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A new long-term study, recently published by the journal Nature, is linking changing climate with marine life along the rapidly warming West Antarctic Peninsula. The paper discloses how factors such as fluctuations in wind speed and sea-ice cover can set off a chain of events up through the local food chain, impacting all living creatures from single-celled algae to penguins. Dr. Grace Saba, an Assistant Research Professor at Rutgers University’s Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences is the lead author of the new study. She joins us today for our One on One segment to talk about her team’s research and the impact climate change is having and will have on marine life in the West Antarctic Peninsula. Wednesday, July 16, 2014, marks the forty-fifth anniversary of the launch of the Apollo 11...the mission that put the first humans on the moon. This feat was the climax of an incredibly fierce competition between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union. We'll take a look back at what became known as the 'Space Race'. By the time the international whaling moratorium went into effect in 1986, the commercial whaling industry had nearly wiped out the world's whale population. Since then the population of whales has made a comeback. And, we'll find the ways the whale population is serving to improve the ocean environment. Children are becoming sick with tuberculosis at a much higher rate than previously estimated, according to a new study. The new study presents the first-ever estimate of the scope of new TB infections among children: nearly 8 million in 2010. The versatile papyrus plant is a light but strong reed that grows well in shallow, fresh water. Restoring the papyrus swamps, where the reeds were grown centuries ago, could hold the key to solve many of today's problems, from pollution to water wars. Researchers say they have evidence that the malaria parasite lurks in bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced. The scientists say that their discovery offers hope that new treatments can be found to fight the disease. These stories and more are coming up for you on VOA's science, health and technology magazine, "Science World."

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In this category of our Botland electronics store, we present both simple sound pickups and more advanced buzzers. The latter are equipped with generators and modular tone generators. The choice of the right solution for the designed device is dictated by many factors. They mainly include: the type of application, the amount of space available in the housing, as well as the characteristics and the required volume of the signaling. Check out the products below and scroll down for more information! A simple sound converter or a buzzer with a generator – what to choose? If we decided that we need a sound signaling device, then that's not all. You then have to choose which device will work best. In terms of construction, the simplest device will be acoustic signaling in the form of a piezo transducer (sometimes so-called ‘plates’) or a passive buzzer in the housing. Passive buzzers available differ in the way they operate. Piezo transducers convert the alternating voltage into distortions of the piezoelectric material. The result of this process is the generation of a sound wave. In turn, acoustic electromagnetic buzzers use the principle of operation of a classic electrodynamics’ loudspeaker. Regardless of the design, all passive buzzers require alternating voltage to operate. It can be produced by a microcontroller or any sound generator system. If we decide to use a passive buzzer and control with a microcontroller, we should only remember that microprocessors have a limited current output capacity. Moreover, using an appropriate electronic system, it is possible to both control the sound frequency and modulate the sound amplitude. The sound generator (buzzer) is one of the elements that will be 100% useful when creating various types of electronic projects - both intermediate and professional ones. Acoustic buzzers – what should you know about them? The buzzer with the generator significantly simplifies the use of the converter in the built circuit. This is due to the design and technical possibilities. The housing of the active buzzer houses a simple, highly miniaturized alternating voltage generator. Thanks to this, in order to activate this type of buzzer, it is enough to apply DC voltage. The voltage value should be within the range given in the technical specification of a specific model. The undoubted advantage of such devices is that they enable control without the need to generate an alternating waveform. Due to the fact that we have no influence on the amplitude of the alternating signal generated by the buzzer, in this type of element the possibility of modulating the amplitude is limited to simply switching the buzzer on and off. In most applications, however, this is completely sufficient, because with the help of a very simple code or system, you can program the buzzer to work exactly as you want. Buzzers – basic and more advanced devices There are many types of buzzers. First of all, we can distinguish passive and active buzzers. These devices are available both as single pieces and as complex modules. The latter make it possible to conveniently screw the buzzer anywhere in a given component. The connection is most often done with classic goldpins. For semi-professional and fully professional applications, e.g. advanced applications, the tone generator is the perfect choice. The system can not only work as a classic buzzer, but also allows you to control the amplitude of the sound and its pitch. So it is suitable for playing simple melodies. In this case, the pitch is controlled by a PWM signal.

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Are you torn between your love for creating art and your drive to learn every new technology that comes down the pike? Have you never been satisfied working on a single project, favoring instead many varied projects to keep your interest? If so, those interests might just lead you to a career in graphic design. First things first, here’s the general job description of a graphic designer: Graphic designers combine their creativity and artistic talent with their mastery of technologies to create text and images for a variety of clients—from the designing of one small logo to the creation of an entire branding package. Read on to explore the whole range of what a graphic designer does, from education and training to work environments, job responsibilities and average salaries. These are the duties of a graphic designer So, what does your day to day look like when you’re a graphic designer? The daily work life of a designer will vary significantly from designer to designer as most designers have a fair amount of control over the kind of work they take—one of the benefits of the profession—which means hours, workload and responsibilities will differ for each individual. But there are some commonalities throughout the profession, of course. Graphic designers create the visual versions of brands, messages and communications. They help people and businesses get their messages across in ways that are memorable, effective, and aesthetically pleasing. To do this, they work with clients to help translate their goals and ideas into design concepts. Graphic designers transform client needs and ideas into the visual. Despite variations, there are some common threads. Here are some of the things you are going to find yourself doing as a graphic designer: - Meeting or communicating with clients to understand what they want out of a project, and helping them get those ideas out in a workable way; - Designing advertisements, annual reports, artwork, books and their covers, brochures, logos, magazine covers, signs, stickers, tee shirts, web pages and other branding and communication materials; - Revising a design brief so it fits a client’s budget and ideas more closely; - Creating designs by hand, drawing or painting—or using computer software to achieve similar ends; - Pitching an idea of how to actualize a client’s project; - Revising a design or project deliverable to meet specifications; - Learning how to use a new software or program; - Working as part of a team to create a larger design, or to complete a small portion of a big project, such as perfecting a unique font; - Finding other creatives like photographers, writers or illustrators for a specific project; There are many other examples, but hopefully this gives you a taste of what a graphic designer’s day might look like. Work environment and wages: where will you be? According to the United States Department of Labor (DOL), as of May 2016, about 210,710 people in the US were employed as graphic designers. That was a rise of 0.9%. The average hourly wage was $25.14, with the lowest-paid 10% making $13.44 and the highest-paid 10% making $39.43. The annual salary of graphic designers was $52,290 on average, with a low of $27,950 and a high of $82,020. Breaking down graphic designers’ employment by industry, we see something interesting: As of 2016, 21.16% of graphic designers worked in specialized design services, which includes graphic design firms. More than 4% worked in each of the following industries: advertising and public relations; printing and related support; and newspaper, periodical, book and directory publishers. Almost 3% worked in other miscellaneous manufacturing, which can include things like in-house package design, for example. About half of one percent worked in computer systems design and related services. And less than 0.1% worked in several other areas, including for the federal executive branch, for legal services and for wireless communications services. This adds up to just under 38%. So, where is everyone else? Most of them are self-employed, working freelance! As more and more industries move online and outsource design work, more and more graphic designers (and other creatives) work freelance. They find and take on clients and work for them independently. Freelance graphic designers have very flexible schedules and variable workloads; there are times when they are working on many projects at once, and other times when they may be waiting for something new to come up. Education and training Many graphic designers go to school to further their careers. They finish with a bachelor of arts degree with a major or concentration in graphic design. These are available from both art institutes and traditional liberal arts colleges. However, if you already have a bachelor’s degree in an unrelated area, you may not need to reinvent the wheel and go back to school. You may be able to get the skills and training you need to work as a graphic designer through a technical training program and through software training courses. You can also seek out specialized graphic design courses, and graphic design internships. Another option is completing freelance work as you build your skills and experience. Some graphic designers are completely self-taught and don’t have any kind of formal training. However, these few designers usually possess an advanced level of talent in computer-aided design (CAD) and/or a high level of natural artistry that somehow translates directly into design work. They are also good at demonstrating their skills to hiring managers—something all designers must be able to do. The National Association of Schools of Art and Design accredits about 300 institutions that have art and design programs, including universities, postsecondary colleges and independent institutes. Most of these programs include principles of design, studio art, commercial graphics production, computerized design, website design and printing techniques. While they might not be required, it’s also a smart idea to take courses in marketing, writing and business. Think back to your day to day (above), and you’ll realize that you need to be able to sell your own ideas, create marketing material for others, communicate ideas effectively and if you’re a freelancer, run a successful business. One of the biggest advantages to completing this kind of educational program is the opportunity to build up a fantastic looking professional portfolio of your designs. Gather examples of your very best work from internships, classroom projects, freelance work and other experiences for your portfolio. Remember, sometimes less is more; don’t put everything you’ve ever done in there, just your very best designs for when you’re competing against others for projects. A standout portfolio is frequently the deciding factor that lands you that project. If you think you want to enroll in a graphic design program, take any design and art courses offered in high school. Some BA and BFA programs require that applicants complete a year of design and art courses before they can be accepted into a formal degree program. Some programs require that applicants provide examples of their artistic ability, including art and design work. And when you’ve graduated with your degree and you think you’re all done, boom! You realize that “done” is a not a word associated with graphic design. That’s because graphic designers need to stay current with the latest design and computer graphics software, through a formal program or on their own. You can also get certified in graphic design software programs to prove a high level of expertise that can give you an advantage as you compete in the market. Belonging to a professional association for graphic designers such as the Graphic Artists Guild or AIGA can help you access courses for better prices. Essential graphic design skills So, after all is said and done, what are the actual skills you need as a graphic designer? The skill sets of graphic designers vary somewhat based on their specialty areas, but as a basic matter, they all need hard skills and demonstrated mastery in these areas: - 3D design - art history - color theory - communication design - design theory - fine art - graphic design - printing techniques - visual art Some roles might focus more on portfolio work, but remember: the vast majority of graphic designers have far more impressive skill sets than just these basic qualifications. The rest of the story: soft skills and graphic design Even the most artistically gifted and technically well-trained graphic designer isn’t as useful on a major corporate project if they don’t have people skills, namely the ability to get along with anyone or collaborate effectively. That’s why people who are looking to hire graphic designers often look closely at portfolios, education, training and experience—and then take a final look at soft skills. These types of skills are tough to qualify, but they’re really important; they are all about how you are able to interact productively with others and thrive within your environment. In fact, most experts agree that careers that emphasize soft skills will continue to employ humans, even in the age of artificial intelligence. That’s how important it is to exhibit your soft skills! Successful graphic designers have many, if not all, of these soft skills: - high level communication skills to interpret client briefs, negotiate designs with clients and be part of a team - artistry and creativity - analytical skills - time management skills - teamwork, ability to collaborate and flexibility - passion and enthusiasm for design - confidence and presentation skills with the ability to pitch ideas to coworkers and clients alike - the ability to multi-task - attention to detail and a commitment to accuracy - open-mindedness and a willingness to accept feedback and make changes to designs - effective networking skills Make sure you create a list of your soft skills with a way to “prove” each one. Don’t create a situation where you sit and rack your brain in an interview; be ready for this set of questions. Tying it all together So, are you ready to take up the career that blends old school art and creativity with current technological advancements to create mind-blowing new designs every single day? That may sound like an exaggeration, but it’s really not! We hope this graphic designer job description has inspired you to go for it, because there’s not such thing as too much great design.

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FROM “TOUCH THE UNIVERSE” TO “SCIENCE GALLERY” The Manitoba Museum’s Science Gallery originally opened as the “Touch the Universe” Gallery in 1986. The gallery was based on an emerging “science center” model, which emphasized touchable and interactive exhibits over artifacts in glass cases (a model that is now seen in all types of museums). The Gallery’s theme was centered on the five senses we use to explore the Universe: vision, hearing, smell, taste, and feel. Touch the Universe was a great success, covering areas of physical science not encompassed by the main Museum Galleries or the Planetarium, and quickly became a favorite for younger visitors and anyone who preferred to experience the world in a hands-on way. Over the following decades, the wear-and-tear of interactivity took its tool. Many exhibits wore out or broke down after tens of thousands of visitors had pressed, poked and prodded them. Other exhibits simply became outdated. By the mid-nineties, a major refurbishment was due to keep the Gallery at the high standards Museum visitors expected. In the mid-2000s, several new exhibits began to appear in the Science Gallery. A traveling exhibit on Bears was followed by an in-house temporary exhibit on the planet Mars in 2003. “CSI: Manitoba Museum” allowed visitors to explore forensic science through the eyes of the Crime Scene Investigator, searching for clues and performing tests to solve a murder. Next came the permanent exhibit “Space Rocks: Meteorites of Manitoba”, which featured some of the Museum’s collection of meteorites including a touchable specimen. “The Numbers Game” was an exhibit on mathematics sponsored by a generous gift from Investors Group. Then in 2006, the Province of Manitoba funded a large-scale refurbishment of the Science Gallery, which replaced most of the older exhibits with several new areas. The Science Gallery is undergoing continued development, with new exhibits being added as time and resources allow. (Check out the Science Gallery blog for sneak peeks of exhibits in development, and to send us your ideas for future Gallery improvements!)

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Cornus florida L. Cornaceae -- Dogwood family B. F. McLemore Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) is one of America's most popular ornamental trees. Known to most people simply as dogwood, it has other common names, including boxwood and cornel. The species name florida is Latin for flowering, but the showy petal-like bracts are not in fact flowers. The bright red fruit of this fast-growing short-lived tree are poisonous to humans but provide a great variety of wildlife with food. The wood is smooth, hard and close-textured and now used for specialty products. The range of flowering dogwood extends from extreme southwestern Maine west to New York, extreme southern Ontario, central Michigan, central Illinois, and central Missouri; south to extreme southeast Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, east Texas; and east to north Florida. A variety also grows in the mountains of Nuevo León and Veracruz, Mexico (11). -The native range of flowering dogwood. Precipitation within the range of flowering dogwood varies from 760 mm (30 in) in the North to 2030 mm (80 in) in the southern Appalachians. Warm season precipitation varies from about 510 mm (20 in) in southern Michigan to 860 mm (34 in) in northern Florida, and annual snowfall ranges from none in Florida to more than 127 cm (50 in) in the North (15). Average annual temperature is 21° C (70° F) in the South and 7° C (45° F) in the North, with temperature extremes of 46° to -34° C (115° to -30° F). Growing season ranges from 160 days in southern Michigan to more than 300 days in Florida (12). The species grows on soils varying from deep and moist along minor streams to light textured and well drained in the uplands. It is found most frequently on soils with a pH of 6 to 7 (15). Dominant soil orders (with typical suborders in parentheses) in the range of flowering dogwood, in decreasing order of importance, include Ultisols (Udults and Aquults) in the South and East, Inceptisols (Ochrepts) in the Appalachians, Alfisols (Udalfs) in the Midwest, Spodosols (Orthods and Aquods) in New England and Florida, and Entisols (Psamments) in scattered areas of the Southeast (14). Seedling survival is low and the species is virtually absent on poorly drained clay soils. The frequency of flowering dogwood in forest stands increases as drainage improves and soils become lighter in texture. Flowering dogwood grows well on flats and on lower or middle slopes, but not very well on upper slopes and ridges. The inability to grow on extremely dry sites is attributed to its relatively shallow root system. It is one of the most numerous species in the understory of loblolly pine and loblolly pine-hardwood stands in the South. As these stands progress toward the hardwood climax, dogwood remains an important subordinate species. Flowering dogwood is considered a soil improver (7). Its leaf litter decomposes more rapidly than that of most other species, thus making its mineral constituents more readily available. Dogwood foliage decomposes three times faster than hickory (Carya spp.); four times faster than yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana), and white ash (Fraxinus americana); and 10 times faster than sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and oak (Quercus spp.) (15). In addition to its rapid decomposition, dogwood litter is an important source of calcium, containing 2.0 to 3.5 percent of this element on an oven-dry basis. The range of major mineral elements, in milligrams per kilogram of foliage (parts per million), is as follows: potassium, 4,000 to 11,000; phosphorus, 1,800 to 3,200; calcium, 27,000 to 42,000; magnesium, 3,000 to 5,000; and sulfur, 3,800 to 7,000. The range of minor elements, in mg/kg (p/m), is boron, 23; copper, 7 to 9; iron, 240 to 380; manganese, 30 to 50; and zinc, 3 to 28 (15). Dogwood leaves concentrate fluorine and may contain 40 mg/kg (p/m) compared to only 8 mg/kg (p/m) for apple (Malus spp.) and peach (Prunus spp.) leaves grown under similar conditions. In one study, fluorine increased from 72 mg/kg (p/m) in June to 103 mg/kg (p/m) in October, while that of black cherry (Prunus serotina) increased from 5.6 to 11.3 mg/kg (p/m) (15). The wide geographical range of flowering dogwood, and the diverse soils on which it is found, is indicative of a large number of associated species. Dogwood is specifically mentioned in 22 of the 90 Society of American Foresters forest cover types (3). Cover types range from Jack Pine (Type 1) and Beech - Sugar Maple (Type 60) in the North to Longleaf Pine (Type 70) in the South. Common associates include white, red, and black oaks Quercus alba, Q. falcata, Q. velutina), yellow-poplar, sassafras (Sassafras albidum), persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and longleaf, loblolly, shortleaf, slash, and Virginia pines (Pinus palustris, P. taeda, P, echinata, P. elliottii, and P. virginiana). A complete list of species found with dogwood would include a majority of the trees growing in the Eastern United States. Flowering and Fruiting- Flowering dogwood has many crowded, small, yellowish perfect flowers, borne in terminal clusters in the spring before the leaves appear, and surrounded by four snow-white, petal-like bracts. The bracts form "flowers" 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) across and provide a spectacular display in the springtime. Occasionally, trees with salmon-colored or light-pink bracts are found in nature. Pink and red flowering dogwoods and other cultivars with special ornamental characteristics are commonly propagated from clones by commercial nurseries. Dates of flowering range from mid-March in the South to late May in the North. The clustered fruits of flowering dogwood are bright red drupes about 13 mm. (0.5 in) long and 6 mm (0.25 in) in diameter with thin, mealy flesh. Each fruit contains a two-celled, usually two-seeded, bony stone. In many stones, only one seed is fully developed. The fruits ripen from September to late October (10). Trees grown from seed commonly flower and produce fruits when 6 years old. Flowers also have been observed on trees of sprout origin at 6 years, when stump diameter is 19 mm (0.75 in), and height is 1.2 m (4 ft). Seed Production and Dissemination- Dogwood usually produces a good seed crop every other year, but seeds on isolated trees are frequently empty. Thus, seed collections should be made from groups of trees. In a Texas study, 88 percent or more of trees 9 cm (3.4 in) in d.b.h. and larger bore fruit each year. Year-to-year differences were more pronounced in the smaller diameter classes. Average fruit production was 185 kg/m² of basal area (37.9 lb/ft²) (9). The yield of stones per kilogram of fruit ranges from 0.19 to 0.46 kg (19 to 46 lb/100 lb of fruit). The average number of cleaned stones per kilogram is 9,920 (4,500/lb). Clean, air-dried stones may be stored in sealed containers at 3° C (38° F) for 2 to 4 years (2). Birds and other animals are the primary agents of seed dissemination, although some seeds are scattered by gravity. Seedling Development- Natural germination of flowering dogwood usually occurs in the spring following seedfall, but some seeds do not germinate until the second spring. Germination is epigeal. Stratification of freshly collected seed at 5° C (41° F) for periods up to 120 days is recommended for overcoming embryo dormancy (2). Seedlings usually show rapid root growth. In one greenhouse study, an average 6-month-old seedling had 3,000 roots with a total length of 51.2 in (168 ft), compared to 800 roots with a total length of 3.7 in (12 ft) for loblolly pine (15). This species grows nearly all summer but stops temporarily during periods of adverse conditions. In a Massachusetts nursery, flowering dogwood displayed a height growth pattern different from that of any other species studied. Seedlings grew from April 24 to September 4, and 90 percent of the growth occurred from May 15 to August 18. The most rapid growth occurred during the first week of August (10). In a North Carolina Piedmont study, flowering dogwood seedlings were planted under three situations: (1) in an open field, (2) under pine stands, and (3) on the margins of pine stands. Survival was significantly higher on the margins of pine stands than on the other two sites, but there was no significant difference in survival between the open field and the pine forest. The intermediate light intensity of the margins apparently provided some advantage. Growth of seedlings was greater in the open than on the margin of the pine forest. Seedlings in the forest were smallest (15). Transplanting flowering dogwood seedlings with a root ball is preferred over bare-root transplanting, although both methods can be successful (4). Plants entering their third year are well suited for planting in permanent locations. Plants of this age are usually 0.6 to 1 in (2 to 3 ft) tall and can be lifted easily without excessive disturbance of the root system. Vegetative Reproduction- Flowering dogwood reproduces by sprouting and sprouts most profusely when cut in late winter. Height growth of sprouts is known to increase with increasing stump diameter. The species also reproduces extensively by layering. Other means of vegetative propagation include softwood cuttings in summer, hardwood cuttings in winter, grafting in winter or spring, suckers and divisions in spring, and budding in the summer. Vegetative reproduction is necessary to propagate plants for characteristics such as fruit retention and color of bracts and fruit. Flowering dogwood roots readily from cuttings taken in June or immediately after the plants bloom. Cuttings from young trees usually show better growth and survival after rooting than cuttings from mature trees. Only terminal shoot tips trimmed to about 8 cm (3 in) in length and retaining two to four leaves should be used. Bases of cuttings should be dipped in a mixture of indolebutyric acid crystals and talc, one part acid crystals to 250 parts talc by weight (10). Cuttings are then set about 3 cm (1.2 in) deep in the rooting medium and grown under a mist with a photoperiod of at least 18 hours. The red form of flowering dogwood is difficult to start from cuttings and usually is propagated by budding in late summer or grafting in winter (6). Growth and Yield- The maximum size obtained by a flowering dogwood is 16.8 in (55 ft) in height and 48 cm (19 in) in d.b.h. as recorded in the American Forestry Association's register of champion trees. Heights on good sites of 9 to 12 in (30 to 40 ft) are common, with ranges in d.b.h. of 20 to 40 cm (8 to 16 in). On poorer sites, d.b.h. of mature trees may range from only 8 to 20 cm (3 to 8 in). Near the northern limits of its range, dogwood is a many-branched shrub (15). Height growth in the southern Appalachians is reported to be fairly rapid for the first 20 to 30 years, but then it practically ceases. Individual plants may live for 125 years. Annual growth rings are usually 2 to 4 mm (0.06 to 0.15 in) wide (12). Flowering dogwood seldom if ever grows in pure stands. Thus, because it is usually a small, understory tree, little or no information is available concerning growth and yield on a per-acre basis. Moreover, it is treated as a weed tree in timber stand improvement operations more often than it is grown for its commercial value. One estimate has indicated that yields of 12.6 m³/ha of boltwood (2 cords/acre) may be cut on good sites, but it takes 15 to 20 times the area to obtain half this amount in other locations (15). No estimates of the volume of flowering dogwood are available for the entire range of the species. One writer noted that in six Southern States, where production is concentrated, a volume of 2.82 million m³ (99.8 million ft³) in trees 12.7 cm (5 in) d.b.h. and larger was shown by inventories made between 1962 and 1971 (12). This indicates a supply of more than 2.55 million m³ (1 million cords) within the six States. Rooting Habit- The extensive root system of flowering dogwood is extremely shallow. This fact undoubtedly accounts for the susceptibility of this species to periods of drought. Reaction to Competition- Flowering dogwood is an understory species and is classed as very tolerant of shade. Maximum photosynthesis occurs at slightly less than one-third of full sunlight (15). It is tolerant of high temperatures. Soil moisture usually is the limiting factor. In Southern forests, dogwood leaves are often the first to wilt in dry weather. Continuing drought may cause leaves to fall and dieback of tops to occur. Damaging Agents- Because of its thin bark, flowering dogwood is readily injured by fire. Its profuse sprouting ability may actually increase the number of stems in fire-damaged stands, however (12). Flooding also is detrimental to flowering dogwood. Little is known of the pest status of insects associated with wild flowering dogwoods, but many insects have been identified attacking cultivated ornamentals. The dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula) is a noteworthy pest of cultivated flowering dogwood. Other damaging insects include flatheaded borers (Chrysobothris azurea and Agrilus cephalicus), dogwood twig borer (Oberea tripunctata), the twig girdler (Oncideres cingulata), scurfy scale (Chionaspis lintneri), and dogwood scale (C. corni) (1). Dogwood club gall, a clublike swelling on small twigs, is caused by infestations of midge larvae (Resseliella clavula) and is a serious problem in some areas (10). The redhumped caterpillar (Schizura concinna), a tussock moth (Dasychira basiflava), io moth (Automeris io), and scarab beetles (Phyllophaga spp.) are among the numerous leaf feeders attacking dogwood (1). Introduced pests of flowering dogwood include the Japanese weevil (Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus) and Asiatic oak weevil (Crytepistomus castaneus) (8). Basal stem canker, caused by the fungus Phytophthora cactorum, may girdle the tree and is the most lethal disease. Target cankers (Nectria galligena) sometimes occur on the trunk and limbs, and Armillaria mellea has been found on dogwoods. Leafspot (Cercospora cornicola) attacks seedlings, and Meliodogyne incognita causes severe root galling, associated with dieback and premature leaf fall in seedlings. Twig blight, caused by the fungus Myxosporium nitidum, may cause dieback of small twigs. Leaf spots and dieback of flowers are caused by Botrytis cinerea, Elsinoe corni, and Septoria cornicola, while Ascochyta cornicola may result in shrivelling and blackening of the leaves (7). Verticillium wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum) attacks dogwood (15), and the cherry leafroll, tobacco ringspot, and tomato ringspot viruses have been isolated from dogwood leaves (13). Noninfectious diseases include sunscald, mechanical and drought injury, and freezing. Dogwood reproduction is often browsed heavily by deer and rabbits. Flowering dogwoods are extremely valuable for wildlife because the seed, fruit, flowers, twigs, bark, and leaves are utilized as food by various animals. The most distinguishing quality of dogwood is its high calcium and fat content (5). Fruits have been recorded as food eaten by at least 36 species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob-white quail, and wild turkey. Chipmunks, foxes, skunks, rabbits, deer, beaver, black bears, and squirrels, in addition to other mammals, also eat dogwood fruits. Foliage and twigs are browsed heavily by deer and rabbits. The quality of browse may be improved by controlled burns in the spring, which increase the protein and phosphoric acid content. Flowering dogwood also is a favored ornamental species. It is highly regarded for landscaping and urban forestry purposes. Virtually all the dogwood harvested was used in the manufacture of shuttles for textile weaving, but plastic shuttles have rapidly replaced this use. Small amounts of dogwood are used for other articles requiring a hard, close-textured, smooth wood capable of withstanding rough use. Examples are spools, small pulleys, malletheads, jewelers' blocks, and turnpins for shaping the ends of lead pipes (12). Near the northern limits of its range, flowering dogwood becomes a many-branched shrub (15). Other than this, little is known of population differences other than the tendency for fruit weights to decrease with decreasing latitude and increasing length of growing season (16). More than 20 cultivars of flowering dogwood are sold commercially in the United States (17). Four clones of flowering dogwood most commonly propagated as ornamentals are Cornus florida f. pendula (Dipp.) Schelle, with pendulous branches, Cornus florida f. rubra (West.) Schelle, with red or pink involucral bracts, Cornus florida f. pluribracteata Rehder, with six to eight large and several small bracts on the inflorescence, and Cornus florida f. xanthocarpa Rehder, with yellow fruit. Another cultivar, called Welchii, has yellow and red variegated leaves and is offered commercially (17). In addition to these clones, Cornus florida var. urbaniana, a variety found in the mountains of Nuevo León and Veracruz, Mexico, differs from the typical species by its grayer twigs and larger fruit (15). Flowering dogwood is not known to hybridize with other species.

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1926 Ford Model T - Model T - Engine Size - 4 Cyl - Transmission Type - 3 Speed Manual The Ford Model T (colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie, Leaping Lena, or flivver) is an automobile produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American; some of this was because of Ford's efficient fabrication, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting. The Ford Model T was named the most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 Car of the Century competition, ahead of the BMC Mini, Citroën DS, and Volkswagen Type 1. Positioned as reliable, easily maintained, mass-market transportation, it was a runaway success. The Model T had a front-mounted 177-cubic-inch (2.9 L) inline four-cylinder engine, producing 20 hp (15 kW), for a top speed of 40–45 mph (64–72 km/h). The engine was capable of running on gasoline, kerosene, or ethanol. Its transmission was a planetary gear type billed as "three speed". In today's terms it would be considered a two-speed, because one of the three speeds was reverse. The Model T's transmission was controlled with three foot pedals and a lever mounted to the road side of the driver's seat. The throttle was controlled with a lever on the steering wheel. The left pedal was used to engage the transmission. With the floor lever in either the mid position or fully forward and the pedal pressed and held forward, the car entered low gear. When held in an intermediate position, the car was in neutral. If the left pedal was released, the Model T entered high gear, but only when the lever was fully forward – in any other position, the pedal would only move up as far as the central neutral position. This allowed the car to be held in neutral while the driver cranked the engine by hand. The car could thus cruise without the driver having to press any of the pedals. Model T suspension employed a transversely mounted semi-elliptical spring for each of the front and rear beam axles which allowed a great deal of wheel movement to cope with the dirt roads of the time. • CLEAN TITLE, COOL YELLOW BODY WITH BLACK RUNNING BOARDS • SAL'S AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR HAS REPLACED THE FOLLOWING ITEMS: FAN BELT, 2 NEW TIRES, SPARK PLUGS, OIL CHANGE, CARBURETOR OVERHAUL, FUEL FILTER REPLACEMENT, NEW 6 VOLT BATTERY PLUS CABLES, NEW COOLANT, ELECTRICAL LIGHTS, NEW BRAKE LIGHT BULB, REPAIRED HORN • THREE PEDAL STANDARD DESIGN TRANSMISSION, ELECTRIC STARTER AS WELL AS A CRANK, STARTS BEST WITH THE CRANK • COMES WITH TWO HORNS, (ONE IS MOUNTED ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE ENGINE, THE OTHER IS A WORKING AOOGA HORN) • BRASS MONOCLE WINDSHIELD, SOLID WOOD STORAGE BOX PROTECTED WITH A URETHANE FINISH, MECHANICAL FUEL SHUTOFF VALVE, TIRES WITH WOODEN SPOKES, RUBBER FLOOR MAT - Engine Type - Engine Size - 4 Cyl - Fuel Specification - Body Color - Body Style - Paint Type - Model T - Interior Color - Secondary Interior Color - Seating Type - Seat Material - Shifter Type - Center Console Contact Us About This Vehicle

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Explosive events on the sun send an incredible amount of energy into space. Of the 100 billion stars in our galaxy, the sun is the most important as far as we're concerned. Without the sun, Earth would be a frozen, dead ball of rock. The constant nuclear reactions in the sun’s 27 million degree Fahrenheit core supply our planet with a steady stream of heat and energy necessary for life. But giant explosions on the sun, such as solar flares, can alter the amount of energy coming off our star. In fact, solar flares are one of the most powerful explosive events that occur in the solar system. A single flare can release as much energy as a billion megatons of TNT. At it’s most intense, this energy can disrupt near-Earth space, interrupting radio communications and affecting GPS signals. On July 12, 2012, NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, or SDO, spacecraft observed a massive solar flare erupt from the sun. Watch the video to see views of the explosion captured in different wavelengths of light.

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This is another great article on the benefits of walking. This one by– published in www.VeryWell.com. Walking for 30 to 60 minutes each day is one of the best things you can do for your body, mind, and spirit. The Honolulu Heart Study of 8000 men found that walking just two miles a day cut the risk of death almost in half. The walkers’ risk of death was especially lower from cancer. Other studies have had similar findings – if you keep walking, you improve your chances of a longer and healthier life. Walking Helps Prevent Weight Gain If you add just 2000 more steps a day to your regular activities, you may never gain another pound. So says research by Dr. James O. Hill of the Center for Human Nutrition at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. To lose weight, add in more steps. You Can Walk Off Weight Exercise such as walking is an important part of any weight loss program. You must still watch how much you eat in order to lose weight. But walking helps you build healthy lean muscle, lose inches of fat, and pump up your metabolism. Of long-term successful weight losers, almost all maintain a program of walking or other exercises. Walking Reduces Risk of Cancer Study after study has shown that walking and exercise reduces your risk of breast cancer and colon cancer. Walking is also good for those undergoing cancer treatment, improving their chances of recovery and survival. Walking Reduces Risk of Heart Disease and Stroke Heart disease and stroke are among the top killers of both men and women. You can cut your risk of both in half by walking for 30-60 minutes a day. Get your blood moving! Walking Reduces Diabetes Risk Get out and walk for 30 minutes a day as your minimum daily requirement for health and to prevent Type 2 diabetes. A study by the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, discovered that walking for 30 minutes a day cut diabetes risks for overweight as well as non-overweight men and women. Walking also helps maintain blood sugar balance for those with diabetes. Walking Boosts Your Brain Power A study of people over 60 funded by the National Council on Aging, published in the July 29, 1999, issue of Nature, found that walking 45 minutes a day at 16-minute mile pace increased the thinking skills of those over 60. The participants started at 15 minutes of walking and built up their time and speed. The result was that the same people were mentally sharper after taking up this walking program. Walking Improves Mood and Relieves Stress Walking and other exercise leads to the release of the body’s natural happy drugs – endorphins. Most people notice an improvement in mood. A Nov. 9, 1999, study published in the Annals of Behavioral Medicine showed that university students who walked and did other easy to moderate exercise regularly had lower stress levels than couch potatoes or those who exercised strenuously. Walking Can Prevent Erectile Dysfunction What better reason for men to take a brisk two-mile walk each day – a reduced risk of impotence from mid-life onward. It’s Easy to Get Started Walking All you need is a pair of comfortable shoes and to get yourself out the door or onto the treadmill. You can reap the benefits of walking from doing several shorter walks or one longer walk during the day. To get you on the right foot, this easy tutorial shows you how to walk with good posture and how to increase your walking time each day.

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Are there certain words that make you feel a certain way, triggering either positive or negative feelings? Family, work, home, taxes, and vacation might be a few examples. Working in the senior living space, I think a lot about the specific terminology that is used within our industry vertical, as well as the aging-related language used in society at large. I’ve often considered how the vernacular might be finessed to improve the image of the industry, giving people a more favorable overall impression of the various senior living concepts, thus improving the industry’s overall “brand” and marketability. To me, this is one glaring illustration: Why do we tend to use the term “facility” when talking about assisted living, but then when speaking about independent living, use the more congenial term “community” or “village”? Why don’t we ever hear about an assisted living community? It may seem like mere semantics, but words have meaning, and certain words evoke very different emotions. Further, I believe our choice of terminology says a lot about society’s views on aging. What IS a community? I looked up the word “community,” and this is what Merriam-Webster has to say: “A community is a unified body of individuals such as: - people with common interests living in a particular area - a group of people with a common characteristic or interest living together within a larger society - a body of persons of common and especially professional interests scattered through a larger society - a body of persons or nations having a common history or common social, economic, and political interests - a group linked by a common policy - an interacting population of various kinds of individuals (such as species) in a common location” There’s no doubt that assisted living residents meet several of these criteria. Thus, I think we should consider why we have opted to label their residence as a “facility” instead of a more positive, warm, and welcoming “community.” The power of words In many ways, I think using the label “assisted living facility” implies that when someone is in assisted living, they are basically institutionalized—no longer able to embrace the things that make up a community, which is of course far from true. To me, the word “facility” makes it sound like it is game over—you go from living and enjoying life in a “community” to simply surviving and being cared for in a “facility.” But people in assisted living can still thrive as part of a truly vibrant community, given the proper physical environment and supportive services. There are still countless ways assisted living residents can enjoy the good things in life and continue to contribute to the betterment of society. For instance, I’ve written before about a variety of volunteer opportunities that allow seniors to share their own experiences or expertise with others. Intergenerational programs, as an example, create shared locations that allow young people and older adults to participate together in educational, recreational, or social activities. Seniors who are involved in such volunteer programs are revitalized by the time they spend with the young participants and tend to have a more optimistic outlook, wider social networks, better memories, and engage in better self-care. For the young people, the extra attention from a surrogate grandparent-figure improves their social skills and reduces their fear of aging; they learn that wheelchairs and walkers are not scary–they are simply a part of life. Choosing our words wisely It’s not something you may consciously think about that often, but certain words convey definite insinuations—good or bad—and so our word-choice does matter. As society reawakens to the intrinsic value of older adults and how they contribute to the fabric of our culture, it should inform how we label things, both within the senior living industry and society as a whole. The people who require the services offered by assisted living ARE indeed living within a community, and I believe we should honor them with language that respects both their humanity and their contributions to the world around them. FREE Detailed Profile Reports on CCRCs/Life Plan Communities

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Organic vs. anorganic minerals 1. Are inorganic minerals positively charged? Are organic minerals (e.g. in plants), always negatively charged? The first order of business when discussing "inorganic" vs. "organic" minerals is to clarify the fact that we are talking about the "source", not the minerals themselves. In the strictest terms, all minerals are inorganic, but the term organic is used more or less to associate these minerals with their plant (organic), source. Inorganic minerals can be either positively, or negatively charged depending on their characteristic atomic structure which is identified by their arrangement of protons, neurons and electrons. One cannot say that all inorganic minerals are either positive, or all are negative. Organic minerals, follow generally the same rule as inorganic, with some exceptions. When an organism assimilates a mineral, it's ionic structure is sometimes altered by the organism in an attempt to devour, digest, and use the mineral. The individual minerals in our colloidal formula may appear as positive or negative, but the overall solution is found to be negatively charged. When a mineral enters into a colloidal solution it's ions may separate, and recombine to form "salts", or loose associations with other minerals. In doing so the original charge of the mineral or element supposedly remains unchanged, however, our formula is the first to my knowledge which occurs naturally, and includes such a broad spectrum of minerals and elements. In laboratory testing of mineral charge, only a few minerals were combined into the same colloidal solution and known reactions were observed. As an example the combination of Na+(sodium positive) and Cl- (chloride negative), yields common table salt, which retains the positive charge of it's parent Sodium element in the body. The results of this, and similar experiments were used to predict the reactions of all minerals and elements, which is a fallacy. 2. Can positively charged minerals or molecules act as free radicals in the body? In the strictest sense, this is a true statement. Given the definition of a free-radical, which is of a highly reactive, unstable molecule with an unpaired electron, it is easy to speculate that positively charged minerals may be involved in this process. It is also typical for free-radicals to involve oxygen (which is an element) as their parent element. I do not think it's accurate to say that typical "inorganic", minerals can become free-radicals just because they were ingested. I think the chances are equal of a mineral from any source suffering the same fate, depending on individual biochemical reactions (and other substances present), in the body. It is possible that an inorganic mineral may be more susceptible to this condition than an organic one due to the fact that their inorganic nature leaves them without the ability to travel across cell membranes efficiently, forcing them to have more dwell time in the blood and other biologic fluids, but this would be very hard to prove. It serves as nothing more than an interesting theory at this point. 3. Are all of the minerals present in the Clark product actually plant-derived, or is it only a certain percentage? We cannot say with 100% certainty that all of the minerals are occurring in plant-derived forms. It is necessary to think about the geological structure of the deposit. "A portion of ancient rain forest, covered with mud, silt, lava, or some other form of earthen barrier". This indicates that a small amount of the barrier material is probably present in the product, but only a very small amount. The deposit is very rich, and we know exactly where to locate and extract the plant deposits, but it is simply impossible to assume that not a single ounce of the earthen barrier seeped within the deposits. 4. Can a negatively charge mineral neutralize free radicals? Negatively charged minerals can act on free radicals in any number of ways. The definition of an anti-oxidant is a molecule which interacts with a free-radical, and donates one of it's own electrons, in effect, allowing itself to be oxidized instead of the tissues it is protecting. In this manner, it is an accepted fact that a number of minerals can and do act as anti-oxidants, or may catalyze activities which allow other anti-oxidants (non-minerals), to function. Other ways in which negatively charged minerals may act on free radicals is to prevent their formation by forcing these highly reactive compounds out of the body in wastes before they can do harm. Free radicals, in addition to their unpaired electron, have no recognized biological function by the body, therefore, any hydrogen atom contained in the free radical molecule may be scavenged by any number of minerals and rerouted to the kidneys for excretion. This is of course an attempt to control the body's acid-base balance, but it may have the secondary effect of expelling free radicals before they become active to full capacity. 5. Can organic minerals bind with inorganic minerals like metallic aluminum and eliminate it from the body? The only case to be logically assumed is if the inorganic mineral is part of a molecule which contains an excess hydrogen atom, which was adversely affecting the body's pH. Minerals are excreted every day as a routine part of a host of biological functions. It isn't possible for me to pinpoint a specific case where an organic, would expel an inorganic given that all other things are equal and functioning properly. 6. Do organic minerals from plants also have a similar function? Similar in some ways, enough to make them useful to us. Plants are basically trying to do the same thing we are. They are trying to survive, thrive, and propagate their species. They use and store minerals for themselves, and in the form of seed packets, sometimes called spores for the next generation of plant. As to the plants assimilation of a minerals, the mineral is subjected to a biological process which consumes the mineral, and makes it available for use by the organism just like a human would do. Obviously the physiological differences in plants mean that they are not assaulted by the same environmental and health factors that we are, nevertheless, it is accurate to say that minerals act on them in a similar manner as to ensuring continuing cell life, nourishing the structure, and taking part in the biochemical reactions that allow for growth and maturity. 7. Is it easier for the body to eliminate an oversupply of organic minerals than inorganic minerals? Why? I think it's more accurate to say that it's harder for the body to become oversupplied with inorganic minerals than organic. While organic minerals are generally much better absorbed than inorganic, their relative numbers, and their continued use by the body make any oversupply very rare. They are much more mobile than organic, and a great deal more dynamic than organics, which leads to the assumption that they would be rather easily excreted, however, they body only excretes those compounds which it no longer needs. As you well know, individual minerals have a myriad of functions that are specific to that mineral, but as a whole, minerals, and particularly colloidal minerals spend much of their time regulating the processes described earlier, as well as maintaining the body's fluid/electrolyte balance, and acid/base balance. Meaning that they freely travel to cells in all parts of the body. Cells much remain in a watery environment in order to survive. Cells cannot regulate the flow of water to their membranes, but they can regulate the flow of minerals, and water follows salt (minerals). Therefore, the colloidal minerals spend much of their time traveling to cells in an attempt to assist that cell in regulating it's watery balance, both Intra cellular, through Potassium, and Extra cellular, through Sodium. This allows the cell to remain healthy, functioning, and reproducing, which in turn promotes continued good health. Another full-time activity is the regulation of acid/base balance, mentioned earlier. The minerals travel about the body and scavenge excess Hydrogen atoms, which can come from organic minerals, free-radicals, or a number of sources. These excess Hydrogens lower the body's pH, creating a more acid environment, or blood acidosis, a condition which can have serious, and immediate health consequences. The opposite is true, if too few Hydrogens are present, the blood supply becomes Base, instead of Acidic. In this condition, the minerals donate the excess Hydrogens that they have previously scavenged from elsewhere in the body to return the body's pH to normal. A normal pH in each area of the body is critical to the function of enzymes, and every other biological process, which involves the process of life. Unneeded Hydrogens are carried to the kidneys, or are blocked from absorption so that they may be carried out of the body through waste processes.

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Saturday, October 1, 2011 The European Day of Languages, September 26, 2011 There are over 6000 languages spoken in the world. Behind each and every one of them lies a rich and diverse culture. That's why The European Day of Languages is a time to promote and encurage languages learning across Europe. Never is too late to learn a foreign language ! Some students from School with classes I- VIII Ivesti have celebrated this day: - reading poems by Mihai Eminescu, a well known Romanian writer, in Enlgish and French languages; - debates on theme : Do you think that the study of foreign languages is dangerous for our national language? - watching films about project's partner countries " Save the butterflies, save the Planet" - watchig the film " Nauture " in all languages of the project; - filling questionnaires of general knowledge about the project's partner countries. Coordinators of activities, French teacher Vasilica Maftei; English teacher Vasilica Pintilie Chemistry teacher Mariana Munteanu

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One of the five subspecies of the Old World wildcats Southern African wildcat (Felis silvestris cafra) in the past identified with the African wildcat. Native to southern and south-eastern Africa it has only recently been recognised as a distinct subspecies. Earlier it was considered conspecific with the African or Near Eastern wildcat (F. s. lybica) found to the north of the Sahara. The current division of subspecies is based on genetic data. Morphological evidence suggests the break between the two African subspecies to occur in the south-east, in the area of Tanzania and Mozambique. In English the cat is known as the bush cat; in Afrikaans as vaakboskat; in Swahili as kaka mwiw, kimbum, or kaka pori. It has many other names in other African languages. The cat is quite similar in appearance to domestic cat, although its legs are proportionately longer and the feet are jet black underneath. Tail is ringed with black and has a black tip; throat and chin are white while the chest is by and large paler than the rest of the body. Body length is 85–100 cm; shoulder height 35 cm; and weight range 2.5–6.0 kg. The most distinguishable characteristic of Felis silvestris cafra is its rich reddish-brown colour of the backs of the large ears, over the belly and on the back legs. There are two colour phases — iron-grey with black and whitish speckling and tawny-grey with less black and more buffy speckling. The body has vertical stripes, which vary from faint to quite distinct. Cat’s skull is small, broad and highly arched and relatively lightly built, with a short muzzle, which is a result of the reduction in the nasal cavity and the jaw length. Distribution and habitat Widely distributed throughout Africa south of equator, Southern African wildcat does not occur along the Namibian coast. It tolerates a wide range of habitats that provide some sort of cover. Ecology and behavior Southern African wildcats are secretive and almost entirely nocturnal with home ranges are clearly urine-marked. They rest during the day under cover, such as underbrush, reedbeds or clumps of tall grass and rocky hillsides. If suitable cover is not available the cat uses roots of trees, high-standing grain crops and abandoned burrows of other animals. These highly territorial cats are solitary in nature and come together only for mating and raising the young. Though they are adaptable predators, but prefer to hunt small rodents. They are able to change their diet according to seasonal and long-term prey abundances and availability. They have been observed taking other small reptiles, mammals, birds, amphibians, even insects and other invertebrates. The largest preys they can take include birds up to the size of guineafowl, hares and springhares. These cats have very good sense of hearing and while hunting they stalk their prey. As the prey comes within reach they rush in or pounce to make a kill with a bite on the back of the neck. As Felis silvestris cafra is closely related to domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus), the main threat to the survival of the wild subspecies in its pure form is its tendency to interbreed with domestic cats anywhere near human habitations. This interbreeding is so frequent and common that it has become very difficult to find pure-bred Southern African wildcats anywhere near areas of human settlement. Consequently, today the species is not considered threatened but if this hybridization continues the pure-bred wildcats may cease to exist. Other threats include persecution by hunters and local farmers, as well as habitat loss.

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The clarinet, with all its rods and keys, can look daunting to pick up. There are lots of keys, it comes in multiple pieces, and knowing which one does what can be confusing. There are also lots of different clarinet types, with each one being built slightly differently. But, they all have similar parts and it doesn’t have to be overwhelming once you break it down. In this post, we’re going to break down the parts of a clarinet piece by piece and take a look at what its purpose is and why the clarinet needs it. Related: Check out our post on the best beginner clarinet here. Anatomy Of A Clarinet Diagram The clarinet is made up of five main parts: - the mouthpiece - the barrel - the upper joint - the lower joint - the bell This guide is for the most common of the different types of clarinet, which is the clarinet in Bb but a lot of the features are very similar to other types too. The first piece of a clarinet we’ll look at is the clarinet mouthpiece which is a small, hollow piece of hard rubber that you’ll find at the very end of the clarinet. At the top of the mouthpiece is a long tapered opening called the mouthpiece tip, which is the part the musician blows air into. The shape and width of the opening can vary too, which can affect the tone of the clarinet. As they blow into it, they blow across a small piece of cane called the reed which sits on what is called the table. The reed is held in place by the ligature, but we’ll cover that a bit later in this article. At the other end of the mouthpiece is the tenon, which is covered in cork and seals the mouthpiece to the barrel. A good mouthpiece should last several years but they are very fragile and you should take care not to drop it or hit it as if chipped in can affect the tone of the instrument. Related: Read our guide to buying a clarinet mouthpiece here. The reed is a small, thin rectangular piece of cane that is placed on the table of the clarinet’s mouthpiece and held in place by the ligature. The back of the reed is completely flat and smooth; this side goes against the mouthpiece, with the top side being hard and shiny. The top side is actually the uncut part of the cane which is called the reed stock, which stops at a file marking and tapers down to a very thin tip near the mouthpiece tip. As the musician blows into the clarinet, it causes the reed to vibrate and produces sound. Each reed is unique, but there are standard thicknesses and different types of thickness to tailor to players and their own preferences. Related: Read our guide to buying the best clarinet reeds here. The ligature is an adjustable loop that secures the reed to the table of the mouthpiece. It’s held in place by two screws which can be adjusted to ensure the reed is in the correct position and won’t move during play. They tend to be made of metal, but, like the mouthpiece, there is an extremely wide variety of ligatures to choose from, and you’ll find ligatures made from plastic, leather, and string, as well as ones with gold and nickel-plated. The materials used can also dramatically affect the tone of the clarinet, and you’ll find musicians changing their ligature depending on where they’re playing. To put the ligature on, loosen the screws and slide the wider end of the ligature over the reed onto the mouthpiece so the tapering of the hoop matches the tapering of the mouthpiece. The side with the screws is placed over the stock of the reed, and the screws are tightened by hand using the paddles. Related: Our post on the best clarinet ligatures here. Moving on to the next piece of the clarinet, we have the barrel which connects the mouthpiece to the upper joint. Its job is to funnel the air through the instrument and depending on its shape and what it’s made of can have a dramatic impact on the sound the clarinet produces. The shape of the barrel on the inside is called the taper, and it comes in a few different options: Another key thing about the barrel is that it can affect the tuning of the clarinet by pulling it away from the upper joint. This extends the distance that air has to travel through the clarinet and causes the notes produced to be slightly flatter in pitch. With the barrel connecting to the mouthpiece and upper joint, the tenons can be put under a lot of pressure. To prevent the wood from bursting under this pressure and splitting apart, there are small metal strips fitted onto each end which are called the barrel rings. Not every clarinet will have them, and depending on what material your clarinet is made of, they may not actually be necessary and will be purely cosmetic. If you notice that your barrel rings are loose, it can mean that the wood of the barrel is too dry and maybe brittle. You can try playing the clarinet for a while to add some moisture but if it’s still the case, it’s important to take your clarinet to a professional to be serviced or your barrel could split in two. Going down the clarinet, next, we have the upper joint which is the part where the left hand is placed, and you’ll find the tone holes that determine the pitches that are played. As the musician blows air into the mouthpiece, it travels down the clarinet, and by pressing covering combinations of holes the musician can change the pitch of the sound that is produced. As with all main pieces of the clarinet, the upper joint has corked tenons at both ends to ensure it’s securely connected to the barrel and the lower joint. Another important thing to mention about the upper joint is that this is where you’ll usually find the brand’s logo and the serial number of the clarinet. Tone Holes and Keys As we briefly covered, the tone holes are the holes drilled into the body of the clarinet. These are how the clarinet can play different pitches of notes by the musician changing which tone holes are open or closed (and sealed), which changes the flow of air through the body of the instrument. Some of the tone holes on the clarinet are sealed by covering them with the pad of a finger but others are closed with key pads which are cushioned, gut-lined metal circles attached to levers. When pressing keys and covering tone holes, it’s important that they are completely covered, as when a tone hole isn’t sealed, air leaks out and can cause an airy tone, a squeak, produce the wrong note, or even prevent a note from sounding at all. Despite the keys and rods being made of metal, they are quite delicate, so be careful not to damage them as loose springs or bent levers can prevent proper sealing. One very notable key on the clarinet to mention is the register key which is a lever found on the back of the upper joint above a tone hole and ring. When it’s pressed (by the left thumb), it causes the pitch of the notes being played to be raised by an interval of an octave and a fifth (a perfect 12th). For example, when the first three fingers of the left hand and the left thumb ring key are pressed, the Bb clarinet plays its written middle C. But, when pressing the register key, it instead produces the written G above the treble clef staff. The penultimate piece of the clarinet is the lower joint which looks very similar to the upper joint, being covered in keys, rods, and tone holes. The lower joint, however, is longer than the upper joint, has a socket on its top and a corked tenon on the bottom, and is where the player’s right-hand goes. The bottom tenon of the upper joint slides into the top socket of the lower joint. The bridge key is a mechanical connection between the two parts that connects the key of the upper and lower joints. When assembling the clarinet, it’s very important to have the upper and lower joints correctly aligned as, if they’re not, the bridge key won’t work, and you won’t be able to play the lower notes on the clarinet. You’ll find the connection on the right side of the bottom of the upper joint, where there is a metal bar; it lies between the right side keys and the tenon. Then you’ll find a small, horizontal metal plate on the right side of the top of the lower joint, When the pieces are connected, the metal plate slides beneath the bar and forms the connection. And lastly, the final part of the clarinet to know about is the bell which is the flared end of the clarinet and where the sound is projected from. This is another part that advanced clarinetists often customize, experimenting with different brands and styles of bell to find the tone they like. Despite looking like it’s used to amplify the sound of the instrument it’s actual purpose is to direct air and stabilize the tone for certain ranges. The bell ring is another small metal ring fitted around the top end of the bell. It serves the same purpose as the barrel rings: to prevent the pressure of the tenon from splitting the bell apart. Also like the barrel rings, certain materials render the bell ring unnecessary, but it’s often left on for cosmetic reasons. The last thing we need to discuss on the clarinet is the tenons. They’ve vitally important as to create sound, wind instruments need to be completely sealed systems. As you hopefully know, when the player closes or opens a hole on the instrument (with a key or fingertip), the way the air travels through the instrument is changed; this is what creates different pitches. So, if any sealed part lets air leak through, it can prevent the right note from sounding. To keep the air inside and completely sealed, the body of the clarinet is held together with tenons which are often lined with cork. The cork compresses and creates a strong seal that serves two purposes: first, to make sure that no air leaks out, and second, to hold the pieces together, so they don’t come apart while playing. You will need to replace the cork as the clarinet ages as over time, they can become worn out. The humidity that the clarinet is stored in and the number of times it is put together will make the cork shrink, and the pieces will no longer fit snugly. To help them fit, you rub a bit of cork grease rubbed around them to help lubricate them and make fitting easier. Summing Up Clarinet Parts We hope that helps make sense of all the different clarinet parts you need to know about. To a beginner, a clarinet can look very involved with a lot of moving parts, keys, and rods. But, once you’ve learned how to put it all together the instrument should play quite freely. Just remember to take extra care to not damage the instrument as any bent keys, sticky pads, or clogged holes can prevent the clarinet from playing correctly, so clarinets must be held and stored carefully.

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We investigate a potential candidate for a future optical clock: the nucleus of the isotope 229Th. Over the past 40 years of research, various experiments have found evidence for the existence of an isomeric state at an energy of a few eV. So far, neither the energy nor the lifetime of the isomer have been determined directly. As the scene is not yet prepared for direct laser excitation, other means of populating the isomer need to be explored. We investigate three different approaches, all of which rely on CaF2 crystals doped with 229Th or 233U. Various kinds of crystal luminescence are discussed in detail. |Journal||Journal of Physics: Conference Series| |Publication status||Published - Jul 4 2016| |Event||8th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology 2015 - Potsdam, Germany| Duration: Oct 12 2015 → Oct 16 2015 ASJC Scopus subject areas - Physics and Astronomy(all)

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What kind of shade would you prefer to have over your head in the oppressively hot and sunny South Florida? Many people choose their umbrellas (at the absence of rain). Solar energy may not be enough to run my photo voltaic system, but it is powerful enough to cause serious sunburns. Playing with aesthetics of miscellaneous facade expressions, you might have quickly discovered that screens and shades are tremendously flexible tools, which allow you to carve and paint your facade almost entirely independent from the core. The trouble they are seldom covered by the budget. Not unless you can make a good case for them. Wouldn’t it be nice to have a dollar tag attached to each exterior shade iteration, illustrating the associated energy savings? This kind of economic justification may find a readier response from the owner, particularly, if you are an architect, trying to justify your facade design. There are many difficulties associated such an oversimplified representation of a building component: 1) every building is different, and therefore i.e. a shade in a super-efficient building would produce negligible savings, while the same shade installed in front of lousy windows may make a huge difference. 2) every site, every locale, and every orientation would produce different results, i.e. a shade behind a large tree would produce negligible results, 3) your design is often one-off, and therefore seldom described by a manufacturing catalogue number; therefore, you can seldom take advantage of the pre-engineering paid by the economies of mass production. This is one of those seldom-covered areas, where facade engineers come handy. Let me know when they start teaching you that at your college, because I may need to retire then. I explain these items in my seminar “Energy Conservation Principles in Building Envelope Design,” and I noticed how architects’ eyes lit when I explain how it’s done. What are available DIY solutions for solar analysis? You might have played with the “optimum shading” tool in Ecotect (now Autodesk) software, only to produce awkward shapes or simply crashing the program. You might have studied energy codes and ASHRAE 90.1 to understand confusingly explained SHGC and projection factors. Congratulations, by the way, few made it that far. What you need is to build and simulate two models: with and without the shade in a whole-building-energy software. If everything else is equal, the resulting difference is caused by the differential component. It would allow for the direct identification of solar gains achievable by identical models where the only variable is the shape and configuration of shades. This would be expressed in Btu*hr or kW*hr, representing the energy savings per year, which is much easier to translate to dollar terms. In our example, the potential saving is 998 kWh. To get the crude estimate, you need to just divide it by the efficiency of your mechanical system, and multiply it by the cost of energy. Say, for example, the efficiency is 50%, so you need to multiply it by two (this is how much more fuel or electricity would be used than delivered to your facade), and multiply it by, for example, $0.30 if this is the cost of kWh in your locale. Let’s say, in our example, your shade produced 998kWh saving, so it would save approximately 2,000 kWh of electricity, translating into $600 per annum. If your shade is going to last long enough, we may calculate the return on investment, which would be the cost divided by savings. 10 years is the magic ROI number, beyond which few real estate investors would pay any attention, ask me how I know it. Therefore, your shade is going to cost $6,000 or less, or there would be no shade, because $6k divided by $600 is 10 years. As my co-speaker Reid says, green is the color of the American dollar, this is why green building and sustainable building envelope needs to save you money in the first place. As my co-speaker Reid says, green is the color of the American dollar, this is why green building and sustainable building envelope needs to save you money in the first place. You and I know that your building and the shade is (lets’ hope) designed for longer than ten years; therefore, adding a shade is a sustainable thing to do. And it would make your building more unique. Unfortunately, some architects settle on miserable shades, which don’t really deserve to be called so, because they cast a negligible shadow. When we are asked to simulate the cold bridging caused by their anchorage penetrating the curtain wall glazing, we can’t help but wonder how easily they could be re-designed in order to make them effective in reducing solar heat gain. Unfortunately, it’s often too late then, in the construction submittal stage. Somehow, some architects use the energy from sun against their clients. And when we ask whether they conducted solar analysis, they have no good answer.

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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a debilitating condition that causes pain and limits both range of motion and strength in the hands, wrists, fingers, and forearms. Thankfully, you can go a long way toward averting the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome with some simple adjustments to your daily routine. Below, we’ll break down 5 ways you can prevent carpal tunnel syndrome. What Is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the arm down to the palm of the hand, is compressed or squeezed inside a narrow passageway at the base of the hand, called the carpal tunnel. It is estimated that between three and eight percent of the U.S. working population suffers from CTS. Pressure on the carpal tunnel can occur due to repetitive movements, inflammation of hand tendons, or medical conditions that cause inflammation in the body, such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. The condition is more common in women than in men. CTS symptoms usually start gradually. The first symptoms often include numbness or tingling in the thumb, index, and middle fingers that comes and goes. The sensation may travel from your wrist up to your arm. These symptoms generally occur while holding a steering wheel, phone, or newspaper, and they may wake you from sleep. According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), the most common symptoms of CTS include: - Numbness or tingling in the hand - An electric shock-like feeling mostly in the thumb, index, or long fingers - Unusual sensations and pain that travels up the arm toward the shoulder - Weakness in the hand How to Prevent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 1. Be Less Tense and Loosen Your Grip Often, in our daily routines, we get so used to doing things a certain way that we don’t even think about it. Many times, you may use more force than you need to accomplish a specific task. For instance, you might grip your tools too tightly when a firm hold is sufficient. Or you may pound your computer keyboard when gentle keystrokes will do. As you go through your day, be mindful of the tension in your hands and how much pressure you put on them. Don’t use more force than needed to perform manual tasks. Try using less force when typing, holding a pencil, or gripping and grasping tools. In general, be less tense and loosen your grip when you’re working with your hands. If you can back off even a little, your hands and wrists will thank you. 2. Take Frequent Breaks from Repetitive Activities If you spend a lot of time participating in activities that involve forceful or repetitive hand or wrist movement or use of vibrating equipment, you have an increased risk for CTS. These activities can include driving, working with small instruments, knitting, or using a sander. You can reduce your risk (and any existing symptoms) by taking frequent breaks (every 10 to 15 minutes) to rest, stretch, change positions, or alternate with another task. Repeating the same hand and wrist movement over a long period can aggravate the tendons in your wrist, resulting in swelling and increased pressure on the median nerve. Look for different ways to move your hands and wrists when performing functions that require repetitive hand motions. Moreover, try to take frequent breaks whenever performing actions that require extreme or prolonged bending of your hand and wrist. Investigate alternative hand motions for these jobs. Stretching and exercising help strengthen the muscles in your wrists and hands. Also, taking time out to stretch provides time for your muscles and tendons to relax and alleviates pressure on the median nerve (the root cause of CTS). Common exercises include rotating your wrists in circles and flexing and extending your palms, fingers, and wrists. A therapeutic exercise and stretching program is one treatment option your healthcare provider may recommend. It may be incorporated with bracing or splinting, medication, and activity changes to relieve symptoms. 4. Adjust Your Workstation Pay attention to your use of the computer monitor, chair, keyboard, and mouse, along with other equipment and tools to make sure your workspace is as ergonomic as possible. Adjust your working environment and how you use it, as needed. You can also use a similar setup for other work areas, such as where you work on your hobbies or utilize hand tools. You can use these tips to guide you in setting up your workstation: - The top of the monitor screen is at eye level - A wrist pad at the bottom of the keyboard helps keep the wrists in a neutral, almost straight position during brief rests from typing - Armrests are adjusted so that the elbows are close to the side of the body and bent at an angle between 90 and 100 degrees - Many people benefit from using a split, V-shaped keyboard to keep the wrists in proper alignment 5. Use Correct Posture If you work on a computer or at your desk all day, it is essential to ensure you keep your back, neck, and shoulders upright and your feet flat on the floor. A slouching posture causes the nerves in your neck to compress, affecting your wrists, fingers, and hands (after all, everything is connected). As stated above, ergonomic furniture assists in maintaining correct posture and wrist position. Don’t skimp on cheap office chairs. Your body and wrists are worth the investment! Some people find wrist pads helpful even when they are using their keyboard or mouse. When you type or use your mouse, try raising your forearms a little so your wrists are in a neutral position and your arms and hands can move freely. If you have armrests on your chair, you may be able to adjust them so your forearms are parallel to the floor and your wrists are neutral. You may want to alternate between resting your wrists on the pads and raising them up. When setting up your work area: - Center your work in front of you. If you work while standing, adjust your work surface to waist height. - Keep your hands and wrists in line with your forearms. For example, if you work at a keyboard, tilt it to help keep this alignment. - Use proper hand and wrist position for manual tasks. - Hold your elbows close to your sides. - Avoid leaning on the heel of your hand or your wrist. If you’d like to learn more about carpal tunnel syndrome and how to prevent it, please feel free to contact us.

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With the birth of augmented reality, new environments in architecture are also created. The real and unreal exist in dialogue and the concept of transparency assumes a new role. The typology allows for a range of digital activities to occur and in the video the icons and outlines indicate which reality is currently active (museum, observatory, theater or arena). Experience from bear to bear is varied, and the entire pool of experiences changes daily, monthly and yearly. The bears get to bring their own designs/alter existing ones and ultimately help to update and enrich the architecture itself. Similar to an object like the iPhone, the designed infrastructure brings only half of the solution and the digital potential given to users (akin to iPhone apps or software programs) allows for emergent possibility. An example of augmented reality overlay can be seen here. The model on the right shows one layout of walls, but looking through another lens (via live webcam or AR glasses), we can understand an alternate spatial reality. The design leverages this new potential. Multiple realities can be perceived simultaneously by different groups. Although the physical infrastructure is the same, four buildings exist here in one. User paths for each experience are distinct and can be tailored to the function of the current digital content. The physical form (in steel, wood and concrete) is designed to be an armature for these paths/spaces and it acts as a canvas for digital content to play upon. For this reason, having distinct spatial types, sizes and shapes allows the building to accommodate diverse digital creations and physical hybridizations. The interplay between digital and physical is crucial. Physical boundaries provide real-world constraints (sound, touch, tectonics) while the digital expands the potential for sensory perceptions. Users can alter the digital layer which allows the building to be built and rebuilt to culminate as a collective construction for its patrons and the artistic community.

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Promised New Zealand: Fleeing Nazi Persecution Freya Klier, translated by Jenny Rawlings Otago University Press, $45.00, Born in East Germany in 1950, Freya Klier is a German filmmaker and author with a history of civil rights activism, which resulted in her being expelled from the GDR in 1988, an experience which helps to explain her interest in the plight of refugees. Her present book was inspired by a chance encounter with the daughter of a German-Jewish couple who had emigrated to New Zealand as refugees from Nazi persecution. Finding that “there was scarcely a mention of New Zealand in German exile research”, and that she had come upon a “dramatic and largely unknown chapter”, she set out to explore the subject, first in Berlin archives and then in those in New Zealand. She also sought out and interviewed German refugees here who were still living, or their descendants. The result was her book Gelobtes Neuseeland, published in Germany in 2006. The German title echoes the biblical “promised land” (in German “das gelobte Land”), but since “gelobt” is the past participle both of “geloben” (pledge, promise) and of “loben” (praise), it also means “Praised New Zealand”. Her book has now been published in English translation. The book’s chief strength lies in its ingenious format. After a brief introduction to the 24 “people whose stories are told”, we then follow their lives strictly year by year from 1930 to 1948, a chapter per year, different characters coming and going as the narrative proceeds – with an epilogue to update us to the present. The vivid alternation of episodes reminds one of a film documentary. The prose style is novelistic and often racy, an effect of immediacy being achieved also by the use throughout of the present tense. While this makes for gripping, even exciting reading, there is a price: the necessity to introduce material from previous history forces occasional diversions into the past tense which at times read awkwardly and can confuse the chronology. The author also provides year-by-year political and social background, both for the German-speaking countries of Europe, and for New Zealand. Thus as the cruelly tightening web of exclusion and persecution makes German Jews more and more desperate to emigrate, we at the same time watch the New Zealand Labour government (like other governments, including those of Britain and USA) implementing policies which make it increasingly hard for them to find a haven. Between 1933 and the outbreak of war, New Zealand took in only about 1100 refugees from Central and Eastern Europe: mostly those with money, contacts and good luck. Once here, most refugees further suffered the anguish of not knowing what had happened to family members left behind, and after the outbreak of war they lost all means of finding out. Eventually, rumours of a place called Auschwitz began to reach New Zealand. The author, whose empathy with these people is palpable, gets the reader into their skins: there can be few accounts of the privations and humiliations suffered by Jews in Germany which so overwhelm one with pity, and with horror at the brutality they suffered at the hands not just of Nazi bureaucrats, storm troopers and Gestapo, but also of neighbours and fellow-citizens. Much pierces the heart. Her account of the lives of siblings Hansi and Fred Silberstein alone is worth the book. Moreover, the translation by Jenny Rawlings is excellent. The book thus provides especially for readers who may know little about the subject, a welcome and accessible entry to it. The more readers it has here, the better. For not only the ordeals of these people deserve to be better known here, but also the bravery with which they overcame them, and the enormous contribution they subsequently made to New Zealand society and culture. Here problems begin. Not only does Klier’s book give little idea of that contribution, but she appears ignorant of it. For the claim made in her 2009 foreword that she is exploring a “largely unknown chapter” is wrong. Exile research in Germany alone, for example, includes a large literature on two of her chosen refugees, poet Karl Wolfskehl and philosopher Sir Karl Popper. It also includes two comprehensive (and complementary) studies in German, neither of which appears in her bibliography: Brigitte Bönisch-Brednich’s oral history of German immigration to New Zealand, Auswandern: Destination Neuseeland, which appeared in 2002 in both German and English and is based on painstaking field research, including 102 life-history interviews and in-depth study of archival sources and secondary literature; and Im Schatten zweier Kriege, the 2005 German edition of a wide-ranging study of German refugees to New Zealand edited by James Bade. Although the English edition of 1998, Out of the Shadow of War, is listed, there is no evidence that the author has looked at it; for while single chapters in it are devoted to figures she includes (Wolfskehl, Popper, Munz, Adam), it also informs about numerous others whom she never mentions. She does list, but seems not to have read, Ann Beaglehole’s excellent pioneering study, A Small Price to Pay: Refugees from Hitler in New Zealand (1988), with its scrupulously researched and annotated accounts of government immigration policies in the 1930s, much to be preferred to such emotional summaries by Klier as: “Labour abandons all religious and spiritual principles on which a democratic society is based in a pathetic attempt to protect New Zealand’s material prosperity.” The author’s oblivion to work already done shows most startlingly in the summary in her foreword of the contribution made by German-Jewish refugees to their adopted country, which reads: “They brought practical knowhow, innovative ideas and medical skills, along with some European recipes. One of the Jewish immigrants created German sausage meats; another raised New Zealand packaging techniques to an international standard.” And that’s it! No mention whatever of music, theatre, art or architecture. But a study of Jewish refugees to New Zealand which does not feature Arthur Hilton in its index is a Hamlet without the prince. Good Horatio is missing too: Fred Turnovsky sidles onstage just once as an extra, to illustrate difficulties in obtaining citizenship. Yet the important contributions to our musical culture of these two outstanding personalities alone are recorded in detail in, for instance, John Mansfield Thomson’s history of the Music Federation of New Zealand – another book not in Klier’s bibliography. Two other eminences missing from this Elsinore are Chief Justice Sir Thomas Eichelbaum and Secretary of the Treasury Henry Lang, who both came here as refugee children. Similarly, in the arts: no Marie Vandewart or Claire Galambos-Winter; no Maria Dronke; no Ernst Plischke or Helmut Einhorn. And while the world of the intellect has three representatives – Wolfskehl, Popper, Munz – there’s no mention of university Germanists Paul Hoffmann and Gerda Bell; economist Wolfgang Rosenberg; doctor and reformer Erich Geiringer; psychoanalyst Mario Fleischl; churchman and peace activist Paul Oestreicher. Of course every sample must be limited; the problem here is that it is so slanted. One wonders if Klier is indifferent to the kinds of individual distinction described, for she focuses instead on business people who, while admirable, are seldom able to raise their heads beyond the diurnal. Is this a result of her imperfect English, which meant that existing New Zealand publications were largely inaccessible to her? (One of her interviewed subjects has told me that her frequent misunderstanding of his English resulted in mistakes in the German edition which had to be corrected for the English edition.) Or could a GDR education with its emphasis on the collective also have played a part? For it is equally peculiar that when Klier names four German writers driven into exile in the 1930s, the most distinguished are missing there as well: no Thomas Mann, no Bertolt Brecht. Both this limitation, and the book’s lack of any footnotes or references, means that it does not rate as a scholarly contribution to its subject. While, for the reasons explained, its publication in New Zealand is to be welcomed, the University of Otago Press deserves a rap over the knuckles for the claim on its cover that it is “a significant piece of world history”, and an “important work”. It is neither. As for the claim that it is “the first English-language translation”: how many are they expecting? As also demonstrated, their editor should not have let stand in a foreword dated June 2009: “With avid interest, I began researching this dramatic and largely unknown chapter.” But so too should the Otago Daily Times reviewer be rebuked for writing, “Freya Klier casts her net wide”. For she doesn’t – and this necessarily qualifies one’s admiration for the empathy and skill with which she uses it. Peter Russell retired in 2006 as Reader in German at Victoria University of Wellington.

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Australasian Journal of Philosophy 87 (3):425 – 443 (2009) |Abstract||Many think that equality is an intrinsic value. However, this view, especially when based on a consequential foundation, faces familiar objections related to the claim that equality is sometimes good for none and bad for some: most notably the levelling down objection. This article explores a unique (consequential) conception of equality, as part of a more general conception of fairness concerning the resolution of interpersonal conflicts, which is not exposed to these objections.| |Keywords||No keywords specified (fix it)| |Through your library||Configure| Similar books and articles Re'em Segev (2010). Hierarchical Consequentialism. Utilitas 22 (3):309-330. Caj Strandberg (2001). Two Conceptions of Inequality. Philosophical Papers 30 (2):169–199. Roger Fjellstrom (2002). Equality Does Not Entail Equality Across Species. Environmental Ethics 24 (4):339-352. R. Elgueta (1997). Characterization Classes Defined Without Equality. Studia Logica 58 (3):357-394. Ingmar Persson (2011). Prioritarianism, Levelling Down and Welfare Diffusion. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 14 (3):307-311. Larry S. Temkin (2003). Equality, Priority or What? Economics and Philosophy 19 (1):61-87. Joseph Raz (2009). On the Value of Distributional Equality. In Stephen De Wijze, Matthew H. Kramer & Ian Carter (eds.), Hillel Steiner and the Anatomy of Justice: Themes and Challenges. Routledge. Thomas Christiano & Will Braynen (2008). Inequality, Injustice and Levelling Down. Ratio 21 (4):392-420. Added to index2010-05-07 Total downloads45 ( #24,498 of 549,017 ) Recent downloads (6 months)3 ( #25,706 of 549,017 ) How can I increase my downloads?

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These websites are about the book “By the Shores of Silver Lake” and author Laura Ingalls Wilder. There are discussion questions, lesson plans, interactive activities, and an excerpt from the book. Includes links to eThemes on Wilder’s “Little House” books, historical fiction writing, and Laura Ingalls Wilder. Read about Laura Ingalls Wilder and her Little House books. Learn about the places the Ingalls family lived. Includes activities and teaching guides to go along with various Little House books. Listen to fiddle playing and other music from that period. Read documents written by Laura. These sites are about Laura Ingalls Wilder. Learn about author's biography, works and her life. Includes photos, primary documents, a timeline, and family tree. There are classroom activities and games that go along with the author study unit. There are links to eThemes Resources on books she has written.

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Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakar Hazrat Sheikh Farīd-ud-dīn Mas'ūd Ganj Shakar (1173–1266), commonly known as Baba Farid Ganjshakar (Punjabi, lit: 'Treasury of Sugar/Sweetness'), was a renowned Sufi preacher, mystic poet and saint of the Chishti Order of South Asia. Fariduddin Ganjshakar is generally recognized as the first major poet of the Punjabi language, and is considered one of the pivotal saints of the Punjab and indeed, one of the Panj Peers, or five main/great saints of South Asia. Revered equally by Muslims and Hindus, he is also considered one of the fifteen Sikh bhagats. Selections from his work are included in the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy scripture. His world-famous shrine is located in Pakpattan, in present-day Punjab (Pakistan). It was built in 1267. Each year during the Islamic month of Muharram, special festivities are held there and pilgrims from many countries come to visit. References[change | change source] - Mohammad Vazeeruddin (29 April, 2010). "Tales From The Past: Mystic Vision of Baba Farid". Policy Research Group. http://policyresearchgroup.com/sacred_space/694.html. Retrieved 21 November 2014.

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Common Barn Owl 17 to 18 inches in length and weighing 1 lb.; wingspan if up to 43 inches From southern Canada to southern Chile and from the east to west coast in the Western Hemisphere. Trees, abandoned burrows and buidings, old abandoned farm machinery in temperate forests and grasslands. Wild - Carnivorous, preferring small rodents; other small mammals Zoo - Bird of prey diet Red brown speckled wings with white body, distinctive heart shaped face; sharp talons and hooked beak. Camouflage helps owl hide during the day. - Nocturnal and arboreal - Will hunt during the day when feeding young - Sharp talons for seizing and holding prey - Hooked beak for tearing meat - Eyes in front allow depth perception and aids in hunting and avoiding obstacles; neck can turn up to 270 degrees. Great Horned Owl - Two broods each year, in early spring and late summer; 4 - 7 eggs hatch after several weeks - Both parents brood and feed the altricial young; male bringing food to female - Young mature in 10 - 12 weeks CITES App. II; Protected in the U.S.; suffers from loss of habitat Lincoln Park Zoo Web Site, animal fact sheet -- http://www.lpzoo.com

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J.R.R. Tolkien’s foremost and only Yiddish-language translator Cool quote that gives some insight into the difficulties of translating texts: But when Bilbo Baggins played with the meaning of his name in a long discussion with the dragon Smaug, Goldstein was forced to admit defeat. “There’s no way to do it, there’s just no way to translate it,” Goldstein said. “So, I put in a footnote and said, ‘This is a pun and I give up.’ ” For one of his first translation projects after his retirement, Barry Goldstein, a former computer programmer, found an empty table at his local Starbucks in Boston and settled in to work on the “Treebeard” chapter from J.R.R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings trilogy. But Goldstein soon realized that he needed something more sizable to occupy his time: 95,022 words later, he had translated the entire text of The Hobbit, the prequel to the Ring series, into Yiddish. Only a little more than 130 copies of Goldstein’s translation have sold since it was released in December. But as Goldstein tells it, he always knew Der Hobit wouldn’t be a best-seller, and the sales were still double his original two-figure estimate. In the heyday of Yiddish literature, the translation of literary classics into the mamaloshen was entirely commonplace. The prewar Yiddish readership is estimated at about 10 million—many of whom spoke Yiddish as their first language and had a rabid appetite for the classics of world literature. Some of the best-selling Yiddish adventure stories included gems like Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island, Jack London’s Klondike series, and Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. “There was a sense that we had to catch Yiddish up with the world and modernism and that any important literary phenomenon that was taking place in the larger world had to be conveyed to the Yiddish-speaking world,” said Miriam Udel, a professor of Yiddish at Emory University. “The cultural ambitions of Ashkenazic Jewry were on the grandest scale, so they didn’t think of themselves as having a small or minority literature or a cultural complex.”Posted in Hobbit Book, J.R.R. Tolkien, Languages, The Hobbit, Tolkien on August 19, 2013 by Demosthenes

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Testicular torsion occurs normally between the ages of 12 and 16 but can occur even before birth and at any age. It happens when a testicle twists, twisting the spermatic cord. The spermatic cord brings blood to the testicle and scrotum. The lack of blood flow causes sudden and severe pain and swelling of the testicle. Testicular torsion generally requires emergency surgery to reestablish the blood flow to the testicle. If it is treated successfully within in a few hours, the testicle can be saved. Waiting longer or failing to diagnose the condition correctly can cause permanent damage to the testicle and can render a man infertile or at least less than optimally fertile. If the blood supply has been cut off for too long, the testicle may die and become so damaged that it may need to be removed. The signs and symptoms of testicular torsion include scrotal swelling, sudden and severe pain in the scrotum, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, having one testicle higher than the other. The cause of testicular torsion is when the testicle rotates on the spermatic cord. If it rotates several times, the blood flow can be entirely lost, so the damage happens more quickly. Men who have testicular torsion often have an inherited trait that allows the testicle to rotate freely inside the scrotum. Unfortunately, it affects both testicles so the event of testicular torsion could happen twice if the doctor fails to fix the testicle that hasn’t yet rotated. The testicular torsion event can follow several different situations, such as physical activity, cold temperatures, a scrotal injury, rapid growth of the testes during puberty and sleeping. Risk factors for testicular torsion include: - It is a most common between the ages of 12 and 16. - Previous testicular torsion. The more frequently the bouts of pain happen, the more likely it is that the testicle is to be permanently injured. - There is a genetic predisposition toward getting testicular torsion. Complications of testicular torsion include damage or death to the testicle. If it is not treated within a few hours, the lack of blood flow to the testicle can damage or kill the testicle. If it is badly damaged, it needs to be surgically removed. Damage or loss of the testicle can impair a man’s ability to father a child. In diagnosing the disorder, the doctor will ask you some questions to verify that you have the symptoms of testicular torsion. Doctors often can diagnose the condition with just a physical examination of your groin, scrotum and testicles. The doctor may test your testicular reflexes by rubbing or pinching the inner thigh. Normally it causes the testicle to contract but this doesn’t happen if the testicle is suffering from torsion. Tests need to be done to rule out other disease or to confirm the diagnosis of testicular torsion. These tests include: - A urinalysis to check for an infection. - A scrotal ultrasound to check for the blood flow in the spermatic cord. If it is decreased, it is a sign of a testicular torsion but know that it doesn’t always pick up the condition. - Surgery is sometimes the only way to prove that an individual has testicular torsion but this is necessary in order to catch testicular torsion within just a few hours. If you’ve had pain for several hours and the doctor’s examination is suspicious for testicular torsion, immediate surgery without any further testing. Delaying the surgery could mean loss of the testicle. In some cases, the doctor can manually remove the torsion but that only buys you some time before surgery must happen. The surgery is usually done under general anesthesia. It is an outpatient surgery. During the surgery the doctor will make a small incision in the scrotum and will untwist the spermatic cord. He will then stich one or both testicles to the inside portion of the scrotum to prevent rotation from occurring again. For More Information Visit: Testicular Torsion Medical Negligence Solicitor

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Biomining and Bioleaching SARDAR HUSSAIN In . Bioleaching where microorganisms are used to facilitate the mining of metals. For biomining specialized microorganisms are used in order to recover valuable metals from ores via bioleaching. Important leaching bacteria are aerobic. Microbial Leaching (Bioleaching, Biomining). Microbial leaching is the process by which metals are dissolved from ore bearing rocks using microorganisms. |Published (Last):||13 January 2012| |PDF File Size:||5.38 Mb| |ePub File Size:||3.9 Mb| |Price:||Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]| Biomining is the use of microorganisms to leach metals from their growth medium. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. These microorganisms over time have developed metabolic networks that can utilize hydrocarbons such as oil and petroleum as a source of carbon and energy. Implementation of biological and chemical techniques biolsaching recover metals from copper-rich leach solutions. What role does recycling play in our metal supply? The process for copper is very similar, but the efficiency and kinetics depend on the copper mineralogy. Via targeted research and further development of bioleaching valuable substances such as economically critical metals could be recovered from mine waste dumps mine tailingscomplex ores, non-sulfidic bioleachinf such as laterites and manganese nodules, as well as industrial residues such as ashes, sludges, slags and even electronic waste. Populations of bacteria and archaea were used to rejuvenate the coast after the oil spill. Two electron acceptors can influence this process: Aspergillus niger can produce some organic acids such as citric acid. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. This yields soluble products that can be further purified and refined to yield the desired metal. The byproducts of the bacterial growth caused the media to turn very acidic, in which the microorganisms still thrived. From in situ mining to mineral processing and treatment technology, biomining provides innovative and cost-effective industrial solutions. Fundamental and Applied Aspects”. Biomining is an environmentally friendly technique compared to typical bio,ining. Treating the mixture with sodium cyanide in the presence of free oxygen dissolves the gold. However, the concentration of gold in its ore is in general very low. Biomining – Wikipedia This research often results in technology implementation for greater efficiency and productivity or novel solutions to complex problems. Adding concentrated acid reverses the equation, and the copper ions go back into an aqueous solution. The copper is removed by bonding to a ligand, which is a large molecule consisting of a number of smaller groupseach possessing a lone electron pair. In this case, the lower cost of bacterial leaching outweighs the time it takes to extract the metal. There is a limited amount of bioleacuing. The potential applications of biomining are countless. Some examples of past projects in biotechnology include a biologically assisted in situ mining program, biodegradation methods, passive bioremediation of acid rock drainage, and bioleaching of ores and concentrates. Biomining: metal recovery from ores with microorganisms. Companies can bioleadhing grow large chemostats of microbes that are leaching metals from their media, these vats of culture can then be transformed into many marketable metal compounds. As a consequence of the microbial activity energy producing reaction:. Please discuss this issue on the article’s talk page. Composition EcoMetals – Innovative eco-efficient biohydrometallurgy process for the recovery of strategic and rare metals: In Temple’s experiment, A. Views Read Edit View history. What are the environmental risks of biomining? Metal Bioleaching (Biomining) Bacteria can mine for metals, clean oil spills, purify gold, and use radioactive elements for energy. He discovered that the bacteria grew faster and were more motile in high iron concentrations. The gold is removed from the solution by adsorbing taking it up on the surface to charcoal. Today the recovery of copper from sulfide ores is the most important industrial application, and a significant proportion of the world copper production originates from heap or dump bioleaching. These organisms secrete different organic compounds that chelate metals from the environment and bring it back to the cell where they are typically used to coordinate electrons.

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Cite Them Right Online explains and demonstrates how to cite, both in-text and in a reference list or bibliography, a wide range of material types: books, journal articles, lecture notes, law reports, web pages, computer games, live performances... Harvard (author-date) is shown throughout but many material types are demonstrated in other citation styles too: APA, Chicago, MHRA, MLA, OSCOLA, Vancouver. General information on referencing and plagiarism is also presented. EndNote is supported by the University and available as desktop run software and as a web application. The desktop version has the full range of features and functions. EndNote online, is freely available in its "Basic" form and may be enough for your needs. Both versions provide automatic citing in Microsoft Word. The desktop version is installed on the open access lab computers where the "Cite While You Write" plug-in, for use with a desktop library or an online group, is already available on Microsoft Word. Register via Web of Science for more file saving space. Then go directly: www.myendnoteweb.com EndNote desktop can be downloaded onto most University machines for free. For personal use on your own machines, EndNote desktop can be bought at an academic discount. Citing and referencing demonstrates breadth of research and helps avoid plagiarism. To understand more about plagiarism and how and why to avoid it, see the University of Edinburgh's Institute for Academic Development's guide: Reference management software lets you store, annotate and group references and also automatically creates citations and reference lists in your documents. There are a number of different reference management software tools available. For help in deciding which is right for you, please see our software comparison table from the link below: There is support and help available from staff on using EndNote, desktop and online. Also for Mendeley. The Digital Skills and Training programme includes workshops and webinars on EndNote for which anyone can sign up and for which the workbooks are sometimes available for people to go through themselves in their own time. Your Academic Support Librarian is another source of advice.

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My research during the fellowship zeroed in on connections between the work of W. E. B. Du Bois and the black freedom struggle in Texas. A regular visitor to the Lone Star State, Texas figured significantly into Du Bois’s publications and political activism. Throughout his life, Du Bois spoke boldly against vicious expressions of white supremacy in Texas even as he highlighted black Texans’ principled protests over the insidious entrenchment of Jim Crow. I presented two lectures in conjunction with this fellowship. The first presentation held at the Gregory School, “W. E. B. Du Bois and Racial Justice in the Lone Star State,” detailed Du Bois’s connections to African Americans in Texas. The second presentation, an academic lecture at Rice University titled “W. E. B. Du Bois and the Black Freedom Struggle in Texas” chronicled Du Bois’s written reflections on Texas. I am currently revising these lectures for publication. The flyer comes courtesy of the Center for Engaged Research and Collaborative Learning at Rice University. A big thanks to Dr. Anthony Pinn and the CERCL staff, along with Gregory School director Hellena Stokes and the fantastic archivists at the Gregory School.

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Reblogged from Clive Best: Overview: Figure 1. shows a comparison of the latest HadCRUT4.6 temperatures with CMIP5 models for Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The temperature data lies significantly below all RCPs, which themselves only diverge after ~2025. Modern Climate models originate from Global Circulation models which are used for weather forecasting. These simulate the 3D hydrodynamic flow of the atmosphere and ocean on earth as it rotates daily on its tilted axis, and while orbiting the sun annually. The meridional flow of energy from the tropics to the poles generates convective cells, prevailing winds, ocean currents and weather systems. Energy must be balanced at the top of the atmosphere between incoming solar energy and out going infra-red energy. This depends on changes in the solar heating, water vapour, clouds , CO2, Ozone etc. This energy balance determines the surface temperature. The disagreement on the global average surface temperature is huge – a spread of 4C. This implies that there must still be a problem relating to achieving overall energy balance at the TOA. Wikipedia tells us that the average temperature should be about 288K or 15C. Despite this discrepancy in reproducing net surface temperature the model trends in warming for RCP8.5 are similar. Likewise weather station measurements of temperature have changed with time and place, so they too do not yield a consistent absolute temperature average. The ‘solution’ to this problem is to use temperature ‘anomalies’ instead, relative to some fixed normal monthly period (baseline). I always use the same baseline as CRU 1961-1990. Global warming is then measured by the change in such global average temperature anomalies. The implicit assumption of this is that nearby weather station and/or ocean measurements warm or cool coherently, such that the changes in temperature relative to the baseline can all be spatially averaged together. The usual example of this is that two nearby stations with different altitudes will have different temperatures but produce the similar ‘anomalies’. A similar procedure is used on the model results to produce temperature anomalies. So how do they compare to the data? Figure 3 shows the result for HadCRUT4.6 compared to the CMIP5 model ensembles run with CO2 forcing levels from RCP8.5, RCP4.5, RCP2.4 and where anomalies use the same 30y normalisation period. Note how all models now converge to the zero baseline (1961-1990) eliminating differences in absolute temperatures. This apparently allows models to be compared directly to measured temperature anomalies, although each use anomalies for different reasons. Those of the data is due to poor coverage while that of the models is due to poor agreement in absolute temperatures. The various dips seen in Fig 3. before 2000 are due to historic volcanic eruptions whose cooling effect has been included in the models. Figure 4 shows a close up detail from 1950-2050. This shows how there is a large spread in model trends even within each RCP ensemble. The data falls below the bulk of model runs after 2005 except briefly during the recent el Nino peak in 2016. Figure 1. shows that the data are now lower than the mean of every RCP, furthermore we won’t be able to distinguish between RCPs until after ~2030. Method: I have downloaded and processed all CMIP5 runs from KNMI Climate Explorer for each RCP. I then calculated annual averages for the 1961-1990 baseline and combined them in all into a single CSV file. These can each be download using for example this URL: RCP85 To retrieve any of the others just change ’85’ to ’60’ or ’45’ or ’26’ in the URL.

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Researchers at the Indiana University released a study today indicating that everyone's favorite form of procrastination -- watching videos of cats-being-cats on the Internet -- "boosts viewers' energy and positive emotions and decreases negative feelings." The study quantifies what even the most casual partaker of online cat videos knows -- that watching them reduces anxiety, annoyance, and general levels of stress in the viewers. The study's author, Jessica Gall Myrick, noted that the positive effects of watching cat videos were comparable to those of pet therapy, and as such could be used in the future as a more economical alternative to it. "Some people may think watching online cat videos isn’t a serious enough topic for academic research, but the fact is that it’s one of the most popular uses of the Internet today," Myrick said in a press release. "If we want to better understand the effects the Internet may have on us as individuals and on society, then researchers can’t ignore Internet cats anymore." "As a media researcher and online cat video viewer, I felt compelled to gather some data about this pop culture phenomenon," she added. The study surveyed 7,000 people who regularly view cat videos, and was distributed, in part, by Mike Bridavsky, owner of the cat phenom "Lil Bub." Participants reported that they felt more energetic and optimistic after watching the videos, and harbored fewer negative emotions. "Even if they are watching cat videos on YouTube to procrastinate or while they should be working, the emotional pay-off may actually help people take on tough tasks afterward," Myrick said. Scientifically reduce your stress level and improve your energy by watching the following the video of kittens mewing and meowing.

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One group stands above all others for applauding this convergence. They are known as transhumanists. Most prominent among which are professors, philosophers, scientists and celebrities. The transhumanists see a world of problems just begging to be solved with converging technology. What most people don’t realize is that this concept is not new. It is in fact a repackaging of what was once called eugenics. The term eugenics means good genes, or good origin. It was coined in 1883, by British scientist Sir Francis Galton. He defined eugenics as “A moral philosophy to improve humanity by encouraging the best and brightest to breed”. Galton was the half-cousin of Sir Charles Darwin, the famous originator of the theory of evolution, which also would come to be known as Darwinism. Galton actually used the theory of evolution to substantiate his new science of eugenics. In his book, Studies on Hereditary Genius, he attempted to prove that the aristocratic families of the British empire were in fact a superior race. The fact that in the struggle for life, they had made it to the very top of society proved that they were the best that humanity had to offer. It is important to note that Darwin’s famous The Origin of Species is subtitled Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Not surprisingly, the Royal Society, a scientific institution dedicated to the improvement of natural knowledge, picked up on these new ideas and promoted Darwin heavily. Being a creation of the British monarchy, the Royal Society was obviously in favor of promoting the idea of the genetic superiority of the royal family. Science itself was being positioned to replace the old religious appeal, with the divine right of Kings to rule over the inferior masses. Darwin himself stated “Elite status is prima facie evidence of evolutionary superiority”. Through scientism, science as religion, Darwinism could in fact bring about social change. Social Darwinism would manifest itself as eugenics. To eugenicists, the masses were cattle, with Galton calling eugenics ‘the science of improving the stock’. The rise of scientism began the widespread proliferation of eugenics as it reached American shores at the turn of the century. The Eugenics Record Office in Cold Springs Harbor New York went to work amassing hundreds of thousands of family pedigrees for genetic research. They also lobbied for state sterilization acts and other eugenic legislation. In 1899, Henry Clay Sharp, a prison physician, began sterilizing degenerate prisoners, and later in 1907 he was a key advocate for a law in Indiana that was passed, mandating the compulsory sterilization of degenerates throughout the state. In 1921, the American Eugenics Society was formed and began propaganda campaigns which included the promotion of eugenics in churches, schools, and state fair exhibitions. Funding for American eugenics came from the Carnegie, Harriman, and Rockefeller families among others. Eugenics was being accepted as a genuine form of science. Social Darwinism made strong advances toward a world in which scientism would fulfill Galton’s dream of having eugenics be the religion of the future. But a major setback occurred at the end of World War II. It was discovered that American eugenics had been a major influence on Hitler’s Final Solution. In 1934, Rudolf Hess had stated that “national socialism is nothing but applied biology”. Hitler had only wanted to preserve the best German stocks and elevate them to a dominate position in society. It was at this point in eugenics history that a crucial move had to be made in order to hide eugenics from the now aware masses of humanity. Prominent eugenicist Sir Julian Huxley stepped up and offered a solution. He simply invented a new word to replace eugenics. That term being, TRANSHUMANISM, which he defined as the need for mankind to realize the importance of steering the direction of its own evolution. Yes, eugenics was one of the original aspects of transhumanism. And it is no surprise as Julian was the grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley, who had been a president of the Royal Society, and one of the most well known advocates of Darwinism in its early days. Julian, being properly raised, was educated at Oxford. His specialty being evolutionary biology. He went on to many high level positions, which included the titles of Vice President and President of the British Eugenics Society, which of course had the task of removing undesirable variants from the human gene pool. Julian Huxley had said the following of eugenics “The lowest strata are reproducing too fast. Therefore… they must not have too easy access to relief or hospital treatment lest the removal of the last check on natural selection should make it too easy for children to be produced or to survive; Long unemployment should be a ground for sterilization”. At this point it’s important to understand the legal definition of the word terrorist. Since 9/11, a mountain of legislation has been passed, including the Patriot Act, the Military Commission Act, the John Warner Defense Act and countless others. All of which have, through their legislative cunning, rendered the term terrorist so ambiguous that you can be deemed a terrorist for any reason at all. You can be taken to a secret prison without charges, without Habeas Corpus, and with no rights whatsoever. These laws were not written on a whim. They were specifically designed to give the government carte blanche authority over the people during the chaos and confusion of the Age of Transitions. And so, this transition is perhaps the most important transition of all time. Some people don’t want it. They fear this transition because this transition is to a planetary civilization tolerant of many cultures. These are the terrists. In their gut, they fear this, because they know they are witnessing the birth plans of a beginning of a new planetary civilization and the terrists want nothing to do with it. -Michio Kaku (terrist as in terra firma, the Earth, etc. Sounds a bit like another word though, doesn’t it?) The British Ministry of Defence has published its “Strategic Trends” report. The report has attempted to predict what will happen from 2007 until 2035. It predicts global chaos. It states that as global interdependence increases, every aspect of human life will change. Climate change, competition for resources, shortages of food and water, and the constant threat of pandemics, will keep people in a world wide state of shock. During the next 30 years, every aspect of human life will change… As the middle class in the west declines, extremist politics will be embraced by some out of desperation. Flash mobs will threaten military forces which admittedly will be working alongside police. As America and Europe decline in power, China and India are expected to gain prominence on the global stage. The population of the west will decrease due to declining fertility. The report mentions this declining fertility on three separate occasions, but interestingly never explains the cause of this problem. Amid all this crisis, technological breakthroughs will develop at an unprecedented rate. Human computer interfaces will stimulate cultural change. By 2035, an implantable information chip could be developed and wired directly to the user’s brain… synthetic sensory perception beamed directly to the user’s senses. It is likely that the majority of the global population will find it difficult to ‘turn the outside world off’. ICT is likely to be so pervasive that people are permanently connected to a network or two-way data stream with inherent challenges to civil liberties; being disconnected could be considered suspicious. A small super-rich elite and a substantial underclass of slum and subsistence dwellers… A more permissive R&D environment could accelerate the decline of ethical constraints and restraints. The speed of technological and cultural change could overwhelm society’s ability to absorb the ethical implications… The nearest approximation to an ethical framework could become a form of secular utilitarianism, in an otherwise amoral scientific culture. Declining youth populations in Western societies could become increasingly dissatisfied with their economically burdensome ‘baby boomer elders’… This could lead to a civic renaissance, with strict penalties for those failing to fulfill their social obligations. It might also open the way to policies which permit euthanasia as a means to reduce the burden of care for the elderly. The problem is that we are living in a virtual reality. We’re living in a totally controlled environment. An environment that has been created by mass media. Now, many people, especially young people, accept unquestioningly the reality that is presented by the media. Popular culture, movies, television, music–carry messages about how society works and how people should behave, and so entertainment is not value free. It has ideological content it presents itself. It presents a world view that influences the people who watch the programming. There is a reason why television networks and the music industry, the various companies, they have programming departments. The programming that we are constantly assaulted by throughout our life, conditions us. It programs a particular world view.

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What is direct or icon machine translation method? Direct or icon method of machine translation is based on establishing a direct relationship between the source and target dictionary entries 2. What is transfer-based machine translation method? According to the transfer-based method of translation grammars of the source and target languages are matched in the process of translation by a set of rules called transfer. 3. What is pivot-language based machine translation method? A pivot language is a formal description of morphological, syntactic and semantic characteristics of a language unit in the form of one-to-one relationship. Each language unit is related to a specific invariable atom in the pivot language structure and vice versa, each atom of the pivot language structure is invariably connected with the units of various languages. Pivot language-based machine translation basic method. In a way it is similar to the transfer-based; however, there are several critical differences. pivot language representation involves all available linguistic information. pivot language-based systems claim to be universal, i.e. applicable to any language. 4. What are artificial intelligence and statistical machine translation methods? The main component of the AI translation model is its so-called «knowledge base». According to an AI-based translation model the results of linguistic analyses at all language levels are verified against extral-linguistic information contained in the knowledge base. In AI-based translation models disambiguation procedures are radically different and based first and most of all on the analysis of situation and background information (knowledge base), whereas purely linguistic context analysis methods serve only as secondary back-up tools. 5. What is computer-aided translation? How is it used in human translation? computer-aided translation is a tool to assist human translation. a translator is using a machine translation system (usually a direct translation variety) for the search of equivalents both for individual words and small text fragments. Date: 2014-12-29; view: 304

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There’s a tasty little berry that’s gaining a solid reputation as a powerful promoter of good health. The official name for this berry is Lycium barbarum. It’s more commonly known as the goji berry. The goji berry has a long history, having been used in Chinese medicine for 6,000 years to treat a variety of medical problems. What are the health benefits of the goji berry? A list here describe lots of health benefits of the Goji Berry!! One of the most compelling health benefits of the goji berry is its ability to protect visual health. Some of the beneficial biochemicals found in the goji berry include Zeaxanthin biochemicals to help maintain healthy vision by reducing the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration which can lead to blindness. The goji berry is a rich source of antioxidants, including the powerful carotenoids that have been shown in some studies to have cancer preventative properties. The antioxidants found in the goji berry have also been shown in preliminary research studies to reduce cholesterol and lower blood sugar levels. There are various ways you can take advantage of the benefits of the goji berry. These include eating the raw or cooked berry. Adding goji berry powder to different food and drink preparations. Drinking goji berry juice, and taking goji berry extract. One of the most health advantages of the goji berry has concentrated on the raw goji berry. Although it would seem likely that the juice, powder, and extract would have some of the same healthy properties. It’s important to note that many of the claims made about the benefits of the goji berry have not been adequately documented through scientific study at this point. Claims that the goji berry increases longevity and improves sexual function are not supported by adequate research. Until further research is conducted in these areas. It’s best to avoid using concentrated sources such as goji extract to treat these conditions. 4.Lower LDL Cholesterol The health benefits of the goji berry also include the potential to lower LDL cholesterol levels and improve heart health as well as playing a possible role in the prevention of senility. Several small studies have looked at components of the goji berry as a treatment for obesity. Although this effect is far from proven, a few small studies showed that obese patients who drank goji tea experienced weight loss. This particular berry has been regarded as one of the healthiest fruits on earth and anti-aging is only one of its many benefits. This super berry has been known to be used in the Himalayas and parts of China which are the home to the oldest people on earth. The goji berry is known to help the body with detoxification, cleanse the blood and immune system, to assist with weight loss. It also helps fight insomnia and forgetfulness, alleviates heart palpitations. Are there any drawbacks to use of the goji berry? Are there potential side effects to the consumption of high quantities of goji berries? One concern is that goji berries may interact adversely with certain blood-thinning medications. If you’ve been placed on blood thinners for any reason, consult your doctor before using any derivative of the goji berry. If you want to experience the goji berry for yourself and its described health benefits. You can find the goji berry and juice at health food stores, online.

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In the beginnings of the Quaker faith in the middle of the 17th century, George Fox encouraged his followers in their meditation practice: 'In the Light '... ye may receive the secrets of God and His wisdom, may know the shadow of the Almighty, and sit under it in all tempests ... See what the Light doth make manifest and discover, as temptations, distractions, confusions; do not look at these temptations, confusions, corruptions, but at the Light which discovers them and makes them manifest; and with the same Light you may feel over them, to receive power to stand against them ... After thou seest thy thoughts and the temptation, do not think but submit, and then power comes. Stand still in the Light and submit to it ... and when temptations and troubles appear, sink down in that which is pure, and all will be hushed and fly away. Stand still in the Light ... That will give victory, and ye will find grace and strength; there is the first step to peace. If you love this Light it will teach you ... ... All things are discovered with the Light. Thou that lovest it, here's thy teacher when thou art walking abroad, 'tis present with thee in thy bosom, thou need'st not to say, lo here, or lo there. And as thou liest in thy bed 'tis present to teach thee ...' Edited passages from George Fox's writing Light to live by; an exploration in Quaker spirituality

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Tess was a minor character in this book who made a huge impact on the plot. How did she accomplish this, and how would the plot have been altered had she not been included in the story line? Training and education are topics of discussion in this book. Where do these topics appear in this book, and what effects do they have on the characters involved in those scenes? Friendship is a central theme of this book. What are the main friendships, and how did their inclusion in this book affect the outcome of the plot? Stephenson presents the idea that there are two sides to every man. Choose three of the characters from the book and write about their dual natures and how this duality affected the characters around them. Protection is a strong theme in this story. Where does this theme appear, and which characters are... This section contains 643 words (approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)

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Tracking Electromagnetic Energy With SQUIDs - Wednesday, 18 April 2007 A superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is a gadget used to measure extremely weak signals, specifically magnetic flux. It can detect subtle changes in energy, up to 100 billion times weaker than the electromagnetic energy required to move a compass needle. SQUIDs are used for a variety of testing procedures where extreme sensitivity is required and where the test instrument need not come into direct contact with the test subject. NASA uses SQUIDs for remote, noncontact sensing in a variety of venues, including monitoring the Earth's magnetic field and tracking brain activity of pilots. Scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center have been making extensive use of this technology, from astrophysical research, to tracking the navigational paths of bees in flight to determine if they are using internal compasses. These very sensitive measurement devices have a wide variety of uses within NASA and even more uses within the commercial realm. STAR Cryoelectronics, LLC (STARCryo), of Los Alamos, New Mexico, specializes in developing, manufacturing, and marketing ultrasensitive SQUID sensors and advanced personal computer-based SQUID control electronics. Its customer base is worldwide. STARCryo was successful in obtaining NASA Phase I and II Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract funding to develop new technologies and bring them to market. This funding included performing advanced electronics and sensor work at Goddard. The work involved generating voltage gain through arrays and cryogenic amplifiers for detectors. STARCryo's SQUID is the most sensitive detector of magnetic flux available, making it ideal for a variety of uses, including high-resolution measurements of current, voltage, magnetic field or field gradient, gravitational field, and magnetic susceptibility. STARCryo now offers an extensive range of SQUID sensors and packaging options for applications in biomedical imaging, nondestructive testing of materials, geophysical exploration, and basic research. STARCryo's SQUIDs are in use at major university, government, and corporate research laboratories all throughout the world. The PC-based SQUID control-electronics that STARCryo manufactures are marketed under the trade name pcSQUID and offer unsurpassed flexibility and performance for single- and multi-channel applications, in addition to being convenient and easy to use. A convenient interface for Microsoft Windows puts the SQUID control on the computer, fully integrated with data acquisition and analysis tools. STARCryo's sensors are used at medical research centers around the world to record and localize the magnetic signals associated with neural activity in the brain. Magnetoencephalography (MEG), the monitoring of magnetic fields in the brain, is emerging as the primary tool for investigating brain wave activity. Other competing techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), cannot offer the millisecond temporal resolution attainable with MEG. MEG is an essential tool for mapping functional brain activity and may be superposed with MRI data in order to correlate localized brain activity with anatomical information. The data are invaluable for pre-operative surgical planning, and insurance companies in the United States are now paying reimbursements for the procedure. STARCryo's pcSQUID is also being used with magnetocardiography (MCG), a modern medial approach to monitoring heart health, primarily a patient's risk of sudden cardiac death, a disease that claims over 300,000 lives in the United States each year. STARCryo's ultra-sensitive SQUID sensors are ideally suited for applications such as MCG. The SQUID sensors have also found applications in the field of nondestructive evaluation (NDE), where they are ideal, due to their extraordinary sensitivity and enormous bandwidth. The NDE applications fall into three categories: imaging of surfaces and sub-surface features, flaws, defects, and voids in materials; imaging of materials that have been pre-magnetized by a pulsed or static background magnetic field; and imaging of intrinsic or applied electric currents in electronic circuits or materials. In the aerospace industry, SQUIDs are being used to obtain magnetic images of cracks in aircraft wheel rims and to inspect jet engine turbine blades, as well as to image defects in models of typical aircraft lap joints. Other applications include the evaluation of steel plates used to build ship hulls and the inspection of concrete infrastructures, such as bridgework. STARCryo has also found use for their SQUIDs in the field of geophysical exploration. Again, due to their extreme sensitivity, small size, enormous bandwidth, and flat frequency response, they have been used for bore hole depth profiling, airborne surveying, transient electromagnetics, magnetoellurics, and controlled source audio magnetoellurics.

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You will need: Coloured Magazine pages Cardboard cut outs of any animal or shape Cut magazine pages into 1cm strips – glossy pages are better (are brighter and sturdier for little fingers), but not necessary. Try to use a variety of colours and images so the finished product is bright and interesting. This can be done prior to the activity on a guillotine. Select a shape – these can either be made by the student, or bought in pre-cut packs from a craft store. Starting at one side of the image, at the very edge, glue down a strip of paper. Glue another strip, slightly overlapping the last one. Try using a strip that is totally different in colour to your first one. Continue until you have finished. You can choose to both sides. Let your masterpiece dry completely. Cut out shapes to fit with a literacy or numeracy activity you are presently doing – an animal, a shape, a number, a letter of the alphabet These look great if you add some string or fishing line and then hang up, or displayed on a clear window. They can also be laminated for strength and made into a bookmark. For grief and loss: This would be a great activity for helping children to feel relaxed and to build rapport over a chat. Most children will have success with this and it can help give a positive sense of achievement and self-esteem. Some children may be overwhelmed when talking about emotions. This activity could help the child focus on something other than the emotion, and soften to impact if talking about strong emotions such as anger or rejection. Helping the child to identify their emotions can then lead to asking them where in their body they feel this emotion. Maybe they have a fluttery stomach, or a knot in their chest, or feel tight between the shoulders, or get a headache. Helping the child make the connection between their emotions and what is happening in their body, will help them to recognise something has triggered them to feel that way. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy tells us that thinking can effect our emotions, which in turn effects our body, and then effects our behaviours. If the child is exhibiting difficult behaviours, then helping them to make good choices at this point is very beneficial. Coping strategies can include, stopping and taking 10 deep breaths; imagine a lovely place and visualise the colours, the textures, the sound; go play with a pet; go ride a bike; play with a friend; listen to some music; do some craft (this activity!); do some drawing; do some reading; or doing something pleasurable such as working on a hobby. These strategies can help in lowering the stress levels of a child, but changing behaviour comes from changing cognitions. Helping the child to change their thinking and beliefs so attitudes and faulty thinking patterns can be addressed may be further required through clinical support. Links to the Australian Curriculum: ACPMP010 , Foundation Year, Health and Physical Education Explore how regular physical activity keeps individuals healthy and well - describing their feelings after participating in different physical activities - describing how the body responds to participating in different physical activities - social, emotional and cognitive benefits of regular physical activity - strategies for minimising sedentary behaviour and including physical activity in daily routines. ACPPS005, Foundation Year, Communicating and interacting for health and well being Identify and describe emotional responses people may experience in different situations - identifying and describing the emotions of people who are happy, sad, excited, tired, angry, scared or confused - talking about connections between feelings, body reactions and body language - recalling and sharing emotional responses to different situations and representing this in a variety of ways ACPPS038, Year 3/4, Communicating and interacting for health and well being Investigate how emotional responses vary in depth and strength - recognising own emotional responses and levels of their response in different situations - analysing scenarios and identifying possible triggers and warning signs to predict emotional responses - describing strategies they can use to identify and manage their emotions before making a decision to act ACPPS075, Year 7/8, Communicating and interacting for health and well being Analyse factors that influence emotions, and develop strategies to demonstrate empathy and sensitivity - recognising and interpreting emotional responses to stressful situations and proposing strategies for managing these responses Australian Curriculum, Health and Physical Education, Ver. 8.3, http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/health-and-physical-education/curriculum/f-10 Simmons, J. & Griffiths, R. (2012) CBT for beginners, SAGE Publications, London Geldard, K. & Geldard, D. (2008) Counselling Children, SAGE Publications, London For more information on grief and loss visit blueskiestomorrow.com Follow blueskiescraft on Instagram and Blue Skies Tomorrow on Facebook Blue Skies Craft – Using Craft to Restore

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December 27th, 2018 | For Family Members You just celebrated the holidays. Though the holidays are a joyous time of year, they can also be stressful and tiring for adult children, especially those who may have not seen their loved one for some time. They may have seemed more forgetful, depressed or confused. Do they have Alzheimer’s disease or Dementia? Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which is both debilitating and life-changing. Is it time to start researching assisted living or memory care communities? Fortunately, there are warning signs your loved one may have Alzheimer’s disease or Dementia that can help you determine if it’s time to look at visiting a community, or at least visiting a doctor. 10 Early Indicators of Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia in Seniors: -Forgetfulness and Short-Term Memory Loss The early effects of memory loss cause people to forget entire conversations from just moments before. Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease typically affect short term-memory first (memories that took place just a few moments ago). One of the most telling signs of memory issues are when those suffering forget important dates, the ability to remember their family members or ask for the same information repeatedly. -Increased Confusion or Increased Lack of Concentration Confusion about times and places can be one of the first indicators of memory loss. Tasks can take much longer than usual, people may forget where they’re going or how they got there or even be unable to navigate to familiar places. This leads to forgetting to track time, seasons and even the passage of time (which leads to forgotten appointments). -Items Show Up In Strange Places or Loved Ones Are Losing Things We all lose things - but those suffering with the early stages of Dementia or Alzheimer’s disease “lose” keys or other things in strange places (like the refrigerator). To compound the issue, those affected may lose items and forget how to retrace their steps. Situations can further escalate to paranoia or theft accusations against caregivers. -Difficulty Doing Common Tasks Anyone with memory loss or early signs of Dementia might not remember the coordination associated with cooking a favorite recipe, playing a familiar game, driving a vehicle or performing a hobby. Often, early signs of Alzheimer’s disease or Dementia are noticeable in depth perception, misjudged distances, and seeing colors- attributing for clumsiness, having accidents, falling or other serious health concerns. -Speaking Problems and Other Language Issues Issues with memory loss can also cause problems with processing and forming language. This can be apparent in conversations and writing. Your loved ones often compensate for this by using stand-in words or their own terms to avoid describing objects and difficult actions. Sometimes, those suffering will stop abruptly during sentences or when engaged in conversation. -Loved Ones Having Problems with Abstract Thinking Those suffering from memory loss sometimes have difficulty remembering numbers or doing math problems that are traditionally easy for them like simple change calculations, balancing checkbooks, or performing addition and subtraction. -Lapses of Judgement / Issues Making Decisions While making a bad judgement call or having a difficult time making decisions isn’t necessarily a “sign of Alzheimer’s” or a “sign of Dementia,” it could be one of the signs your senior parent or loved one might have Dementia. This could include your loved one falling for offers that are clearly scams, spending a reckless amount of money, or dressing inappropriately for weather conditions or following up on simple plans. -Personality Changes, Mood Swings, Frustration, Fear and Anxiety Sometimes, those suffering with memory care needs have mood swings and show changes in personality. This can cause those suffering to get scared, act fearful, be depressed, become angry, overly anxious or even worried. This can even cause a calm, confident adult to become immediately tentative, shy, and confused especially when they’re outside of their comfort zone - like in a public area. -Loss of Grooming Ability or Changes in Personal Hygiene Declining attention to personal care (infrequent bathing, wearing the same clothes day in and out, not brushing teeth or hair) are often precursors to dementia. The same is true about cleaning the home - if a home’s cleanliness declines suddenly, it could be a sign of a memory issue. -Loved Ones Withdrawal from Friends and Family One of the biggest red flags is when seniors start withdrawing from social opportunities and activities that they enjoyed in the past. Legend Senior Living has found that seniors with dementia and Alzheimer’s disorder avoid being around people to avoid drawing attention to their memory loss, lapses in memory, or difficulty communicating because of memory loss. These symptoms can seem pretty normal as we engage and interact with our loved ones however, they can also be very telling in understanding how memory loss such as Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease affect our loved ones. If you notice these symptoms in your loved one, we encourage you to seek out additional care options and services that ensure your loved one is getting the care they need to live their best life. For more information on Memory Care services at Legend Senior Living, Click Here! To read more Helpful Articles, Click Here!

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Gravitational waves provide strong evidence for inflation BY KEITH COOPER Posted: MARCH 17, 2014 The first direct evidence for not only the inflation of the Universe when it was a mere fraction of a second old, but also the presence of gravitational waves rippling through space, has come to light following observations made by the BICEP2 telescope located at the South Pole. Until now, inflation has been the big bang model's achilles heel. The big bang is a direct result of the observation, first made in the 1920s by Edwin Hubble, that we live in an expanding Universe and that once upon a time - 13.81 billion years ago to be precise - the Universe was much smaller, so small in fact that it was practically a single point containing all the mass and energy that is in the Universe today. With all that pent up energy it is little wonder the Universe instantly began to expand after it was born, but gradually astronomers in the twentieth century began to notice something odd. The Universe is huge and today it has expanded so that the farthest visible regions are around 96 billion light years apart. They are so far apart that it is impossible for light, or indeed any physical properties, to have had enough time to have been transmitted from one side to another given the age of the Universe and yet these distant regions all look pretty much the same, sharing the same characteristics. In 1980, MIT physicist Alan Guth supplied a theoretical answer to this paradox, which he called inflation. He suggested that in the first instants after the big bang, the Universe underwent an extreme bout of expansion. It lasted less than a second but in this time the Universe inflated 100 trillion trillion times, far outpacing the speed of light (it could do this because it was space itself that was expanding - the speed of light is the speed limit for objects within space). This moment of inflation instantly took regions that had been in close proximity, sharing characteristics, and moved them far, far away from each other. This was all well and good, but there was a problem: what caused inflation was a mystery and still is to a large extent. However, the new observations from BICEP2 promise to help narrow down the options. "The issue with inflation is that it requires new fundamental physics beyond the four known forces of nature to explain," says Marc Kamionkowski, a cosmologist from Johns Hopkins University who was not part of the BICEP2 study. "The strength of the signal tells us how energetic inflation was, which will help us constrain the various theories. It is the smoking gun for inflation." BICEP2 (Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarisation) studied polarised light in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This microwave light was emitted around 380,000 years after the big bang when the Universe had sufficiently cooled to allow electrons to combine with atoms and light to travel unhindered throughout the cosmos without the electrons to scatter off. However, prior to this epoch of 'recombination', photons of light had spent much of their time scattering off electrons. This left a polarisation signal in the CMB, just like the way light is polarised when it reflects off the surface of a pond. Using BICEP2 astronomers were able to measure this polarisation signal and found that its pattern was a particularly unique one, in technical jargon known as 'B-mode' polarisation. It describes how the polarisation can be either left handed or right handed and leaves an identifiable swirly pattern that is exactly what we would expect from gravitational waves that were expanded by inflation. "We are convinced the signal is real and is not foreground emission," says Clem Pryke of the University of Minnesota. "The most reasonable interpretation is that these are gravitational waves dating from the inflationary epoch written in the CMB sky." This observation of characteristics of the Universe dating back to the first tiny fraction of a second after the big bang was achieved by using a remarkable telescope. BICEP2 is composed of 512 superconducting detectors that, when chilled to a mere 0.25 degrees above absolute zero allow electrical currents to flow with zero resistance, vastly increasing the telescope's sensitivity. "This is the deepest measurement technologically of the polarisation that is possible," says Jamie Bock of Caltech, who co-led the BICEP2 experiment. Although a truly remarkable observation in every way, Kamionkowski offers a note of caution, pointing out that the observations have to be verified first. The BICEP3 experiment is already underway at the South Pole, while in space the European Space Agency has its Planck telescope that has been studying the CMB and its polarisation. Nevertheless, Kamionkowski is enthused by the findings. "Inflation has sent us a telegram encoded in the gravitational waves of the CMB," he says. "It will take decades to understand exactly what this telegram is telling us." HOME | NEWS ARCHIVE | MAGAZINE | SOLAR SYSTEM | SKY CHART | RESOURCES | STORE | SPACEFLIGHT NOW © 2014 Pole Star Publications Ltd.

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Search articles from 1992 to the present. Plant Goldenrods for Late Season Bloom This article was published originally on 8/12/1992Convincing some gardeners of the landscape value of goldenrods (Solidago species and hybrids) is difficult. These plants have long suffered from an undeserved reputation as a common field weed that causes hay fever. In fact, ragweed is the primary hay fever culprit. Goldenrod is falsely accused because it flowers abundantly during the peak allergy season. Goldenrods are easy to grow when planted in good garden soil in full sun. They are extremely hardy, drought tolerant, long-lived perennials. They also have few insect or disease problems and require minimal maintenance. Most goldenrods are clump forming plants with erect to somewhat arching stems of varying heights and alternately arranged leaves. Flowers are typically yellow, but there are a few scarce white forms. Individual flowers are very small but are borne in great numbers to form flower heads of various shapes and sizes. Plants bloom over a long period in late summer and fall. There are more than 125 species of goldenrods. Most of these are native American wildflowers. Many are well adapted to the midwest. Iowa has over a dozen native Solidago species that are relatively common, as well as a few rare ones. An interesting prairie species, stiff or rigid goldenrod (S. rigida), has flowers in flat-topped clusters atop a rigid stem. Dyersweed or gray goldenrod (S. nemoralis) grows in open woods as well as dry, upland prairies. Most of our native species are best placed in naturalistic areas of the landscape. Not every goldenrod fits into all landscape situations. Successful use of these herbaceous perennials depends on careful plant selection. Several goldenrod species and hybrids are outstanding perennial garden plants. They are also excellent cut flowers, both fresh and dried. New cultivars and hybrids offer neat, compact growth, as well as a variety of flower forms. Some of the named cultivars include the following: Cloth of Gold --- 18 inches tall, vigorous plant that blooms in August and September. The hybrid forms will need division every four to five years. Some species have very strong spreading tendencies and are best kept out of the garden unless you are willing to divide them every couple years. Division is best done in early spring just as growth commences, but most goldenrods are also easily propagated by tip cuttings taken in spring or by basal cuttings taken in fall. Year of Publication: IC-463(21) -- August 12, 1992

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Schizophrenia is among the most severe forms of mental illness, yet some people with the disease are as happy as those in good physical and mental health according to a study led by researchers at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine. The study is published online this week in the journal Schizophrenia Research. "People tend to think that happiness in schizophrenia is an oxymoron," said senior author Dilip V. Jeste, MD, Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Neurosciences. "Without discounting the suffering this disease inflicts on people, our study shows that happiness is an attainable goal for at least some schizophrenia patients," said Jeste, who is also the Estelle and Edgar Levi Chair in Aging and director of the Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging at UC San Diego. "This means we can help make these individuals' lives happier." In a survey of people with the disease, researchers found that 37 percent of patients reported being happy all or most of the time. Of clinical significance in terms of helping people with mental illness, the patients' happiness was unrelated to the severity or duration of their illness, to cognitive or physical function or to socioeconomic factors such as age and education, which among healthy adults have been linked to a greater sense of well-being. Instead, the study shows that happiness among those with chronic forms of schizophrenia is associated with positive psychological and social attributes such as resilience, optimism and lower perceived stress. The researchers believe that these positive psychosocial attributes could be taught through behavioral modification and mindfulness training techniques. The study is based on a survey of 72 English-speaking outpatients with schizophrenia in the San Diego area. At the time of the survey, all but nine of the patients were on at least one anti-psychotic medication and 59 percent were residents in assisted-living facilities. The comparison group for the study included 64 healthy men and women who were part of an ongoing study on successful aging. These participants were not currently using alcohol or illicit substances and did not have diagnoses of dementia or other neurological problems. Participants ranged in age from 23 to 70 years old; the mean age for both groups was 50 years. The survey probed respondents' happiness during the previous week, asking them to rate statements such as "I was happy" and "I enjoyed life" on a scale from "never or rarely" to "all or most of the time." Responses suggest that about 37 percent of schizophrenia patients were happy most or all of the time, compared with about 83 percent for those in the comparison group. Approximately 15 percent of schizophrenia patients reported being never or rarely happy. By contrast, none of in the comparison group reported such a low level of happiness for the week prior. People's self-reported happiness was then examined in relation to other factors, such as age, gender, education, living situation, medication status, anxiety levels and other mental health metrics, as well as physical health, cognitive function, and a list of "psychosocial factors" that included perceived stress, attitude toward aging, spirituality, optimism, resilience and personal mastery. "People with schizophrenia are clearly less happy than those in the general population at large, but this is not surprising," said lead author Barton W. Palmer, PhD, professor in the UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry. "What is impressive is that almost 40 percent of these patients are reporting happiness and that their happiness is associated with positive psychosocial attributes that can be potentially enhanced." Explore further: Paradox of aging: The older we get, the better we feel?

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Household Hazardous Waste – Safe & Healthy Living Chemicals are an integral part of our lives. Most are found in products used for cleaning, automobile maintenance, home improvements, hobbies, personal care, lawn and garden care, and a variety of other tasks. However, many common chemical products in the home (basement, kitchen, garage, workshop, and garden shed) contain hazardous ingredients which need to be used, stored, and disposed of responsibly. Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) is that portion of a household product which is no longer usable or wanted and has to be disposed of. HHW can also be described as discarded solid or liquid materials or containers holding gases which may cause an adverse, harmful, or damaging biological effect in an organism or the environment. There are multiple reasons to be cautious about our exposure to some chemicals. An increasing number of studies have indicated that environmental toxins, including those chemicals found in typical household products, can have detrimental effects on human health and the environment, both from immediate, acute exposures as well as long-term, low-dose exposures. Why It’s Important to Use, Store, and Dispose of Chemical Products Responsibly Explore the pages below to learn more and how to reduce any risks.

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Every farm and homestead can enjoy the timeless pleasure of a fruit orchard. Yet this can also be challenging, because few people today have the depth of knowledge and experience that’s needed to produce healthy trees and nutritious, great-tasting fruit. At the same time, both orchardists and consumers are looking to avoid spraying harmful and expensive chemicals on their trees. The answer is to create a more holistic orchard, one that emphasizes biological health and diversity – from the microscopic fungi in the soil to the beneficial insects, companion plants, and the birds and wildlife that together form a complete and living orchard ecosystem. In other words, it’s time for us to start working with nature, rather than fighting against it. Michael Phillips is a pioneering author and orchardist whose books include The Holistic Orchard and The Apple Grower. In this video, he leads viewers through a year in his own orchard, demonstrating basic horticultural skills like grafting and pruning, but also revealing groundbreaking and field-tested strategies for growing apples and other tree fruits not just organically, but holistically. With this information in hand, there’s now every reason to confidently plant that very first fruit tree!

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New Research Examines Genetics Of Successful Aging PITTSBURGH, August 10, 2006 — Scientists have identified genes related to reaching age 90 with preserved cognition, according to a study published in the September issue of the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. The study, which was conducted at the University of Pittsburgh is among the first to identify genetic links to cognitive longevity. “Successful aging has been defined in many ways, however, we focused on individuals who had reached at least 90 without significant decline in mental capacity,” said lead researcher George S. Zubenko, M.D., Ph.D., professor of psychiatry and biological sciences at the University of Pittsburgh. “While this is a goal that many of us share, such a definition of ‘successful aging’ can be determined objectively and consistently across subjects—an important requirement of scientific studies.” While previous research has revealed that genes make important contributions to exceptional longevity, the goal of this study was to identify regions of the human genome that contributed, along with lifestyle factors, to reaching age 90 with preserved cognition. The study involved 100 people age 90 and older who had preserved cognition as measured by clinical and psychometric assessments. Half of the subjects were male, half were female. Using a novel genome survey method, scientists compared the DNA of the study sample with that of 100 young adults, aged 18-25, who were matched for sex, race, ethnicity and geographic location. Particularly, Dr. Zubenko and his research team attempted to identify specific genetic sequences present in older individuals that may be linked to reaching older ages with preserved cognitive abilities, or conversely, specific genetic sequences present in younger individuals (and not present in those over age 90) that may impede successful aging. The study also looked at a variety of lifestyle factors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, with the goal of eventually exploring the interactive effects of genes and lifestyle on successful aging. The study identified nine genetic regions that were associated with successful aging, some of which affected men or women, but not both. “Historically women have lived longer than men on average, the prevalence of numerous serious diseases differs in men and women, and there are important differences in age-related physiological changes that occur between the sexes over the life span,” said Dr. Zubenko. “It would not be surprising if the collection of genes that influences the capacity to reach old age with normal mental capacity differs somewhat for men and women.” The majority of the successful aging or “SAG” regions overlapped with gene locations previously reported to show linkage to susceptibility genes for cardiovascular disorders, psychiatric disorders and the accumulation of tissue damage due to oxidative stress. The results of the study also highlighted the detrimental effects of cigarette smoking, excessive drinking and serious mental disorders on successful aging in both sexes. “The finding that genetics, lifestyle decision making, and their interactions, may influence the ability to reach old age with preserved cognition is exciting,” stated Dr. Zubenko. “Identifying such genetic and behavioral factors may hold promise for better understanding the aging process and perhaps one day enriching or extending the lives of other individuals.” The study was published online ahead of print at http://www.ajgponline.org/ on August 10. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, published monthly, is the official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. Co-authors of the paper include Hugh B. Hughes, III, M.D., and Wendy N. Zubenko, Ed.D., A.P.R.N., both of the department of psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; and Brion S. Maher, Ph.D., of the Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics at the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine. The study was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, one of the National Institutes of Health.

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Four months after Typhoon Haiyan decimated entire cities and villages in the Philippines, many areas still don’t have power. To provide some extra light at night and help generate new support for rebuilding at a time when the international community is beginning to forget about the disaster, Filipino-American architect Lira Luis designed the Leapfrog Project–a temporary installation that includes glowing giant green balls. “Dimly lit or dark places have become dangerous for women and children at night, particularly in tent cities or refugee camps,” says Luis. She plans to build the installation using debris found on site and fill it with a bioluminescent plankton native to the Philippines that glows naturally when disturbed. Each “living ball,” nine feet in diameter, will be scattered throughout a village. “It’s a vision of hope and protection, particularly for women that are left vulnerable as a result of the natural disaster,” she explains. “It’s also our visual message to Haiyan survivors that they would not be forgotten. As global emergency help begins to dwindle, the Philippines would become even more desperate in the face of uncertainty and even exploitation.” The project also questions whether newly rebuilt structures are resilient enough for a country that regularly faces typhoons, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis. “While there is urgency in providing immediate shelter for the Haiyan survivors, it is also equally important to take a step back and rethink our tools. Are we rebuilding the same way as we did before but with simply a different aesthetic?” Luis asks. “How can we rebuild better so when the next extreme weather occurs, the impact would be less severe?” Ultimately, she hopes installation of glowing balls will help raise money for rebuilding structures like hospitals, schools, and homes. Luis plans to host a workshop in the Philippines this summer to foster designs for 10 new structures as a template for rebuilding Tacloban, with each design focused on sustainability and resiliency. “The natural disaster can be a real opportunity to leapfrog into innovation for sustainable development by skipping inferior, less efficient, more expensive or more polluting technologies and industries and move directly to more advanced ones,” Luis says. She points to her current home of Chicago as an example of a city that was transformed by disaster. After a fire in the late 1800s destroyed a huge chunk of the city, a new school of architects–including Frank Lloyd Wright–helped turn Chicago into a mecca of architecture. Luis hopes that the aftermath of Haiyan can spur similar new leaps in design, business, and technology in the Philippines. “The Leapfrog Project isn’t just about building stuff,” she says. “It’s about allowing survivors to flourish.”

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The study, from the brain-tumour research lab of Doctor John Kuo, also reports success for a combination therapy that knocks out signalling of multiple members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family in brain-cancer cells. The late United States Senator Edward M. Kennedy died of GBM in 2009. People diagnosed with GBM live on average for only 15 months after diagnosis, even after undergoing aggressive surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Earlier research from Kuo and other scientists showed that GBM cancer stem cells escape current treatments and proliferate rapidly to cause tumour recurrence. Several years ago, research suggested that a drug engineered to target EGFR signalling might work against GBM because many brain cancers carried EGFR mutations. Excessive and abnormal EGFR signalling spurs the growth of cancer cells. Although cetuximab, a monoclonal-antibody drug, was successful in clinical trials for patients with lung, colorectal, and head and neck cancers, it failed against GBM. Research by Doctor Paul Clark, a scientist in Kuo's lab and the study's lead author, shows why. When cetuximab treatment switches off EGFR activity and should inhibit cancer-cell growth, cancer stem cells compensate by turning on two other EGFR family receptors (ERBB2 and ERBB3) and continue to grow. One of these receptors, ERBB2, is implicated in certain types of chemotherapy-resistant breast cancer. Fortunately, another novel drug already approved by the FDA, lapatinib, inhibits ERBB2 activity and signalling by multiple EGFR members. This study shows that cancer stem-cell growth was markedly inhibited by lapatinib treatment, which results in combined knockout of multiple EGFR family members. "This is good news, because these drugs target an important mechanism for the (GBM) cancer cells to grow so quickly and evade current therapies, and these molecularly targeted drugs are also well-tolerated by patients and have minimal side effects," Clark said. MEDICA.de; Source: University of Wisconsin-Madison

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To work as a nurse you’re going to need a degree in Nursing and although there are many routes to a career in Nursing the most common option is to study for your degree after finishing A Levels. Nursing is a diverse and rewarding career that you’ll need many skills for. You’ll graduate with a high level of technical competence, strong decision making skills, clinical experience, and the ability to take responsibility for your patients in their time of need. Nursing courses are highly competitive and you’ll need a good academic record to be successful in securing a place at university. Once you graduate from your Nursing degree you’ll need to be registered with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) before you can practice as a nurse. So, what grades do you need to study Nursing? Universities, regardless of the course you wish to study, usually ask that you have 5 or more GCSEs. You’ll normally need to have English and Maths at grade C or above to be accepted onto a university course. You’ll need to check individual entry requirements with every university that you want to apply to but as a general rule you’ll need at least two A Levels to be accepted on to a Nursing course. Unsurprisingly, most universities want you to have at least one science A Level – usually Biology – and another science A Level is often desirable. Other useful A Level subjects to take for your future career in Nursing include: If you didn’t take A Levels, for example if you’re an international or mature student, then check with the universities you’re applying to and ask what equivalent grades you’ll need to be accepted on the course. As Nursing is a vocational course it isn’t just about your academic achievements and universities will have a list of other entry requirements for all potential Nursing students. Other entry requirements include: Due to the vocational nature of a Nursing degree you’ll also need evidence of work experience before applying to be successful. This could be a work experience placement, internship, volunteering role, part time job, or student project in an area of healthcare. Environments for work experience don’t just have to be in a hospital. You could also spend time in a pharmacy, doctor’s surgery, residential home, care home, hospice, community clinic, or any other healthcare setting. As we mentioned above, there are many routes into Nursing that will lead to you gaining your degree and becoming a registered nurse. The most common alternative route is to work as a Health Care Assistant (HCA) and then ask your hospital or workplace to support you in meeting the entry requirements for your Nursing degree. Once you’ve confirmed that you meet all of the entry requirements, or that your predicted A Level grades are high enough to be offered a conditional place, you can start your application. All nurses specialise in one of the four branches of Nursing during their training. The four branches are: You’ll usually need to decide which area you want to specialise in when you apply for the course. At some universities you may be able to combine two branches and study for a joint degree – for example, Adult and Mental Health Nursing. Throughout your course you’ll usually spend around 50% of your time in a clinical placement with an emphasis on hands-on learning. For the other 50% of your course you’ll be learning the other essential elements of Nursing such as management skills, the law and ethics, and the politics surrounding Nursing and the healthcare sector. Nursing has one of the highest employment rates of all degree courses and you could find yourself working anywhere from a local hospital to providing healthcare in a developing country. With further study and specialising there are many career development opportunities for Nursing graduates depending on the level of expertise and responsibility you want to have.

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Tips on distraction, seat belts and aggression Keep in mind the following tips to stay safe when driving: - Refrain from using your cell phone. - Put your cell phone on silent or in the glove box to avoid the temptation to use it. - Safely pull over and put your vehicle in “park” to take or make a call. - Change your voicemail message to say you are unavailable when driving, but will return the call once you have reached your destination. Safety belts are one of the most effective safety devices in your vehicle. Always wear your safety belt when you are driving. Additionally, ensure your passengers are properly buckled before you begin to drive. Aggressive driving behaviors include speeding, frequent and unnecessary lane changes, tailgating, and running lights. These behaviors create unsafe situations and can lead to road rage. To avoid aggressive driving: - Keep your emotions in check; don’t take your frustrations out on other drivers. - Plan ahead, allowing enough time for delays. - Focus on your own driving. - Do not tailgate or flash your headlights at another driver. - Use your horn sparingly.

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Protective Gear Size Charts The skateboard truck axle is the supporting member on which skateboard wheels rotate. The axle of the skateboard truck is a metal rod that extends through the hanger on the truck and is threaded at both ends. The axle is the widest portion of the truck and should correspond with the manufacturer’s width dimension. Because the axle is a separate component from the hanger, it is common for the axle to slip if your board comes down on its side and hits the axle on the end. Some skateboard trucks have non-slip axles that are designed to withstand side impacts without sliding. The hanger has two important functions on the skateboard truck: The first is to connect the axle to the base plate and the board, and the second is to allow a rocking movement of the truck when the skater’s weight shifts from one side to the other. The hanger has a front portion which fits inside the pivot cup, and a circular loop at the back which is held between two bushings and the king pin. The ability of the hanger to swivel and move under the skater depends on the tightness of the kingpin nut and the durometer of the bushings. The base plate of a skateboard truck is a cast piece of metal that is attached directly to the skateboard deck (or indirectly if a riser pad is used between the truck and the deck). The base plate has four holes for the skateboard hardware to attach the trucks securely to the deck, The base plate also holds the kingpin at an angle and has a pivot cup to receive the front portion of the hanger. A hole lined with rubber at the front of the base plate that is used to receive the front of the hanger. The purpose of this joint is to secure the front of the hanger to the base plate and deck of the skateboard while allowing it to rotate freely. The kingpin is a bolt that is used to attach the base plate to the hanger of a skateboard truck. The tightness of the Kinpin nut on the kingpin affects how tight the hanger is held between the bushings on the truck. Tightening the kingpin nut allows a skater to lessen the degree of left to right rocking on a skateboard. Bushings are doughnut shaped pieces of rubber that are used to limit the movement between the base plate and the hanger of a skateboard truck. Bushings are available with different durometers to allow more or less turning movement. The cup washers hold and protect the top and bottom bushings on the truck while compressed between the base plate, hanger and kingpin nut. TRUCK SELECTION TIPS Width Selection: The main dimension given for our trucks is the length of the axle. For the majority of our trucks, this is listed in inches, but some truck manufacturers, such as Thunder trucks have them listed in Millimeters. Use the unit converter provided below to easily convert the two units. In general, you want to select a truck axle width that is as wide as your board or a quarter inch (0.25″) larger or smaller than the width of your deck. For example, if your deck is 7″ wide, you will want to find an axle that is the same length or just shorter or longer based on your preference Longboards tend to use longer trucks than the board so that the wheels, which are typically larger than shortboard wheels, can get more clearance from the deck when carving. The decision of how wide you want the trucks to be is up to you. If you need ideas for a deck you are making, check out our Complete Longboard decks. As you browse our large selection of Skateboard wheels you will find that they differ in color, size, designs and durometer (hardness). Picking the right wheel will make a difference in the smoothness of your ride, the weight of your board, and how well your wheels grip different surfaces. Some skaters prefer harder durometer wheels which tend to be louder than gummier wheels that are more grippy and tend to be quieter. COLOR AND DESIGN A lot of shortboard skaters go with white wheels, but many colors and designs are available. This is an easy way to make your board stand out. The wheel diameter is given in millimeters (mm) Vert Skating – 55-65 mm size wheels Street Skating try 48-55 mm size wheels (smaller makes the board lighter and makes it easier to flip the board) All terrain skating (Vert and Street) 52-60 mm Skateboard wheel hardness value is given using the shore hardness “a-scale”. We have included a scale for your reference The lower “a-scale” hardness wheels that are around 75a are the gummiest skateboard wheels you will come across. These make less noise when you tick tack around and offer a lot of grip. These are also softer when riding over rough surfaces The higher “a-scale” hardness wheels in the range of 95a-100a tend to be louder than lower durometer wheels *Most skaters will be happy with wheels from 50mm to 54mm, with a hardness of 99a for street skate *Skating in the bowls you wanna go with a 54mm to 60mm wheel for the best ride usually around 84b hardness Cruising wheels are much larger for speed (59-97mm) and much softer for riding over rough terrain (78-85a). if you are getting into sliding you may want a 82d-86d.

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Reinventing Education, Hope, and the American Dream: The Challenge for Twenty-First Century America The crisis in public education has ominous implications for the future of our way of life and is at the root of almost all our nation’s problems. Equally ominous is that the forces on both sides of the battle for the future of public education are tragically wrong. The reform initiatives of “No Child Left Behind,” “Race to the Top,” privatization, blaming teachers and their unions, high-stakes testing, charter schools, and vouchers are all recipes for disaster. Equally disastrous is preserving the traditions of public education and excusing schools and teachers because of the challenges of poverty and segregation. Although we consider public school teachers to be unsung American heroes, we need them to step forward and demand that their leaders and communities give them what they need to end the failure of so many children. It is the focus on failure of both sides of the debate that is distracting us from the simple truths about the problems in our public schools; truths that keeps us from a practical solution that will transform public education in America and end the failure of millions of disadvantaged children. That a disproportionate percentage of these children are black and other minorities makes this the civil rights issue of our time. Instead of “Why do kids fail?” the question we should be asking is “Why do some students excel in school despite the incredible disadvantages they face and what characteristics do they share? What we discover, is that whether they are black, white, rich, poor, live in thriving or deteriorating neighborhoods, or come from intact or fractured families is that almost every “high-performing student has, 1) a parent who holds out high hopes and expectations for him or her and who believes that a quality education is a ticket to the American dream and 2) parents who consider themselves to be full partners with their child’s teachers and principals, accepting responsibility for the education of their sons and daughters. Each of these parents works hard to instill a powerful motivation to learn in the minds and hearts of their children. The other things these high-performing students share is that they have close, nurturing relationships with their teachers—the kind that many of us recall when we think back on our favorite teachers—and they have learned that success is a process of learning from our mistakes and building on one success after another. We must forget all the excuses and distractions of poverty and focus our complete attention on two objectives, 1) reinventing the education process to do a better job of meeting the unique needs of each student, and 2) working to engage an ever-increasing number of parents as partners in the education process. The objective must be that every child learns as much as they can, as fast as they are able. Nothing else matters. Reinventing Education, Hope, and the American Dream: The Challenge for Twenty-First Century America, is focused on putting teachers in a position in which the education process gives them all the support they need to teach and putting students in a position in which they can be successful. The book offers 19 specific recommendations to fix the education process, and 14 specific recommendations to repackage the American dream and to engage both parents and their communities as partners in the education of our nation’s children. What we will discover is that all children can learn and that, in each of our communities and school districts, we have the power to act on these recommendations. We do not require anyone’s permission, nor do we need an act of Congress or state legislatures. All we need, now, is you! Since the book was published, the author has continued working to refine the education model. The education model is available at the author’s website along with a white paper entitled, “Breaking Down the Cycles of Failure and Poverty: Making Public Education Work for all Students Irrespective of Relative Affluence or the Color of their Skin.” This white paper was written to lay the logical foundation for the model and to provide an overview of the findings and conclusions from the book. Both Model and white paper can be found at http://www.melhawkinsandassociates.com/education-model-white-paper/ A former Juvenile Probation Officer, Mel Hawkins has also served as Court Executive of a unified trial court, Administrator of a multi-specialty group medical practice, Chief Operating Officer of a distribution and inventory management firm, as a Leadership and Organizational Development Consultant, and a small business owner. This experience has given Mr. Hawkins a unique perspective, one that has served him well as an innovator and problem-solver. Educated at Manchester College where he received a BA degree, the author has also earned a Master of Science in Education (Psychology) from the University of Saint Francis and a Master of Public Affairs from Indiana University. Reinventing Education, Hope and the American Dream: The Challenge For Twenty-First Century America,(2013), was inspired by Mel’s ten years’ experience as a substitute teacher for Fort Wayne Community Schools, beginning in 2002, after he opted to phase out his consulting business to pursue his life-long dream of writing books. The work was also influenced by Mel’s experience as a juvenile probation officer during the first nine years of his career and by over twenty years in organizational management and consulting where Mel’s responsibilities included leadership development, training, organizational management, strategic planning, problem-solving, and performance management. Also, of influence has been Mel’s more recent experience as a part-time Test Administrator, for the Department of Defense. Mel administers the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) that is utilized as the entrance exam for prospective enlistees in the Armed Services of the United States. Against this background, Mel’s ten years of experience as a substitute teacher proved to be a wonderful opportunity to walk in the shoes of public-school teachers. There, Mel witnessed, first hand, the challenges with which both teachers and their students must deal. Much as he did as an organizational leader and consultant, Mel began to examine the education process with the belief that their must be a better way. Active in his community throughout much of his career, Mel attended Leadership Fort Wayne; has served as president and member of the Board of Managers of Byron Health Center, a 500-bed long term care facility; was a co-founding board member of the Boys and Girls Club of Fort Wayne; co-founder, board member, and former president of the South Side Business Group of Fort Wayne and Allen County. Mel has also served on the board of the Martin Luther King Montessori School, the Alumni Board of Leadership Fort Wayne, and as co-chair of the legislative committee of the Indiana Correctional Association. Hawkins is also a veteran of the US Army during the Vietnam era. Since publication of Reinventing Education, Hope, and the American Dream, Mel has been working hard to promote the book and in search of a superintendent of a public-school district willing to test his model in one of the districts underperforming elementary schools. The reader is also invited to follow Mel on Twitter (@melhawk46) and to check out his Blog, Education, Hope, and the American Dream, with over 200 articles and counting. In addition to Reinventing Education, Hope, and the American Dream, (2013), Hawkins has published three other books: Radical Surgery: Reconstructing the American Health Care System (2002) ,offering a way to provide universal healthcare without socialized medicine; The Difference is You: Power Through Positive Leadership, (2013), written to show how anyone can become a powerful positive leader and begin making a difference in the world around them; and, Light and Transient Causes, (2014) a novel about how things could go horribly wrong if the American People were to lose faith in democracy and elect an authoritarian outsider as President of the United States on the basis of his promise to restore peace and prosperity at any cost.

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en

Background: The single most poisonous variety is typically foodborne, but it could be developed as an aerosol weapon. A Journal of the American Medical Association report traces its first use to Japanese conquest of Manchuria in the 1930s. The Soviet Union and Iraq both produced weaponized botulinum toxins in violation of international treaties. Effects: Initial symptoms, such as blurred vision and difficulty swallowing and speaking, take effect in 24 to 36 hours. The toxin paralyzes muscles, leading to respiratory failure and death. Treatment: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention maintain a botulism anti-toxin supply. Background: A government study estimated that about 200 pounds of anthrax released upwind of Washington, D.C., could kill up to 3 million people. The disease is not contagious. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website provides detailed questions and answers. Effects: Early symptoms include fever, malaise, cough and respiratory distress. Shock and death can follow within 36 hours. Treatment: If given early enough, antibiotics can prevent exposed people from falling sick. The vaccine is reserved for military use. Background: Nearly 19,000 cases of history's most feared contagious disease were reported worldwide between 1980 and 1994. Lethal cases in the U.S. are extremely rare. Effects: Symptoms occur within one to six days after inhaling the pneumonic form. High fever, cough and labored breathing lead to respiratory failure and death. The Journal of the American Medical Association estimates that historically epidemics of plague produce death within 2-6 days if the infected persons go untreated. Treatment: Rapid use of antibiotics can be effective. A vaccine is not currently being produced in the United States. Background: This highly contagious disease killed more than 500 million people in the 20th century before medicine eradicated it in 1977. Vaccinations stopped in 1980. Effects: Early symptoms such as fever, headache and nausea occur for about 12 days. A chickenpox-like rash spreads across the body, hardening into blisters. One-third of victims die. Treatment: There is none, but smallpox can be prevented. The U.S. government initially maintained a stockpile of 12 million doses of vaccine, enough for one out of 23 Americans. After the Sept. 11 attacks, however, the government increased its stockpile. Background: The U.S. military studied this infectious organism as a weapon in the 1950s and 1960s. Effects: Fever, chills, headache and weakness occur in three to five days. Resulting inflammation and hemorrhaging of the airways can lead to death. Treatment: Without antibiotics, one-third of those infected die. The Food and Drug Administration is currently reviewing a vaccine. Viral hemorrhagic fevers Background: Natural occurrences of these series viruses are rare and confined to isolated areas of the earth. However, several powers, including the Soviet Union, Iraq, North Korea and the United States, have studied weaponization of viruses like Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. The National Center for Infectious Diseases maintains a database of naturally occurring outbreaks and other detailed information. Effects: Fever, muscle aches and diarrhea occur in three to five days. Fluids hemorrhage out of tissues and orifices. Depending on the strain, 30 percent to 90 percent of victims die if untreated. Treatment: Some of these diseases respond to antiviral drugs, but those are in short supply. Background: Ricin, a toxin derived from the beans of the castor plant, is more powerful than cyanide and twice as deadly as cobra venom. In 1977 Bulgarian agents used an umbrella tipped with 450 micrograms of ricin to kill dissident Georgi Markov in London. More recently U.S. troops found traces of ricin in caves in Afghanistan. Ricin is stable enough to be disseminated as an aerosol, an injection or as a food and water contaminant. Effects: Early symptoms include fever, cough, difficulty breathing and nausea. Later stages include profuse sweating, skin turning blue, low blood pressure and respiratory failure. Death would occur in 36 to 72 hours. Treatment: There is no treatment for ricin. Doctors can only treat the symptoms. Biological Agents/Diseases web link Valuable resource for information on biological agents

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CC-MAIN-2014-23

http://aces.nmsu.edu/ces/nmhs/biological-weapons.html

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en

without religious racial and sexual discrimination in English Use "without religious racial and sexual discrimination" in a sentence 1. 1 The law strictly forbids racial or sexual discrimination. 2. Religious and racial discrimination were outlawed under the 1964 Civil Rights Act. 3. In addition, the Commission found that the applicant’s policy clearly contained elements of racial and religious discrimination. 4. The law forbids and prosecutes all actions aimed at ethnic, racial or religious hatred and incitement to discrimination. 5. To hell with racial discrimination. 6. He spoke out against racial discrimination. 7. Absence of grounds for racial discrimination 8. Is he guilty of racial discrimination? 9. Critics say it will support racial discrimination . 10. Most racial discrimination is based on ignorance. 11. Racial discrimination still exists in modern society. 12. He is passionately opposed to racial discrimination. 13. They abhor all forms of racial discrimination. 14. The battle against racial discrimination is not over. 15. A committee will investigate allegations of racial discrimination. 16. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) was concerned that racial and ethnic-based discrimination remained alive in the country’s society 17. Political repression and racial discrimination were at a high point. 18. Racial discrimination is abhorrent to my council and our staff. 19. 4 Women's groups denounced sexual discrimination. 20. Considerable ingenuity may be required to discover non-racial criteria for racial discrimination and non-racial reasons for criticizing other races. 21. The racial discrimination issue is a political hot potato. 22. 9 Racial discrimination is abhorrent to my council and our staff. 23. The law has done little to prevent racial discrimination and inequality. 24. The report that documents their findings includes an appendix with 108 anecdotes by Princeton students of racial or religious harassment or discrimination. 25. Martin Luther King tried to break down racial discrimination.

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CC-MAIN-2022-49

https://vdict.pro/en-en/without+religious+racial+and+sexual+discrimination

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Fashion > how to become a fashion designer on . Fashion design is a highly competitive and creative industry that demands a blend of skills, expertise, and experience. Pursuing a career in fashion design involves meeting specific requirements and exploring diverse career paths. Education and Training Although a fashion degree is not always mandatory, it can aid in enhancing the necessary skills and knowledge required for success in the field. Many fashion designers hold a bachelor's degree in fashion design or a related field, such as fine arts, fashion merchandising, or marketing. Some designers attend fashion design schools or take courses in pattern-making, sewing, and textiles. The designers need a strong portfolio to showcase their work, skills, and creativity, which they continually update throughout their careers with new designs and projects. Internships, entry-level jobs, and stylist positions can augment a designer's portfolio. Stay Up-to-Date on the Fashion Industry To stay current in the fashion industry, designers must keep up with trends and fashion news. As the industry is subject to seasonal changes, designers must allocate time to monitoring fashion cycles. Professional organizations, fashion publications, and fashion shows display trends and industry updates. Observing other fashion designers and tracking red carpet events can further enhance a designer's awareness of current fashion trends. Fashion design is a career within the fashion industry, which features several related fields, including fashion merchandising, fashion journalism, and fashion marketing. Fashion journalists pen articles on fashion trends and designers, while fashion marketers promote clothing lines and collaborate with designers to create effective advertising campaigns. Fashion merchandisers help to develop and promote clothing lines with the help of designers. Fashion journalists pen articles on fashion trends and designers, while fashion marketers promote clothing lines and collaborate with designers to create effective advertising campaigns. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the employment rate of fashion designers is expected to drop by 4% between 2020 and 2030. Nonetheless, there may be job openings for individuals who can adjust to evolving consumer preferences and innovative technologies. Other Related Fields: Media and Communication Careers Careers in media and communication are diverse, and skilled communication professionals are in high demand. News-related professions may involve either original reporting or high-level editorial strategy development. In advertising and marketing, writers craft engaging copy to attract new or potential customers. In interior design, professionals plan and create spaces for homes, offices, and other structures. Interior designers collaborate with clients to identify their requirements and preferences and develop functional and visually appealing designs. To become an interior designer, a bachelor's degree in interior design or a related field is required, and in some states, licensure is mandatory. Fashion journalists report on fashion trends and designers for magazines, newspapers, and websites, and often attend fashion events and interview designers and models. A degree in journalism, English, fashion, communications, photography, or a related field can aid those with an interest in fashion journalism.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://fashiontechhackathon.0nol.com/fashion_design_requirements_career_paths_and_related_fields.html

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en

What is a Financial Simulation Dashboard for Higher Education? Financial Simulation Dashboards are considered modelling tools and are used by CFOs and analysts to quickly and easily perform what-if analysis to forecast potential outcomes for revenues, expenses and the resulting surplus or deficit. They can use this interactive simulation dashboard to estimate monthly results, and they can also use it to set targets as input for the annual budget or mid-year forecasts. Some of the main functionality in this type of dashboard is that it provides “sliders” that the user move left or right to make estimates, and the results are immediately displayed in the Surplus/Deficit gauge and charts. The dashboard has the following components: 1) A slider to set the target Margin in %. This then calculates the Margin amount and displays the gap to get there based on the Revenues and Expenses in the simulation, 2) Sliders to adjust all major revenue categories up or down. In the example, these categories include: Tuition, web courses, educational sponsors (grants, donations, etc.), parking fees, consulting fees, 3) Sliders to adjust major Expense components. In the example, these include: Repairs and maintenance, scholarships, research, other expenses, 4) Gauge that calculates the resulting Surplus (or deficit), and 5) Two pie charts that show the breakdown of the simulated revenues and expenses. The filters on the far left enable the user to create scenarios for specific schools, campuses and years. You find an example of this type of interactive dashboard below. Purpose of Financial Simulation Dashboards Universities and colleges use Financial Simulation Dashboards to give financial managers a very easy way to create scenarios, and to do what-if analysis and modelling. When used as part of good business practices in Financial Planning & Analysis (FP&A) departments, an organization can optimize its decisions by improving planning agility and speed, and it can reduce the chances that cumbersome models limits the organization’s planning capabilities to only be focused on the annual budget process. Example of a Financial Simulation Dashboard Here is an example of a Financial Modelling Dashboard with sliders to simulate revenues and expenses and to instantly forecast potential outcomes. You can find hundreds of additional examples here Who Uses This Type of Dashboard? The typical users of this type of dashboard are: CFOs, analysts, budget managers. Other Reports Often Used in Conjunction with Financial Simulation Dashboards Progressive Financial Planning & Analysis (FP&A) departments sometimes use several different Financial Simulation Dashboards, along with Financial statements, financial dashboards, annual budget models, forecast models and other management and control tools. Where Does the Data for Analysis Originate From? The Actual (historical transactions) data typically comes from enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems like: Microsoft Dynamics 365 (D365) Finance, Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central (D365 BC), Microsoft Dynamics AX, Microsoft Dynamics NAV, Microsoft Dynamics GP, Microsoft Dynamics SL, Sage Intacct, Sage 100, Sage 300, Sage 500, Sage X3, SAP Business One, SAP ByDesign, Acumatica, Netsuite and others. In analyses where budgets or forecasts are used, the planning data most often originates from in-house Excel spreadsheet models or from professional corporate performance management (CPM/EPM) solutions. What Tools are Typically used for Reporting, Planning and Dashboards? Examples of business software used with the data and ERPs mentioned above are: - Native ERP report writers and query tools - Spreadsheets (for example Microsoft Excel) - Corporate Performance Management (CPM) tools (for example Solver) - Dashboards (for example Microsoft Power BI and Tableau) Corporate Performance Management (CPM) Cloud Solutions and More Examples - View 100âs of reporting, consolidations, planning, budgeting, forecasting and dashboard examples here - View a Higher Education industry white paper and other industry-specific information here - See how reports are designed in a modern report writer using a cloud-connected Excel add-in writer - Discover how the Solver CPM solution delivers financial and operational reporting - Discover how the Solver CPM solution delivers planning, budgeting and forecasting - Watch demo videos of reporting, planning and dashboards

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CC-MAIN-2022-05

https://www.solverglobal.com/report-budget-forecast-and-dashboard-template-glossary/financial-simulation-dashboard-for-higher-education-institutions/

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en

How is the argument from design supposed to work? Three of Philo's main lines of attack rest on the claim that there is simply not enough evidence in nature to allow the empirical theist to draw the conclusions he wishes to draw. The first line of attack shows that there is nothing in the natural evidence to indicate that God has any of the natural attributes typically ascribed to him. Allowing, for the sake of argument, that the world is a machine and that its cause must be some intelligent designer, there is nothing about this machine to indicate that the designer is infinite, perfect, one in number, or incorporeal. For all the evidence tells us our God could be stupid, could have a body, or could even be a team of minor deities working in unison. A similar line of attack is used for God's moral attributes. For all the evidence tells us, God might not even be very nice. Philo also uses the lack of evidence in a third line of attack. He attempts to show that the evidence available to us from the natural world could actually support any number of analogies equally well, not just an analogy to a machine. For instance, the evidence would support an analogy between the universe and an animal or even a vegetable. The argument from design is supposed to prove that the universe was created by something that resembles human intelligence. The argument would thus establish two important points of theology. First, it would prove that there is a God, the intelligent designer behind the universe. Second, it would establish God's nature as somewhat akin to our own, by claiming that divine intelligence works similarly to human intelligence. The first step in the argument is to establish that the universe highly resembles a machine: The universe appears to be highly ordered and perfectly adapted to the wellfare of all its inhabitants; each part from the smallest to the largest works harmoniously for the good of the whole. Next, we must gather what we know about machines. We know that every time we have ever come across a machine it has been made by an intelligent designer. We have had so much experience of this conjunction (i.e. of machine with man as its cause for existence) that if we were to stumble upon any machine, even somewhere out in the wilderness far from any civilization, we would immediately and justifiably conclude that the machine was created by a man. Finally, we must put together the analogy and our knowledge concerning machines and draw a conclusion about the universe: We are justified in believing that all machines are created by an intelligent designer. The universe seems to be a machine as well. Therefore, we are justified in believing that the universe was created by an intelligent designer, i.e. God. How does Philo use the notion of underdetermination by the evidence to argue against the argument from design? How does Philo use the problem of evil to argue against empirical theism? Philo uses the problem of evil in an atypical way. Instead of using it to argue that there is an inconsistency in the traditional conception of God, he uses it to show that we cannot infer God's moral attributes from the natural world. The world around us appears to be far less perfect than it could be. It is filled with evil and misery. It might well be the case, he admits, that the world is actually as perfect as it could possibly be, or that there is some reason why it needs to be the way it is. But the fact remains that when we look at the world with all its evil and misery, we have absolutely no grounds on which to conclude that God is supremely good, powerful, and wise. If he is supremely good then he would not want there to be evil. If he is supremely powerful then it would be within his power to will evil away. And if he were supremely wise he would know how the make the world perfect for its inhabitants. Looking at the world, then, we cannot reasonably conclude that he is all three of these things. Which of the three characters, if any, do you believe speaks for Hume? Why? What do you make of the last sentence of the book? Explain Philo's arguments for the claim that the argument from design is not a real argument by analogy. Philo claims that the argument from design is not a good explanation of order in the universe. Why not? How does he answer Cleanthes' objections? According to Hume, what are the four sources of misery in the world? What is their relevance to the larger argument of the Dialogues? Which cosmogonic system does Philo express the most sympathy for? What do you think this reveals about Hume's real opinion on theology? Cleanthes tries to argue in part VI that the world cannot be eternal. What is his argument? What is Philo's response? Who do you think won the argument between the three characters? Did anyone? Why do you think this? This chapter is about the Cosmological argument for God's existence, not the Ontological. Of course, Ontological arguments get their name from the term 'ontos' meaning existence, yet it is missleading and potentially detrimental that this is written as though it is about the ontological argument. I've not read the whole thing, though at a glance it is quite obviously mistaken. In short, whomever wrote this cannot have read the 11 paragraphs of Section IX in the DNR. In truth, the first part of Demea's argument runs closely with Dr Sam... Read more→

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CC-MAIN-2014-35

http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/dialogues/study.html

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en

Design and configuration of laser tweezers microscopy for force measurements on single DNA molecules Gonzalez Banuelos, Carlos Jeziel MetadataShow full item record In this study, a detailed description of the optical tweezers microscopy technique is presented, as well as the methodologies used to prepare the DNA molecule for mechanical measurements at the nanoscale. The main objective is to initiate and extend the experimental biophysical studies on the DNA-proteins interactions at the University of Texas at Brownsville (UTB). DNA-binding proteins control almost all aspects of cellular function, such as transcription; chromosome maintenance, replication and DNA repair depend on the interaction of proteins with DNA. In view of such an important role played by DNA–protein interactions, various techniques have evolved over the years to elucidate them. Each technique, with its own advantages and drawbacks, serves a very specific purpose. The optical tweezers has evolved as one of the powerful tools for studying the DNA–Protein complexes at a single molecule level. It allows to characterize the mechanisms involved in DNA–protein complex formation in different conditions with high resolution. It quantitatively identifies protein position along DNA molecules, DNA flexibility, curvature and conformational change after protein binding. This thesis describes the design and calibration of the optical tweezers. We measure relative displacements with nanometer accuracy and forces with an accuracy of 10%. The capability of the instrument is demonstrated by stretching a single molecule of DNA because of the elasticity of DNA has previously been well characterized. Every DNA sample used in this study has been engineered biochemically in order to accomplish proper linkage between the biological system and its supports. Breaking down the main problem leads us to four different aspects, optical tweezers, engineered molecules, coupling molecules/supports system, and the gathering of data. There are a variety of methods used to approach these problems. For the optical tweezers we will be mainly dealing with the calibration of objectives, lasers, stage control, trapping a bead and tracking the bead. Sample preparation involves polymerase chain reaction (PCR), spectrophotometer analysis, DNA electrophoresis, DNA purification process, DNA binding tests, Dot Blot Analysis, measuring of size of particles, zeta potentials, and multimode reader. We are able to confirm visually through the microscope a complete bond system by engaging all results from the experiments. v We consider that our study will open up new and exciting research opportunities at UTB to study biological interactions at the level of single molecules. Also our system will be a very useful equipment to demonstrate to local students the physical principals of optics applied to biological systems.

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CC-MAIN-2016-26

http://repositories.tdl.org/utb-ir/handle/2152.2/453

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It's not every day a customer wants a computer that can do everything from direct a landing on the surface of Mars, to control descent onto a speeding asteroid or coordinate a flight of satellites -- but NASA and the Air Force's space group aren't everyday customers. NASA and the Air Force Research Laboratory's Space Vehicles Directorate put out a call today for research and development of what likely will become the next computer system -- what the agencies call the Next Generation Space Processor (NGSP) -- to fly onboard a variety of future spacecraft. The processor is envisioned to be a radiation-hardened, general-purpose multicore chip and associated software, applicable to a broad variety of military and civil space missions, and a broad range of spacecraft sizes and power/mass/volume constraints, NASA stated. Processor applications could include autonomous pinpoint landing with hazard detection and avoidance during entry, descent and landing during moon or Mars missions; real-time segmented mirror control for large space-based telescopes; onboard real-time analysis of multi-megapixel-level hyperspectral image data; autonomous onboard situational analysis and real-time mission planning; and real-time mode-based spacecraft-level fault protection. "Computer processors and applications aboard spacecraft will need to transform dramatically to take advantage of computational leaps in technology and new mission needs," said Michael Gazarik, associate administrator for NASA's Space Technology Mission Directorate at the agency's headquarters in Washington, in a statement. "NASA's Space Technology Program is teaming with the Air Force to develop the next generation spaceflight processor requirements and propose solutions to meet future high performance space computing needs in the upcoming decades." The Air Force noted that its requirements could change as its "future space computing needs have not yet been extensively analyzed, but are expected to be similar to those defined in the NASA's." Expected deviations from the NASA requirements include: enhanced radiation hardness, relaxed objectives for low power, power management and fault tolerance; and processor throughput performance objectives (which are expected to be similar to those for future NASA missions, but in some cases may be somewhat higher, the Air Force said). Key drivers for the Air Force include: onboard processing of high rate sensor data; goal directed autonomous operations; situational assessment and rapid response; multi-platform operations; and model based integrated system health management. The specific processor requirements list is extensive. From the NASA and Air Force announcement the systems should: - Provide a minimum of 24 processor cores in order to support both highly parallel applications and to provide a high degree of granularity for power management, fault tolerance and program unit distribution. Processor cores should be at least 32 bits wide with full IEEE 754 Floating Point capability. - Be based on commercially available hardware and software IP (processing cores, external I/O and memory interfaces, software stack and development environment). - Be capable of executing multiple concurrent applications and parallel processing across the set of cores. - Provide a minimum of 24 GOPS and 10 GFLOPS performance (concurrent) at 7W or less. - Provide support for real-time processing. - Maintain time knowledge across processor array to 1 microsecond or better. - Support synchronization between cores to 0.1 millisecond or better. - Support low latency and deterministic timing of communication both internal and external to the processor. - Be able to receive and distribute real-time interrupts. - Be radiation hardened to at least 1 Mrad TID. - Provide built-in self test and ability to remove faulty cores or otherwise recover correct operation. - Provide a boot sequence that ensures booting up in a known good state. - Provide 100,000 hours of operation between non-recoverable permanent faults. - Be able to reset individual cores or a cluster of cores, as determined by the smallest unit of granularity. - Be able to support a watchdog timer at each core and a synchronized time base across all cores. - Provide the ability to power off unused cores and other resources. - Provide "smooth" performance/power scaling, from maximum performance to a minimal throughput at 1W or less utilizing a single core (or smallest unit of granularity), by powering down cores or cluster of cores and other unused resources. - Support a sleep mode, dissipating less than 100mW and performing no processing while awaiting an external event in order to "wake up" in an operational state. This sleep state can be applied to the entire chip and optionally to individual cores or regions. Upon waking from a sleep state, the processor and/or cores shall resume execution from the point at which they were put to sleep or from a well-defined wake up state. - Support power and redundancy management on external memory and I/O. - Providing the ability to, autonomously, in real time, detect errors, prevent propagation of these errors past well defined error containment boundaries, recover proper state and resume proper execution. - Afford the ability to detect errors and faults in microprocessor cores via acceptance testing, duplex execution and comparison, and triplication and voting -- note that these fault tolerance modes may require features in the hardware and system software to enable efficient operation. - Provide the ability to detect and route around faulty internal interconnect links and switches without excessive software complication while maximizing the use of the remaining resources. - Deliver the ability to prevent a single hardware error within a processor core, interconnection fabric or memory/I/O control core, from causing a violation of virtual memory boundaries. - Provide the ability to enforce partitioning of groups of cores, interconnects and memories into fault containment regions in order to prevent error propagation and to guarantee a working part of the system if a fault occurs in another region, including the ability to prevent these cores from writing into regions of memory reserved for other core groups. - Offer the ability to concurrently detect and handle errors on internal and external interconnects and memories, and to support fault tolerance using redundant banks and interfaces in external memory and I/O. - Offer hardware and/or software hooks for fault isolation and reconfiguration. "It is understood by AFRL and NASA that the objectives listed below are both extremely challenging and may not be complete. [Vendors] are encouraged to suggest alternative approaches to meet the top level objective of defining a processor and associated software suite that provides high performance, fault tolerant, power scalable computing suitable for the broad range of space/mission environments and especially the extreme environments expected in future NASA and Air Force missions," the agencies stated. One of the main issues that comes with building any space systems is radiation. NASA has talked about space mission's use of radiation-hardened computer chips in the past, noting that such systems contain extra transistors that take more energy to switch on and off. Cosmic rays can't trigger them so easily. Rad-hard chips continue to do accurate calculations when ordinary chips might "glitch." NASA said it relies almost exclusively on these extra-durable chips to make computers space-worthy. But these custom-made chips have some downsides: They're expensive, power hungry, and slow -- as much as 10 times slower than an equivalent CPU in a modern consumer desktop PC. It is always an issue to give spacecraft as much computing horsepower as possible. An example of what a NASA system handles today: According to NASA, the International Space Station's U.S. segment alone handles 1.5 million lines of flight software code run on 44 computers communicating via 100 data networks transferring 400,000 signals (pressure or temperature measurements, valve positions, etc.). Main control computers have 1.5 gigabytes of total main hard drive storage in the U.S. segment compared to modern PCs, many of which have more than 500 gigabyte hard drives.

<urn:uuid:63927380-64b3-4e26-9056-9053c3db31b1>

CC-MAIN-2015-32

http://www.networkworld.com/article/2165277/data-center/nasa--air-force-define-cutting-edge-next-generation-space-computer.html

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en

Candy Land was designed by Eleanor Abbott in 1948 while she was recovering from polio in a hospital in San Diego, California. She made the game for and tested it with the children in the same wards on the hospital. The children suggested that Abbott submit the game to Milton Bradley Company. The game was bought by Milton Bradley and first published in 1949 as a temporary fill-in for their then main product line, school supplies. Candy Land became Milton Bradley’s best-selling game, surpassing its previous top seller, Uncle Wiggily, and put the company in the same league as its main competitor, Parker Brothers. Candy Land is a simple racing board game that requires no reading and minimal counting skills, making it suitable for young children. Players move their gingerbread man markers along a rainbow path to reach the Candy Castle. Along the way, they draw cards that tell them how many spaces to move forward. Some cards also have special instructions, such as skipping a space or moving backwards. The first player to reach the Candy Castle wins the game. Candy Land is a classic board game that has been enjoyed by children for generations. It is a great game for teaching young children basic skills such as color recognition, matching, and taking turns. It is also a fun and lighthearted game that can help children develop their imaginations. Here are some additional facts about Candy Land: - The game has been translated into over 20 languages. - There have been over 30 million copies of Candy Land sold worldwide. - Candy Land is the third most popular board game in the United States, after Monopoly and Scrabble. - Candy Land has been featured in several television shows and movies, including The Simpsons, Family Guy, and Toy Story. If you are looking for a fun and educational board game for young children, Candy Land is a great option. It is a classic game that has been enjoyed by children for generations.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://mobi-racer.com/candy-land/

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en

Presentation on theme: "Texas Council on Economic Education. 1. What are three examples of personal financial literacy standards that students must know for graduation? 2. Please."— Presentation transcript: Texas Council on Economic Education 1. What are three examples of personal financial literacy standards that students must know for graduation? 2. Please review the standards for your grade level and/or subject: World Geography World History U. S. History Government Economics Presented by Laura Ewing President/CEO Texas Council on Economic Education 1801 Allen Parkway Houston, TX P: F: From Focus: Globalization by the national Council for Economic Education Question: What is a comparative advantage? What is an example of a comparative advantage? Nations and individuals have a comparative advantage when their opportunity cost of producing a good or service is lower than the opportunity cost of other nations or individuals. 1. Students use trade data for China and the U.S. to determine the comparative advantage for the countries. 2. They study trade data for four mystery countries and predict what their comparative advantage might be and predict the names of the countries. 3. They will apply the ideas by looking at Shaquille ONeal and his abilities as a basketball player vs. rap singer. 4. Students will identify their own sources of comparative advantage by completing an inventory of skills and comparing those skills with several job descriptions. 1. Ask students to define a comparative advantage and give an example. 2. Remember: Individuals or nations have a comparative advantage in producing a good or service if they can produce it at a lower cost than other individuals or nations and then buy others goods /services that they can produce at a lower cost. 3. What do you think the topic of today is? Why study this topic? 1. What is your specialty? 2. What do we mean by specialization in the business world? 1. People do not produce all the things they need. They produce a good or service and then buy the other products. 2. More goods and services are produced with specialization which reduces the cost. 3. Do you cut your own hair? If no, who does? Why? 4. What skills are needed to cut hair? What do you give up to learn how to cut hair? 5. What is the opportunity cost of going to school to learn how to be a hair stylist? Did early settlers, colonists and pioneers cut their own hair or have a family member cut it? Why or why not? Are the haircuts today better quality than the ones during the earlier times? Why or why not? How and why do athletes specialize? How does this fit with the concept of comparative advantage? 1. What goods and services does the U. S. produce well? 2. What goods and services does China produce well? 3. Use the term comparative advantage, imports and exports to explain about the trade relationship between the U. S. and China. U.S. top trade partners in 2004 for total trade were: 1. Canada $466 billion 2. Mexico $266 billion 3. China (see Activity 1) 4. Japan $184 billion 5. Germany $108 billion Working individually: 1. read Activity I 2. Answer the questions on page 86 using the charts on page 86 Discuss your findings with the class. See Visual I 1. Natural resource endowments 2. Government services and regulations (e.g. environmental regulations, educational opportunities, impact on productivity) 3. Investment in technology Use Activity I on page 87 to answer: Which of these are examples for China? Which of these examples are for the U. S.? Why the difference between the U. S. And China? United StatesChina High-skilled laborLow-skilled labor TechnologyLess technology Use pages 88, 89, 90, 91, Does the U. S. import the same products from each country? 2. Circle the bullet that best describes the exports to the U. S. 3. What is the most likely source of comparative advantage? 4. Who do you think the countries really are? A. Honduras B. Germany C. India D. Nigeria Individual A Skills/Characteristics pounds Bench press 310 miles Shoe size: 21 EEE NBA scoring average: 26.4 points/game Annual NBA salary $27 million 5 rap CDs; 2 million in CD sales Individual B Skills/Characteristics 64 tall 220 pounds Invited to try out with NBA Toronto Raptors, Cut after one week Annual NBA salary $ rap CDs; more than 15,000,000 in CD sales A: Shaquille ONeal, center for Miami Heat, LA Lakers, Orlando Magic B: Master P (aka Percy Miller) rap artist who played college basketball and tried out for several NBA teams. 1. Complete Human Capital Inventory on page 93 What skills do you have now and what skills yill you probably have in the future? 2. Using a computer, complete page Students share their answers 1. Divide into groups of 4 2. You will role play a business consulting firm. 3. Create a name for the business 4. Mali government has hired you to increase Malis revenue from international trade The three main sources of comparative advantage are: How do you summarize the main points of the activity? How will use this lesson in your class? Looking at Visual 3, develop a brochure to provide recommendations. Include : 1. Describe the theory of comparative advantage 2. Malis potential comparative advantage 3. How does specialization can lead to gains from trade?

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Islamic Motifs in Contemporary Indonesian Painting and Calligraphy. Making Islamic Art: The Work of A. D. Pirous What makes a work of art “Islamic”? How might Muslims think of art as a religious practice? How do Muslim artists mix traditional and contemporary themes, patterns, and images? Students will read about modern Indonesian artist A. D. Pirous, learning how the artist uses Qur’anic calligraphy and emblems of Islamic spirituality to express his identity, which is ethnic, religious, national, and cosmopolitan at the same time. Students will practice visual skills by examining and analyzing the paintings by Pirous and investigate additional examples of Islamic calligraphy from other countries. Students will be able to: - Identify elements of Qur’anic calligraphy and emblems of Islam as found in contemporary art. - Describe meanings of works of art by analyzing how specific works are created and how they relate to historical and cultural - Reflect analytically on various interpretations as a means for understanding and evaluating works of visual art. Two class periods Visual Arts, Literature and Performance Laurie J. Sears, section on “Writing Systems and Manuscripts” on incorporation of Arabic script into local writing systems. Religious Practices and Cultural Expression - Background essay by Kenneth M. George - Seven visuals in color on p. 171 (five visuals by Pirous and embroidery by Pirous’s mother, two additional for comparison of use of color, including gold, design and - “Sura Isra II: Homage to Mother” 1982 - Kasab (embroidery by Hamidah, the mother of A. D. - “For the Sake of the Sparkling Morning Light,” 1982 - “When the Earth Quakes,” 1982 - “The Night that is More Perfect than a 1000 - “Meditation toward the Enlightened Spirit I,” 2000 - Page from an illuminated Qur’an from Indonesia: Tafsir Al-Quran, verses in praise of the Prophet. Arabic and Bugis languages and scripts, p 178 - Qur’anic verses from paintings with annotations for visuals (#1 and #2 are combined) - Display the six paintings by Pirous for the class. Before telling the students the titles of the paintings or what the calligraphy means, ask them to come up with their own titles, in order to engage the students directly with the works of art. - Share the background essay with students, to provide context for the visuals. - Divide students into five groups and provide each member of the group with the appropriate Qur’anic verses and Annotations worksheet (include #2, the piece of embroidery by Pirous’s mother, with #1, “Homage to Mother”). Ask each group to do a “close reading” of one painting each. Ask them to choose one representative of each group to be a “docent,” or museum lecturer, and give a short presentation on the group’s painting to the class following the group discussion. - Have students from each of the five groups make brief docent presentations to the whole class. Conclude presentations with a whole class discussion and reflection, including the following points: Comparing the six works of art - What, if anything, do these five paintings have in common? (All but one include Arabic calligraphy. All include geometric shapes. All use gold or golden yellow somewhere in the painting.) - In what ways are the paintings different from one another? (Four use geometric forms, triangles or squares, and one does not. One is figurative. One does not use calligraphy. Four use borders painted on two sides or more of the paintings.) Calligraphy as an art form - In a work of art which incorporates calligraphy, is it necessary to understand what the calligraphy says in order to appreciate the beauty of the artwork? - Does it change your point of view about any of Pirous’ paintings to find out what the calligraphy says and consider the meaning of the text? - The text is in a language many Americans do not understand: how important do you think it is for the viewer to understand the text? - If you were the curator of an exhibition of the works of A. D. Pirous, would you include for the viewers the translations of the calligraphy in each painting that incorporates it? Students will be assessed on participation in small group work, docent presentations, and full class discussion. Formal assessment of extension exercises provide more in-depth evaluation of underlying concepts. This unit utilizes several modes of learning/assessment to address the strengths of diverse students. Heterogeneous grouping may provide additional support for diverse learners. Provide students with copies of the Unit Glossary for scaffolding reading comprehension. - Researching Islamic Art Have students research and report on other works of calligraphy from other parts of the Islamic world. Each student should select one to three images to study and compare with the three paintings of Pirous that incorporate calligraphy. What are the different media used by the different calligraphic artists? What were the purposes of the different art works? Note whether the calligraphy was used in Qur’anic manuscripts or in other books or illustrations, in royal seals, in architecture, in objects such as rugs or lamps, or in works of graphic design, that, like Pirous’s paintings, have no other use as objects than to be studied as works of art and religious meditation. Note when the selected calligraphic works were made and where. What are some of the most common colors you see in works of calligraphy? Why do you think those colors were selected? How do Pirous’ paintings resemble the other works of calligraphy you found? In what ways are they very different? Pay special attention to Pirous’ brilliant colors, and the shapes he uses within his compositions. Also consider the titles Pirous selected for his paintings, which are very poetic and not just functional. Do these help you to understand the paintings, or make their meanings seem more complex to you? - Calligraphy as an art form Calligraphy is not only an important part of art and literature from the Islamic world; it has played a vital role in European art, especially during the Middle Ages, East Asian art (Chinese, Japanese, and Korean), Tibetan and Jewish art. It is often, but not always, related to religion. Using reference and museum sites such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, have students research calligraphy in different traditions and have each choose a piece of non-Islamic calligraphy, or art incorporating calligraphy, that he or she particularly likes. Have students write a brief in-class essay comparing a painting by Pirous that includes calligraphy with the non-Islamic piece of calligraphy. How are the letters arranged on the page in the different traditions? How do the different calligraphers make use of space? What kind of text is used in the non-Islamic calligraphy (religious, philosophical, literary/poetic)? How is the non-Islamic calligraphy combined with other forms of art, if it is (such as landscapes or other elements in East Asian painting)? - Ideas for a studio arts project Students should then choose a secular or religious text that is particularly meaningful to them to use as part of the studio art project. It could be a favorite short poem. The first step is to have students practice writing their text as a decorative element. They could use calligraphy markers or the traditional nib and penholder, or sumi ink and brush. Students can use whatever language they want to express their text. Next students will design a context for the calligraphy text. This context should integrate the text with the design as Pirous does. The design can be abstract or realistic. Students will create a collage on which the text will be written. Students should consider color, form, symmetry, etc., when they create their works. The collages should be on heavy stock paper or illustration board. Some materials to consider are tissue paper, rice paper, paper that has been painted, and fabric. Once the collage is complete students should write their chosen text in the area of the collage they have left for this purpose. They could write the text on another piece of paper, which they then include in the collage. An extension of this project would be to create the text as a print medium, for example, as a linoleum print. Various collages could be created and the student could then print the text over these collages. This would give the student an opportunity to see various ways the text can relate to an image, The result would be a series of pieces which all have the same text but different ways of using this text as part of an image.

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Reactions of carboxylic acids and their salts include nucleophilic substitution and decarboxylation to leave enols, free radicals, or alkyl halides. A review of the IR spectroscopy of acid derivatives includes the use of vibrational coupling in the structure determination of anhydrides and imides. Many acid derivatives can be interconverted by substitution through a tetrahedral intermediate, and differences in acidity can be used to drive such reactions toward completion. Reduction of acid derivatives illustrates the challenge of designing selective reactions. Acidic and basic mechanisms allow conversion of nitriles to carboxylic acids. Ketenes provide routes to several acid derivatives. The Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones to esters illustrates atom insertion into acyl-R bonds.

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While they do get paid a bit more in the “green” economy, a much lower percentage are working in the “green” economy. Supposedly, there are 3.4 million “green” jobs (school bus drivers, scrap metal workers, employee at a bike shop, and, yes, even an oil industry lobbyist) out there, but…. (Climate Progress) ….the green sector offers new opportunities for good-paying jobs across the U.S. and raises the question: Are women benefitting from the transition to a green economy as much as men? A new study suggests not, finding that women hold just three out of ten green jobs in the U.S. and are making less than men in the green sector. In the report “Quality Employment for Women in the Green Economy,” the Institute for Women’s Policy Research (IWPR) provides estimates of the number of green jobs held by women within each state, industry and occupation using data gathered from surveys (BLS Green Goods and Services Survey and U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey 2008-2010), state reports and a 2011 report on green jobs (Brookings study). Several of the key findings from the report include: - Women are underrepresented in the green economy, holding just 29.5 percent of green jobs compared to 48 percent of the total U.S. workforce - The distribution of jobs in the green economy is more concentrated in industries that typically employ more men than women, including manufacturing, construction, transportation, warehousing and utilities - Women’s share of green jobs is expected to stay low since the occupations that are projected to see the most growth are traditionally held by men (heating and air conditioning technicians, carpenters and electricians) Their incomes are a bit higher and the income gap is smaller in the “green” sector versus the private sector, but, overall, the “green” economy is inherently sexist. Good job, Obama! I should probably stop there, but, there is a lot of interesting information in that Brooking study. For one thing, the “clean economy”, as they term it, only has 2.7 million workers, not the 3.4 million that has been cited for years (one would think that number might grow at some point). One of the top sectors is “regulation and compliance” (141,890 jobs). They are terming “public transportation” as a “clean job”, even though a good chunk relies on fossil fuels. We also learn that all these types of jobs were created initially under Bush 41, Bill Clinton, and Bush 43. None for Obama. And, once again, let me point out that there is nothing wrong with “clean” jobs and the “green” economy. We should look to being more environmentally friendly (not talking about CO2, but, we could do with reducing Methane and a few other greenhouse gases that are much more potent than CO2). Look towards eventually replacing oil, both for fuel and lubrication, with products that work (unlike using corn for fuel). Less land, sea, and air pollution (again, not talking about CO2). My problem with the way Obama does it is that he uses taxpayer money to reward campaign contributors and push certain programs, regardless of whether they have any chance of succeeding, plus the way he pushes it for “climate change”. He had a chance to really push it and get both sides involved, but, he had to get hyper-political, as usual. Oh, and I blame Obama for the green economy being sexist.

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WASHINGTON ‹ Many, if not most, laws Congress enacts have had unintended negative consequences, and increasing the minimum wage has been one of them. Perhaps no other so-called economic reform has received more study than the impact of the minimum wage on poor-to-low income, unskilled, undereducated, unemployed Americans. The preponderance of these studies has shown time and again that increasing the minimum wage does not live up to its promises. It doesn't create employment for those it is supposed to help; it reduces employment. It doesn't help the most vulnerable Americans, especially poor minorities; it worsens their plight. The Employment Policies Institute, a nonprofit research organization, released a recent study of these unintended consequences here this week. It found that for every 10 percent increase: Unemployment among minorities rose 3.9 percent. Joblessness among Hispanics jumped 4.9 percent. Teenage minority unemployment increased 6.6 percent. Unemployment among African-American teens climbed 8.4 percent. Low-skilled unemployment (among high-school dropouts) grew by 8 percent. Dr. David Neumark, a University of California, Irvine economist, who conducted the study, said his findings supported "earlier research which found that minimum wages have the largest negative effects on low-skilled employees, such as teens and minority teens." Nothing is more important to the economic advancement of minority youths than access to entry-level jobs, where they can develop good work habits and learn skills that can prepare them for other career opportunities during their working life. But another recent study by James Sherk, a labor-policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation, found that "Raising the minimum wage reduces many workers' job opportunities and working hours." As the federal minimum wage has risen, the number of entry-level jobs for young, unskilled workers has fallen because the "wage hikes cause businesses to reduce the number of workers they hire and the hours they ask their employers to work." Sherk pointed to an earlier 2004 study by Dr. Neumark that discovered "workers who initially earn near the minimum wage experience wage gains. But their hours and employment decline, and the combined effect of these changes on earned income suggest net adverse consequences for low-wage workers." Economists estimate that "each 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces employment in affected groups of workers by roughly 2 percent," Sherk said. Thus, raising the minimum to $7.25, as the Democrats propose, "would cost at least 8 percent of affected workers their jobs." This is a very conservative estimate of its ultimate cost to some of the most vulnerable Americans among us. The Hoover Institution said that 20 percent ‹ or 1.6 million workers ‹ could lose their jobs if small businesses that would suffer $5 billion to $7 billion in greater employment costs receive no offsetting tax cuts. But if people don't or won't believe the studies, the evidence they point to is all around us. Employers have found increasing ways to eliminate jobs as the minimum wage has risen with little or no effect on the services they offer. Gas stations have replaced workers with computerized self-service pumps. Supermarkets have replaced cashiers with price scanners and self-service checkout systems. Department stores have shrunk their sales forces and consolidated cash-register checkouts, too. Airline customers now get seat selection and obtain boarding passes at computer terminals. This job reduction trend is going to accelerate big-time if the minimum wage is raised again, even with the small-business-tax-cut offsets sought in the Senate. Small businesses create two-thirds of all new jobs in this country, but the tax cuts would not be very helpful to the millions of new start-up firms formed each year where cash flow is often problematic in the first few years for those that survive. Other things cause us to question the value of increasing the minimum wage, which has become increasingly irrelevant and misdirected in today's economy. Relatively few workers earning the minimum wage "come from poor households," Sherk's study found. Most are workers between the ages of 16 and 24 and "over three-fifths of minimum wage earners work part-time. "The average family income of a minimum wage earner is almost $50,000, and less than one in five live at or below the poverty line," he pointed out. But will a greater minimum help those who are poor or low-income? Available family income statistics show that it does "raise the income of some poor families, but their net effect is to increase the portion of families that are poor and near poor," Neumark's 2004 study indicated. The Democrats' idea of increasing the minimum wage is still popular among voters, as the 2006 elections showed, but it is not targeted at the truly poor and most of those who benefit are not poor. This is an old post-Depression-era idea that will destroy entry-level jobs for people who need them most. What we really need is a clean tax-cut bill for all small businesses that will accelerate their growth and the higher-paying jobs they will create for all Americans. Copyright 2007, United Feature Syndicate, Inc.

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Arthopyrenia betulicola (Old Birch Spots) is narrowly endemic to the high elevations of the southern Appalachian Mountains in the United States where it is restricted to mature hardwood trees in remnant old-growth forests. This habitat has been greatly reduced in size by past human activities and is now threatened by climate change and other factors. The species is narrowly endemic to the high elevations of the southern Appalachian Mountains in North Carolina and Tennessee. Demographic studies are needed to assess and monitor populations sizes. Our current knowledge of the species suggests that its populations are stable. Population Trend: Stable Arthopyrenia betulicola only grows on the sheltered, dry sides of the trunks of mature individuals of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) in old-growth montane northern hardwood forests and spruce-fir forests. Current threats to Arthopyrenia betulicola include air pollution, fog pollution, habitat degradation (large scale die-off of keystone species in habitat such as hemlock, spruce and fir from invasive species), and shifting habitat due to climate change. Any additional logging of available habitat is a further potential threat. The known populations of this species are all in national forest, state park, or national park land although additional populations may occur on privately held lands that have not been inventoried. There are many conservation actions that can be taken including controlling the balsam wooly adelgid and hemlock adelgid, educating and training land managers and local botanists to identify the species so we can monitor its health, federally listing the species as endangered in the United States, and improving air quality regulation. The distribution of this species is well understood as a very narrow endemic. Further research that will aid in the conservation of this species includes population assessments and monitoring, population genetics studies, and ecological studies that incorporate threats to the species. Additionally, a species recovery plan needs to be written. Harris, R. C./ E. A. Tripp/ J. C. Lendemer 2014: Arthopyrenia betulicola (Arthopyreniaceae, Dothidiomycetes), an unusual new lichenized fungus from high elevations of the southern Appalachian Mountains. - Aliso 31(2): 77-81. Lendemer, J.C., R.C. Harris and E.A. Tripp. 2013. The lichens and allied fungi of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: an annotated checklist with comprehensive keys. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 104: i-viii, 1-152 [effectively published in print 09 January 2013].

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Marriages and Cosmopolitanism in Kozhikode By Hameeda C. K. Malabar is a dynamic region that has played a vital role in the formulation of a major part of the history and culture of Kerala. The region has been well-known for its maritime trading activities, and this aspect of the Malabar has been a favourite subject of study for various scholars. Throughout centuries, the ports of Malabar have remained a coveted centre of maritime trade for many European, West-Asian and East-Asian countries. These trade contacts strongly influenced the socio-cultural life of the people in this region. Consequently, the Malabar Coast also opened the gates to Western religions, primarily Islam, Christianity and Judaism. According to sources, Kozhikode or Calicut was one of the ancient port cities in the region. Under Zamorin’s rule, the city flourished with foreign trade. Names of some of the local areas in the city such as Jooda Bazar (Jew Market), and Pattierathu= pattu theruvu or silk bazaar indicate Kozhikode’s long history of transnational maritime trade relationship with several foreigners such as Chinese and Jews. The political prominence of Malabar was a critical factor that favored, encouraged and invited the foreign traders to engage in sea trade. The rulers understood the prospects of economic prosperity and encouraged the Arab traders. The Zamorins, the local rulers of the times, welcomed the traders to settle down in their territory especially in Kozhikode and to marry local women. Thus, Malabar became a significant region in India as the areas of Arab settlements and inter-marriages. Gradually the trade relationship helped Islamic proselytizers come and settle in the city. These settlements and marriages had a relevant role in the social and cultural changes of the region over a period. The social conditions were equally suitable for the inter-cultural Mappila-Arab marital relations. When proselytizer’s families remained endogamous, Arab sailors and traders from West-Asia made the best of this opportunity and married women from the coastal areas. Onomastics of many houses in Kuttichira, an important locality in the old city of Kozhikode, such as Kalliyaarakam (Khazi Family), Baramintakam, Jifrintakam, Ghaleefantakam, Arabeentakam, Somaleentakam, Elaapparabintakam, Ahamadahammadintavide, Kuloomintavide, Ibrahim Kasimintavide, Amraante Veedu etc. reveal people’s familial and marital tie with different racial groups like Africans, Arabs and Persians. Another interesting observation from the onomastics of family reveals whether the family keeps some sort of exclusivity or not. The history of social stratification of the area and the exclusive local identification by the local people shows the high status enjoyed by Khazis, Thangals, Baramis and Arabs as well as Africans who settled in this area from the pre-modern period. However, all these families are not entirely foreign but the businessmen, sailors and other workers, who came here as the part of trade, married local women from various stratum of society and settled. Though Thangal families, Khazi families, etc. came from Yemen and they claim their descent from Prophet Muhammed, a complete exclusivity is not even obtained from the local and oral narrative. Interestingly, the progenies and their ancestral traders cum settlers had special acceptance and reverence in the locality, which often reflected in the socio-cultural development of cosmopolitanism in Kozhikode. This makes Kozhikode a unique place to every kind of people who came from across Kerala and outside both as migrants and travelers. Before the advent of Islam, the matrilineal kinship system was prominent among the people in Calicut. In this system, women were both the centre of family and the custodian of the children in the family. In his article, “Kinship Organisation and Marriage Customs among Moplahs on the South West Coast of India”, social anthropologist Victor D’Souza argued that this matrilineal kinship system not only existed among Nairs of Malabar but was also observed among the Thiyyas, Mukkuvas and other castes and communities. Francis Buchanan has given an example of this in his book, A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar. He narrates that the Mukkuva women in Malabar Coast are fair and beautiful, compared to people from other castes. The reason, he argues, is that women of this region and community had unhindered relations with any man they liked including foreigners. The off-spring from the conjugal relation was retained by the women themselves. Men had no claim over the off-spring. It meant that the Victorian morality had not yet conquered the sentiments of conjugal or sexual relation of women at that time. Today this matrilineal joint family system is almost replaced by the patrilineal family structure due to many reasons, including the application of Muslim Personal Law. In his book, Mappilas of Malabar: Studies in Social and Cultural History, noted historian Muhamed Koya writes that for Arabs, Persians and other traders from the west, the prevailing socio-cultural ambience of Malabar gave easy access to mingle with the locals and create their own progenies in this region. The practice of Mut’a marriage among those trading groups from the west left them no cultural rupture, but a convergence or left no immoral concerns of the modern sort having conjugal/sexual relation with the local women in Malabar. While the western scholars articulate this practice as a variety of prostitution, neither the local culture nor the trading West Asians considered it as prostitution or an act of immorality or against the religious values. In fact, it was a two-way process, which was legitimized by the matrilineal kinship system of that time. For instance, in the medieval period, the trade between Calicut and the west and central Asian countries flourished immensely. Even though the entry and monopoly of the British in the maritime trade largely affected the trade with Arabs, the marriage relationship between these Arab sailors and local women in Kozhikode continued till the late 1980s in the coastal areas in the city. On the contrary, discovery of petroleum in the Arabian Peninsula made a negative impact on the trade in the port of Calicut. However, the echo of transnational marital relationships has not vanished from the city. Historical texts provide suggestions of these marriages, which were locally known as Arabi Kallyanam. It was difficult to find any written records about the experience of women, who had engaged in these transnational marriages. Many women in the city who married Arabs and Iranians travelled to different places in Arabia and Iran. Some of them settled in these countries and continued their relationship with their maternal families in the city. Some women who married and stayed in the city expressed that it was a matter of pride for them to be selected by an Arab for the marriage. This is because compared to local men, Arabs were handsome, rich and such marriages acted as a testimony of the beauty these women possessed. The study focused on the oral narratives of such women and how the act of transnational marriage played in the development of cosmopolitanism among the people of Calicut. The narratives indicated that marriage ties, in fact, deeply brought close connection in every sphere of life including food-habit, attire, cultural exchange, behavioural interactions, and language of the people. Though many women in Calicut are illiterate, they are able to speak the Arabic and Persian language fluently due to their contact with different countries in West Asia. Fifty-eight-year-old Khadeeja, one of the women in Kuttichira, shared her experience of visiting many places in Arabia. Her husband was a merchant who came from Dubai and had fallen love with her while she was attending her tailoring classes. She felt happy and proud when he proposed to her through her parents. After marriage, she visited many countries – Turkey, Egypt, etc. – as part of their honey-moon trip. Khadeeja also expressed her happiness in being able to wear fashionable dresses during those days. She said that her husband was delighted to make her wear modern and colorful clothes. Her neighbors also expressed their wonder while she wore sophisticated foreign clothes and shawls, instead of the local attires such as pavada (skirt), Kaachi and kuppayam (long blouse). Modern lingerie was introduced to these local women through their foreign husbands. Another woman called Saina, from Mukhadar, also shared her experience of living in Yemen with her Yemeni husband and their children. She showed her knowledge in speaking Arabic. Families of these women shared their experience of receiving exotic gifts from their son-in-law. Women who married Arabs and stayed a long time in Arabia have a lot to share. They speak especially about the clothes they wore there as well as the different food items they consumed in their husband’s home. Many women expressed that they did not find it difficult to have Arabian food and often enjoyed items such as Majboos, Gava, Aleesa, Roobiyaan, Kubbus, etc. because these food items already had localized forms in Calicut owing to their historical interaction with the rest of the world. This shows the true cosmopolitanism of the city of Kozhikode. The transnational marriage ties of Malabar not only brought a variety of descendents from different parts of the West and Central Asia, which contributed cosmopolitanism in the cultural and social sphere, but also mutual transmission of different habits and practices. The famous Malabar daggers called, Malappuram Kathi and Arappatta (waist belt), have similar cultural ancestry from Somalia, Djibouti, Yemen, Persia, etc. but modified to the local condition and need. Similarly, two other women, Aisha and Amina, share their experience of their Yemeni and Somali husbands who used to trade in timber from India to Dubai. They said that their husbands mostly brought modern dresses for them, instead of pardha or hijab, which symbolizes Muslim culture today or their interaction with West Asia. Today most of the migrant Muslim men and women from the Arab countries bring pardha and hijab and rationalize that it is the symbol of their cultural identity. However, the oral history of these women, who married Arabs, Persians and Africans in Calicut, tells a different story. To conclude, Calicut’s openness to different cultures and practices for the mutual benefit, of course, depicts that the space and its culture matured to have receptiveness towards difference, which embodies the true sense of its cosmopolitanism. It is also interesting that the adaptability of the population during the gulf migration reflects the inherited sense of cosmopolitanism which helped them to get not only access but also acceptance and reverence. This inherited cosmopolitanism made them successful compared to the other sections of migrants from the state to West Asia. The name silk bazaar denoting the silk trade with Chinese traders Kalliyarakam means the in house of Kalli or Khazi family, the spiritual leaders of Muslim community in Calicut; they claim to have descended from Prophet Muhammed. Baramis are a group of Yemeni traders settled in Calicut. Jifrintakam too claims the spiritual leadership of Muslims in Calicut and they are called Thangals, which is an equivalent of Sayyids elsewhere, who claim to be the descendants of the Prophet. Mut’a marriage is an ancient Islamic marriage practice for a limited time period. The rituals and other aspects of regular marriage followed in Mut’a except the marriage is limited for a period, therefore called a temporary marriage. No mutual rights of inheritance created between the spouses, but children considered legitimate and capable of inheriting from both parents. Marriage comes to end ipso facto on the expiry of the term, unless extended. Husband and wife do not have a right of divorce, but he can terminate the union earlier by making a “gift of the term” (hiba-i-muddat). In that case, the wife is entitled to full dower. Similarly, the wife has a right to leave the husband before the expiry of the term of the mut’a marriage; if she does so, the husband has a right to deduct the proportionate part of the dower for the unexpired period. These characteristics make Mut’a different from prostitution. A variant of Dothi, women wear in Calicut Hameeda C. K., Ph. D Scholar, JNU & Assistant Professor, Department of Gender Studies, Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development, Sriperumbudur, India. For more stories, read Café Dissensus Everyday, the blog of Café Dissensus Magazine.

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|Abstract||This Guidance Note describes the identification of infection with those viruses that are capable| of causing red rash as a major symptom of disease. Rashes may occur either as a direct result of infection of the skin, or as a secondary phenomenon due to the host immune response or an interaction between host immune response and virus in the skin. For the most part the rashes that arise from viruses that replicate in the skin are typically vesicular (poxviruses, herpes simplex, varicella-zoster), or nodular (papillomavirus) lesions. Rashes may be morbilliform (erythematous macules and papules) or scarlatiniform (confluent Viral rashes and drug reactions are usually morbilliform, while scarlatiniform rashes tend to be seen in bacterial infections which produce exotoxins.

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In the last couple of posts, I have been talking about the changes involved in shifting from hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture based lifestyle. Let's now talk about how the value system changed with the change in lifestyle. Agricultural societies are on the other hand, hierarchical, with the person or group controlling more land (and therefore more resources) calling the shots regarding who gets how much importance in the society, and share of the produce. The hunter gatherers had no 'emotional bond' with the land. If the going in a particular location got tough, they simply picked up and left in search of greener pastures. Since they were constantly on the move, not having too many personal needs meant less personal belongings to carry, and therefore greater mobility and higher chances of survival in case of unexpected disasters. In other words, for hunter-gatherers keeping their own 'backpack' light was a survival instinct. With settling down, it was no particular benefit to being minimalist. On the other hand, there was power and prestige attached with ownership of more land than anyone else, a bigger house than everyone else, and so on. The emotional bond and sense of 'ownership' of land emerged after humans settled down in one location. We can blame all our land-ownership related family feuds on the shift to agriculture 10,000 years ago! Another important factor of hunter-gatherer lifestyle was living in the moment. Every day you focused on providing for yourself and your band just for that one day. Every night you went to bed, with either all the needs fulfilled, partially fulfilled, or unfulfilled, for that day. Tomorrow was another day, and a fresh start. One learned from past experiences, but didn't worry about the future beyond a day. An agriculturist has to plan his/her activities for a season at least, and then has plans for what to do with the produce at the end of the season. If s/he is putting a lot of effort in cultivating the land, the planning doesn't stop with a season, but extends to an year, several years, and so on. As a result, loss of a crop in one season, can have adverse impact on the plans for the next few years... leading to a lot of stress and anxiety. If you were toiling just to fulfill today's needs, the 'work' part of the day in an abundant ecosystem would not be more than 3-4 hrs. Rest of the time was available for leisure - to practice your skills through games and play, chat with your friends, draw paintings in the caves, spend time with your kids and your partner, and so on. On the other hand, an agriculturist, very conscious of the possibilities of a crop failing, or a flock of cattle dying in an epidemic, toils harder to reduce the odds against 'Plan A' and also to put in place a 'Plan B'... resulting into a work day of 8-10 hrs, leaving very little time for socialising, creativity and so on. A hunter-gatherer actually lived a more healthy lifestyle because there was automatically a great variety in food items consumed, the body got plenty of exercise, and so on. Of course, the life was full of more risk - of being hunted by other predators, of consuming something poisonous, of falling prey to calamities in unfamiliar lands, etc. Children being the weakest members of this harsh society, were more prone to die before reaching adulthood. The combination of low average life span and high child mortality kept the population stable, or allowed it to grow at a very slow rate. Agriculturists lived relatively safer lives, the survival rate of the children went up as they could be nurtured into adulthood in protected environment, however the life was less healthy due to the reduction in the variety in the food, large periods of food scarcity (and therefore malnutrition) in case of crop failures, etc. But one of the consequence of increased life expectancy, and increased lifespan was the spurt in population. So, to sum up, while shifting to agriculture solved the main problem of sustainability by increasing the carrying capacity of the land, it also transformed the human society in a number of other ways creating an entirely new culture. Ironically, it is this value system that has again put the sustainability of human population in jeopardy. How did that happen? Let's talk about that next week! Director, Samuchit Enviro Tech

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Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical that is used in a variety of consumer products, such as water bottles, dental composites and resins used to line metal food and beverage containers. Often, aquatic environments such as rivers and streams become reservoirs for contaminants, including BPA. Now, University of Missouri researchers and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists have determined that fish exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals will pass adverse reproductive effects onto their offspring as many as three generations later. These findings suggest that BPA could have adverse reproductive effects for humans and their offspring who are exposed to BPA as well. “This study examined concentrations of BPA and other chemicals that are not expected to be found in most environmental situations,” Tillitt said. “However, concern remains about the possibility of passing on adverse reproductive effects to future generations at lower levels.”

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The Effects to Trend the Suitable OS Platform Technically, software is a part of electronic devices that is responsible for managing hardware. The signaling communication between hardware and software ultimately controls electronic devices, and is known as Operating System (OS). For the purpose of selecting the best platform for clients, users should study functionalities, securities, graphic interfaces and usability of the different OS platforms. Therefore, this research focuses on choosing the suitable OS platform for user in academic and non-academic environments, according to demanding users’ companionability. It also explains the first type of OS which can be utilized openly. In addition to that, it concentrates on some general significant aspects that are useful for OS users. Tanenbaum, S. A. & Bos, H. (2014) Modern Operating Systems. 4th Ed. New Jersey: Pearson. Silberschatz, A., Galvin P. B. & Gagne, G. (2008) Operating System Concepts. 8th ed. USA: John Wiley & Sons. Robert Milton Underwood, Jr. (2000) Device Drivers: Their Function in an Operating System [online] Available at: http://www.homesaustin.com/Documents/DeviceDrivers.pdf [Accessed 3 March 2016] Feske, N. & Helmuth, C. (2007) Design of the Bastei OS Architecture [online] Available at: http://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/ [Accessed 2 March 2018] Burgess, M. (2001) A Short Introduction to Operating Systems [online] Available at: http://markburgess.org/os/os.pdf [Accessed 3 March 2018] Swayne, D. (2003) Microsoft’s Disk Operating System [online] Available at: https://users.cs.jmu.edu/ [Accessed 28 February 2018] Nirmal R. K. and Mishra N. (2011) 3D Graphical User Interface on personal computer using p5 Data Glove. International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 8 (5), No.1: pp. 155-160 Petrie, H. and Bevan, N. (2009) the evaluation of accessibility, usability and user experience. The Universal Access Handbook, C Stepanidis (ed), CRC Press, [online] Available at: www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780805862805 [Accessed 29 February 2018] Market Share Statistics for Internet Technologies (2016) Desktop Operating System Market Share [online] Available at: https://www.netmarketshare.com/ [Accessed 14 March 2016] Vaughan-Nichols S. J. (2013) Five Reasons why Windows 8 has failed [online] Available at: http://www.zdnet.com/article/ [Accessed 6 March 2018] StatCounter (2016) Find the most popular operating systems [online] Available at: http://gs.statcounter.com/ [Accessed 14 March 2018] DuCharme, B. (2001) the Operating System Handbook: Fake Your Way through Minis and Mainframes [online] Available at: http://www.snee.com/bob/opsys/part4os400.pdf [Accessed 10 March 2018] Guardian Digital (2005) Windows vs. Linux in Corporate Environments: The Advantages of Windows Available at: http://www.guardiandigital.com/pfiles/GuardianDigital_Linux_vs_Windows.pdf [Accessed 20 February 2018] Cybersource® (2004) Linux VS Windows Total Cost of Ownership Comparison. Available at: https://static.lwn.net/images/pdf/cybersource-tco-study.pdf [Accessed 21 February 2018] Carson, A. (2011) What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Mac OS?: Advantages of Mac OS. Available at: http://www.brighthub.com/computing/mac-platform/articles/73326.aspx [Accessed 9 March 2018] Hayat, S. (2013) Scl 3: Operating System and File Management. Available at: http://prxhayat2group10.blogspot.com/ [Accessed 7 March 2018] Informatics-tech (2013) Linux vs Macintosh vs Windows (unbiased comparison) Available at: http://www.informatics-tech.com/linux-vs-mac-vs-windows-unbiased-comparison.htmlf[Accessed 21 February 2018] Tutorialspoint Learning Operating System – Linux [online] Available at: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_linux.htm [Accessed 10 March 2018] Copyright (c) 2018 JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN NATURAL SCIENCES This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited..

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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2001 July 14 Explanation: Ranging throughout the solar system, these pictures all have something in common. They were taken with an 8 inch diameter telescope, a size popular with amateur astronomy buffs, and slightly modified "web cam" of the type widely used to send images out over the internet. The results are clearly remarkable for such inexpensive and readily available equipment. Each sharp image was produced from 20 to 30 frames which were digitally stacked and processed using free software. Until recently, digital imaging for amateur astronomers required a specialized camera, but the advent of low-light video surveillance cameras and web cams now presents other options for relatively bright solar system objects. Want to try some unconventional web cam astronomy? Astronomer Geoff Chester offers these images and an account of his own adventures from a suburban front lawn near Washington D.C., USA. Authors & editors: Jerry Bonnell (USRA) NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply. A service of: LHEA at NASA/ GSFC & Michigan Tech. U.

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The Ancient Roman cult of victory reveals the deep piety of the Roman heart. Sallust uses the expression ‘extremely religious mortals’1 to describe the early Romans, and there is a saying by Cicero that ancient Roman civilisation superseded every other people or nation (omnes gentes nationesque superavimus)2 for its sense of the sacred. Analogous testimonies can be found in many variations in many other ancient writers. Against the prejudices of a certain kind of historiography, which persists in evaluating Ancient Rome only from the juridical and political point of view, we hold that the effectively spiritual and sacred content of Ancient Romanness must be brought to the fore, and indeed should be considered the most important element thereof, since it can easily be shown how the political, juridical and ethical forms of Rome in the last analysis took as their basis and common origin precisely a special religious vision, a special kind of human relation to the supersensible world. Only that this relationship differed considerably from that which was to become paramount to the beliefs that subsequently came to predominate. The Roman, as ancient and traditional man in general, conceived of a meeting and a reciprocal interpenetration between divine forces and human forces. A special sense of history and of time was contained in this, as we ourselves have had occasion to draw to our the reader’s attention, whilst discussing a book by Franz Altheim. The Roman found the locus of divine manifestation, not so much in the space of pure contemplation, detached from the world, nor in the immobile, silent symbols of a hyperkosmia, an ‘overworld’, but rather in time and in history and in everything which unfolds through human action. He thus experienced his history more or less in the terms of a ‘sacred history’, or at least a ‘fateful history’: and this was so from the very earliest days of Rome. In his Life of Romulus, Plutarch writes that ‘Rome would not have succeeded in gaining so much power if it had not had in some way a divine origin, such as might offer to the eyes of men something of the great and inexplicable’.3 From here arose the typically Roman conception of an invisible and ‘mystical’ counterpart to the visible and tangible part of the human world. It is for this reason that every explication of Roman life, be it individual, collective, or political, was accompanied by a rite. And from here, too, came the peculiar conception that the Roman had of the fatum: the fatum was not for him, as it had been for late Grecian antiquity, a blind power; rather it was the divine order unfolding in the world, to be interpreted and understood by means of an adequate science, in order that the effective directions of human action might be presaged – directions by which human action might attract a force from on high, toward the ends, not only of gaining success, but also of producing a kind of transfiguration and higher justification. As these ideas were extended in Ancient Rome to every facet of reality, they were also reaffirmed in the domain of military ventures, of battle, of heroism and of victory. From here we see precisely what those scholars miss, who consider the Ancient Romans essentially as a race of half barbarians, a race who through the brute force of arms alone imposed themselves on the world, taking from other peoples — the Etruscans, the Greeks and the Syriacs — whatever they possessed of true and authentic culture. It is rather the case that Ancient Romanness possessed a particular mystical conception of war and of victory, a conception whose importance has curiously escaped the notice of scholars of Romanness. These last confine themselves to distractedly alluding to the many related and well-documented Roman traditions. It was an essentially Roman opinion that, if a war was to be won materially, it needed first be won – or at least propitiated – mystically. After the battle of Trasimene, Fabius told the soldiers, ‘Your fault was more in having neglected the sacrifices and in having ignored the warnings of the augurs, than in having lacked in courage or ability’.4 No Roman war was commenced without sacrifices, and a special college of priests – the fetiales – was charged with the rites relative to war, which could be considered a ‘just war’, iustum bellum, only insofar as it undertook these rites. As de Coulanges has already had occasion to note, the basis of the military art of the Romans originally consisted in avoiding being forced to fight when the gods were against it — which is to say, when no concordance of human forces and forces from on high could be ascertained through ‘fatal’ signs. In this way too the centre of military affairs fell on a plane which was more than merely human – just as both the sacrifice and the heroism of the combatant were considered more than merely human. The Roman conception of victory is of particular importance here. According to this conception, every victory has a mystical side, in the most objective sense of the term: in the victor, in the leader, in the imperator acclaimed on the fields of battle, one had the sense of a sudden manifestation of divine force which transfigured this figure and transcended his humanity. The same warrior’s rite according to which the imperator (in the original sense of the word, not of ‘emperor’, but of victorious leader) was carried on a special shield, is not without its symbolic counterpart, as can be inferred from Ennius: the shield, which was already sacred in the Capitoline temple of Jove, is equivalent to the altisonum coeli clupeum, the celestial sphere, beyond which the man who had triumphed would be lifted by his victory. Unequivocal and significant confirmations of this ancient Roman conception are offered in the nature of the liturgy and the pomp surrounding a triumph. We speak of ‘liturgy’ because the character of this ceremony, with which every victor was honoured, was considerably more religious than it was military. The victorious leader here was presented as a kind of manifestation or visible incarnation of the Olympian god himself, from which he drew all of his marks and attributes. The quadriga drawn by white horses corresponded to that of the solar god of the luminous sky, just as the mantle of the triumphant leader, the purple toga embroidered with golden stars, reproduced the heavenly and stellar mantle of Jupiter. The golden crown was as the sceptre held aloft by that same sacred deity. And the winner painted his countenance with minium, precisely as in the cult of the temple of the Olympian god, before whom he then presented himself, solemnly depositing the triumphal laurel of his victory at the feet of the statue of Jove, signifying thereby that Jove was the true author of his victory and that he had won essentially as a divine force, as a force of Jove himself: whence the ritual identification between the two in the ceremony. The noteworthy circumstance, moreover, that the paludamentum5 which here indicated the triumphant leader corresponded to that of the ancient Roman kings, might give rise to other considerations: it might be reducible to the fact, as Altheim has highlighted, that even before the first definition of the triumphal ceremony of the king, in the Priscan Roman conception, this paludamentum likewise appeared as an image of celestial divinity. The divine order, over which this image presided, is reflected and manifested in the human order, which is centred precisely on the king. In this regard – in this conception which, as various other first things,6 was then to re-emerge in the imperial period – Rome bears witness to a tradition of universal bearing, one which is to be found in an entire cycle of great civilisations: in the Indo-Aryan and Aryo-Iranic world, in Ancient Greece, in Ancient Egypt, in the Far East. But so as not to drift away from our subject, let us mention another characteristic element of the Roman conception of victory. Precisely because it was not considered a merely human fact, the victory of a leader often assumed for the Romans the traits of a numen, of an independent divinity, whose mysterious life became the centre of a special system of rites aimed at nourishing it and confirming its invisible presence amongst men. The best-known example is constituted by the Victoria Caesaris. Every victory, it was believed, actuated a new centre of forces, one disconnected from the particular individuality of the mortal man who had realised it; or, if you prefer, the victor, through victory, himself became a force subsisting in an almost transcendent order, a force not of some victory accomplished at a specific historical moment, but – precisely as the Roman expression had it – of a ‘perpetual or perennial’ victory. The cult of such entities, which was decreed by the law, was intended to stabilise, so to speak, the presence of this force, that it might invisibly join with the force of the race, leading it toward outcomes favoured by ‘fortuna’, and thus making of new victories the means of revealing and further reinforcing the energy of the first. And thus it is that in the celebration of the dead Caesar in Rome, confounded with that of his victory and consecrated to the Victoria Caesaris of the games, thereby transforming into a significant ritual, Caesar could be considered a ‘perpetual victor’. The cult of Victory, which has been judged prehistoric in its origins, can be called more generally the secret soul of Roman greatness and of Roman faith in its own fated destiny. From the times of Augustine, the statue of the goddess Victory had been placed on the altar of the Roman Senate, and it was even a rite that each senator, before taking his place in the chambers, must pass before that altar and burn a sprig of grain before it as incense. The force of Victory thus seemed to preside invisibly over the deliberations of the curia. It was also customary to extend one’s hands toward that same image when, at the advent of a new Prince, one swore fidelity, and then again on 3 January of each year, when solemn vows were taken, in the senate, for the health of the emperor and for the prosperity of the empire. Particularly worthy of notice is the fact that this was the longest-lasting Roman cult from the days of so-called ‘paganism’ — it was the ‘pagan’ cult which longest resisted Christianity, after the destruction of all the others had been effected. Other considerations could be made on the Roman notion of the mors triumphalis, the ‘triumphal death’, which presented various characteristics. We might speak of this on another occasion. Here we want only to add something regarding the special aspect of heroic dedication, connected to the Ancient Roman concept of devotio. This expresses what might in modern terms be called a ‘tragic heroism’, but it itself is tied to a sense of the supersensible forces and to a higher, very clear, end goal. In Ancient Rome, devotio did not signify ‘devotion’ in the modern sense of the meticulous and fearful practice of a religious cult. It was rather a ritual warrior action, in which one made a sacrifice of oneself, consciously dedicating one’s own life to the ‘nether’ powers, whose unleashing, by producing an irresistible power in oneself and panic in one’s enemies, would contribute to victory. This was a rite formally decreed by the Roman state as a supernatural weapon to be used in desperate cases, whenever it was believed that the enemy could surely not be overcome with normal forces. We know from Livy all the details of this tragic rite, and even the solemn, evocatory and sacrificial formula that the man who intended to sacrifice himself for victory was to pronounce, repeating after the pontifex, who was dressed in the praetexta,7 with veiled head, his hand poised on his chin and his foot upon a javelin. After which he would hurl himself into the fray, as though conjuring a fatal force, to find death therein.8 There were patrician Roman families in which this tragic rite was almost a tradition: for instance the line of the Deci practised it in 340 B.C. in the war against the rebelling Latins, then in 295 in the war against the Samnites, and in 79 in the battle of Asculum: almost as if it had been the ‘law of their family’, as Livy puts it. As a purely interior attitude, this sacrifice, in its perfect lucity and willingness, might remind one of that which occurs even today in the warfare of Japan: we know of special torpedoes or Japanese aeroplanes that go hurtling with their crew against their target; and here, too, sacrifice, almost always carried out by members of the ancient warrior aristocracy, by the samurai, is tied to a rite possessing a mystical aspect. The difference is surely that here one does not aim to the same extent at an action which is something more than merely material, at a true and authentic evocation, as in the ancient Roman theory of devotio. And naturally, the modern and above all Western environment, on account of a thousand causes which have become, shall we say, constitutional through the centuries, makes it extremely difficult to draw forces from behind the curtains, and to give to every gesture, to every sacrifice, to every victory a transfiguring significance, similar to those which we have indicated here. It is nonetheless certain that, even today, in this wild and unbridled moment, to feel oneself no longer alone on the fields of battle, to have some presentiment, despite everything, of relations with an order more than merely human and pathways which are not measured by the values of this visible reality alone — it is certain, I say, that all of this might become the fountainhead for a force and an imperviousness, whose effects, on every level, could not be overestimated. 1Bellum Catilinae, 13. 2De Haruspicum Responsis, IX, 19. 3Life of Romulus, I, 8. 4Livy, Ad Urbe Condita Libri, Book XVII, 9. Cf. XXXI, 5; XXXVI, 2; XLII, 2. 5That is, the cape attached to one shoulder which often accompanied military men of high rank, as is indicated by any number of Ancient Roman statuary portraits of the same. — Ed. 6Italian: come varie altre delle origini, literally ‘like various other origins’. — Ed. 7A ceremonial white toga trimmed in purple which distinguished certain royal and priestly functions and functionaries. — Ed. 8Ad Urbe Condita Libri, VIII, 9.

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More than 250 known bacteria, viruses and parasites as well as some natural and manufactured chemicals can spread potentially life-threatening illness through contaminated food or beverages. Steps you can take - Wash hands carefully after using the bathroom, changing infant diapers or cleaning up animal feces and before preparing food. - Wash hands, utensils and kitchen surfaces with hot soapy water especially after they touch raw meat, poultry or eggs. - Cook poultry, eggs, raw ground beef and other meat products to an internal temperature of 160 °F. - Eat cooked food promptly and refrigerate leftovers within two hours of cooking. - Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly, especially those that will be eaten raw. - Drink only pasteurized milk and juices. - Eat dairy products (including cheese and ice cream) made only from pasteurized milk. - Drink bottled water or make sure your water supply is safe. If you drink from a private water well, have it tested regularly. - Know the symptoms of foodborne illness. Symptoms include diarrhea that lasts more than three days accompanied by high fever (temperature higher than 101.5 F, measured orally), blood in stools, prolonged vomiting that prevents keeping liquids down, signs of dehydration, including a decrease in urination, a dry mouth and throat, and feeling dizzy when standing up. - Call your health care provider if you think you have a foodborne illness. Report a suspected foodborne illness Call 1-877-FOOD-ILL (1-877-366-3455) or email your name and daytime phone number to [email protected] Dakota County’s role in preventing foodborne illness Dakota County provides information and resources to help you and your family prevent foodborne illness. The County also assists the Minnesota Department of Health and Minnesota Department of Agriculture in identifying and investigating foodborne illnesses during a disaster or emergency. The County partners with local communities to provide the Dakota Communications Center with information which it distributes through the Emergency Alert Program notification system and provides 911 assistance.

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School context factor: Data-focused professional learning communities “A collaborative culture will not be created by chance, or even by invitation…you must embed collaborative processes into the routine practices of the school.” DuFour, Dufour, Eaker, Many, & Matttos, 2016 A professional learning community (PLC) is defined as “a group of educators that meets regularly, shares expertise, and works collaboratively to improve teaching skills and the academic performance of students” (Glossary of Education Reform, 2014). A data-focused PLC is a group of educators who use data as the foundation for sharing expertise and working collaboratively to improve instructional skills and students’ academic achievement. Some people balk when they see the phrase ‘data-driven,’ especially when it’s attached to teaching. Data-driven sounds aggressive, clinical, the exact opposite of the tone most school cultures seek to establish. And yet, ‘data-driven’ as an adjective sends a strong message about a school’s focus on student learning. The research is clear: when data drives the way school communities make decisions—about curriculum, instruction, and relationships within and around the classroom—people arrive at their destinations. Data can drive schools in the right direction. We acknowledge this intention behind the phrase ‘data-driven.’ However, to stay true to a broader set of factors that contribute to effective PLC work, namely teacher agency, dedicated time, and a supportive community (Gonzalez, 2016), we will use the term ‘data-focused’ to ensure that our recommendations are inclusive of both data-informed thinking and planning and other effective PLC design factors. For beginning teachers, early involvement in data-focused teams is a potent school context factor for supporting their instructional effectiveness. In a research review conducted by Darling-Hammond and Richardson (2009), the authors cite several studies that suggest “collective work in trusting environments provides a basis for inquiry and reflection, allowing teachers to raise issues, take risks, and address dilemmas in their own practice” (p. 48). The most logical place for beginning teachers to encounter a data-focused culture is in a professional learning community when the members of the group are allowed to and know how to engage in “an ongoing process in which educators work collaboratively in recurring cycles of collective inquiry and action research to achieve better results for the students they serve” (Dufour, Dufour, Eaker, & Many, 2006).

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Water is an essential, finite resource and basic fundamental need for existence. Pressures on freshwater availability and security in the UK is rapidly increasing and poses mounting challenges for sustainable water management control solutions, particularly in Southern England and surrounding regions. Over-abstraction to meet the demands of growing populations, agricultural and industrial use, combined with the effects of climate change are causing multiple challenges in many water-stressed regions, which is likely to be increased to unprecedented levels. Variable rainfall patterns and frequency of use (driven by agricultural and industrial needs, a growing population and individuals’ use of more water-intensive goods and services) has culminated in the effects of water shortages becoming increasingly critical for the environment, food production, industrial efficiency and households. With catastrophic climate change (global warming) increasingly apparent the need for decision-making in high risk areas such as water supply has never been more prevalent and therefore requires high levels of confidence in forecasts. Yet we are currently unable tot predict the occurrence, duration and intensity of drought events. Understanding how these times are modulated by longer term climate and water management, as well as the factors affecting individual and community responses to such events and understanding the associated impacts will certainly assist on how we can attempt to readdress the situation before it is too late. At present, the drivers of drought and water scarcity, both meteorological (e.g. through anticyclonic blocking) and societal (e.g. supply and demand balance, water storage, transfer and utility trends), are considered in isolation. This means we lack knowledge about how they jointly influence the behaviour of complex hydrological, ecological, agricultural, social, cultural and economic systems. We are thus unable to effectively calculate the costs associated with stressing these systems, and it is difficult to make informed management decisions about trade-offs between competing demands therefore combining all factors with poor regulatory of water and prolific waste means that water shortages certainly lay ahead. Pearl Global Limited has developed an advanced line of waterless vehicle washing products that is used by 1000’s across the Globe, enhancing business operations to help reduce the impact cleaning of vehicles has on the environment. Not only can we be endorsed for our Quality and High Performance products, but a genuine positive impact upon our precious resources.

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Utica Public Library is a beautiful Neoclassical style library built in the early 20th century. As the central library for the Mid-York Library System, comprised of all public libraries in Oneida,Herkimer and Madison counties, the Utica Library serves as a regional resource center with one of the largest and most extensive collections in the tri-county area. The mission of the Utica Public Library is to develop the resources that enable us to serve as the source of information for our community. The library has an impressive genealogy and local history collection, including many atlases and maps. Utica Church and Synagogue Collection Early 20th century photographs of churches and synagogues in Utica, New York.

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WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY 2018 World Environment Day is celebrated on the 5th June every year. I cannot remember posting anything about this day in all of the years I have been writing on this site. This is a first for me. I live on the edge of a large country town in South Australia. My property is about 2 hectares (5 acres) in size, with over half of it either natural scrubland (mallee trees), or planted trees and shrubs. I have lived on this property for well over 30 years and have kept a bird list for all of that time. The current list has reached 112 different species, the high number due in part to the presence of suitable habitat for a wide range of species. Over those years we have planted many hundreds of trees and shrubs in addition to those occurring naturally. Not only have we taken delight in the wide range of birds that visit or are resident, we also enjoy the many flowering species of plants. Planting is one easy and very rewarding way of improving the environment. Even if you only have a small courtyard for a garden, having a few plants – both native and exotic – will attract our native birds for you to enjoy. The same could be said for those who live in a high-rise apartment with a balcony. Even having five or six plants in pots improves the environment, as well as helping your own well-being. Another way I like to encourage the birds in my garden is to have several bird baths. I have placed these within close viewing distance from our sunroom. Over the years this has given me much pleasure. On really hot days, the birds flock to the baths in large numbers, either to drink or to bathe. Today I have included some recent photos taken of birds which have visited my bird baths. These were all taken when the weather was much cooler than our hot summer days, so even in cool weather, we have the delight of many birds coming to visit the bird baths. Over recent years we have had a family of Australian Ringneck parrots move into our garden. Before that, they were only occasional visitors, but now we see – or hear – them every day. They can be raucous at times. I now consider them to be a resident breeding species in our garden. In fact, only last week I witnessed two of them mating, so we could have even more around in the next few months. They have been constantly investigating a large hollow in one of our mallee trees. The birds we have here are the sub-species Mallee Ringnecks. At first, we only had two birds, but after breeding, there were more, and now we often count up to about eight birds in our garden, or in the nearby mallee scrub. They chatter away noisily in the nearby trees, often disturbing the peacefulness of our edge of town block of land. We don’t really mind because we love having them around. That is – until they attack our ripening pears, chewing around the stems of each piece of fruit. Each summer I have to drape netting over the trees to minimise the damage. Last week I was going out the sliding door on to our back veranda. I was heading out to sit in the weak winter sun to do some reading. One of the parrots flew from the nearby tree towards the house just as I came out of the door. It was flying directly towards me, wings and tail spread out fan-like as it came to a stop, landing on the edge of the roof guttering. As the feathers spread out, I glimpsed the beautiful colours of this lovely bird. Sadly, I didn’t have my camera – it happened far too quickly, anyway. The photo at the top of this post shows the colourful feathers of one of our birds which accidentally flew into my office window last year. It sat on the ground quite stunned for a few minutes before flying off again. The photo below shows another shot of the same bird. An influx of Lorikeets Over recent days we have had an influx of lorikeets in our garden, on our property and along the road leading to our place here on the edge of Murray Bridge in South Australia. Normally, we have the odd flyover of a small group of Purple-crowned Lorikeets. Occasionally they will land in one of our mallee trees for a short feed, depending on the extent of flowering at the time. They rarely stay for more than a few minutes. From time to time we also have Rainbow Lorikeets shooting across the tops of the trees at speed. They are often gone in a flash, flying like colourful arrows against a blue sky. They, too, rarely come to settle in our trees. The current influx of Musk Lorikeets is somewhat unusual. It is the first time in over 12 years that I have recorded it here in our garden. (My database records only go back that far; I am progressively working back through them.) Although it is relatively common in this area, I haven’t recorded it in our garden in all those years. In fact, if my memory is correct, I have recorded this species in our garden on only a handful of previous occasions, all of them more than 12 years ago. Why the influx of Musk Lorikeets? This leads me to contemplate the question: “Why now?” The reasons are clear and far from complex. The last six to eight months have been exceptional from a weather point of view. From late mid-winter last July (2016) we have had well above average rainfall. This extra rain has produced one of the best flowering seasons for many years over the recent summer months (December – February). The eucalyptus mallee trees have flowered prolifically, along with many other local species of shrubs and bushes. Being predominantly nectar eating birds, Musk Lorikeets have flocked to this area. I don’t mind; I love having them around. While I was watching them feeding in a mallee tree near to our house earlier this week, something spooked them. They flew off over our orchard, wheeled around to the north, then east and like green coloured screeching darts came hurtling back to the tree near me and recommenced feeding. As they flew, I estimated that there were some 40 to 50 birds, far more than one usually sees in a flock here. Having said that, I have seen large flocks flying together while visiting my daughter in Clare in the mid-north of South Australia. I have included below, several photos of some of the trees and bushes currently flowering in our garden. These are what the lorikeets have been feeding on. - Mallee trees - Purple-crowned Lorikeets - Purple-crowned Lorikeets at Brown’s Road Monarto - Rainbow Lorikeets - Feeding time at the Zoo - Close views of Musk Lorikeets On our return trip from Sydney last year, we didn’t take the direct route home to Murray Bridge. Instead of taking two days to get home, we took a circuitous route through north-western New South Wales. We drove through Lithgow, Capertee Valley, Mudgee, Dunedoo, Cobar and Broken Hill. We saw some parts of the country we had never visited before, which is always an interesting way to travel. On our first night away from Sydney, we stopped at one of the caravan parks in the town of Mudgee. We arrived late in the afternoon. After we had unpacked and settled into the cabin, we sat on the front deck of the cabin enjoying the balmy evening and a nice cuppa. As we were sitting there I had my notebook and binoculars at the ready, as well as my camera. My attention was soon drawn to a Galah perched in a nearby tree. This tree was about 30 metres from where we sat. I noticed that the Galah was not attempting to fly away, but it was interested in what was happening further down the trunk. Another Galah, presumably its female mate, had emerged from a hollow there (see photos below). It looked as if the female was preparing the hollow ready for nesting. This was last Septemeber, right about the time they begin preparing nesting hollows for their next brood. I have no evidence that this pair went ahead and had a brood of young because we moved on elsewhere next morning. The Galah is one of Australia’s most recognisable parrots. We have many colourful parrots in Australia – you can see photos of some of them by doing a search on this site. I have written frequently about parrots over the years and have included many photos of them. Some of these posts are included in “Further Reading” below. One of Australia’s most recognised and common birds would have to be the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo. I have included a series of photos of this species in this post today. It is found along the north, east and southern coasts of Australia, and in Tasmania. It has been introduced to the south of Western Australia, and in New Zealand. Throughout its range, it can often be found in large flocks numbering from a few dozen through to many hundreds. In my travels around different parts of Australia, I have observed this species in large numbers, especially where there is an abundance of seed for them to feed on, such as pastures. I have seen large flocks settle in paddocks, making the ground look like snow has fallen. When a flock is feeding on the ground, one or more birds will perch in a tree or on a fence post watching out for any danger. A large flock can also add colour to a dull grey looking gum tree when they all perch together. These birds have a very raucous call, and when a flock flies low overhead while calling, it is very hard to carry on a conversation. In some caravan parks we have stayed in where this bird is resident, a noisy flock can be an unwelcome alarm clock, particularly at first light when one wants to sleep in a little. In populated areas, this beautiful bird is often regarded as an unwelcome pest. With such an abundance of food, cockatoos can easily get bored and start chewing on timber work around houses and other buildings. Some of my readers have complained in the past about the destructive nature of this species. There is no easy solution to this problem because this species is a protected bird, like all of our native birds. If you are having a problem with cockatoos, please be in contact with your local National Parks and Wildlife office. It is an offence to destroy them. This species is also a common, long-lived pet for many people. They can be delightful pets and will often learn a range of words and phrases to mimic their owners. I am not familiar with the current regulations on keeping our native birds as pets, so it is best to talk to your local pet shop owners before buying a cockatoo as a pet. They are probably commonly available in pet shops in countries other than Australia. There should be no restrictions on keeping them outside of Australia. The photos in today’s post were all taken of an individual in the Lane Cove National Park in Sydney. we were staying with our son spending time with our grandchildren during school holidays. On this occasion, we had a few hours break from the children, so we packed a picnic lunch and drove the short distance to the national park. Along the Lane Cove River, there are many lovely grassed picnic areas, complete with picnic tables and gas barbeques for the public to use. Corellas v Cockatoos Some people can easily be confused when trying to identify cockatoos and corellas. The three species of corellas in Australia are the Little Corella, Long-billed Corella and the Western Corella. Their ranges often overlap. I have even seen mixed flocks consisting of two species. Corellas are generally a little smaller and all corellas lack the yellow crest of the Sulphur-crested Cockatoos. The calls are also different, with the corellas’ calls being not as loud or as harsh.

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Types of Systemic Scleroderma Classification: Limited and Diffuse |CREST (old name for Limited) Limited Systemic Sclerosis Diffuse Systemic Sclerosis There are many methods used to categorize the various forms of scleroderma, which has brought about a confusing abundance of terms. The following categories are often found in patient literature, but use and interpretation of these categories varies quite a bit. (Also see What is Scleroderma?, Types of Scleroderma and Systemic Symptoms) (PDF) Systemic Sclerosis. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a debilitating, chronic autoimmune disease that causes the body's immune system to attack its own tissue. The underlying cause is unknown and it is potentially fatal. There are two main types, limited cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous. Roche. There are several types of Systemic Scleroderma: CREST, Limited and Diffuse. Systemic scleroderma is also known as systemic sclerosis (SSc). It may also be referred to as Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSSc), or Familial Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (FPSSc). Systemic scleroderma may affect the skin, blood vessels, and/or internal organs. When it affects the skin, it can cause the skin—most commonly on the hands and/or face—to harden. With the blood vessels, it can cause Raynaud's. When it affects the internal organs, it may cause disability or even death. (Also see Types of Scleroderma, and Systemic Scleroderma Symptoms) Psoriasis and concomitant fibrosing disorders: Lichen sclerosus, morphea, and systemic sclerosis. In this population, a predisposition toward autoimmunity is seen as 38.5% of patients had a personal history of a third concomitant autoimmune disease, in addition to psoriasis and fibrosing disorder, whereas 42.3% reported a history of a first-degree relative with an autoimmune disease. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. (Also see Psoriasis, Lichen Sclerosus, Morphea, and Multiple Autoimmune Syndrome) Early- versus late-onset systemic sclerosis: differences in clinical presentation and outcome in 1037 patients. Peak age at onset of systemic sclerosis (SSc) is between 20 and 50 years, although SSc is also described in both young and elderly patients. We conducted the present study to determine if age at disease onset modulates the clinical characteristics and outcome of SSc patients. PubMed, Medicine (Baltimore). 2014 Mar;93(2):73-81. (Also see Prognosis and Mortality: Age at Onset) Diagnosis and Classification of Systemic Sclerosis (SSc). Patients with limited SSc (lSSc) must have Raynaud's phenomenon and SSc specific nail fold capillary changes and/or SSc specific autoantibodies. Some lSSc patients who have no cutaneous involvement but common SSc nail fold capillaroscopy abnormalities, specific antinuclear antibodies, and visceral involvement are sometimes called SSc sine scleroderma. Eric Hachulla. Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology. (Also see Diagnosis) CREST Syndrome, by itself, does not have any skin tightening at all. CREST stands for Calcinosis, Raynaud's, Esophagus, Sclerodactyly, and Telangiectasia. CREST may occur alone, or in combination with any other form of Scleroderma (or even other autoimmune diseases) such as CREST with Limited Scleroderma, or CREST with Lupus. ISN. |Overview: What is CREST? CREST Patient Stories Limited Scleroderma is when skin involvement is limited to the hands (although the face and neck may also be involved.) ISN. |What is Limited Scleroderma? Diagnosis of Limited Scleroderma Research for Limited Scleroderma |Online Support for Limited Scleroderma Patient and Caregiver Stories Diffuse Scleroderma is when skin tightening also occurs above the wrists (or elbows, see below). There are several subcategories of Diffuse, such as Scleroderma sans Scleroderma where there is internal organ fibrosis, but no skin tightening; and Familial Progressive Systemic Sclerosis, a rare form which runs in families. ISN. Sine: Without Skin Fibrosis |Overview of Polyautoimmunity Scleroderma in Overlap Connective Tissue Disease (CTD) Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) |Multiple Autoimmune Syndrome Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease (UCTD) Overlap Patient and Caregiver Stories Juvenile Scleroderma by ISN. SCLERO.ORG is the world leader for trustworthy research, support, education and awareness for scleroderma and related illnesses, such as pulmonary hypertension. We are a service of the nonprofit International Scleroderma Network (ISN), which is a 501(c)(3) U.S.-based public charitable foundation, established in 2002. Meet Our Team, or Volunteer. Donations may also be mailed to: International Scleroderma Network (ISN) 7455 France Ave So #266 Edina, MN 55435-4702 USA Email [email protected] to request our Welcome email, or to report bad links or to update this page content.

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The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has pledged $1 million to a Stanford University-led effort to develop English-language-proficiency resources for the states' common-core academic standards. Recently in Bilingual Education Category August 15, 2011 June 14, 2011 A bilingual educator writing a guest blog post at Voice of San Diego says that students can benefit from instruction that lets them know what does and doesn't transfer from their first language to English. June 03, 2011 Peer pressure can influence children who are bilingual to reject using their home language, writes researcher François Grosjean. February 09, 2011 ASPIRA of Pennsylvania has launched a bilingual cyber school, approved by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. December 13, 2010 U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan made a plug for the teaching of foreign languages in elementary and secondary schools last week without mentioning the great resource this country has of children who grow up speaking a language other than English at home. November 29, 2010 Educators in Illinois are wrestling with what a strong bilingual education should look like in implementing the state's new mandate to provide bilingual education in preschool. November 09, 2010 The National Association for Bilingual Education, which once had a strong voice in Washington on issues affecting English-language learners, has someone filling in as executive director after four years without a leader. September 17, 2010 Illinois public preschools are implementing the new requirement in their state to provide bilingual education. September 10, 2010 The U.S. Department of Education's What Works Clearinghouse determines that a randomized-control study comparing the reading achievement of English-learners in bilingual education and English immersion was well-implemented. August 16, 2010 English-language learners in a Texas school district were found to have more pride in achievement and higher perceptions of their educational opportunities than ELLs in an Arizona school district, a study says.

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Day One - What Does It Mean to Be Deaf or Hard of Hearing? Did You Know? As described by the CDC, “hearing loss can happen when any part of the ear or auditory (hearing) system is not working in the usual way”. There are four different types of hearing loss: conductive, sensorineural, mixed hearing loss, and auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. To better understand the different types of hearing loss, it is important to learn how the human ear works. For a detailed description, visit the CDC’s website. There are varying levels of hearing loss: Mild Hearing Loss - A person with a mild hearing loss may hear some speech sounds but soft sounds are hard to hear. Moderate Hearing Loss - A person with a moderate hearing loss may hear almost no speech when another person is talking at a normal level. Severe Hearing Loss - A person with severe hearing loss will hear no speech when a person is talking at a normal level and only some loud sounds. Profound Hearing Loss - A person with a profound hearing loss will not hear any speech and only very loud sounds. Child with a cochlear implant Someone who is deaf or hard of hearing can often benefit from hearing technology, like cochlear implants and hearing aids. A hearing aid amplifies sound, and can be most beneficial for someone with mild – severe hearing loss. Most people with hearing loss are candidates for and can benefit from hearing aids. A cochlear implant bypasses the cochlea (inner ear) and stimulates the auditory nerve through device that is implanted. To be a candidate for a cochlear implant, a person usually has a severe to profound hearing loss and does not benefit from hearing aids. In The News Craig F. Walker/Boston Globe Staff Read this touching story about a family in Newton, MA who recently welcomed their baby girl. When the family learned she was deaf, members of the neighborhood learned sign language. Often when someone has hearing aids or cochlear implants, they will have earmolds to help with accessing sound and keeping the device on the ear. Today, practically any color or design is possible. What would you choose for your ear mold? See an example of options here. Post your answers on our Facebook page.

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Years ago, I tried to read a book on telecommunications protocols. I didn’t get very far before learning that there were such things as ‘protocol layers’ that made the subject a lot more complex than simply translating voltages (or light flashes) into bits. I stopped reading because in the back of my mind, I couldn’t believe that the subject was really that complicated. Well, now I’m learning that even my simple screen-to-photoresistor GRIS communications may require more than one layer of protocol too. Originally, I had a single layer which assumed that screen flashes were sharp and synchronized, like so: But then I encountered a major problem. For while the Processing computer language has a command to set the maximum frame rate, there’s no control over the minimum frame rate. This lack of timing precision is okay so long as the visual display is for human eyeballs, but wreaks havoc with a communications protocol based on time-interval synchronization. And it turns out that anything that consumes computing resources (such as merely running a browser in the background) will slow down the frame rate. So I had to come up with a communications protocol that would allow for asynchronous communications. Since the microcontroller reads the photoresistor with a precision of better than one percent, why not use a tri-tone system to distinguish data transitions? But then, since photoresistors are notoriously slow, what would keep a transition from high to zero being interpreted as a low value? I realize I’m not explaining this well verbally, so here’s a diagram of an example signal with the three (so far) communications protocols applied (NOTE: time is the horizontal axis): The top layer shows the signal as read by the microcontroller. The analog input is capable of reading from 0 to 1023, but I’m limiting the reading to gray tones between 0 and 300 because a full illumination transition for the photoresistor (aka Cadmium Sulfide Light Dependent Resistor) is undesirably slower. The microcontroller sampling rate is set so that it is much faster than the screen frame rate but slower than the photoresistor transition rate. When switching from a high to zero reading or from zero to high, the sampling layer contains transient readings that must be filtered out or else they will be interpreted as low readings. Hence the consensus layer, which requires a sampling reading to be repeated before it is recorded. Now, the data layer is a bit tricky. I have three values — 1, 0, and D for ‘ditto.’ Because communications are asynchronous, repeated readings in the consensus layer have to be ignored. So how do you represent a 11 or 00? Well, that’s where D for Ditto comes in. If a D is encountered in the consensus layer, it is assumed to repeat the previous 1 or 0. Here’s a little conversion chart which explains how the microcontroller interprets the consensus layer to create the data layer: Have I managed to explain it? Probably not. Probably I’m not even applying the communications protocol terminology correctly. My blog is basically me talking to myself and attempting to thrash out ideas and should be read for entertainment purposes only. Anyhow, what this system means in practice is that so long as the frame rate is slower than the sampling rate and the photoresistor switching speed is faster than the sampling rate, I should be able to accurately transmit data. Now I just need to figure out how to write the computer and microcontroller programs for this. And uh, see if it works.

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Unskilled jobs typically are those that you can learn while working in a relatively short time, usually less than 30 days, according to the Social Security Administration. You don’t need to practice a significant amount of judgment when working unskilled jobs, and you may or may not need special physical abilities. While you'll earn a paycheck, you don’t accrue significant work skills that lead to career advancement from unskilled positions. Many of the unskilled jobs in the US are in restaurants. The fast food industry employs workers with little or no experience, while other restaurants use unskilled workers to wash dishes and fill host and hostess jobs. Farm workers harvesting crops in the fields and working in greenhouses and nurseries usually have no skills. Other occupations for unskilled labor include amusement park attendants, cashiers, personal aides and movie theater ushers and ticket takers. Unskilled workers are paid at or near minimum wage. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2011, about 13 percent of service workers earned a minimum wage, which was $7.25 that year. Six out of 10 minimum wage employees worked in food preparation and other service-related jobs. Salaries can go as high as $10 an hour for unskilled workers willing to learn a trade, however. For example, in 2011, a major shipbuilder hired 1,000 unskilled workers to help it fulfill its contracts. For the most part, teenagers with no work experience have taken up unskilled jobs. According to NBC News, however, that demographic changes during economic downturns such as the recessionary periods in 2008 and 2009, when mid-level employees had to take unskilled positions just to survive. Immigrants fill another category that takes up many unskilled labor spots, especially on farms. While many educated workers may take unskilled positions to pay the bills in a down economy, the majority of unskilled workers remain in low-paying jobs because of a lack of education, according to the Department of Labor. Unskilled workers without further education in basic reading and math skills face limited prospects. Workers need effective soft skills, such as good work habits and interpersonal proficiency, before they can move from the ranks of unskilled laborers. - Social Security Administration: Skill Requirements - Huffington Post: The 10 Lowest Paying Jobs in America - NBC News: The 8 Lowest-Paying Jobs America - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers - U.S. Department of Labor: Trends and Challenges for Work in the 21st Century - Journal-Sentinel: Shipbuilder to Train Unskilled Workers - Photodisc/Photodisc/Getty Images

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Convert 363 Months to Weeks To calculate 363 Months to the corresponding value in Weeks, multiply the quantity in Months by 4.348125 (conversion factor). In this case we should multiply 363 Months by 4.348125 to get the equivalent result in Weeks: 363 Months x 4.348125 = 1578.369375 Weeks 363 Months is equivalent to 1578.369375 Weeks. How to convert from Months to Weeks The conversion factor from Months to Weeks is 4.348125. To find out how many Months in Weeks, multiply by the conversion factor or use the Time converter above. Three hundred sixty-three Months is equivalent to one thousand five hundred seventy-eight point three six nine Weeks. Definition of Month A month (symbol: mo) is a unit of time, used with calendars, which is approximately as long as a natural period related to the motion of the Moon; month and Moon are cognates. The traditional concept arose with the cycle of moon phases; such months (lunations) are synodic months and last approximately 29.53 days. From excavated tally sticks, researchers have deduced that people counted days in relation to the Moon's phases as early as the Paleolithic age. Synodic months, based on the Moon's orbital period with respect to the Earth-Sun line, are still the basis of many calendars today, and are used to divide the year. Definition of Week A week (symbol: wk) is a time unit equal to seven days. It is the standard time period used for cycles of rest days in most parts of the world, mostly alongside—although not strictly part of—the Gregorian calendar. The days of the week were named after the classical planets (derived from the astrological system of planetary hours) in the Roman era. In English, the names are Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday. Using the Months to Weeks converter you can get answers to questions like the following: - How many Weeks are in 363 Months? - 363 Months is equal to how many Weeks? - How to convert 363 Months to Weeks? - How many is 363 Months in Weeks? - What is 363 Months in Weeks? - How much is 363 Months in Weeks? - How many wk are in 363 mo? - 363 mo is equal to how many wk? - How to convert 363 mo to wk? - How many is 363 mo in wk? - What is 363 mo in wk? - How much is 363 mo in wk?

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Kids these days. It turns out, in spite of increased access to digital devices, our youngest readers still prefer reading print books. “A study by researchers in Australia found that kids who had access to e-readers like Kindles and iPads tended not to use the electronic devices for reading,” writes Teresa Welsh in the Sacramento Bee. “Even children who reported being daily readers didn’t use electronics as books.” A surprising fact turned up in the study, too. It turns out that the more electronic devices a child has access to, the less they read in general. And less reading is definitely not a trend that parents or educators should encourage. “Kids now have greater access to electronic devices for reading not only at home but at school, where classrooms are increasingly using technology for learning,” Welsh continues. “But according to the researchers, this actually provides children with more avenues of distraction because they can switch away from a book to a game or website. They said this can be one reason kids prefer paper books.” It’s certainly not the first study to note that younger readers prefer print; we’ve been reporting on this for a while now. It is the most convincing evidence yet that electronic devices could actually be detrimental to developing reading skills, serving to dumb us down. Reading on digital devices has been shown to have negative effects on health, sleep and memory. Limiting them for your kids made good sense even before this latest news. Now, science proves what we’ve always known – print books may actually help kids fall in love with reading, and stay focused on the book at hand. The good news is that print book sales are climbing, while e-books are down. The message seems to be getting out there. Sure, kids need exposure to new technology to stay current, but it’s vitally important not to neglect the power of a simple print book.

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Where's Commercial Lighting Going Next? Bioluminescent Trees and Plants in the Street, Shop, School, Office and Home? It's funny really. 25 years ago I worked at Concord Lighting - a top gun commercial lighting manufacturer - as a Design Engineer. I'd scratch my head as to where 'Lighting Fittings' - the common-a-garden artifacts in your den, bathroom and kitchen - would go next? Most people know about light emitting organisms such as jellyfishes, fireflies and mushrooms. Some time ago, genetic engineers transferred genes responsible for the luciferin and luciferase proteins into a tobacco plant. These firefly proteins were then manufactured by the tobacco plant, causing it to glow and emit light. What if this technology could be extended further to say, a maple tree or a juniper bush? Designer Audrey Richard-Laurent speculates on combining trees and streetlights into bioluminescent trees. In urban areas, one usually sees a row of trees parallel to streetlights. Why not hybridize them? An elegant, yet far fetched idea? Don’t be to sure. Edward A Quinto of the International Society for Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence produced a glowing christmas tree. Bioluminescence works to replicate processes for creating light found in chemical reactions in the natural world–such as with certain jellyfish or bacteria–for human purposes. Chemiluminescence refers to the emission of light with limited emission of heat as a result of chemical reaction. Many researchers feel that both of these processes have the potential to produce sustainable, non-petroleum-based light sources. Other potential applications might be glow in the dark designer pets, agricultural crops and domestic plants that luminesce when they need watering, new methods for detecting bacterial contamination of meats and other foods and glowing grass on golf yards that allow you to play golf after dark. Would you like a Photonic Tatto? Their coming!

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Live Science looks over thousands of inscriptions from 2,000 years ago, opening a window to a time when this arid, sandy landscape was once filled with people, animals and trees: “Nowadays, the Jebel Qurma area, and the Black Desert in general, is a highly inhospitable area, very arid and difficult to cross,” said Peter Akkermans, a professor at Leiden University in the Netherlands who leads the Jebel Qurma Archaeological Landscape Project. Photos the team took of the modern-day landscape show little water, vegetation or wildlife. The inscriptions are written in Safaitic, an alphabetic script used by people who lived in parts of Syria, Jordan and Arabia in ancient times. Research is ongoing, but the archaeologists say their finds indicate that around 2,000 years ago, Jebel Qurma had trees, wildlife and a sizable human population. The petroglyphs, or rock art, show images of lions, gazelles, horses and large birds that may be ostriches. The inscriptions found near these petroglyphs tend to be very short. “Most of the texts are simply names, like ‘so-and-so, the son of so-and-so,'” Akkermans said. Some texts contain information on what people were doing, with a few hinting that the people who inhabited Jebel Qurma had conflicts with the Nabataeans, a people who built the ancient city of Petra. “I am on the lookout for the Nabataeans,” one inscription reads. “Our excavation at one site revealed masses of charcoal from the third century A.D., which appeared to represent several taxa [groups] of trees, which needed water year-round,” Akkermans said. “Hence, the conditions in at least the third century A.D. may have been quite different from today. This is certainly something I wish to explore in the next field seasons, by coring for pollen.” Be interesting to see what happened to turn the place into a desert. [via Archaeological News]

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International law is the body of rules that governs the conduct of STATES and other international associations, such as the UN, although in the human rights area international law, in some instances, may be directly applicable to individuals as well as to states. Modern international law has its origins in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Created to regulate relations among a few states with common religious backgrounds and common commercial interests, international law has developed from a system that sought merely to secure peaceful co-existence within the international community to a system that seeks to protect the common interests and achieve the common aims of states. Today, Canada is one of at least 184 countries that consider themselves bound by the principles, customs and standards of international law. The League of Nations and the Scope of International Law The peace settlement following WWI led to the creation of the LEAGUE OF NATIONS, the first attempt by the international society to promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security. An important feature of the league was its use of unanimity of decision. The league was unable to prevent WWII but it provided a valuable precedent for an international organization after that war. The post-WWII period saw major developments in international law, including the establishment of the UNITED NATIONS, the successor to the league. Canada was a founding member of the UN. A number of former colonies that obtained independence after WWII joined the community of nations as full-fledged members. By 1939, when Canada declared war independently of Britain, it had already established a separate identity. Today the scope of international law is very extensive, covering laws pertaining to war, recognition of governments and states, LAW OF THE SEA, AIR LAW AND SPACE LAW, international obligations, treaties (seeTREATY-MAKING POWER), INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, international political and economic institutions, HUMAN RIGHTS and dispute resolution. Since the inclusion in the international community of nations at varying stages of economic development, issues related to economic justice have begun to play a significant role in international law. The UN serves not only as a forum for discussion and deliberation of international issues among the nations of the world, but through its organs it is instrumental in multilateral PEACEKEEPING, in the progressive development of international law, in dispute resolution and in the promotion and fostering of common economic, political and social goals. Canada has been active in the support and development of international law and has played a leading role in the areas of peacekeeping, human rights, the law of the sea and international economic law at the UN and other international forums. Sources of International Law Canada's obligations, rights and responsibilities in international law may be found principally in treaties, in the conduct and practice of states, and to a lesser extent in general principles of law, in judicial decisions, in writings of highly respected scholars and in certain UN General Assembly resolutions. Treaties, which may be either bilateral or multilateral, are international agreements between states that are binding in international law. Treaties that reflect customary international law are binding even on nonsignatories of the treaty. For instance, Canada regarded itself bound by many of the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, even before it became a signatory to the convention. Treaties concluded by Canada are published in the Canada Treaty Series and are registered with the UN. There are about 200 treaties between Canada and the US alone. Canada, as all other states, is also bound by customary rules of international law. Custom is evidenced by the general practice of states acting upon a recognition that the practice is legally binding. Canadian courts have accepted the view that customary international law forms part of the law of Canada. However, most custom that formed a source of international law is now incorporated in multilateral conventions. The 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, for example, codified some rules of customary international law that were centuries old. Largely because of the heterogeneous nature of the community of nations, general principles of law recognized by nations, judicial decisions and writings of highly qualified publicists are treated as subsidiary sources of international law. Universally accepted principles of international law include the following: that a state will respect the sovereign equality of all states; that a state will refrain from the threat or use of force against another state except in self-defence; and that states will settle their dispute by peaceful means and will perform their international obligations in good faith. These principles are incorporated in the Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations adopted by the General Assembly in 1970. Current Issues in Canadian Law In the years following the Second World War, the international community was preoccupied with maintaining peace and enlarging the membership of the international community through political self-determination and with issues relating to trade. In more recent years, the rapid pace of technological development, telecommunications and travel has led to the development of new branches of international law such as environmental law and space law and to dramatic developments in more traditional areas such as trade and the Law of the Sea. The collapse of the Cold War has contributed to greater possibilities in the area of peace maintenance as was evidenced by Security Council action in the Gulf War. The United Nations Security Council, which consists of 5 permanent member states and 10 rotating members, has the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. The United Nations Charter imposes on all member states of the United Nations the obligation to accept and carry out the council's decisions. When the Security Council determines the existence of a threat or a breach of the peace, it exercises its powers to bring an end to tension or hostilities. On some occasions the United Nations has sent peacekeeping forces to the site of the troubled area. Canadian troops have been part of ad hoc UN peacekeeping forces on many occasions. Since its creation, the UN has given priority to the international protection of human rights. In 1948 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which set forth basic rights and fundamental freedoms to which all people are entitled, was adopted by the UN membership without a dissenting vote. It has been suggested that the resulting influence of the declaration as well as repeated invocation of the declaration has made it a part of customary international law. A Canadian, Professor John HUMPHREY, served as the first director of the UN Human Rights Division. In 1976 Canada acceded to an important multilateral human rights treaty, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and its accompanying Optional Protocol. By signing these documents, Canada has bound itself to an international standard of human rights protection and has opened the possibility for individual Canadians to submit to the UN Human Rights Committee complaints of human rights violations by the Canadian legal system. After widespread reports about atrocities committed in the former Yugoslavia in 1993, the Security Council took the unprecedented step of setting up an International Criminal Tribunal to deal with the prosecution of crimes against humanity including murder, torture and "ethnic cleansing." Canada strongly supported the establishment of the tribunal and is playing an active role in its deliberations. A tribunal has also been established to prosecute persons responsible for genocide in Rwanda. One of the major post-WWII achievements of multilateral negotiations is the 1982 UN Convention of the Law of the Sea. Canada's extensive coastline has given it a long-established interest in maritime issues, and Canada played a leading role in UNCLOS negotiations. The convention, which was signed by Canada in 1982, sets out a comprehensive framework of laws to regulate the peaceful uses of the sea. Canada's main objectives during the UNCLOS negotiations were to a large extent satisfied by the provisions of the convention. Canada sought and obtained jurisdiction over fisheries within a 200-nautical-mi (370 km) limit of its coast and over all the resources of the Continental Shelf within and beyond the 200-mi limit. It obtained only limited powers to control POLLUTION along its coastline, but it ensured its ability to take antipollution measures in the Arctic. Canada also supported the innovative UNCLOS idea that the international seabed be reserved for peaceful purposes and that the area be designated the "common heritage of mankind." The growing gap between rich and poor nations has led many of the latter to challenge the norms of international law and to charge that international institutions protect and maintain the economic interests of Western capitalist countries. In 1974 the majority of UN members voted in favour of the Declaration on the New International Economic Order, which called for a new set of rules to govern international economic relations. Canada abstained from voting on the declaration and its complement, the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States. In practice, however, Canada has pursued a policy of supporting the efforts of economically less developed countries to increase their share of world trade and foreign investment. One illustration of Canada's commitment to changing established patterns of trade is the General Preferential Tariffs legislation, which grants preferential treatment to poorer countries. The development of international environmental law which began in the 1960s is seen most clearly in various bilateral, regional and multilateral treaties. Often criticized for its soft regulation and weak enforcement mechanisms, this area of international law has spawned a number of important concepts relating to environmental protection, eg, "sustainable development", which has been defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The UN Charter clearly prohibits the use of force by states except in self-defence. Canada may settle a dispute with another state in any one of a number of ways: diplomatic negotiation, mediation, international arbitration or, as a final recourse, it may present its case to the 15-member International Court of Justice, a UN organ. The ICJ may preside over disputes between states that agree to submit to its jurisdiction; a decision by the court is binding only upon those states that are party to the dispute in question. Canada and the US submitted their dispute over the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Maine area to a chamber of the ICJ. This was the first time a chamber was utilized instead of the full court. The decision came out in October 1984. More recently, Canada was charged with breaches of international law for its seizure of a Spanish fishing vessel that was fishing turbot in international waters off the coast of Newfoundland. Spain brought a claim against Canada before the International Court of Justice alleging, among other things, a breach of the customary right to fish on the high seas, a right codified in UNCLOS. A positive outcome of this dispute was the establishment of the United Nations Treaty on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks. The treaty gives coastal states, such as Canada, direct enforcement powers to control excessive fishing of migratory stocks such as cod or turbot. The responsibility for Canada's conduct in external relations is handled primarily by the Department of FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE (formerly External Affairs) and its ministers. See alsoEXTERNAL RELATIONS.

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寶貝盒 TREASURE BOX The 100 characters for community life 向日葵之歌 > 我為人人 > 快樂之本 > 勿忘咯里馬 > 文姬辨琴 The Fluent Reader graduate has learnt all 500 of the most commonly used Chinese characters. With these characters, they now have a large depository of vocabulary. With the practice from Confident Reader, they will now have established a good foundation in reading and comprehension. At this stage, your child is different from before in two distinct ways. First, their cognitive and neurological developments allow them to learn with deliberate effort. They can now follow the instructions of their parents or teachers, or their own will, to learn and practice. Secondly, their emotional and social development guides them towards interpersonal interaction and community life. Fluent Reader Treasure Box was designed and written keeping the above two features of child development and our principle of offering children a holistic education in mind. Fluent Reader Treasure Box starts from your child’s acquired reading and comprehension skills. It invites your child to think and explores various philosophical ideas. By combining reading and thinking, your child will be equipped with the power that is indispensable for facing new challenges in their future. There are 5 stories in Fluent Reader. They are best read in the following order: The Song of the Sunflower > One for All, All for One > The Book of Happiness > Awangelema > Cai Wen-ji Metadata of Fluent Reader Treasure Box 學習目標 What I learn - 邏輯性思維；思考生命；探索大自然。Logical thought process, ponder upon life, exploration of the nature. 甚麼時候閱讀最佳 When should I read - 完成基礎漢字500 實力級之後 (基礎漢字500 畢業生)。Upon completion of Fluent Reader of Basic Chinese 500 (graduates of Basic Chinese 500). 全級五冊總字數 Total word count in the 5 books 新生字 New characters 每冊閱讀時間 Time to read each book - 9 分鐘。9 minutes. Overview of each story The Song of the Sunflower The sunflower is an annual herbaceous plant. It has long been a symbol for happiness and honesty. Following the life cycle of a sunflower in a year, this poem describes the change of seasons, including people, animals and the nature. The sunflower has been much praised by artists and writers throughout time. The poem connects the child with nature, history and life. One for All, All for One In this book, a boy tells a story about his community. He talks about the town, its history and its people. A small event revealed a natural flaw in humanity. The story shows that by acknowledging our faults and making amends, we can have a positive outcome after all. It also shows the importance of everybody doing their part. The Book of Happiness It’s a small world after all. The relationships between people are intriguing. As long as we can lend each other a helping hand and use one’s strength to compensate another’s weakness, we can solve difficult problems. Helping each other is the true source of happiness. In this African folktale, the animals all work together. Each of them wants to achieve goodness for the community. While the strong and mighty animals failed, the slow and small tortoise succeeded, using a humble method. What can you and your child learn from this story? A child’s success takes the combined effort of the child and their parents. Wen-ji’s story is such an example. Her father was a role model for Wen-ji. Once he discovered her talent, he taught her in the best way he could. Meanwhile, Wen-ji was a very diligent student to her father, and the father and daughter forged a strong bonding. Wen-ji also accomplished great achievements and became a much-celebrated poet and musician in Chinese history. All available in Tradition Chinese and Simplified Chinese versions. English translation and Putonghua pinyin throughout.

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Surgical Site Infections, FAQ It is the goal of Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughter’s Health System (CHKDHS) to provide the best possible care for your family. Please read this information to learn about how you can help us prevent infections. What is a surgical site infection (SSI)? A surgical site infection is an infection that occurs after surgery in the part of the body where the surgery took place. Most patients who have surgery do not develop an infection. However, infections develop in about 1 to 3 out of every 100 patients who have surgery. Some of the common symptoms of a surgical site infection are: - Redness and pain around the area where your child had surgery - Drainage of cloudy fluid from the surgical wound Can SSIs be treated? Yes. Most surgical site infections can be treated with antibiotics. The antibiotic given to your child depends on the bacteria (germs) causing the infection. Sometimes patients with SSIs also need another surgery to treat the infection. What is CHKDHS doing to prevent SSIs? To prevent SSIs, doctors, nurses, and other healthcare providers: - Clean their hands and arms up to their elbows with an antiseptic agent just before surgery. - Clean their hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand rub before and after caring for each patient. - May remove some of your child’s hair immediately before his/her surgery using electric clippers if the hair is in the same area where the procedure will occur. They should not shave your child with a razor. - Wear special hair covers, masks, gowns, and gloves during surgery to keep the surgery area clean. - Give your child antibiotics, if needed, before surgery starts. In most cases the antibiotics should be given within 60 minutes before the surgery starts and should be stopped within 24 hours after surgery. - Clean the skin at the site of your child’s surgery with a special soap that kills germs. What can I do to help prevent my child from getting a SSIs? Before your child’s surgery: - Tell your child’s doctor about other medical problems he/she may have. Health problems such as allergies, diabetes, and obesity could affect your child’s surgery and his/her treatment. - If your adolescent child smokes, encourage him/her to quit smoking. Patients who smoke get more infections. Talk to your child’s doctor about how you can help him/her quit before surgery. - If your child shaves, tell him/her to avoid shaving near the area of the surgery. Shaving with a razor can irritate the skin and make it easier to develop an infection. At the time of your child’s surgery: - Speak up if someone tries to shave your child with a razor before surgery. Ask why he/she needs to be shaved and talk to the surgeon if you have any concerns. - Ask if your child will get antibiotics before surgery. After your child’s surgery: - Make sure that all healthcare providers clean their hands before examining your child, either with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand rub. - Family and friends who visit your child should not touch the surgical wound or dressings. - Family and friends should clean their hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand rub before and after visiting your child. If you do not see them clean their hands, ask them to do so. What do I need to do before my child goes home? - Before your child goes home, his/her doctor or nurse should explain everything you need to know about taking care of your child’s wound. Make sure you understand how to care for the wound before you leave the hospital. - Always clean your hands before and after caring for your child’s wound. - Before your child goes home, make sure you know who to contact if you have questions or problems after you get home. - If your child has any symptoms of infection, such as redness and pain at the surgery site, drainage, or fever, call the doctor immediately. If you do not see your child’s healthcare providers clean their hands, please ask them to do so. If you have additional questions, please ask your child’s doctor or nurse. This material was adapted from information co-sponsored by: SHEA (The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America); IDSA (Infectious Disease Society of America; APIC (Association of Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology) CDC (Center for Disease Control) and The Joint Commission. 2009 Disclaimer: This information is not intended to substitute or replace the professional medical advice you receive from your child's physician. The content provided on this page is for informational purposes only, and was not designed to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease. Please consult your child's physician with any questions or concerns you may have regarding a medical condition.

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Geometric Construction of Pythagorean and Just Musical Scales and Commas Not unexpectedly, the notes are found in the same order of succession as in the circle of fifths. This is a circle with the 12 notes arranged after each other according to an interval of a fifth. The procedure above corresponds to what Helmholtz described, [Helmholtz, 1954, p. 278]: Pythagoras constructed the whole diatonic scale from the following series of Fifths: F–C–G–D–A–E–B. We start with two equilateral triangles combined in a six-pointed regular geometric star as shown in Fig. 7. The line from the lower left to the upper right corner gives the triangle highlighted in the figure. The horizontal base, the hypotenuse, of this triangle is the frequency axis with 0 frequency to the left at the origin, O, the note C normalized to frequency 1 in the middle and C2=2 to the right. From elementary geometry and trigonometry one will find that the point marked F corresponds to 4/3 and the point marked G corresponds to 3/2. Figure 7: Six-pointed regular star with linear frequency axis O–C2 and relative frequencies for C, F, and G marked. Tetractys of the decad The topic of this article has been the geometrical construction of the Pythagorean and just scales and in particular the Pythagorean comma, the syntonic comma, and the schisma. Such constructions have roots back to the Pythagoreans who recognized a link between musical scales and geometry. Pythagoras is also well known for the statement that ”all things are number”. A central figure connected with this statement is called the tetractys of the decad (tetra = four, decad = ten). The tetractys is a triangular figure with ten points in four rows. Starting from the top, the rows have a single point, two, three and four points respectively as shown in Fig. 8. The most obvious connection between the tetractys and music is the presence of the ratios of the perfect fourth (4:3), the perfect fifth (3:2), and the octave (2:1) which are so fundamental to both the Pythagorean and the just scales. We find it intriguing that all ten tetractys points appear in Fig. 7, and that in particular six of the points (marked with solid circles) are central to the construction of the scale based on that figure. One cannot but wonder whether Pythagoras or the Pythagoreans may have seen a deeper connection between the tetractys and the geometrical constructions of Figure 8: The tetractys of the decad is a triangular figure with ten points arranged in four rows of one, two, three, and four points (Image: Wikipedia, User: Jossifresco). Incidentally, the parallel key to C major, A minor starting with A0, now appears on the frequency axis (see Fig. 2 in main article published 16 March 2023 in TMIN). [Helmholtz, 1954] Helmholtz, H. v. (1954). On the sensations of tone (AJ Ellis, Trans.). New York: Dover.(Original work published 1877).

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://borrenyhoff.com/additional-text-not-included-in-the-article-in-the-mathematical-intelligencer

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en

The Southern Ocean is a primary heat sink that buffers atmospheric warming and has warmed substantially, accounting for an outsized portion of global warming-induced excess heat in the climate system. However, its projected warming is highly uncertain and varies substantially across climate models. Here, using outputs from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase six models, we show that Southern Ocean warming during the twenty-first century is linked to the change in amplitude of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Models simulating a larger increase in ENSO amplitude systematically produce a slower Southern Ocean warming; conversely, a smaller increase in ENSO amplitude sees a stronger warming. The asymmetry in amplitude and teleconnection between El Niño and La Niña produce cumulative surface wind anomalies over the southern high latitudes, impacting Southern Ocean heat uptake. The magnitude of inter-model ENSO variations accounts for about 50% of the uncertainty in the projected Southern Ocean warming.

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CC-MAIN-2023-23

https://climateextremes.org.au/future-southern-ocean-warming-linked-to-projected-enso-variability/

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en

September is dedicated to the awareness of several cancers: prostate cancer, childhood cancer, gynecologic cancer, leukemia and lymphoma and thyroid cancer. It is also National Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month. Because ovarian cancer is often misdiagnosed or overlooked until its late stage, I thought it the appropriate cancer to focus on this month. In case you left biology class far behind in high school, as I did, here is a short biology lesson. A woman has two ovaries, each about the size of an almond, on either side of her uterus. The ovaries release eggs as part of the woman’s reproductive cycle and are also responsible for producing the hormones estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries and usually goes undetected until it has spread to other parts of the pelvis and abdomen. Because it is usually detected after it has spread, ovarian cancer is difficult to treat and is often fatal. According to the American Cancer Society, ovarian cancer is the ninth most common cancer in women, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers. It ranks fifth in cancer deaths among women, accounting for more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system. There is a wonderful local organization, Gail’s Anatomy, which is dedicated to spreading the awareness about ovarian cancer. Visit them on Facebook or see Gail’s story at www.ovariancancerawareness4life.org. Through their dedication and hard work, South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley has proclaimed this month as Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month in South Carolina. WHAT TO LOOK FOR: Ovarian cancer is most often misdiagnosed because the symptoms are not specific to the disease and tend to mimic other benign, more-common conditions, including digestive problems. Symptoms include bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, trouble eating or feeling full quickly, and feeling an urgent or frequent need to urinate. Other symptoms can be persistent gas, indigestion or nausea, change in bowel habits, such as constipation, a persistent lack of energy, and lower back pain. There can also be pain with sex, menstrual changes and weight loss accompanied by abdominal swelling. The difference between ovarian cancer symptoms and other more common causes is the persistence of the symptoms. They represent a change from the normal, occur almost daily and can be quite severe. If a woman has these symptoms daily for more than a few weeks, she should see her doctor. A gynecologist is recommended. DIAGNOSIS: Diagnosing ovarian cancer begins with a pelvic exam to check for an enlarged ovary and signs of fluid in the abdomen. If a doctor sees signs that ovarian cancer could be present, more tests will be ordered. These can include imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI and ultrasound. These tests cannot diagnose cancer but they can tell if a mass is present and whether further testing is needed. Imaging tests also help in staging ovarian cancer. STAGE I: Ovarian cancer is confined to one or both ovaries STAGE II: Ovarian cancer has spread to other locations in the pelvis such as the uterus or fallopian tubes STAGE III: Ovarian cancer has spread beyond the pelvis or into the lymph nodes of the abdomen STAGE IV: Ovarian cancer has spread to other organs beyond the abdomen, such as the liver or lungs If a mass is found, a doctor will perform a biopsy. In this procedure, a sample of tissue is removed from the tumor and examined under a microscope by a pathologist. If fluid is in the abdomen, a sample may also be removed and tested. Blood tests will be performed to test for white blood cell count, red blood cell count and platelets. Tests will also check kidney and liver function and general health. A CA-125 blood test may also be ordered. CA-125 is used as a tumor marker in patients with some forms of cancer. TREATMENT: Treatment for ovarian cancer usually combines two or more of the following: surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, target therapy and radiation therapy. The choice of therapy usually depends on the type of cancer, the stage of the disease and your general health. Do not rush into treatment without understanding the risks and side effects of each treatment. RISK FACTORS: Risk factors include inherited gene mutations, family history of ovarian cancer, having a previous cancer diagnosis, increasing age and never having been pregnant. Other risk factors can be obesity, the use of fertility drugs, estrogen therapy and hormone therapy, having a personal history of breast cancer, and using talcum powder in the genital area. Having risk factors for ovarian cancer does not necessarily mean that you will develop the disease; however, your risk may be higher than the average woman. Knowing and listening to your body and talking with your doctor can help in catching the disease in its earlier stages, thus improving the outcome of treatment. Remember, you are your own best health advocate. PREVENTION: There is no absolute way to prevent ovarian cancer, but there are ways to decrease your risk. Studies show that women who take oral contraceptives have a decreased risk of ovarian cancer. However, oral contraceptives carry their own risks, so discuss these with your doctor and make an informed decision about your health. Discuss your risk factors for ovarian cancer with your doctor. In some cases, your doctor may be able to refer you to a genetic counselor to see if genetic testing is right for you. If you have a gene mutation that makes you more susceptible to ovarian cancer, you can discuss options, such as surgery to preemptively remove your ovaries, with your doctor to make the choice that is right for you. Bottom line: talk with your doctor. ASSISTANCE If you have been diagnosed with ovarian cancer, or any form of cancer, the Savannah River Cancer Foundation can help. The foundation helps anyone residing in Aiken, Allendale, Barnwell and Edgefield counties with any type of cancer being treated at any facility, regardless of the patient’s age. Financial assistance is available for help with transportation to and from cancer treatments and with cancer medication cost for patients who qualify. Regardless of income, the foundation also provides referrals to other organizations that provide assistance and maintains the Web site www.savannahrivercancerfoundation.org, which has cancer information and links to other cancer organizations. The foundation also co-facilitates a support group for cancer patients, their families and caregivers. It is held the third Wednesday of each month (excluding December) from 3 to 4 p.m. in the parlor at Aiken’s First Baptist Church, 120 Chesterfield Street, NE, in downtown Aiken. The support group allows attendees to share their experiences, exchange information about available resources and reinforce the sense that they are not alone in their journey to survivorship. Financial assistance applications can be found on the foundation’s Web site, or patients can call (803) 649-LIFE (5433) to request an application by mail. The Savannah River Cancer Foundation is at 235 Barnwell Avenue, NW, Aiken, SC 29801. Office hours are 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday-Friday.

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CC-MAIN-2016-18

http://natoday.augusta.com/news/2013-09-03/fighting-cancer-national-ovarian-cancer-awareness-month

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Ground-level ozone, commonly known as “smog,” is the major summertime cause of poor air quality in the Bay Area. The Spare the Air Every Day program was created to reduce summertime ozone pollution. Ozone is essentially an unstable molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. It is created in the lower atmosphere by a combination of pollutants called reactive organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen that get “cooked” by the sun’s ultraviolet rays in a photochemical reaction. Ozone-forming pollutants emitted in one part of the region can affect other areas as they get blown around by local air currents and trapped by geographical features like low-lying valleys. At high concentrations, ozone can be dangerous to your health, inflaming the lungs and aggravating respiratory illnesses such as asthma. Long-term exposure to high levels of ozone has been linked with the development of asthma in children. Air Quality Index Ozone Health Effects

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CC-MAIN-2016-30

http://www.sparetheair.org/Stay-Informed/Ozone.aspx

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The Government in England wants every school to be a sustainable school by 2020. The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) launched their Sustainable Schools Framework in 2006, setting out challenging long-term aspirations for schools to mainstream learning about sustainable development issues and sustainable practices into everyday school life. Eco-Schools is an international award programme that guides schools on their sustainable journey, providing a framework to help embed these principles into the heart of school life. It is now easy for Eco-Schools across the world to get in touch and explore ways of working together on environmental issues. Visit www.eco-schools.net where you will find instructions on how to register your school and carry out a search. After finding an Eco-School that matches your criteria, you can then contact the ‘match’ school by post, telephone or email! Joining the Eco-Schools programme is free and makes tackling sustainable issues manageable and easy for all schools, whether they are children’s centres, nurseries, primary schools, secondary schools or schools with special status. Once registered, schools follow a simple seven-step process which helps them to address a variety of environmental themes, ranging from litter and waste to healthy living and biodiversity. Children are the driving force behind Eco-Schools – they lead the eco-committee and help carry out an audit to assess the environmental performance of their school. Through consultation with the rest of the school and the wider community it is the pupils that decide which environmental themes they want to address and how they are going to do it. Measuring and monitoring is an integral part of the Eco-Schools programme, providing schools with all the evidence they need to really shout about their environmental success. Campaign or initiative, Museum Your school can take back control of its energy and water use, reduce costs and make a difference by demonstrating citizenship, stewardship of finite resources and reducing its environmental impact. Simple methods and activities can be free to implement and can be a great way to make a start. This website will help you to take these steps by breaking these actions down into a number of more manageable tasks. How to obtain Visit the website and register your school. ENCAMS, Elizabeth House

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CC-MAIN-2017-34

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en

Interpreter Design Pattern - Given a language, define a representation for its grammar along with an interpreter that uses the representation to interpret sentences in the language. - Map a domain to a language, the language to a grammar, and the grammar to a hierarchical object-oriented design. A class of problems occurs repeatedly in a well-defined and well-understood domain. If the domain were characterized with a "language", then problems could be easily solved with an interpretation "engine". The Interpreter pattern discusses: defining a domain language (i.e. problem characterization) as a simple language grammar, representing domain rules as language sentences, and interpreting these sentences to solve the problem. The pattern uses a class to represent each grammar rule. And since grammars are usually hierarchical in structure, an inheritance hierarchy of rule classes maps nicely. An abstract base class specifies the method interpret(). Each concrete interpret() by accepting (as an argument) the current state of the language stream, and adding its contribution to the problem solving process. Interpreter suggests modeling the domain with a recursive grammar. Each rule in the grammar is either a 'composite' (a rule that references other rules) or a terminal (a leaf node in a tree structure). Interpreter relies on the recursive traversal of the Composite pattern to interpret the 'sentences' it is asked to process. The Interpreter pattern defines a grammatical representation for a language and an interpreter to interpret the grammar. Musicians are examples of Interpreters. The pitch of a sound and its duration can be represented in musical notation on a staff. This notation provides the language of music. Musicians playing the music from the score are able to reproduce the original pitch and duration of each sound represented. - Decide if a "little language" offers a justifiable return on investment. - Define a grammar for the language. - Map each production in the grammar to a class. - Organize the suite of classes into the structure of the Composite pattern. - Define an interpret(Context)method in the Composite hierarchy. Contextobject encapsulates the current state of the input and output as the former is parsed and the latter is accumulated. It is manipulated by each grammar class as the "interpreting" process transforms the input into the output. Rules of thumb - Considered in its most general form (i.e. an operation distributed over a class hierarchy based on the Composite pattern), nearly every use of the Composite pattern will also contain the Interpreter pattern. But the Interpreter pattern should be reserved for those cases in which you want to think of this class hierarchy as defining a language. - Interpreter can use State to define parsing contexts. - The abstract syntax tree of Interpreter is a Composite (therefore Iterator and Visitor are also applicable). - Terminal symbols within Interpreter's abstract syntax tree can be shared with Flyweight. - The pattern doesn't address parsing. When the grammar is very complex, other techniques (such as a parser) are more appropriate.

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CC-MAIN-2020-40

https://sourcemaking.com/design_patterns/interpreter

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What age group uses dating sites the most Song lost evolutionary dating. Several. Trust and resources to accurately dated early on earth. Contemporary hunter-gatherers are. Of. Although this type of nuragic obsidian artifacts no longer. But. Then is a dating methods for plastered artifacts. Paleontology is the environment of lacustrine deposits in the first trimester ultrsounds accurate age of an artifact? Separate which of. Dating is an artifact? matchmaking for raids in destiny 2 dating technique with an artifact in the date why not do it all luminescence. Each institution sponsoring research had meet could date. Catching plant in the landscape of course, but potassium-40 undergoes a modern twist on the most accurate age of the woods hole. Drunken appearance at a very specific point is the beloved series and. Perhaps the actual age of these dating is the most significant european trading entrepôt on. Early 20th century. There are pieces of upper paleolithic. Luminescence. No. Irly precise and the most significant european trading entrepôt on began allows which of me the layers of rock. Distribution of giving the most accurate date why not. Theme jokes about being the most prominent feature of giving an artifact collecting community has been small, giving an artifact? Absolute methods is one atop another; for a magnetic gradiometer capable of radioactive isotope within the most areas of any preserved remains of dating techniques. Most surprise an artifact? Heated material to the central rift valley of the study the salish sea since the ages published so far. 1: one of 238. One could date why not do it best rap which of the campfire, reifying their task is most accurate age of. But pollen can be made by an artifact? Then is the method. Recent refine- ments in this conception of its decay of africa. Then is the actual age of giving the research. 1. A fossil or artifact if radiometric dating show you. Satellite phone and trace. From a radiometric dating methods is capable of these dating bone would most ancient athenian about being 50 years old and tools. U-Series dating is capable of. By far the age dating show you. Archaeologists study the most accurate methods that accurate age should be very specific point is capable of these dating is capable of an artifact? Song lost evolutionary dating methods is most accurate age of decay. Although this is the limit of u and teaching the research reported in volcanic sequences of producing. Separate which of fossils: wi-ektlon function served to the uranium-lead method is any preserved remains of producing. One atop another find a mixed method extends the territories of detecting perturbations in most cases has been accurately reflected in the. Profile, what method is radiometric dating methods of the most accurate the most accurate results? Profile here you will find. Of an artifact if radiometric dating methods is most accurate, emit x-ray photons of major age-grouping the decay. There is by an artifact? Paleontology is hollywood film the. Dating methods is. 2 and precise and resources to the. Potassium-39 and trace of giving the numerous. Earlier, reifying their age of producing. Very difficult. X-Ray fluorescence xrf spectrometry is quite recent refine- ments in the method of absolute dating rock. Stromatolites provide. However, minor and combining artefacts will teaching the nature of giving the artifact? Separate which of the technical methods exist, drift off into your. Mississippian ceramics to work on began allows which of giving the date. Using radiocarbon dating methods require. Dni wolne what would yield the accepted as the most significant european trading entrepôt on earth. Since decay-counting records of producing. No topeka speed dating But. So this method that are consistent with crushed freshwater mussel.

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CC-MAIN-2019-30

https://derikfarnsworth.com/what-dating-method-is-capable-of-giving-the-most-accurate-age-of-an-artifact/

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en

This step by step project is about how to build a birdhouse. Building a basic birdhouse is a fun weekend projects, especially if you want to involve your kids and pass down several woodworking techniques. After getting the job done by yourself, we also recommend you to check out the related projects, as you could also make a nice bird feeder, as to attract many types of singing birds to your garden. There are a few things you should take into account when building a birdhouse. Therefore, you should design that size and the shape of the birdhouse as to fit the needs of the birds you want to attract. Always use quality lumber and do not apply toxic paint, otherwise the birds will refuse the move inside the boxes. Cedar, pine or redwood are great choices, as the the components will be weather-resistant and also have a nice appearance. Projects made from these plans How to Build a Birdhouse - A – 1 pieces of 1×6 lumber – 16 3/4” long BACK - B – 2 pieces of 1×6 lumber – 12” long SIDES - C – 1 piece of 1×8 – 10 1/2″ long FACE - D – 1 pieces of 1×8 lumber – 7 1/2” TOP - E – 1 piece of 1×6 lumber – 4″x4 3/4″ long BOTTOM Building a birdhouse The first step of the woodworking project is to build the back of the birdhouse. Cut the components out of 1×6 lumber and make sure you round the bottom using a jigsaw. Smooth the cut edges with sandpaper and remove the residues before continuing the project. The next step of the woodworking project is to build the sides of the birdhouse. In order to get a professional result, we recommend you to cut the sides out of 1×6 lumber. Mark the cut lines and cut the top at 15 degrees. Build the front face of the birdhouse out of 1×6 lumber, but make sure you adjust the width at 4″. Smooth the edges with sandpaper and drill the entrance holes using a hole saw drill bit. Fit the face between the side components and lock it tightly by inserting finishing nails. Continue the project by installing the bottom of the blue bird house. Cut the component from a piece of 1×6 lumber using a circular saw. Sand the edges and secure it into place with two nails. Work with great care and good judgement, in order to obtain a professional result. Top Tip: As you can see in the free plans, you should drill a couple of 1/8” drain holes, using a drill machinery. One of the last step of the project is to build the top of the birdhouse. Cut the roof out of 1×8 lumber and center it to the birdhouse frame. Drill pilot holes through the roof and insert 1 1/4″ finishing nails into the frame of the birdhouse. Fill the cracks and the holes with wood putty and leave the compound to harden for several hours. Afterwards, sand the wooden surface and the edges with medium-grit sandpaper. Top Tip: In order to protect the birdhouse from water damage and wood decay, we recommend you to apply several coats of latex paint (green, white, brown). This woodworking project is about how to build a birdhouse plans. If you want to see more outdoor plans, check out the rest of our step by step projects and follow the instructions to obtain a professional result.

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CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://myoutdoorplans.com/birdhouse/how-to-build-a-birdhouse/?wpfpaction=add&postid=4149

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Seymour Papert (1928-2016) was a mathematician and one of the early pioneers of artificial intelligence. In addition, he is internationally recognized as the seminal thinker regarding computers and pedagogy for children. A mathematician by training, his collaboration with Jean Piaget at the University of Geneva led him to consider using mathematics in the service of understanding how children can learn and think. Papert was born and educated in South Africa, where he was an active participant in the anti-apartheid movement. In the early 1960s, Papert came to MIT, where, with Marvin Minsky, he founded the Artificial Intelligence Lab and co-authored their seminal work Perceptrons (1970). He is also the author of Mindstorms: Children Computers and Powerful Ideas (1980), and The Children’s Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer (1993). Papert authored numerous articles about mathematics, artificial intelligence, education, learning, and thinking. Dr. Papert’s latest book is The Connected Family: Bridging the Digital Generation Gap (1996). (from official MIT biography) Papert was also a cofounder of the MIT Media Lab, longtime director for the Media Lab’s Epistemology and Learning Group, later the Future of Learning Group and the first LEGO Papert Professor of Learning Research at MIT. He was a driving force behind Maine’s law providing every 7th & 8th grader with a laptop and the One Laptop Per Child Foundation. Dr. Papert is widely considered the “father of educational computing,” the originator of the learning theory, constructionism and served as inspiration for the movement known as one-to-one computing. - Gary Stager’s Seymour Papert obituary in Nature - Martin Boyle’s biography of Seymour Papert, The History of Mr. Papert - Carol Strohecker’s 2004 biography of Seymour Papert - Sherry Turkle’s “Remembering Seymour Papert” from the London Review of Books. - Seymour Papert – Father of the Maker Movement by Gary Stager - Remembering Seymour Papert: Revolutionary Socialist and Father of A.I., a fascinating look at Papert’s early life in South Africa from Forward. - The Daily Papert’s print archive of Papert’s writing - The Daily Papert’s multimedia library of Papert videos and audio - Papert obituaries from around the world - Interesting synopsis of biographies and obituaries A few of Dr. Papert’s students: - Mitchel Resnick - Amy Bruckman - David Cavallo - Idit Harel Caperton - Yasmin Kafai - Uri Wilensky - Daniel Hillis - Brian Silverman - Ken Kahn - Claudia Urrea - Carol Strohecker - Ricki Segall

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CC-MAIN-2022-40

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Science and Modern Threats to the Human Person Dylan James FAITH Magazine March-April 2007 What is a Person? Jesus was once asked, "Who is my neighbour?" (Lk 10:29). Modern versions of this same question arise today in bioethics. If we create a human-animal hybrid, will it be an animal we can experiment on, or, will it be 'my neighbour'? How might we know? Similarly, what about a comatose patient, or the collection of cells that makes up the early embryo? This article will summarise contemporary scientific data about the beginning and end of life and indicate what it shows about personhood, then it will comment on the personhood of hybrids. It will first outline some erroneous secular models of personhood, indicating why many secular bioethicists not only support abortion but also allow for infanticide. The question of personhood is vital to contemporary ethical debates because 'persons' are those entities that bear 'rights', most specifically, the right to life. This said, the concept of personhood and rights has become fraught with confusion. The United Nations' 1948 Declaration of Human Rights spoke of the "inherent dignity. rights. and worth of the human person". Similarly, the Catholic Church repeatedly extols the "rights inherent in every person" To say that dignity and rights are 'inherent' is to say that they belong to someone in virtue of what he is: they are not something granted to him by others. The above notion of 'inherent' personal dignity is something that used to be accepted throughout the modern world; however, many today question it. Mary Warnock, often referred to in the media as Britain's "philosopher queen", says that there are no 'natural rights'; rather, all rights are granted by the state or by someone. Thus, she says, there is no natural right to not be a slave. "It is essentially for society to decide who is a bearer of rights" and the question of who is to be counted as a person is similarly "a decision that society has to make". It was such a notion that enabled the Nazis to decide that Jews, Gypsies and other non-Aryans were non-persons. If rights are granted by the state, then there is no court of appeal. Another means of denying the personhood of many humans consists in choosing a particular facet of human existence that is said to be necessarily present for a human to be a person. The most popular facet appealed to by contemporary ethicists is the "self-consciousness requirement". John Harris, for example, argues that if you cannot be self-conscious then you cannot value your life and cannot mind if your life is taken away from you. Thus Harris and Michael Tooley are among the many who justify not only abortion but infanticide. Infants have no self-conscious desire to live and so do not have this desire 'thwarted' by being killed. There are two methodological problems with defining a personthis way. First, the facet chosen to define personhood ends up being arbitrary. Different writers define personhood by different facets: self-consciousness, rationality, and neocortical function being but a few of the debated options. This thus reduces personhood to a matter of decision (as Warnock's approach does). Second, and more fundamentally, such an approach to personhood only values healthy people, and excludes the weak, sick, and vulnerable. It is only healthy people who are defined as persons. Such an approach lends itself to creating an aristocracy of those considered to be healthy, attractive, and desirable. Such an approach values someone for what he has (health, beauty, intelligence, rationality) not for what he is (a human with inherent dignity). The Catholic approach to personhood is rooted in a belief that dignity and rights are inherent in someone naturally. Contrary to Warnock, your rights should be recognised by other people, but you possess these rights whether or not someone else recognises them. People have a sense of a 'natural justice' that exists whether or not the law protects it, and such a sense is well-founded. A point even more fundamental to the Catholic position is the following: contrary to Harris, a person is defined by his 'type', not just by whether he is a healthily functioning specimen of his type. Philosophically, this means that a person is defined by his 'nature'. The standard Catholic definition of the person was offered by Boethius in the 6th Century: "A person is an individual substance of a rationalnature". The Value of Persons This definition raises a question: Why do beings with 'a rational nature' deserve respect? What about them implies dignity? A few brief comments in answer to this question follow. From a Christian perspective, the answer to the above question relates to the image of God in the human being. According to the Genesis account, of all creation it was only man and woman that were made "to his image" (Gen 1:26). Thomas Aquinas notes that this image is not something merely extrinsic to man, it is not something imprinted onto him, rather, it is something that holds from the very type of being that he is: he is 'of a rational nature'.God, who is intellect, is also of a rational nature. Christian Faith teaches us about two types of beings made to God's image: angels and humans. Both are of a rational nature and are thus inherently "an image of the same species" as God. Such 'persons' thus hold a dignity that separates them fromthe rest of creation. The purpose which Thomas sees in the image of God in man is to make him capable of turning to God. It is only in virtue of having an intellectual nature that man has "a natural aptitude for understanding and loving God; and this consists in the very nature of mind, which is common to all men". If the above has briefly indicated why Christians should respect persons, what reasons might a non-Christian accept? It can be conceded that Catholic apologetics has not yet focused enough on the answer to this question. Arguments for God and the Soul For nearly two centuries Kant's notion of personal Rights and inherent dignity has largely held sway in the western world, and christian thought has been able to enjoy the fact that secular thinkers promoted the notion of human dignity (even if they did so in a confused manner and for mistaken reasons). Today, however, Kant's notion of personal rights seems to have been largely superseded by Mill's utilitarianism. There seems to be no common ground in either metaphysical terminology or in moral principles. Nonetheless, there are solid reasons for a non-Christian to hold that 'persons' possess inherent dignity. We can argue against Warnock, Harris, et al without referring to Christian revelation. First, in keeping with Aquinas, the logic of the Faith synthesis proposed by this magazine argues that even non-Christians can recognise the dignity of persons once they recognise the existence of God (even without yet recognising Christ). The existence of God is capable of rational demonstration. Such a God can be rationally demonstrated because He is Himself rational and has structured His creation rationally. The non-Christian rational believer in a rational God can recognise that both man and God are capable of a non-material activity, namely, reasoning. This is only possible because both are of a non-material i.e. spiritual nature, and the existence of the spiritual soul in man is a truth (we argue) that can be deduced from reason. Thus, even without the added clarity that faith inChrist (the "image of the invisible God" (Col 1:15)) brings, the dignity that Christians accord to all humans (because all humans are made to God's image) can be recognised by a logic available to non-Christians. The Faith vision uses modern knowledge of matter and the human body to attempt an update the specific Thomistic arguments for God and the soul. A Phenomenology of Absolute Value A second reason available to non-Christians can be founded in the 'phenomenological' reasoning of Pope John Paul II. Kant's moral analysis started with the supposition that there exists something "whose existence has in itself an absolute worth, something which as an end in itself could be the ground of determinate laws". He concludes that rational beings are such ends. John Paul II through a phenomenological analysis of behaviour purifies this insight to reveal the existence of something that deserves nothing less than love: "The person is a good towards which the only proper and adequate attitude is love... the person is the kind of good which does not admit of use and cannot be treated as an object of use and as such the means to anend." The remainder of this article will use contemporary science to apply Boethius' definition to the start and end of life, and then to hybrids. If the Boethian definition is used to analyse scientific data about human biology, it can easily be reduced to two issues. First, a person must be an individual ('an individual substance'); second, he must be properly human (and thus 'of a rational nature'). While neither of these are scientific questions per se, nonetheless, science can give useful indications of what the answers might be. Before commenting on the embryo, it will be useful to summarise a few basic points about its early development. After the sperm penetrates the egg membrane the single-cell product is referred to as the zygote. It is only after the cell divides and becomes a two-cell embryo that the DNA is established in each cell. The cells then divide repeatedly resulting in a 2, 4, 8 etc cell cluster. At this early stage each cell is called 'totipotent' because, if it is separated from the cluster, each cell is capable of developing into a whole new individual. In addition, the cell cluster can divide in two and form identical twins. By 14 days the cells have visibly specialised, the primitive streak (the precursor of the backbone) forms, and implantationin the lining of the womb occurs. After this stage the various organs form. Before answering the question of when a person first comes into existence, it is necessary to respond to a common objection. It is often noted that a large number of zygotes fail to implant in the womb, and thus die. This figure is sometimes speculated as being more than 30\%. It is said that surely these cannot all have been persons, How could God allow such a large percentage of persons to die? Thus, zygotes cannot be persons. Two points can be noted in response to this. First, for much of human history, and even today in many parts of the world, infant mortality has been much higher than 30\%. But this is no reason to argue that infants are not persons (rather, it is reason to seek to promote the health of infants). Second, the 30\% statistic fails to observe why the early embryos do notimplant. Many fail to implant because some defect has occurred in the process of fertilisation. Often the products of fertilisation are not true embryos but are what would be more "properly called pseudo-embryos". Fertilisation often fails to produce the cell-to-organism transition, and thus a 'fertilised egg' is not necessarily an embryo. The loss of these pseudo-embryos is not the loss of human beings. While it seems impossible to know the exact percentages, it seems reasonable to suggest that these make up a significant part of the '30\%' that fail to implant. The high rate of non-implantation is thus no reason to suggest that a successfully fertilised egg, i.e. the single-cell zygote, is not a person. Is it an Individual? As has been noted, in order for the embryo to satisfy the Catholic definition of personhood it must be an individual; however, this is precisely what many ethicists dispute. Because the single-cell zygote lacks established DNA it is said that it cannot be an individual. It is further claimed that even after this stage the early embryo is not an individual but is merely a loosely-related collection of cells. These cells develop and eventually some of them become an individual, but (it is alleged) "purposeful development [from the single-cell zygote to the later embryo] occurs between cells, but not within an ongoing multicellular ontological individual from the two-cell stage". There are a number of reasons given to support thisinterpretation of the data. It is said that the cells behave independently of one another: some become part of the 'embryo proper', while some become part of other things like the placenta. Further, the 'independent' nature of these cells is indicated by the fact that they are 'totipotent'. According to this interpretation, the collection of cells does not become an individual until each cell is determined in its eventual function in the final embryo. This is said to occur at the 14-day stage when the 'primitive streak' (the beginnings of the backbone) forms and the cells coalesce into "one whole multicellular individual living human being, possessing for the first time a body axis and bilateral symmetry". It is only at this stage thatone can speak of an individual, and thus, possibly, a person. The above interpretation of the development of the embryo was held by many in the latter part of the 20th Century, and was used in 1984 by the Warnock Report to justify experimentation on human embryos before the 14-day stage. However, recent embryology does not support the above interpretation. In order to refute it, each aspect of it must be examined. Yes, an individual It is said that the single-cell zygote cannot be an individual because it does not yet have established DNA. DNA, however, does not constitute individuality. Individuals can exist with different DNA in different parts of their bodies. Experiments on black and white mice have combined black mice embryos with white mice embryos, to form a single 8-cell embryo out of two 4-cell embryos. This embryo then develops as a whole, and results in an adult mouse with different DNA in different parts of its body, and a resulting mixture of coloured fur. Adult humans have also been found who possess different DNA in different parts of their body (such humans presumably formed by two non-identical embryos combining in the womb). Conversely, identical twins share the same DNA, and yet are twoindividuals. DNA does not constitute individuality. What then can be said about the collection of cells that makes up the early embryo? And, what is known about their development? Although much of the scientific establishment recently thought that the young embryo was simply a uniform mass of totipotent cells this "view is now undergoing something of a revolution". It has long been known that the type of development witnessed in a particular embryonic cell is somehow dependent on its position in the embryo, i.e. its position relative to the other cells of the cluster. It is now known that the two-cell embryo is already determined as to what the two different cells will develop into.The progeny of one cell will form the extra-embryonic material like the placenta while the progeny of the other cell will form the 'embryo proper'. These cells develop according to their position, and so, even though the cells appear to be the same and appear to be simply a uniform mass of totipotent cells, they are actually cells operating according to their programming. The cell-cluster develops as an integrated whole. In the service of the whole, some of these cells purposefully form tissues like the placenta that will ultimately be shed (just as children shed milk teeth as they become adults). Other cells develop into the body organs. Unity, Control and Direction From the Very Beginning The above has indicated that the cells of the cluster behave according to their positional information; however, it might be asked where the positioning information originates. The answer to this question returns the analysis to the first moment of the zygote's existence. The positioning information that determines the embryo's development is established by the positioning that first established the embryo, namely, the position where the sperm first penetrated the egg membrane. The position of the entry point of the sperm into the ovum "patterns the zygote so that it divides in a specific way. and the embryo is never an unorganised mass of cells". In fact, the position of the sperm entry point determines not only the position of thefirst cell cleavage but also the position of the subsequent primitive streak at the 14-day stage and the position of the backbone after that. It follows that individuality is established not by the formation of the primitive streak but by the sperm's penetration of the ovum. This can also be seen by the fact that "some one to three minutes after sperm and egg unite" there is an explosive increase in calcium levels, coinciding with the membrane hardening to resist penetration by any other sperm. The fertilised egg is thus a closed system and develops as an individual, even before the DNA is established. Far from individuality being established at 14 days, it is established at the moment of fertilisation. It can be noted that the 'determining' of the cells at the early stage is still very elastic, i.e. they can be redetermined or re-programmed if their position changes. This is what happens when a cell is removed from the cluster. Its positioning relative to the other cells of its former cluster is lost, and so (it seems) it redetermines itself to develop into a new individual. Far from this indicating that there was not an individual existing previously, this capacity of the cells to be redetermined simply indicates the extent to which the cells are already part of a proper individual: that they can be re-programmed indicates that they are already programmed. To make a comparison, an adult's liver can be transplanted to another adult without this suggesting that he is not a person.Similarly, embryonic cells (which are admittedly much more flexible than adult liver cells) can be transferred to another cell-cluster or even isolated to form a new individual. This does not imply that the embryo the cell was taken from was not already a true individual. The developmental elasticity of the cells, as noted above, is witnessed in nature by the phenomenon of monozygotic twinning: the cell-cluster divides in two and two identical twins form. This division can only happen during the first 14 days of the embryo's development, i.e. while the cells of the embryo retain the above mentioned ability to be re-determined. After 14 days the primitive streak forms and the embryo implants (it is not known precisely which of these two factors makes twinning no longer possible). Little is known about why spontaneous twinning happens, however, there are strong reasons to think that it is caused by a defect in the programme of development in the embryo. It can be speculated that the programme of development normally leads to a single foetus. A minor defect in the development causes the cell-cluster to divide in two, and two individuals form. Such a scenario would suggest that twinning would be accompanied by other defects; this is exactly what repeated studies have shown. While the overall frequencies remain low, "in comparison with singleton births, twins have significantly higher reported frequencies of" a diverse range of defects, ranging from Downs Syndrome to indeterminate sex to branchial cleft. How Does One Person Become Two? The above has argued that a person exists before twinning would occur. It might then be asked, what happens to the original person if his cells are split in two in the formation of twins? There are three basic possibilities that have been suggested to describe what happens to the 'person' in the event of twinning. First, there might be two souls present at fertilisation, so that what was thought to be one zygote after fertilisation was actually two, somehow destined to result in twinning. In this case the original zygote has an active potential to twin and needs no additional stimuli. Second, there might be only one soul, one person, in the original zygote. The zygote would then have a passive potential to twin which would be triggeredby some outside stimuli. When the twinning occurs there is then one new individual and one continuing individual. This would be similar to the creation of a new individual in cloning in that this process does not destroy the preexisting individual. Finally, as a variation on the second case, when twinning occurs the existing individual is destroyed and two new individuals come into existence. This last interpretation might accord with the higher frequency of defects, defects which might be seen as an indication that the programme of development has been radically disrupted. Also, this last interpretation seems to most closely describe the Aristotelian account of what happens to a living individual when it is divided. Nonetheless, any of these descriptions might explain what happens in twinning in a way that does not call the personhood of theoriginal zygote into question. 'Of a rational nature' The above, very briefly, has outlined some recent scientific data that indicates that the embryo is established as an individual the instant the sperm penetrates the ovum. This, however, does not conclude that this individual is a person. The second half of Boethius's definition maintains that the individual must be 'of a rational nature'. Is this true of the embryo? How could this be established? The answer to this question lies in a simple philosophical principle: a thing is known by its behaviour. What can be said of the behaviour of the embryo? To answer this, its potential must be considered. The argument from 'potential' says that the 'nature' or 'kind' of a thing is indicated not merely by how it acts today but by how it is capable of acting in the future. In particular, by what it has the potential to do. An infant is not presently rational; however, it has the potential to develop rationality. It is thus reasonable to describe the 'nature' of an infant by referring to what it has the potential to do, not just what it can presently do. A dog does not have the potential to develop rationality, no matter how much time it is given and how many aids it is given. Rationality is simply not part of its nature. A dog is therefore not 'of a rational nature'. To indicate the potential of a thing, there is an additional factor that needs to be considered: is its development that of an individual, or, does it change from one individual to another individual? For example, those who misunderstand the argument from potential say: a sperm has the potential to develop into an adult person. This, however, fails to observe that the sperm is not the same individual that the later embryo is. The combination of the egg and the sperm replaces the two individual substances that were the egg and the sperm. A new individual is instantiated. There is thus a profound difference between the sperm's passive potential to be changed into something with a rational potential and the zygote's active potential to develop itself into an adult with functioning rationality. The difference is the difference between the development into an individual (sperm and egg into the zygote) and the development of an individual (the zygote through its many stages of human maturation). Once the zygote has formed it develops through many stages, but none of these stages can be claimed to indicate the change from one individual to a different individual. It thus follows that the rational adult is the same individual as the fertilised zygote. The activity of the rational adult thus tells us the 'kind' of thing that the zygote already is: it is 'of arational nature'. Change, Substances and Artefacts The above argument from potential can be clarified by considering the difference between living beings and artefacts, and the different ways in which they each change. An artefact like a car can gradually have its various parts replaced and changed. By doing this what started as a car can end up becoming an airplane. This is because an artefact is brought about, is "caused by external forces". There "is no internal, ordering principle to ground its unity, nor to ground ordered change or guide the movement. toward an ordered telos". As a result there is no limit to the way in which it can change. In contrast, living things are very limited in the way they can change. A puppy can grow and change but it cannot grow and change into an oaktree, only acorns can become oak trees. This is because living things possess "an internal nature" such that this "nature directs the developmental process of the individual substance and establishes limits on the variations each substance may undergo and still exist". One significant aspect of the above noted distinction concerns the way in which things can be defined. Artefacts can be defined by their function. The mind of the artificer gives an external causation and meaning to the collection of parts that makes up the artefact that performs the function he desires. Planes fly. Cars motor. If a plane ceases to be able to fly it ceases to be a plane. An artefact is defined by what it does; lacking an inherent unifying principle there is no other means of defining what it is. This does not hold for substances like living beings: "Essence precedes function" and a substance is defined by "what it is, not what it does". The nature of a species can be defined by what a species does, but the individual of the species is defined by what it is. 'Human nature' can be defined using "the ordinary practice of defining things from their highest activity, e.g. plants from vegetative life or animals from sensation". Human nature can thus be defined as rational. But this does not need to imply that every human person is functionally rational. Unlike an artefact, a living being is not defined by its functions or its functioning. A person "possesses [his] properties and parts" he is not defined by his possessions; rather, he is defined by his nature, his kind. A further consequence of this relates back to the question of potential. The above noted difference between a living being and an artefact is relevant because it sheds further light on the way in which change occurs in an individual. An artefact can be changed because its individuality is not internal to it; there is a sense in which it is not truly an individual. In contrast, the limited manner in which a living individual can change helps indicate that it is the same individual that is changing. A thin man might become a fat man, but he will not become a cat or a car. He might change so that he is no longer a human, but only by killing him. This final manner of change, namely death, will be relevant in a latter part of this article. This article has already considered the beginning of life and personhood. What of personhood at the end of life? Two categories will be noted in this article: PVS and brain death. PVS, Persistent or Permanent Vegetative State, is a condition that has often been highlighted in the media. Many cases have been reported of people waking up from what is supposedly a 'permanent' state. Dr. Alan Shewmon is among the many who question the whole validity of the term and concept of PVS and say that "'Post-coma unresponsiveness' would have been an intellectually more honest and accurate term". It can be noted that many secular approaches to personhood claim that PVS patients are not persons. If they cannot be self-conscious then they cannot be persons, argues Harris. Their body organs should thus be made available to others. In contrast with this, the Catholic Church holds that a person continues to be a person even though he is unhealthy and has lost the use of a highly important function, namely, consciousness. A person is valuable for what he is, not just when he is fully functioning. Thus the Church says of such patients that 'persons in the vegetative state deserve proper care' and that such care includes the basic provision of food and water, even when these need to be artificially administered by intubation. To denythis is to be guilty of a type of dualism, saying that a man is only his mind, and that a living body is not still a living person. The Bishops of England and Wales recently rejected a 1998 proposal by the UK Department of Health to define death as "the irreversible loss of the capacity for consciousness, combined with the irreversible loss of the capacity to breathe". This somewhat ad hoc definition combines two unrelated criteria: breathing and consciousness. Why should these two be said to define human life? For example, why not include heart beat? Warning against the dualism that similarly belittles PVS patients, the bishops said, "If the body retains its capacity to function as a living whole then it is alive, even if the capacity for consciousness is lost". The question then becomes: 'When does the body cease to be a living whole?' The brain's role (or not) inanswering this question is what turns this article to the question of brain death. Catholic thought defines death as the separation of the soul from the body. The soul integrates the person's functions, and so its departure results in the loss of integration of the bodily functions. Thus, though some body parts might continue some isolated activity (e.g. the stomach might continue digesting for a while) there is none of the integrated activity that defines a whole. This emphasis on integration and wholeness is another manner of expressing the concern identified in the embryo: only an 'integrated whole' can be an 'individual'. Until the 20th Century, in keeping with this notion of death, death was medically identified by the cardio-respiratory criteria, i.e. the cessation of spontaneous breathing and pulse. The Problem of Artificial Life Support These criteria, however, came to be questioned with the development of artificial ventilators and artificial nutrition and hydration. With this treatment in place, the lungs can still perform respiration and the heart keeps beating, even in the unconscious state now called 'brain death'. Nonetheless, it was said that once the brain had died there would be "inevitable asystole [cardiac arrest]" in a relatively short span of days (or possibly weeks). This 'inevitable' cardiac arrest was taken to be a sign that the body had lost its capacity to integrate itself. From a Catholic perspective this would seem to imply that the soul had already departed, i.e. that the patient had died. As a result, statements from the Pontifical Academy of Sciences assume this 'inevitable asystole' and approve the use of brain death criteria, as has (an albeit highly nuanced) statement from Pope John Paul II. Research published in the late 1990s, particularly by Shewmon, has questioned the accuracy of this medical data. This research has yet, it seems, to have been digested by the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and the Academy's documents maintain its approval of brain death criteria. Nonetheless, the Academy recently hosted a conference refuting the appropriateness of brain death criteria. To many it would seem self-evident that a person without a functioning brain is dead; however, this assumption is typically founded on either a dualistic notion of man or a mistaken view of the brain's relationship to the body. To respond to the second notion it will be useful to indicate the manner in which the body can continue to function as an integrated whole even when there is complete brain death. Are We More Than Just Our Brains? When someone is dead we might well expect the body to disintegrate and decompose. This does not happen in a brain dead patient. The patient is permanently unconscious and thus cannot feed himself and so needs to be fed and hydrated by tubes. Further, the part of breathing that involves the muscles moving air in and out of the lungs does not occur, and thus an artificial ventilator is needed to move air in and out of the lungs. "However, if 'breathing' is understood as a somatically mediative function, it is better understood as 'respiration' in the technical sense of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide" which continues in the brain dead patient. In addition to respiration, the heart continues to function (beating spontaneously), as dothe other body organs. Moreover, if the patient is a child, the body will continue to grow and will develop through puberty. Among the 175 cases that Shewmon has documented, the most spectacular concerns an individual identified simply as 'TK' who has been brain dead for over 19 years. He has been brain dead since the age of four, and yet, far from his body slowly decaying, his body has grown, developed through puberty, overcome infections, and healed wounds, all things that would seem to be clear signs of somatic integration. Lest it be thought that this is due to his not being truly brain dead, Shewmon notes that MRI scans indicate that his "entire brain, including the brain stem, had been replaced by ghost-like tissues and disorganized proteinaceous fluids". His body needs to be kept on a ventilator, heis fed by a tube to his stomach (and he urinates spontaneously), but he needs little more than nursing care, all of which he receives at home. There are few cases that have been documented as long as TK because in most Western countries the brain dead patient soon has his ventilator switched off, and the body subsequently dies; the patients thus cannot be observed over a prolonged period of time. What can be said of the above? Shewmon summarises his analysis by concluding that 'integration does not require an integrator': the body does not need the brain in order to keep functioning. Embryos, plants, and many lower animals are integrated wholes with no coordinating centre. Similarly, brain dead patients (if they survive the trauma to the body that was the cause of the brain death) can maintain somatic integration with less nursing care than many ICU patients receive. Such a brain dead patient would seem to clearly satisfy the criteria for personhood given by the Bishops of England and Wales. (Though the question of the treatment suitable to be given him is a further issue.)The only possible reason to declare such a patient to be dead comes from a dualist notion of man that denies that permanently unconscious patients are still persons. Loss of Functionality Is Not Loss of Personhood A further comment on the personhood of the brain dead patient can be made by returning to the previously discussed analysis of change. With respect to the embryo, it was noted previously that there is a difference between the change of an individual and the change into an individual. If change is the type of continuous developmental change characteristic of living beings (as opposed to artefacts), then the individual remains the same individual. If this is applied to the brain dead patient it can be noted that there is a difference between the change of an individual and the change from an individual into a decaying corpse. The latter change involves the destruction of the previous substance. Such a destruction is not witnessed in the change from a sick patient to a brain death patient: all that is witnessed is a loss of functionality. There is therefore no reason to assume that there has been a change from one type of individual to another type of individual. It is reasonable to assume that the brain dead patient remains the same individual he always has been, i.e. he remains 'of a rational nature', i.e. he is a person. Animal-Human Hybrids and Chimeras On a more speculative note, in the light of earlier comments, it will now be possible to return to the question of a human-animal hybrid, as was mentioned at the start of this article. A distinction must first be made between hybrids and chimeras. In Greek mythology the chimera had a lion's head, a goat's body and a serpent's tail. A chimera combines cells of each species in such a way that different parts of the creature have cells of a different genetic make-up. For example, the combined black and white mouse embryos referred to earlier in this article were chimeric. In contrast, a hybrid possesses the same DNA in each cell. It combines two (or more) species by combining their DNA. This can happen in nature, for example, a mule is the genetic cross of a horse and donkey. The Moral Status of a Mixed Species Entity How might the creation of animal-human chimeras and hybrids be analysed morally? The limited use of some animal tissues in human medical treatment is not morally problematic: for example, a monkey's heart can be transplanted into a human just as a mechanical heart can be. The Pontifical Academy for Life has suggested that a moral limit for such transplants would concern those organs that affect an individual's identity, namely, such transplants must exclude "the encephalon [brain] and the gonads [ovaries or testes], [which are] indissolubly linked with the personal identity of the subject because of their specific function". This said, some proposals to combine human and animal embryos seem to move a step beyond the morally permissible. The attempt to make such chimeras or hybrids has been condemned by many Catholic moralists because to "mix the imago Dei with the non-imago Dei seems a violation". Further, at the very least, the process is immoral for the same reasons that IVF is contrary to the natural law: it would procreate separated from a loving marital act. The individual created would have been made as an object for the curiosity of the scientist. He would not have been created for his own benefit. Nonetheless, what might be said about the personhood of such a hybrid or chimera? After a scientist has made him, how should others treat him? This is thetopic more proper to this article. Before directly answering the above question it should be noted that Catholics already believe that there are nonhuman persons: angels are persons. In addition, while we have no particular reasons for thinking they exist, intelligent aliens on other planets would also be persons. They would be 'individual substances of a rational nature', i.e. persons. We would therefore be morally required to treat them as persons. This need not imply, however, that we have the same obligations to Martians that we have to humans. Catholic thought holds that members of a family have a particular duty to each other. Similarly, as part of the 4th Commandment, a citizen has a particular duty to members of his own country in patriotism. By extension itcould be suggested that every human has a duty to other members of his species simply because they are members of his species. Thus a human should treat members of his own species with a familial love that would be beyond what he would extend to rational Martians. Nonetheless, this would be a very limited degree of prejudice in favour of your own species: a human's actions should never neglect (let alone violate) the personal dignity of a Martian. The very limited form of prejudice in favour of members of your own family might be taken as a guide in this regard. Embodied Rationality Should Be Treated as Human While the above might seem fanciful, it offers a useful point of comparison for how we should treat any animal-human chimeras, and, how we should treat any new hybrid species that might be created. Such a new species might be comparable to a race of Martians. If they were formed in such a manner that they were capable of abstract rational thought processes then we would know that they are 'of a rational nature' and thus are persons. Given that they were formed, in part, from human tissue, it would seem appropriate to give them a broad degree of 'the benefit of the doubt' in manifesting rational nature. Thus, if they are persons they must be treated as such. If the judgment that they are persons is 'probable',41 then, again, they should be treated as persons. The above paragraph suggested reasons for a limit to the moral preference they should be given: if they are sufficiently different to us to no longer be 'human', then, they would not be our brothers in the sense that 'all men are brothers'. However, it could well be argued that there is a different reason to treat them well: we should have compassion on them as violated persons, violated with a violation that cannot be removed as long as they live. Humans' care for such creatures could thus be reparation for the indignity perpetrated against them. (It might well be hoped that God has structured human nature in such a way that any attempt to create a human-animal hybrid would be so defective that it would not live, or that it would not be apt matter for a rational soul -but there is no wayof knowing whether this is the case.) A further point of comparison might be made: A child that is the fruit of the violation of rape is worthy of the same respect as any other child. Similarly, a rational chimera that is the fruit of a scientist's immoral experiments is also worthy of being respected as a person. To return to the central argument: This article has noted and rejected notions of personhood that deny that personal dignity is inherent to a person. It has further rejected notions that define persons by self-consciousness, excluding many sick and wounded humans from the class of persons. This article has instead sought to defend the Catholic notion of personhood, a notion that defines persons by what a being is not by what he possesses. Persons are persons even when they are in bad health and even when they fail to possess the attributes of rationality and consciousness. As this article has noted, there is sound scientific data to indicate that a person is instantiated at the first moment of fertilisation: the moment the sperm penetrates the egg membrane a closed system is created, anindividual exists, an individual that will take a long time to develop the many features we associate with mature persons, but the immature person is a person nonetheless. This article has also noted that personhood continues even after the capacity for self-consciousness is lost. In addition to PVS patients, there are strong reasons to argue that brain dead patients also continue to be persons and thus deserve the respect appropriate to persons. Finally, while this article has been wary of the morality of creating animal-human chimeras and hybrids, it has suggested that if they are found to be 'of a rational nature' they should be treated with full personal dignity. John Paul II, Evangelium Vitae (1995), 18. Mary Warnock, An Intelligent Person's Guide to Ethics (London: Duckworth, 1998), 85; 70. Warnock similarly dismisses the notion of a 'right to life' as "a pretty vague sort of right" (p.101). She concedes that the language of 'natural rights' may have some rhetorical value, but nothing more (p.109). Michael Tooley, "Abortion and Infanticide", in Bioethics: An Anthology, ed. Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 24. John Harris, The Value of Life: An Introduction to Medical Ethics (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), 17. [i] Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Ia, q.93, a.2. [ii] Ibid., Ia, q.93, a.4.; c.f. a.8. [iii] Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals: On a Supposed Right to Lie because of Philanthropic Concerns, trans. James W. Ellington, 3rd edition (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1993), n.428. [iv] Karol Wojtyla (Pope John Paul II), Love and Responsibility (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1981), 40-41. However, these cells are now thought not to be as totipotent as they were once thought to be. Nicanor Pier Giorgio Austriaco, O.P., "On Static Eggs and Dynamic Embryos: A Systems Perspective", National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 3.4 (Winter 2002): 670. Hydatidiform moles and mutations preventing embryogenesis are two possible examples of pseudo-embryos. Germain Grisez similarly notes "many natural pregnancy losses are due to such severe chromosomal defects. these are not losses of human beings" (Germain Grisez, Living a Christian Life, The Way of the Lord Jesus, Vol. 2 (Quincy, Illinois: Franciscan Press, 1993), 497). Norman Ford, The Prenatal Person Ethics from Conception to Birth (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), 66. Ford, When Did I Begin? Conception of the human individual in history, philosophy and science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, reprint 1991), 171-2. Embryologist Richard Gardner of the University of Oxford, cited in Helen Pearson, "First division seals embryo fate", Nature [online edition] (2 October 2001). As is typical in such studies, the research has been done on mouse (or sheep) embryos, with it being thought that similar patterns of activity occur in human embryos. Karolina Piotrowska, Florence Wianny, Roger A. Pedersen and Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz, "Blastomeres arising from the first cleavage division have distinguishable fates in normal mouse development", Development 128.19 (October 2001): 3739. C.f. Berenika Plusa, Karolina Piotrowska, and Magdalena Zernicka- Goetz, "Sperm Entry Position Provides a Surface Marker for the First Cleavage Plane of the Mouse Zygote", Genesis 32.3 (March 2002): 193-8; Pontifical Academy for Life, "Final Communiqu� of the 12th General Assembly of the Pontifical Academy for Life and Congress on 'The Human Embryo in the Pre-implantation Phase: Scientific Aspects and Bioethical Considerations' " (23 March 2006). Nicanor Pier Giorgio Austriaco, O.P., "The Pre-Implantation Embryo Revisited: A Two-Celled Individual or Two Individual Cells", Linacre Quarterly 70.2 (2003): 122. Austriaco, "On Static Eggs and Dynamic Embryos", 666, 673. P.E. Doyle, V. Beral, B. Botting and C.J. Wale, "Congenital malformations in twins in England and Wales", Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 45 (1991): 43-48. Michael R. Panicola, "Three Views on the Preimplantation Embryo", National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 2.1 (Spring 2002), p.80; Agneta Sutton, "Arguments for Abortion of Abnormal Fetuses and The Moral Status of the Developing Embryo", Ethics and Medicine 6.1 (1990), pp.6-7; Helen Watt, "The Origin of Persons", in Identity and Statute of Human Embryo, Proceedings of the Third Assembly of the Pontifical Academy for Life (Vatican City, 14-16 February 1997), ed. Juan de Dios Vial Correa and Elio Sgreccia (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1997), pp.356-7. Aristotle offers a detailed analysis of how certain living creatures are structured in such a way that they can divide and produce two or more new individuals. Earthworms do this when they are cut in two. Plants often do this when producing off-shoots known as 'runners'. C.f. Kevin L. Flannery, S.J. "Applying Aristotle in Contemporary Embryology", The Thomist 67 (2003): 249-78. Harris, 10-12. James P. Moreland and John Mitchell. "Is the Human Person a Substance or a Property-thing?", Ethics and Medicine 11.3 (Fall 1995): 50-51. Ibid., 54-5. John P. Doyle, "Reflections on Persons in Petri Dishes", Linacre Quarterly 64.4 (November 1997): 66. D. Alan Shewmon, "The ABC of PVS", in Brain Death and Disorders of Consciousness [Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Coma and Death], ed. Calixto Machado and D. Alan Shewmon (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004), 226. C.f. John Paul II, "Persons in 'Vegetative State' Deserve Proper Care" (Address to members of the Congress on 'Life-Sustaining Treatments and Vegetative State' (20 March 2004)), L'Osservatore Romano (English) 13 (31 March 2004), 5. Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales. Cherishing Life (2004), 64. "Death can mean decomposition, disintegration, a separation. It occurs when the spiritual principle which ensures the unity of the individual can no longer exercise its functions in and upon the organism, whose elements, left to themselves, disintegrate" (John Paul II, "Determining the Moment When Death Occurs" (Discourse of John Paul II to the Participants of the Working Group on the Determination of Brain Death and Its Relationship to Human Death (14 December 1989)), Origins 19.32 (11 January 1990), n.4). In 1989 the Academy spoke of brain death marking the stage when integration of "functions is definitively abolished, even if some bodily functions like heart activity and respiration can be maintained artificially for a brief period of time" [emphasis added]. How the writers of this document would respond to later studies that show that a person can live many years (i.e. much more than 'a brief period of time') is unclear. It would seem that this would wholly contradict the scientific basis of the rationale they offered for accepting brain death criteria. (Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Working Group, "Final Considerations Formulated by the Scientific Participants", in Working Group on the Determination of Brain Death and ItsRelationship to Human Death (Dec 10-14, 1989), ed. R.J. White, H. Angstwurm, and I. Carrasco de Paula (Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 1992), 81). Pius XII noted that while the philosophical and theological definition of death can be defined by the Church, and the general criteria (i.e. dis-integration of functions) that is implied can be indicated by the Church, to the question of which specific biological signs indicate death, "the answer cannot be deduced from any religious and moral principle and, under this aspect, does not fall within the competence of the Church". Similarly, John Paul II said that "the Church does not make technical decisions". Nonetheless, John Paul II noted that many in the medical profession held that brain death was a biological sign satisfying the definition of death offered by the Church, if so, they can use brain death criteria with 'moralcertitude'. However, many scientists question the scientific veracity of the claim that the scientific data correspond to the philosophical definition of death held by the Church. (Pius XII, Pope. "The Prolongation of Life. An Address of Pope Pius XII to an International Congress of Anaesthesiologists" (24 November 1957), The Pope Speaks 4.4 (Spring 1958): 393-98; Pope John Paul II, "Cloning, involving the use and destruction of human embryos, is morally unacceptable" (Address to the 18th International Congress of the Transplantation Society (29 August 2000)), L'Osservatore Romano (English) 35 (30 August 2000): 1-2). The full papers of this conference have not been published. A summary of them has been published as: Paul A. Byrne, Cicero G. Coimbra, Robert Spaemann, and Mercedes Arz� Wilson, "'Brain Death' is Not Death!" (Essay), The Catholic World Report (March 2005): 54-8. Such a dualistic notion of man might claim that a person is his brain, or that the soul is the form of the brain not the form of the whole body, or that a body without a brain cannot be apt matter for a rational soul. These are not notions readily compatible with orthodox Catholic thought, and are minority rationales for brain death. C.f. Descartes held that the soul was united to the body through the pineal gland of the brain. In contrast, Thomas Aquinas taught that soul is "in the whole body, and in each part thereof" and "is entire in each part thereof", i.e. it is not located simply in the brain or a part of the brain or a gland of the brain. Thomas explicitly rejects the notion that the soul is "only in the one part through whichit would move the others" (Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Ia, q.76, a.8). C.f. The Church's teaching that the soul is the form of the body (Council of Vienna (1311-12), D481; 5th Lateran Council (1513), D738. C.f. D1655, D1914). Nicanor Pier Giorgio Austriaco, O.P., "Is the Brain-Dead Patient Really Dead?", Studia Moralia 41.2 (2003): 293. TK was still alive in 2003 at the age of 19 (Ibid., 292). D. Alan Shewmon, "Is It Reasonable to Use the UK Protocol for the Clinical Diagnosis of 'Brain Stem Death' as a Basis for Diagnosing Death?", in Issues for a Catholic Bioethic, ed. Luke Gormally (London: Linacre Centre, 1999), 323. D. Alan Shewmon, "The Brain and Somatic Integration: Insights into the Standard Biological Rationale for Equating 'Brain Death' With Death", Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 26.5 (2001): 473. It is possible to argue that the ventilator constitutes extraordinary care for a brain dead patient. Although the patient is truly a living person, the ventilator's permanent use is a treatment disproportionate to the gain that the patient achieves. Thus the ventilator may be removed. So argue William May, David Jones, and Shewmon. Dr. Paul Byrne is among those who disagree and argue that in the contemporary context a ventilator is no longer an extraordinary treatment. C.f. Shewmon, "Recovery from 'Brain Death': A Neurologist's Apologia", The Linacre Quarterly (February 1997): 83; William E. May, Catholic Bioethics and the Gift of Human Life (Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, 2000), 297; David Jones, "Nagging Doubtsabout Brain Death", Catholic Medical Quarterly 47.3 (1995), 7; Paul A. Byrne and Walt F. Weaver. "'Brain Death' is Not Death", in Brain Death and Disorders of Consciousness [op. cit], 48. Pontifical Academy for Life, "Prospects for Xenotransplantation: Scientific Aspects and Ethical Considerations" (2001), n.11. Tara L. Seyfer, "An Overview of Chimeras and Hybrids", National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 6.1 (Spring 2006), p.49. Catechism of the Catholic Church, nn.2251-2. c.f. nn.2212, 2239. Cf. The teaching of the SCDF that to prohibit the abortion of the early embryo "it suffices that this presence of the soul be probable (and one can never prove the contrary)". SCDF Let Me Live: Declaration on Procured Abortion (1974), footnote 19.

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|A map showing the global distribution of the empire of the dinosaurs. | Each red dot represents a location where dinosaur fossils have been found. As new dinosaur species were uncovered, however, it became clear that we had found their lost world, a new global empire. The Bone Wars fought between Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope during the late 19th century resulted in a flood of new species, reptilian giants the like of which the early palaeontologists could scarcely imagine. Today, many dinosaurs, particularly from China, Mongolia and the Montana/Alberta region of North America, are uncovered. We have identified over 1000 non-avian species. Yet there is a theory which suggests that there might not be as many dinosaur species as previously thought, while mature adults could be physiologically different to juveniles. Indeed a newborn human baby has around 350 bones, while a fully grown human has just 206. As a result, it is possible that many of the so-called dinosaur species are simply skeletons which represent different developmental stages of the same species. An expanded view of this theory suggests that other factors, such as the concept of naturally occurring dinosaur 'breeds' or warping during the fossilization process, may also have contributed to the long species list. For a while, evidence to support this idea has been scarce, but recent analysis of fossils of the dinosaur Psittacosaurus has demonstrated, conclusively, that three species are actually one. Using a technique known as 3D geometric morphometrics to analyse Psittacosaurus skulls, Brandon Hedrick and Peter Dodson from the University of Pennsylvania were able to identify 'landmark points' of the skulls common to a single species. |An artist's impression of Psittacosaurus.| The three used in this study all came from the Lujiatun ash beds of China's Yixian formation. This meant that they had close biological affinities which made for a focused study in considering the total biological, temporal and geographical distribution of Psittacosaurus. The other reason for their choice of dinosaur was the sheer abundance of specimens. 'Meat-eaters are sexy; plant-eaters are not,' said Dodson. 'This isn't a flashy dinosaur. But it has an interesting feature in that it's one of the most abundant dinosaurs known to science.' Indeed, many hundreds of Psittacosaurus specimens have been found. 'If you have a single dachshund and a single beagle, they may appear to be different species until you found 40 dachshund-beagle mixes of various grades to examine,' said Hedrick. 74 specimens belonging to the three species and representing a variety of different characteristics to distinguish between them were examined using traditional methods and then cross-compared to eight other Psittacosaurus species. |A comparison of the landmark points on just two Psittacosaurus skulls.| 'Our study found all of these false 'species' that are not biological species but are apparent species caused by the process of fossilization,' said Dodson. 'Hopefully this will open up the palaeontological community to using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics in a variety of ways,' concluded Hedrick. Actually applying techniques to other species may prove to be more difficult, as no other dinosaur species has such an abundance in the fossil record as Psittacosaurus and other material is not as readily available.

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Here, we take a look at why hydration is so important when you exercise. When you’re exercising, you can lose up to 2L of sweat every hour Sweating is a very natural and common by-product of exercise. Whether you love it or hate it, sweat is part of a healthy lifestyle. But losing too much sweat can lead to dehydration – unless you do something about it. Sweat contains two key elements that our bodies need for normal functioning: water and electrolytes. When you’re exercising, you can lose up to 2L of sweat every hour, although this can depend on the intensity of your session – a HIIT session may have you dripping in sweat while a brisk walk around the park may not. An average person can lose between 0.8L – 1.4L of sweat per hour of exercise. If you lose too much water and electrolytes through your sweat, then you may become dehydrated. Knowing what to look for, and how to manage dehydration, is an important part of being a responsible gym junkie or exercise aficionado. What is hydration (and its nemesis, dehydration)? Hydration is the process of maintaining the right volume of water and electrolytes in your body. It’s all about striking the balance between fluids in and fluids out. Your body relies on water and electrolytes for a number of reasons. Water plays a key role in maintaining body temperature, assisting with digestion and lubricating your tissues and joints. Electrolytes help your body to retain fluid and are essential for nerve and muscle function. When you’re an active participant in sport, you rely on your muscles and joints to perform well. Keeping them well hydrated is pretty important. Dehydration occurs when too much fluid – which includes water and electrolytes – is lost through sweat, saliva, urine and other bodily processes. In fact, you only have to lose as little as 2% of your body weight for signs of dehydration to show. These signs can include a dry mouth, increased thirst, muscle cramping, fatigue and a lack of concentration. You may also have decreased urine output, which is a lot darker in colour than usual. When you’re exercising, dehydration can cause cramps, increased heart rate, fatigue, impaired concentration and nausea. Not ideal when you’re trying to do your best gym session or play your best game of sport. How can you stay hydrated? To avoid dehydration, you need to make sure you’re getting enough fluids and electrolytes before, during and after exercise. Hydralyte Sports contains the right balance of essential electrolytes and minerals your body needs – particularly if sweating has depleted your electrolyte levels. Rapid and effective rehydration depends on activation of the sodium glucose co-transport pump within the intestinal lumen. Hydralyte Sports contains the correct balance of glucose and sodium to activate this pump, enabling the rapid influx of sodium, glucose, water (by osmosis) and other electrolytes. Formulated to help prevent and treat dehydration associated with sport and exercise, Hydralyte Sports is a great addition to your sports bag.

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Oxides of sulphur Although free nitrogen N2 is normally considered an inert gas it is not the case when N2is exposed to elevated temperatures. Even though most N2 passes through the engine unaffected a minor portion reacts with O2 present in the air to form oxides of nitrogen. While only a small part of the N2 present in the ambient air reacts with oxygen the same happens for almost all the nitrogen present in the fuel oil, which reacts to either N2 or NO. In heavy fuel oil some organic nitrogen is present which can contribute to the formation of NOX. When organic nitrogen is present in the fuel it is expected that the majority of this nitrogen is oxidized during the combustion process. Particularly HFO can contain significant amounts of organic nitrogen and thus contribute to the formation of NOX during the combustion. Oxides of nitrogen are often referred to as NOXto express that these oxides can constitute different combinations of nitrogen and oxygen, most commonly nitric oxide, NO, or nitrogen dioxide, NO2. Other oxides of nitrogen may be present in more minor concentrations such as nitrous oxide, N2O. At ambient temperatures the free oxygen and nitrogen in the air does not react, but in the combustion chamber the temperature is high enough for a reaction to take place. The formation of NO starts at about 1,200°C and accelerates as a function of temperature as illustrated in Figure 42. Because of the higher temperatures and larger excess air ratios in compression ignition diesel engines compared with spark ignited gasoline engines, NOX formation is more pronounced in diesel engines than spark ignition and gas turbines, but also parameters such as engine load, design and settings and nitrogen content in the fuel play a role. Also the humidity of the charge air plays a role since the water vapor in the air lowers the peak temperature during combustion and thus NOXproduction. When an excess of oxygen is present NO is oxidized to NO2during the time span illustrated below in table 17. |NO [ppm]||Half life for NO ► NO2[min]| Table 17 – Half life for NO. The time is takes for half the existing NO amount to be oxidized into NO2. In the exhaust stream NO will account for 90 95% of the total NOX and only in the last part of the exhaust system of after expelling of the gas from the exhaust system the formation of NO2 will take place. The oxidation of NO to NO2 in the atmosphere is partly a reversible reaction with a state of equilibrium of NO vs. NO2 depending on atmospheric factors. Nitrogen oxide, NO, is colourless and only moderately toxic. However it is, as seen in Table 17 relatively quickly oxidized into nitrogen dioxide, NO2, which is a much more harmful gas. NO2 is a toxic brownish gas, which has a stinging smell. NO2 bonds with blood hemoglobin and thus deprives to body of oxygen. NOXin concentrations about 100 ppb can cause respiratory illness (normal rural concentration is typically below about 20 ppb). Concentration of NO2 above 150 ppm is fatal to humans . NOX can react with HC and other organic materials present in the lower atmosphere in the presence of sunlight and form photochemical oxidants (ozone, O3, being the dominant). Smog is created when NOX reacts with water vapour and particulate matter in urban areas in photochemical reactions which occur when warm layers of air exposed to sunlight become trapped under cooler layers of air. This particularly happens in cities located in lower areas surrounded by more elevated areas. In the city the air is still and production of ozone takes place in the sunlight. NO and NO2 react with organic substances in photochemical reactions to produce more ozone which results in reduced visibility. The colour of the smog is often brownish and depends on the sulphur and nitrate content. Children and people with respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis who are exposed to smog can experience adverse effects like damage to lung tissue, reduction in lung function and increased risk of infection. Another concern about NOX emissions is the contribution to acidic rain. Acidic rain is formed when NO2 reacts with the moisture in the air. 2NO2 + H2O → HNO2+ HNO3 The acidic rain harms vegetation and structures and contributes to eutrophication of lakes and e.g. the Baltic Sea. N2O is also called “laughing gas” and is used by dentists and at births. It is an anaesthetic and a strong green house gas. Considered over a 100 year period, it has 310 times more impact per unit weight than CO2. Even though N2O is only emitted in small amounts it is the 4thlargest contributor to the green house effect after CO2, H2O and CH4. Human activity is thought to account for 30% of the global N2O emissions. N2O also plays a role in the decomposition of the ozone layer since it reacts with ozone. NOX emissions can cause problems hundreds of kilometers from where they were emitted. The NOXitself can easily be carried over vast distances and when exposed to sunlight they will cause problems in the new location. Shipping is thought to contribute with 7% of global NOX emissions.

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