (born Joseph Deuster; May 24, 1912 – January 20, 1993) was an American playwright, actor, and director. He made his film acting debut in the 1934 film Hat, Coat, and Glove and his theatrical acting debut in a 1935 production of Mary of Scotland. On five occasions he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Direction.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What's a Louisville hot brown?
Context: A Hot Brown sandwich (sometimes known as a Louisville Hot Brown or Kentucky Hot Brown) is an American hot sandwich originally created at the Brown Hotel in Louisville, Kentucky, by Fred K. Schmidt in 1926. It is a variation of traditional Welsh rarebit and was one of two signature sandwiches created by chefs at the Brown Hotel shortly after its founding in 1923. It was created to serve as an alternative to ham and egg late-night dinners.
Ingredients
The Hot Brown is an open-faced sandwich of turkey breast and ham and bacon, covered in creamy Mornay sauce and baked or broiled until the bread is crisp and the sauce begins to brown. Cheddar cheese or American cheese may be added for the sauce. Alternatives for garnishes include tomatoes, mushroom slices, and, very rarely, canned peaches.
Some Hot Browns also include ham with the turkey, and either pimentos or tomatoes over the sauce, and imitation Hot Browns sometimes substitute a commercial cheese sauce instead of the Mornay.
When Fred K. Schmidt created the Hot Brown, its sliced roast turkey was a rarity, as turkey was usually reserved for holiday feasts. The original Hot Brown included the sliced turkey on an open-faced white toast sandwich, with Mornay sauce covering it, with a sprinkling of Parmesan cheese, completed by being oven-broiled until bubbly. Pimento and bacon strips were then added to it. After its debut, it quickly became the choice of 95% of the Brown Hotel's restaurant customers.
The dish is a local specialty and favorite of the Louisville area, and is popular throughout Kentucky. It was long unavailable at its point of origin, as the Brown Hotel was shuttered from 1971 to 1985.
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The Hot Brown is an open faced sandwich that is a local speciality throughout Kentucky. It was originally served in 1926 at Louisville's Brown Hotel. The sandwich is a spin on the traditional Welsh Rarebit. It's turkey breast, served open face on white bread, topped with Mornay sauce and run under the broiler until hot and bubbly. Some variations include ham with the turkey, as well as pimentos or tomatoes.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Where is the Mall of America located?
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The Mall of America is located in Bloomington, Minnesota, USA.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Classify the below Noble prize winners based on the country they are from.
Rabindranath Tagore, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, Amartya Kumar Sen, Joseph John Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr
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India- Rabindranath Tagore, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, Amartya Kumar Sen, Joseph John Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr
UK- Joseph John Thomson
New Zealand - Ernest Rutherford
Denmark - Niels Bohr
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Who is the mercedes formula 1 team principal?
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Toto Wolff is the team principal and CEO of the Mercedes-AMG PETRONAS F1 team
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Tell me whether these objects float or sink in water: oil, leaves, boats, baseball, phone, coins
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Oil: Float
Leaves: Float
Boats: Float
Baseball: Sink
Phone: Sink
Coins: Sink
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Give me a short list with five ideas for hobbies I can do at home.
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Hobbies you can do at home include:
- painting
- cooking
- reading
- working out
- board games
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Which months have 30 days?
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April, June, September and November have 30 days.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What kind of espresso machine is best for home use?
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Home espresso machines are a growing segment of the small kitchen appliance market. A good home espresso machine provides the ability to make high quality espresso in a machine that is typically smaller and less expensive than their commercial counterparts.
There are three common espresso machine designs for home use: manual, semi-automatic, and fully automatic. As the name implies -- manual machines require direct "manual" control by the user, who typically applies pressure through a lever to deliver the desired brew pressure. Semi-automatic machines require the user to prepare the coffee into the portafilter, but then rely on an automated pump and to deliver the desired brew pressure for espresso. Fully automatic machines automate the entire process end-to-end: grinding the beans, loading the ground beans into the portafilter, and then pumping water through the portafilter at predefined pressure levels to brew espresso.
Manual machines typically have a lower cost, smaller footprint, and provide the user with more direct control over the brewing process. This allows skilled users to make higher-quality espresso than they would with a more automated machine. In contrast, fully automatic machines are often the easiest to use, but are unable to make espresso as consistently great as a skilled barista could with a manual machines. Fully automatic machines are inherently more complex, more expensive to purchase, and more likely to have longer-term reliability issues.
Regardless of the type of espresso machine, two factors influence how well they will perform: their ability to manage brew temperature and brew pressure. The best machines provide the ability to vary brew temperature and pressure in consistent, repeatable ways.The type of coffee bean and desired result will impact what temperature and pressure profile the user wants. The best machines offer flexibility along both dimensions in consistent, repeatable ways.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Do you prefer pancakes or waffles?
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There is no question in my mind as to the answer to this question. I undoubtedly prefer waffles. Waffles offer a superior textural experience with their crispy edges and corners and fluffy insides. Waffles are easy to make and consistent in their appearance which offers a low-stress cooking experience. The cube pockets of a waffle offer the perfect home to copious amounts of butter and syrup, which is the ultimate reason they are much preferable to the measly pancake.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is the Willow Project? What is it's significance an how could this change the world we live in?
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The Willow Project, approved in late 2022 is a large scale oil drilling project that will take place in Alaska, on federal land known as The National Petroleum Reserve. the goal of this project is to take advantage of Alaska's primary source of income, drilling, to help generate revenue and produce around 180,000 barrels of oil for the US government. In addition to these benefits, this project contributes to a major problem in today's world: climate change. the drilling of oil releases about 287 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, further speeding up the effect of climate change. The animals residing there --some of which are endangered-- will lose their natural habitats and destroy ecosystem potentially causing harm worldwide. As the country becomes more dependent on the use of non renewable energy, the short window of time left to weaken the effects of climate change is coming to a close. Inevitably this will lead to irreversible changes that will endanger the one place we call home.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What are some of the most common vegetables in the broccoli family?
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The broccoli family includes many cruciferous vegetables like cabbage, bok choi, cauliflower, collard greens, brussel sprouts, and arugula.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What does long hair say about a woman?
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It found that people regarded long- or short-haired women as being equally self-assured and independent, although women with long hair were perceived as being more feminine. You'd think they'd logically perceive long-haired women as possessing qualities we've traditionally associated with womanhood—passivity, empathy
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Group these animals into 2-legged and 4-legged categories: kangaroo, dog, rhino, lion, giraffe, penguin, chimpanzee and cat.
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Penguin, chimpanzee and kangaroo have 2 legs. Dog, cat, lion, rhino and giraffe have 4 legs.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is positive cash flow?
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Positive cash flow is when a business has more money coming in than going out. It is a measure of profitability and can be calculated by subtracting expenses from revenues.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Boobam, Orutu
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Boobam is percussion, Orutu is string.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Is a Handball a 'Direct' or 'Indirect' Kick?
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As a rule, a direct kick occurs following a contact foul or hand ball. Most other football infringements are indirect.
If a defending team commits a contact foul or hand ball within their own penalty area (a marked out box at each end of the field) - the result is a penalty kick.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Based on the text below, please summarise in a few lines
Context: Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 22-yard (20-metre) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at one of the wickets with the bat and then running between the wickets, while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this (by preventing the ball from leaving the field, and getting the ball to either wicket) and dismiss each batter (so they are "out"). Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side either catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground, or hitting a wicket with the ball before a batter can cross the crease in front of the wicket. When ten batters have been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.
Forms of cricket range from Twenty20, with each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs (each "over" being a set of 6 fair opportunities for the batting team to score) and the game generally lasting three hours, to Test matches played over five days. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core layered with tightly wound string.
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Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams with eleven players each. The game is played in a field with a pitch at the center with wickets at either end. There is a batting team and a bowling team. The game is adjudicated by two on-field umpires, a third umpire, and a referee. There are various forms of the game, starting from Twenty20, which generally lasts up to 3 hours to test cricket, played over 5 days.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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According to this paragraph, tell me what is referred to as the most exciting collegiate sporting event.
Context: In 2019, Virginia men's basketball won the NCAA Championship in "March Madness", the single-elimination national college basketball tournament considered by YouGov polled American viewers (as of the same year) to be the most exciting collegiate sporting event. In 2015, when Virginia first won its first Capital One Cup its teams won the 2014 College Cup, the 2015 College World Series, and the 2015 NCAA Tennis Championships. When it repeated the feat in 2019, the program won both March Madness and the 2019 Men's Lacrosse Championship.
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What is referred to as the most exciting collegiate sporting event is when the Virginia men's basketball team won the NCAA Championship in 2019.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What are some practical applications of Burnside's lemma in combinatorics based on this passage?
Context: Burnside's lemma, sometimes also called Burnside's counting theorem, the Cauchy–Frobenius lemma, the orbit-counting theorem, or the lemma that is not Burnside's, is a result in group theory that is often useful in taking account of symmetry when counting mathematical objects. Its various eponyms are based on William Burnside, George Pólya, Augustin Louis Cauchy, and Ferdinand Georg Frobenius. The result is not due to Burnside himself, who merely quotes it in his book 'On the Theory of Groups of Finite Order', attributing it instead to Frobenius (1887). Burnside's Lemma counts "orbits", which is the same thing as counting distinct objects taking account of a symmetry. Other ways of saying it are counting distinct objects up to an equivalence relation R, or counting objects that are in canonical form.
In the following, let G be a finite group that acts on a set X. For each g in G, let Xg denote the set of elements in X that are fixed by g (also said to be left invariant by g), that is, Xg = { x ∈ X | g.x = x }. Burnside's lemma asserts the following formula for the number of orbits, denoted |X/G|:
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{\displaystyle |X/G|={\frac {1}{|G|}}\sum _{g\in G}|X^{g}|.}
Thus the number of orbits (a natural number or +∞) is equal to the average number of points fixed by an element of G (which is also a natural number or infinity). If G is infinite, the division by |G| may not be well-defined; in this case the following statement in cardinal arithmetic holds:
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{\displaystyle |G||X/G|=\sum _{g\in G}|X^{g}|.}
Examples of applications to enumeration
Necklaces
There are 8 possible bit vectors of length 3, but only four distinct 2-colored necklaces of length 3: 000, 001, 011, and 111, because 100 and 010 are equivalent to 001 by rotation; similarly 110 and 101 are equivalent to 011. The formula is based on the number of rotations, which in this case is 3 (including the null rotation), and the number of bit vectors left unchanged by each rotation. All 8 bit vectors are unchanged by the null rotation, and two (000 and 111) are unchanged by each of the other two rotations, giving:
4
=
1
3
(
8
+
2
+
2
)
{\displaystyle 4={\frac {1}{3}}(8+2+2)}.
For length 4, there are 16 possible bit vectors; 4 rotations; the null rotation leaves all 16 bit vectors unchanged; the 1-rotation and 3-rotation each leave two bit vectors unchanged (0000 and 1111); the 2-rotation leaves 4 bit vectors unchanged (0000, 0101, 1010, and 1111); giving:
6
=
1
4
(
16
+
2
+
4
+
2
)
{\displaystyle 6={\frac {1}{4}}(16+2+4+2)}. These are: 0000, 0001, 0011, 0101, 0111, and 1111.
Colorings of a cube
The number of rotationally distinct colourings of the faces of a cube using three colours can be determined from this formula as follows.
Let X be the set of 36 possible face colour combinations that can be applied to a cube in one particular orientation, and let the rotation group G of the cube act on X in the natural manner. Then two elements of X belong to the same orbit precisely when one is simply a rotation of the other. The number of rotationally distinct colourings is thus the same as the number of orbits and can be found by counting the sizes of the fixed sets for the 24 elements of G.
Cube with coloured faces
one identity element which leaves all 36 elements of X unchanged
six 90-degree face rotations, each of which leaves 33 of the elements of X unchanged
three 180-degree face rotations, each of which leaves 34 of the elements of X unchanged
eight 120-degree vertex rotations, each of which leaves 32 of the elements of X unchanged
six 180-degree edge rotations, each of which leaves 33 of the elements of X unchanged
A detailed examination of these automorphisms may be found here.
The average fix size is thus
1
24
(
3
6
+
6
⋅
3
3
+
3
⋅
3
4
+
8
⋅
3
2
+
6
⋅
3
3
)
=
57.
{\frac {1}{24}}\left(3^{6}+6\cdot 3^{3}+3\cdot 3^{4}+8\cdot 3^{2}+6\cdot 3^{3}\right)=57.
Hence there are 57 rotationally distinct colourings of the faces of a cube in three colours. In general, the number of rotationally distinct colorings of the faces of a cube in n colors is given by
1
24
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6
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4
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12
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.
{\frac {1}{24}}\left(n^{6}+3n^{4}+12n^{3}+8n^{2}\right).
8 Queens Puzzle
In the eight queens puzzle there are 92 solutions, of which 12 fundamental solutions are distinct up to rotation and reflection of the board. There are 8 combinations of rotations and reflections, including the null action. The null action leaves all 92 solutions unchanged. Four of the 92 solutions are symmetrical, unchanged by 180° rotation. That gives:
12
=
1
8
(
92
+
4
)
{\displaystyle 12={\frac {1}{8}}(92+4)}.
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* Necklace counting problem: counting rotationally distinct necklaces of various lengths where each bead can be one of the two colors. The article counts necklaces of lengths 3 and 4, and the answer is 4 and 6, respectively.
* Colorings of a cube problem: count rotationally distinct colorings of faces of a cube. The article considers a case when 3 colors are used and the answer is 57.
* 8 queens puzzle: a classical version of the problem is counting different ways to place 8 chess queens onto an 8x8 board so that no queen attacks another (the answer is 92). With Burnside's lemma application the article counts the number of different placements of queens up to rotation and reflection, arriving at 12 as the answer.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is a Balance sheet?
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A balance sheet is a summary of an organisation's financial position. It lists the values, in the books of account on a particular date, of all the organisation's assets and liabilities. The assets and liabilities are grouped in categories, to paint a picture of the organisation's strengths and weaknesses.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Based on the reference text about Bruce Nodwell, what did he create?
Context: Bruce Nodwell, OC (May 12, 1914 – January 20, 2006) was a Canadian inventor who invented the Nodwell 110, a multi-purpose two-tracked vehicle capable of traversing a wide variety of adverse terrain, including sand, mud, muskeg, swamp, and snow.
In 1970, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honor, "for his contribution to the opening of the Canadian North through his inventions and development of various types of tracked vehicles". A mountain in Antarctica "Nodwell Peaks" and a lake in NWT bear his name.
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Bruce Nodwell invented the Nodwell 110, a two-tracked vehicle capable of traversing a wide variety of terrain.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what is an LLM?
Context: A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.
Properties
Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.
Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training.
Hallucinations
Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.
Emergent abilities
On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.
Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.
Architecture and training
Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.
The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.
LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.
A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).
Application to downstream tasks
Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.
Fine-tuning
Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)
Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).
Prompting
See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)
In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:
Review: This movie stinks.
Sentiment: negative
Review: This movie is fantastic!
Sentiment:
If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is".
Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.
Instruction tuning
Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model
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A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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How do you decide what type of bicycle to buy?
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To figure out what bicycle to buy, you must determine what type of biking you want to do. The most popular bikes tend to be road, mountain and commuter bikes. Each serves a different purpose, and your shopping decisions should be based on what type of biking you intend to do.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is an AVA when it comes to wine?
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AVA stands for American Viticultural Area, which is a designation for legally defined and protected areas (known as appellations) for wine vineyards. This tells a consumer where the grapes that were used in the wine were grown.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Please give me a short bulleted list of the key events that happened in Kobe Bryant’s early life in time order, from earliest to the latest.
Context: Bryant was born on August 23, 1978, in Philadelphia, the youngest of three children and the only son of Pamela Cox Bryant and former NBA player Joe Bryant. He was also the maternal nephew of NBA player John "Chubby" Cox. His parents named him after the famous beef of Kobe, Japan, which they saw on a restaurant menu. His middle name, Bean, was derived from his father's nickname "Jellybean". Bryant's family was Catholic and he was brought up with this faith.
Bryant started playing basketball when he was three, and the Lakers were his favorite team when he was growing up. When Bryant was six, his father retired from the NBA and moved his family to Rieti in Italy to continue playing professional basketball.After two years, they moved first to Reggio Calabria, then to Pistoia and Reggio Emilia. Kobe became accustomed to his new lifestyle and learned to speak fluent Italian. He was especially fond of Reggio Emilia, which he considered a loving place and where some of his best childhood memories were made. Bryant began to play basketball seriously while living in Reggio Emilia. Bryant's grandfather would mail him videos of NBA games for Bryant to study. Another source of inspiration was animated European films about sports, from which he learned more about basketball. From 1987 to 1989, his father played for Olimpia Basket Pistoia where he paired with former Detroit Pistons Leon Douglas. Kobe would work at the games as a ball and mop boy and would practice shooting at halftime, with Douglas sharing, "At every one of our games at halftime, it was the Kobe show. He'd get out there and get his shot up. We'd come out of the locker room at halftime and have to chase him off the court".
Bryant also learned to play soccer, and his favorite soccer team was A.C. Milan. During summers, Bryant would come back to the United States to play in a basketball summer league. When Bryant was 13, he and his family moved back to Philadelphia, where he enrolled in eighth grade at Bala Cynwyd Middle School.
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- In August 1978, Kobe Bryant was born in Philadelphia. The name Kobe comes from the famous Japanese beef, Kobe.
- When Kobe was three years old, he started playing basketball.
- When Kobe was six, he moved to Italy with his family as his father started to play professional basketball there.
- Two years later, Kobe moved to Reggio Calabria, and Pistoia and Reggio Emilia later.
- Kobe returned to the US when he was 13 with his family. He studied in Bala Cynwyd Middle School.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Why do firms advertise? Even when goods are interchangeable?
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Many firms advertise their goods or services, but are they wasting economic resources?
Some economists reckon that advertising merely manipulates consumer tastes and
creates desires that would not otherwise exist. By increasing product differentiation and
encouraging brand loyalty advertising may make consumers less price sensitive,
moving the market further from perfect competition towards imperfect competition
(see monopolistic competition) and increasing the ability of firms to charge more than
marginal cost. Heavy spending on advertising may also create a barrier to entry, as a
firm entering the market would have to spend a lot on advertising too.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is an ATM?
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An automated teller machine (ATM) is an electronic telecommunications device that enables customers of financial institutions to perform financial transactions, such as cash withdrawals, deposits, funds transfers, balance inquiries or account information inquiries, at any time and without the need for direct interaction with bank staff.
ATMs are known by a variety of names, including automatic teller machine (ATM) in the United States (sometimes redundantly as "ATM machine"). In Canada, the term automated banking machine (ABM) is also used, although ATM is also very commonly used in Canada, with many Canadian organizations using ATM over ABM. In British English, the terms cashpoint, cash machine and hole in the wall are most widely used. Other terms include any time money, cashline, tyme machine, cash dispenser, cash corner, bankomat, or bancomat. ATMs that are not operated by a financial institution are known as "white-label" ATMs.
Using an ATM, customers can access their bank deposit or credit accounts in order to make a variety of financial transactions, most notably cash withdrawals and balance checking, as well as transferring credit to and from mobile phones. ATMs can also be used to withdraw cash in a foreign country. If the currency being withdrawn from the ATM is different from that in which the bank account is denominated, the money will be converted at the financial institution's exchange rate. Customers are typically identified by inserting a plastic ATM card (or some other acceptable payment card) into the ATM, with authentication being by the customer entering a personal identification number (PIN), which must match the PIN stored in the chip on the card (if the card is so equipped), or in the issuing financial institution's database.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is the play Esther?
Context: Esther is a play in three acts written in 1689 by the French dramatist, Jean Racine. It was premièred on January 26, 1689, performed by the pupils of the Maison royale de Saint-Louis, an educational institute for young girls of noble birth. The subject is taken from the biblical Book of Esther.
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Esther is a play written in 1689 by Jean Racine, a French dramatist. It premiered on January 26, 1689 and is about the biblical Book of Esther.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What U.S. President has left the White House to be re-elected again?
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Grover Cleveland. Mr. Cleveland served his first term from 1885 - 1889 and his second term was from 1893 - 1897.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Can you name five of the most successful professional golfers in history?
|
Tiger Woods, Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, Sam Snead, Bobby Jones
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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My daughter's friend is lactose intolerant. What foods should we avoid when we take out to eat with us?
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You'll want to look out for anything that contains milk, butter, cream, buttermilk, cheese, or ice cream. This means pizza is off the table (it almost always has cheese), and much Italian cuisine like lasagna or alfredo sauces must be avoided. You also need to be careful about fried foods, because batters often contain milk or buttermilk. Ask about the ingredients of bread, as these can contain butter: croissants typically do. Even salads can be a concern, because many restaurants will add cheese as a topping, even without listing cheese on the menu. Desserts are also problematic, because chocolate nearly always contains milk, as do most ice creams. Look for vegan products where you can, such as vegan cheeses and vegan ice cream, which can be delicious.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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How do I build my own computer?
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To build a computer you will need to set the scope as to what you would like your computer to do. If you will be working on animation, you may want to budget for a stronger graphics card unit (GPU). Similarly, if you are building a gaming computer, a powerful GPU and a solid state drive (SSD) will improve your gaming performance. Additionally, you will need to check the compatibility of all items that you purchase to ensure that your build will actually support each other. While this may be daunting, it actually allows you to have much creative freedom over your computer needs. To find more information on how to build a computer and on what materials to purchase, you should check out available resources online such as YouTube channel "Linus Tech Tips" for build inspiration.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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When protecting your company from a security breach, categorize each of the following as "Enhancing Security" or "Diminishing Security": Multi-factor Authentication, VPN, Unlocked Computers, Shared Passwords, Anti-Malware Solution
|
Multi-factor Authentication: Enhancing Security
VPN: Enhancing Security
Unlocked Computers: Diminishing Security
Shared Passwords: Diminishing Security
Anti-Malware Solution: Enhancing Security
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
|
What is the structure of Public Forum debate, as used in US debate competitions?
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A public forum debate takes place between two teams of two individuals each. For the assigned topic, one team argues for the affirmative, or pro side, and the other argues for the negative, or con side.
The debate is organized in a sequence of speeches according to the following outline:
• Constructives (4 minutes): The first speaker of each team gives a pre-prepared case that makes arguments for their side.
• 1st Crossfire (3 minutes): The crossfire, or cross-examination, is a time for members of each team to take turns asking each other questions about their arguments. The first crossfire takes place between the first speakers of each team.
• Rebuttals (4 minutes): The second speaker of each team presents a rebuttal, in which they respond to the points made in their opponents' constructive speech. The second speaking team's rebuttal will sometimes defend their own case along with attacking their opponents'.
• 2nd Crossfire (3 minutes): This crossfire is similar to the first crossfire, except it is between the second speakers of each team.
• Summaries (3 minutes): The first speaker of each team gives a speech that aims to break down the main issues of the round.
• Grand Crossfire (3 minutes): A crossfire where both members of both teams ask each other questions.
• Final Focuses (2 minutes): The second speaker of each team gives a speech that aims to emphasize the reasons the judge should vote for them.
Additionally, each team is given 3 minutes of preparation time throughout the round, which they can choose to take before any of their speeches. It is important to note that the time duration of each stage may vary across different leagues.
After all speeches are given, the judges, or judge panel, will take some time to deliberate before casting their ballot for one of the two teams. There are no ties.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Tell me whether these are mammals or reptiles: dog, crocodile, cat, lizard, snake, tiger, lion, turtle.
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Dog: mammal
Crocodile: reptile
Cat: mammal
Lizard: reptile
Snake: reptile
Tiger: mammal
Lion: mammal
Turtle: reptile
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
|
Is there a secure desktop operating system I can use today?
Context: Qubes OS is a desktop operating system based around the Xen hypervisor that allows grouping programs into a number of isolated sandboxes (virtual machines) to provide security. Windows for programs running within these sandboxes ("security domains") can be color coded for easy recognition. The security domains are configurable, they can be transient (changes to the file system will not be preserved), and their network connection can be routed through special virtual machines (for example one that only provides Tor networking). The operating system provides secure mechanisms for copy and paste and for copying files between the security domains.
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Use Qubes OS! It is fairly complete and provide good isolation for most of your applications.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
|
what is hinduism
|
Hinduism is a diverse system of thought marked by a range of philosophies and shared concepts, rituals, cosmological systems, pilgrimage sites, and shared textual sources that discuss theology, metaphysics, mythology, Vedic yajna, yoga, agamic rituals, and temple building, among other topics. Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include the four Puruṣārthas, the proper goals or aims of human life; namely, dharma (ethics/duties), artha (prosperity/work), kama (desires/passions) and moksha (liberation/freedom from the passions and the cycle of death and rebirth), as well as karma (action, intent and consequences) and saṃsāra (cycle of death and rebirth). Hinduism prescribes the eternal duties, such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings (Ahiṃsā), patience, forbearance, self-restraint, virtue, and compassion, among others.[web 3] Hindu practices include worship (puja), fire rituals (homa/havan), recitations (pravachan), devotion (bhakti), chanting (japa), meditation (dhyāna), sacrifice (yajña), charity (dāna), selfless service (sevā), homage to one's ancestors (śrāddha), family-oriented rites of passage, annual festivals, and occasional pilgrimages (yatra). Along with the various practices associated with yoga, some Hindus leave their social world and material possessions and engage in lifelong Sannyasa (monasticism) in order to achieve moksha.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Tell me whether these sports use a ball or not: golf, gymnastics, boxing, soccer, football, wrestling
|
Golf: Ball
Gymnastics: No Ball
Boxing: No Ball
Soccer: Ball
Football: Ball
Wrestling: No Ball
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
|
Provide a summary of Nora Forster's career based on this passage.
Context: Forster began her work as a music promoter in Munich. Her home there became a meeting place for "rock royalty". Some of the acts she worked with in Germany were Jimi Hendrix, Wishbone Ash and Yes. She found German society to be too restricting, and decided to move to London with her daughter in the latter half of the 1960s. Their first flat was located in a "cold, damp and dark" basement in West London, near the Chelsea football ground. Following that they moved to a small house off Gowrie Road in South London. During this time she came to be called a "Punk Mummy Warrior" who guided her daughter, Ari Up's musical pursuits and supported the development of her band, The Slits, when Ari was just fourteen or fifteen. Forster hosted numerous musician house guests, and among them was Neneh Cherry, the teenage step-daughter of Don Cherry. Cherry performed backing vocal with The Slits for a time.
During the 1960s and 70s, Forster was part of the bohemian scene in London. Starting in the late 1960s Forster's home in Shepherd's Bush became a crash pad, salon, and meeting place for rock musicians including Joe Strummer of The Clash, Jimi Hendrix, Jon Anderson of the band Yes, and many other bands. She helped to financially support the punk bands The Slits, the Sex Pistols and The Clash.
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Nora Foster helped numerous bands and musical artists develop their careers in Germany and London. She would house them, financially support them, and promote their upcoming concerts and album releases. Some notable artists she helped included The Clash, The Slits, and Jimi Hendrix. Her homes were well known as meeting places for "rock royalty."
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What is geostatistics?
|
Geostatistics is a branch of statistics focusing on spatial or spatiotemporal datasets. Developed originally to predict probability distributions of ore grades for mining operations, it is currently applied in diverse disciplines including petroleum geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geometallurgy, geography, forestry, environmental control, landscape ecology, soil science, and agriculture (esp. in precision farming). Geostatistics is applied in varied branches of geography, particularly those involving the spread of diseases (epidemiology), the practice of commerce and military planning (logistics), and the development of efficient spatial networks. Geostatistical algorithms are incorporated in many places, including geographic information systems (GIS).
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Name some books of the Bible.
|
Some of the books of the Bible include: 1 Samuel, Lamentations, Song of Solomon, Genesis, Leviticus, Deuteronomy, Esther, Proverbs
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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What are the causes of Autism?
Context: Many causes of autism have been proposed, but understanding of the theory of causation of autism, or otherwise known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is incomplete. Attempts have been made to incorporate the known genetic and environmental causes into a comprehensive causative framework.ASD is a complex developmental condition marked by persistent challenges to social interaction, speech and nonverbal communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors and its phenotypes vary significantly.
Research indicates that genetic factors predominate. The heritability of autism, however, is complex, and it is typically unclear which genes are involved.In rare cases, autism is associated with agents that cause birth defects.Many other causes have been proposed.
Numerous epidemiological studies have shown no scientific evidence supporting the controversial but popular theory that autism is caused by vaccines.
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There is no clear cause for Autism which has been scientifically proven. However, some research indicates that genetic factors are one of the predominant causes. In rare cases, autism is associated with agents that cause congenital disabilities, and many other causes have been proposed.
Numerous epidemiological studies have shown no scientific evidence supporting the controversial but popular theory that vaccines cause autism.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
|
Please describe what combat was like in World War I
Context: World War I was fought on many fronts around the world from the battlefields of Europe to the far-flung colonies in the Pacific and Africa. While it is most famous for the trench warfare stalemate that existed on Europe's Western Front, in other theatres of combat the fighting was mobile and often involved set-piece battles and cavalry charges. The Eastern Front often took thousands of casualties a day during the major offensive pushes, but it was the West that saw the most concentrated slaughter. It was in the west that the newly industrialized world powers could focus their end products on the military–industrial complex. The deadliest day of the war was during the opening days of the conflict. The Imperial German war council had initiated the Schlieffen Plan which involved multiple armies flooding through the borders of Belgium and France. On August 22, 1914, during the Battle of the Frontiers, five separate French armies engaged the German invaders independently of each other. Across all those battlefields, on that single day, 27,000 French soldiers lost their lives protecting their country.
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World War 1 was fought in Europe, the Pacific, and Africa. It involved cavalry, trench warfare, and mechanized combat. While World War I is known primarily for trench warfare, it also involved mobile combat and the movement of tens of thousands of men, machines, and animals. There were numerous, bloody days and battles in World War I, but the most deadly took place during the opening days of the conflict, at the Battle of Frontiers, where 27,000 French soldiers were killed in a single day.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
|
Write a friendly email to my neighbor asking them to keep the noise down after 10pm on Weekdays.
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Hi Neighbor!
I hope this email finds you well and getting ready for the sunny spring weather. As the days grow longer, I wanted to ask you for a small favor: can you please try to keep the noise down after 10pm on weekdays? to be clear, I'm not suggesting we all live in libraries--just that external parties, loud music, and fireworks cease after 10pm on weekdays. I'm hopeful that 10pm represents a reasonable compromise between those socializing late and those waking up early. Let me know if you disagree and we can try to work out an alternative compromise. And by all means, please let us know if there are special occasions and/or considerations we should understand. Our goal is to maintain this healthy, thriving neighborhood.
Thank you,
Kevin
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
|
What is the definition of Vegan?
Context: Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal product—particularly in diet—and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals. An individual who follows the diet or philosophy is known as a vegan.
|
Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal product
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
|
Neeraj Chopra the Tokyo Olympic Gold Medallist won the Silver Medal at
|
Diamond League Meet in Stockholm
|
Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Tell me whether these are mammals or amphibians: Kangaroo, Hellbender, Horse, Taita African Caecilian, Monkey, Pangolins, Squirrel, Frogs
|
Horse, Kangaroo, Monkey, Pangolin, and Squirrel are mammals. Frogs, Hellbenders, and Taita African Caecilian are Amphibians.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Bendir, Rabel
|
Rabel is string, Bendir is percussion.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Suggest some ways to protect the Earth from an asteroid or comet?
|
Nuke the comet
Ram it off course by launching a rocket
Use a laser to vaporize it.
Break it up by hitting it
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Classify each of the following as either a title by Margaret Atwood or Mary Shelley: The Handmaid's Tale, The Testaments, The Edible Woman, Oryx and Crake, The Year of the Flood, Frankenstein, The Last Man, Lodore, The Mortal Immortal, Maurice
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Margaret Atwood: The Handmaid's Tale, The Testaments, The Edible Woman, Oryx and Crake, The Year of the Flood
Mary Shelley: Frankenstein, The Last Man, Lodore, The Mortal Immortal, Maurice
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Classify the animals based on their food habits into Herbivores or Carnivores.
Jackal, Hyena, Zebra, Giraffe
|
Herbivores - Zebra, Giraffe
Carnivores. - Jackal, Hyena
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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what is the name of the podcast hosted by luke burbank?
|
TBTL
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
|
When and where did Pokemon Go first launch?
|
Pokemon Go first launched in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States on July 6, 2016. When the game first release in Australia there were major performance issues as the usage was 50 times the predicted volume and the cloud infrastructure was not designed to scale sufficiently.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Given this text about the nutrition profile of peanut butter, what vitamins is peanut butter rich in?
Context: In a 100 gram amount, smooth peanut butter supplies 597 Calories and is composed of 51% fat, 22% protein, 22% carbohydrates (including 5% dietary fiber), and 1% water (table). Both crunchy and smooth peanut butter are sources of saturated and monounsaturated fats (mainly oleic acid) as 25% of total serving amount, and polyunsaturated fat (12% of total), primarily as linoleic acid).
Peanut butter is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of dietary fiber, vitamin E, pantothenic acid, folate, niacin, and vitamin B6 (table, USDA FoodData Central). Also high in content are the dietary minerals manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, and sodium (added as salt during manufacturing). Peanut butter is a moderate source (10–19% DV) of thiamin, riboflavin, iron, and potassium (table).
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Vitamins that peanut butter is rich in include vitamin E, pantothenic acid, folate, niacin, and vitamin B6.
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Which of these sports are team sports: golf, basketball, boxing, running, cycling, baseball
|
Golf, boxing, running and cycling are individual sports. Basketball and baseball are team sports
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Answer the given question, use context to answer whereever context is given
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Given this paragraph, who was the first person to run the Western States 100 in under 24 hours?
Context: The Western States Trail Ride was first completed on foot by seven soldiers from Fort Riley, Kansas during the 1972 event, proving that the mountain course could be marched in less than two days. In 1974 Gordy Ainsleigh was the first to run it in under 24 hours. Ainsleigh had finished the Western States Trail Ride (Tevis Cup) in 1971 and 1972 on horseback, but in 1973 his new horse was pulled with lameness at the 29-mile checkpoint. In 1974, with the inspiration and encouragement of Drucilla Barner, the first woman to win the Tevis Cup and Secretary of the Western States Trail Foundation, Gordy joined the horses of the Western States Trail Ride to see if he could complete the course on foot in under 24 hours. Twenty-three hours and forty-two minutes later Gordy arrived in Auburn, proving that a runner could cover the Western States trail in a day. However, he did not run 100 miles. The course was at most 89 miles until 1980 when it was extended to 93.5 miles and in 1985 finally to 100 miles. Running 100 miles in a day was nothing new. About 1,000 runners worldwide had run or walked 100 miles in a day prior to 1974 on tracks, roads, and trails.
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In 1974 Gordy Ainsleigh was the first to run it in under 24 hours.
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