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United Nations Development Programme 20

7 SDG 1. Extreme poverty has been eliminated in Belarus; the indicator of material poverty in Belarus decreased by 0.7 percentage points in 2021 compared to 2020 and amounted to 4.1 per cent. Since the beginning of 2022, the minimum monthly wage has been increased; stable operation of the social service system covering elderly, disabled, and incapacitated citizens has been ensured. In 2021, the level of material poverty of large families decreased by 4.1 percentage points compared to 2020.

d. Goals and Targets GOAL #1 NO POVERTY Belize faces important development challenges, including the protection of its poor and most vul￾nerable groups, in a context of rising levels of poverty and social exclusion, constrained fiscal space and noted institutional capacity gaps. In confronting these challenges, the Government has imple￾mented a number of programs over time; however, many still remain small, poorly targeted and dis￾parate without the benefit of a coordinated Social Protection System to systematically address the increasingly pressing needs of the poor and vulnerable. Among Caribbean territories, Belize reported the second highest percentage of its population below the national poverty line at 41 .3% (31% of households). A third Country Poverty Assessment (CPA) in 2010 found that previous poverty elimination strategies and action plans (NPESAPs) had not had the desired net positive outcomes on the poverty situation. At the time of the last CPA, the rural pov￾erty rate was around twice as high as that prevailing in urban areas: 43% as against 21% for house￾holds; 55% compared with 28% for population. This poverty rate was based on the Living Standards Measurement Survey conducted in 2009, and found the annual general poverty line as being BZ$3,429.00 (US$1 ,714.50) Adult Male Equivalent. The age distributions of the indigent and poor populations showed few differences, however the dis￾tribution of the not poor had a lower proportion of under 15s and higher proportions in the main working ages (25 to 64 years). The implication from this is that children are more prone to poverty as was confirmed by a child poverty rate of 50% which is higher than the overall average of 42% and for any other age group In 2008, renewed pro-poor social policies focus triggered a series of social policy reforms and tar￾geted initiatives directed at households/individuals below the poverty line were introduced. Under￾pinning the pro-poor agenda was the fundamental principle of family empowerment and an ap￾proach which radically departed from the old ways, i.e. from merely "counting the poor, to making the poor count in the process of development". The Ministry of Human Development, Social Transformation and Poverty Alleviation, the Govern￾ment heads this process and launched in 201 0, the Building Opportunities for Our Social Transfor￾mation (BOOST) scheme. BOOST is a World Bank validated Co-responsibility Cash Transfer pro￾gramme and the Food Pantry scheme, a subsidized food basket for the working poor that was en￾abled through a series of institutional reform and the introduction of complementary and modern social policy tools and ICT strategies for better management and more effective delivery of social protection in Belize. Principal among these are: • Design, development and implementation of Belize's national social protection registry called the Single Information System of Beneficiaries (SISB). This facilitates the transparent and objective identification, selection and linking of targeted individuals/families/house￾holds to available social safety net schemes; • Phased introduction of FAMCare (2014), a transactional database for professional social workers which facilitates effective case management and care planning for families interfac￾ing across the depth of the continuum of services in the Ministry. FAMCare represents Be￾lize's first integrated case management system and beyond MHDSTPA, offers significant op￾portunities for coordination across the social protection system; • Phased introduction of OpenEMIS (2014), a comprehensive, high-quality Education Man￾agement Information System (EMIS) designed to collect and report data on schools, stu￾dents, teachers and staff. The system was conceived by UNESCO to be a royalty-free system that can be easily customized to meet the specific needs of member countries Families seeking assistance interface with government programs at various times of need, and in ways that transcend the artificial silos within which public programs operate. Existing silos make it difficult to address the underlying issues pertaining to the multidimensionality of poverty. Considering the existing levels of demonstrated political commitment parlayed with the now pres￾ence of accompanying system tools, the Ministry and the wider government considers itself well poised to transition from a fragmented and silo approach to one that is more systems based and family-centered for provision of coordinated social safety net services. Consistent with the 'danger￾ous stream' analogy, investments must be strategic and ensure that while the effects are consid￾ered, serious attention is paid to the causes of such effects; to this end, the principal focus of the social protection system is on both protection and promotion strategies. It should be noted, however, that despite the equivalent of 5.7% of GOP spent on social protection, limited coordinated efforts to address increasing levels of horizontal and vertical inequality, has re￾stricted the effectiveness of these investments. BOOST is a co-responsibility cash transfer (CCT) program which started in late 2010, and has seen remarkable results in a short space of time. The design was influenced by several data driven deci￾sions, such as paying male students a little more than female students, to incentivize males staying in the education system longer (male dropout is significantly higher at both the secondary and ter￾tiary levels). The payments also increase the longer students stay in school, from BZ$44 a month at the start of primary school, to BZ$82 (males) and BZ$75 (females) in the final year of high school. This monthly payment is also unique in CCT program designs. In an environment where appreciation and use of monitoring and evaluation is still nascent, the pro￾gram has been evaluated twice: a 2012 World Bank financed process evaluation, and a 2017 UNICEF/UNDP funded impact evaluation. Results have seen 98% of households accessing the formal finance system through credit union accounts through which BOOST payments are made. The program facilitated just over half of these accounts for beneficiaries. 1. 1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than US$1.25 a day The last poverty assessment in 201 0 found that the household indigent level in the country was 1 0.4%, which is based on an annual figure of $2,005.00. These figures will be updated in the planned country poverty assessment scheduled for 2018. The social safety net programmes such as BOOST and Food Pantry have continued to receive consistent levels of funding, and the positive results seen by both will hopefully translate to lower levels of extreme poverty than experienced eight years ago. 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions Belize has long recognized that poverty is a multifaceted problem, which requires a multi-sectoral approach, and there are several initiatives that reflect this understanding. The government of Belize has set in place a Social Sector Caucus at both the Ministerial and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) levels involving the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Human Development, Social Transforma￾tion and Poverty Alleviation and the Ministry of Education, Youth, Sports and Culture. This has led to better coordination and planning, and ultimately collaboration and implementation in the field be￾tween officers of different ministries. The enhanced methodology due to be employed in the Caribbean Development Bank (COB) spon￾sored country poverty assessment will allow Belize to measure poverty using a national multidimen￾sional definition, which is currently being finalized after a draft was developed as part of the Com￾prehensive Review of the Social Protection System in Belize conducted last year. This follows the methodology of the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable In response to the negative trends detected among key social indicators (including an increasing poverty rate), since 2010 the Government of Belize has initiated a number of social policy reforms under the rubric of a Social Policy Based Loan facility from the I DB. The specific aim of the reform was to "improve the capacity to target, coordinate, monitor and evaluate social safety net schemes (Government of Belize, 2014), among others." In seeking to strengthen the national social protection system to better respond to the needs of people, families and children in Belize, the MHDSTPA with financial support from UNICEF and UNDP commissioned a "Comprehensive Review of Belize's Social Protection System with Policy Recommendations for System Strengthening" in 2016/17. It covered more than 48 social protection programs including social assistance programs, contributory social insurance, labour market mea￾sures, social care services and social system subsidies, and reported that "The country's social pro￾tection system benefits from an extremely high level of domestic financing and a modern structure for expenditure budget classification" (ECI, 2017). However, there were also some limitations: • In general, there is weak information sharing between programmes and across sectors, and cross-sectoral stakeholder involvement is limited. • The transfer schemes show low coverage rates and don't have redistributive effects. • Their legal bases are not consolidated and the staff lacks resources for adequate imple￾mentation as well as preparedness for shock situations. • Findings suggested that the expenditure composition could be better fitted to population needs, and that it was necessary to update the country's statistics for evidence-based poli￾cymaking. The review defined a definition of social protection for the country, and made several key recom￾mendations: • Formalize a social protection strategy that would capture the sector's main priorities and actions, defines roles and responsibilities of the different institutions, and which can also be the basis of legislation pieces to formalize and recognize key entitlements. • Define a minimum social protection floor (MSPF), which defines a minimum set of services and levels of achievements (within a given timeframe) and eventually benchmarks for imple￾mentation performance. This MSPF should immediately be complemented by an M&E frame￾work. • Explore opportunities for coordination/joint delivery of programs (including joint registra￾tion, automatic enrolment in both programmes, etc.) These recommendations were adopted, and prioritized by the technical committee overseeing the review, and are now in the process of being implemented, starting with the formulation of the social protection strategy. 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance The Constitution guarantees specific economic rights, such as the right to property and the right to work. Belize is currently seeking ways to improve access to essential services. The country's Social Investment Fund, specially focuses its investment portfolio on improved access to basic services. Water and Sanitation: Water and sanitation services mostly remain the preserve of the public sector in Belize. Significant advances have been made in the provision of universal access to potable I sate water in Belize; however, the country lags in the provision of universal sanitation services. Projects are underway to improve infrastructure, expand services, replace asbestos pipes and implement wastewater treat￾ment facilities. Belize utilized its opportunity as a MDG Acceleration country to develop policies and legislation for the decentralized management of water resources. 2016 values reflect that 99% of Belize's population uses an improved source of drinking water 99%. These records show that of Be￾lize's recorded 194 formal settlements, 132 were serviced by water boards managing rudimentary water systems supported by piped distribution networks, 16 villages were supplied with water via have hand pumps, and 42 villages were serviced by the Belize Water Services Limited. BWSL supply to rural areas is mainly through the extension of its urban systems. The remaining villages without a water system or a hand pump, were equipped with Water harvesting Systems (or Rain catchment systems). In terms of sanitation, 64.6% of the population uses flush toilet while 3% of households countrywide have no toilet facilities. One in ten households (9. 7 %) in the Toledo District (registered as the most impoverished region in the country) has no sanitary facility, instead using outdoor areas such as a field to dispose of excreta (MICS, 2015). Electricity: The Belize Electricity Limited (BEL) is the primary distributer of electricity in Belize. In 2016, approx￾imately 541 gigawatts hour of aggregate energy was sold. Its customer base at the time, served 90,635 accounts and 71 ,989 customers. The national electricity grid connected all major municipali￾ties except for Caye Caulker. The grid uses hydroelectricity, biomass, solar and petroleum as energy sources. The total renewable sources of energy used by the company in 2016, was 57% of total resources (43% hydro, 13 biomass and 1% solar) and it aims to increase the use of renewable to 80% by 2020. 2016 figures suggest near 100% of Belize's population having access to electrici￾ty. With most households already having access to the national grid, new programmes are under￾way, with support from the European Union (EU), providing off grid solutions for those rural commu￾nities not currently serviced by the national grid. Telephone and Internet: There are few government restrictions on access to the Internet and no reports that the government has prevented or restricted use by the public. However, lack of infrastructure and high costs do limit public access. In 2016, the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) granted license to 25 companies to operate internet services. The delivery of telecom and internet services is vested primarily in the pri￾vate sector. According to the Global Information Technology Report 2016, a total of 62.3% Beliz￾eans were active mobile data users. 41 .59% of the populations had access to and were utilizing the internet. Micro-Financing: Belize is an economy comprising mainly MSMEs. In 2012 it was estimated that MSMEs generate over 70% of private sector employment and incomes. BELTRAIDE as the national agency is re￾sponsible for MSME policy implementation and coordination. There is an urgent need for restructur￾ing of the organization with the aim of becoming more effective, efficient and relevant to Micro, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (MSMEs), and financially sustainable. The Government of Belize has expressed its commitment to this transformation. Belize has in place an extensive legal framework authorizing and providing for incentives for devel￾opment. These include: The Fiscal Incentives Act, the Export Processing Zone Act, the Commercial Free Zone Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Retired Persons Incentives Act, the Trusts Act, the Offshore Banking Act, and the Gaming Control Act. The Fiscal Incentives SME Pro￾gram is aimed at smaller enterprises with a minimum of 51% Belizean ownership. The SME Pro￾gram offers the same benefits of the Regular Program, with the exception of the allowable time￾frame for duty exemptions. The Belize Rural Finance Program's (BRFP) has an overarching goal of contributing to the reduc￾tion of poverty and extreme poverty levels of the rural population- men, women and youth. The rural financial servicing programme has national coverage, and targets poor rural households and is administer through the Belize Credit Unions (CUs) League. The BRFP won an IFAD Gender Award in 2015 recognizing innovative approaches to addressing gender inequality. 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters Belize's Disaster and risk profile suggests great vulnerability of the country's population to climate related hazards including extreme events. The 2016 Maplecroft exposure index places Belize at a high-risk level for climate change (IMF, 2016). Over the past fifteen years, natural disasters have caused damages equivalent to 25.0%-45.0% of GOP (Figueroa, 2016). The country's disaster pro￾file has inspired the enactment of various national and local disaster risk reduction strategies. In 2013, with support from GFDRR, Belize adopted the first comprehensive national strategy to ad￾dress the impacts of climate change on social and economic development. The Government of Belize has made a shift toward strategic, proactive investment that crowd in efficiencies and reduc￾es climate and disaster vulnerabilities.

INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO DE BOLIVIA 2021 - 15 - 6. PRINCIPALES PROGRESOS DE LOS ODS ODS1. Poner fn a la pobreza en todas sus formas en todo el mundo. La pobreza es un fenómeno multidimensional que puede ser analizado desde varios puntos de vista, en el caso boliviano, la Agenda Patriótica1 concibe a la pobreza en su compleja dimensión, no solo material, sino también social y espiritual. Es decir, que la pobreza es insufciencia de la renta: familias viviendo con una renta familiar per cápita inferior al nivel mínimo necesario para que puedan satisfacer sus necesidades básicas, pero también, es exclusión de servicios básicos, como la educación y la salud. Meta 1.2 Reducir al menos a la mitad la proporción de hombres, mujeres y niños de todas las edades que viven en la pobreza en todas sus dimensiones2 Entre 2016 y 2019, Bolivia logró reducir el porcentaje de pobreza extrema a nivel nacional de 19,0% a 12,9%, lo que signifcó que 612 mil personas habrían abandonado la situación de pobreza extrema. Este logro fue posible gracias al rol redistribuidor del Estado transfriendo los recursos de los sectores excedentarios a los generadores de empleo e ingreso y a los grupos más vulnerables de la población promoviendo la inclusión social. Implementamos programas de transferencias 1 La Ley Nº 650, 19 de enero de 2015, eleva a rango de Ley la “Agenda Patriótica del Bicentenario 2025” que contiene 13 pilares de la Bolivia Digna y Soberana. 2 El indicador de incidencia de pobreza extrema mide el porcentaje de personas que vive con un ingreso inferior a la canasta básica de alimentos (CBA), sobre la base de un conjunto de productos que son sufcientes para proporcionar una ingesta adecuada de calorías, proteínas y otros nutrientes, dada la masa corporal promedio de los individuos y su actividad física “Cálculo de las líneas de pobreza. Documento Metodológico” (INE, 2020). Para el año 2020, el valor de la línea de pobreza extrema promedio por persona al mes para el área urbana y el área rural es de Bs435 ($US62) y Bs344 ($US49), respectivamente. monetarias mediante la creación de bonos sociales; entre éstos, el “Bono Juancito Pinto” que tiene el objetivo de asegurar la permanencia escolar, el “Bono Juana Azurduy” cuyo objetivo es mejorar la salud materno￾infantil y el programa de la “Renta Dignidad” que está destinado a cubrir las necesidades de las personas adulto mayores, que han permitido generar ingresos adicionales a los hogares bolivianos reduciendo la pobreza hasta en dos puntos porcentuales. La pandemia de la COVID-19 y el mal manejo del gobierno de facto, ocasionó un retroceso de 0,8 puntos porcentuales entre 2019 y 2020, debido a que las medidas ejecutadas dejaron a gran parte de la población ocupada en empleos no asalariados sin percibir ingresos laborales. La caída fue amortiguada a través de la creación de tres bonos adicionales durante ese periodo. En noviembre de 2020, al asumir el gobierno el Presidente Arce, implementó el “Bono contra el hambre”, mismo que habría tenido un impacto en la reducción de la pobreza extrema, ya que se estima llegó al 91% de los hogares que se encontraban en esta situación. Según zona de residencia, entre 2016 y 2019 la pobreza extrema en el área urbana disminuyó de 10,8%, a 6,4% lo que signifcó que 302 mil personas dejen esta situación. En el área rural se tuvo una reducción de 37,1% a 27,8% en el mismo periodo, lo que equivalía a 310 mil personas que dejaron la pobreza extrema. Sin embargo, para el año 2020, por los acontecimientos que vivió el país señalados anteriormente, los niveles de pobreza extrema aumentaron principalmente en el área rural. INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO DE BOLIVIA 2021 - 16 - Gráfco1. Incidencia de pobreza extrema según zona de residencia, 2016-2020 (En porcentaje) Fuente: Encuesta de Hogares INE. Nota: Serie 2016-2020 basada en la nueva Canasta Básica Alimentaria 2015-2016. A nivel departamental, entre los años 2016 y 2019, la pobreza extrema se ha reducido prácticamente en todos los departamentos del país, excepto Tarija que presentó un leve incremento. Los departamentos con mayores niveles de pobreza extrema son Potosí y Chuquisaca, sin embargo, el primero de ellos tuvo una importante reducción de 25,5 puntos porcentuales entre 2016 y 2019. Entre 2019 y 2020, el porcentaje de pobreza extrema aumentó en casi todos los departamentos, excepto La Paz y Santa Cruz. Resalta el departamento de Potosí que tuvo un incremento alrededor de 19 puntos porcentuales. Gráfco2. Incidencia de pobreza extrema según departamento , 2016, 2019 y 2020 (En porcentaje) Fuente: Encuesta de Hogares INE. Nota: Serie 2016-2020 basada en la nueva Canasta Básica Alimentaria 2015-2016. (*) El coefciente de variación es superior a 20%. Se sugiere utilizar sólo como referencia. INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO DE BOLIVIA 2021 - 17 - En complemento a lo anterior, la proporción de población que vivía por debajo del umbral de pobreza modera4 4 El indicador de incidencia de pobreza moderada mide el porcentaje de personas que viven con un ingreso inferior a la línea de pobreza moderada (Canasta Básica de Alimentos más los principales bienes y servicios no alimentarios). Para el año 2020, el valor de la línea de pobreza moderada promedio por persona al mes para el área urbana y el área rural es de Bs902 (US$130) y Bs635 (US$91), respectivamente. La pobreza extrema afecta de igual manera a hombres y mujeres, sin que existan grandes diferencias entre ambos sexos. En los años 2016 y 2017, la pobreza extrema de las mujeres era 1,4 puntos porcentuales por encima de los hombres, sin embargo, para los años Los avances en la reducción de la pobreza extrema llegaron a todos los rincones del país, logrando que la población indígena3 en condición de extrema pobreza reduzca en 7,5 puntos porcentuales entre 2016 y 2019. 3 El criterio de clasifcación para la condición étnico lingüística (Indígena y No Indígena) toma en cuenta tanto la pertenencia como la lengua, de manera conjunta o disyuntiva, pero entendiendo la lengua sólo en su sentido pleno: habla y además aprendió a hablar en ella desde la niñez. Por tanto, incluye a los que declararon pertenecer a algún pueblo originario y a quienes sin reconocer su pertenencia a un pueblo indígena cumplen plenamente la condición lingüística (Pág. 191; "Gama étnica y lingüística de la población boliviana"; Sistema de las Naciones Unidas en Bolivia - Ramiro Molina B. y Xavier Albó C.; Enero 2006). 2018 y 2019 esta diferencia se redujo a 0,4 puntos porcentuales. El año 2020, debido principalmente a la paralización de actividades por la cuarentena que se tuvo en el país, se advirtió un aumento en la brecha de 5 puntos porcentuales. Para el año 2020, este indicador aumentó más para el grupo de la población considerada como indígena al contrastar los datos con el año 2019. Gráfco 3. Incidencia de pobreza extrema según condición étnico lingüística, 2016 - 2020 (En porcentaje) Fuente: Encuesta de Hogares INE. Nota: Serie 2016-2020 basada en la nueva Canasta Básica Alimentaria 2015-2016. también disminuyó, sin embargo, en el último año presentó un retroceso por los factores antes señalados. INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO DE BOLIVIA 2021 - 18 - Gráfco 4. Incidencia de pobreza moderada por zona de residencia, 2016 - 2020 (En porcentaje) Fuente: Encuesta de Hogares INE. Nota: Serie 2016-2020 basada en la nueva Canasta Básica Alimentaria 2015-2016. Los avances en este indicador han sido relevantes, toda vez que la población que vive en situación de pobreza moderada, tanto en el área urbana como rural, se ha reducido, así como en la población indígena, sin embargo, permanecen las brechas entre zona de residencia, departamento, sexo y población indígena y no indígena. Gráfco 5. Incidencia de pobreza moderada según departamento (En porcentaje) Fuente: Encuesta de Hogares INE. Nota: Serie 2016-2020 basada en la nueva Canasta Básica Alimentaria 2015-2016. INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO DE BOLIVIA 2021 - 19 - Gráfco 6. Incidencia de pobreza moderada según condición étnica lingüística, 2016 - 2020 (En porcentaje) Fuente: Encuesta de Hogares INE. Nota: Serie 2016-2020 basada en la nueva Canasta Básica Alimentaria 2015-2016. El desafío hacia el Bicentenario del país es revertir la afectación en la actividad económica5 del país que llevó a una reducción en los niveles de ocupación y por ende a disminuciones en los ingresos de los hogares, lo que repercutió en un incremento en el número de hogares que no podían cubrir sus necesidades básicas alimentarias con los recursos que disponían. La Agenda Patriótica 20256 ha establecido que para el Bicentenario del país la pobreza extrema debe ser 5%. Para hacer frente a los desafíos, el Gobierno del Presidente Arce ha realizado una identifcación de prioridades que permitirán alcanzar la meta en los siguientes cuatro años. Entre las acciones más relevantes se plantean las siguientes: ● Reactivar la economía y el aparato productivo. ● Desarrollar programas orientados a los jóvenes, las mujeres (jefas de hogar) y las urbes periurbanas. ● Promover empleo digno e ingresos adecuados para los jóvenes y mujeres. ● Procurar una mejor inserción laboral de la mujer, liberándola de las amplias obligaciones del cuidado familiar. 5 El PIB para el segundo trimestre del año 2020 se redujo en 11,11%, (INE-2020). 6 “La Agenda del Bicentenario. 13 Pilares Fundamentales para Vivir Bien. Proyecta a Bolivia como una Potencia Económica. (Ministerio de Comunicación, Marzo 2019). ● Conformar "brigadas de jóvenes contra la pobreza", que irán a las áreas donde existe mayor concentración de pobreza, para identifcar sus principales necesidades coadyuvando a la elaboración de políticas públicas focalizadas. ● Crear mejores condiciones productivas para los pequeños y medianos productores del área rural y urbana con el propósito de elevar sus ingresos. ● Generar políticas de protección social para las familias rurales dedicadas a la agricultura tradicional, con la fnalidad de reducir los riesgos de los eventos climatológicos adversos. ● Promover proyectos de infraestructura y programas específcos para personas con discapacidad y de la tercera edad. ● Mantener la política de bonos, aportando a los ingresos de los hogares más vulnerables. ● Promover, en los municipios más pobres, programas integrales que comprenden la prestación de servicios de agua, saneamiento básico, electricidad, educación, salud, condiciones de vivienda y fortalecimiento productivo.

Voluntary national review on the sustainable development goals Voluntary national review on the sustainable development goals 52 53 ERADICATING POVERTY AND PROMOTING PROSPERITY IN A CHANGING WORLD ERADICATING POVERTY AND PROMOTING PROSPERITY IN A CHANGING WORLD BACK TO THE TABLE OF CONTENTS BACK TO THE TABLE OF CONTENTS END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE Brazil’s fght against poverty has made signifcant progress, having sur - passed the target established by the Millennium Development Goals to halve extreme poverty. However, as a result of the recent economic cri - sis, poverty and extreme poverty rates rose again in 2015, as compared to 2014, with the percentage of poor people in Brazil fuctuating from 6.5% to 7.8% in the period, while the extremely poor went from 2.6% of the population to around 4.0%. Recent measures taken to overcome the crisis, together with the social protection measures underway, will help return the fght against poverty to priority level in the national develop - ment strategy. To contribute to the achievement of the targets proposed under SDG 1, the National Policy for Social Assistance (PNAS), implemented through the Unifed Social Assistance System (SUAS), organizes the provision of social assistance benefts, services, programs and projects nationwide aimed at reducing poverty and improving the living conditions of the most vulnerable population. Social assistance services are structured according to the complexity of situations at two levels: Basic Social Protection and Special Social Protec - tion. The purpose of Basic Social Protection is to prevent risk situations in families in situation of social vulnerability. Special Social Protection is aimed at individuals and families in situations of personal or social risk of threat or violation of rights, such as physical or psychological violence, abandonment and neglect; sexual abuse or exploitation; removal from family life due to the application of protective measures; street and beg - ging situations; child labor; discrimination based on sexual orientation or race / ethnicity. In the feld of basic income guarantee, improvements were made in the management and targeting of the Continuous Cash Beneft (BPC) and the Bolsa Família Program (PBF – Family Grant Program). In Brazil, the Continuous Cash Beneft is a constitutional right for the provision of a monthly income for the elderly and people with disabilities living in extreme poverty (per capita household income of less than ¼ of the min - imum wage). In the second half of 2016, rules were adopted to increase effciency and improve governance of this beneft, such as compulso - ry registration in the Single Registry for Social Programs of the Federal In October 2016 a new initiative –the Happy Children Program - was esta - blished and included in the institutio - nal arrangement of the National Poli - cy for Social Assistance. The Program seeks to promote comprehensive development of children in early chil - dhood, considering their family and contexts. The strategy aims to stop the vicious circle in which malnutrition and poverty affect early childhood and jeopardize the future of genera - tions, limiting the opportunities of a large share of the population. Among the objectives of the Happy Children Program, one points out the following: fostering the development of 0 to 6 year-olds and the streng - thening of family and community ties; qualification of care in the ser - vices of prioritization of foster care for children removed from family life; and the development of training and continuing education actions that ad - dress care and attention to pregnant women, children in early childhood, and their families. So far, 2,547 Mu - nicipalities have joined the Program, which aims to follow up about four million children by the end of 2018. Another relevant initiative was the creation of the Cross-sector Commit - tee on Public Policies for Early Chil - dhood, in March 2017. It aims to coor - dinate the actions for protection and promotion of rights of children in ear - ly childhood. The Committee is made up of representatives of civil society appointed by different National Cou - ncils such as the Councils for the Ri - ghts of Children and Adolescents, He - alth, Social Assistance, Education and Cultural Policy, as well as represen - tatives from the Ministries of Social Development, Human Rights, Health, Education, Culture, and Planning, De - velopment and Management. One should also highlight the sanc - tioning of Law No. 13,431, dated 2017, which organizes the system for safe - guarding the rights of children and adolescents victims or witnesses of violence. The new legal framework creates mechanisms to prevent and curb violence, and establishes assis - tance and protection measures for children and adolescents in situations of violence. BOX 1 » Early Childhood Development Policies Government and biennial review of benefts. In the two following years, 2.7 million people will be enrolled in the Single Registry, amounting to approximately 60% of the benefciaries; together with the regular review, which has not been carried out since 2008, these measures will have an impact of around R$ 2.2 billion (US$ 690.43 million11) in 2017, resulting from the cancellation of undue benefts. The Bolsa Família Program, in turn, complements the income of poor and extremely poor families, especially those with children and adoles - cents. The beneft is conditional to compliance with health and education requirements consisting of school attendance, vaccination of children, and prenatal care visits by pregnant women. In June 2016, beneft values were adjusted by 12.5% and the poverty and extreme poverty lines were 11. Based on the average exchange rate in June 2017, estimated at US$ 1.00 to R$ 3.1864. Voluntary national review on the sustainable development goals Voluntary national review on the sustainable development goals 54 55 ERADICATING POVERTY AND PROMOTING PROSPERITY IN A CHANGING WORLD ERADICATING POVERTY AND PROMOTING PROSPERITY IN A CHANGING WORLD BACK TO THE TABLE OF CONTENTS BACK TO THE TABLE OF CONTENTS changed to R$ 170.00 (US$ 53.35) and R$ 85.00 (US$ 53.35), respectively. In December 2016, the Bolsa Família Program provided an average bene - ft of R$ 181.15 (US$ 56.85) to about 13.6 million families (24% of the Bra - zilian population). Programs aimed at improving housing conditions for the most vulner - able population also promote SDG 1. The Home Renovation Card Pro - gram, for example, grants subsidies for the purchase of building materi - als and technical assistance of civil construction professionals to benef - ciary families, enabling renovation, expansion or conclusion of housing units. An initial investment of R$ 1 billion (US$ 313.83 million), covering 170 thousand people, is expected for 2017. It is worth noting that the pro - gram assists families not included in the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (housing program), which has ordered over 4.5 million housing units and delivered more than 3.2 million units, benefting approximately 13 million people by December 31st, 2016. The investments, in the order of R$ 332 billion (US$ 104 billion), have a strong impact on the country’s economy in terms of income generation and direct and indirect jobs. In 2017, the goal is to order 600 thousand units. In addition, we highlight the establishment of the National Rural Housing Program, targeted at family farmers and rural workers. In addition to these initiatives, the National Policy on Risk Management and Disaster Response (PNPDC) and the Risk and Disaster Management Program of the 2016-2019 PPA contribute to the achievement of SDG 1, especially as regards target 1.5, i.e., by 2030 build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations, and reduce their exposure and vulner - ability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters. Considering the strategic nature of land regularization for urban and rural development and for the realization of the constitutional right to housing, the Federal Government issued Provisional Measure No. 759, of 2016, reg - ulating Rural and Urban Land Regularization. With the objective of recog - nizing informal occupations and guaranteeing property to families in vul - nerable conditions, the regulation favors access to public services, such as sanitation and infrastructure, as well as credit, increasing their consump - tion and investment possibilities. In the case of rural land regularization, the Federal Government aims to deliver 250,000 land titles to benefcia - ries of the National Agrarian Reform Program by 2018.

37 SDG 1: No poverty ‘End poverty in all its forms everywhere’ Overview of SDG 1 At the core of Barbados’ development model is a deep commitment to social cohesion which is predicated on tackling the systemic challenges impacting economic and social enfranchisement. Our policies and programmes are deliberately designed to foster poverty eradication, reduce inequality and protect vulnerable communities. Despite the fiscal constraints brought on by the COVID 19 pandemic, the GOB deliberately chose to spend approximately BDS $77 million shielding Barbadian families from the impact of the pandemic and climate change. This included BDS $31 million for the Welfare Department and over BDS $20 million to support vulnerable households. This was buttressed by the expansion and introduction of new NIS benefits where government supported the scheme to pay out more than BDS $150 million in unemployment benefits. The GOB responded to the effects of COVID-19 with a range of measures, including:  a Household Survival Programme for 1,500 households who had no income due to COVID. This BDS $20 million programme provided up to BDS $600 per month for six months and was extended once the individual’s circumstances did not improve or remained the same;  a 40 per cent increase in all social assistance rates and fees paid, for a total cost of BDS $10 million. Over 18,000 Barbadians applied for assistance;  employers’ social security contributions were deferred for 3 months for those keeping at least 2/3 of their employees; Extreme poverty Building resilience of the poor & vulnerable Social protection Equal access to education, health, food, water & sanitation Vulnerability to climate-related extreme events Mobilization of resources Access for all to social services and economic resources Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 38  a BDS $20 million Small Business Wage Fund was also set up to contribute to workers’ wages;  unemployment benefits were extended to the self-employed, paying BDS $1,500 for the months of April and May 2020;  the Shelter for Abused Women being defined as an essential service allowing persons in abusive relationships to access the services of the Shelter;  accessible medical services were provided to the homeless with the assistance of the Ministry of Health and Wellness (MHW);  mental health support services were provided to the vulnerable populations through the national hotline by a support team and; and  the Barbados Family Planning Association was allowed to remain open as an essential service. The organisation used curb side pickup for contraceptives as well as telemedicine for persons who wanted information on sexual and reproductive health. It allowed its clients to access services via social media such as WhatsApp. Post recovery, the GOB continues to focus on the most vulnerable in the society. At the policy level, this focus is clearly articulated in the Barbados Social Protection Policy, Strategy, and Implementation Plan (BARSPIP) 2021- 2024. The R2RP also highlights our holistic approach to supporting the vulnerable. While public financing varies across sectors - education, social protection, and social services - public expenditure as a percentage of GDP is higher in Barbados for three out of four areas than the average of other regional countries. For example, coverage of essential health services in Barbados is the highest of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) states and the second highest in the Caribbean, behind only Cuba27. See Figure 9 below. 27 World Health Organization. “UHC Service Coverage Index (SDG 3.8.1),”. Available at: https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr￾details/4834#:~:text=Rationale%3A,medicines%20and%20vaccines%20for%20all%E2%80%9D Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 39 Figure 9 public expenditure across several sectors Barbados, like other Caribbean countries, has embarked on the reform of its social protection programmes to build a universal, shock responsive, social protection system that is inclusive. The World Social Protection Report 2020 – 2022 identifies the effective social protection coverage (including SDG indicators 1.3.1 and 3.8.1), (percentage of the relevant population group) for Barbados as follows: People protected by social protection systems including floors (%) SDG Indicator 1.3.1 – Population covered by at least one social protection benefit (excluding health) Persons with severe disabilities Unemployed Older Persons Workers in case of work injury Vulnerable persons covered by social assistance Labour force covered by pension scheme Barbados 55.3 45.7 88.0 63.5 65 9.6 73.6 The Bahamas 49.1 51.0 26.9 89.6 67.4 2.1 67.4 Dominica 46.8 9.7 0 60.3 68.3 28.2 70.6 Jamaica 30.8 31.1 0 40.3 N/A 14.3 31.6 Trinidad & Tobago 55.2 68.1 0 91.1 67.8 24.8 67.8 High Income Countries (World) 85.4 85.6 52.2 97.5 81.2 62.8 89.8 Table 4 Showing the Percentage of People Protected by Social Protection Systems Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 40 In 2020, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) estimated that 2.5% of the population of Barbados (or 7,000 people) is multidimensionally poor, while an additional 0.5% is classified as vulnerable to multidimensional poverty (1,000 people in 2020). Recognizing the complexity of multidimensional poverty, the GOB is applying a multi-pronged approach to addressing the systemic and structural challenges which perpetuate poverty. One of the GOB’s Mission Objectives focuses specifically on empowering and enfranchising Barbadian workers and families through the creation of opportunities for ownership and wealth creation, allowing for the reduction in the rate of poverty by 50% by 2030. To this end, our focus remains resolute on bolstering economic growth, creating jobs, improving livelihoods, reducing vulnerabilities to climate change and ensuring that no one is left behind. This will be reflected in our policy mix. See Figure 10 below. Figure 10 Government’s Multi-Pronged Approach To Addressing The Systemic And Structural Challenges Which Perpetuate Poverty. Institutionally, the Government is currently engaged in the strengthening of its Social Protection System which falls under the Ministry of People Empowerment and Elder Affairs (MPEA). The institutional strengthening of the social protection system is being designed to protect the poorest and most vulnerable from adverse socioeconomic shocks and risks and is Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 41 Snapshot of Barbados’ progress towards achieving SDG 1 being undertaken within the context of the implementation of the BERT Programme 2022: Fiscal Year 2022/23-Fiscal Year 2026/27. The GOB also launched in 2022, the One Family programme based on the principle of “Each One Reach One” which is intended to create a full ecosystem of support for the poorest and most vulnerable. The programme will seek to address the psychosocial, financial and other needs of participants through a whole of government approach and the deployment of a range of services intended to provide families with the necessary tools and opportunities to enable personal development which can foster social inclusion, improve family relationships in an effort to foster improved social community spirit, and strengthen community and family relations through holistic service delivery. Poverty headcount ratio at 1.90/ day (%) (2022) 2.7 Poverty headcount ratio at 3.20/day (%) (2022) 7.1 Population covered by at least one social protection benefit (excluding health) (2021) 55.328 Persons with severe disabilities covered by social protection systems (%) 45.7 Unemployed covered by social protection systems (%) 88.0 Workers in case of work injury covered by social protection systems (%) 65 Vulnerable persons covered by social assistance (%) 9.6 Working-age population covered by pension scheme (active contributors) (%) 48.229 28 Compiled from the ILO Social Protection Report, 2022 and the SDG Annual Report, 2022. 29Compiled from the ILO Social Protection Report, 2022 and the SDG Annual Report, 2022. Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 42 Policies Barbados Social Protection Policy, Strategy and Implementation Plan for a Rationalised National Social Protection System (BARSPIP) 2021 – 2024 The BARSPIP 2021 – 2024, ‘adopts a rights￾based approach, which seeks to ensure that the most vulnerable citizens receive the necessary services to break cycles of poverty across generations and ultimately transform their lives’. Furthermore, the Plan facilitates a responsive framework, which will facilitate the improvement and expansion of existing social protection policies thereby ensuring that social protection systems are adequate and efficient. BARSPIP is guided by 7 principles which include:  universality;  community participation;  gender responsiveness;  sustainability;  a rights-based approach;  multi-dimensional poverty reduction; and  an integrated approach. Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 43 The four strategic objectives of BARSPIP and the associated seven outputs are shown in Table 5. Strategic Objective 1: Robust Social Protection System Output 1: Rationalisation of Social Protection System Output 2: Operationalisation of a Monitoring and Evaluation System for Social Protection Strategic Objective 2: Income Security for Households Output 3: Operationalisation of a Household Mitigation Unit Strategic Objective 3: Income Security for Persons in Active Age Output 4: Ensuring of a Minimum Income Output 5: Development of a Retooling and Empowering, Retraining and Enfranchising (ReRe) Programme Output 6: Increased Access to Tertiary Education Strategic Objective 4: Income Security for Older Persons Output 7: Increased Pensions Table 5 Strategic Objectives and Outputs of BARSPIP 2021- 2024. One of the most important outputs of the BARSPIP with respect to access to services by the population is the establishment of a single new entity through which social services will be accessed. This output was identified as critical to ensuring that social protection access is people-centred and decentralized. The plan offers a multidimensional approach to reducing and eradicating poverty and vulnerability within Barbados buttressed by a robust social safety net. The overall framework considers the complexity of poverty and the dynamic ways in which it affects various groups. At the same time, the strategy provides support to livelihood enhancement through the provision of skills development, educational and vocational training designed to promote job creation and self-employment opportunities within communities. Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 44 Programmes, Projects & Initiatives COVID-19 Response Programmes The Government of Barbados, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, implemented several response programmes to provide aid to those most affected including the Barbados Employment and Sustainable Transformation (BEST) and the Adopt Our Families Programme. The Barbados Employment and Sustainable Transformation (BEST) The BEST programme was aimed at safeguarding jobs in the tourism sector, minimizing bankruptcies, and strengthening the competitiveness of the sector. Under the programme, financing for green initiatives, digitisation of processes and systems for lower cost and improved service, as well as investment in local suppliers of food, furniture and other supplies were also provided (Bobb and Worrell, 2022). The programme also offered free training with approximately five hundred and thirty-three (533) persons trained. The Adopt Our Families Programme This programme started as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 and was designed to support families that were hardest hit by the pandemic. The programme relied on funds from both private and government sources with corporate partners donating BDS $2.5 million and the Government contributing BDS $5 million as of March 2021. This programme demonstrates the ‘all-of-country’ approach to providing support for the most vulnerable. Increase in the Minimum Wage In an effort to provide equitable and fair pay for workers, the GOB instituted a new minimum wage which came into effect from April 1, 2021. The GOB recognized that under the previous wage rates, many persons in our society were unable to adequately afford food, transportation and other household needs. The minimum wage stands at BDS $8.50, with a sectoral minim wage (for security guards only) of BDS $9.50. Prior to this increase, employees in the hotel, agriculture and public sectors were paid above the minimum wage, however, the GOB recognized that persons working in the retail sector, at gas stations and as domestic workers also needed to be considered. This increase in minimum wage will further advance SDG 1 and also has direct linkages to SDG 2: Zero Hunger, SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being, SDG 8: Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 45 Decent Work and Economic Growth and SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities. The Roofs to Reefs Programme (R2RP) The R2RP is a 100% homegrown Bajan programme which acts as the Government’s sustainable development model. R2RP takes into account our specific challenges including dense population, a large marine space but exposed to high wave energy, unique hydrology and geology, as well a highly modified natural environment. The R2RP is 1) a development model for the next decade, 2) designed with an integrated whole-of-country approach, 3) a homegrown national initiative for sustainable and resilient development, 4) a further development on the ridge to reef concept, 5) the vehicle for operationalising national development and adaptation planning and 6) a public and private investment programme. Additionally, the main objectives of the programme are as follows:  to make low- and middle-income homes more resilient to extreme weather events and their impacts, such as possible loss of access to electricity and potable water distribution system;  to increase freshwater storage capacity and water use efficiency and reduce emissions through the deployment of distributed renewable energy generation;  to decrease land-based sources of marine pollution through more sustainable land use practices; Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 46  to make critical utilities such as water and sanitation and road infrastructure climate resilient;  to restore vulnerable coral reef ecosystems, particularly on the west and south coasts of the island; and  to reduce carbon emissions through the deployment of distributed renewable energy generation. The Roofs to Reefs concept and associated SDGs are represented in Figure 11. Source: Adapted from Cepal.org. ENERGY WASTE Roofs to Reefs Programme Holistic, Sustainable Development Based approach Climate ChangeH(cross cutting) SHELTER WATER LAND USE ECOSYSTEMS Related SDGs Figure 11 The Roofs to Reefs Concept and associated SDGs. Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 47 Strengthening Human and Social Development Programme (SHSD) The SHSD, under the MPEA, was developed to reduce extreme poverty and unemployment in Barbados. The program, which was launched in September 2017 and ended in March 2023, was financed jointly by the Inter-American Development Bank Ordinary Capital, BDS $10 million and the China Co-financing Fund for Latin America and the Caribbean BDS $10 million. The objective of the program was to contribute to the reduction of extreme poverty and unemployment in Barbados. The SHSD programme aimed to promote the social inclusion of the extreme poor, the accumulation of human capital among the moderate poor and vulnerable with the aim of achieving their productive labour market insertion. It provided the poorest families with a) access to psychosocial support and monetary subsidies, b) preferential access to state programs, and c) employment support. Under the programme, four (4) areas of critical interventions are addressed, aimed at breaking the cycle of intergenerational poverty and improving quality of life:  Identification/Assessment: The poor and vulnerable are identified and their needs assessed;  Stabilization: Immediate needs are addressed;  Enablement: Skills to survive are imparted; and  Empowerment Individuals are imbued with the capacity to succeed and excel in society. The National Assistance Programme and the Household Survival Programme The Welfare Department is a Government social service agency responsible for providing a national safety net for the poor and vulnerable persons in society. The mandate focuses on poverty reduction and empowerment through the offering of various forms of assistance, inclusive of financial assistance and in-kind assistance in the form of counseling services. The Department fulfills its mandate to assist vulnerable citizens through the National Assistance and Family Services Programmes. The National Assistance Programme includes providing beneficiaries with cash grants and in￾kind assistance. Assistance-in-Kind refers to assistance granted with respect to items such as food, clothing, purchase of spectacles, hearing aids, and dentures. It also includes the payment Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 48 of utilities (electricity and water), the payment of rent and the cost of burial of destitute persons. Food continues to be the highest category of assistance-in-kind granted. In 2020, the Welfare Department introduced the Household Survival Programme. The Programme was implemented to support a 40% increase in cash transfer benefits by the Welfare Department and expanded the number of persons receiving a government transfer. The Household Survival Programme was premised on mitigating the negative impact of the health and economic crisis on the most vulnerable groups in Barbados. During the period, job loss was on the increase and many citizens expressed difficulty in meeting their daily survival needs. The 40% increase in welfare cash grants across all categories allowed vulnerable individuals to improve their spending power. The increase in allocation also allowed additional persons to benefit from social assistance such as cash and food grants, rent and utility payments. The programme targeted those individuals below the poverty line of BDS $642.52 monthly, with eligibility confirmed via assessment and means testing. Business and Professional Women’s Club (BPW) – The BPW conducts an annual Financial Literacy Series of Seminars for Women, especially those who are unemployed or have low income. The workshops teach the basics of finance, debt management, loans, insurance and mortgages and aim to reduce prevailing factors creating vulnerabilities in the world of work and family life. The BPW introduced a free six-week course on Financial Planning, titled “Improving your money management skills in Challenging times” for Women at the lower economic level - covering areas such as: understanding money and living within your means, budgeting, savings, understanding debt such as use of credit cards, and entrepreneurship and money. Over the two years 2022-2023, the Workshops have catered to 113 women with 3 attending from the CARICOM region. Civil Society and NGO initiatives Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 49 SDG Targets under Goal 1 and Barbados’ Progress Our progress with respect to the achievement of the targets under SDG 1 is highlight in the following dashboard: Targets - SDG 1 - End Poverty in all its Forms Everywhere Barbados’ Progress By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than 1.25 a day. By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions. Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable. By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance. By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters. Target met or likely to be met by 2030/ substantial progress Moving away from target/ deterioration Fair progress but acceleration is needed No trend data available Limited or no progress Insufficient data/ not applicable

4 Barbados is making progress to eradicate extreme poverty and build resilience of the poor and those most vulnerable to multiple shocks and disasters in our society. Our social protection systems and measures are adequately structured and on target to provide comprehensive assistance to the poor and the vulnerable by 2030. Approximately 55.3% of the population was covered by at least 1 social protection benefit in 2021.

21 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 1 End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere OVERVIEW OF TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENTS Ensuring the welfare of Brunei Darussalam’s population has always been embedded in the Government’s policies and actions. This includes addressing poverty in all its forms. High ambition continues to drive all stakeholders to be in coordination to ensure the needed resources are mobilised effectively and efficiently. The COVID-19 pandemic inevitably caused some challenges in the delivery of sustaining social welfare. As a response, the Government adopted measures to ensure that people’s welfare is continuously being protected. Brunei Darussalam recognises that although the data on Goal 1 still needs to be strengthened, efforts are continuing to ensure that a more robust assessment of progress in Goal 1 can occur. Currently, there is reported progress in indicator 1.4.1, where the proportion of the population with access to basic water and sanitation services remains high through efforts from all parties. Figure 6 Progress of Selected Indicators in Goal 1 INITIATIVES AND IMPLEMENTATION Centralised Welfare Systems The Government remains largely responsible for the social protection of the people of Brunei Darussalam through pensions, health care, education, housing, allowances, and subsidies. Specifically, MCYS is the main agency that has been entrusted with tackling issues of poverty. The Special Committee on Poverty Issues, under the National Council on Social Issues, has continued to increase its efforts in implementing the Poverty Eradication Action Plan to support low￾income and vulnerable families and individuals, especially dependent children, and break the cycle of poverty. This has been instrumental to alleviate poverty in the nation whilst empowering the people from falling into the poverty trap, which is guided by the Plan of Action on Poverty Eradication 2020- 2024. Steps are also undertaken to further strengthen the overall social protection in Brunei Darussalam through the introduction of the Social Blueprint. To improve the efficiency of the application and distribution of financial assistance, an integrated and digitalised National Welfare System (Sistem Kebajikan Negara or SKN) was introduced in 2020, which centralises welfare schemes managed by relevant agencies. The system has significantly improved information sharing and enhanced the effectiveness of the country’s welfare programmes, in particular for those who wish to apply for the Monthly Welfare Assistance (BKB) scheme under the Community Development Department (JAPEM) or Brunei Darussalam Islamic Religious Council (MUIB). In 2022, the SKN was further enhanced with the integration of the Annual School Needs Assistance which was previously managed by MOE, allowing for the provision of school coupons for low￾income families. Plans are underway to integrate the processes for monthly old age pension schemes and disability allowances into the SKN. 22 Amongst some of the system’s features is the ability to provide a profile of applicants’ demographics and their backgrounds, including family members and the types of assistance needed. SKN will be able to produce a map of welfare recipients for appropriate analysis and intervention, including addressing unemployment issues and providing opportunities for recipients to secure employment and gain skills that help them to become self-sufficient. It provides a much-needed platform to align and allocate assistance for underprivileged and vulnerable groups, allowing for the streamlining of inter￾ministerial processes and, more importantly, for effective assessment and validation. As SKN is a relatively new system, its analytical capability continues to be expanded. Expanding data analytics is explored through wide-ranging fields in order to produce accurate and reliable information to tailor policies and targeted interventions to ensure no one is left behind. SKN was also used during the COVID-19 pandemic to manage the processing of the government’s COVID￾19 stimulus measures, which included the provision of short-term financial assistance for workers in sectors affected by the pandemic, including those from the private sector. In 2023, SKN integrated applications for in-kind educational assistance from MOE. Empowerment of People in Need Financial welfare is seen as a means of supporting people in need, ensuring that there are sustainable benefits to make positive changes in taking care of their life, reducing their reliance on government support as a means of living, and sustaining fiscal capacities. The government strives to nurture the necessary skills for entrepreneurship, self￾development, and a positive mindset. This is highlighted in the revised National Plan of Action on Poverty Eradication 2020-2024. The National Plan aims to enhance the efficacy of the existing empowerment programmes with better monitoring and result-oriented mechanism. It covers three focus areas, namely i) Capacity, Access and Opportunities to Generate Income through strategies on employment, entrepreneurship and skills training; ii) Capacity and Access to Education through strategies on education and mindset change; and iii) Policies, Legislation and Infrastructure through strategies on policy, legislation and guidelines, finance, housing, transportation and childcare support. Efforts to empower the community to improve their livelihood through programmes and interventions continue, where empowerment programme were conducted virtually during the COVID-19 pandemic. Other than the empowerment programme, the Government also supported the welfare recipients as well as their dependents through education as a means to break the poverty cycle. The Department of Islamic Studies under MORA provides the Rif'ah Scholarship Scheme as one of the empowerment efforts to provide opportunities and scholarship assistance for underprivileged students to pursue higher education locally or abroad based on the set criteria and conditions. The scheme also acts as an initiative to encourage the underprivileged to have a growth mindset that constantly strives to improve their standard of living. Housing Brunei Darussalam believes that an important aspect of life is access to affordable and quality housing. Since the mid-1970s, the Government has supported an ongoing housing programme through the National Development Plan to encourage home ownership. National housing schemes include the landless citizen’s scheme and the resettlement scheme, both administered by the Housing Development Department under MOD and funded by the development projects of the National Development Plan. Low-cost housings on state land with infrastructure are also allocated to low-income citizens to ensure the underprivileged continue to enjoy a basic standard of living. Additional assistance is provided for families within the lower income bracket who need shelter, including special projects as part of collaboration between the Government such as PMO, MORA, MOD and MOHA and private sectors, known as Projek Pembinaan Rumah Bantuan Golongan Daif, Fakir dan Miskin; Temporary housing for those in immediate need and for the underprivileged under MCYS and Yayasan Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Housing Scheme. Current efforts include working towards streamlining processes and creating clear guidelines to expedite housing assistance within ministries. 23 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES There are several challenges associated with poverty and its eradication. Brunei Darussalam has set ambitious targets which require concerted and proactive actions from all parties. More targeted policies are required to ensure that those who require assistance, including marginalised segments of society who are at risk, are being catered for. Furthermore, there is a need for focused effort in areas which support able-bodied welfare recipients to enter the workforce such as increased focus on reskilling and upskilling programmes. This helps resolve the issues surrounding mindset through self￾empowerment. Moreover, it is also important for concerted efforts to be made towards ensuring that the people of Brunei Darussalam have equitable access to meaningful employment and skills development. At present, the Government provides free welfare, health care, and education services. A shift in focus, however, is required, particularly the financial and fiscal sustainability of such existing schemes. In the case of social pensions and social assistance, for example, effective delivery of benefits and their fiscal sustainability remain important issues. Future trends could also potentially disrupt the effectiveness of the government’s intervention, for example rise in ageing population. The Government continues to explore measures and policy that adds more resilience to the system. There are several potential efforts that could provide more support in sustaining efforts towards poverty alleviation and breaking any impending poverty cycle. Firstly, the government is cognizant of the significant role of the wider society, including NGOs and youth, in eradicating extreme poverty. Such a sense of responsibility and community spirit must be continued to be nurtured. This can be achieved by fostering community cohesion and participation towards eradicating poverty through community service and volunteerism. Young people in this area need to be fully supported in terms of building their capacity to deliver their community service. To capture this effort accurately, there needs to be an integrated mechanism or centralised data system for capturing and monitoring these efforts which will aid in analysis and assessment of impact of youth-led programmes. Secondly, there is room for improvement to further develop the capacity and capability to fully utilise SKN and, from there, incorporate innovations within the social welfare system. Big data has a future prospect for driving greater partnership between the government and non-government stakeholders in organising interventions and empowerment programmes for specific vulnerable communities. Thirdly, regional cooperation is recognised as another effective tool in alleviating poverty. Through ASEAN Ministers Meeting on Rural Development and Poverty Eradication (AMRDPE), the ASEAN Master Plan on Rural Development, and the implementation of the ASEAN Framework Action Plan on Rural Development and Poverty Eradication 2021-2025 adopted at the 40th and 41st ASEAN Summits in November 2022 was found to be beneficial for the nation in learning best practices and lessons learnt from neighbouring countries’ policies and programmes particularly that shares similar kind of experience and challenges in eradicating extreme poverty. The Plans contribute to ASEAN’s ongoing efforts in alleviating poverty and strengthening the resilience of vulnerable populations to achieve inclusive and sustainable development, in line with the ASEAN Community Vision 2025 and the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 24 FEATURE 1 Actions to Break Poverty Cycle There are numerous NGOs in the country that are focused on providing support to underprivileged communities and help break the poverty cycle, such as: Big BWN Project (Big BWN) Established in 2015, Big BWN aims to create economic opportunities by empowering the local community, youth, entrepreneurs, and women with its many national initiatives and campaigns. Over the years, Big BWN has implemented over 180 impact-driven community campaigns nationwide and regionally, from environmental awareness projects to supporting local small businesses and women entrepreneurs. To date, Big BWN has trained and empowered more than 100 youths from various fields under its human capacity development programme. Big BWN Project is the recipient of several notable awards: • 2020 National Youth Excellent Project Award by His Majesty the Sultan of Brunei Darussalam • 2021 Commonwealth Points of Light Award by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II • Inclusive Business Award 2021 by the ASEAN Business Awards • 2022 ASEAN Youth Volunteer Organisation Award by the ASEAN Youth Volunteer Forum An example of their projects is the Kg Bolkiah Community Development Centre, where programmes are run to boost the socio-economic livelihood of the people within the community. As of 2023, there are 30 successful women who owned small businesses from within the community, including 80 members of the Bolkiah Ladies Club. Big BWN Entrepreneurship Training Programmes have provided training on different topics to develop capacity towards building entrepreneurial skills and enhancing capability to improve socio-economic stability. Majlis Kesejahteraan Masyarakat (MKM) or Council on Social Brunei Darussalam Established in 2009, MKM’s main objective is to highlight and further address social welfare issues in improving the overall social well-being of the underprivileged members. MKM’s projects focused on providing continuous support to those with financial problems so that they can be lifted out of the cycle of poverty, including emphasising education for the children and self￾empowerment. Their work concentrated in Brunei Darussalam, but they have also aided the underprivileged in other countries such as Malaysia (Limbang and Miri), Indonesia (Surabaya), and Bangladesh. An example of their projects is their Self￾Empowerment Projects, introduced to help selected underprivileged families to be lifted out of poverty, MKM uses a combination of the concept of charity and self-empowerment through entrepreneurship, education, and employment. This includes aiding towards the setting up of businesses, such as organising short courses related to businesses and mindset and supporting the purchase of equipment. Society for Community Outreach & Training (SCOT) Established in 2011, SCOT aims to be a catalyst for sustainable poverty alleviation in Brunei Darussalam. SCOT acts as a bridge for coming up with more sustaining ways and strategies to help the underprivileged by providing them with assistance in the form of resources, basic skills, and support to help them move out of the vicious cycle of poverty through ongoing sustainable projects. An example of their projects is their work with youths through Youth Against Poverty. The Youth Against Poverty workshop was first introduced in August 2016, and it aims to stimulate interest and knowledge of the youth on the issue of poverty in the country. Activities include a Learning Journey (community visits) to allow participants to understand the living condition and situation of the underprivileged; and Focus Group Discussions on project ideas to support the underprivileged.

25 4.1 SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere Bhutan’s progress in alleviating poverty conditions over the decades of its planned development has been remarkable. Income poverty at the national level was reduced from 23.2 percent in 2007 to 8.2 percent in 2017, while rural poverty in particular was reduced from 30.9 percent to 11.9 percent in the same period.12 Significant reductions were also made in terms of multidimensional poverty, with the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) decreasing from 12.7 percent in 2012 to 5.8 percent in 2017.13 Such progress is attributed to consistent investments and improvements in health and education outcomes, expansion in rural infrastructure and network, efforts at commercialising agriculture, and targeted poverty reduction programmes to root out extreme poverty especially over the 10th and 11th FYP periods—coupled with land reforms and various social security interventions as part of the Royal Kidu14 programme. As presented in Bhutan’s first VNR report, however, several key concerns remain to be addressed—to ensure that development is inclusive and that no one is left behind. These are considered “last mile challenges” in the context of Bhutan’s imminent graduation from LDC category in 2023, which also coincides with the completion of its current FYP. In the 12th FYP, NKRA 3 is on “reducing poverty and inequality”. Many of the priority actions identified in Bhutan’s first VNR report are currently under implementation through programmes that cut across other national key result areas—particularly through interventions towards improving health, education, food security, job opportunities and living standards. However, given the various social and economic fallouts from the COVID-19 pandemic, it is highly probable that progress towards poverty reduction will have been negatively impacted. While a clearer picture of overall progress and setback—based on the MPI and Gini-coefficient as key measures of NKRA 3—will only be available following updated data and preparation of the next Poverty Analysis Report (PAR) in 2022-202315, an initial impact assessment16 found that many people have been affected by the COVID-19 crisis with increased vulnerability across different dimensions. 4.1.1 Eradicating extreme poverty and reducing poverty in all its forms Based on the most recent data from 2017, poverty rates are highly variable across districts, indicating uneven progress—with income poverty rates ranging from a high of 33 percent to a 12 Poverty Analysis Report 2012 & 2017. National Statistical Bureau, RGoB. 13 Bhutan: Multidimensional Poverty Index. National Statistical Bureau, RGoB, and Oxford Poverty Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford, 2017. 14 Kidu or wellbeing of the people is traditionally a royal prerogative, and is enshrined in the Constitution as a fundamental responsibility of His Majesty The King. 15 As indicated in the Annual Report FY 2019-2020, Gross National Happiness Commission, RGoB. 16 Rapid Socio-economic Impact Assessment of COVID-19 on Bhutan’s Tourism Sector. NSB and UNDP, May 2020. 26 low of 0.3 percent. The Gini coefficient stood at 0.38 in 2017 (an increase from 0.36 in 2012), with income inequality disproportionately affecting the rural population. More than five percent of Bhutanese are multi-dimensionally poor, again with wide variations between rural and urban areas. More than 93 percent of Bhutan’s multidimensionally poor reside in rural areas17—where opportunities for employment outside agriculture are limited, and where the delivery of social services to remote and isolated areas is more difficult. Children are especially vulnerable, with multidimensional poverty highest for children aged 0- 9 years. Bhutan’s first VNR report also noted that despite significantly less rates of poverty in urban areas, increasing urbanisation has given rise to a number of vulnerabilities. For example, an estimated 10 percent of Thimphu city’s population live in informal settlements with lack of access to basic amenities—which if left unaddressed could impede progress in eradicating poverty. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a large number of people have been directly or indirectly affected with job losses and pay cuts—mostly among those in the tourism and hospitality industry. Many Bhutanese youth were also compelled by the circumstances to return from overseas employment programmes, as also covered later in the report. However, even prior to the pandemic, many households remained vulnerable, as suggested by a recent analysis of the 2017 BLSS data i.e. that despite the sharp decline in poverty over the decades, many households remain just a small shock away from poverty.18 COVID-19 has clearly presented just such a shock, and it is possible that income poverty may have increased with many households losing their source of income. At the same time, the impacts may have been mitigated to an extent by the DGRK—which provides support to individuals directly affected by the pandemic, as also covered later. With respect to MPI, indicators such as school attendance and food/nutrition security—under the education and health categories—may have also been negatively impacted. This is considering reports of students dropping out from schools after the lockdowns19, and with disruptions caused to the school feeding programmes as schools remained closed for almost an entire academic year.20 On the other hand, given focused interventions to improve handwashing facilities across schools in the country—as one of the key measures to ensure children’s safety during the pandemic—it is possible that water and sanitation indicators may have improved. It has been reported that since the onset of the pandemic, the number of handwashing tap-points increased by 77 percent i.e. from one tap-point for every 17 students to one tap-point for every nine students.21 As mentioned, however, the net effect of the impact of the pandemic on overall poverty 17 The share of the population of rural areas is 66.5% and of urban areas is 33.5% (Source: Bhutan MPI 2017). 18 Bhutan Development Update. Recent Trends in Poverty and Shared Prosperity: Progress and Challenges. World Bank, March 2020. 19 For example, see: https://kuenselonline.com/149-students-drop-out-from-thimphu-thromde-schools/ 20 For example, see: https://www.unicef.org/bhutan/press-releases/un-agencies-warn-economic-impact-covid-19- and-worsening-inequalities-will-fuel 21 Source: https://kuenselonline.com/schools-now-have-80-percent-more-handwashing-taps/ 27 conditions is yet to be ascertained in the 2022-2023 PAR report. 4.1.2 Enhancing access to basic services, technology and economic resources Given an improvement in its Human Development (HDI) from 0.612 in 2017 to 0.654 in 2019, Bhutan now ranks 129th out of 189 countries as compared to 130th in 201722—indicating that there has been broad-based progress. With rapid expansion, there has been great improvement in access to electricity, water and sanitation. However, recent analysis illustrates how access and quality are highly variable across districts. For example, the share of households that experienced a power outage in the last seven days ranges from 11 percent in Tsirang to 95 percent in Dagana, and the overall average is just below 60 percent. Access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation is still a concern, with the share of households with 24-hour water supply varying from 51 percent to 83 percent. While 81 percent of households have a flush toilet at home, at disaggregated levels less than 60 percent of households in three districts have such facilities.23 Figure 1: Quality of basic services across districts (Source: Bhutan Development Update. Recent Trends in Poverty and Shared Prosperity: Progress and Challenges. World Bank, March 2020) According to the Ministry of Works and Human Settlements, there are 5,645 Rural Water Supply Schemes (RWSS) across the country with 92.46 percent coverage; however, only 60,829 tap stands are reported to be functional. The total number of rural households unserved stands at 3,632 (4.24%) as of 2018. Dried up sources have been reported in 29 communities, comprising 527 households where the RWSS have been implemented. The prevalence of disparities in access to sanitation facilities and services are related to income, gender, disability, and geographic factors—and are often interrelated.24 22 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene. Human Development Report 2020, UNDP. 23 World Bank, March 2020, op.cit. 24 Written input from the MoWHS, February 2021. 28 Mobile coverage and internet connectivity have seen rapid growth due to the introduction and expansion of mobile broadband connections such as 3G and 4G Networks. Today, all gewogs and about 98.5 percent of all villages have access to mobile networks. Additionally, there 200 Community Centres connected with fiber optics. Mobile subscribers currently number 741,999 as compared to 703,554 in 2018, which is a 5.5 percent increase. Internet usage has increased significantly with total coverage of about 97.4 per 100 inhabitants in 2020. As of date, the total number of internet subscribers reached 729,733. Ku-band dishes are also being installed across the country to enable rural households to access the Bhutan Broadcasting Services (BBS)—a major source of news, information and entertainment for the population. 25 Projects aimed at the socioeconomic development of rural communities include those under the Small Development Projects (SDPs). These are community-oriented projects planned and implemented by local governments based on local needs and priorities. Aimed primarily at community infrastructure development, the expectation isthat livelihoods of rural communities will be enhanced through improved accessibility, increased job and economic opportunities, and food security.26 4.1.3 Building resilience and strengthening social protection systems The pandemic has made it clear that strong social protection mechanisms are needed to mitigate income shocks, and to prevent the most vulnerable from falling back into poverty. Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the poorest and most vulnerable groups, with significant inter-generational implications for poor families. In Bhutan too, the trends are expected to be similar, with these groups affected by lower incomes, increased food insecurity, and higher exposure to other social vulnerabilities. A rapid socio-economic impact assessment of social and economic vulnerabilities faced by those in the tourism and affiliated sectors, which was hit hardest by the pandemic, offers lessons for broader policy measures going forward. A key finding was that the impact of the pandemic has been deep, wide-spread, crosscutting and dynamic—and has increased vulnerabilities across many dimensions for affected individuals, while also becoming more widespread beyond the tourism sector. Meanwhile, it also found that coping capacity is limited—with many Bhutanese having little or no economic security as they live pay-check to pay-check, and a popular coping strategy being to seek government help.27 Given a largely welfare state approach even prior to the pandemic, the Bhutanese people have been protected through various social protection measures implemented in accordance with the constitutional mandates for free education and health; through the provisions of the Labour and Employment Act of Bhutan 2007; and through targeted poverty intervention programmes as mentioned earlier. Moreover, the Kidu Programme, a royal prerogative of His Majesty the King, ensures that various forms of social assistance are provided to those facing difficulties in sustaining their livelihoods as well as to address other vulnerabilities. 25 Written input from MoIC, February 2020. 26 Written input from MoFA, February 2020. 27 NSB and UNDP, May 2020, op.cit. 29 Such longstanding mechanisms in place have been instrumental in ensuring that the most vulnerable are protected. As mentioned, with the onset of the pandemic, a National Resilience Fund of Nu. 30 billion was established since April 2020, which supports the DGRK for individuals directly affected by the pandemic, and full/partial interest waiver on loans contracted before April 10, 2020. Through the DGRK, about 45,766 individuals have been provided cash and in-kind support between April 2020 and March 2021; and child support kidu has also been granted to over 18 percent of these applicants. 28 Still, the pandemic is expected to have deep and lasting impact on the economy, and especially on the livelihoods of the vulnerable. As such, it has stimulated discussion on the benefits of working towards a strengthened and comprehensive social protection system—to ensure sustainability and increase resilience over the long term to various economic, environmental and social shocks. It has been suggested that economic shocks emanating from the pandemic could lead to an additional 5,503 people falling into poverty based on the poverty line of USD 3.20 per day, and 14,083 people based on the poverty line of USD5.50 per day. Many of these “emerging poor” are expected to be informal workers with little or no access to social security—and who are estimated to constitute more than 87 percent of total employment in Bhutan. 29 Beyond the pandemic, the risk of falling back into poverty remains high for vulnerable populations especially for farming communities in rural areas—given the increasing frequency and magnitude of climate-related disasters. While agriculture production in the country is reliant on rainfall-fed irrigation, the country’s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change (as also covered later) and extreme weather variations are increasingly affecting agricultural productivity. Figure 2: Quality of basic services across districts (Source: Bhutan Development Update. Recent Trends in Poverty and Shared Prosperity. World Bank, March 2020) 28 Druk Gyalpo’s Relief Kidu Press Release, 23rd April 2021. Accessed from: https://royalkidu.bt/wp￾content/uploads/2021/04/DGRK_One-Year-Summary_22.4.2021.pdf 29 COVID-19 and social protection in South Asia: Bhutan. International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth and UNICEF. 2020, September. Accessed from https://www.unicef.org/rosa/media/10071/file/Bhutan.pdf 30 Recent analysis confirms that poverty reduction was helped by improved earnings in the agriculture sector, but that vulnerability is high with uninsured risks from price and weather shocks. With about two thirds of heads of poor households working in agriculture (as compared to only about a third of non-poor households), working in agriculture is highly correlated with being poor.30 This is especially significant given that more that 51 percent of the Bhutanese population is engaged in agriculture, most of which is subsistence-based. 4.1.4 Way forward To facilitate with poverty reduction efforts as well as to strengthen social protection systems over the long term, the need for good data and its utilisation remains. The pandemic has necessitated the collection and digitisation of essential data, with different vulnerability layers geo-referenced to enable support for the most vulnerable households. Building on these initiatives, such data could be used for social protection programmes beyond the pandemic response. Related to this is the need to strengthen statistical capacity, improve data quality, and fill data gaps that remain, despite much progress over the years. For example, it has been noted that information is inadequate on household income, as well as on production activities of agricultural households—required for better understanding of drivers of welfare and poverty in rural areas. 31 To improve data quality for poverty reduction efforts, there is need for more regular collection of essential socioeconomic data. In addition, it has been suggested that the official poverty line is relatively low and may need to be updated in the next round of the BLSS, based on the latest consumption patterns; and that a consistent measurement of poverty be maintained over time.32 Meanwhile, Bhutan continues to work towards bringing “last mile services” to the poorest sections of society and to vulnerable groups. Special attention is being given to accelerate the reduction of child poverty; and to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change. Further assessments based on updated data—including focused analysis on the impact of urbanisation on poverty in the country—will be necessary to facilitate targeted poverty reduction efforts. With basic health and education provided free, and allocated 11 percent each of the 12th FYP budget, Bhutan continues to prioritise investment in key socioeconomic programmes. Going forward, the MPI target for the 12th FYP is to reduce the multidimensionally poor population to less than 5.8 percent; and the Government is considering increasing the thresholds for some of the related indicators. 30 World Bank, March 2020, op.cit. 31 Ibid. 32 Ibid.

République centrafricaine Examen volontaire sur la mise en œuvre des objectifs du développement durable 2019 24 ODD1 : Eliminer l’extrême pauvreté et la faim Eliminer l’extrême pauvreté et la faim a été toujours au centre de toutes les politiques de développement économique et social qui ont été menées par les Gouvernements successifs en RCA. Ces politiques ont eu pour ambitions de promouvoir le bien-être de la population et de réduire l’extrême pauvreté ainsi que des inégalités entre les sexes et les différentes régions. La mise en œuvre des deux documents de stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté entre 2008 et 2015, a permis d’obtenir quelques résultats de courte durée mais elle n’a ni infléchi la tendance de l’extrême pauvreté ni corrigé les disparités régionales et les inégalités de sexes en raison des conséquences de la crise de 2012-2013. L’incidence de la pauvreté s’explique en grande partie par le milieu de résidence, la région et aussi par certaines caractéristiques spécifiques des ménages comme l’âge, le sexe, le niveau d’instruction du chef de ménage, le secteur d’activité, la possession de terre agricole par le chef de ménage et enfin l’accès aux services sociaux de base. . Globalement les conditions de vie des populations se sont significativement dégradées entre 2008 et 2016. Cette détérioration est favorisée par la chute vertigineuse des prix des matières premières et l’insécurité généralisée dans les zones minières ainsi que la mauvaise gouvernance dans la gestion des ressources naturelles. Suite à la crise militaro￾politique, le taux de croissance économique a chuté de 37% en 2013 et peine à se relever sur la période 2014-2018. ⇒ Selon les données calculées sur la base des taux de la Banque Mondiale, le nombre de personnes qui vivent en dessous du seuil de pauvreté est passé de 2,1 millions de personnes en 2008 à 3,7 millions de personnes en 2016 et 3,9 millions de personnes en 2018, soit une augmentation de 1,8 millions de personnes en 10 ans ; ⇒ La part du budget des secteurs sociaux dans le budget national est passée de 16% en 2015 à 24,3% en 2017 et 23% en 2018. Par contre celle du développement rural a chuté de 4,9% en 2015 à 2,0% en 2017 puis 1,8% en 2018 ; ⇒ Le nombre de victimes touchées par les vents violents, les inondations et les incendies devient de plus en plus important et a atteint un pic de 417 pour 100 000 habitants en 2016 avant de redescendre à 264 pour 100 000 habitants en 2018. Pour la période 2017-2021, la RCA a retenu 2 cibles sur 7 avec 4 indicateurs permettant de traduire ses efforts vers l’élimination de la pauvreté. Il s’agit des cibles C1.2 : d’ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tout âge qui vivent dans la pauvreté sous tous ses aspects, telle que définie par chaque pays et quelles qu’en soient les formes et C1.4 : d’ici à 2030, faire en sorte que tous les hommes et les femmes en particulier les pauvres et les personnes vulnérables, aient les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques et qu’ils aient accès aux services de base, à la propriété et au contrôle des terres et à d’autres formes de propriété à l’héritage et aux ressources naturelles et à des nouvelles technologies des services financiers adéquats, y compris la République centrafricaine Examen volontaire sur la mise en œuvre des objectifs du développement durable 2019 25 microfinance. La politique du Gouvernement en matière de réduction de la pauvreté est basée sur la mise en œuvre du RCPCA. Elle est axée sur l’éducation, l’accès aux infrastructures socioéconomiques de base, la création d’emplois dans les régions défavorisées et pauvres. Cette politique contribuera inévitablement à relever le niveau du bien-être des populations. Aussi, l’application du code sur la parité du genre ajoutée à l’adoption du code des collectivités territoriales par l’Assemblée Nationale et son opérationnalisation participeront-elles non seulement à une recomposition territoriale équilibrée et harmonieuse, mais également à une nouvelle configuration spatiale à travers une approche participative et inclusive de nature à impulser une politique de réduction de la pauvreté en faveur des populations vulnérables. Par ailleurs, les leçons apprises dans la mise en œuvre des deux générations de DSRP et du PURD permettront d’orienter les mesures à prendre pour accompagner la réduction rapide de la pauvreté dans le pays.

23 ODD1 : Eliminer l’extrême pauvreté et la faim Les différents programmes de développement élaborés et mis en œuvre en RCA ont placé la ré￾duction de la pauvreté au centre des préoccupa￾tions. Favoriser l'accès aux infrastructures so￾cioéconomiques de base et créer des emplois décents dans les régions défavorisées sont des actions identifiées comme susceptibles d'avoir des effets multiplicateurs sur plusieurs objectifs et particulièrement l'ODD1. Trois cibles sont retenues pour la mise en œuvre de l'ODD1. Cible 1.2 : D'ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion d'hommes, de femmes et d'enfants qui souffrent d'une forme ou l'autre de pauvreté, telle que définie par chaque pays. Selon les données de l’ICASEES, le nombre de personnes qui vivent en dessous du seuil de pau￾vreté (moins de 722 FCFA par jour) est passé de 3,7 millions de personnes en 2016 à 3,9 millions de personnes en 2018 puis à 4,2 millions en 2021, soit une augmentation de 300 milles per￾sonnes en 3 ans; Le taux de pauvreté (% de la population vivant avec moins de 722 FCFA par jour) est estimé à 68,8% en 2021. La profondeur de la pauvreté (appelée aussi écart de pauvreté) qui mesure la distance moyenne qui sépare la consommation par tête par jour du seuil de pauvreté est estimée à 31,1 % en 2021. Les résultats de l'enquête MICS 2018-2019 montrent que 10,9 % des personnes en milieu urbain et 56,9 % des personnes en mi￾lieu rural vivent dans un ménage dont le revenu est de plus de 40 % inférieur au revenu moyen. Cette tendance défavorable résulte en partie de la situation d’insécurité dans le pays. Cible 1.4 : D'ici à 2030, faire en sorte que tous les hommes et les femmes, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes vulnérables, aient les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques et qu'ils aient accès aux services de base, à la pro￾priété foncière, au contrôle des terres et à d'autres formes de propriété, à l'héritage, aux ressources naturelles et à de nouvelles technologies et des services financiers adaptés à leurs besoins, y compris la Mi￾crofinance Le Plan de Réponse Humanitaire estime qu'en 2021, 1,5 million sont dans le besoin de logement et de terre, 2,7 millions de santé et 1,4 million d'éducation. L'atteinte de la cible 1.4 nécessite une ré￾vision du code foncier rural, notamment en ce qui concerne l'accès aux terres agri￾coles qui reste régi par le droit coutumier, défavorable aux femmes et aux jeunes. Cette catégorie de la population fait partie des personnes vulnérables alors que c'est elle qui constitue le socle du développe￾ment des activités agropastorales. Cible 1.a : Garantir une mobilisation im￾portante de ressources provenant de sources multiples, y compris par le ren￾forcement de la coopération pour le déve￾loppement, afin de doter les pays en dé￾veloppement, en particulier les pays les moins avancés, de moyens adéquats et prévisibles de mettre en œuvre les pro￾grammes et politiques visant à mettre fin à la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes Un meilleur accès des populations aux ser￾vices sociaux de base (santé, assainisse￾ment, éducation) permet de réduire la pau￾vreté. Le Gouvernement doit en faire une priorité dans les dépenses publiques. La proportion des dépenses publiques al￾louée à l'éducation, à la santé et la protec￾tion a évolué positivement entre 2015 et 2018. Depuis 2019, la part des dépenses publiques affectées à l'éducation et à la protection est en baisse tandis que celle allouée à la santé continue de progresser. 24 Graphique 1: Proportion des dépenses publiques totales par sec￾teur Source : Lois des Finances, Ministère desFinances et du Budget. Le Gouvernement, avec l'appui des Partenaires Techniques et Financiers et ceux du domaine hu￾manitaire, doit promouvoir les mécanismes de filets sociaux, en particulier ceux relatifs à l'assistance sociale non contributive (transferts sociaux, exemptions de dépenses sociales, sub￾ventions) et en faveur du marché du travail (for￾mation et inclusion économique des femmes et des jeunes). En 2019-2021, 36,6 % de la popula￾tion ont bénéficié d'un transfert social de tout type. 0 5 10 15 20 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 % Education Santé Protection sociale

17 Goal-by-goal actions Eradicating poverty in all its forms remains one of humanity’s greatest challenges. Poverty forces individuals to make diffcult choices—often between paying for necessities such as shelter, healthy food, clothing and medication—and causes food insecurity, social exclusion, inadequate housing, lack of access to services and other hardships. Poverty’s multidimensional nature means that governments need to respond to both its causes and its consequences by addressing the various deprivations faced by those living in poverty. The Government of Canada is making short- and long-term investments to improve the economic well-being of all Canadians so they have a real and fair chance to succeed. To achieve this goal, the Government is forming new partnerships, modernizing support mechanisms, encouraging sustainable growth that benefts everyone and—key to its overall approach— developing a Poverty Reduction Strategy that will set targets to reduce poverty and measure and publicly report on our progress. The strategy will align with and support existing provincial and municipal poverty reduction strategies. In addition, Canada’s pathways to pursue this have been outlined in its Feminist International Assistance Policy. It contributes to international poverty eradication efforts by targeting the root causes of poverty: inequality and exclusion. SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere 18 Poverty in Canada While Canada is prosperous, not all Canadians are. The latest data from the Canadian Income Survey indicates that the overall rate of low income was 10.6% in 2016 (Figure 1.1) based on the Market Basket Measure (MBM)4 . Low-income rates dropped between 2015 and 2016, a positive sign that recent policy decisions and the growing economy are helping Canada progress toward reaching SDG 1, but roughly 1 in 10 Canadians continue to live in poverty. For many Canadians, having a job is not always enough to exit poverty: over 1 million working Canadians fell below low-income lines in 2016. Certain groups in Canada are more likely to have low incomes (Figure 1.2). The issues facing these groups go beyond insuffcient income to include structural barriers and challenges that limit their ability to prosper, e.g. discrimination, work￾limiting disability or illness and social exclusion. The groups are: • Single people aged 45-64, who face particularly high rates of poverty and unemployment. These Canadians are eligible for relatively fewer social protection measures in comparison to families with children and seniors, and they may not have access to the same networks and support systems that individuals attached to families often beneft from. Also, a large proportion of these individuals are challenged by disabilities and/or unemployment. • Lone parents, the vast majority of which are women, who continue to face disproportionate rates of poverty along with challenges in balancing work and family life. • Recent immigrants to Canada, who often face language barriers, discrimination, diffculty having their educational and professional credentials recognized, and challenges from a lack of Canadian work experience. • First Nations, Inuit and Métis in Canada, who continue to face disproportionate rates of poverty, inequities and poorer outcomes linked to their unique histories in Canada, which involved disconnections from their lands, cultural practices and 4 The MBM (available from 2002 onward) is a measure of low income based on the cost of a specific basket of goods and services representing a modest, basic standard of living. It includes the costs of food, clothing, footwear, transportation, shelter and other expenses for a reference family of two adults (aged 25-49) and two children (aged 9 and 13). It provides thresholds for a finer geographic level than other low-income measures used in Canada, allowing, for example, different costs for rural areas in the different provinces. These thresholds are compared to disposable income of families to determine low-income status. 10 11 12 13 14 % 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Income Survey, 2016 Figure 1.1 Low-income rate for Canada - MBM 2002-2016 Chart 1 - Low income rate for Canada - Market Basket Measure 2002-2016 SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere 19 communities. Social exclusion based on racism, lack of equity in funding, disproportionate presence in the justice system and food insecurity in remote communities are some of the key issues affecting Indigenous peoples that speak to persistent gaps in meeting their needs through Canada’s social protection system. While low-income data is currently not available for Indigenous people who live on reserves, both living conditions and statistics on educational and employment outcomes suggest that the poverty rate on reserve is higher than off reserve. • Persons with disabilities, who face barriers that increase their risk of living in poverty, with some facing barriers so severe that they cannot work. For people with severe disabilities with no attachment to the work force, income support from most provincial social assistance systems is below low-income lines, indicating a gap in social protection that can leave some Canadians to face poverty as a direct result of their work-limiting disability. Persons with developmental disabilities face unique barriers to social integration despite being willing and capable of participating in an urban life and the labour market. Canada’s overall low-income rate is similar for women and men, with important disparities. Women comprise 60% of single, low-income seniors. One in 3 single mothers are poor, which negatively affects their children’s health and outcomes in school, and often leads to lasting effects across generations. This is particularly true for Indigenous women, who are more likely to be single mothers. Offcial low-income data on the LGBTQ2 community is not available, but we know LGBTQ2 individuals face discrimination in Canada and some, particularly youth, are especially vulnerable to poverty and its hardships5 . Some groups have seen improvements. Canadian seniors, partially due to programs such as the Guaranteed Income Supplement, the Old Age Security Program and the Canada Pension Program, no longer face disproportionate rates of poverty; single seniors do, however, remain vulnerable to poverty. Low-income rates for single parent families have also declined since 2002 based on the MBM, with the 2016 rate being one of the lowest rates observed so far with this measure. Nevertheless, lone parents—and especially female lone parents—remain among the groups currently most affected by disproportionate low-income rates. Multiple dimensions of poverty Safe, adequate and affordable housing is vital to one’s well-being. About 1.7 million families—12.7% of Canadians—were in housing need, living in homes that are inadequate or unaffordable in 2016 (similar to annual rates in the last decade). Particularly affected are single mothers and elderly women, and women living in the North or in Indigenous households. Domestic violence is another key contributor to women’s housing instability. Approximately 27,000 Canadians were chronically homeless in 2016. Indigenous peoples are overrepresented among the homeless in many Canadian cities. LGBTQ2 youth are also at higher risk of homelessness due to homophobia and transphobia in the home. Poverty and health are closely connected. Poverty in Canada is associated with shorter life expectancy and higher rates of chronic diseases, certain cancers, stress and mental health problems. Low-income individuals are less likely to have access to nutritious food, adequate housing and safe working conditions, and are more likely to have unmet health-care needs. Regarding access to affordable and nutritious food, 8.3% of Canadian 5 Canada has announced new funding to create a new Centre for Gender, Diversity and Inclusion Statistics, which will aim to address data gaps in the availability of disaggregated data on gender, race and other intersecting identities. 0 10 20 30 40 % Persons Canada with disabilities Indigenous people off-reserve Recent immigrants Lone parents Single age 45-64 Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Income Survey, 2016 Chart 2 - Low income rates for Canadians most-at-risk of poverty, 2016 (MBM) Figure 1.2 Low-income rates for Canadians most-at-risk of poverty, MBM 2016 SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere 20 households reported moderate or severe food insecurity in 2011-2012 (Figure 1.3). Food insecurity is more prevalent among households with children, which leaves a signifcant mark on their well-being. Across Canada, northern and remote locations generally experience much higher rates of food insecurity than elsewhere. Literacy and numeracy rates suggest that some Canadians may not have suffcient basic skills to fully beneft from socio-economic opportunities. Although currently at historic lows, nearly 1 in 10 Canadian youth were not pursuing employment, education or training in 2017 with males being more prevalent among this group— putting them at risk of entering a cycle of poverty. Rising to the challenge Canadians have long been ambitious about reducing poverty. The Government of Canada has a strong social safety net to support Canadians through diffcult times, such as job loss or illness. At its core, however, the best protection against poverty is having a job. That is why the Government has invested in the social and economic fabric in order to support Canadians by empowering them to thrive and join the middle class. To further ensure that all Canadian can contribute to and share in Canada’s prosperity, the Government of Canada intends to shortly release its frst national Poverty Reduction Strategy, which will set a bold vision for Canada as a world leader in the eradication of poverty. The Strategy sets targets to reduce poverty and measure and publicly report on progress. The Strategy will align with existing provincial and municipal poverty reduction strategies. The Government of Canada has consulted with provincial, territorial and municipal partners, First Nations, Inuit and Métis, community organizations, poverty experts, the business community and those who have experienced poverty. Since 2015, Canada has focused on growth that benefts everyone, investing in reducing poverty from coast to coast to coast. Some of these investments, like the tax￾free Canada Child Beneft (CCB), are having an immediate impact in reducing poverty and making a difference in the lives of hundreds of thousands of Canadians by bolstering benefts to families with children. Other investments, such as Early Learning and Child Care, the National Housing Strategy, public City of Toronto In 2015, the Toronto City Council adopted a 20-year poverty reduction strategy with 17 recommendations to help provide a safety net to prevent people from falling into poverty and a lifeline to help lift people out. Actions to implement the strategy are spread throughout the city, focus on under-served areas and aim to address a full range of target groups, including children and youth, seniors and single parents. The goal of this work is to create an opportunity for everyone to share in the prosperity of Toronto. The strategy focuses on housing stability, services access, transit equity, food security, the quality of jobs and incomes, and systemic change. 0 5 10 15 20 25 2011-2012 2007-2008 Canadian houshold average Couple no children Couple with child(ren) less than 18 years old Single individuals Lone parent with child(ren) less than 18 years old Chart 3 - Percentage of Canadian households in moderate or severe food insecurity, Canada 2007-2008 and 2011-2012 Source: Canadian Community Health Survey Figure 1.3 Percentage of Canadian households in moderate or severe food insecurity, Canada, 2007-2008 and 2011-2012 SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere 21 transit infrastructure and home care and mental health, are laying the foundation for changing lives of Canadians in the years to come. When women have more opportunities to work and earn a good living, everyone benefts. Access to affordable child care is a key factor in encouraging women back into the workforce. To help Canadian children get the best start in life and better support Canadian families, Canada has announced major new investments to support and create more high-quality, affordable child care across the country, particularly for families more in need through early learning and child-care agreements. In 2017, the Government of Canada also announced a historic agreement with provincial and territorial governments: the Multilateral Early Learning and Child Care Framework. The Framework will seek to increase the quality, accessibility, affordability, fexibility and inclusivity in early learning and child care, in particular for families that need child care the most. There are over one million working Canadians living in poverty. Through the Canadian Workers Beneft (CWB), beginning in 2019 low￾income Canadians will get an added fnancial boost to the money they take home from work. The Government of Canada is improving access by taking steps to ensure that all eligible workers who fle a tax return will receive the beneft. The Government has also begun work on improving the delivery of the CWB to provide better support to low-income Canadians throughout the year rather, than through an annual refund after they fle their taxes. Extra support at this crucial stage of life helps children and families meet their basic needs but it also goes further: it gives a boost to low- and modest-income families to help them join the middle class, and it is helping keep middle-class families out of poverty should they face a setback. It is important for Canada’s seniors to know they have a strong support system in retirement that they can rely on after many years of hard work. The introduction of the Old Age Security pension and the Guaranteed Income Supplement signifcantly reduced poverty among seniors, and the Government has continued to strengthen it. By restoring the age of eligibility from 67 to 65 for some of these programs, 100,000 seniors, aged 65 and 66 will be kept out of poverty each year. To help seniors who are living in poverty or most at risk of living in poverty, the Government increased the Guaranteed Income Supplement for the lowest-income single seniors. This annual increase is helping improve the fnancial security of 900,000 seniors, and has lifted 57,000 seniors out of poverty. The Government also continues to make improvements in the delivery of Old Age Security and the Guaranteed Income Supplement so that more eligible seniors receive benefts. This includes automatically enrolling new Old Age Security benefciaries who qualify for the Guaranteed Income Supplement, making available an integrated benefts application, starting in 2018, and outreach activities to increase take￾up of benefts for those who qualify. Activities to increase take-up have resulted in over 95,000 additional seniors receiving or about to receive the Guaranteed Income Supplement. This is an added boost for low￾income seniors who need the support the most. Beyond benefts for Canada’s seniors, the Government is also working to ensure that Canadians, particularly those with low income, are able to access the benefts to which they are entitled. Through the Community Volunteer Income Tax Program (CVITP), community organizations host free tax preparation clinics, where volunteers complete tax returns for Canadians with low income and a simple tax situation. This program targets groups disproportionally affected by poverty in Canada, such as Indigenous people, persons with disabilities, and recent immigrants. In 2018-2019, the Government will double the size of the program to ensure that more Canadians in need can access clinics throughout the year. This work is complemented by the steps the Government is taking to increase take-up of the Canada Child Beneft for First Nations people living on reserve. Canada is also making historic, long￾term investment in Canada’s frst-ever National Housing Strategy, because every Canadian should have a place to call home. With investments of $40 billion over 10 years in housing, the Strategy sets a vision to help Canadians have access to housing that meets their needs and that they can afford. Over the next 10 years, these historic investments in housing aim to reduce or eliminate the housing need for 530,000 households, protect 385,000 community housing units and create another 50,000 units through the expansion of community housing in Canada. In addition, the Government will support the successful implementation of specifc housing strategies for First Nations, Inuit and Métis. SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere 22 As part of the National Housing Strategy, the Government announced a total investment of $2.2 billion over 10 years to tackle homelessness through an expanded federal homelessness program. A redesigned federal homelessness program, Reaching Home: Canada’s Homelessness Strategy, will offcially launch on April 1, 2019. The program will bolster community efforts to tackle homelessness, including by adopting an outcomes-based approach and enabling communities to generate more comprehensive data on their local homeless population. Together with other National Housing Strategy initiatives, this modernized federal homelessness program aims to reduce chronic homelessness by 50% over the next 13 years. Public infrastructure is critical in both helping Canadians meet their basic needs and having the opportunity to succeed. That is why the Government of Canada has invested in infrastructure that will beneft Canadians for years to come. Investments in public transit will help low-income Canadians more effciently navigate busy lives, from getting to work, to bringing a family member to a doctor’s appointment, to getting kids to school on time and will ensure public transit is safe and accessible for all Canadians. These investments go beyond just helping Canadians make ends meet; they are helping families spend less time travelling to jobs and school, and more time succeeding in work, education and in many other areas. Canada’s infrastructure investments also include community and cultural spaces. Public spaces like community centres, urban parks and libraries can be a valued resource in the lives of low-income Canadians. Community centres and urban parks are a source of information and a place where children can go to play and build friendships that can last a lifetime. Libraries offer a breadth of resources to help parents fnd books to read to their children, apply for jobs and attend free information sessions on a variety of topics such as training programs and nutrition. Taken together, these investments are giving Canadians the public spaces to help them reach their full potential. The Government has also taken leadership in engaging with provinces and territories to address key health care priorities. In particular, the Government has made substantial investments over 10 years to provinces and territories, specifcally targeted to improve home care and mental health services. Supporting First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities Canada is committed to reconciliation with Indigenous peoples and to a renewed relationship based on the recognition of rights, respect, cooperation and partnership. No relationship is more important than the relationship with Indigenous peoples. Certain barriers and challenges are unique to or greater for Indigenous peoples, and may be even more pronounced for those Indigenous peoples who are living in northern or remote communities, women, LGBTQ2 and those with disabilities or functional limitations. Indigenous children and families face specifc barriers to overcoming acute poverty, including failed government policies, the continued impact of Canada’s colonial history, effects of trauma from the Indian Residential School system and discrimination in certain settings. Closing socio￾economic gaps requires a holistic approach and a strategy that balances long-term transformative changes with immediate actions to address the most pressing gaps. To improve overall well-being, actions must refect a renewed, nation-to-nation relationship with Indigenous peoples based on respect, cooperation, partnership and recognition of rights. The Government of Canada is committed to improving Indigenous socio-economic conditions and help address some of poverty’s root causes, including: • Co-developing, with Indigenous partners, a separate Indigenous Framework on Early Learning and Child Care that refects the unique cultures and needs of First Nations, Inuit and Métis children and families; • Providing dedicated funding to support the successful implementation of a First Nations Housing Strategy, an Inuit-led housing plan and a Métis Nation’s housing strategy; • Providing substantial, long-term investment in a new Indigenous Skills and Employment Training Program to help approximately 15,000 people gain greater skills and fnd jobs for long-term career success; • Providing funding, for 3 years starting in 2018, to reduce service barriers and ensure access to all social benefts for Indigenous peoples in reserve, remote and northern communities; and, • Improving access to clean and safe drinking water for First Nations living on reserve, which is also a priority for Canada and new funding has been announced toward this goal. SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere 23 Canada will continue to work in partnership with Indigenous groups to realize a Canada where we achieve meaningful reconciliation with First Nations, Inuit and Métis. As part of Canada’s Poverty Reduction Strategy, this will mean recognizing the unique experience of poverty among Indigenous people, supporting autonomy and empowerment, and building on investments to date that take a distinctions-based approach, where programming is designed with and for Indigenous people. Engagement Tackling poverty is a shared responsibility; the Government of Canada does not act alone. The Government works closely with provinces, territories and municipalities, and will continue to forge strong bonds with stakeholders, charities and community groups on the frontlines of tackling poverty in communities across Canada. There are many investments and initiatives at the provincial and territorial level in Canada. Provincial and territorial governments are responsible for delivering their social programs and providing income support to low-income working age individuals through their social assistance programs. Many provinces have poverty reduction strategies: Quebec was the frst province to release a strategy (in 2002) and Saskatchewan, the most recent (in 2016). In keeping with their Poverty Reduction Strategy Act, the Province of Manitoba recently conducted public consultations to review and update their strategy. The results are anticipated to be released in 2018. Some municipalities (e.g. Calgary, Edmonton, Saint John, Toronto) also have poverty reduction strategies. Recently the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia and Ontario have either increased or announced their intent to increase their provincial minimum wage rate to $15 an hour. This will help many Canadians who experience poverty despite working. The Province of Ontario is currently conducting a pilot project to study the impact of basic income in three specifc pilot locations (launched in 2017). As part of this project, a group of eligible applicants are receiving monthly basic income payments (regardless of employment status) for up to 3 years. Results of this project will be analysed and reported after its completion. The Province of Quebec has recently announced a guaranteed income policy for long-term social assistance recipients with a severely limited capacity for employment. Under this policy, persons in Quebec who have a severely limited capacity for employment and have received social assistance in 66 of the past 72 months are projected to have disposable incomes matching or surpassing the MBM line by 2023. Canada and the world Global poverty has declined dramatically in the last three decades. Nevertheless, hundreds of millions of people still live in poverty with limited access to resources and opportunities. Half of the world’s extreme poor live in sub-Saharan Africa. Many are women and girls. An increasing proportion of the world’s poorest citizens live in countries and regions that are deemed “fragile” due to the risks of violent confict, climate and environmental hazards, or economic and political instability. Canada’s Offcial Development Assistance Accountability Act requires that Canadian Offcial Development Assistance have a central focus on poverty reduction. To ensure that local needs are met effectively and that the perspectives of the poor are considered, Canada engages with partner governments, civil society organizations and project participants throughout the lifecycle of its international assistance projects and programs. Municipal action on poverty reduction From coast to coast, municipalities across Canada have taken action to tackle poverty. With their front-line prospective, municipalities have a unique role to play on the issues affecting their communities and the ability to implement innovative solutions at the local level. They are also filling gaps and complementing essential federal, provincial and territorial leadership on income support, housing, mental health, education and skills training. • Toronto Poverty Reduction Strategy • EndPoverty Edmonton • Enough For All Calgary • Community Poverty Reduction – New Westminster SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere 24 In June 2017, Canada announced the Feminist International Assistance Policy. The new policy represents a signifcant shift in Canada’s international assistance. It is the result of extensive consultations with Canadian and international partners and stakeholders and is built on a foundation of evidence and best practices. 15,000 participants from 65 countries contributed many concrete ideas and suggestions that are refected in the policy. The Policy also embodies Canada’s commitments to international frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda, the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda on development fnancing. The Feminist International Assistance Policy provides the guiding framework for Canada’s international assistance and addresses the root causes of poverty: inequality and exclusion. The Policy seeks to eradicate poverty and build a more peaceful, more inclusive and more prosperous world. Canada frmly believes that promoting gender equality and empowering women and girls is the most effective approach to achieving this goal. Canada is committed to providing feminist international assistance that is human rights-based and inclusive, strategic and focused, transformative and activist, and evidence-based and accountable. Canada’s international assistance efforts will focus on 6 action areas: 1. Gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls (core action area) 2. Human dignity (including humanitarian action, health and nutrition, and education) 3. Growth that works for everyone 4. Environment and climate action 5. Inclusive governance 6. Peace and security Canada’s international assistance will be directed to areas where it can signifcantly improve the lives of the poorest and most vulnerable, including those living in fragile states. To support the implementation of the Policy, Canada’s 2018 federal budget announced $2 billion in new resources for international assistance over the next 5 years. In addition, Canada has announced several new initiatives to support the Feminist International Assistance Policy, including: • $650 million to support access to the full range of sexual and reproductive health services and information, including to prevent and respond to sexual and gender￾based violence; • $150 million over 5 years to support local women’s organizations and movements in developing countries; and • Up to $300 million toward expanding innovative partnerships and leveraging additional funding from the private sector, investors and philanthropic organizations to support the advancement of gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls in developing countries. Working with multilateral partners, Canada will draw on its membership in key multilateral groups—including the United Nations, G7, G20, Commonwealth, La Francophonie and others—to champion gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls. Canada is also committed to improving the effectiveness of its international assistance and to becoming more transparent in its results and activities. Canada will use its assistance to mobilize additional resources for sustainable development, including through building new multi-stakeholder partnerships. To improve the effectiveness of its international assistance, Canada is also committed to investing in innovation and research, which are critical to evidence-based policymaking and to supporting poverty reduction efforts around the world. Canada invests in science and research in Canada and globally, including in the Global South. Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC), for example, is world-renowned for its extensive global networks and scaling-up of innovations that play a critical role in solving real-world challenges. For example, IDRC’s Canadian International Food Security Research Fund has piloted 144 innovations, of which 37 are being scaled up, beneftting over 300,000 small-scale farmers in 24 countries to date. SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere 25 Next steps • Canada’s frst national Poverty Reduction Strategy, to be released in 2018, is guided by the Government’s commitment to make real, positive change in the lives of Canadians now and into the future. The Strategy will set targets to reduce poverty and measure and publicly report on our progress. The Strategy will also align with and support existing provincial and municipal poverty reduction strategies. • Looking ahead, the Government has already announced further efforts to support poverty reduction, including plans to: - develop a national food policy; - create an advisory council to move toward implementing a national “pharmacare” program; - work with stakeholders to develop a social innovation and social fnance strategy to better support community organizations working to address persistent social problems using innovative approaches; and - make a more fair and inclusive society through upcoming pay equity legislation and accessibility legislation. • The Government has also already started on the path to reconciliation and is committed to continuing to work in partnership with Indigenous peoples to reduce poverty and improve well-being. • Canada will continue to leverage its diplomatic, trade and international assistance efforts to support global poverty eradication. These initiatives will continue to be aligned with and support the 2030 Agenda. Prevalence of low incomes based on the Market Basket Measure by census division, 2015 0 250 500 1000 km Sparsely populated Less than 10% 10%–14.9% 15%–20% Greater than 20% Not available Data source: Statistics Canada. Special Tabulation, June 6, 2018. Ottawa. Produced by the Federal Geospatial Platform, Natural Resources Canada, 2018. Figure 1.4

SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere CANADIAN AMBITION • Reduce poverty in Canada in all its forms 9 Canada’s Offcial Poverty Line is based on the Market Basket Measure, a made-in-Canada measure which compares the disposable incomes of individuals and families to the cost of a “basket” of goods and services needed to have a basic and modest standard of living in Canada. GOVERNMENT ASSESSMENT OF CANADA’S PROGRESS • In 2018, the Government of Canada launched Opportunity for All: Canada’s First Poverty Reduction Strategy. The strategy sets targets for poverty reduction that align with SDG 1: a 20% reduction in poverty by 2020, and a 50% reduction in poverty by 2030, relative to 2015 levels.9 • Canada has been making tangible progress toward meeting its legislated poverty reduction targets. Canada has exceeded its interim target of a 20% reduction in poverty. Canada’s poverty rate was 7.4% in 2021, nearly half the 2015 rate (14.5%). While recent data reflect the emergence of new challenges, including high inflation, Canada remains well-positioned to achieve a 50% decrease in poverty by 2030, based on 2015 levels. SPOTLIGHT: Poverty rates in Canada have been declining since 2015 but the most recent poverty data reflects the emergence of new challenges for vulnerable Canadians Despite challenges for Canadians in poverty and at-risk of poverty, Canada remains well-positioned to attain its key legislated target of a 50% decrease in poverty by 2030, based on 2015 levels. In 2021, Canada’s poverty rate was 7.4%, up by 1% from the historic-low of 6.4% in 2020 and markedly down from the pre-pandemic level of 10.3% in 2019, the last pre-pandemic year. These results reflect the impacts of unprecedented temporary emergency income support programs introduced in response to the economic impact of COVID-19. This large and timely increase to income support prevented many Canadians unable to work from experiencing poverty in a year during which Canada faced a major crisis. However, these programs were designed as temporary measures from the outset and at least a partial return to pre-pandemic trends is expected in 2021 and 2022. Percentage Figure 3 Domestic indicator 1.1.1—Poverty Rate, as measured by Canada’s Offcial Poverty Line 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Income Survey Povert Rate 2030 Target 2020 Target 14.5% 12.9% 11.9% 11.2% 10.3% 6.4% 7.4% On track 5 -2.5 2.5 0 -5 SECTION II 17 • In response to the social and economic crisis and new disruptions created by COVID-19, the Government of Canada announced an Economic Response Plan in March 2020. This plan included several federal relief measures aimed at individuals, businesses, economic sectors, and communities. As part of these measures, the Government announced emergency response benefits in April 2020 with the Canada Emergency Response Benefit for individuals, followed by the Canada Recovery Benefit, 10 Canada’s Poverty Reduction Strategy introduced an offcial poverty line for Canada. The Offcial Poverty Line is calculated using the Market Basket Measure (MBM). This measure includes the combined costs of a basket of goods and services that individuals and families require to meet their basic needs and achieve a modest standard of living. Canada Recovery Caregiving Benefit, and the Canada Recovery Sickness Benefit. In 2021, the Canada Worker Lockdown Benefit was introduced and made available to impacted regions until May 2022. • Like many countries, Canada began to experience rising inflation in 2021. This impacted poverty rates, as the goods and services needed to establish a basic and modest standard of living became more expensive. SPOTLIGHT: Poverty continues to be experienced differently amongst some groups of Canadians While signals of progress on national poverty rates are encouraging, poverty in Canada continues to be experienced differently among some groups of Canadians. Poverty rates for seniors remain below Canada’s average. Groups of Canadians at greater risk of poverty include: • Persons with disabilities • Recent immigrants • Indigenous Peoples • Single persons • Single mothers Percent Figure 4 Poverty Rates of Canadians most at-risk of Poverty, 2015–2021 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Income Survey Canada Persons with disabilities (aged 16+) Recent immigrants Unattached persons Unattached men Indigenous people (off-reserve) Senior women Persons in female-led lone-parent families KEY NATIONAL PRIORITY INITIATIVES Reducing Poverty in All its Forms The Government of Canada released Opportunity for All: Canada’s First Poverty Reduction Strategy in 2018. It brings together significant investments made since 2015 to support the social and economic well-being of all Canadians. These investments include funding for key poverty reduction initiatives, such as the Canada Child Benefit (representing an investment of more than $25 billion per year), the Canada Workers Benefit, the Canada Learning Bond and the National Housing Strategy. As a complement to the Poverty Reduction Strategy, the Government passed the Poverty Reduction Act in 2019. The Act entrenches into law Canada’s poverty reduction targets, Canada’s Official Poverty Line,10 and the National Advisory Council on Poverty. 18 Canada’s 2023 Voluntary National Review A CONTINUED JOURNEY FOR IMPLEMENTING THE 2030 AGENDA AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Canada released its Affordability Plan for Canadians in 2022, providing additional support to Canadians as they face rising inflation, including new supports to improve housing affordability and to help pay for dental care for children up to 12 years old. Canada has a robust system of income supports for seniors, which includes the Old Age Security pension, the Guaranteed Income Supplement for low-income seniors, and the Canada Pension Plan, as well as tax-based incentives for retirement savings. This system ensures that older Canadians have access to income after retirement and helps to reduce the number of seniors living in poverty. In 2021, the poverty rate for seniors (based on Canada’s Official Poverty Line) was 5.6%, significantly lower than the overall population (7.4%) and all other age groups. The Canada Child Benefit which provides more support for low-to middle-income families with children has helped reduced the number of children living in poverty by hundred of thousands since its introduction in 2016. Other key government benefits such as the Canada Workers Benefit and the goods and services tax credit, which, like benefits for seniors and the Canada Child Benefit, are adjusted for inflation. This means benefits keep up with the rising cost of living over time. Eligible Canadians also continue to receive Climate action incentive payments, which are tax-free amounts paid to help individuals and families offset the cost of the federal pollution pricing, and benefit from expanded eligibility criteria for certain tax credits, such as the Home Accessibility Tax Credit and the disability tax credit. Improving the Measurement of Poverty Since 2018, Canada has renewed its efforts to strengthen poverty measurement, identify gaps, and gather data to guide the journey to 2030. This work included significant progress toward developing an Official Poverty Line that reflects life in Canada’s North. As a result of these efforts, Canada has now adopted an official Northern Market Basket Measure methodology for two of the northern territories. Development of a provisional measure adapted to the realities of Inuit population in the territory of Nunavut is also underway. The Government of Canada is also working with NIOs and others to identify and co-develop indicators of poverty and well-being, including non-income-based measures of poverty, that reflect the multiple dimensions of poverty and well-being experienced by First Nations, Inuit and Métis. INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS Canada is doing its part to end global poverty. There is increasing recognition of the importance of working collaboratively across sectors, to understand and address root causes of poverty and to respond with a multidimensional approach. Canada’s Official Development Assistance Accountability Act requires Canada’s Official Development Assistance to focus on reducing poverty. Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy, released in 2017, is rooted in an intersectional feminist and human rights-based approach, to eradicate poverty and build a more peaceful, inclusive and prosperous world. The Government of Canada increased its total inter￾national assistance resources since the release of the policy, from $6.1 billion in 2017–2018 to $8.4 billion in 2021–2022. As a part of its commitment to a progressive trade agenda, Canada ratified the World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade Facilitation Agreement in 2016. Canada’s trade facilitation efforts align with its inclusive trade agenda, which recognizes that inclusive and sustain￾able economic growth is necessary to reduce poverty and inequality. By reducing trade barriers, including for under-represented groups, Canada is helping to promote fairer and more accessible trade, particularly for developing countries. SECTION II 19 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES While progress on poverty reduction in Canada remains generally positive, the impacts of COVID-19 and recent increases to the cost of living are not yet fully known. As Canada continues its recovery from COVID-19, it is adapting its poverty reduction efforts to ensure that social protection systems are sufficiently meeting the needs and are returning to a pre-pandemic state. As new data becomes available, it will help to gain insights on how Canadians most at risk of poverty are recovering from this period of financial and economic challenges, and how social protection systems can maintain maximum readiness for evolving trends and future emergencies. To meet its key target of a 50% reduction in poverty by 2030 based on 2015 levels, Canada will carefully examine where gaps in its social protection system exist and propose effective solutions to adequately support Canadians living in, and at-risk of, poverty. While improvements have been observed throughout the population, many groups remain at a higher risk of living in poverty. For example, non-elderly persons living alone were the most vulnerable with 11 www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181128/dq181128a-eng.htm more than 1 in 4 living in poverty in 2021. Additionally, Indigenous people aged 16 and older were almost twice as likely to be living in poverty in 2021 (13.9%) than non-Indigenous (7.4%). Furthermore, persons with disabilities (aged 18 to 64) are twice as likely to experience poverty as those without disabilities. In total, just over 4 million Canadians with a dis￾ability are of working-age, of which approximately 1.6 million individuals have a severe or very severe disability.11 In response, the proposed Canada Disability Benefit, a key commitment under the Government of Canada’s Disability Inclusion Action Plan, aims to reduce poverty and improve the finan￾cial security of working-age persons with disabilities. Legislation for the proposed benefit, the Canada Disability Benefit Act, was introduced in Parliament in 2022. To further support efforts to advance SDG 1, the Government of Canada created the National Advisory Council on Poverty in 2019. The Council provides independent advice on poverty reduction and reports to the Parliament of Canada on the country’s progress toward poverty reduction. SPOTLIGHT: Provincial and Territorial Initiatives Provincial and territorial governments are key in eliminating poverty in Canada. They design, develop and fund many of the key strategies and programs that provide income support to individual Canadians, families and households, either directly or through the tax system. They are responsible for programs and services that are essential to the commitment to leave no one behind, such as early learning and child development initiatives and supports for persons with disabilities. Provinces and territories responded to COVID-19, recognizing the direct financial impacts on many households, particularly those already facing low incomes. During 2020 and 2021, many provincial and territorial governments provided specific sup￾port to community partners delivering programs and services to low-income individuals, families and households to address priority challenges such as food security and housing. Provinces and territories have also been moving forward on longer-term policies, programs, services and initiatives that are helping to reduce poverty, supporting achieve￾ment of SDG 1 and demonstrating a continuing commitment to leaving no one behind. 20 Canada’s 2023 Voluntary National Review A CONTINUED JOURNEY FOR IMPLEMENTING THE 2030 AGENDA AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Provincial and territorial governments provide income supports. Many of these supports are targeted particularly at seniors and families with children. Rising inflation and its impacts have encouraged many governments to increase these supports and provide new or special one-time income benefits. For example, in 2022, the Government of Manitoba launched a Family Affordability Package to ease the burden of high-inflation. As part of this package, the Government of Manitoba provided every qualifying family in the province with children under age 18 $250 for the first child plus $200 for each additional child under 18; provided $300 to all qualifying seniors; increased the basic rate for income assistance; and offered one-time financial relief to food banks. The Government of Newfoundland and Labrador is developing a Social and Economic Well-Being Plan to improve overall social and economic well-being of Newfoundlanders and Labradoreans, with a specific focus on increasing supports in the early years to set children up for success; supporting access to quality education and lifelong learning; increasing access to stable, affordable and appropriate housing; reducing poverty; improving food security; and fostering community belonging. Ontario released Building a Strong Foundation for Success: Reducing Poverty in Ontario in 2020, which focuses on connecting people experiencing poverty with training, health and other supports so they can participate in their communities and, where possible, find meaningful employment. The strategy’s four pillars are: encouraging job creation and connecting people to employment; connecting people to the right supports and services; making life more affordable and building financial resiliency; and accelerating action and driving progress. The province’s 2020–2025 Poverty Reduction Target is to increase the number of social assistance recipi￾ents exiting to employment each year from 36,000 in 2019 to 60,000 by 2024. The Government of Manitoba announced a new Poverty Reduction Strategy in 2019, Pathways to a Better Future: Manitoba’s Poverty Reduction Strategy. Informed by extensive stakeholder consul￾tations, the strategy takes a whole-of-government approach to improve the lives of Manitobans. The Strategy recognizes the importance of collaboration with communities, different levels of government and other partners in developing and carrying out its policies and programs. It has a strong focus on advancing reconciliation with Indigenous communities. Manitoba now releases a poverty reduction budget paper alongside its provincial budget each year. In addition, Manitoba’s Access to Free Menstrual Products initiative aims to increase access to free menstrual products for low-income persons, the homeless and marginalized groups by providing free menstrual products through schools and other agencies. Furthermore, Manitoba released its first provincial homelessness strategy, A Place for Everyone, in early 2023. The strategy will invest $126 million to modernize Manitoba’s emergency response, provide housing with supports, prevent homelessness, develop person-centered service, and build rural and northern capacity. To date, Manitoba has committed over $31 million in new funding to help address homelessness including improving access to basic needs and shelter benefits for low-income Manitobans, increased funding to reflect the actual costs of operating overnight shelters, expanded support programs for homeless support programs and increased funding for transitional housing. SECTION II 21

ODD 1 : Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde AMBITION CANADIENNE • Réduire la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes au Canada. 9 Le seuil offciel de la pauvreté au Canada est déterminé au moyen d’une mesure fondée sur un panier de consommation (paramètre canadien qui consiste à comparer le revenu disponible des particuliers et des familles au coût d’un « panier » de biens et de services nécessaires pour atteindre un niveau de vie de base modeste au Canada). ÉVALUATION DES PROGRÈS DU CANADA PAR LE GOUVERNEMENT • En 2018, le gouvernement du Canada a lancé Une chance pour tous : la première Stratégie canadienne de réduction de la pauvreté. Cette stratégie comporte des objectifs de réduction de la pauvreté qui concordent avec l’ODD 1, soit réduire la pauvreté dans une proportion de 20 % d’ici 2020 et de 50 % d’ici 2030 par rapport aux niveaux de 20159. • Le Canada a réalisé des progrès tangibles en vue d’atteindre ses objectifs de réduction de la pauvreté, qui sont énoncés dans la loi. De fait, le Canada a dépassé l’objectif transitoire consistant à réduire la pauvreté de 20 %. Le taux de pauvreté au Canada en 2021 était de 7,4 %, soit près de la moitié du taux observé en 2015 (14,5 %). Bien que les données récentes révèlent l’émergence de nouveaux défis, notamment un taux d’infla￾tion élevé, le Canada demeure en bonne voie d’atteindre l’objectif de réduction de la pauvreté dans une proportion de 50 % d’ici 2030 par rapport aux niveaux de 2015. PLEINS FEUX : Le taux de pauvreté au Canada est en baisse depuis 2015, mais les données les plus récentes sur la pauvreté révèlent l’émergence de nouveaux défis pour les Canadiens. Malgré les défis auxquels font face les Canadiens vivant dans la pauvreté ou à risque de connaître celle-ci, le Canada demeure en bonne voie d’atteindre son principal objectif aux termes de la loi, soit une réduction de la pauvreté dans une proportion de 50 % d’ici 2030 par rapport aux niveaux de 2015. En 2021, le taux de pauvreté au Canada s’établissait à 7,4 % : il dépassait de 1 % le creux historique de 6,4 % observé en 2020, mais était nettement plus bas que le niveau atteint avant la pandémie, soit 10,3 % en 2019, l’année ayant précédé la pandémie. Ces résultats reflètent les effets des programmes temporaires d’une ampleur sans précédent mis en place à des fins de soutien du revenu pour contre￾balancer les répercussions économiques de la COVID-19. Survenue à point nommé, cette augmen￾tation marquée du soutien du revenu a permis d’éviter que de nombreux Canadiens qui étaient incapables de travailler se retrouvent en situation de pauvreté lors d’une année où le Canada a été confronté à une crise majeure. Toutefois, ces programmes étaient conçus dès le départ à titre de mesures temporaires, et l’on s’attend à ce que les tendances qui existaient avant la pandémie réapparaissent, à tout le moins en partie, en 2021 et en 2022. Pourcentage Figure 3 Indicateur national 1.1.1 – Taux de pauvreté basé sur le seuil offciel de la pauvreté canadienne 4 % 6 % 8 % 10 % 12 % 14 % 16 % 18 % 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Source : Statistique Canada, Enquête canadienne sur le revenu Taux de pauvreté Cible 2030 Cible 2020 14,5 % 12,9 % 11,9 % 11,2 % 10,3 % 6,4 % 7,4 % Sur la bonne voie 5 -2,5 2,5 0 -5 18 Examen national volontaire 2023 du Canada UNE DÉMARCHE CONTINUE À L’APPUI DE LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DU PROGRAMME 2030 ET DE L’ATTEINTE DES OBJECTIFS DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE • Pour composer avec la crise sociale et économique ainsi qu’avec les nouvelles perturbations créées par la COVID-19, le gouvernement du Canada a annoncé un plan d’intervention économique en mars 2020. Ce plan comportait plusieurs mesures d’aide fédérales destinées aux particuliers, aux entreprises, aux secteurs économiques et aux communautés. Le gouvernement a notamment annoncé l’instauration de différentes prestations d’urgence, soit d’abord, en avril 2020, la Prestation canadienne d’urgence à l’intention des particuliers, ce qui a été suivi de la Prestation canadienne de la relance économique, de la Prestation canadienne de la relance économique pour proches aidants et de la Prestation canadienne de maladie pour la relance économique. Puis, en 2021, la Prestation canadienne pour les travailleurs en cas de confinement a été instaurée et a été versée jusqu’en mai 2022 dans les régions touchées. • Tout comme de nombreux autres pays, le Canada a commencé à constater une hausse de l’inflation en 2021. Ce facteur a eu une incidence sur les taux de pauvreté, en raison de l’augmentation du coût des biens et services nécessaires pour atteindre un niveau de vie de base modeste. PLEINS FEUX : La pauvreté continue d’être vécue de façon différente au sein de certains groupes de Canadiens. Bien que les signes de progrès à l’égard des taux de pauvreté nationaux soient encourageants, il est de fait que la pauvreté au Canada continue d’être vécue différemment dans le cas de certains groupes de Canadiens. Les taux de pauvreté chez les aînés demeurent inférieurs à la moyenne canadienne. Les groupes de Canadiens qui sont plus à risque de vivre dans la pauvreté comprennent : • Les personnes en situation de handicap • Les immigrants récents • Les membres des peuples autochtones • Les personnes vivant seules • Les mères célibataires pourcentage Figure 4 Taux de pauvreté des Canadiens les plus à risque de pauvreté, 2015-2021 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Source : Statistique Canada, Enquête canadienne sur le revenu Canada Personnes handicapées (16 ans plus) Immigrants récents Personnes seules Hommes seuls Autochtones (vivant hors réserve) Membres de familles monoparentales dirigées par une femme Femmes âgées INITIATIVES NATIONALES PRIORITAIRES Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes Le gouvernement du Canada a publié le document Une chance pour tous : la première Stratégie canadienne de réduction de la pauvreté en 2018. Cette stratégie englobe des investissements importants qui sont effectués depuis 2015 pour soutenir le bien-être social et économique de tous les Canadiens. Cela inclut le financement d’initiatives clés de réduction de la pauvreté, comme l’Allocation canadienne pour enfants (plus de 25 milliards de dollars par année), l’Allocation canadienne pour les travailleurs, le Bon d’études canadien et la Stratégie nationale sur le logement. En complément de sa Stratégie de réduction de la pau￾vreté, le gouvernement a adopté la Loi sur la réduction de la pauvreté en 2019. Cette loi énonce des cibles de réduction de la pauvreté ainsi que le seuil officiel SECTION II 19 de la pauvreté au Canada10, et elle porte la création du Conseil consultatif national sur la pauvreté. En 2022, le Canada a publié son Plan pour rendre la vie plus abordable, qui offre un soutien additionnel aux Canadiens en raison de la hausse de l’inflation. Cela inclut de nouvelles mesures de soutien pour accroître l’abordabilité du logement et aider à payer les soins dentaires pour les enfants de moins de 12 ans. Le Canada dispose déjà d’un robuste système de soutien du revenu pour les aînés, qui comprend la Pension de la Sécurité de la vieillesse, le Supplément de revenu garanti pour les aînés à faible revenu, et le Régime de pensions du Canada, de même que différents incitatifs fiscaux pour appuyer l’épargne-retraite. Ce système permet aux aînés canadiens de recevoir un revenu après leur retraite et contribue à réduire le nombre d’aînés vivant dans la pauvreté. En 2021, le taux de pauvreté chez les aînés (selon le seuil officiel de la pauvreté au Canada) était de 5,6 %, ce qui est nettement inférieur au taux observé pour l’ensemble de la population (7,4 %) et pour tous les autres groupes d’âge. Grâce à l’Allocation canadienne pour enfants, qui offre un soutien accru aux familles à revenu faible ou moyen ayant des enfants depuis son instauration en 2016, des centaines de milliers d’enfants n’ont pas eu à vivre dans la pauvreté. D’autres prestations gouvernemen￾tales clés, comme l’Allocation canadienne pour les travailleurs et le crédit pour la taxe sur les produits et services, sont rajustées en fonction de l’inflation, tout comme les prestations pour les aînés et l’Allocation canadienne pour enfants. Cela signifie que les presta￾tions augmentent en parallèle avec la hausse du coût de la vie au fil du temps. Les Canadiens admissibles continuent en outre de recevoir les paiements de l’incitatif à agir pour le climat, qui sont des montants non imposables ayant pour but d’aider les particuliers et les familles à com￾penser le coût de la tarification fédérale de la pollution, de pair avec des critères d’admissibilité élargis pour certains crédits d’impôt, entre autres le crédit d’impôt pour l’accessibilité domiciliaire et le crédit d’impôt pour personnes handicapées. 10 La Stratégie canadienne de réduction de la pauvreté a instauré un seuil offciel de la pauvreté au Canada. Ce seuil offciel de la pauvreté est calculé à l’aide de la mesure fondée sur un panier de consommation (MPC). Il s’agit d’une mesure reposant sur les coûts combinés d’un panier de biens et de services dont les personnes et les familles ont besoin pour combler leurs besoins essentiels et atteindre un niveau de vie modeste. Améliorer la mesure de la pauvreté Depuis 2018, le Canada a renouvelé ses efforts pour améliorer la mesure de la pauvreté, cerner les lacunes et recueillir des données afin d’orienter sa démarche jusqu’en 2030. Ce travail comprenait des progrès importants vers l’élaboration d’un seuil officiel de la pauvreté qui rend compte de la vie dans le Nord canadien. Grâce à ces efforts, le Canada a maintenant adopté une méthode officielle de mesure fondée sur un panier de consommation du Nord pour deux des territoires nordiques. L’élaboration d’une mesure pro￾visoire adaptée aux réalités de la population inuite au Nunavut est en cours. Le gouvernement du Canada collabore aussi avec des organisations autochtones nationales (OAN) et d’autres organismes dans le but de définir ensemble des indicateurs de la pauvreté et du bien-être, y compris des mesures de la pauvreté fondées sur d’autres facteurs que le revenu, qui reflètent les multiples dimensions de la pauvreté et du bien-être dans la perspective des Premières Nations, des Inuits et des Métis. MESURES PRISES À L’ÉCHELLE INTERNATIONALE Le Canada prend part aux efforts visant à mettre fin à la pauvreté mondiale. On réalise de plus en plus l’importance de la collaboration intersectorielle afin de bien comprendre les causes profondes de la pauvreté et de prendre des mesures pour l’éliminer grâce à une approche multidimensionnelle. Aux termes 20 Examen national volontaire 2023 du Canada UNE DÉMARCHE CONTINUE À L’APPUI DE LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DU PROGRAMME 2030 ET DE L’ATTEINTE DES OBJECTIFS DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE Améliorer la mesure de la pauvreté Depuis 2018, le Canada a renouvelé ses efforts pour améliorer la mesure de la pauvreté, cerner les lacunes et recueillir des données afin d’orienter sa démarche jusqu’en 2030. Ce travail comprenait des progrès importants vers l’élaboration d’un seuil officiel de la pauvreté qui rend compte de la vie dans le Nord canadien. Grâce à ces efforts, le Canada a maintenant adopté une méthode officielle de mesure fondée sur un panier de consommation du Nord pour deux des territoires nordiques. L’élaboration d’une mesure pro￾visoire adaptée aux réalités de la population inuite au Nunavut est en cours. Le gouvernement du Canada collabore aussi avec des organisations autochtones nationales (OAN) et d’autres organismes dans le but de définir ensemble des indicateurs de la pauvreté et du bien-être, y compris des mesures de la pauvreté fondées sur d’autres facteurs que le revenu, qui reflètent les multiples dimensions de la pauvreté et du bien-être dans la perspective des Premières Nations, des Inuits et des Métis. MESURES PRISES À L’ÉCHELLE INTERNATIONALE Le Canada prend part aux efforts visant à mettre fin à la pauvreté mondiale. On réalise de plus en plus l’importance de la collaboration intersectorielle afin de bien comprendre les causes profondes de la pauvreté et de prendre des mesures pour l’éliminer grâce à une approche multidimensionnelle. Aux termes de la Loi sur la responsabilité en matière d’aide au développement officielle, l’aide au développement officielle du Canada doit être axée sur la réduction de la pauvreté. La Politique d’aide internationale féministe du Canada, publiée en 2017, repose sur une approche féministe intersectionnelle et axée sur les droits de la personne, qui a pour but d’éradiquer la pauvreté et de bâtir un monde plus pacifique, plus inclusif et plus prospère. Le gouvernement du Canada a haussé les ressources totales qu’il consacre à l’aide internationale depuis la publica￾tion de la Politique d’aide internationale féministe, ces ressources passant de 6,1 milliards de dollars en 2017-2018 à 8,4 milliards en 2021-2022. Dans le cadre de son engagement à l’appui d’un programme commercial progressif, le Canada a ratifié l’Accord sur la facilitation des échanges de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) en 2016. Les efforts de facilitation des échanges du Canada s’harmonisent avec son programme commercial inclusif, qui repose sur la reconnaissance du fait qu’une croissance économique inclusive et durable est nécessaire pour réduire la pauvreté et les inégalités. En réduisant les obstacles commerciaux, notamment pour les groupes sous-représentés, le Canada aide à promouvoir des échanges com￾merciaux plus équitables et plus accessibles, en particulier pour les pays en développement. DÉFIS ET POSSIBILITÉS Bien que des progrès soient réalisés en vue de la réduction de la pauvreté au Canada de façon générale, les répercussions de la pandémie de COVID-19 et des récentes augmentations du coût de la vie ne sont pas encore entièrement connues. Au fil de sa reprise à la suite de la pandémie de COVID-19, le Canada adapte ses efforts de réduction de la pauvreté afin de s’assurer que les systèmes de protection sociale répondent adéquatement aux besoins et que l’on revient à la situation qui prévalait avant la pandémie. À mesure que de nouvelles données seront disponibles, on pourra en savoir plus sur la manière dont les Canadiens les plus à risque de pauvreté se remettent de cette période remplie de défis financiers et économiques, et sur les moyens 11 www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181128/dq181128a-fra.htm de maximiser le degré de préparation des systèmes de protection sociale pour pouvoir composer avec les tendances changeantes et les urgences futures. Pour atteindre son objectif de réduction de la pauvreté dans une proportion de 50 % d’ici 2030 par rapport aux niveaux de 2015, le Canada pro￾cédera à un examen approfondi pour déceler les lacunes éventuelles de ses systèmes de protection sociale, et il proposera des solutions efficaces afin de soutenir adéquatement les Canadiens qui vivent dans la pauvreté ou qui sont à risque de connaître celle-ci. Bien que des améliorations aient été notées au niveau de la population en général, de nombreux groupes demeurent plus à risque de vivre dans la pauvreté. Par exemple, les personnes, autres que des aînés, qui vivent seules étaient les plus vulné￾rables : plus du quart d’entre elles vivaient dans la pauvreté en 2021. Toujours en 2021, les membres des peuples autochtones âgés de 16 ans et plus étaient presque deux fois plus susceptibles de vivre dans la pauvreté (13,9 %) que les non-Autochtones- (7,4 %). De même, les personnes en situation de handicap (âgées de 18 à 64 ans) sont deux fois plus susceptibles de vivre dans la pauvreté que les autres personnes. Au total, un peu plus de 4 millions de Canadiens en situation de handicap – dont environ 1,6 million qui ont une incapacité grave ou très grave – sont en âge de travailler11. C’est pourquoi il est proposé d’instaurer une Prestation canadienne pour les personnes handicapées, ce qui donne suite à un engagement clé énoncé dans le Plan d’action pour l’inclusion des personnes en situation de handicap du Canada, dans le but de réduire la pauvreté et d’accroître la sécurité financière des personnes en situation de handicap qui sont en âge de travailler. Le projet de loi portant création de cette prestation, intitulé Loi sur la prestation canadienne pour les personnes handicapées, a été déposé au Parlement en 2022. Le gouvernement du Canada a créé le Conseil consultatif national sur la pauvreté en 2019 afin de mieux appuyer les efforts axés sur l’ODD 1. Le Conseil fournit des conseils indépendants sur la réduction de la pauvreté, et il fait rapport au Parlement du Canada à propos des progrès réalisés au pays en matière de réduction de la pauvreté. SECTION II 21 PLEINS FEUX : Initiatives provinciales et territoriales Les gouvernements provinciaux et territoriaux remplissent un rôle clé dans l’élimination de la pauvreté au Canada. Ils conçoivent, élaborent et financent bon nombre de stratégies et de programmes importants qui offrent un soutien du revenu aux Canadiens, aux familles et aux ménages, que ce soit directement ou par le biais du régime fiscal. De plus, ils sont respon￾sables de programmes et de services essentiels pour donner suite à l’engagement de ne laisser personne de côté, ce qui inclut par exemple des initiatives d’apprentissage et de développement des jeunes enfants ainsi que des mesures de soutien à l’intention des personnes en situation de handicap. Les provinces et les territoires ont pris des mesures pour composer avec la COVID-19, considérant les répercussions financières directes de la pandémie sur de nombreux ménages, en particulier ceux qui étaient déjà à faible revenu. En 2020 et en 2021, nombre de gouvernements provinciaux et territoriaux ont fourni un soutien particulier à des partenaires communautaires qui offrent des programmes et des services aux personnes, aux familles et aux ménages à faible revenu pour les aider à combler des besoins prioritaires, comme la sécurité alimentaire et le loge￾ment. Les provinces et les territoires ont également mis de l’avant des politiques, des programmes, des services et des initiatives à plus long terme qui aident à réduire la pauvreté, appuient l’atteinte de l’ODD 1 et témoignent de leur engagement ferme à ne laisser personne de côté. Les gouvernements provinciaux et territoriaux offrent un soutien du revenu. Un bon nombre de ces mesures de soutien ciblent les aînés et les familles ayant des enfants. La hausse de l’inflation et ses répercussions ont incité beaucoup de gouvernements à bonifier ces mesures de soutien et à offrir des prestations de sou￾tien du revenu nouvelles ou spéciales et ponctuelles. Par exemple, en 2022, le gouvernement du Manitoba a lancé son Programme d’abordabilité pour les familles dans le but d’alléger le fardeau imposé par la forte inflation. Dans le cadre de ce programme, le gouverne￾ment du Manitoba a versé à chaque famille admissible de la province ayant des enfants de moins de 18 ans une somme de 250 $ pour le premier enfant, puis de 200 $ pour chaque enfant additionnel de moins de 18 ans, et de 300 $ à tous les aînés admissibles; il a aussi haussé le taux de base de l’aide au revenu, et il a accordé un allégement financier ponctuel aux banques alimentaires. Le gouvernement de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador élabore un plan de bien-être social et économique [disponible en anglais seulement] qui, comme son nom l’indique, a pour but d’améliorer le bien-être social et économique général des résidents de la province, l’accent étant mis en particulier sur l’augmentation du soutien pendant la petite enfance pour assurer la réussite future des enfants; un soutien en matière d’accès à une éducation de qualité et d’apprentissage permanent; un meilleur accès à un logement stable, abordable et convenable; la réduction de la pauvreté; l’amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire; et la promotion de l’appartenance à la communauté. 22 Examen national volontaire 2023 du Canada UNE DÉMARCHE CONTINUE À L’APPUI DE LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DU PROGRAMME 2030 ET DE L’ATTEINTE DES OBJECTIFS DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE En 2020, l’Ontario a publié le document Établir une base solide pour la réussite : Réduire la pauvreté en Ontario, qui a comme objet d’aiguiller les personnes vivant dans la pauvreté vers des services de formation et de santé ainsi que vers d’autres services de soutien afin qu’elles puissent participer à la vie communautaire et trouver dans la mesure du possible un emploi gratifiant. Cette stratégie repose sur quatre piliers : encourager la création d’emplois et rapprocher les gens de l’emploi; offrir aux gens les soutiens et les services appropriés; rendre la vie plus abordable et renforcer la résilience financière; accélérer les mesures et favoriser le progrès. L’objectif de réduction de la pauvreté de la province pour la période allant de 2020 à 2025 consiste à faire passer le nombre de bénéfi￾ciaires de l’aide sociale qui trouvent un emploi chaque année de 36 000 en 2019 à 60 000 en 2024. Le gouvernement du Manitoba a annoncé en 2019 une nouvelle stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté, dont le titre est S’engager vers un avenir meilleur : Stratégie manitobaine de réduction de la pauvreté. Cette straté￾gie, qui repose notamment sur les résultats de vastes consultations auprès des parties prenantes, adopte une approche pangouvernementale afin d’améliorer le quotidien des Manitobains. La Stratégie reconnaît l’importance de la collaboration avec les communautés, les différents ordres de gouvernement et d’autres partenaires aux fins de l’élaboration et de la mise en œuvre de ses politiques et programmes. Elle met fortement l’accent sur la promotion de la réconciliation avec les communautés autochtones. Dorénavant, le Manitoba publie chaque année un document budgé￾taire sur la réduction de la pauvreté, parallèlement au budget provincial. Pour sa part, l’initiative d’accès à des produits d’hygiène féminine gratuits du Manitoba vise à améliorer l’accès à des produits d’hygiène féminine pour les personnes à faible revenu, les personnes en situation d’itinérance et les membres de groupes marginalisés, qui peuvent les obtenir gratuitement par le biais des écoles et d’autres organismes. De plus, le Manitoba a publié au début de 2023 sa première stratégie provinciale de lutte contre l’itinérance, intitulée Une place pour tous. Cette stratégie prévoit des inves￾tissements de 126 millions de dollars pour moderniser les interventions d’urgence, fournir des logements assortis de mesures de soutien, prévenir l’itinérance, élaborer des services axés sur la personne et renforcer les capacités dans les régions rurales et nordiques. Jusqu’ici, le Manitoba a pris des engagements qui représentent de nouveaux investissements se chiffrant à 31 millions de dollars pour aider à lutter contre l’itiné￾rance, notamment en améliorant l’accès à l’allocation pour besoins de base et aux mesures d’aide au loge￾ment pour les Manitobains à faible revenu, en haussant le financement pour tenir compte des coûts réels de fonctionnement des refuges de nuit, en élargissant la portée des programmes de soutien aux personnes en situation d’itinérance et en haussant le financement des programmes de logement de transition. SECTION II 23

8 SDG 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere Switzerland has a well-developed social security system. Nevertheless, implementation of the 2030 Agenda also calls for it to integrate the most disadvantaged people in the economy and society and grant them better opportunities, and to reduce the proportion of the population living below the nation￾al poverty threshold. In 2016, 7.5% of Switzerland’s permanent resident population – around 615,000 people – were affected by income poverty, 140,000 of whom were gainfully employed.3 International level: Switzerland’s international cooperation assumes a multi-dimensional concept of pov￾erty that encompasses basic human needs as well as economic, social, environmental, political and socio-cultural aspects. It places special emphasis on women and the most vulnerable sections of soci￾ety and works to protect them and build their resilience. Since poverty is increasingly concentrated in countries whose governments are either unable or unwilling to ensure the basic functions of the state in the areas of security, rule of law and basic social services, Switzerland is becoming more active in these contexts. Such efforts are geared to the long term to increase their systemic effect. NO POVERTY ZERO HUNGER

ODD 1 Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde La Suisse possède un système de protection sociale bien rôdé. Toutefois, dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de l’Agenda 2030, elle est également exhortée à bien intégrer dans l’économie et la société les personnes les plus défavorisées et à leur offrir de meilleures chances, ainsi qu’à réduire la part de la population vivant sous le seuil de pauvreté national. En 2016, 7,5 % de la population résidante permanente était touchée par la pauvreté monétaire, dont 140 000 actifs.3 1.2 Taux de pauvreté 1.3 Dépenses totales pour la protection sociale 1.5 Décès dus à des événements naturels Taux de pauvreté Données suisses Objectif de l’ONU / Objectif de la Suisse 7.5% de la population suisse vivait en dessous du seuil de pauvreté en 2016.4 ONU : «Les manifestations de la pauvreté comprennent la faim et la malnutrition, l’accès limité à l’éducation et aux autres services de base, la discrimination et l’exclusion sociale ainsi que le manque de participation à la prise de décisions.» Objectif Tendence Évaluation +0.9 point de pourcentage entre 2014 et 2016 Objectif de la Confédération : à long terme, la pauvreté dimi￾nue en Suisse. La coopération internationale de la Suisse se fonde sur une définition pluridimensionnelle de la pauvreté qui comprend les besoins vitaux humains ainsi que des aspects économiques, sociaux, environnementaux, poli￾tiques et socioculturels. Elle accorde une attention particulière aux femmes et aux couches de population les plus vulnérables, et œuvre à les protéger et à augmenter leur résilience. La Suisse renforce son action dans les contextes fragiles, touchés de plein fouet par la pauvreté : il s’agit des pays dont les gouvernements ne peuvent pas ou ne veulent pas assurer des services publics essentiels dans les domaines de la sécurité, de l’état de droit et de la sécurité sociale. Elle s’y engage sur de nombreuses années afin d’accroître l’effet systémique.

16 Switzerland's Voluntary National Review 2022 SDG 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere Switzerland and SDG 1 With its extensive social security system, high employment rate and accessible supplies of basic goods and services, Switzerland is well prepared to prevent its population falling into poverty.41 The federal government and the cantons must nonetheless take targeted action to prevent poverty risks and to include the most heavily disadvantaged into the economy and society Switzerland's aim is to minimise the risks of economic, social and environmental shocks and of natural hazards, to protect the population from the consequences of those shocks, and to strengthen resilience. This task falls to the federal government, the cantons, communes, insurance companies and the private sector as part of a system of integrated risk management. In its international cooperation work, Switzerland plays its part in containing global risks and reducing poverty. It helps the disadvantaged to live an economically, socially and culturally self-determined life, guided at all times by the principle of leave no one behind. Particular attention is paid to including the weakest sections of society, to gender equality, and to respecting and advancing the rule of law and human rights. With this in mind, Switzerland endeavours to improve living conditions by facilitating access for poor and marginalised population groups to incomes and employment, water, food, sanitation, health and education, and to the relevant decision-making processes. This includes those living in fragile and conflict-affected regions specifically. It also connects reducing poverty with tackling global challenges in terms of climate change and the environment, food security, migration, water and health. Switzerland also helps developing countries to set up their own integrated risk management systems under the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.42 Poverty rate Share of the permanent resident population living under the poverty line In 2020, 722 000 persons lived below the poverty line. 188 000 more than in 2014. 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 8.5% 2014: break in the time series Data state: 28.02.2022 Source: FSO – Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) © FSO 2022 True to the principle of leave no one behind, the aim of SDG 1 is to end poverty in all its forms around the world, to help close the poverty gap, to increase the resilience of those living in poverty in precarious situations and to reduce their vulnerability to economic, social and environmental risks. Poverty rate | 8.5% in 2020 | +1.9 pp since 2014 Risk of poverty | 19.6% pop. with a migration background, 11.3% pop. without migration background in 2019 | Growing difference since 2014 Poverty of employed persons | 4.2% of the employed population in 2020 | No significant evolution since 2014 Total social security expenditure | 29.1% of GDP in 2019 | +7.7 pp since 2000 Indicators for the monitoring in Switzerland Source: FSO – MONET 2030 Switzerland's Voluntary National Review 2022 17 Progress Challenges In the national context Social security: There is a general continuity in efforts to prevent and alleviate poverty at the national level. This is evident from the reforms of several elements of the social security system, such as pension provision. Bridging benefits have also been introduced for those who lose their jobs shortly before they reach statutory retirement age. Poverty prevention: Switzerland is active in this area as part of the National Platform Against Poverty 2019-24.43 Priority areas for the 2019 to 2022 period were the social participation of those affected by poverty, and helping challenged young people and young adults to find their way into work. It is also setting up a national monitoring programme that will regularly deliver valuable findings about the development of poverty in Switzerland. Integration and work: The aims of the Integration Agenda Switzerland (IAS)44 include vocational training preparation for young people who are late arrivals to Switzerland, having joined family here. This improves their integration prospects. Population resilience to natural hazards and other risks: Work to implement the federal government action plan and measures to mitigate natural hazards are in progress. This inclusive management process takes technological and social risks into account in addition to those originating from the natural world. In the international context Alleviating poverty: Alleviating global poverty and advancing sustainable development are the primary aims of all of the official development assistance (ODA) funding disbursed by Switzerland. Mobilising additional private-sector resources has now also been adopted as one of the priorities of Switzerland's International Cooperation Strategy 2021-24.45 The federal government supports the creation of frameworks that encourage investment and private-sector initiatives, access to markets and financial institutions, and decent employment opportunities. Additionally it is increasingly involved in reinforcing social security systems in partner countries. Disaggregated data: Switzerland uses a series of standardised indicators, including one on poverty, to improve the way it records the outcomes of its international cooperation work. These indicators require data that is disaggregated by gender and disadvantaged population group. This permits more detailed statements to be made about the extent to which poor and disadvantaged sectors of society have been reached and actually integrated, and promotes inclusive development. Resilience to natural hazards: Switzerland has stepped up its disaster preparedness efforts in developing countries, providing both financial and technical support. In the national context Poverty rate: The proportion of people living below the national poverty line in Switzerland in 2020 stood at 8.5% of the permanent resident population. In the working population it was 4.2% (please refer to endnote 41 for the definition of poverty). Reducing the number of people affected by income poverty remains a major challenge, not least because of the ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic, which will be seen only in the medium to long term, and the modest upward trend in the share of the population who live below the national poverty line. Social security: Despite reforms, the long-term financing of the social security system remains a challenge, especially in view of demographic trends. Disaster preparedness: Improvements have been made with regard to Switzerland's readiness to manage disasters. Examples include the launch of Alertswiss and the introduction of emergency meeting points. However, integrated risk management and the capacity to respond to the risks exacerbated by climate change requires comprehensive data resources and decision-making foundations that are kept up to date. Although Switzerland already has an excellent public warning system, it displays gaps that must continue to be filled. In the international context Alleviating poverty: Despite enormous progress, one in ten people worldwide is still affected by extreme poverty. More than half live in Sub-Saharan Africa, and numbers are growing. The COVID-19 pandemic has made the situation of those living in poverty, crisis and need even more acute. Measuring poverty: Data is required to plan action to alleviate poverty and to measure progress at the national and international levels. Since this data is extremely patchy, especially where those living in extreme poverty are concerned, Switzerland assists its international cooperation partner countries with collecting and analysing the necessary information. Resilience to natural hazards: In the future, risks arising from natural hazards are to be included more systematicallyinto international cooperation programmes and projects. Trade-off Economic growth supports efforts to reduce poverty, which is a key objective from the point of view of social justice. At the same time, economic growth must be decoupled from the consumption of natural resources and from greenhouse gas emissions, so that the targets of SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production) can be achieved. A shift in understanding of what constitutes prosperity in society is conducive to this decoupling.

ODS 1. Poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus formas en todo el mundo I. SITUACIÓN DEL PAÍS, ASPECTOS CUANTITATIVOS 1. Indicador 1.1.1. Porcentaje de población bajo línea internacional de pobreza por ingresos (1,9 USD por paridad de compra por día)18 En Chile el 0,3% de las personas se encontraban bajo el umbral internacional de pobreza por ingresos en 2015, mientras que en 2013, la cifra fue 0,42%. Entre los residentes de zonas urbanas la pobreza por ingresos alcanzaba el 0,26% y en zonas rurales esta cifra fue de 0,55%. A nivel subnacional, el porcentaje más alto se registró en 2015 en la Región Arica y Parinacota (0,81%) y el más bajo, en la Región de Atacama (0,10%). Por grupos específicos de la población: a) El 0,29% de los hombres y el 0,30% de las mujeres se encuentran bajo esta línea de pobreza; b) Por grupos de edad, el porcentaje más bajo corresponde a las personas de 60 o más años de edad (0,04%) y en más alto se registró en la población de 0 a 17 años (0,45%); c) El porcentaje de población perteneciente a pueblos indígenas bajo la línea internacional de pobreza se situó en 0,60%, mientras que en la población no perteneciente a pueblos indígenas fue de 0,27%. 2. Indicador 1.2.1.Porcentaje de población bajo línea nacional de pobreza por ingresos Respecto de la medición nacional de pobreza por ingresos, cabe mencionar que en enero del 2015 el Gobierno de Chile publicó cifras de pobreza que consideran una nueva metodología de medición que actualiza la forma de medir pobreza por ingresos y agrega una medición multidimensional. La medición nacional de pobreza se basa en los datos de la Encuesta de Caracterización Socio-económica Nacional (Casen), encuesta de hogares multipropósito más grande del país19. Según ésta: Considerando la línea de pobreza nacional, el 11,7% de las personas se encontraban en situación de pobreza por ingresos en 2015, mientras que en 2013 la cifra fue 14,4%. Entre los residentes de zonas urbanas, la pobreza por ingresos llegaba al 10,2%, mientras en zonas rurales esta cifra fue de 22,1%; en 2013 estas cifras eran de 12,4% y 27,9%, respectivamente. La menor tasa de pobreza por ingresos, en 2015, se observó en la Región de Magallanes (4,4% de personas) y la más alta en la Región de la Araucanía (23,6%). Por grupos de población: a) El 11,2% de los hombres y el 12,1% de las mujeres se encontraba bajo esta línea; b) Por grupos de edad, el porcentaje más bajo correspondía a personas de 60 años o más, con 6,6%; y el más alto, a población de 0 a 17 años (18,2%). Al respecto cabe indicar que estas cifras en 2013 eran 8,4% y 22,0%, respectivamente; c) El porcentaje de población perteneciente a pueblos indígenas en situación de pobreza se situó en 18,3%, mientras que aquella no perteneciente a pueblos indígenas fue de 11,0%. Estas cifras en 2013 eran 23,4% y 13,5%, respectivamente. 18 Fuente: Ministerio de Desarrollo Social, Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional, Casen (2013-2015). 19 En consideración al tamaño de la muestra. 19 3. Indicador 1.2.2. Porcentaje de población bajo línea nacional de pobreza multidimensional En 2015 el número de personas en situación de pobreza multidimensional20 se estima en 3.547.184, equivalente al 20,9%. La metodología de medición considera 5 dimensiones del bienestar: Educación, Salud, Trabajo y Previsión Social, Vivienda y Entorno, y Redes y Cohesión Social. Al analizar la situación de pobreza por ingresos y multidimensional, de manera simultánea, se constata que del 11,7% de personas en situación de pobreza por ingresos, un 4,5% se encuentra además en situación de pobreza multidimensional, mientras que el 7,1% restante se encuentra sólo en situación de pobreza por ingresos. Por su parte, en el caso de las personas identificadas en situación de pobreza multidimensional, un 16,4% se encuentra sólo en esta situación. Al estudiar las carencias de los hogares que subyacen esta medición multidimensional de pobreza en 2015, se observa que: respecto de la dimensión Educación 2,3% de los hogares presentaba carencias en asistencia escolar; 2,2% en rezago escolar y 30,2% en escolaridad. En la dimensión Salud 4,9% de los hogares contaba con al menos un niño(a) que presentaba carencia en Malnutrición; 6,1% de los hogares estaba carente en Adscripción al Sistema de Salud y 5,1%, en Atención en salud. En relación a la dimensión Trabajo y Seguridad Social 9,3% de los hogares registraba carencias en Ocupación; 32,3% de los hogares tenía algún miembro carente en Seguridad Social y 9,8%, en Jubilación. En la dimensión Vivienda y Entorno el 19% de los hogares estaban carentes en Habitabilidad; 3,6%enServicios Básicos y 9,9% en Entorno. Finalmente, en cuanto a la dimensión Redes y Cohesión social, 5,3% de los hogares estaba carente en Apoyo y participación social; 14,9% en Trato Igualitario, y 11,1%en Seguridad. Por zona de residencia, urbana y rural, se verifica que en 2015 un menor porcentaje de los habitantes de zonas urbanas estaban en situación de pobreza multidimensional (18,8%) en comparación con zonas rurales (35,2%). Por regiones, destacan las diferencias entre las regiones de Magallanes donde 9,2% de la población se encontraba en pobreza multidimensional el 2015 (cifra más baja a nivel nacional), y la Región de La Araucanía, donde alcanza el 29,2%. Por grupos de población, se constató lo siguiente: a) El 21,4% de los hombres y20,4% de las mujeres se encontraba en pobreza multidimensional; b) Por grupos de edad, el menor porcentaje se observó entre personas de 30 a 44 años de edad con 17,7% y en mayor, en la población de 0 a 17 años (23,3%); c) El porcentaje de población perteneciente a pueblos indígenas en situación de pobreza multidimensional alcanzaba el 30,8%, en contraste con el 19,9%de la población no perteneciente a pueblos indígenas. 4. Indicador 1.4.1 Proporción de la población que vive en hogares con acceso a servicios básicos El porcentaje de hogares con acceso a servicios básicos se estima en 96,5% de acuerdo a información disponible en Encuesta Casen 2015. En zonas urbanas este porcentaje alcanza el 99,0% y en las áreas rurales 79,3%. La región que presenta un porcentaje más alto es la Región Metropolitana (99,2%) y el más bajo en La Araucanía (85,2%). 5. Indicador 1.4.2 Porcentaje de personas adultas con derechos seguros de tenencia de la tierra La información disponible21 indica que en 2015 el 87,3% de la población adulta contaba con derechos seguros de tenencia de tierra, lo que corresponde a 87,8% en zonas urbanas y 83,8 % en zonas rurales. La cifra más alta se registra en la Región de Aysén con 94,9%, y la más baja en la región de O´Higgins 84,4%. Por grupos de población se destacan que: a) Por sexo, en hombres el porcentaje es 88,4% y en mujeres 85,5%; b) Por grupos de edad, el porcentaje más bajo se observa en la población de 18 a 29 años (81,0%) y el más alto, en el grupo de 60 años o más de edad (90,3%); c) En la población 20 Ver detalles de medición en capítulo referido a Análisis temático del Foro. 21 Fuente: Encuesta Casen 2015. 20 perteneciente a pueblos indígenas es de 85,2% y en quienes no pertenecen a pueblos indígenas es 87,5%. 6. Indicador 1.5.1 Número de muertes, personas desaparecidas y afectadas por desastres por cada 100.000 personas. De acuerdo a la información disponible, el número de muertes por desastres alcanza el 0,2 por cada 100.000 personas. II. ACCIONES PÚBLICAS DE APOYO AL LOGRO DE LOS OBJETIVOS: 1. Legislación Nacional: Para contribuir a la reducción de la pobreza en todas sus formas, Chile cuenta con la siguiente legislación: Ley de Inclusión Laboral para Personas con Discapacidad (2017), que crea una reserva legal (cuota) de un 1% de trabajadores en situación de discapacidad en los organismos públicos y empresas privadas con más de 100 trabajadores. Ley 20.530 (2011) que crea el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social, como la "Secretaría de Estado encargada de colaborar con el Presidente de la República en el diseño y aplicación de políticas, planes, y programas en materia de equidad y/o desarrollo social, especialmente aquellas destinadas a erradicar la pobreza y brindar protección social a las personas o grupos vulnerables, promoviendo la movilidad e integración social y la participación con igualdad de oportunidades en la vida nacional". Ley N° 20.379 (2009), que crea el Sistema Intersectorial de Protección Social e institucionaliza el subsistema de protección integral a la infancia "Chile Crece Contigo". El "Sistema Intersectorial de Protección Social", se define como un modelo de gestión constituido por las acciones y prestaciones sociales ejecutadas y coordinadas por distintos organismos del Estado, destinadas a la población nacional más vulnerable socioeconómicamente y que requiera de una acción concertada de dichos organismos para acceder a mejores condiciones de vida. Mediante esta normativa se define al Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (ex Ministerio de Planificación), como la Secretaría a cargo de la administración, coordinación, supervisión y evaluación de la implementación del Sistema. Ley N° 20.255 (2008), que establece la Reforma Previsional y crea un sistema de pensiones solidarias de vejez e invalidez, complementario del sistema de pensiones a que se refiere el decreto ley N° 3.500 (1980), financiado con recursos del Estado. Este sistema solidario otorga beneficios de pensiones básicas solidarias y aportes previsionales solidarios de vejez e invalidez. Ley N° 20.743 (2014) que concede Aporte Familiar Permanente de Marzo. Ley 18.020 sobre subsidio familiar Asignación Familiar y el decreto con fuerza de ley Nº 150 ( 1981) del Ministerio de Trabajo y Previsión Social, que establece la asignación maternal. Ley 20.595, que crea el subsistema "Seguridades y Oportunidades", creado por la ley Nº 20.595. 2. Políticas, Planes y Programas: Para abordar los temas de pobreza y vulnerabilidad, en las últimas décadas, el país ha realizado un trabajo sostenido de fortalecimiento de las políticas sociales y de la institucionalidad orientada a la atención de grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad. Asimismo, ha aumentado los recursos económicos 21 destinados a programas e iniciativas tanto sectoriales como intersectoriales para disminuir la pobreza en sus diversas dimensiones. Respecto de los instrumentos, Chile ha perfeccionado la metodología de medición de pobreza por ingresos, actualizando a los patrones de consumo actuales, e incorporando recientemente una medición de pobreza multidimensional. Complementariamente, se creó el Registro Social de Hogares, un sistema comprehensivo que apoya la selección de los usuarios de prestaciones sociales. La información disponible permite constatar tendencias positivas en evolución de la pobreza, destacándose una disminución de la proporción de población tanto en situación de pobreza por ingresos como en pobreza multidimensional. No obstante, se mantiene vigente el propósito de fortalecer un sistema de protección social que favorezca un desarrollo social inclusivo. Transferencias monetarias: Para enfrentar situaciones de pobreza por ingresos, se disponen de programas públicos que involucran transferencias monetarias tales como el Subsidio Único Familiar; la Pensión Básica Solidaria (de vejez e invalidez); el Seguro de Cesantía; las prestaciones del Subsistema de Seguridades y Oportunidades; subsidio empleo joven; subsidio empleo de la mujer; subsidio al pago de consumo de agua potable y servicios de alcantarillado y la oferta programática del Fondo de Solidaridad e Inversión Social (FOSIS)22. Sistema de Protección Social: La pobreza multidimensional es abordada desde los sectores de Educación, Salud, Trabajo y Vivienda, entre otros. Fundamentalmente, se ha avanzado en cobertura y calidad del Sistema de Protección Social que se ha venido construyendo desde principios del año 2000. En este contexto, se ha diseñado el Subsistema Nacional de Apoyos y Cuidados (SNAC) para personas mayores y en situación de discapacidad, como parte del Sistema Intersectorial de Protección Social. Adicionalmente, se ha ampliado gradualmente la cobertura del Subsistema de Protección Integral a la Infancia “Chile Crece Contigo” hasta Cuarto Básico (9 años), y se está incorporando el enfoque de derechos en el Subsistema de Seguridades y Oportunidades. Respecto del derecho a los recursos económicos, así como el acceso a los servicios básicos, la propiedad, los recursos naturales, y los servicios financieros, entre otros, destacan el Programa de Consolidación de la Tenencia de Tierras, el Bono Legal de Aguas, Subsidios a las Inversiones Productivas, el Programa Más Capaz, el Programa Capital Semilla (SERCOTEC). En materia de participación y fortalecimiento institucional, en 2015 se promulgó la Ley que creó el Ministerio de la Mujer y la Equidad de Género, el cual permitirá dar un salto cualitativo en las políticas de género en el país. En cuanto a la Gestión de Riesgos de Desastres (GRD), el Decreto Supremo 1512 (2016) aprueba la Política Nacional para la GRD y el Decreto Exento 3.453 (2016) aprueba el Plan Estratégico Nacional para la GRD. Por un lado, la Política constituye un marco guía para que las distintas instituciones del Estado reduzcan de manera considerable los efectos adversos que causan los desastres, proporcionando un conjunto de orientaciones para desarrollar un proceso sostenido de reducción del riesgo de desastres y responder adecuadamente a situaciones de emergencia en el país. Por otro lado, el Plan Estratégico es la bajada operativa de la Política hacia los diferentes sectores. 22El FOSIS, apoya a personas en situación de pobreza o vulnerabilidad que buscan mejorar su condición de vida, mediante Acceso al Microcrédito; Yo Emprendo Semilla, entre varias otras iniciativas. 22 III. DESAFÍOS En el proceso de preparación de la Presentación Nacional Voluntaria, se han efectuado talleres, encuentros, encuestas (on line), diálogos y grupos focales, para disponer de información sobre aquellos desafíos identificados por diversos actores como prioritarios en el ámbito de la pobreza y la desigualdad. Ambos conceptos, si bien refieren técnicamente a aspectos distintos, las acciones que se realicen para mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población, contribuirán a mejorar ambos objetivos, y por supuesto, a los objetivos de Educación, Salud, Igualdad de Género, Crecimiento inclusivo, Vivienda y otros, atendiendo a los aspectos involucrados en pobreza multidimensional. En este contexto de diálogo y conversación, preliminarmente se identifican los siguientes retos para el país: 1. Uno de los retos más relevantes del país en materia de pobreza en todas sus formas, es avanzar en disminuir su nivel, tanto por ingreso como multidimensional. En ambos casos se requiere además reducir las brechas observadas por sexo, grupos de edad, situación migratoria, discapacidad, y otras. En ambos casos se requiere avanzar progresivamente en fortalecer el Sistema de Protección Social. Así como fortalecer el vínculo entre las políticas sociales y económicas, especialmente las de carácter laboral, como las referidas al emprendimiento. 2. Tanto en pobreza medida por ingresos como multidimensional, se evidencian importantes diferencias a nivel territorial, entre zonas urbanas y rurales, como entre regiones. También, es un reto disponer de información periódica a nivel local. 3. Visibilizar las condiciones de vida de la población más vulnerable, y cuantificar las características de este grupo. 4. Avanzar en políticas públicas de carácter intersectorial, flexibles y pertinentes a las realidades regionales. 5. Establecer y fortalecer los procesos de planificación a nivel nacional, regional y local. Así, por ejemplo, se requiere alinear los ODS con los instrumentos locales de planificación, para generar indicadores que permitan la construcción de líneas bases locales, para avanzar además en procesos de apropiación local. 6. Superar los procesos de impulso de políticas y acciones que dependan de las voluntades individuales. 7. Fortalecer las políticas públicas, tanto desde el diagnóstico como en procesos de gestión, implementación y evaluación. De modo de identificar las acciones más efectivas para reducir la pobreza y desigualdad, y favorecer una mayor inclusión social. 23

PONER FIN A LA POBREZA EN TODAS SUS FORMAS EN TODO EL MUNDO ODS 1 ODS 1 PRESENTACIÓN En el siguiente capítulo se analizan los antecedentes referidos al ODS 1 orientado a poner final a la pobreza en todas sus formas en todo el mundo. Para esto, se presentan las metas del ODS, se analiza la situación nacional a partir de los indicadores con información disponible y las acciones orientadas a dicho objetivo (públicas, privadas, de la sociedad civil, de los gobier￾nos locales y de la academia). Asimismo, a partir del análisis de los antecedentes enunciados, se plantean los principales desafíos asociados al avance hacia este objetivo. Varios de los indicadores del ODS 1 tienen a la En￾cuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN) como fuente de datos. Al respecto, cabe se￾ñalar dos observaciones: 1. Luego de la versión de 2017, la siguiente versión de CASEN iba a ser realizada entre fines de 2019 e inicios de 2020, pero su aplicación tradicional se vio afectada tanto por la masiva movilización so￾cial de 2019 y la posterior llegada de la pandemia del covid-19 al país. Así, se realizó la Encuesta Casen en Pandemia 2020, la cual se implementó en una modalidad mixta secuencial, consistente en un precontacto presencial y una entrevista telefónica. Esto implicó reducir y modificar leve￾mente el cuestionario, impactando en la disponi￾bilidad de datos para algunos de los indicadores ODS, por lo que solo algunos de los informados por fuente CASEN poseen datos para 2020. 2. La versión 2022 de la encuesta es la primera en ser aplicada de forma presencial mediante el uso de un Dispositivo Móvil de Captura (DMC), lo que también significó realizar una serie de ajustes en el cuestionario. Los datos de esta versión se cono￾cerán durante 2023, posteriormente a la presen￾tación de este INV, por lo que se actualizarán los datos en un siguiente informe. METAS 1.1 Erradicar la pobreza extrema. 1.2 Reducir la pobreza multidimensional. 1.3 Implementar sistemas de protección social de amplia cobertura a nivel nacional. 1.4 Garantizar iguales derechos a los recursos económicos y acceso a los servicios básicos para todas las personas. 1.5 Fomentar la resiliencia de las personas pobres y/o en situación de vulnerabilidad frente a crisis económicas, sociales y ambientales. 1.a Movilizar recursos para la implementación de políticas de reducción de pobreza. 1.b Crear marcos normativos que apoyen la inversión acelerada en medidas de erradicación de pobreza. 35 ODS 1 SITUACIÓN NACIONAL 1 Todas las comparaciones presentes en el análisis de cada indicador están sustentadas en diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todos los casos en que la fuente de información de los indicadores corresponde a una encuesta. En algunos casos se agrega alguna consi￾deración extra sobre lo mismo para ciertos datos. 2 Paridad del poder adquisitivo. A continuación, se presentará en detalle la situación nacional en base a la información disponible de los indicadores ODS 1.1.1, 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.3.1, 1.4.1, 1.4.2, 1.5.1, 1.5.3, 1.5.4 y el 1.a.21 . ›Indicador 1.1.1: Proporción de la población que vive por debajo del umbral internacional de pobre￾za, desglosada por sexo, edad, situación laboral y ubicación geográfica (urbana o rural) Según datos de Casen en Pandemia 2020, el 0,9% de las personas a nivel nacional vive bajo el umbral in￾ternacional de pobreza, es decir, con menos de 2,15 US$ PPA2 por día. Este porcentaje aumentó de forma significativa en comparación a lo reportado por Casen 2017, en donde se observó que el 0,3% de la población vivía bajo el umbral internacional de la pobreza. ›Indicador 1.2.1: Proporción de la población que vive por debajo del umbral nacional de pobreza, desglosada por sexo y edad El presente indicador, que mide la incidencia de la pobreza por ingresos a nivel de personas, revela el impacto de la pandemia covid-19. En efecto, la baja constante de este indicador se vio alterada en la me￾dición del año 2020 (Gráfico N° 1), aumentando por primera vez desde 1990, alcanzando a un 10,8%. Así, se pasó de 1.528.284 personas en condición de pobre￾za por ingresos a 2.112.185 personas. 11,7 8,6 10,8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 2015 2017 2020 Porcentaje GRÁFICO Nº 1 Fuente: Encuesta Casen 2017- Encuesta Casen en Pandemia 2020, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia Incidencia de la pobreza en la población (2015-2020) (Indicador 1.2.1) 36 ODS 1 Este impacto, a su vez, fue diferenciado por sexo, ciclo vital y dimensión territorial: afectó mayormente a los hogares con jefatura femenina (Gráfico N° 2), a los ni￾ños, niñas y adolescentes de 0-17 años (Gráfico N° 3) y a las regiones de Tarapacá, La Araucanía, Biobío y Ñuble (Gráfico N° 4). Esta información es fundamental para el seguimiento de los ODS, al monitorear los indicadores de estos grupos poblacionales y así evitar que queden rezagados en el camino hacia un desarrollo sostenible. El efecto diferenciado de la pandemia también puede observarse en la situación de pobreza de la población indígena en comparación a la no indígena, y también por zona urbana y rural. Para la población indígena, el año 2020 mostró una continuidad de la tendencia a la baja desde 2015 (de un 18,3% en 2015 a un 13,2% en 2020), mientras que en la población no indígena el año 2020 supuso un aumento de la pobreza (de un 11% a un 8% desde 2015 a 2017, y un 10,5% para 2020). Asi￾mismo, la zona urbana también vivió un aumento en la situación de pobreza (10,4% en 2020), interrumpien￾do la tendencia a la baja entre el 2015 y 2017 (de un 10,2% a un 7,4%). Mientras que en la zona rural con￾tinuó registrando una baja en la situación de pobreza, a pesar de los efectos de la pandemia, de un 22,1% en 2015 a un 13,8% en 2020 (gráfico N° 5). Porcentaje 25,5 21,5 17,6 11,2 8,8 6,4 7,6 28,8 26,0 23,1 15,4 12,9 9,2 11,4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 2006 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2020 Hombre Mujer GRÁFICO Nº 2 Incidencia de la pobreza en los hogares por sexo del jefe/a (2006-2020) (Indicador 1.2.1) Fuente: Encuesta Casen 2017- Encuesta Casen en Pandemia 2020, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia 15,6 12,0 10,3 9,7 5,6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 a 17 años 18 a 29 años 30 a 44 años 45 a 59 años 60 años o más Porcentaje GRÁFICO Nº 3 Incidencia de la pobreza en la población por grupos de edad (2020) (Indicador 1.2.1) Fuente: Encuesta Casen en Pandemia 2020, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia 37 ODS 1 GRÁFICO Nº 4 Incidencia de la pobreza en la población por región (2020) (Indicador 1.2.1) Fuente: Encuesta Casen en Pandemia 2020, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia Tarapacá Antofagasta Atacama Coquimbo Valparaíso Maule Biobío La Araucanía Los Lagos Aysén Magallanes Metropolitana Los Ríos Ñuble O’Higgins Arica y Parinacota 11,9 14,0 9,2 9,2 11,7 11,3 9,0 9,9 12,2 14,7 13,2 17,4 12,2 11,3 6,6 5,7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Porcentaje GRÁFICO Nº 5 10,2 7,4 10,4 22,1 16,5 13,8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 2015 2017 2020 Porcentaje Urbano Rural Incidencia de la pobreza en la población por zona urbana y rural (2020) (Indicador 1.2.1) Fuente: Encuesta Casen 2017- Encuesta Casen en Pandemia 2020, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia ›Indicador 1.2.2: Proporción de hombres, mujeres y niños y niñas de todas las edades que viven en la pobreza, en todas sus dimensiones, con arreglo a las definiciones nacionales. Chile reporta este indicador a través de la estimación de pobreza multidimensional (como índice), para lo cual dispone de una metodología desde el año 2013 (considerando cuatro dimensiones), actualizada el año 2015 a cinco dimensiones: Educación, Trabajo y Seguridad Social, Salud, Vivienda y Entorno, y Redes y Cohesión Social. Al igual que para la pobreza por in￾gresos, para esta medición se utilizó la Encuesta Casen por lo que la información está disponible para los años 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015 y 2017. Para las estimaciones con cinco dimensiones, se usó la información de la En￾cuesta Casen para 2015 y 2017, alcanzando la medida valores de 20,9% y 20,7% respectivamente, sin obser￾varse diferencias estadísticamente significativas en￾tre ambos años. Sin embargo, para el año 2020, como 38 ODS 1 se mencionó al inicio de este capítulo, la modalidad de aplicación de la Encuesta Casen en pandemia tuvo como consecuencia la no disponibilidad de informa￾ción para la generación del índice de pobreza multidi￾mensional3 . A pesar de esto, existe información de 11 de los 15 indicadores sobre carencias en los hogares (Gráfico N° 6), los cuales muestran brechas principal￾mente por quintil de ingresos4 . Educación 5 Para el caso del indicador de Asistencia, el nivel de ina￾sistencia evolucionó positivamente a nivel de hogares entre 2009 al 2017, donde se redujo de 4,7% al 2,2%. 3 No existe información oficial para 2020 sobre la dimensión de “Redes y Cohesión Social”, la calidad de la vivienda y las asociadas al entorno. 4 Los detalles de los indicadores medidos y las continuidades o cambios metodológicos se pueden ver en: http://observatorio.ministerio￾desarrollosocial.gob.cl/storage/docs/casen/2020/210707_Carencias_PM_Casen_en_Pandemia_2020.pdf 5 Nota 1: Se encuentran diferencias estadísticamente significativas a un 95% de confianza entre los periodos 2017 y 2020 al 95% de confianza para todas las carencias. Nota 2: Indicadores de Asistencia, Rezago y Atención de Salud presentaron modificaciones en su cons￾trucción en la versión 2020 de la encuesta. Nota 3: Casen en Pandemia 2020 se aplicó con cambios metodológicos asociados a la modalidad de levantamiento; comparaciones con años anteriores deben realizarse con resguardo. 6 Considerando un universo de hogares con presencia de NNA, la carencia en 2020 es de 10,2% y de 6,2% en 2011. 7 Tener en cuenta que las diferencias entre quintil I con quintil II, y quintil III con quintil IV no son estadísticamente significativas. Sin embargo, durante la pandemia este indicador se eleva a 4,4% (cifra mayor a lo registrado en 2017 y en los inicios de la década, con un 3,6% en 2011)6 . A ni￾vel nacional igualmente se observan diferencias según regiones, registrándose cifras más altas en el norte del país: Tarapacá, Antofagasta y Atacama. Por último, se observan diferencias por quintiles de ingresos de los hogares: es mayor la inasistencia en quintiles de hoga￾res de más bajos ingresos (Quintil I con 5,6% y el Quin￾til II con 5,8%, mientras que el Quintil III y IV presentan 4,4% y 3,6% respectivamente)7 . Con respecto al indicador de Rezago escolar, se re￾gistró una disminución en los hogares, de un 2,9% en GRÁFICO Nº 6 Incidencia de las carencias en hogares (2017-2020) (Indicador 1.2.2) Fuente: Encuesta Casen 2017- Encuesta Casen en Pandemia 2020, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia 5 2,2 2,0 29,4 4,5 5,4 4,0 9,8 30,7 10,7 6,5 6,6 4,4 1,4 24,9 3,3 7,3 5,9 13,8 22,1 11,5 4,8 7,8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Asistencia Rezago Escolaridad Malnutrición Adscripción al Sistema de Salud Atención de Salud Ocupación Seguridad Social Jubilación Hacinamiento Servicios básicos Educación Salud Trabajo y Seguridad Social Vivienda Porcentaje Carencia de la pobreza multidimensional 2017 2020 39 ODS 1 2009 a 1,4% en 2020. Por otro lado, el rezago escolar se presenta en mayor porcentaje en los hogares de los quintiles más bajos de ingresos: 2,4% en el caso de los hogares de Quintil I; 2,1% del Quintil II y 0,3% en hogares del Quintil de Ingresos más altos. Por último, para el indicador de Escolaridad, entre 2009 y 2020, se reduce de 34,3% de los hogares ca￾rentes en escolaridad a 24,9%, es decir, una disminu￾ción de 10 puntos porcentuales en 11 años. Salud Para el caso de salud, cabe destacar los indicadores de adscripción al sistema de salud y de Atención de salud. Para el primero, entre 2009 y 2017 se observó una disminución del porcentaje de hogares afecta￾dos por esta situación, de 7,9% a 5,4%. Pero en 2020 la cifra subió a 7,3%, con diferencias entre los hoga￾res dependiendo de los niveles de ingresos (Quintil I con 10,6% y el Quintil II con 10,7%, mientras que el Quintil III y IV presentan 7,4% y 5,4% respectiva￾mente) 8 . Respecto de la Atención de salud, entre 2009 y 2017 se redujeron los hogares afectados por esta carencia, de 8,7% a 4,0%, pero en 2020 el porcentaje incre￾mentó a 5,9%. Durante la pandemia los avances en el indicador retrocedieron el equivalente a una década (5,9% en el año 2011)9 . 8 Hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los quintiles I y II con respecto al resto de quintiles. 9 Para la medición de este indicador en la Encuesta Casen en Pandemia 2020, se realizaron adaptaciones tanto por la necesidad de simplificar su aplicación dado la modalidad telefónica, como para dar cuenta de las situaciones actuales de acceso a la salud debido a la pandemia. Más detalles en: http://observatorio.ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/storage/docs/casen/2020/210707_Carencias_PM_Ca￾sen_en_Pandemia_2020.pdf (apartado 3.9). 10 Esta disminución se debe analizar con cautela, considerando simultáneamente la relación entre las personas carentes en ocupación y seguridad social y cómo la pandemia afectó con más fuerza a los empleados informales. Para más detalle, ver: http://observatorio.ministe￾riodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/storage/docs/casen/2020/210707_Carencias_PM_Casen_en_Pandemia_2020.pdf (páginas 16-20). 11 Hogares carentes por Hacinamiento, se define como: el número de personas en el hogar por dormitorio de uso exclusivo es mayor o igual a 2,5. Por otro lado, también cabe tener en cuenta que, por su diseño muestral, la Encuesta Casen no incorpora en su levantamiento a la población residente en campamentos. 12 De acuerdo con el último estudio del Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo (2022), en Chile hay 1.091 campamentos, los que albergan a 71.961 hogares. Para más información, ver:https://www.gob.cl/noticias/minvu-presenta-el-catastro-nacional-de-campamentos-2022/ Trabajo y Seguridad Social Durante la pandemia aumentaron los hogares que presentan carencias, dado que algunos de sus inte￾grantes no estaban ocupados (el porcentaje de hoga￾res carentes en Ocupación pasa de un 9,8% a 13,8% desde 2017 a 2020) o que los hogares con miembros en edad de jubilar no estaban recibiendo esta presta￾ción (contributiva o no contributiva). Por esto, se pasa de 10,7% en 2017 a un 11,5% en 2020. Por otra parte, disminuyeron los hogares carentes en seguridad so￾cial (de un 30,7% a un 22,1% desde 2017 a 2020)10, es decir, aquellos en los cuales alguno de sus miembros se encuentra ocupado y no cotiza en el sistema pre￾visional, y no es trabajador independiente con educa￾ción superior completa. Asimismo, se observan desigualdades relevantes por nivel de ingresos de los hogares. En el caso de los ho￾gares del primer quintil, la tasa de desocupación se in￾crementó desde 20,7% a 32,2% entre 2017 y 2020, y en el segundo quintil se incrementó de 10,2% a 17,7%. Vivienda En el indicador de hacinamiento se constató una re￾ducción del porcentaje de hogares que presentan esta carencia entre 2017 y 2020, desde 6,5% a 4,8%11. Ahora bien, información complementaria indica que las cifras de población que vive en campamentos se han incrementado fuertemente desde el año 201912. 40 ODS 1 Luego, con relación al indicador Servicios básicos, el porcentaje de hogares sin acceso a ellos aumentó desde 6,6% a 7,8% entre 2017 y 2020. ›Indicador 1.3.1: Proporción de la población cu￾bierta por sistemas o niveles mínimos de protección social, desglosada por sexo, distinguiendo entre los niños y niñas, los desempleados, los ancianos y an￾cianas, las personas con discapacidad, las mujeres embarazadas, los recién nacidos, las víctimas de ac￾cidentes de trabajo, los pobres y los vulnerables. A nivel país, el porcentaje de personas protegidas por programas contributivos o recibiendo beneficios con￾tributivos o no contributivos se mantuvo en torno al 70% entre los años 2016 y 2020. Si bien existió un alza el 2018, el porcentaje de cobertura ha ido bajando (71,9% y 73,6% para los años 2019 y 2020, respecti￾vamente) (Gráfico N° 7). ›Indicador 1.4.1: Proporción de la población que vive en hogares con acceso a los servicios básicos. Este indicador mide el porcentaje de la población que reside en viviendas particulares con un acceso adecua￾do a los servicios básicos (agua potable y sistema de eliminación de excretas). Se observa que ha disminuido el porcentaje de la población nacional que vive en ho￾gares con acceso a los servicios básicos, de un 96,5% en el año 2015 a un 92,2% en el año 2020 (Gráfico N° 8). GRÁFICO Nº 7 Proporción de la población cubierta por sistemas o niveles mínimos de protección social (2016-2020) (Indicador 1.3.1) Fuente: Registro Información Social del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social e Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. 75,1 78,1 71,9 73,6 0 20 40 60 80 2016 2018 2019 2020 Porcentaje GRÁFICO Nº 8 Proporción de la población que vive en hogares con acceso a los servicios básicos (2015-2020) (Indicador 1.4.1) Fuente: Encuesta Casen 2017- Encuesta Casen en Pandemia 2020, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia 96,5 93,7 92,2 0 20 40 60 80 100 2015 2017 2020 Porcentaje 41 ODS 1 CATEGORÍA 2015 2017 2020 País 96,5 93,7 92,2 Hombre 96,2 93,4 91,8 Mujer 96,8 94,0 92,5 Arica y Parinacota 93,4 92,3 92,7 Tarapacá 98,5 92,2 92,5 Antofagasta 99,1 91,9 93,3 Atacama 97,2 96,0 92,3 Coquimbo 95,5 91,7 90,3 Valparaíso 97,2 95,5 92,1 Metropolitana 99,2 97,4 95,4 O’Higgins 96,0 93,4 89,1 Maule 95,6 92,1 91,1 Ñuble 89,6 89,1 Biobío 96,2 94,8 91,0 La Araucanía 85,2 81,4 82,5 Los Ríos 90,5 86,1 84,5 Los Lagos 89,8 82,0 84,8 Aysén 94,3 95,0 92,8 Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena 99,2 94,5 94,6 Urbano 99,0 97,1 94,9 Rural 79,3 70,3 64,2 Fuente: Encuesta Casen 2017- Encuesta Casen en Pandemia 2020, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia TABLA N° 1 Proporción de la población que vive en hogares con acceso a los servicios básicos a nivel país, por sexo, por región y por zona de residencia (2015-2020) En este mismo periodo, la tendencia a la baja en el indicador está presente en los hombres, en las muje￾res, en todos los grupos de edad y en las zonas urbana y rural. A nivel regional, las bajas más importantes se dieron en las regiones de Valparaíso, Metropolitana, O’Higgins y del Biobío13 (Tabla N° 1). 13 Para todas estas categorías, las diferencias son estadísticamente significativas para los años de la serie. 14 Para estos casos las diferencias son estadísticamente significativas. Si se observa el indicador solo para el año 2020 (Tabla N° 1), es menor el porcentaje de quienes viven en hoga￾res con acceso a los servicios básicos para el caso de los hombres, para la población rural y para las regiones de Coquimbo, O’Higgins, La Araucanía, Los Lagos, Los Ríos y Ñuble (con respecto al porcentaje del país, 92,2%)14. 42 ODS 1 ›Indicador 1.4.2: Proporción del total de la pobla￾ción adulta con derechos seguros de tenencia de la tierra: a) que posee documentación reconocida legalmente al respecto y b) considera seguros sus derechos, desglosada por sexo y tipo de tenencia. Este indicador da cuenta de los hogares propietarios (pagada completamente o pagándose, en modali￾dad exclusiva o compartida con otros hogares) y/o con arriendo formal (contrato) respecto del total de hogares. Como se observa en los datos (Gráfico N° 9), entre 2015 y 2017 hay un descenso del porcentaje de hogares propietarios y/o con arriendo formal a nivel país, en las mujeres y en la zona urbana, presentado un aumento para la zona rural. A nivel regional (Tabla N° 2), este indicador baja entre el año 2015 y 2017 para las regiones de Arica y Pari￾nacota, Atacama, Valparaíso, Biobío y Aysén. 87,3 88,4 85,5 87,8 83,8 86,2 88,4 83,1 86,3 85,6 0 20 40 60 80 100 2015 2017 Porcentaje País Hombre Mujer Urbano Rural GRÁFICO Nº 9 Proporción del total de la población adulta con derechos seguros de tenencia de la tierra (2015-2017) (Indicador 1.4.2) Fuente: Encuesta Casen, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia REGIÓN 2015 2017 Arica y Parinacota 93,4 89,4 Tarapacá 92,2 89,2 Antofagasta 87,1 83,6 Atacama 91,0 86,7 Coquimbo 87,8 89,4 Valparaíso 87,9 85,7 Metropolitana 85,4 84,5 O’Higgins 84,4 88,2 Maule 88,6 87,6 Ñuble 86,8 Biobío 90,7 88,0 La Araucanía 89,2 88,3 Los Ríos 88,2 86,0 Los Lagos 84,8 84,6 Aysén 94,9 91,3 Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena 90,9 89,3 Fuente: Encuesta Casen, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia TABLA N° 2 Porcentaje de hogares propietarios y/o con arriendo formal por región (2015-2017) 43 ODS 1 ›Indicador 1.5.1: Número de personas muertas, desaparecidas y afectadas directamente atribuido a desastres por cada 100.000 habitantes Este indicador se mide a través de: A) Número de per￾sonas fallecidas atribuido a los desastres, por cada 100.000 habitantes; B) Número de personas desapare￾cidas atribuido a los desastres, por cada 100.000 habi￾tantes; C) Número de personas directamente afectadas atribuido a los desastres, por cada 100.000 habitantes (indicador compuesto por número de personas heridas o enfermas atribuido a los desastre, de personas cuya vivienda ha sido dañada, de personas cuya vivienda ha sido destruida y de personas cuyos medios de vida se vieron afectados o destruidos). 15 En el periodo observado, solo se considera información para aquellos años en que hay eventos categorizados por el Servicio Nacional de Prevención y Respuesta ante Desastres como desastres: situación con un nivel de afectación e impacto que no permite ser gestionada con capacidades regionales, y requiere refuerzos o apoyos desde otras zonas del país, a través de una coordinación de nivel nacional (Art. N° 2, Ley 21.364), conforme con los siguientes criterios: 1. El evento requirió la conformación de un Comité Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos de Desastres (COGIRD Nacional); 2. Conforme a la evaluación de impacto de un evento destructivo, estar considerado como Emergencia Nivel IV; 3. Decreto por Zona de Catástrofe y/o Decreto de Estado de Excepción Constitucional; 4. Conformación de Mesa Técnica a Nivel Nacional. En aquellos años en que no se observan desastres se consigna un valor = 0 (cero), que para el indicador completo (A+B+C), corresponde para los años 2018 y 2019. Durante el año 2020 y 2021, solo se considera desastre la pandemia por covid-19, lo que explica el fuerte aumento del indicador, producto del incremen￾to de la afectación (C), principalmente relacionado con el número de personas heridas o enfermas, ade￾más del número de muertes atribuidas a desastres (A) 15. Para el caso de las personas desaparecidas (B), en￾tre 2015 y 2021 no se observaron desastres bajo esta denominación. (Gráfico N° 10, 11 y 12). 44 GRÁFICO Nº 10 Tasa total de muertes, personas afectadas y personas desaparecidas (2015-2021) (Indicador 1.5.1) Fuente: Plataforma de monitoreo a la implementación del Marco de Sendai para la Reducción de Riesgos de Desastres, Sistema Estadístico Institucional del Servicio Nacional de Prevención y Respuesta ante Desastres. Demografías y Vitales - Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE) 252,4 3,6 81,1 0,0 0,0 7650,4 3689,5 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Tasa (por cada 100.000 habitantes) ODS 1 45 GRÁFICO Nº 11 Tasa de muertes atribuidas a desastres (2015-2021) (Indicador 1.5.1) Fuente: Plataforma de monitoreo a la implementación del Marco de Sendai para la Reducción de Riesgos de Desastres, Sistema Estadístico Institucional del Servicio Nacional de Prevención y Respuesta ante Desastres. Demografías y Vitales - Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE) 0,3 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 114,2 142,2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Tasa (por cada 100.000 habitantes) GRÁFICO Nº 12 Tasa de personas directamente afectadas atribuido a los desastres (2015-2021) (Indicador 1.5.1) Fuente: Plataforma de monitoreo a la implementación del Marco de Sendai para la Reducción de Riesgos de Desastres, Sistema Estadístico Institucional del Servicio Nacional de Prevención y Respuesta ante Desastres. Demografías y Vitales - Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE) 252,0 3,6 80,9 0,0 0,0 7536,3 3547,3 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Tasa (por cada 100.000 habitantes) ODS 1 ›Indicador 1.5.3: Número de países que adoptan y aplican estrategias nacionales de reducción del riesgo de desastres en consonancia con el Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2015-2030. Chile adopta y aplica estrategias nacionales de re￾ducción del riesgo de desastres en consonancia con el Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2015-2030: la Política Nacional para Re￾ducción del Riesgo de (PNRRD) y Plan Estratégico Nacional para la reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2020-2030 (PENRRD 2020-2030). La PNRRD16 obedece a los compromisos internaciona￾les adquiridos por el Estado de Chile y la necesidad de establecer el marco rector que fortalezca la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres (GRD) en el país al año 2030. Es el instrumento que orienta las acciones y decisio￾nes políticas, a través de lineamientos y directrices desde una perspectiva integral, que contribuyan al desarrollo sostenible del país en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. 16 https://bibliogrd.senapred.gob.cl/bitstream/handle/123456789/4110/PoliticaNacional_2020%28principal%29.pdf?sequence=5&isA￾llowed=y Está compuesta por un conjunto de principios, en￾foques transversales, ejes prioritarios (5), objetivos estratégicos (25) y acciones estratégicas (74), imple￾mentados a través de su respectivo PENRRD 2020- 2030, que recoge brechas detectadas de procesos an￾teriores y considera las particularidades territoriales y diversidades de las comunidades, por medio de la ejecución de acciones prioritarias emanadas de las directrices instaladas en dicha política. ›Indicador 1.5.4: Proporción de gobiernos locales que adoptan y aplican estrategias locales de reduc￾ción del riesgo de desastres en consonancia con las estrategias nacionales de reducción del riesgo de desastres. Este indicador hace referencia a las estrategias de reducción del riesgo de desastres a nivel comunal. Desde 2015 a 2021, cada vez son más las comunas que poseen estrategias de reducción de riesgo de de￾sastres, aumentando de un 20,3% en el año 2015 a un 78,6% a 2021 (Gráfico Nº 13). 46 GRÁFICO Nº 13 Proporción de gobiernos locales que adoptan y aplican estrategias locales de reducción del riesgo de desastres (2015-2021) (Indicador 1.5.4) Fuente: Plataforma de monitoreo a la implementación del Marco de Sendai para la Reducción de Riesgos de Desastres, Servicio Nacional de Prevención y Respuesta ante Desastres (SENAPRED). 20,3 22,0 29,9 53,3 62,3 65,2 78,6 0 20 40 60 80 100 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Porcentaje ODS 1 Este aumento paulatino responde a la obligación le￾gal que tienen los municipios de adoptar estrategias locales de reducción del riesgo de desastres (RRD). En efecto, tal como se menciona en la Ley 21.364, los municipios que no cuenten con este tipo de instru￾mentos tienen un plazo de dos años posterior a la pu￾blicación de aquella para adoptar dichas estrategias. Dado que la Ley fue publicada el 7 de agosto del 2021, el 7 de agosto de 2023 todos los municipios debieran contar con estrategias de RRD17. ›Indicador 1.a.2: Proporción del gasto público to￾tal que se dedica a servicios esenciales (educación, salud y protección social). Este indicador presenta importantes alzas en los años 2020 y 2021, lo que se considera positivo y se condice con el esfuerzo país extra para mitigar los efectos de 17 Ver Ley 21.364: -Título II -Párrafo 1°, artículo 28: DEL PLAN COMUNAL PARA LA REDUCCIÓN DEL RIESGO DE DESASTRES. Los Planes Comunales para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres serán desarrollados por la Unidad de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres de la co￾muna, o por quien haya sido encomendado en dicha función, previo informe técnico del Servicio Nacional de Prevención y Respuesta ante Desastres en conformidad con los términos establecidos en el reglamento. Recibido el citado informe técnico, el alcalde requerirá el acuerdo del Comité Comunal para aprobar el Plan Comunal para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres mediante decreto alcaldicio. Para el financiamiento de la elaboración del Plan Comunal para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres, las municipalidades podrán participar del Programa de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres a que hace referencia el artículo 41. -Y el artículo quinto transitorio de las Disposiciones Transitorias: Los Instrumentos de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres establecidos en el Párrafo 1° del Título II de esta ley, que no se hubiesen dictado o no estuviesen vigentes a la fecha de publicación de esta ley, deberán ser dictados dentro de los dos años siguientes a su publi￾cación. https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1163423 la pandemia. La partida de protección social es la que tuvo un mayor aumento entre 2020 y 2021. El indicador muestra la suma, como porcentaje del gasto público total anual del gobierno central, de las partidas destinadas a educación, salud y protección social. Según los datos obtenidos de la DIPRES en su informe de Estadísticas de las Finanzas Públicas 2012-2021, el Estado de Chile tiene una tendencia al alza en la proporción de gasto destinado a las partidas mencionadas. Como se observa en el Gráfico N° 14, el indicador tuvo alzas anuales de 0,6 puntos porcentua￾les en promedio entre 2016 y 2019, mientras que en 2020 y 2021 se constataron alzas de 3,5 y 4,9 puntos porcentuales respectivamente. Es llamativo el aumento de la partida de protección social (Gráfico N° 15). Como porcentaje del gasto to￾tal, hasta antes de 2019, el gasto en protección social 47 GRÁFICO Nº 14 Suma del gasto en Educación, Salud y Protección Social (Como porcentaje del Gasto Total, Gobierno Central) (2015-2021) (Indicador 1.a.2) Fuente: Estadísticas de la Finanzas Públicas 2012-2021, Dirección de Presupuestos (DIPRES) 65,5 66,0 66,8 67,1 68,1 71,6 76,5 0 20 40 60 80 100 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Porcentaje ODS 1 presentaba una tendencia a la baja, pasando de 26,7% en 2015 a 24,3% en 2018, para luego subir a 43,3% durante el año 2021. Esto se puede explicar por el au￾mento del gasto destinado a protección social, debido a la generación de políticas públicas para enfrentar los efectos adversos de la pandemia sobre las fami￾lias, como el Ingreso Familiar de Emergencia (IFE), los bonos a la clase media y los préstamos solidarios. 48 GRÁFICO Nº 15 Gasto en Salud, Educación y Protección Social (Como porcentaje del Gasto Total, Gobierno Central) (2015-2021) (Indicador 1.a.2) Fuente: Estadísticas de la Finanzas Públicas 2012-2021, Dirección de Presupuestos (DIPRES) Porcentaje 18,8 19,0 19,9 20,8 21,1 22,1 18,1 20,0 21,1 21,5 22,0 22,1 19,8 15,1 26,7 25,8 25,4 24,3 24,9 29,7 43,3 0 20 40 60 80 100 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Salud Educación Protección Social ODS 1 POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS PARA EL LOGRO DEL ODS 1 A continuación, se describen las 14 iniciativas públicas impulsadas para avanzar en el logro de este objetivo. Entre ellas se destacan las impulsadas por el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia, el Ministerio de Vivien￾da y Urbanismo, el Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo, el Ministerio de Energía y la Subsecretaría de las Culturas y las Artes, todos con 2 iniciativas cada uno. MINISTERIO DE DESARROLLO SOCIAL Y FAMILIA-FOSIS › Iniciativa: Ecosistema de Emprendimientos Población objetivo: familias y comunidades en situa￾ción de pobreza. Descripción breve: Se propone generar emprendi￾mientos productivos que permitan avanzar hacia una ventanilla única de postulación a los programas de emprendimiento del Estado. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 1.3 Se relaciona con la meta de implementar a nivel na￾cional sistemas y medidas apropiadas de protección social para todos, incluidos niveles mínimos. MINISTERIO DE DESARROLLO SOCIAL Y FAMILIA-SENAMA › Iniciativa: Programa Vínculos Población objetivo: personas mayores. Descripción breve: Consiste en el acompañamiento continuo para las personas mayores de 65 años que ingresan al nuevo Subsistema de Seguridades y Opor￾tunidades, entregándoles herramientas psicosociales que permitan fortalecer su identidad, autonomía y sentido de pertenencia. Entrega herramientas a per￾sonas mayores en situación de vulnerabilidad social para que logren vincularse con la red de apoyo social de su comuna y con sus pares. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Metas 1.1 y 1.5 Éste se relaciona con la meta referida a erradicar para todas las personas y en todo el mundo la pobreza ex￾trema. También al fomento de resiliencia de los po￾bres y las personas que se encuentran en situaciones de vulnerabilidad. Asimismo, a reducir su exposición a los fenómenos externos relacionados con el clima y otras perturbaciones y desastres económicos, socia￾les y ambientales. › Iniciativa: Bolsillo Familiar Electrónico Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional. Descripción breve: El Bolsillo Familiar Electrónico (BFE) es el medio a través de cual se paga el aporte mensual de $13.500 por causante, como una forma de ayudar a enfrentar el alza en el precio de los ali￾mentos. Opera como un beneficio que está destinado únicamente a cubrir o complementar el valor de las compras de todo tipo de productos en comercios del rubro alimenticio. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Metas 1.1 y 2.1 Esta medida forma parte del conjunto de acciones del Estado para proveer protección social a las personas de menores ingresos y en situación de vulnerabilidad, en este caso para enfrentar el alza del precio de los alimentos. 49 ODS 1 › Iniciativa: Subsidio Único Familiar Población objetivo: Población perteneciente al 60% económicamente más vulnerable según el RSH Descripción breve: El subsidio Único Familiar corres￾ponde a un monto monetario destinado a las perso￾nas de escasos recursos que pertenecen al 60% de la población nacional socioeconómicamente más vulnerable, según el Registro Social de Hogares (RSH). Las personas con derecho a recibir este Subsidio Úni￾co Familiar pueden además acceder a prestaciones médicas y odontológicas gratuitas. La Ley 21.550, es￾tablece la automatización de acceso a la prestación para la población objetivo. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Metas 1.1 y 1.2 Contribuye al progreso de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible relacionados con la reducción de la pobreza. MINISTERIO DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO › Iniciativa: Plan de Emergencia Habitacional Población objetivo: familias en situación de urgencia habitacional ubicadas en el tramo 40% del Registro Social de Hogares (RSH), de mayor vulnerabilidad so￾cioeconómica o menores ingresos. Descripción breve: Es una estrategia para abordar con sentido de urgencia el déficit habitacional que existe en Chile, ir en apoyo de las personas que más necesitan colaboración del Estado para acceder a una vivienda de adecuada. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Metas 1.2 y 11.1 Este plan significará mejorar la calidad de vida de 260 mil hogares que podrán tener acceso a una vi￾vienda adecuada, contribuyendo a la disminución del déficit habitacional y por ende a la pobreza multidi￾mensional. Socios: Serviu, Ministerio de Bienes Nacionales, Go￾biernos Regionales y Comunales › Iniciativa: Planes Urbano Habitacionales Población objetivo: hogares no propietarios de vi￾vienda, ubicadas en el tramo 40% del Registro Social de Hogares (RSH), de mayor vulnerabilidad socioeco￾nómica o menores ingresos. Descripción breve: Esta línea de acción ministerial tiene por objetivo asegurar el correcto desarrollo urbano en los terrenos de propiedad del Servicio de Vivienda y Urbanización de más de 5ha, a través de una planificación que promueva la integración social en sus diferentes ámbitos y escalas, incorporando y resguardando suelo para equipamientos, espacios públicos y promoviendo la sostenibilidad de las inter￾venciones para entregar una mejor calidad de vida a las familias. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta: 1.2 Los Planes Urbano Habitacionales permiten asegurar la integración social a través del acceso a una vivien￾da adecuada, incorporando además acceso a equipa￾miento urbano y espacios públicos, en este sentido contribuyen a la disminución de la pobreza multidi￾mensional y a la urbanización sostenible. Socios: Gobiernos Regionales y Comunales, SEREMI de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Serviu. MINISTERIO DE ECONOMÍA, FOMENTO Y TURISMO › Iniciativa: Encuesta Nacional del Uso de Tiempo Población objetivo: personas desde los 12 años que residan en viviendas particulares ocupadas de los principales centros urbanos de todas las regiones del país. 50 ODS 1 Descripción breve: La Encuesta Nacional del Uso de Tiempo (ENUT) permite caracterizar el tiempo desti￾nado por las personas a las distintas actividades de la vida diaria, como el trabajo remunerado, el trabajo no remunerado y las actividades personales. De esta forma, se puede reconocer y valorar estos trabajos en términos sociales y económicos. Especialmente la contribución que hace el trabajo doméstico y de cui￾dados no remunerado a la economía y cómo se distri￾buye de manera desigual entre hombres y mujeres. La medición del trabajo no remunerado puede ayudar a comprender la cantidad de tiempo que las personas dedican a actividades no remuneradas, como cuidar de sus hogares o de familiares enfermos o ancianos, lo que puede tener un impacto directo en su capacidad para ganar ingresos y salir de la pobreza. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Metas 1.1, 1.a y 1.b La ENUT entrega datos para la generación de políti￾ca pública y es clave para el diseño de un sistema de cuidados que permita generar una corresponsabilidad entre el Estado, empleadores y los hogares. La medición del trabajo no remunerado puede ayudar a los gobiernos a entender mejor cómo el trabajo no remunerado afecta el empleo remunerado y las opor￾tunidades económicas, y así desarrollar políticas y programas para apoyar tanto el trabajo remunerado como el no remunerado. › Iniciativa: Instituto Nacional de Asociatividad y Cooperativismo (INAC) Población objetivo: cooperativas y sus socios y so￾cias, como personas/organizaciones que promuevan los principios y valores cooperativos. Descripción breve: INAC tendrá el objetivo de fo￾mentar y promocionar grupos preasociativos, que compartan los principios y valores cooperativos. Así se satisface la necesidad de políticas de Estado de mediano y largo plazo, en donde el cooperativismo sea una alternativa conocida, atractiva y validada en la economía y en el sector social. Con la implemen￾tación del INAC se pretende generar las condiciones adecuadas para el desarrollo del modelo cooperativo. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 1.4 El INAC buscará posicionar el cooperativismo en la sociedad, a través de un mayor conocimiento del modelo y mejorando el acceso a subsidios y finan￾ciamientos, logrando emparejar las condiciones con los emprendimientos tradicionales de capital. Con ello, mejorará el acceso de servicios y productos tanto para consumidores como productores, dismi￾nuyendo la desigualdad de ingresos, de acceso al mercado para los más vulnerables, y formalizando microemprendimientos de manera colectiva. MINISTERIO DE ENERGÍA › Iniciativa: Plan de Acción Protección Tarifaria y Pobreza energética 2023-2030 Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional. Descripción breve: El plan está orientado a estable￾cer acciones de protección tarifaria y superación de la pobreza energética para los clientes regulados perte￾necientes al 40% más vulnerable. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Metas 1.3 y 1.4 Este Plan considerará principalmente las siguientes líneas de acción: i) Mejorar la disponibilidad y proce￾samiento de la información para una caracterización más fidedigna de la situación energética de los ho￾gares y las personas. ii) Mejorar los instrumentos de política pública destinados a abordar los desafíos de la población que se encuentra en situación de pobre￾za energética. Además, se identificaron, de manera transversal, aquellas medidas y programas para redu￾cir la pobreza energética en las distintas dimensiones de este concepto, las cuales provienen de distintos servicios públicos. Socios: Ministerio de Hacienda, MDSF, SEC y Asesores Parlamentarios de la Comisión Minería y Energía del Senado. 51 ODS 1 › Iniciativa: Actualización de Política Energética Nacional (PEN)-Propósito 2: Energía para una mejor calidad de vida Población objetivo: especialmente enfocado a hoga￾res vulnerables o aislados. Descripción breve: La actualización de la PEN tiene como enfoque asegurar el acceso universal y equita￾tivo a servicios energéticos de calidad para todas las personas. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Metas 1.4, 3.9, 7.1, 11.2 y 11.b El objetivo es actualizar la PEN para asegurar el ac￾ceso universal y equitativo a servicios energéticos de calidad, que sean seguros, confiables, eficientes y sustentables, así como el acceso a viviendas ener￾géticamente adecuadas y saludables que permitan satisfacer las diversas necesidades energéticas de las personas, con el fin de reducir la pobreza ener￾gética y contribuir al desarrollo humano, atendiendo especialmente las brechas de acceso en población indígena. Algunas metas son: a) 100% de los hoga￾res con acceso a electricidad al 2030; b) 2050: 100% de los hogares tienen un gasto asequible en energía en relación con sus ingresos, eliminando la pobreza energética en la dimensión de asequibilidad, es de￾cir, las personas pueden costear estos servicios. Se avanzará para reducir de manera urgente el uso de fuentes de energía contaminantes en las viviendas (especialmente para calefacción) y el uso de artefac￾tos que perjudiquen la salud de las personas, apoyan￾do la transición a opciones energéticas limpias. Como meta relacionada se tiene, entre otras, la reducción de contaminantes locales (MP 2,5) por calefacción al 2050 en un 100%. La PEN establece dos objetivos: » Impulsar una mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas en las ciudades, abordando la efi￾ciencia energética y sustentabilidad en la cons￾trucción y uso de las edificaciones, y apuntando especialmente a descontaminar el aire de las ciudades. » Promover la incorporación de vehículos, tecnolo￾gías y combustibles cero emisiones con el mejor rendimiento y estándares en los distintos modos de transporte, para tener un sistema de movilidad sustentable y eficiente energéticamente, asegu￾rando contar con la infraestructura necesaria para su implementación. Algunas metas en estos puntos son: a) 100% de las edificaciones nuevas, residenciales y no residenciales, son “energía neta cero”, considerando todo el ciclo de vida de las edificaciones; b) 60% vehículos particu￾lares y comerciales cero emisiones al 2050; c) 100% transporte público y taxis de transporte público urba￾no son vehículos cero emisiones al 2040; d) Al menos 500.000 usuarios conectados a redes de calefacción distrital al 2050. Además, se incluye en la PEN educación ciudadana en energía, donde se busca desarrollar conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes sobre energía en la ciudada￾nía, desde lo nacional a lo local, a través de procesos educativos e informativos que consideren instancias de participación, para contribuir así a un desarrollo y uso energético responsable, equitativo y sustentable del país. Socios: Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicacio￾nes, Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente SUBSECRETARÍA DE LAS CULTURAS Y LAS ARTES › Iniciativa: Liberando Talento Población objetivo: niñas, niños y adolescentes aten￾didos por la red de atención del Servicio Nacional de Protección Especializada a la Niñez y Adolescencia (13 a 20 años aprox.): 9 niñas; 6 niños, 1 no binario Ado￾lescentes y Jóvenes atendidos por la red de atención de SENAME (14 a 22 aprox.): 4 mujeres, 57 hombres. Personas privadas de libertad atendidos por la red de atención de Genchi (desde 18 a años en adelante): 19 mujeres, 36 hombres. Totalizando 132 personas. 52 ODS 1 Descripción breve: Liberando Talento tiene por objeti￾vo garantizar, respetar, fortalecer, promover, fomentar y asegurar el derecho a la participación y el acceso a la cultura y las artes de las niñas, niños, adolescentes y jóvenes vulnerados en sus derechos, pertenecientes a la Red de Atención del Servicio Nacional de Protección Especializada a la Niñez y Adolescencia, Mejor Niñez; de adolescentes y jóvenes del sistema de Justicia Ju￾venil, pertenecientes a la red de atención del Servicio Nacional de Menores y de jóvenes y personas infrac￾toras de ley, privadas de libertad, pertenecientes a la red de atención de Gendarmería de Chile, a través de procesos de formación artística multidisciplinaria, fa￾voreciendo la detección, el desarrollo y el progreso de habilidades sociales, colectivas e individuales, median￾te la generación de espacios de creación, expresión ar￾tística, cultural y educacional que apoyan los procesos reparatorios y que permiten la inclusión, integración y reinserción social. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 1.5 En el desarrollo de las acciones del programa Liberando Talento, se realizó la grabación de un videoclip para el Liceo Intrapenitenciario del CDP Santiago Sur y se está trabajando en la masterización de las obras fonográfi￾cas que realizaron algunos internos. Por otro lado, dos jóvenes del Servicio de Protección Especializada a la Ni￾ñez y Adolescencia que pasaron por un proceso forma￾tivo en Liberando Talento se presentaron en el Festival Rockódromo de Valparaíso, evento realizado en diciem￾bre pasado en el Parque Alejo Barrios en Playa Ancha. Socios: Universidad Católica Raúl Silva Henríquez › Iniciativa: Bono para trabajadoras y trabajadores culturales Población objetivo: trabajadoras y trabajadores del sector cultural. Descripción breve: El Bono Cultura fue un aporte mo￾netario de $450.000.- entregado por única vez el año 2022, a más de 30 mil trabajadoras y trabajadores culturales que fueron afectados en sus ingresos por la pandemia de covid-19. En la región de Magallanes se entregó a 381 traba￾jadores y trabajadoras culturales, correspondien￾do a un presupuesto total de aporte a la región de $171.450.000.- Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 1.3 El bono se entregó a personas residentes en el país, que desarrollan labores en el sector cultural, artísti￾co y patrimonial, que se encontraban incluidos en las bases de datos y/o nóminas de trabajadores del refe￾rido sector, del Ministerio de las Culturas, las Artes y el Patrimonio al 23 de junio de 2022, y que realizaron su postulación conforme a lo establecido en el decreto 27 del año 2022, considerando la última calificación socioeconómica disponible en el Registro Social de Hogares. Se beneficiaron 32.844 personas. Socios: Instituto de Previsión Social-Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia MINISTERIO DE HACIENDA › Iniciativa: Ley N° 21.578, reajusta el Ingreso Mínimo Mensual (IMM) Población objetivo: personas afectas al Ingreso Mí￾nimo Mensual y beneficiarias de las asignaciones y subsidios. Descripción breve: La Ley N° 21.578, reajusta el monto del ingreso mínimo mensual, aumenta el uni￾verso de beneficiarios y beneficiarias de la asignación familiar y maternal, y extiende el ingreso mínimo ga￾rantizado y el subsidio temporal a las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas. La ley considera medidas tanto salariales como de protección social, adoptando mecanismos de ajus￾te para hacer crecer el IMM desde $410.000 (USD $470,01) vigente desde enero de 2023, a $440.000 (USD $504,40*) en mayo de 2023; luego $460.000 (USD $527,32*) en septiembre de 2023, y has￾ta $500.000 (USD $573,18*) en julio de 2024. Así, también se considera que, si la inflación acumulada 53 ODS 1 supera el 6%, en 12 meses el IMM se elevará anti￾cipadamente18. Adicionalmente, el proyecto reajusta los montos y amplía la cobertura de la asignación fa￾miliar y maternal, e incorpora la extensión del Ingreso Mínimo Garantizado. Por último, desde el punto de vista del empleador, se extiende el subsidio temporal a micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Metas 1.3, 8.5 y 10.4 Esta medida contribuye con políticas, en especial fis￾cales, salariales y de protección social, a lograr pro￾gresivamente una mayor igualdad. Para 2030, lograr el empleo pleno y productivo y ga￾rantizar un trabajo decente para todos los hombres y mujeres, incluidos los jóvenes y las personas con dis￾capacidad, y la igualdad de remuneración por trabajo de igual valor. Implementar a nivel nacional sistemas y medidas apropiados de protección social para todos, incluidos niveles mínimos, y, de aquí a 2030, lograr una amplia cobertura de las personas pobres y vulnerables. MINISTERIO DE LA MUJER Y LA EQUIDAD DE GÉNERO › Iniciativa: Ley N.° 21.484 de Responsabi￾lidad Parental y Pago Efectivo de Deudas de Pensiones de Alimentos Población objetivo: niños, niñas y adolescentes re￾quirentes de pensión de alimentos. Descripción breve: la ley establece un mecanismo de pago permanente de la deuda de pensión de alimen￾tos que mantiene la persona deudora con uno o más de sus hijos y/o hijas. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Metas 1.3, 1.b, 5.2 18 Ver detalles en: https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1192720&idParte=&idVersion=2023-05-30 La ley contribuye a resguardar el derecho humano a la subsistencia y desarrollo de los niños, niñas y ado￾lescentes y a ejercer sus derechos en condiciones de igualdad. Por otra parte, la ley busca el cumplimiento del ejercicio de la responsabilidad parental. Socios: Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos, Ministerio de Desarrollo social y Familia y Poder Ju￾dicial. MINISTERIO DEL TRABAJO Y PREVISIÓN SOCIAL › Iniciativa: Proyecto de Ley Reforma Previsional Población objetivo: actuales y futuros pensionados. Descripción breve: El proyecto de ley de reforma previsional tiene como objetivo principal aumentar en forma sustentable las pensiones de los actuales y futuros pensionados, mediante el establecimiento de un sistema mixto de pensiones (multipilar), con finan￾ciamiento tripartito. Esto se logra al fortalecer el pilar No Contributivo, crear el pilar de Seguridad Social fi￾nanciado por los empleadores, y reorganizar el pilar de Capitalización Individual. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 1.3 La reforma previsional busca que todas las personas mayores de 65 años tengan un ingreso que les per￾mita superar la línea de pobreza y crear un sistema de seguridad social más equitativo, en cuanto a re￾sultados y acceso, que permita garantizar seguridad económica y otorgue pensiones dignas. Socios: Ministerio Secretaría General de la Presiden￾cia, Ministerio de Hacienda y Ministerio de la Mujer y Equidad de Género. 54 ODS 1 OFICINA DE ESTUDIOS Y POLÍTICAS AGRARIAS (ODEPA), MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA › Iiniciativa: Créditos de Corto y Largo Plazo Población objetivo: productores agrícolas usuarios de INDAP. Descripción breve: Plataforma de financiamien￾to a través de créditos con distintas líneas de financiamiento específicas (mujeres, jóvenes, organi￾zaciones, turismo, otras). Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Metas 1.4, 5.a y 8.9 Da acceso al financiamiento para desarrollar activi￾dades productivas de carácter silvoagropecuario, con especial foco en mujeres y otros grupos identificados como vulnerables. OTRAS ACCIONES PARA EL LOGRO DEL ODS 1 A continuación, se reportan acciones de otras partes in￾teresadas en la Agenda 2030 y su contribución al ODS 1. ORGANIZACIONES DE LA SOCIEDAD CIVIL El catastro permite conocer que, de las iniciativas o actividades presentadas por cada organización, 31 se encuentran relacionadas a este ODS. Importante es destacar que las organizaciones al pre￾sentar sus iniciativas o actividades debieron vincular￾la con un ODS en específico, pero en la práctica, estas iniciativas se relacionan con más de un ODS, siendo el 1 el que más coincidencias tiene en la descripción del tipo de actividad o iniciativa presentada. Temáticas Diversas temáticas son abordadas por las iniciativas presentadas, donde algunas se relacionan con: » Promoción de la diversidad. » Acompañamiento para la regularización migra￾toria, así como también apoyo psicosocial, vi￾vienda y alimentación. » Capacitaciones para mejor atención y conten￾ción de población en situación de vulnerabilidad. » Programas de inclusión social y laboral. » Residencias para personas en situación de calle, personas mayores, NNA y jóvenes. » Apoyo económico a familias de escasos recursos en sectores rurales. » Apoyo al acceso de vivienda digna para personas y familias de escasos recursos. » Acceso a pensiones dirigido a personas con dis￾capacidad. 55 ODS 1 Regiones: Las actividades orientadas al ODS 1 de las organiza￾ciones de la sociedad civil se despliegan en todas las regiones. Algunas iniciativas presentadas son: iii. Acompañamiento a jóvenes que vivieron en hoga￾res de protección, para apoyarlos en la vida inde￾pendiente y la transición a la vida adulta. Así, faci￾litan viviendas compartidas (casa, departamentos y pensiones), considerando el acompañamiento y autonomía diferenciados de acuerdo al nivel al￾canzado por las y los jóvenes. En cada modalidad, se les acompaña en el desarrollo de su autonomía, de su plan de vida, y la articulación en el acceso a salud, educación e inserción sociolaboral. iv. Apoyo a las personas en situación de calle para ac￾ceder a servicios básicos, tales como: higiene, sa￾lud, obtención de elementos de protección y pre￾vención personal del covid-19, vestimenta acorde a la estación del año en que se esté ejecutando el proyecto y alimentación. A su vez, se aborda la falta de acceso a atención primaria de salud; se entrega información, orientación y vinculación con bene￾ficios sociales y dispositivos de habitabilidad dis￾puesto por el sistema de protección social. ACADEMIA La Red de Campus Sustentable en su reporte de avan￾ces sobre los ODS, preparado para este INV, utiliza los resultados de la aplicación de la herramienta Reporte y Evaluación de la Sustentabilidad en Instituciones de Educación Superior (RESIES) y que aporta a los ODS específicos. Sin embargo, el RESIES no considera los vínculos entre esta herramienta y el ODS 1: Fin a la pobreza. Desde un punto de vista de la pobreza mul￾tidimensional y la interrelación, pueden considerarse los avances que la institución reporta en los ODS rela￾cionados con la Educación de calidad; Empleo decente 19 Los que se expone en los ODS respectivos (4, 8, 10). y crecimiento económico y reducción de las desigual￾dades, entre otros19. MUNICIPIOS De las municipalidades que participaron en el catas￾tro, se deprende que 12 de ellas (48%) trabajan en temas relacionados con el ODS 1. De las iniciativas o actividades presentadas, 17 (9,1%) se encuentran re￾lacionadas a este objetivo, aunque con un impacto in￾directo. Esto porque la mayoría de las actividades tra￾tan temas que están más vinculadas a los otros ODS. Temáticas Diversas temáticas son abordadas por las iniciativas presentadas: » Residencias con apoyo multidimensional para personas en situación de calle. » Acceso a servicios básicos en forma gratuita a través de soluciones sustentables para familias de escasos recursos. » Mejora de las condiciones urbanas, habitaciona￾les y sociales de los conjuntos habitacionales. » Contribuir al desarrollo laboral de los vecinos y vecinas mediante la entrega de servicios de intermediación, orientación y capacitación, con el objeto de hacer más equitativo el acceso al trabajo y nivelar los conocimientos y oportuni￾dades. » Sistema de atención social integral orientado a facilitar el acceso a las diferentes instancias de ayudas sociales, tanto tangibles como intan￾gibles, todas las cuales se traducen en recurso monetario para el o la vecina en situación de vulnerabilidad. 56 ODS 1 » Fomento de la autonomía económica, social y personal de mujeres a través del apoyo a sus em￾prendimientos. Algunas iniciativas presentadas son: v. Residencia que brinda alojamiento, servicios bá￾sicos, alimentación e higiene, apoyo y acompaña￾miento para fortalecer el proceso de superación de la situación de calle, a través de un plan de trabajo adecuado a cada perfil de participante. En el lugar además se desarrollan actividades recreativas y educativas para que los y las participantes utilicen el tiempo libre de manera creativa, potencian￾do así la convivencia y los procesos de inclusión. Esto se desarrolla en colaboración con diversas partes interesadas de sociedad civil y del sector público. vi. Contribuir al bienestar de los vecinos de la co￾muna que se encuentran en situación de vulne￾rabilidad, carencia o estado de necesidad ma￾nifiesta, entre otros, a través de un sistema de atención social integral orientado a facilitar el acceso a las diferentes instancias de ayudas so￾ciales, tanto tangibles como intangibles. Entre las tangibles se encuentra el aumento de ayudas sociales tales como alimentos, vales de gas, su￾plementos, camas clínicas, sillas de ruedas, entre otros. Esta iniciativa de aumentar el apoyo social nace a partir de la pandemia covid-19 y ahora debido al alza sostenida de precios por la infla￾ción. Respecto de las iniciativas intangibles se encuentra la devolución de cuotas de contribu￾ciones y rebaja o exención total del derecho de aseo, impactando directamente en el bolsillo de las personas. SECTOR PRIVADO En el proceso de levantamiento de información de las iniciativas desarrolladas por el sector privado, se logró obtener información de 87 empresas, de las cuales 15 declaran implementar acciones de apoyo al logro del ODS 1: Fin a la pobreza en todas sus for￾mas (Gráfico N° 16). GRÁFICO Nº 16 Número de empresas que implementan iniciativas para el desarrollo sostenible, por ODS (2023) Fuente: Reporte Empresarial para el desarrollo sostenible de Chile, 2023, Pacto Global Red Chile. 15 10 30 39 45 23 34 41 35 30 38 32 47 13 19 14 50 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 ODS 1 ODS 2 ODS 3 ODS 4 ODS 5 ODS 6 ODS 7 ODS 8 ODS 9 ODS 10 ODS 11 ODS 12 ODS 13 ODS 14 ODS 15 ODS 16 ODS 17 No contamos con ninguna iniciativa Número 57 ODS 1 Las acciones realizadas por estas empresas se pueden agrupar en tres tipos, con la siguiente selección de iniciativas en cada una: Accesibilidad de productos y servicios a las comunidades más vulnerables Salud no laboral: Es un programa que cuenta con una red de atención hospitalaria de excelencia en las prin￾cipales regiones y en Santiago, con foco en la atención de afiliados a FONASA, para el acceso de servicios de salud a comunidades más vulnerables. Generación de oportunidades de empleo Programa formación para jóvenes: Programa de forma￾ción dual a jóvenes de estudios técnicos profesionales para realizar pasantías dentro de las plantas (Mejillo￾nes y Calama), para mejorar su empleabilidad futura (alianza con liceos técnicos profesionales e institutos de educación superior técnicos de Mejillones y Cala￾ma). Programa emblemático con más de 1000 estu￾diantes formados en los últimos 20 años. Iniciativas solidarias de impacto comunitario en los lugares donde operan Voluntarios de Acero: programa de ayuda social que convoca y organiza a los colaboradores para realizar campañas de intervención comunitaria que impac￾ten positivamente en aquellos grupos sociales que más lo necesitan dentro del área de influencia de las empresas. Algunas de estas intervenciones son campaña invernal de donación de ropa a personas en situación de calle en la comuna de Renca; entrega de cajas de alimentos días antes de las fiestas patrias en la comuna de Colina; desarrollo de talleres e in￾tervenciones sociales en otros sectores de la región Metropolitana. 58 ODS 1 PRINCIPALES DESAFÍOS En la Agenda 2030 la pobreza tiene una concepción de carácter multidimensional, lo que implica observarla desde varias áreas que están interrelacionadas e interdepen￾dientes. Por lo tanto, las dificultades y desafíos de los ODS son, en muchos aspectos, también retos simultáneos al ODS 1. Es decir, una educación y formación de calidad, reducir las desigualdades y mejorar las condiciones laborales y habitacionales son al￾gunos de los propósitos concomitantes al objetivo de reducir la pobreza. Dicho lo anterior, en términos específicos, cabe señalar que en el proceso de desarrollo de los diálogos para la elaboración de la Estrategia de Chile para la Implementación de la Agenda 2030, se identifican importantes desafíos relacionados con abordar las carencias y brechas socioeconómica entre diversos grupos de la población. Entre estos retos se pueden destacar: 1. Recuperar las tendencias hacia la reducción de la pobreza y acelerar este proceso, frente a las múltiples crisis registradas en los últimos años: sanitaria, económica y climática, entre otras; que constituye uno de los retos de mayor relevancia para el país en esta década. 2. Fortalecer el sistema de protección social actual, que contribuya a la reducción de la pobreza, la desigualdad social y enfrentar las situaciones de crisis. 3. Construir un sistema nacional de cuidados inclusivo que permita enfrentar los cambios sociales, demográficos y epidemiológicos, de manera de disponer de mejores condiciones de vida de las personas y las comunidades. 4. Poner fin a las inequidades, discriminaciones y todo tipo de violencia que enfren￾tan diversos grupos poblacionales en Chile, especialmente las personas en situa￾ción de pobreza y/o vulnerabilidad. 5. Avanzar en acceso a la salud y el bienestar de las personas de todas las edades, el cuidado y la reducción de tiempos de espera en la atención y tratamiento. 6. Mejorar el acceso a la educación de calidad, la capacitación y la formación a lo largo de la vida. 7. Mejorar las condiciones habitacionales y acceso a servicios básicos. 59

Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2022 33 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2022 7. PROGRES REALISES DANS LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES 17 ODD EN COTE D’IVOIRE Objectif 1 : Eliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde 81. Eliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde d’ici à 2030 revient, entre autres, à garantir à tous les hommes et à toutes les femmes, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes vulnérables, les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques, à l’accès aux services de base et à la propriété foncière. Cible 1.2 : D’ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion des hommes, femmes et enfants de tous âges vivant dans la pauvreté dans toutes ses dimensions selon les définitions nationales. Indicateur 1.2.1 : Proportion de la population vivant en dessous du seuil national de pauvreté, par sexe et âge 82. Selon l’Enquête Harmonisée sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages (EHCVM 2018- 2019), le taux de pauvreté est passé de 44,4% en 2015 à 39,4% en 2018, soit une baisse de 5 points de pourcentage. Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2022 34 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2022 Graphique 1 : Evolution de la pauvreté entre 2008 et 2018 Source : DGPLP, INS 83. La répartition des pauvres selon le genre montre une féminisation de la pauvreté avec une proportion de 51,98% pour les femmes contre 49,02% chez les hommes. 84. La pauvreté est également un phénomène rural. En effet, le taux de pauvreté en milieu rural est de 54,7% contre 24,7% en milieu urbain. 85. La pauvreté est inégalement répartie selon l’âge des chefs de ménage. Elle touche plus les individus vivant dans des ménages dont l’âge du chef de ménage se situe entre 46 et 55 ans (44,8%). 86. La baisse de la pauvreté s’explique par l’effet conjugué des performances économiques et sociales, en lien avec le renforcement des infrastructures économiques et sociales ainsi que les mesures de politiques sociales mises en œuvre par le Gouvernement. 87. Toutefois, la survenue de crise liée à la pandémie de COVID-19 a perturbé cette dynamique en raison de son impact négatif sur l’activité économique. La pandémie de la COVID-19 a exacerbé la vulnérabilité des ménages, la fragilité du secteur informel et celle des petites et moyennes entreprises. 88. Une étude réalisée par l’Institut National de la Statistique (INS) a montré que le revenu moyen annuel des chefs de ménages a subi une baisse moyenne de 47,2% et le nombre de ménages supplémentaires qui passe en dessous du seuil de pauvreté est estimé à 32%. Concernant les unités de production informelle, 64,4% subissent une tension de trésorerie, 25,9% un arrêt d’activités et 52,8% une réduction du niveau d’activités due à une faiblesse de la demande globale. 89. Afin de mitiger les effets négatifs de la pandémie et de relancer l’activité économique, le Gouvernement a mis en place un Plan de soutien Economique, Social et Humanitaire, avec trois fonds pour soutenir les grandes entreprises, les PME et le secteur informel. 90. Un soutien aux travailleurs en rupture de contrat a aussi été garanti par le paiement d’allocation spéciale aux travailleurs formels ayant perdu leur emploi du fait de la crise. 48,9% 55,4% 44,4% 39,4% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 2008 2011 2015 2018 Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2022 35 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2022 Cible 1.3 : Mettre en place des systèmes de mesures de protection sociale pour tous adaptés au contexte national, y compris des socles de protection sociale, et faire en sorte que, d’ici à 2030, une part importante des pauvres et des personnes vulnérables en bénéficient. Indicateur 1.3.1 : Proportion de la population bénéficiant de socles ou systèmes de protection sociale, par sexe et par groupe de population (enfants, chômeurs, personnes âgées, personnes handicapées, femmes enceintes et nouveau-nés, victimes d’un accident du travail, pauvres et personnes vulnérables) 91. En matière de protection sociale, le Gouvernement ambitionne intensifier et renforcer les mécanismes de protection sociale afin d’améliorer significativement le niveau de couverture sociale en Côte d’Ivoire. Cet engagement s’est concrétisé par l’institution de la Couverture Maladie Universelle (CMU) par la loi n°2014-131 du 24 mars 2014. 92. La mise en œuvre de la CMU s’est faite en deux principales phases : (i) une phase pilote qui a visé les étudiants en 2017 et (ii) la phase de généralisation lancée en juillet 2019 avec le début des prestations à partir du 1er Octobre 2019. On dénombre en décembre 2021, plus de 3 191 213 personnes enrôlées et 2 200 000 cartes distribuées. 93. Le taux de couverture de la population par la CMU est passé de 11,57% en 2020 à 17% en 2021. La survenue de la COVID 19 a ralenti la fréquentation des centres d’enrôlement du fait des mesures barrières imposées pour la circonstance par le Gouvernement sans toutefois empêcher la délivrance des prestations relatives à la CMU. 94. Pour une meilleure couverture des prestations de qualité, 798 établissements sanitaires (militaires, civile et confessionnels) en plus des établissements publics offrent une prise en charge dans le cadre de la CMU. De même, l’Etat a entrepris un programme hospitalier comprenant la construction/réhabilitation et équipements d’infrastructures sanitaires et la mise en œuvre de la télémédecine. 95. Pour le secteur formel, les cotisations sont prélevées par les quatre Organismes Gestionnaires Délégués (OGD) qui sont, la Solde Civile, la Solde Militaire, la CNPS et la CGRAE. Il ressort que le taux de recouvrement des cotisations au niveau des entreprises privées reste encore faible (40%) en raison notamment de la non-maîtrise de la plateforme de collecte des cotisations e-CNPS. 96. En outre, dans le cadre de la mise en place d’un système de protection sociale au profit des travailleurs du secteur artisanal des transports publics à travers le Projet de Mobilité Urbaine d’Abidjan (PMUA), un manuel de procédure a été élaboré et un Centre Social pilote a été ouvert à la Gare d’Adjamé. La phase pilote initiée par la CNPS en vue du déploiement du Régime Social des Travailleurs Indépendants (RSTI) a permis d’enrôler 65 141 travailleurs indépendants. Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2022 36 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2022 97. Au niveau des filières agricoles, trois arrêtés interministériels ont été pris en juin 2020 portant sur le recouvrement des cotisations des acteurs des filières Coton, Palmier à huile et Canne à sucre villageoises. 98. Dans le cadre de l’amélioration du niveau des prestations servies, le Gouvernement a adopté en 2020, le décret portant création du régime de retraite complémentaire par capitalisation des fonctionnaires et agents de l’Etat, le décret portant revalorisation des rentes, des allocations spéciales et des frais non médicaux dus aux victimes des Accidents du Travail et Maladies professionnelles (ATMP) et 13 plateformes de protection de l’Enfant ont été redynamisées dans des localités de l’intérieur du pays. D’autres mesures mises en œuvre comprennent des paiements en ligne, des transferts en nature (alimentation et articles de ménage), des dons sociaux aux personnes vivant avec un handicap et aux populations âgées, des subventions salariales pour empêcher des licenciements massifs ainsi que des exonérations de paiement pour des services essentiels tels que les factures d’électricité et les transactions d’argent mobile. Cible 1.4 : D’ici à 2030, veiller à ce que tous les hommes et les femmes, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes vulnérables, aient les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques, ainsi qu’à l'accès aux services de base, à la propriété foncière, au contrôle des terres et à d'autres formes de propriété, à l'héritage, aux ressources naturelles, à des nouvelles technologies et aux services financiers adéquats, y compris la micro finance. Indicateur 1.4.1 : Proportion de la population vivant dans des ménages ayant accès aux services de base 99. La mise en service du barrage de Soubré en 2017 et l’extension de la centrale de la CIPREL et celle à cycle combiné d’Azito ont fait passer la capacité énergétique de 1975 MW en 2015 à 2269 MW en fin 2021. Cette hausse de capacité a permis au Gouvernement le raccordement au réseau électrique de 1 399 444 ménages moyennant un montant de 1 000 FCFA au lieu de 150 000 FCFA. Le taux de couverture en électricité est passé de 33% en 2011 à 69% en 2019 puis 88,7% à fin 2021 et le taux d’accès à l’électricité a atteint 97,98% en 2021 contre 72% en 2011. 100.Dans le secteur de l’hydraulique, le bilan gouvernemental de 2019-2020 indique que le parc de pompes à motricité humaine (PMH) a été recensé avec une connaissance précise de son état. De 2019 à fin 2020, 9 012 PMH ont été réparées/remplacées et 20 073 PMH ont fait l’objet de maintenance. De même, 2 411 Comités de gestion ont été redynamisés, en vue d’une plus grande autonomisation dans la prise en charge du fonctionnement des pompes. 101.De plus, selon les statistiques du Ministère de l’Hydraulique, le taux d’accès à l’eau potable en milieu rural est passé de 76,45% en 2019 à 77,98% en 2021. Le taux de couverture en hydraulique urbaine est passé de 72% en 2019 à 76% en 2021. Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2022 37 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2022 102.En matière de santé, le ratio ESPC/population est de 1,29 ESPC pour 10 000 habitants en 2020, soit 1 ESPC pour 7 755 habitants. La norme de 1 ESPC pour 10 000 habitants est atteinte. Ce ratio est en hausse par rapport à celui de 2019 qui était de 1,05 ESPC pour 10 000 habitants. 103.La fréquentation des services de santé a connu une légère baisse en 2020 par rapport à 2019. Cette baisse pourrait s’expliquer par les effets collatéraux de la crise sanitaire à Covid-19 qui a débuté en 2020. Le taux d’utilisation des services publics de santé est passé de 49,7% en 2019 à 46,75% en 2020. 104.L’utilisation des Etablissements Sanitaires de Premier Contact (ESPC) a connu également une baisse, passant de 41,4% à 38,87%. Il en est de même pour les hôpitaux de référence avec 8,3% en 2019 contre 7,28% en 2020. Cependant, la proportion d’habitants vivant à moins de 5 km d’un centre de santé a augmenté de 68% en 2019 à 70,17% en 2020. 105.Malgré tous ces efforts, il demeure des problèmes auquel le système de Protection Sociale reste confronté. Il s’agit de : (i) le sous financement du secteur ; (ii) l’inégale répartition sur l’étendue du territoire des structures sociales de base, (ii) l’obsolescence des infrastructures et des équipements sociaux en certains endroits et (iii) l’inadéquation des curricula de formation qui constitue un handicap pour une meilleure prise en charge de la population cible. 106.Dès lors, les défis à relever au niveau de la protection sociale sont : (i) l’accroissement des financements en matière de protection sociale ; (ii) le renforcement des capacités d’accueil des structures sociales de base , notamment les centres sociaux de proximité, les structures spécialisées pour prise en charge des personnes en situation de handicap et des structures de prise en charge des personnes de 3ème âge; (ii) la résorption de la question de l’inégale répartition des structures sociales de base sur l’étendue du territoire ; (iii) le renforcement des capacités humaines, matérielles et technologiques des services de protection sociale et ; (iv) l’optimisation et le renforcement du système de réponse aux chocs. Impact de la COVID-19 sur le niveau de vie des ménages 107.La pandémie a eu un impact sur la chaîne d’approvisionnement du cacao et le cours du cacao a subi une baisse de 7% entre le 1er Janvier et le 09 mai 2020. Par ailleurs, la combinaison de la pandémie de COVID-19 et de la mise en œuvre du Différentiel de Revenu Décent (DRD) en octobre 2020 a renforcé la volatilité du marché du cacao pendant la plus grande partie de 2020 et 2021. Les grandes entreprises prétextant un ralentissement de la demande dû à la pandémie, ont négocié des prix inférieurs avec le Gouvernement ivoirien, privant la Côte d’Ivoire d’un revenu essentiel et renforçant la vulnérabilité des planteurs de cacao qui en définitive paient la note. Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2022 38 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2022 108.Cette forte vulnérabilité des ménages a été soulagée par les ‘’cash transfert soutra’’ initiés par le Gouvernement pour mitiger et suppléer les insuffisances du système de solidarité informelle fondée sur le capital social qui s’est considérablement effritée du fait de la persistance des effets de la crise sanitaire.

EXAMEN NATIONAL 84 VOLONTAIRE ODD ODD 1 : ÉLIMINER LA PAUVRETÉ SOUS TOUTES SES FORMES ET PARTOUT DANS LE MONDE 4.2.1. Progrès réalisés concernant l’ODD 1 : « Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde » Éliminer la pauvreté au Cameroun reste un déf important pour le Gouvernement. La pauvreté ne se résume pas seulement à l’insuffsance de revenus mais prend également en compte l’ac￾cès aux ressources nécessaires pour assurer des moyens de subsistance durables. Au regard de l’aspect multidimensionnel de la pauvreté et de son impact dans le territoire na￾tional, le Cameroun a fait le choix de retenir toutes les sept cibles de cet ODD comme étant pertinentes au vu de son contexte, lors du processus de contextualisation. L’encadré ci-après précise les cibles retenues pour le Cameroun pour l’ODD 1. Encadré 6: cibles contextualisées de l’ODD1 Cible 1.1 : D’ici à 2030, éliminer complètement l’extrême pauvreté dans le monde entier (s’entend ac￾tuellement du fait de vivre avec moins de 1,25 dollar américain par jour). Cible 1.2 : D’ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tous âges soufrant d’une forme ou l’autre de pauvreté, telle que défnie par chaque pays. Cible 1.3 : Mettre en place des systèmes et mesures de protection sociale pour tous, adaptés au contexte national, y compris des socles de protection sociale, et faire en sorte que, d’ici à 2030, une part impor￾tante des pauvres et des personnes vulnérables en bénéfcient. Cible 1.4 : D’ici à 2030, faire en sorte que tous les hommes et les femmes, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes vulnérables, aient les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques et qu’ils aient accès aux services de base, à la propriété foncière, au contrôle des terres et à d’autres formes de propriété, à l’héritage, aux ressources naturelles et à des nouvelles technologies et des services fnanciers adaptés à leurs besoins, y compris la microfnance. EXAMEN NATIONAL 85 VOLONTAIRE ODD Cible 1.5 : D’ici à 2030, renforcer la résilience des pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable et réduire leur exposition aux phénomènes climatiques extrêmes et à d’autres chocs et catastrophes d’ordre économique, social ou environnemental et leur vulnérabilité. Cible 1.a : Garantir une mobilisation importante de ressources provenant de sources multiples, y com￾pris par le renforcement de la coopération pour le développement, afn de doter les pays en développe￾ment, en particulier les pays les moins avancés, de moyens adéquats et prévisibles de mettre en œuvre des programmes et politiques visant à mettre fn à la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes. Cible 1.b : Mettre en place aux niveaux national, régional et international des cadres d’actions viables, fondés sur des stratégies de développement favorables aux pauvres et soucieuses de la problématique hommes -femmes, afn d’accélérer l’investissement dans des mesures d’élimination de la pauvreté. L’analyse de l’ODD 1 met en exergue cinq thématiques à savoir l’élimination complète de l’extrême pauvreté et la réduction de la proportion de pauvres par catégorie (cibles 1.1 et 1.2) ; la mise en place des mesures et systèmes de protection sociale et des stratégies de développement favorables aux pauvres prenant en compte la problématique du genre (cibles 1.3 et 1.b) ; l’accès aux ressources économiques, aux services de base, à la pro￾priété foncière, au contrôle des terres et à d’autres formes de propriété (cible 1.4) ; le renforcement de la résilience des pauvres et des personnes en situation de vulnérabilité (cible 1.5) ; la mobilisation des ressources pour la mise en œuvre des programmes et po￾litiques visant à mettre fin à la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes (cible 1.a). 4.2.1.1. Progrès réalisés en matière d’élimination complète de l’extrême pauvreté et réduction de la proportion des pauvres par catégorie Dans sa vision de développement visant à faire du Cameroun un pays émergent, démo￾cratique et uni dans sa diversité à l’horizon 2035, le Gouvernement s’est fixé entre autres comme objectifs de réduire la pauvreté à un niveau socialement acceptable. La 1ère phase d’opérationnalisation de cette vision décrite dans le Document de Stratégie pour la croissance et l’Emploi (DSCE) pour la période 2010-2019 est centrée sur cette préoccu￾pation. Deux indicateurs ont été retenus au niveau du Cameroun pour mesurer les progrès réali￾sés pour les cibles liées à cette thématique. Il s’agit de : • la proportion de la population vivant en dessous du seuil national de pauvreté selon le sexe, l’âge et le milieu de résidence : cible 1.1 ; • la proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tous âges vivant dans une situa￾tion de pauvreté sous toutes ses formes, telles que définies par chaque pays : cible 1.2. Avant l’adoption de l’Agenda 2030, les résultats de la 4ème Enquête Camerounaise Au￾près des Ménages (ECAM 4) montrent des améliorations dans la situation de la pauvreté en 2014 qui restent malgré tout marginaux. Le taux de pauvreté est passé de 39,9% en 2007 à 37,5% en 2014. Cependant, le nombre de pauvres a par contre augmenté, pas￾sant d’environ 7,1 millions en 2007 à 8,1 millions en 2014. La pauvreté affecte fortement les Régions de l’Extrême-Nord (74,3%), du Nord (67,9%), de l’Adamaoua (47,1%) et du EXAMEN NATIONAL 86 VOLONTAIRE ODD Nord-Ouest (55,3%) et, dans une moindre mesure, celle du Sud (34,1%). Ces résultats font également état d’une aggravation des inégalités et des disparités selon le sexe du chef de ménage, la région et le milieu de résidence. Environ deux personnes sur cinq (37,5%) vivent en-dessous du seuil de pauvreté établi en 2014 à 738 FCFA par jour (soit 1,25 dollar par jour). Selon le sexe, 37,7% de femmes et 37,2% d’hommes vivent en-des￾sous de ce seuil. La zone rurale concentre plus de pauvres. En effet, près de trois per￾sonnes sur cinq (56,8%) vivant en milieu rural sont pauvres, contre 8,9% en milieu urbain. Il y’a lieu de relever que les deux grandes métropoles que sont Douala et Yaoundé sont celles où l’incidence de la pauvreté est la plus faible avec un taux de pauvreté de 4,2% et 5,4% respectivement. Avec l’appui de plusieurs partenaires techniques et financiers, le Gouvernement a initié de nombreux programmes de protection sociale basés pour la plupart sur le système de « cash transferts » pour prendre en charge les populations qui vivent dans l’extrême pau￾vreté à l’instar du Projet de Filets Sociaux présenté plus haut et du sous-programme de réduction de la pauvreté à la base. Par ailleurs, à travers la quasi-totalité ses documents de planification, le Gouvernement s’est fixé pour objectifs de : (i) ramener la pauvreté autour de 28,7% à l’horizon de la mise en œuvre du DSCE (2020) ; et (ii) ramener la pauvreté à un niveau socialement acceptable à l’horizon de mise en œuvre de la vision 2035. Toutefois, les mesures opérationnelles à entreprendre à cet effet reste clairement à définir. 4.2.1.2. Progrès réalisés en matière de mise en place des systèmes et mesures de protection sociale pour tous et des stratégies de développement favorables aux pauvres prenant en compte la problématique du genre Deux indicateurs ont été retenus au niveau du Cameroun pour mesurer les progrès réali￾sés pour les cibles liées à cette thématique. Il s’agit de : • la proportion de la population bénéficiant de socles ou systèmes de protection sociale selon le sexe et le groupe social (enfants, chômeurs, personnes âgées, personnes handicapées, femmes enceintes et nouveau-nés, victimes d’un accident du travail, pauvres et personnes vulnérables) : Cible 1.3 ; • la proportion des dépenses publiques de fonctionnement et d’équipement consacrée aux secteurs répondant plus particulièrement aux besoins des femmes, des pauvres et des groupes vulnérables : Cible 1.b. S’agissant de la protection sociale, la proportion des populations couvertes en matière de sécurité sociale est passée de 20% en 2015 à 22,5% en décembre 2018. Le nombre de mutuelles de sécurité sociale est en nette augmentation depuis 2015. En effet, le nombre de Comité d’Hygiène et Sécurité au Travail (CHS) est passé de 495 en 2015 à 1096 en 2018. L’amélioration du cadre normatif de la protection sociale s’est accrue du fait de la signa￾ture de plusieurs textes, notamment du Décret n° 2016/034 du 21 janvier 2016 portant EXAMEN NATIONAL 87 VOLONTAIRE ODD revalorisation de l’ordre de 55% du montant des allocations familiales servies aux travail￾leurs ; du Décret n° 2016/072 du 15 février 2016 fixant les taux de cotisations sociales et les plafonds de rémunération applicables dans les branches des prestations familiales, d’assurance de pension de vieillesse, d’invalidité et de décès, des accidents de travail et des maladies professionnelles par la CNPS ; de la Circulaire n° 002/CB/PM du 16 août 2016 relative à l’affiliation et au reversement à la CNPS, des cotisations sociales des em￾ployés des établissements publics et des entreprises du secteur public et parapublic. La Politique Nationale de Protection Sociale (PNPS) a été élaborée. Celle-ci vise à promou￾voir le bien-être des populations notamment les plus vulnérables et à contribuer au déve￾loppement d’un capital humain sain, productif et capable de porter une croissance forte, inclusive et durable, ce à travers l’élargissement de la couverture en protection sociale des populations notamment des plus vulnérables en mettant l’accent sur la construction d’un système intégré. La proportion des dépenses consacrées aux secteurs répondant aux besoins des pauvres reste difficile à évaluer. Néanmoins, des efforts ont été consentis ces dernières années pour l’inscription dans le budget d’un montant de 4,5 milliards de FCFA destiné au trans￾fert monétaire en direction des populations en situation de pauvreté. 4.2.1.3. Progrès réalisés en matière d’accès aux ressources économiques et aux services de base, à la propriété foncière, au contrôle des terres et à d’autres formes de propriété Deux indicateurs ont été retenus au niveau du Cameroun pour mesurer les progrès réali￾sés pour les cibles liées à cette thématique. Il s’agit de : • la proportion de la population vivant dans des ménages ayant accès aux services de base ; • la proportion de la population adulte qui dispose de la sécurité des droits fonciers et de documents légalement authentifiés et qui considère que ses droits sur la terre sont sûrs selon le sexe et le type d’occupation. Une grande partie de la population camerounaise ne jouit que d’une faible sécurité en matière de logement (64,7%). Cette situation est plus importante dans les zones rurales (82,5%), avec un taux d’expulsion de 2,4%, que dans les zones urbaines (44,8%) où les taux d’expulsion atteignent 4,7% depuis 2011 (INS, 2014). S’agissant de l’électricité, on constate entre 2014 et 2016 une nette diminution des ménages ayant accès à l’électricité (58,4% en 2014 contre 53% en 2016). La tendance est plutôt inversée en ce qui concerne l’accès à l’eau potable où l’on note une augmentation de 1,5 point entre 2014 et 2016 (61% en 2014 contre 62,5% en 2016). Plusieurs programmes ont été initiés par le Gouvernement afin d’améliorer l’accès des populations aux services sociaux de base notamment l’accès à l’eau, l’accès à l’électricité. Parmi ces programmes, on peut citer le Programme National de Développement Partici￾patif qui vise à renforcer la gestion des finances publiques locales ainsi que le processus participatif de développement au sein des communes en vue de garantir la fourniture des EXAMEN NATIONAL 88 VOLONTAIRE ODD infrastructures et des services socio-économiques durables et de qualité. Il convient éga￾lement de souligner que des logements sociaux sont en cours de construction dans les grandes villes du pays et qu’un plan directeur d’électrification rurale a été élaboré. 4.2.1.4. Progrès réalisés en matière de renforcement de la résilience des pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable Trois indicateurs ont été retenus au niveau du Cameroun pour mesurer les progrès réali￾sés pour les cibles liées à cette thématique. Il s’agit du : • nombre de décès, de disparus et de victimes suite à des catastrophes, pour 100 000 personnes ; • pertes économiques directement attribuables à des catastrophes par rapport au pro￾duit intérieur brut mondial (PIB) ; • nombre de pays ayant mis en place des stratégies nationales et locales pour la ré￾duction des risques de catastrophe. Les données relatives aux indicateurs susmentionnées ne sont pas disponibles pour le Cameroun. Toutefois, en vue de renforcer la résilience des pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable, le Gouvernement a dans le cadre de son partenariat avec les Nations Unies pour la période 2017-2020, axée sur le thème « les populations plus résilientes et engagées pour un développement inclusif et durable», consacré l’un des quatre piliers à la résilience et à la sécurité alimentaire. Par ailleurs, des engrais et autres intrants agri￾coles ont été alloués aux petits agriculteurs et éleveurs. De plus, les CTD et le FEICOM ont contribué à l’ouverture et l’entretien des pistes rurales, y compris la construction et l’aménagement des espaces de marchés périodiques, pour faciliter l’écoulement des pro￾ductions des personnes vulnérables. 4.2.1.5. Progrès réalisés en matière de mobilisation des ressources pour la mise en œuvre des programmes et politiques visant à mettre fin à la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes Trois indicateurs ont été retenus au niveau du Cameroun pour mesurer les progrès réali￾sés pour les cibles liées à cette thématique. Il s’agit de : • la proportion des ressources directement allouées par l’État à des programmes de réduction de la pauvreté ; • la proportion des dépenses publiques totales affectées aux services essentiels (édu￾cation, santé et protection sociale). En 2015, 1,2% du PIB était consacré à la santé et 3% du PIB au secteur de l’éducation. En termes de dépenses publiques, ces proportions sont respectivement de 5,8% pour le secteur de la santé et de 14,7% pour le secteur de l’éducation. Les dépenses de protection sociale ont considérablement diminué entre 2013 et 2016. Les dépenses totales du Ca￾meroun en matière de protection sociale sont passées de 616,7 milliards de FCFA (4,3% du PIB) en 2013 à 317,6 milliards de FCFA (1,8% du PIB) en 2016. La baisse des prix internationaux du carburant et des denrées alimentaires a impliqué automatiquement une EXAMEN NATIONAL 89 VOLONTAIRE ODD réduction des subventions de 416 milliards à 34 milliards de FCFA, soit de 2,9 % du PIB à seulement 0,2 % du PIB. Avant la chute des prix énergétiques internationaux, la majorité des dépenses de protection sociale du Cameroun concernait des subventions pour l’élec￾tricité, la nourriture, le carburant et les intrants agricoles. La forte baisse des dépenses consacrées aux subventions s’est accompagnée d’une légère hausse des dépenses en matière d’assistance sociale ciblée, même si la plupart de ces dépenses ont été financées par les bailleurs de fonds. Les dépenses d’assistance sociale ont quasiment doublé (en termes réels), passant de 44,8 à 86,8 milliards de FCFA. Cependant, elles ne représentent que 0,5% du PIB. Plus précisément, les dépenses consacrées aux programmes d’assis￾tance sociale ciblée liés à la santé sont passées de 41,3 milliards (0,28% du PIB) à 77,5 milliards (0,45% du PIB) et les dépenses d’assistance sociale ciblée non liées à la santé ont augmenté, passant de 3,5 milliards (0,02% du PIB) à 9,4 milliards (0,04% du PIB). 4.2.1.6. Principaux défis en matière de lutte contre l’extrême pauvreté Dans l’optique d’atteindre les objectifs qu’il s’est fixé en matière de réduction significative de la pauvreté, le Gouvernement devra : • poursuivre l’extension des mesures de protection sociale à un plus grand nombre de personnes vulnérables ; • améliorer les mesures de ciblages des bénéficiaires des programmes sociaux ; • mettre en place des mécanismes nécessaires pour favoriser les synergies d’interven￾tions en faveur des groupes vulnérables ; • définir un mécanisme d’allocation des ressources aux secteurs en prenant en compte leur contribution à la lutte contre la pauvreté ; • déterminer les actions ambitieuses à entreprendre en vue de l’éradication de la pau￾vreté qui est un objectif et pas un axe stratégique dans nos documents de stratégies ; • allouer plus de ressources aux secteurs sociaux ; • mobiliser de manière plus accrue les ressources en faveurs des réfugiés, des dépla￾cés internes et des communautés locales d’accueil.

50 3.2.1. ODD 1 : Élimination de la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde En adoptant le Programme 2030 des Nations Unies, le Cameroun s’est engagé à éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes, y compris les plus extrêmes d’ici 2030. Il s’agit en effet de garantir, pour tous les hommes et les femmes, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes vulnérables, les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques, l’accès aux services de base et à la propriété foncière. A ce titre, le pays se propose d’améliorer les conditions de vie des populations et leur accès aux services sociaux de base en assurant une réduction significative de la pauvreté. Il s’agit : (i) de ramener le taux de pauvreté de 37,5% en 2014 à moins de 25% en 2030 et (ii) de porter le taux de couverture sociale de 22% en 2018 à 50% en 2030 à travers la diversification des dispositifs de sécurité sociale. En 2019, les mesures envisagées pour l’accélération de la mise en œuvre de cet ODD étaient de tenir compte du niveau de contribution à la lutte contre la pauvreté comme critère d’allocation des ressources aux secteurs, aux régions et aux collectivités territoriales décentralisées et d’allouer plus de ressources aux ministères en charges des services sociaux pour renforcer l’inclusivité dans la mise en œuvre des ODD. La prise en compte de ces actions est présentée dans la section ci￾après. 3.2.1.1. Progrès enregistrées et réalisations majeures pour l’atteinte de l’ODD  Progrès réalisés en matière de réduction de la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes chez les hommes, les femmes et les enfants de tous âges Les études disponibles sur la pauvreté au Cameroun indiquent que l’incidence de la pauvreté a baissé de 2,4 points entre 2007 et 2014 pour se situer à 37,5%. En d’autres termes, près de 8,1 millions de Camerounais vivent en dessous du seuil de pauvreté en 2014 dont 8,9% en milieu urbain et 56,8% en milieu rural. Cette performance qui demeure toutefois en deçà des projections du Gouvernement (fixée à 28,7%) résulte d’une croissance inférieure au niveau escompté sur la période et d’une persistance des disparités dans la redistribution des richesses. C’est le cas des régions de l’Extrême-nord, du Nord et du Nord-ouest, qui sont affectées notamment par des problèmes d’ordre sécuritaire et l’afflux de déplacés internes. Par ailleurs, les inégalités entre pauvres et non pauvres se sont accrues au cours de la période considérée. L’indice des inégalités de revenus se situe à 44% en 2014 contre 39% en 2007, soit une hausse de 5 points. Si les inégalités mesurées par les écarts de consommation entre pauvres et non pauvres étaient restées inchangées, le niveau de croissance économique aurait pu permettre de ramener l’incidence de la pauvreté de 39,9% en 2007 à 21,8% en 2014, soit un recul 51 de 18 points. A contrario, les inégalités ont impacté négativement le taux de pauvreté de 15,7 points. La cinquième Enquête Camerounaise auprès des Ménages (ECAM-5) en cours de finalisation, devra fournir des données plus récentes, qui permettront d’actualiser les données et d’affiner les analyses afin de mieux appréhender la situation récente des conditions de vie des ménages dans un contexte de covid-19. Cela dit, des mesures ont été entreprises par les pouvoirs publics pour réduire substantiellement la pauvreté. Elles portent notamment sur : (i) le relèvement du niveau de vie de la population en situation de pauvreté chronique à travers les Filets Sociaux (ii) la création d’emplois décents marquée par une réduction du taux de sous-emploi de 4 points entre 2010 et 2021, (iii) le renforcement des programmes et projets d’accompagnement de groupes d’initiative commun et des paysans dans les domaines de la défense des intérêts des consommateurs, de la promotion de la souveraineté alimentaire, du plaidoyer pour le monde rural, et l’amélioration de l’accessibilité aux populations vulnérables et des milieux ruraux aux services de santé à moindre coût. Encadré 11 : Renforcement des registres sociaux unifiés Le Programme de filets sociaux est un ensemble de programmes de transferts non contributifs ciblant d’une manière générale les personnes en état de pauvreté chronique ou passagère et les groupes vulnérables, pour les aider à améliorer leurs conditions de vie et les protéger contre les chocs. Il est mis en place par le Gouvernement avec l’appui de la Banque Mondiale et de l’Agence Française de Développement. En 2021, les rapports d’activités du Programme Filets Sociaux indiquent un total de 245.000 bénéficiaires pour un financement global de 18 millions. Près de 80.000 ménages vulnérables victimes de la COVID-19 ont été assistés à travers des transferts monétaires d’urgence, 75.000 ménages ont bénéficié des transferts monétaires ordinaires, 22.500 des transferts monétaires d’urgence, et 67.500 emplois ruraux ont été créés à travers les travaux à haute intensité de main d’œuvre. Principaux résultats atteints par le Programme filets sociaux : 80.5 milliards de FCFA investis depuis le lancement, 373,000 ménages couverts par les interventions avec renforcement du pouvoir d’achat, 2,3 millions personnes délivrées de l’extrême pauvreté et l’économie locale renforcée par une plus grande production agropastorale dans plusieurs communes à travers le pays  Progrès réalisés dans la mise en place des systèmes et mesures de protection sociale pour tous, adaptés au contexte national, y compris des socles de protection sociale Le Gouvernement met en place, depuis 2014, des mesures visant à assurer une protection sociale aux travailleurs ainsi qu’aux personnes vulnérables. Suivant cette dynamique, et le processus de mise en place de la couverture santé universelle démarré en août 2020, le Cameroun espère porter le taux de couverture sociale de 22% en 2018 à 50% en 2030. Afin d’élargir la couverture de sécurité sociale au Cameroun, une initiative d’assurance volontaire permettant aux travailleurs indépendants et du secteur informel de bénéficier de cette couverture est opérationnelle depuis 2014. Ainsi, la proportion de la population active intégrée dans le système de sécurité sociale est passé de 10% en 2012, puis 22,5% en 2018 à 22,7% en 2019, soit un gain de près de 13 points en dix ans, en raison notamment de la revalorisation du montant 52 des allocations familiales, le relèvement des plafonds et du taux de cotisations sociales en 2016 faisant suite à un ensemble de réformes dans le secteur11porté par la Caisse Nationale de Prévoyance Sociale. La proportion du budget consacrée aux secteurs sociaux dans le budget global est passé de 1,7% en 2015, à 2,8% en 2019 puis 3,5% en 2020 à 2,5% en 2021. Malgré l’infléchissement observé en raison notamment de la pandémie de coronavirus, ces statistiques traduisent la volonté des pouvoirs publics d’accroitre substantiellement les ressources à l’effet de ne laisser personne de côté et d’offrir aux populations notamment vulnérables des services sociaux de qualité.  Progrès en matière d’accès aux ressources économiques et aux services de base, à la propriété foncière, au contrôle des terres et à d’autres formes de propriété Les données de l’enquête démographique et de santé (2020) révèlent que le taux d’accès à l’énergie électrique est passé de 54% en 2011, puis 62% en 2018 à 65,1% en 2020 restant toutefois en dessous de la cible envisagée de 70%. Malgré cette amélioration, les disparités entre milieux de résidence persistent. Ce taux atteint les 90% en milieu urbain et mais reste à peine à 20% en milieu rural. En tout état de cause, les populations urbaines ont pu noter une réduction des délestages et une amélioration de la qualité de l’énergie qui leur est fournie. Source : EDS, 2018, MINEPAT, 2021 L’accès des ménages à l’eau potable quant- à- lui s’est aussi nettement amélioré avec un taux d’accès qui est passé de 61% en 2014, puis 62,5% en 2016 et 79,0% en 2018 à 79,4% en 2020. Seulement 34 % des ménages disposent d’eau à boire sur place. Pour un peu plus de la moitié des ménages (55 %), le temps d’approvisionnement en eau de boisson est de 30 minutes ou moins et, pour environ un ménage sur dix (11 %), il faut plus de 30 minutes pour aller chercher de l’eau, la collecter et la ramener. Toutefois, ce taux masque les disparités suivant les milieux et les régions de résidence. 11 L’amélioration du cadre normatif de la protection sociale s’est accrue du fait de la signature de plusieurs textes, notamment du Décret n° 2016/034 du 21 janvier 2016 portant revalorisation de l’ordre de 55% du montant des allocations familiales servies aux travailleurs ; du Décret n° 2016/072 du 15 février 2016 fixant les taux de cotisations sociales et les plafonds de rémunération applicables dans les branches des prestations familiales, d’assurance de pension de vieillesse, d’invalidité et de décès, des accidents de travail et des maladies professionnelles par la CNPS ; de la Circulaire n° 002/CB/PM du 16 août 2016 relative à l’affiliation et au reversement à la CNPS, des cotisations sociales des employés des établissements publics et des entreprises du secteur public et parapublic. 47 54 62 65,1 0 20 40 60 80 2004 2011 2018 2020 Accès à l'electicité (en %) 61 62,5 79 79,4 0 20 40 60 80 100 2014 2016 2018 2020 Accès à l'eau (en %) Graphique 16 : Proportion des ménages ayant accès à l’électricité Graphique 17 : Proportion des ménages ayant accès à l’eau potable 53 Plusieurs programmes ont été initiés par le Gouvernement afin d’améliorer l’accès des populations aux services sociaux de base notamment l’accès à l’eau et à l’accès à l’électricité. Parmi ces programmes, on peut citer le Programme National de Développement Participatif qui vise à renforcer la gestion des finances publiques locales ainsi que le processus participatif de développement au sein des communes en vue de garantir la fourniture des infrastructures et des services socio-économiques durables et de qualité. Il convient également de souligner que des logements sociaux sont en cours de construction dans les grandes villes du pays et qu’un plan directeur d’électrification rurale a été élaboré.  Progrès en matière de renforcement de la résilience des pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable et réduire leur exposition aux phénomènes climatiques extrêmes et à d’autres chocs et catastrophes Les données relatives aux indicateurs susmentionnées ne sont pas disponibles pour le Cameroun12. Toutefois, en vue de renforcer la résilience des pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable, le Gouvernement a, avec l’appui des partenaires au développement, mis en place un Plan de Développement National sur 10 ans en vue de réduire les effets de la crise sociopolitique sur les populations et faire en sorte que les régions touchées puissent rattraper le reste du pays. L’une des composantes de ce programme est un plan d’assistance humanitaire d’urgence dans les régions du Nord-Ouest et du Sud-Ouest, adossé à un Plan de Reconstruction et de Développement avec pour objectif de contribuer au rétablissement rapide des moyens de développement dans ces deux régions de façon à renforcer la capacité de résistance des populations. Une autre composante de ce vaste plan est la formulation d’un plan stratégique de reconstruction et de relance des activités socio-économiques dans la région de l’Extrême-nord. Un accent particulier est mis sur le renforcement de la résilience des communautés face aux chocs et/ou crises futurs, en s’assurant que l’égalité entre les sexes et l'autonomisation des femmes et des jeunes sont prises en compte de façon adéquate. 3.2.1.2. COVID-19 : effets et mesures d’atténuation Alors que le Cameroun était engagé ainsi dans une démarche de relance d’une croissance durable, notamment en s’éloignant du modèle de croissance fortement dépendant du secteur pétrolier en particulier, la survenue de la COVID-19 a porté ombrage à plusieurs activités économiques et a rabaissé davantage la population dans la pauvreté. Les données de cette section provienne de l’évaluation de l’impact socioéconomique de la COVID-19 sur les conditions de vie des populations réalisée en mai 2020 (phase 1) puis juillet 2021 (phase 2). Elles indiquent en effet que les mesures restrictives adoptées par le Gouvernement13 ayant eu un impact sur l’exercice des activités quotidiennes des ménages sont, par ordre d’importance : la fermeture des marchés à partir d’une certaine heure, la fermeture des 1212 Trois indicateurs ont été retenus au niveau du Cameroun pour mesurer les progrès réalisés pour les cibles liées à cette thématique. Il s’agit : du nombre de décès, de disparus et de victimes suite à des catastrophes, pour 100 000 personnes ; Pertes économiques directement attribuables à des catastrophes par rapport au produit intérieur brut mondial (PIB) ; et nombre de pays ayant mis en place des stratégies nationales et locales pour la réduction des risques de catastrophe. 13 En réponse à la pandémie, le Gouvernement, à la suite de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), a pris le 17 mars 2020 une série de 17 mesures restrictives, complétées par 7 autres trois semaines après (le 09 avril). Ces mesures étaient, entre autres, 54 établissements publics et privés de formation, la fermeture des frontières et l’interdiction des grands rassemblements. En ce qui concerne l’emploi, moins de 4% de chefs de ménage ont déclaré avoir perdu leurs emplois au cours de la période allant de l’entrée en vigueur des mesures restrictives (le 18 mars 2020) jusqu’à la date de collecte des informations. Parmi les chefs de ménage ayant connu un arrêt de travail au cours de cette période, la raison la plus évoquée par près de 60% des personnes interrogées est celle liée à la COVID-19. On a noté cependant des perturbations dans l’exercice de leur emploi auprès de 15,2% des travailleurs en février à 8,0% en juillet 2021. Pour ce qui du revenu, parmi les ménages possédant une entreprise familiale, trois sur cinq ont déclaré que leur activité économique a été fragilisée par la crise liée à cette pandémie notamment et surtout dans les secteurs du commerce et de l’agriculture. Les prix des intrants et des principaux produits alimentaires consommés avaient également connu une augmentation du fait de la COVID-19 respectivement de l’avis de 20% et 17% des ménages. Graphique 18 : Répartition (%) des chefs de ménage selon leur situation vis-à-vis de l’emploi Source: INS, EPICOVID-19, février, juillet 2021 S’agissant des transferts de fonds de la diaspora camerounaise, sur près de trois ménages sur 10 ayant reçu un transfert en espèce ou en nature des proches ou des amis, environ 35,6% estime que le volume des transferts a diminuée. Près de 6 ménages sur 10 affirment que ces transferts sont restés inchangés et seuls 6,6% des ménages déclarent que lesdits transferts ont connu une augmentation. Graphique 19 : Proportion (%) de ménages dont au moins un membre a reçu des transferts en espèce Source: INS, EPICOVID-19, Juillet 2021 83,4 85,9 81,1 78,6 83,8 89,7 83,3 87,2 6,0 3,3 4,7 4,2 3,0 1,8 3,8 2,5 10,7 10,8 14,2 17,1 13,1 8,4 12,9 10,3 Phase1 Phase2 Phase1 Phase2 Phase1 Phase2 Phase1 Phase2 Douala Yaoundé Reste du pays Ensemble Actuellement en emploi Sans emploi actuellement mais travaillait avant le 18 mars 2020 Sans emploi actuellement et avant le 18 mars 2020 35,7 34,7 32,1 33,1 27,8 28,6 27,7 27,9 Douala Yaoundé Reste du pays Cameroun Phase 1 Phase 2 55 En matière de protection sociale, très peu de ménages ont reçu une assistance des services publiques depuis le début de la pandémie et ce quel que soit le type d’assistance. Près de 40% des ménages, au moins un membre a consulté un professionnel de santé pour diverses pathologies liées à la pandémie. Les pathologies les plus citées pour ces consultations sont principalement : la fièvre/le paludisme, le mal de gorge et la fièvre typhoïde. Durant la pandémie, certains ménages n’ont pas pu acheter leurs trois principaux aliments pendant la période de cette pandémie. En effet, sur le plan national, 6,1%, 4,8% et 7,8% de ménages n’ont pas pu acheter respectivement leurs premiers, deuxièmes et troisièmes aliments de base qu’ils avaient l’habitude d’acheter avant la pandémie. Graphique 20 : Proportion de ménages dont au moins un membre a reçu au moins un type d’une assistance, selon le sexe du chef de ménage et la strate de résidence Source: INS, EPICOVID-19, Février, Juillet 2021 Ainsi, les défis à relever les conditions de vie des ménages ont été multiples. A l’immédiat, ils consistaient à sauver les vies humaines et à sauver et soutenir le secteur productif. il s’agissait dès lors (i) Sur le plan sanitaire, de renforcer l’offre du système de santé en infrastructures et la formation des personnels de santé des formations sanitaires ; (ii) Au niveau économique, d’apporter un soutien budgétaire temporaire et ciblé, sous forme des transferts monétaires, pour protéger les couches des populations les plus vulnérables, et de soutenir le secteur privé pour permettre aux entreprises de poursuivre leurs activités et maintenir les emplois y compris ceux du secteur informel. Enfin, (iii) Sur le plan social, de poursuivre les efforts visant à assurer la sécurité alimentaire des populations d’une part, et l’adoption des mesures de résilience en faveur des communautés rurales qui vivent de la commercialisation légale des produits de la chasse et de la forêt. En outre, des actions ont été prises accélérer la substitution des produits alimentaires importés par des produits locaux d’égale valeur nutritionnelle. C’est ainsi qu’un plan volontariste de riposte sanitaire, d’adaptation et de soutien de l’économie camerounaise a été adopté pour limiter les effets négatifs induits de cette crise sanitaire et préserver les acquis du Programme de consolidation budgétaire et de réduction de la pauvreté. Cinq (05) principaux piliers constituent l’ossature dudit plan, dont : (i) la riposte sanitaire ; (ii) la résilience économique et financière ; (iii) l’approvisionnement stratégique ; (iv) le renforcement de la recherche et de l’innovation ; et enfin (v) la résilience sociale. 6,2 5,0 3,9 3,9 6,6 5,7 4,3 5,3 2,5 3,9 5,5 4,7 Homme Femme Douala Yaoundé Reste du pays Ensemble Sexe Strate de résidence Vague 1 Vague 2 3.2.1.2. Défis et recommandations Malgré les efforts déployés par l’Etat camerounais pour améliorer les conditions de vie des populations et étendre la sécurité sociale et tenant compte de la multiplicité des programmes et stratégies mis en œuvre et des efforts budgétaires consentis alloués, la portée du système de la protection sociale est restée limitée. Ces limites se traduisent notamment au niveau de la faiblesse enregistrée quant aux synergies et cohérence entre les différents programmes et projets à caractère social et au niveau de la coordination entre les différents intervenants auxquels s’ajoutent des difficultés financières liées à la conjoncture économique. Dans la perspective de l’atteinte des objectifs qu’il s’est fixé en matière de réduction significative de la pauvreté, le Gouvernement devra : - élargir la couverture du programme filets sociaux à travers mesures de ciblages des bénéficiaires des programmes sociaux notamment dans les régions de l’Extrême Nord, du Nord-ouest, de l’Est et du Nord ; - mettre en place des mécanismes nécessaires pour favoriser les synergies d’interventions en faveur des groupes vulnérables ; - mettre en place le dispositif d’alerte, de veille et de surveillance pour renforcer la résilience économique et des populations vulnérables ; - accroitre les ressources aux secteurs sociaux ; - réviser la loi sur l’accès à la terre ; - mobiliser de manière plus accrue les ressources en faveurs des réfugiés, des déplacés internes et des communautés locales d’accueil.

23 4 L’extrême pauvreté est l’un des problèmes majeurs de l’humanité. En RDC, la proportion de la population congolaise vivant dans l’extrême pauvreté était de 64,90% en 2012, contre 71,30% en 2005 (au seuil de 1,25 USD). La majeure partie de ces progrès a eu lieu en milieu rural (5,6 points de pourcentage de moins) que dans les zones urbaines (4,1 points de moins). La pauvreté était plus im￾portante chez les hommes (64%) que les femmes (60,30%) pris individuellement. Cependant, ces chiffres sont loin de la réalité actuelle. En effet, la réduction de pauvreté constatée dans les années passées devrait connaître forcément un contrecoup avec la dégradation récente du cadre macroécono￾mique (2015-2017), les conflits inter-ethniques (par exemple, Kamwena-Sapu, Twa et Bantou, Yumbi, etc.), les insurrections à l’Est, les aléas environne￾mentaux (inondations, catastrophes naturelles, etc.), l’impact de la Covid-19, etc. Ce qui doit naturelle￾ment ramener l’incidence de pauvreté à la hausse. Ces différents facteurs compromettent donc la ré￾alisation de cet objectif. D’ailleurs, des projections de base suggèrent que, si les tendances actuelles se poursuivent, la RDC sera à l’horizon 2030 parmi les cinq pays les plus pauvres et un véritable obstacle pour toute l’Afrique. ODD 1. Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde 24 de sécurité sociale susmentionnée étend le système au secteur informel et aux indépendants. D’autres réformes ont été engagées, notamment la mise en place de la CNSSAP, qui constitue un mécanisme de sécurité sociale pour les fonctionnaires et agents de l’Etat. Malgré l’amélioration du cadre programma￾tique et légal pour une meilleure protection sociale, l’action de l’Etat demeure encore timorée. Aussi, son appropriation par les décideurs reste faible. En ce qui concerne la CNSSAP, par exemple, la quote-part de l’employeur (gouvernement) est non effective. Quant aux ressources allouées à ce secteur, les affectations budgétaires ne sont pas non plus encourageantes. En effet, depuis l’adoption de l’Agenda 2030, la tendance des dépenses à des pro￾grammes de réduction de la pauvreté est à la baisse, quittant de 33,80% en 2016 à 26,35% en 2018. Au cours de ces dernières années, les dépenses publiques affectées aux services essentiels étaient quasi-stationnaires, du moins depuis l’adoption de l’Agenda 2030. Elles représentent, pour la période dudit Agenda, 24,43% des allocations budgétaires. Dans les détails, pour toute la période, 68,50% de ces dépenses affectées aux services essentiels vont à l’éducation, 28,49% à la santé et, à peine, 0,89% à la protection sociale proprement dite. De plus, les dépenses publiques de fonctionnement et d’équipement consacrées aux secteurs répondant plus particulièrement aux besoins des femmes ne représentent, en moyenne, que 0,44%. Il n’est donc pas étonnant que très peu de congolais accèdent à la couverture de protection sociale et qu’en consé￾quence, la pauvreté augmente. Dès lors, l’intervention de l’Etat est indispen￾sable. Et pourtant, son implication est relativement contrastée. Les programmes de protection sociale ne concernent que 5% de la population congolaise contre 13% en Afrique subsaharienne et 45% dans le Monde. Mais des progrès encourageants ont été enregistrés au cours des cinq dernières années. D’une part, le cadre programmatique s’est doté, en 2016, de la politique nationale de protection sociale, adossée à une Stratégie Nationale de la Protection Sociale (SNPS). Il s’agit d’une première en RDC. D’autre part, les quatre piliers de la protection so￾ciale se sont enrichis d’un cadre programmatique et légal actualisé mieux articulé. S’agissant de l’accès aux soins de santé essentiels, y compris les soins de maternité, le gouvernement de la RDC met en œuvre un programme devant aboutir à une couverture sanitaire universelle. La loi déter￾minant les principes fondamentaux relatifs à la mu￾tualité adoptée en 2017 et la loi fixant les principes fondamentaux à l’organisation de la santé publique adoptée en 2018 constituent une avancée significa￾tive. Elles posent les bases de la couverture sanitaire universelle. Pour ce qui est de l’accès à l’alimentation, à l’édu￾cation et aux soins de santé pour les enfants, le gouver￾nement a institué la gratuité de l’enseignement de base. Ce programme permettra de récupérer dans le système scolaire des millions d’enfants dans le sys￾tème éducatif, particulièrement les plus vulnérables. Ce programme devra normalement s’étendre à des cantines scolaires. En ce qui concerne la sécurité élémentaire de revenu pour les personnes d’âge actif qui sont dans l’incapacité de gagner un revenu suffisant, en particulier dans le cas de maladie, de chômage, de maternité et d’invalidité, la loi fixant les règles relatives au régime général de sécu￾rité sociale adoptée en 2016 a permis d’étendre et améliorer la couverture sociale des travailleurs. Hor￾mis la pension, l’invalidité, les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles, deux prestations sociales y ont été ajoutées en rapport avec la prise en charge des allocations familiales et la materni￾té. Par ailleurs, un décret portant actualisation de la liste des maladies professionnelles en RDC a été éla￾boré et demeure en attente pour signature. La liste des maladies professionnelles va donc quitter de 11 à près de 50 maladies. Toutefois, il sied d’indiquer que le cadre de la RDC relatif à la protection sociale ne couvre pas le chômage et la maladie. En rapport avec la sécurité élémentaire de revenu pour les personnes âgées, la loi sur le régime général

xx ODD 1 : Eradication de la pauvreté : - Augmentation de la pauvreté à cause notamment de la dégradation du cadre macroéconomique, des conflits inter-ethniques, des insurrections à l’Est du pays et des aléas environnementaux (inondations, catastrophes naturels, etc.). - Très faible couverture de la protection sociale, mais avec beaucoup de progrès enregistrés (gratuité de l’éducation, élaboration de la stratégie et de la politique nationale de protection sociale, début du processus de couverture universelle de santé, amélioration du cadre légal) - Diminution des dépenses publiques relatives aux programmes de réduction de la pauvreté, comme celles des services essentiels (éducation, santé et protection sociale).

Rapport d’Examen National Volontaire de la RDC 2023 Rapport d’Examen National Volontaire de la RDC 2023 32 33 Rapport d’Examen NationalVolontaire de laRDC 2023 29 Objectif 1. Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde Rapport d’Examen National Volontaire de la RDC 2023 Rapport d’Examen National Volontaire de la RDC 2023 34 35 La pauvreté demeure importante, voire prépondérante en République démocratique du Congo. Les estimations les plus récentes montrent que la pauvreté est en recul timide, passant de 74,7% en 2020 à 72,3% au seuil international de 1,9 USD par jour. Cette baisse cependant n’annule pas l’ampleur du problème qui demeure très élevée. D’ailleurs, en dépit de cette faible diminution, le nombre de pauvres a augmenté en moyenne de 1,2 million par an. Ce niveau de pauvreté place le pays au troisième rang des pays aux taux de pauvreté parmi les plus élevés en Afrique sub-saha￾rienne. Au-delà de la faiblesse de l’élasticité de la croissance par rapport à la pauvreté, l’augmentation du nombre de per￾sonnes pauvres est également le refet de l’inefcacité et de la taille du système de protection sociale. Les dernières données indiquent que seuls moins de 10% des congolais ont accès au système de sécurité sociale. Dans le cadre du Un système de protection qui se construit et se renforce 71,00 71,50 72,00 72,50 73,00 73,50 74,00 74,50 75,00 2020 2021 2022 Source : OCDD Graphique 1.1 Evolution de l’incidence de la pauvreté régime du secteur privé, en 2020, à peine 68.459 personnes étaient prises en charge aussi bien en termes de pension que de la rente. Le nombre de personnes prises en charge dans le régime public s’élevait à 117.997 en 2022. Plusieurs actions ont été engagées pour approfondir le sys￾tème de protection sociale, mais aussi de l’améliorer. Déjà, les principales institutions de la sécurité sociale ont connu des changements notables. En fait, la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale des Agents Publics de l’Etat, « CNSSAP » a été créé par Décret n°15/031 du 14 décembre 2015. Son pendant dans le secteur privé a connu également une transformation, en passant de l’Institut National de Sécu￾rité Sociale à la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale avec le décret du 14 juillet 2018 (n°18/027). Plus récemment le pays s’est doté de la Loi No 22/031/du 01 juillet 2022 por￾tant régime spécial de sécurité sociale des agents publics de l’Etat. Ces changements institutionnels ont contribué de manière générale à augmenter la couverture de la sécurité sociale. Le nombre des fonctionnaires actifs immatriculés est passé de 23.250 en 2019 à 46.451 en 2020 et ensuite à 117.997 pour l’année 2021. Ainsi, la CNSSAP double l’ef￾fectif de ses contribuables d’une année à l’autre, permettant La pauvreté recule, mais elle baisse faiblement, passant de 56,2% en 2020 à 54,4% en 2022 au seuil national de 1,25$. Au seuil international, elle est passée de 74,7% à 72,3% pour la même période. Rapport d’Examen National Volontaire de la RDC 2023 Rapport d’Examen National Volontaire de la RDC 2023 34 35 Source : OCDD, à partir des Etats de suivi budgétaire Graphique 1.2 Evolution des dépenses pro-pauvres Ces données proviennent de l’OCHA : https://fts.unocha.org/appeals/1113/summary?_gl=1*1qwagcc*_ga*ODA0NzIyNTAuMTY4MDg4MzcwNA..*_ga_E60ZNX2F68*MTY4MDg4MzcwNy4xL￾jEuMTY4MD- 4MzcwNy42MC4wLjA. (p.c. 07/04/2023) 8 ainsi de renforcer sa capacité de subvenir aux droits des retraités et consolider le système de protection sociale au sein de l’administration publique. L’efectif des personnes prises en charge par le secteur privé est passé de 629.175 en 2018 à 676.179 en 2019, soit un accroissement de 7%, alors que dans le secteur public, il y a une croissance de 48,7%. Parallèlement, hormis ces réformes qui permettent de protéger les ménages face à des risques professionnels, des charges familiales (prises en charge par les entreprises et l’Etat en termes d’allocation) ou des pensions, il existe d’autres programmes sociaux qui ont été initiés ces der￾nières années au titre du volet non-contributif de la pro￾tection sociale. Principalement composés de programmes d’intervention d’urgence en réponse aux crises humani￾taires, ces programmes sociaux se justifent d’autant plus qu’en février 2023, 26,4 millions de personnes étaient dans le besoin. Cependant, à peine 10 millions seulement de personnes ont été ciblées par l’assistance humanitaire. Cette limitation s’explique d’autant plus que le besoin en couverture de cette urgence humanitaire s’élève à 2,3 mil￾liards de dollars américains, mais le montant mobilisé n’est que 233,4 millions de dollars américains. Cette somme est essentiellement orientée dans les secteurs suivants : la sécu￾rité alimentaire (87,2 millions de dollars américains), l’eau, l’assainissement et l’hygiène (33,2 millions de dollars amé￾ricains), la protection (19 millions de dollars américains), la nutrition (17,1 millions de dollars américains) et le cash à usage multiple (16 millions de dollars américains)8 . En somme, il va de soi que ces ressources n’ont pas pu contenir l’étendue de la pauvreté. Les autres programmes sociaux visent à générer les trans￾ferts pour le développement du capital humain et phy￾sique du ménage, en vue d’une transition de la pauvreté vers une meilleure situation. A ce sujet, en 2022, en sui￾vant la méthodologie ASPIRE (Atlas of Social Protec￾tion Indicators of Resilience and Equity) de la Banque Mondiale, on a dénombré 19 programmes sociaux, sans Le besoin en couverture de l’urgence hu￾manitaire s’élève à 2,3 milliards de dollars américains, mais le montant mobilisé n’est que 233,4 millions de dollars américains. Rapport d’Examen National Volontaire de la RDC 2023 Rapport d’Examen National Volontaire de la RDC 2023 36 37 Identifier les vulnérables pour des solutions et appuis ciblés Allouer des ressources importantes à la protection sociale ou dans le cadre des dépenses pro-pauvres ne suft guère, encore faut-il prouver que ces ressources atteignent la cible. Les diférents programmes sociaux en cours tablent essentiellement sur le ciblage géographique, auquel sont associés le ciblage communautaire, le ciblage catégoriel et l’auto-ciblage. La carte 1.1 visualise par ailleurs la couver￾ture géographique de 10 programmes sociaux en cours, d’autant plus que le reste des programmes ont une portée nationale. Les techniques actuelles de ciblage sont loin d’être au Carte 1.1 Répartition provinciale de programmes sociaux Source : OCDD, à partir des données fournies par le Ministère des Afaires sociales compter les programmes d’intervention en réponse à la crise humanitaire du Ministère des Afaires Sociales et le Fonds Social de la RDC. Sept de ces programmes sont f￾nancés par des ressources propres de l’État, mais les do￾tations budgétaires ne sufsent pas à garantir leur bon fonctionnement. A ce sujet, le graphique 1.2 est évocateur : les dépenses publiques liées à la protection sociale sont en diminution constante entre 2020 et 2022 (échelle de gauche). L’indice de dépenses pro-pauvres suggère égale￾ment qu’après le premier VNR, les dépenses publiques ne sont toujours pas pro-pauvres, avec un indice de 0,408, loin derrière la valeur 1 qui traduit le plancher pour constater le caractère pro-pauvres des dépenses (échelle de droite). Equateur Kwilu Kwango Kongo Central Nord- Ubangi Sud￾Ubangi Kasaï Central Nord￾Kivu Sud￾Kivu Bas-Uele Haut-Uele Tshopo Maniema Tanganyika Lualaba Kasaï Haut-Lomami Kinshasa Kasaï Oriental Lomami Sankuru Mongala Tshuapa Mai-Ndombe Haut￾Katanga Ituri 0 5127 0 Rapport d’Examen National Volontaire de la RDC 2023 Rapport d’Examen National Volontaire de la RDC 2023 36 37 point. Le Gouvernement continue de travailler à l’afne￾ment du processus du ciblage notamment afn d’étendre l’extension des flets de sécurité sociale tout en renfor￾çant son efcacité. Dans cette veine, un Questionnaire Standard d’Éligibilité (QSE) a été défni et validé, avec le concours de la Banque Mondiale, en vue d’être soumis à tous les bénéfciaires des diférents programmes d’as￾sistance sociale fnancés par les PTF. L’idée étant d’ali￾menter le Registre Social Unique (RSU) qui compte au￾jourd’hui 222 844 bénéfciaires. A terme, en identifant les ménages pauvres et vulnérables que compte le pays, ce registre permettra l’élargissement du système d’assis￾tance sociale et la coordination optimale de toutes les interventions pour les rendre encore plus efcientes. Parallèlement, le pays est en train d’élaborer un guide na￾tional du système d’assistance sociale. L’objectif assigné à ce guide est de fournir à toutes les parties prenantes des informations sur i) la conception de programmes adaptés aux diférents besoins, et ii) les mécanismes de distribution appropriés (argent mobile, virement ban￾caire, coupons alimentaires, etc.) en fonction des carac￾téristiques du lieu où le programme est mis en oeuvre.

8 1. Points saillants Objectif 1 : la bonne tenue des cours mondiaux du pétrole ont conduit le Gouvernement à mettre en œuvre des politiques qui ont permis de réduire significativement la pauvreté dont le taux est passé de 50,7% en 2005 à 36,1% en 2015, soit une baisse sur la période de 14,6 points de pourcentage.

ODS 1 Al analizar el comportamiento del por￾centaje de población en condición de po￾breza medida de manera multidimensio￾nal (meta ODS 1.2), en 2019 el índice de pobreza multidimensional (IPM) se ubicó en 17,5 %, lo que representó una reducción de 1.6 pp con respecto a 2018, cuando 650 mil personas superaron esta condi￾ción de vulnerabilidad (DANE, 2021c). No obstante, la coyuntura económica y social actual resultado de la pan￾demia del COVID-19 ha generado retrocesos en la senda de reducción de la pobreza: entre 2019 y 2020, un total de 3,5 millones de personas entraron a la pobreza monetaria, y 2,8 millones de personas ingresaron a la pobreza moneta￾ria extrema (DANE, 2021c). En 2020, el 42,5 % de los colombianos se encontraba en condición de pobreza monetaria, lo cual representa un aumento de 6,8 pp frente a 2019, cuando fue 35,7 %. A su vez, la pobreza monetaria extrema en el país para el año 2020 fue de 15,1 % con 5,5 pp, superior a la incidencia registrada en el 2019. Retomar la senda de reduc￾ción de pobreza y pobreza extrema vista en las últimas décadas constituye un reto Uno de los grandes cambios sociales que Colombia ha experimentado ha sido la re￾ducción sostenida de la pobreza y la pobreza extrema (meta ODS 1.1). Con base en la actualización metodológica de las líneas de pobreza monetaria y pobreza monetaria ex￾trema 10, entre 2012 y 2019, la incidencia de pobreza monetaria (gráfco 3) a nivel na￾FIN DE LA POBREZA cional disminuyó 5,1 pp. De igual forma, a nivel de cabeceras, se presentó una dismi￾nución de 3,7 pp, mientras que en centros poblados y rural disperso se evidencia la mayor reducción, de 8,9 pp. Respecto a la incidencia de la pobreza monetaria extre￾ma (gráfco 4), en este periodo también se evidencia una disminución, de 2,1 pp, a ni￾vel nacional durante el periodo analizado, en el que se destaca la reducción en centros poblados y rural disperso de 4,9 pp. 2012 0 20 40 10 30 50 60 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 56,4 51,5 47,5 42,9 40,8 36,1 35,7 42,5 36,0 31,6 32,3 42,4 Nacional Cabeceras Centros poblados y rural disperso Gráfico 3. Incidencia de pobreza monetaria, 2012-2020 Fuente: DANE (2021c) 28 REPORTE NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021 para no retroceder en los importantes logros sociales que ha tenido el país y lograr las metas establecida a 2030. Aunque la situación es apremiante, gracias a las diversas estrategias e instrumentos de política social se han mantenido los esfuerzos para reducir la pobreza en el país, lo cual ha ayudado a mitigar el impacto de la pandemia sobre los hogares más vulnerables en Colom￾bia. En específco, el PND 2018-2022 establece una agenda social moderna y efciente que combina diferentes interven￾ciones a grupos en condición de vulne￾rabilidad. Un ejemplo claro de ello es el rediseño y refocalización de Familias en Acción, el principal programa de trans￾ferencias monetarias condicionadas del país, con el objetivo de tener en cuenta el enfoque diferencial a nivel territorial, las diferencias urbano-rurales y las condicio￾nes de vida de los territorios con mayor incidencia de pobreza. En 2020, un total de 2.244.348 hogares fueron sujetos de transferencias monetarias condicionadas, con incentivos de salud y educación (Pros￾peridad Social, 2021b). Adicionalmente, para la misma vigencia, se logró ampliar la cobertura de Jóvenes en Acción, un programa de transferencias monetarias condicionadas a jóvenes en condición de pobreza y vulnerabilidad para que puedan continuar sus estudios, con un total de 205.903 nuevas inscripciones en 2020, para un total de 428.779 jóvenes benefciados con transferencias mone￾tarias condicionadas en los seis pagos de 2020 (Prosperidad Social, 2021b). Además de los programas de transferencia monetarias condicionadas para la supe￾ración de la pobreza, se diseñó y puso en marcha la Estrategia UNIDOS (Estrate￾gia de Superación de Pobreza Extrema), que busca mejorar las condiciones de vida de los hogares más pobres del país mediante el acompañamiento familiar y el acceso preferente a la oferta social pública y privada pertinente en áreas de salud, educación, trabajo y vivienda. Entre 2019 y 2020, un total de 57.433 hogares recibieron acompañamiento, evidenciando las múltiples estrategias y herramientas que se implementan a nivel nacional para la superación de la pobreza (Prosperidad Social, 2021a). Por otra parte, y en cuanto a programas de transferencias monetarias no condi￾cionadas, se desarrolló el mecanismo de devolución del impuesto al valor agregado (IVA), el cual busca que familias en condición de vulnerabilidad reciban compensaciones por el pago al 10 Con base en información actualizada sobre los patrones de consumo de los colombianos en la Encuesta Nacio￾nal de Presupuesto de los Hogares (ENPH) 2016-2017, el DANE, en conjunto con un Comité de expertos en pobreza, realizó una actualización metodológica de las líneas de pobreza monetaria y pobreza monetaria extrema. valor agregado que han realizado. Este instrumento de política es importante en la medida en que corrige la regresividad de este impuesto al compensar a las fami￾lias más pobres el pago que han realizado en bienes y consumo. A raíz de la crisis generada por el COVID-19, el programa aceleró su implementación con el objetivo de contrarrestar los efectos de la pandemia sobre las familias más vulnerables. En 2020, un millón de hogares recibieron esta compensación por COP 75.000 (USD 0 10 20 5 15 25 30 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 24,2 19,8 19,4 19,4 20,1 16,6 16,2 19,3 11,7 10,0 9,4 9,1 9,9 8,4 8,2 9,6 15,1 18,2 7,9 7,0 6,3 6,0 6,9 6,0 5,8 6,8 14,2 Gráfico 4. Incidencia de pobreza monetaria extrema, 2012-2020 Fuente: DANE (2021c) 29 56,9 PPA11) en cinco giros cada dos me￾ses, con una inversión total de COP 367 mil millones (USD 266 millones PPA). Para 2021, se espera llegar a dos millones de hogares benefciados, garantizando el acceso a las transferencias de manera más oportuna (Prosperidad Social, 2021a). Otro mecanismo innovador de política social que ha ayudado a mitigar los efectos de la pandemia en las familias más vul￾nerables ha sido Ingreso Solidario. Este programa tiene como fnalidad entre￾gar una transferencia monetaria (COP 160.000, USD 121,5 PPA) dirigida a más de tres millones de hogares en con￾dición de pobreza que no eran benef￾ciarios de ningún programa social del Estado. En su primera etapa, 1.162.965 hogares bancarizados fueron benefciados, recibiendo el aporte a partir de abril de 2020. En la actualidad, el Programa se encuentra en su ciclo de pago número 12, benefciando a 3 millones de hogares en el 100 % del territorio nacional, de los cuales el 76 % de hogares cuenta productos fnancieros (Prosperidad Social, 2021b). Retomar la senda de reducción de la pobreza requiere de mecanismos institucio￾nales que permitan focalizar y monitorear las condiciones de pobreza de la pobla￾ción colombiana para generar una mayor efciencia en el gasto público. Para esto, el Gobierno nacional, con la colaboración del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y el Banco Mundial, está implementando el Registro Social, un sistema interoperable de información que busca unifcar infor￾mación socioeconómica y de potenciales benefciarios con el objetivo de mejorar la focalización y contribuir a la articulación de información entre diversas entidades del Gobierno nacional. Con el Decreto 812 de 2020 se formalizó la creación de di￾cho instrumento, el cual alcanzó el 50 % de avance en la implementación del proyecto en 2020, de acuerdo con información con￾signada en el Sistema Nacional de Evalua￾ción de Gestión y Resultados (Sinergia)12. Adicionalmente, se actualizó el Sistema de Identifcación y Clasifcación de Potenciales Benefciarios (Sisbén), principal sistema de información que permite conocer las condiciones sociales y económicas de los hogares y clasifcar los potenciales benef￾ciarios de los programas sociales del Estado. En 2020 este instrumento de medición fue actualizado metodológicamente, de forma que el Sisbén IV permite una mejor clasifcación de la población ya no por un índice cuantitativo, sino por cuatro grupos: pobreza extrema, pobreza moderada, vulne￾rable y población no pobre. De esta manera se busca mejorar la calidad de la información que entra a la base de datos, evitar fallas y manipulación en la recolección y además facilitar la actualización haciendo uso de herramientas tecnológicas (DNP, 2021b). Ahora bien, la superación de la pobreza y la pobreza extrema no debe ser en￾tendida y analizada estrictamente en términos monetarios. Las condiciones de 11 Para el cálculo se utilizó el factor de conversión de PPA, PIB (UMN por $ a precios internacionales) de Colombia en 2019: 1.317,188. Información tomada del Banco Mundial. 12 Sinergia recolecta de forma sistemática el avance sobre los indicadores del PND y monitorea su cumplimiento. https://sinergiapp.dnp.gov.co/#HomeSeguimiento. 30 REPORTE NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021 vida y habitabilidad, y el acceso a ser￾vicios públicos son de vital importancia para que las personas puedan desarrollar verdaderamente su potencial y salir de situaciones de vulnerabilidad. Para esto, y respecto a las condiciones de vida y acceso a servicio públicos, el PND 2018- 2022 plantea como uno de sus objetivos mejorar las condiciones físicas y sociales de viviendas, entornos y asentamientos precarios; estrategia que fue materializada con la creación e implementación del programa Casa Digna, Vida Digna, que lleva a cabo mejoramientos a las casas de los sectores con menores recursos, enfocándose en cocinas, baños, pisos, techos y habitaciones que permitan bajar el hacinamiento crítico. Este programa cobró mayor relevancia al evidenciarse la importancia de la vivienda adecuada como un primer mecanismo para la aplicación de prácticas adecuadas de salubridad y de distanciamiento físico con miras a prevenir el contagio del COVID-19. Gracias a esta iniciativa, desde el 2019 el Gobierno nacional ha atendido a 40.039 proyectos con el mejoramiento de vivien￾da, a través de intervenciones relacionadas con el acceso a fuentes mejoradas de agua y la superación del hacinamiento críti￾co, entre otras (MinVivienda, 2020). Por último, respecto a la meta ODS 1.4, garantizar el acceso a la propiedad, de acuerdo con la Agencia Nacional de Tierras (ANT), desde 2016 se han formalizado un total de 1.973.979 pequeñas y medianas hectáreas, en el marco del Plan Marco de Imple￾mentación (PMI) del Acuerdo de Paz. Este proceso ha benefciado a cerca de 33.500 familias en diversas regiones del país, y para 2030 se espera formalizar un total de siete millones de hectáreas. Adicionalmente, desde 2018, se han regularizado y entregado 18.380 títulos de propiedad a familias campesinas y comunidades indígenas, negras, afro￾colombianas, raizales y palenqueras. En específco, para las comunidades étnicas, se han formalizado un total de 279.861 hectáreas en benefcio de 4.479 familias. Lo anterior se resume en 28 acuerdos de constitución y ampliación de resguardos indígenas, equivalentes a 275.821 hec￾táreas legalizadas en benefcio de 3.217 familias, y 11 titulaciones colectivas para comunidades negras, afrocolombianas, raizales y palenqueras, que corresponden a 4.039 hectáreas legalizadas en bene￾fcio de 1.262 familias (ANT, 2021). 31

38 5.2 Mise en œuvre des autres ODD 5.2.1 État de la mise en œuvre des ODD du domaine social Les ODD appartenant au Pilier Peuple (P-Peuple) visent à mettre fn à la pauvreté et à la faim dans toutes leurs formes et à assurer la dignité et l’égalité. Il est question ici d’analyser les tendances et l’état des lieux à l’atteinte des cibles prioritaires aux ODD du pilier Peuple. Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde Les progrès enregistrés dans la réalisation de cet objectif en matière de réduction de pauvreté ont été d’une part anéantie par la survenue de la pandémie de la Covid-19 et le passage du cyclone Kenneth. D’autre part, de plus en plus de progrès sont enregistré durant ces dernières années et des actions sont en cours de mise en œuvre pour les années à venir dans l’accès aux services de bases et à la protection sociale. Le suivi de cet ODD se fera à travers 5 cibles retenues comme prioritaires par l’Union des Comores. Il s’agit des cibles : 1.1; 1.2; 1.3; 1.4; et 1.5 Évolution de la tendance de l’ODD1 Cible 1.1. D’ici à 2030, éliminer complètement l’extrême pauvreté dans le monde entier (s’entend actuellement du fait de vivre avec moins de 1,25 dollar des États-Unis par jour) La cible vise à l’élimination de l’extrême pauvreté, c’est￾à-dire le nombre de personnes vivant avec moins de 1,9 dollars US par jour (parité pouvoir d’achat, PPA, de 2011) selon le seuil international. Au seuil de 1,9 dollars US par jour (PPA 2011), près d’un comorien sur cinq (19,07%) vivrait dans l’extrême pauvreté. Ce taux est très en dessous de la moyenne de l’Afrique subsaharienne qui est Rapport National Volontaire sur la mise en œuvre des ODD en Union des Comores 39 de 34,9%. Le taux national d’extrême pauvreté est estimé à 12,33% en 2020. Dans les normes de classement, le seuil de 1,9 dollars US par jour (PPA 2011) concerne particulièrement les pays à revenus faible. Ainsi, depuis 2019, l’Union des Comores a rejoint les pays à revenu intermédiaire de la tranche inférieur. Le seuil de référence pour ces pays est de 3,20 dollars US (PPA 2011) ou 3,65 dollars US (PPA 2017). Au seuil de 3,20 dollars (PPA 2011), l’extrême pauvreté serait plutôt estimée à 39,68%. Cible 1.2. D’ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tous âges souffrant d’une forme ou l’autre de pauvreté, telle que défnie par chaque pays La cible 1.2 vise à réduire de moitié au moins, d’ici à 2030, la proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tous âges souffrant d’une forme ou l’autre de pauvreté, telle que défnie par chaque pays. Le taux de pauvreté estimé à partir de l’enquête EHCVM de 2020 est de 44,8%, cela montre que plus de quatre comoriens sur dix vivent en situation de pauvreté. Les personnes dans cette situation vivent avec moins de 41 495 KMF (99 USD) par mois et par personne. L’analyse tendancielle montre qu’il y’a eu une légère augmentation par rapport à 2014 où le taux de pauvreté était estimé à 43,2%. Par ailleurs, la profondeur de la pauvreté reste moins importante, elle s’établit à 12, 9% en 2020 contre 14,1 en 2014. Cela montre que de nombreux pauvres ont un niveau de consommation relativement proche (87%) du seuil de pauvreté, ainsi de plus en plus des petits transferts de revenus peuvent contribuer à réduire la pauvreté. La population résidant en milieu rural est plus touchée par la pauvreté qu’à celle résidant en milieu urbain, en effet le taux de pauvreté est de 50,3% en milieu rural contre 32,8 en milieu urbain. Il en est de même de l’écart (profondeur) de pauvreté, en effet l’écart dans les niveaux de consommations des pauvres est presque deux fois important (14,9%) en milieu rural (14,9%) qu’en milieu urbain (8,7%). La majorité de la population (59,6 pour cent) vit dans des ménages dirigés par un homme monogame et environ 45,3 pour cent d’entre eux sont pauvres, tandis que le taux de pauvreté est de 48,5 pour cent sur les ménages dirigés par une femme monogame. Effet de la pandémie de Covid-19 sur la pauvreté : La pandémie de Covid-19 a touché l’économie alors qu’elle cherchait à se relever des chocs causés par le cyclone Kenneth qui a frappé le pays en 2019 touchant directement plus de 345 000 personnes, dont 185 900 nécessitaient une aide humanitaire. L’enquête EHCVM de 2020 permet d’isoler l’effet Covid-19 en estimant les taux de pauvreté sur les mois post-covid de 2020 où l’enquête s’est déroulée et également aux mois où les mesures liées à la pandémie ont été instaurés. Il ressort clairement que l’effet covid a contribué à 3 points de pourcentage au taux de pauvreté en 2020. Il en est de même de l’écart de pauvreté et de la sévérité. Cible 1.3. Mettre en place des systèmes et mesures de protection sociale pour tous, adaptés au contexte national, y compris des socles de protection sociale, et faire en sorte que, d’ici à 2030, une part importante des pauvres et des personnes vulnérables en bénéfcient L’objectif est de faire en sorte que d’ici à 2030, une part 40 importante des pauvres et des personnes vulnérables bénéfcient des socles de protection. Les services de protection sociale restent moins développés en Union des Comores alors que la pauvreté accentuée par la pandémie de Covid-19 touche une partie importante de la population. L’intervention publique en matière de protection sociale est limitée aux salariés du secteur public et privée formelle à travers la Caisse de Retraite des Comores, la Caisse Nationale de Solidarité Prévoyance Sociale et la Caisse militaire de retraite et mutuelle nationale militaire. a) Affliation à la CRC La CRC a pour mission de gérer la situation de retraite des agents de l’État et des travailleurs du secteur privé. A ce jour, 30570 dont personnes sont affliés à la CRC dont 67% sont des employés de la fonction publique ; les autres affliées relèvent des sociétés d’État (17%) et seulement 16% proviennent des sociétés privées formelles. b) Affliation à la CNSPS La Caisse nationale de solidarité et de prévoyance sociale (CNSPS) crée en 2013 par décret a pour mission principale de protéger les employés contre les maladies professionnelles et les accidents du travail. Au préalable tous les employeurs sont supposés adhérer et déclarer leurs travailleurs. Malheureusement une proportion trop faible d’employeurs s’afflie auprès de l’institution et relèvent entièrement du secteur formel. Entre 2018 à 2022, seulement 41 employeurs se sont affliés à la CNSPS pour un total de 595 employés. c) Mutuelles de santé L’action des mutuelles de santé se développe de plus en plus, elles sont exclusivement fnancées par les cotisations des membres et ne reçoivent pas de subventions de l’État. Elles ne sont pas aussi accessibles aux travailleurs du secteur informel, et par conséquent les pauvres et les plus vulnérables en sont exclus de fait. Elles contribuent énormément à l’amélioration de l’état de santé de la population. Selon les comptes nationaux de la santé (CNS) de 2015 et 2019, entre 2015 et 2019, les dépenses courantes de la santé pour ces mutuelles sont passées de 88 à 236 millions Kmf, soit une augmentation de 267%. Le nombre de mutuelles de santé recensées en 2023 s’élève à 27 dont 24 à Ngazidja, deux (02) à Anjouan et un (01) à Mohéli. Le nombre d’affliés sur la période a connu une forte augmentation sur la période 2019-2022 passant de 6646 à 17449 (dont 38,6% de femmes). Le projet d’Assurance Maladie Généralisée (AMG) mis en place vise à couvrir les besoins en santé de toute la population sur une période allant jusqu’à huit ans avec une phase pilote de deux ans ciblant une couverture d’au moins 15% de la population. Il est composé de deux catégories d’affliés sur le critère de fnancement : protections sociales contributive et subventionnée par l’Etat réservée aux plus démunis. Cérémonie de signature de la convention sur l'Assurance Maladie Généralisée(AMG) Rapport National Volontaire sur la mise en œuvre des ODD en Union des Comores 41 d) Transferts et aides sociaux De plus en plus de programmes en vue d’apporter assistance à la population vulnérable se sont développés ces dernières années et certains sont en cours. Il s’agit particulièrement de : • Projet de Filets Sociaux de Sécurité (PFSS) soutenu par la Banque Mondiale qui a concerné 69 localités et couvert 4127 ménages ; • Projet nutrition à base communautaire fnancée par la Banque Mondiale (2ème composante du PFFS) qui a porté sur 69 localités et dont les bénéfciaires étaient les enfants de moins de cinq ans et les femmes enceinte ou en âge de procréer ; • Projet pilote de Cash transfert dans sept localités appuyées par l’UNICEF et qui a touché 470 ménages dont 90% des bénéfciaires sont des femmes ; • Le Projet MAYENDELEYO qui vise à augmenter l’accès aux services de flets sociaux et de nutrition dans les communautés les plus pauvres et touchées par les catastrophes naturelles et qui couvre 118 villages. L’enquête MICS de 2022 montre que la couverture des transferts ou aides sociales en Union des Comores est trop limité, près d’une personne sur dix (8,5%) affrment avoir bénéfcié de transferts sociaux ou des aides sociales au cours des 3 derniers mois. En grande partie c’est des frais de scolarité ou autre soutien lié à l’école pour tout membre du ménage âgé de 5 -24 ans (7,2%). e) Initiatives nationales en matière de protection sociale Le gouvernement de l’Union des Comores avec l’appui des partenaires entreprend de mettre en place une couverture maladie universelle. Cela a abouti dans un premier temps à la mise en place d’un décret portant promulgation de la loi N° 17-012/AU relative à la Couverture Sanitaire Universelle en 2017. Sont au centre de la vision pour l’Émergence en 2030, le développement du Capital Humain et la promotion du bien-être social à travers le Catalyseur 42 3 du PCE « Un capital Humain qui prépare l’avenir ». Pour concrétiser la mise en place de l’AMG, le ministère de la Santé, de la Solidarité, de la Protection Sociale et de la promotion du Genre à travers l’appui fnancier du 2ème Programme d’Appui à la Santé aux Comores (PASCO2) a mis en place une équipe de soutien à la CNSPS pour l’opérationnalisation du projet. Cible 1.4. D’ici à 2030, faire en sorte que tous les hommes et les femmes, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes vulnérables, aient les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques et qu’ils aient accès aux services de base, à la propriété foncière, au contrôle des terres et à d’autres formes de propriété, à l’héritage, aux ressources naturelles et à des nouvelles technologies et des services fnanciers adaptés à leurs besoins, y compris la microfnance Des progrès notoires sont faits en matière d’accès à l’eau potable, à des sanitaires améliorés et à l’électricité. Selon les données provisoires de l’enquête MICS 2022 l’accès aux toilettes améliorés connait un léger progrès. La proportion des ménages qui utilisent des sanitaires améliorés est estimée à 39,9% en 2020 contre 37,7% en 2012. Également de plus en plus les ménages ont accès à l’électricité surtout en milieu rural. En 2022, ils représentent presque 82% contre 61,4% en 2012. Accès à la propriété foncière L’indicateur à renseigner est le nombre de terres qui dispose de la sécurité des droits fonciers et de documents légalement authentifés et qui considère que ses droits sur la terre sont sûrs (TF). La sécurisation de la propriété foncière reste très limitée en Union des Comores et est conséquence des fréquents contentieux judiciaires entre les populations. Il ressort de l’enquête sur les conditions de vie des ménages (EHCVM 2020) que pour ceux qui déclarent être propriétaires de leurs logements ; seuls 42% détiennent un titre de propriété dont 53% en milieu Urbain et 37% en milieu rural (Graphique 10). Ce sont des logements qui pourraient être construits sur des terrains communs ou familiaux. Cependant, il n’est pas exclu, dans le cas de terrains appartenant aux ménages que les titres de propriété soient, pour un grand nombre, justes provisoires n’accordant pas, ainsi, des droits effectifs conformément au droit foncier comorien. En effet, l’obtention du titre foncier est conditionnée par plusieurs étapes, entre temps un titre provisoire ne donnant pas un droit exclusif est fourni. Les données fournis par le service régional de domaine de Ngazidja font état qu’à la date du 24/03/2023, seuls 9638 terres disposent de titres où seulement 2116 soit 22% des domaines immatriculés sont des titres fonciers exclusifs donnant tous les droits exclusifs. Cible 1.5. D’ici à 2030, renforcer la résilience des pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable et réduire leur exposition aux phénomènes climatiques extrêmes et à d’autres chocs et catastrophes d’ordre économique, social ou environnemental et leur vulnérabilité Le cible 1.5 vise, d’ici à 2030, à renforcer la résilience des pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable et réduire leur exposition aux phénomènes climatiques extrêmes, à d’autres chocs et catastrophes d’ordre économique, social ou environnemental et leur vulnérabilité. Les Comores sont vulnérables à plusieurs risques météorologiques et géologiques. Il s’agit surtout des tempêtes tropicales, d’inondations, de sécheresse et d’élévation du niveau de la mer en lien avec le changement climatique, les éruptions volcaniques, les séismes et les glissements de terrain. Les récentes catastrophes naturelles ayant touchées le pays remontent en avril 2019 avec le cyclone Kenneth qui a touché l’ensemble du pays et en avril 2022 avec les inondations survenues dans certaines localités d’Anjouan et Mohéli. Le nombre de personne touché pour ces deux catastrophes est de 345 131 habitants pour le cyclone Kenneth et près de 481 pour les inondations. Le nombre de décès survenus suite à ces catastrophes s’élève à 7 Rapport National Volontaire sur la mise en œuvre des ODD en Union des Comores 43 personnes (UNICEF Comoros Humanitarian Situation Report 5 – May 2019) et sont attribuable au cyclone Kenneth. Le montant des pertes économiques attribuables à ces catastrophes est estimé à 185 millions de dollars (soit plus de 82 milliards de francs comoriens) . L’Union des Comores disposent d’une Stratégie Nationale de Réduction des Risque de Catastrophe élaboré en 2014- 2019. Par ailleurs, dans ses efforts dans la réduction des risques et catastrophes au niveau national, le pays s’est lancé dans un processus de mise à jour de cette stratégie conformément aux recommandations de la Conférence de Sendai. Cependant en matière de mise en place des stratégies locales de réduction des risques de catastrophe, à ce jour, aucune collectivité locale n’a adopté ou mis en place des stratégies de réduction des risques de catastrophe, conformément aux stratégies de suivi à l'échelle nationale. totale annuelle par personne est inférieure au seuil subvenir leurs besoins nutritionnels minimaux de

49 SDG 1. ERADICATE POVERTY PROGRESS IN IMPLEMENTING THE SDGS 50 SDG 1. ERADICATE POVERTY According to INE estimates, in 2020, 72,874 poor people lived in Cabo Verde, that is, with less than US$ 1.90 per day, equivalent to 13.1% of the population. Absolute poverty has a higher incidence in rural areas, where 24.3% of the population is poor, while 8.1% is in urban areas, with differences between gender, as approximately 8.3% of the male population living in urban areas is poor, surpassing by 0.3 percentage points that of women living in the same areas, while about 25% of the female population living in rural areas is poor, surpassing the male population living in rural areas by 1.3 percentage points. Absolute poverty was reduced by 10.6 per￾centage points - that is, on average, 2.1 percentage points per year, despite the effects of 3 years of severe drought and the COVID-19 pandemic. In Cabo Verde about 13% of men and 13.1% of women are poor. The incidence of poverty is higher among men than among women in the 0-4 age groups (24.9% versus 19.1%), 10-14 years (18.1% versus 13.6%), 15-24 years (16.1% versus 15.7%) and 65 and over (8.1% versus 7.6%), respectively, and higher among women in the 5-9 age groups (19.9% versus 18.5%), 25-34 years (12.8% versus 10.3%) and 35-64 (9.3% versus 6.8%), respectively. In Cabo Verde, approximately 22% of children aged 0-4 years are poor. Poverty is inversely proportionate to age, reaching, for example, 16.1% among young people aged 15-24 and 7.8% among the population aged 65 and over. Thus, about 40.3% of the poor population is under 15 years old, 20.7% is 15-24 years old and 37.6% of the poor are young people aged 15-34 years old. As a result, 77.9% of the poor are under 35 years of age, which highlights the level of youth poverty that needs to be tackled, so as not to compromise the potential for creativity, innovation and acceleration of economic growth. Work must be elected as the link between growth and human development, because people who are employed have income. Pro￾moting decent employment growth means promoting inclusive economic growth. In Cabo Verde, about 7.8% of employed people are poor, far below the fgure for the 51 unemployed (19.1%), the inactive (13.9%) and even the population aged 15 and over as a whole (10.6 %). Among employed people, the difference in the poverty rate is minimal between males (7.6%) and females (8%) and among those living in urban and rural areas (3.4% and 3.7%, respectively), but the difference is more pronounced among those living in rural areas, where around 21.3% of employed women are poor, against 17.9% among employed men living in the same area. The same profle is also found among the unemployed, as 19.1% of the unemployed are poor, a fgure much higher in rural areas (25.4%) than in urban areas (17.1%). Among unemployed males, some 17.7% are poor, a fgure lower than among women (20.9%). The incidence of poverty among unemployed males living in rural areas is 25.4%, practically equal to that of women living in the same areas (25.3%), and higher than that among males in urban areas (15.4%) and females in the same area (19.4%). The same profle is seen among the inactive population, of which 13.9% is poor, a fgure much higher in rural areas (24.3%) than in urban areas (8%). Among inactive males, some 14.3% are poor, a fgure higher than that seen among women (13.5%). The incidence of poverty among inactive males living in rural areas is 24.6%, practically the same as that of women living in the same areas (24.1%), and is lower among men in urban areas (8.9%) and among women in urban areas (7.2%). In general, about 10.6% of the population aged 15 or over is poor, with 6.0% among those in urban areas, far below those in rural areas (20.1%). Among the male popu￾lation aged 15 or over, approximately 10.0% is poor, with a slight difference in relation to females (11.1%) and the differences are minimal in urban areas (5.7 versus 6.3 % among males and females, respectively), slightly more expressive among those in rural areas, being 19.1% among men and 21.1% among women. The incidence of poverty varies among the counties of the country, with São Filipe being the poorest county in Cabo Verde, with about 39.7% of the population living in this situation of deprivation. It is followed by the municipalities of Santa Cruz (31.8%), Paúl (30.2%), São Lourenço dos Órgãos (29.1%), and these belong to the group of 11 municipalities with the highest poverty rates, that is, with an incidence above the national average. Boavista is the least poor municipality (1.7%), followed by Sal (3.7%) and Ribeira Grande (6.2%), and these belong to the group of 11 municipalities with an incidence below the national average. The poor are concentrated in the largest population centers. Thus, the municipality of Praia, the country’s capital, concentrates about 18.4% of the poor population, followed by Santa Cruz (12.7%), São Filipe (12.3%) and 52 Santa Catarina (8, 8%), and this group is home to about 46.7% of Cabo Verde’s poor. São Vicente is nearby, with 6.8% of the poor population and, together with the other municipalities, it comprises about 59% of the poor population of Cabo Verde. About 6.8% of households are poor - that is, they have an average daily per capita consumption of below US$ 1.90, and the incidence is higher among households headed by women (8.7%), which surpass those headed by men by 4 percentage points. Household size is also a determining factor of poverty. Thus, the incidence of poverty is nil among single-person house￾holds and only 1% among those with 2 members, but reaches 8.9% among those with 5 members and 29.5% among those with 7 members or more. Among house￾holds headed by women, the incidence is also practically nil up to 2 members, but it reaches 10.3% among those with 5 members and 34% among those with 7 members or more. The same profles show no poverty among households headed by men with zero to 2 members, but the fgure reaches 7.3% among those with 5 members and 23.2% among those with 7 members or more. The incidence of poverty is nil among sin￾gle-person and nuclear conjugal house￾holds, headed by men or women, with a maximum of 14.7% among composite conjugal households and especially among those headed by women (17.9%), followed by composite single-parent households (12.8%), especially among those headed by women (13.8%). Contrary to what common sense would seem to dictate, poverty has a higher incidence among composite conjugal households headed by women. Poverty is more prevalent among house￾holds represented by women (8.7%), sur￾passing the average and those represented by men by 1.9 and 4.1 percentage points. Although the incidence of poverty is equal to the average, with regard to 1 or 2 mem￾bers households represented by women, it reaches 10.3% among those with 5 mem￾bers, being 1.4 and 2.9 percentage points above the average and those represented by men, respectively, and, above all, it reaches about 34.0% among those with 7 members or more, being 4.5 and 10.8 percentage points above the average and those represented by men, respectively. Household size is an important determinant of poverty. Thus, the incidence of poverty is nil among single-person households and only 0.1% among those with 2 members, but reaches 8.9% among those with 5 members and 29.5% among those with 7 members or more. Poverty is more prevalent among households headed by women (8.7%), sur￾passing the average of those headed by men by 1.9 and 4.1 percentage points. Although the incidence of poverty is equal to the average among 1- or 2-member households headed by women, it reaches 10.3% among those with 5 members, being 1.4 and 2.9 percentage points above the average of those headed by men, respectively, and, above all, it reaches about 34% among those with 7 members or more, being 4.5 and 10.8 percentage points above the average and those headed by men, respectively. 53 However, national authorities always use poverty data according to the national thresh￾old to adopt, plan and implement public policy. According to poverty data as per the national threshold, in 2020, 175,844 poor people lived in Cabo Verde – that is, people with less than US$ 2.77 per day, equivalent to 31.6% of the popu￾lation. About 31.2% of men and 32% of women are poor in accordance with this threshold. Absolute poverty has a higher incidence in rural areas, where 44.9% of the popula￾tion is poor, and stands at 25.8% in urban areas, with differences between genders, as about 26.1% of the female population living in urban areas is poor, surpassing by 0.3 percentage points the men living in this area, and about 45.7% of the female population living in rural areas is poor, surpassing the male population living in this area by 0.8 percentage points. The incidence of poverty is higher among males than among females in the 0-4 year age group (50.9% versus 44.1%), compared to the 15-24 year group (40.7 versus 32.7), and higher among women that age or older, but decreasing regularly, thus being 18.8% and 20.0% among men and women aged 65 and over, respectively. In Cabo Verde, about 47.6% of children aged 0-4 years are poor, and poverty decreases with age, reaching, for example, 38.3% among young people aged 15-24 and 19,6% among the population aged 65 and over. The reduction in poverty between 2016 and 2019 was due, in part, to economic growth (on average 4.7% per year), but mainly to the reduction of inequalities through public social transfers. With the COVID-19 pandemic and the near stoppage of tourist activity, international mobility and restrictions on internal mobility and the consequent increase in employment and social vulnerabilities, the incidence of poverty could have been higher in 2020, were it not for the employ￾ment protection policies adopted, as the lay-of regime for employees enrolled in social security, with 17,380 benefciaries in the frst phase, 7,681 in the second phase and 6,926 in the third phase, and Contamination Prevention Isolation Sub￾sidies for 1,598 people. Income transfer measures were adopted, including unemployment benefts to 1,947 workers and an increase in the number of benefciaries of the Social Inclusion Income to 13,819, the one-of allocation of Solidarity Income to 24,448 workers enrolled in the Special Micro and Small Businesses Tax Regime (REMPE) and workers of families with insured domestic workers or registered with the INPS and informal sector workers. Food baskets were donated to about 25,000 families at risk of food insecurity. Earlier this year, Cabo Verdean authorities adopted a package of additional measures aimed at poor families, which included the extension of the Social Inclusion Income to 29,000 families in extreme poverty or poor families with children under 15, eligible under the Single Social Registry (RSI households), the guarantee of pro￾fessional training to all young people not in employment, education or training and the productive integration of 1/3 of these, namely through the micro-entrepreneur￾ship promotion program, the requalifca￾tion of degraded housing from these same households, and exemption from emer￾gency room, surgery and hospitalization user fees in health facilities. These measures also include dignifed con￾sumption of electricity and water with the forgiveness of debts, no-fee reconnections and social tarifs for water and electric￾ity, but also connections to the grid for households that have never benefted from these services, in order to promote digni￾fed consumption by the poor and reduce 54 Thus, about 37.1% of the poor population is under 15 years old, one in 5 is 15-24 years old and 37.7% are young people aged 15-34 years old. As a result, 3 out of 4 poor people are under 35 years of age, which highlights the level of youth poverty that needs to be tackled, so as not to compromise the poten￾tial for creativity, innovation and acceleration of economic growth. In 2020, 103,613 workers were registered as active insured workers, equivalent to a coverage rate of 56% of the working population, which represents a decrease of 1.6% when compared to the previous year. In actuality, however, the coverage rate increased when considering the fact that the employed population fell by 9.6%, a decrease much more pronounced than the insured population. Since 2015, the contributory regime of the social security system has expanded considerably, from a coverage of 39.5% of workers in that year to around 55.5% in 2020, and a coverage of 38.1% of the resident population in Cabo Verde at the beginning of the period to about 45.1% in 2020. The 2020 coverage level represents a signifcant reduction compared to the last pre-crisis year, in which the num￾ber of insured workers reached 105,272 workers, equivalent to a coverage rate of 51%. The coverage rate evolved in the opposite direction, as the reduction in the total of insured persons (-1.6%) was much less accentuated than that of the employed population (-9.6%) in the last year. At the end of 2020, the non-con￾tributory scheme covered around 22,866 benefciaries, which represents an average annual growth of 1.5% since 2015, with the elderly being the majority. The non-contributory scheme provides a monthly pension of US$66 and drug coverage, with an annual ceiling of US$ 21.60, and covers individuals aged 60 years and over and children from poor families, people with disabilities or chronic disabling losses. Added to this is the extension of the co-fnancing period for professional internships from 6 to 8 months, and the exemption from taxes and fees for micro and small businesses, in order to alleviate the tax burden and free up income for families. Cabo Verdean authorities will also promote the expansion of the social pension to 18,000 elderly benefciaries, ensuring that by 2026 at least 74.4% of the elderly will have a pension. These measures contribute toward ensuring that more people will avoid being left behind. This package of measures is part of the social emergency program that is itself part of the Social Response, Recovery and Development Plan, aiming, by 2026, to eradicate extreme poverty, with a view to eradicating absolute poverty in 2030. 55 illnesses, under the age of 18, belonging to households with an annual income below the poverty threshold, and without the coverage of any social security scheme, national or foreign. At the end of 2020, it covered 22,866 benefciaries, which rep￾resents an average annual growth of 1.5% since 2015 and, taking contributory benef￾ciaries (6,669) into account, we have 29,535 elderly people with a pension, equivalent to 61% of the elderly population, which in itself testifes to the attention paid to the elderly in terms of income and the level of fulfllment of the rights of this population segment provided for, namely, in article 77, paragraph 2, point a) of the Constitution of the Republic, which enshrines the rights of the elderly and, specifcally, the promotion of economic and social conditions that facilitate their decent participation in family and social life. In Cabo Verde, 69 out of every 100 peo￾ple have the public water network as their main source of water supply, and significant differences remain between rural and urban areas. In the latter about 74.7% of the population has the pub￾lic water network as their main source supply, surpassing the rural area by 17.4 percentage points. About 92.2% of the population has access to electricity, being about 92.5% of the female population, against 91.9% of the male population. Access to electricity is higher in urban areas (94.1%) than in rural areas, where 88.4% of the population has access to this basic service. 85 out of every 100 people residing in Cabo Verde live in accommodations with bath￾room facilities, with signifcant differences between urban areas, where 91 out of 100 have this facility, and rural areas, where 74 out of 100 live in accommoda￾tions with these facilities. About 82.4% of the population uses a safe sanitation system, meaning they live in accommo￾dations with sanitary facilities connected to a septic tank (52.9%) or to the sewer system (29.6%), with notable differences between urban areas, where 87.6% of the population uses a safe sanitation system, 56 and rural areas, where about 71.8% of the population has access to these facilities. In urban areas, the use of the sewage system is more expressive (45%) than in rural areas, where 68.8% of the population lives in housing with toilets connected to the septic tank. About 81% of the population disposes of solid waste properly, i.e. placed in garbage containers or collected directly by garbage trucks, with notable differences between urban areas, where 96.7% of the population disposes of garbage properly, i.e. placing it in garbage containers (65.2%) or collected directly by garbage trucks (31.5%), against only 52.2% of the population of rural areas disposing of this waste properly, placing them in garbage containers (46.5%) or col￾lected directly by garbage trucks (5.6%). Solid waste management still poses serious challenges to be overcome within the scope of the National Solid Waste Management Strategic Plan (PENGER). In 2018, Cabo Verde adopted the National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy (2018- 2030) and the National Post-Disaster Recovery Framework (2018-2030), a strategy operationalized by the Strategic Sustainable Development Plan (PEDS) through the program “Management of Environmental, Geological and Climatic Risks,” and, in a partial manner, through the program “Biodiversity Conservation and Environmental Quality.” To date, risk assessment has been carried out in 4 municipalities in the country, a Post-Disaster Recovery Framework has been prepared, and the Municipal Strategic Sustainable Development Plans (PEMDS) of some municipalities integrate the disaster risk approach. We consider social inclusion programs as programs to fght poverty, which is why we include the programs “Guaranteeing access to income, education, care and health” and “Guaranteeing the rights and protection of children and teenagers.” The volume of public resources allocated to these programs represents 14.4% of public expenditure and 5.1% of GDP. The volume of donations, that is, non-debt-generating fows directly allocated to poverty reduction programs, represents only 0.2% of GDP. The evolution of the economy and of social policies over the last fve years permitted a decrease in inequalities and an acceleration in poverty reduction, with an average growth of 4.7% until 2019 and an increase in public transfers, which went from about US$ 58.8 million in 2015 to US$ 97 million in 2020, as well as the active employment reforms car￾ried out and those under way in the feld of education of excellence. The COVID-19 pandemic destroyed value with a 14.8% recession and the destruction of around 9% of employment in 2020, and, indeed, is aggravating the impoverishment of the population. However, the Strategic Sustainable Development Agenda provides for the recovery, stabilization and acceleration of economic growth, promoting the diver￾sifcation of the Cabo Verdean economy and aiming to achieve economic growth of no less than 5% per year, between 2021 and 2025, and no less than 7% per year, between 2026 and 2030, and consequently, a doubling of the GDP per capita by 2030. The social emergency is now at the center of government priorities, prioritizing the fght against impoverishment, in order to achieve the eradication of extreme poverty by 2026 and, above all, the eradication of poverty by 2030.

26 5.2. ODS 1: Fin de la pobreza América Latina logró reducir la pobreza de un 48% en la década de 1990 a un 28% para el año 2015, además la pobreza extrema gradualmente disminuyó al pasar de 19.2% en 2000 a un 10.9% para el año 2015. Muy diferente al comportamiento regional, en los últimos 20 años Costa Rica ha mantenido un promedio de pobreza por ingresos en aproximadamente 20% del total de los hogares (Gráfico 2). A comienzos de la década de 1990, Costa Rica comenzó a experimentar un crecimiento económico positivo producto de la expansión de los sectores de los servicios e industria, la incorporación de las mujeres al mercado laboral, el aumento en la IED, el aumento en la matrícula de la población en educación superior, entre otros, lo cual, permitió que el PIB per cápita se incrementara de $4.712 en 1990 a $15.377 en el año 201553. No obstante, este crecimiento económico dejó a muchas personas atrás debido a la desigualdad de ingresos entre segmentos poblacionales, el rezago educativo de personas en diferentes regiones del país, la ausencia de políticas inclusivas adecuándose a marcos internacionales en derechos humanos y necesidades de grupos excluidos y/o en condición de vulnerabilidad, el aumento en el desempleo e informalidad, etc. Para el año 2015, 317.660 hogares y 1.137.881 personas se encontraban en condición de pobreza, mientras que los hogares en condición de pobreza extrema por ingreso representan 104.712 hogares y 374.185 personas54. Paralelamente al estancamiento de la reducción de la pobreza, la desigualdad ha ido gradualmente en ascenso en los últimos años pasando de un coeficiente de GINI de 0.413 en el año 2000 a un 0.515 en 201655. De acuerdo con un análisis realizado por la CEPAL, el MREC y MIDEPLAN (2016), la pobreza extrema en el país tiene tres determinantes: i) el entorno del hogar y social adverso; ii) el insuficiente alcance de los programas sociales y iii) el mercado laboral excluyente. La reducción de la pobreza no se visualiza como un objetivo unitario para Costa Rica, en el marco de la Agenda 2030, sino como un desafío país que debe ser abordado de forma multidimensional (Figura 5). Algunos esfuerzos puntuales que ha desarrollado el país para acelerar el avance de ese objetivo, en el periodo 2015-2017 son: la „Estrategia 53 Banco Mundial (2016). “PIB per cápita, PPA ($ a precios internacionales actuales)”. Recuperado el 1 mayo 2017 en: http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?end=2015&locations=CR&start=1990&view =chart 54 Secretaría Técnica de los ODS. (2016). Inventario de Políticas Públicas según los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). San José: Secretaría Técnica ODS-MIDEPLAN. 55 INEC (2016). “Costa Rica: Coeficiente de Gini por región de planificación según año, julio 2010 – 2016”. Recuperado el 27 de abril 2017 en: http://w w w .inec.go.cr/buscador?buscar=gini 27 Puente al Desarrollo‟, la incorporación del IPM en los indicadores nacionales y la facilitación de Diálogos Colectivos para la construcción de una agenda nacional de combate a la pobreza. Gráfico 2. Comportamiento de la pobreza por ingresos en Costa Rica (1990-2015) Fuente: Elaboración propia con datos de la Encuesta de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples (EHPM) para 2006 – 2009 y Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) 2010-2016. INEC. Nota 1. Los datos del 2010 en adelante no son necesariamente comparables con años anteriores debido a ajustes metodológicos realizados por el INEC en la ENAHO. Figura 5. Iniciativas multidimensionales del ODS 1 y su vinculación con otros ODS Fuente: elaboración propia 5.2.1. Estrategia Puente al Desarrollo La Estrategia Puente al Desarrollo56 comenzó en el año 2015 y tiene como objetivo atender la pobreza de las familias bajo un enfoque multidimensional y multisectorial (Figura 6). El programa plantea una intervención familiar que incluye el desarrollo de un 56 Gobierno de Costa Rica (2015). Puente al Desarrollo: Estrategia Nacional para la Reducción de la Pobreza. San José: Gobierno de Costa Rica e IMAS. 27.4 20.4 20.6 21.2 21.2 21.7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 28 plan familiar, el seguimiento con un cogestor y la provisión de transferencias monetarias, para que las familias tengan acceso a servicios sociales en tres niveles: el primero, protección social para garantizar el bienestar de la familia; el segundo, servicios para el desarrollo de sus capacidades y potencialidades; y el tercero, servicios de vinculación a un empleo y producción de ingresos para sus hogares. Figura 6. Relación Estrategia Puente al Desarrollo y los ODS Fuente: elaboración propia El programa cuenta con aspectos innovadores adaptados a los contextos institucionales y nacionales y orientados a una reducción gradual de la pobreza. En este sentido apuesta a cuatro elementos distintos. El primero, una articulación institucional efectiva de los compromisos institucionales de reducción de la pobreza y el seguimiento desde el Consejo Presidencial Social (CPS). El Segundo, al fortalecimiento del Sistema Nacional de información y Registro Único de Beneficiarios (SINIRUBE) con el fin de dar un seguimiento efectivo y actualizado de las personas beneficiarias de los servicios y programas sociales. El tercer elemento, implementación del IPM como herramienta que complementa el enfoque de pobreza por ingreso e incorpora otras dimensiones del fenómeno de pobreza. Finalmente, el programa emplea mapas sociales con el fin de ubicar a la población en condición de pobreza en el país y por medio de cogestores sociales, acudir a ellas a sus hogares para brindarles acceso a servicios y programas. El objetivo planteado para el periodo 2015-2018 es reducir la pobreza extrema en 75 distritos catalogados prioritarios donde se encuentra el 65% del total de familias en Vinculacióna empleos y producción deingresos Desarrollar capacidades y potencialidades Garantizarbienestar de lasfamilias 29 pobreza extrema y garantizando el acceso de la población a la oferta programática y de servicios interinstitucionales. 5.2.2. Incorporación del Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) Como complemento a la medición tradicional por Línea de Pobreza (LP), Costa Rica incorporó el IPM, en octubre 2015, como insumo para que las instituciones identifiquen aspectos para la reducción efectiva de la pobreza, implementando iniciativas novedosas, para que se evalúen la efectividad de las políticas, programas y proyectos y mejorar la calidad de vida de la población con especial atención a los segmentos poblacionales tradicionalmente excluidos, tales como personas con discapacidad, indígenas, mujeres, migrantes, entre otros. De este modo, el INEC implementa cinco dimensiones de desarrollo humano las cuales poseen indicadores que miden el umbral de privaciones que indican los niveles socio￾económicos de los hogares en educación, vivienda, salud, trabajo y protección social (Tabla 2). Tabla 2. Dimensiones e indicadores del IPM Dimensión Indicador Educación No asistencia a la educación formal Rezago educativo Sin logro de bachillerato Bajo desarrollo de capital humano Vivienda Mal estado del techo o el piso Mal estado de las paredes exteriores Hacinamiento Sin uso de internet Salud Sin seguro de salud Sin servicio de agua Sin eliminación de excretas Sin eliminación de basura Trabajo Desempleo de larga duración o personas desalentadas Incumplimiento de salario mínimo Incumplimiento de otros derechos laborales Empleo independiente informal Primera infancia sin cuido Recuadro 1. Resultados de la Estrategia Puente al Desarrollo (2015 - 2016) A un año en la implementación de la estrategia, Costa Rica logró sacar de la pobreza a 30.800 personas pasando de 22.3% hogares en condición de pobreza en 2014 a 20.5% en el año 2016. En el caso de la pobreza rural, pasó de un 30.3% en 2014 a un 25.7% en 2016 y la pobreza urbana se redujo de 19.5% a 18.6% en el mismo periodo. Fuente: INEC (2016). Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 2016. San José: INEC 30 Protección social Personas adultas mayores sin pensión Personas con discapacidad sin transferencias Fuera de la fuerza de trabajo por obligaciones familiares Fuente: tomado de INEC (2015). Índice de pobreza multidimensional (IPM): Metodología. San José: INEC. 5.2.3. Diálogos Colectivos para la construcción de una agenda nacional Con el fin de construir una agenda nacional para la erradicación de la pobreza en Costa Rica, el gobierno de Costa Rica junto con el Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y el Fondo de Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) han liderado un proceso inclusivo y participativo junto con instituciones públicas, OSC, OBF, sector privado, sindicatos, academia y agencias del SNU. Actualmente, el proceso de construcción de una agenda nacional ha contemplado tres etapas en un periodo de nueve meses: la primera etapa (setiembre 2016) y la segunda etapa (octubre 2016 a febrero 2017). a) Primera etapa: Seminario ‘No dejar a nadie atrás’: Construyendo una agenda nacional de inclusión El Gobierno de la República, MIDEPLAN, el IMAS, PNUD y UNICEF organizaron un seminario los días 22 y 23 de setiembre 2016 para la promoción de un diálogo sobre las fortalezas y los retos de las políticas públicas para la reducción de la pobreza en Costa Rica. El seminario contó con la participación de instituciones públicas, academia, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, sector privado, sindicatos y agencias del SNU con el objetivo de iniciar un proceso de desarrollo de una agenda nacional para la eliminación de la pobreza y la inclusión social, así como también para identificar retos para desarrollar recomendaciones de políticas públicas de forma participativa y basada en evidencia. Los temas desarrollados en el seminario fueron siete: 1. Conceptualización y medición de la pobreza y criterios de selección de pobreza focalizados. 2. Avances y retos de la articulación de los programas sociales 3. Atención diferenciada a grupos excluidos en situación pobreza 4. Presentación de alianzas público-privadas para impulsar la reducción de la pobreza 5. Programas de formación de capacidades y oportunidades laborales 31 6. Análisis cualitativos y dimensiones subjetivas de la pobreza y el bienestar 7. Discusión sobre próximos pasos: Diálogos Colectivos. b) Segunda etapa: Diálogos Colectivos para la construcción de una agenda nacional de erradicación de la pobreza (octubre 2016 – febrero 2017) Para la segunda etapa, el equipo organizador une a la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) con el fin de sumar esfuerzos y llevar a cabo procesos de diálogos colectivos durante los meses de setiembre, octubre y noviembre 2016. Los procesos de Diálogos Colectivos tuvieron como propósito desarrollar recomendaciones de forma participativa y basada en evidencia, plantear una agenda nacional de inclusión e incidir en políticas públicas y planificación a mediano plazo. Los procesos de diálogos colectivos se llevaron a cabo por seis semanas con aproximadamente 160 personas, las cuales representaban a 81 instancias de la sociedad civil, instituciones, entes privados y organismos internacionales. En los diálogos los diferentes participantes intercambiaron ideas, intereses y visiones encaminadas a la construcción de una agenda nacional con la potencialidad de transformar la situación de pobreza de los hogares (Gráfico 3). Gráfico 3. Participación por entidades en diálogos colectivos del ODS1 Fuente: elaboración propia 5% 8% 12% 33% 42% Organismos Internacionales Academia Empresas privadas Sociedad civil Instituciones públicas 32 Cada semana se desarrollaron temáticas pertenecientes a cada una de las metas del ODS 1 y adaptados al caso de Costa Rica, específicamente: 1. Diálogo con personas beneficiarias de programas y servicios sociales. 2. Conceptualización y medición de la pobreza. 3. Articulación de los programas y servicios sociales. 4. Universalización de la protección social. 5. Formación de capacidades y oportunidades laborales. 6. Resiliencia y reducción de vulnerabilidades. Como resultado del proceso, los temas identificados como prioritarios tuvieron un consenso entre todos los actores participantes, resultando en un escenario positivo para el país con el fin de implementar medidas para el combate a la pobreza bajo consensos y sin posibles vetos de sectores. Se identificaron 16 líneas de acción prioritarias para el 2030, las cuales se presentan a continuación: 1. Conceptualización y medición de la pobreza: - Utilizar un concepto base unificado de la pobreza y que sea adaptable de acuerdo con el accionar y criterios institucionales. - Implementar el SINIRUBE por medio de procesos de acompañamiento, asesoría y capacitación a las instituciones para una correcta ejecución del registro permanente y para lograr una adecuada apropiación. 2. Articulación de los programas y servicios sociales: - Fortalecer, ampliar y buscar la sostenibilidad de la Estrategia Puente al Desarrollo. - Fomentar la práctica de evaluación de servicios y programas por parte de la población beneficiaria. - Consolidar y fortalecer el papel de una instancia rectora para que coordine un accionar inter- institucional, una adaptación de la oferta y la demanda de los programas sociales y una correcta alineación de la visión del desarrollo del país. - Promover la creación de un marco normativo que facilite las alianzas público- privadas 33 3. Universalización de la protección social: - Fortalecimiento de los servicios de cuido a niñas, niños y personas adultas mayores para que las personas cuidadoras de dependientes, por lo general mujeres, puedan trabajar, tener mayor acceso a la seguridad social y realizar sus estudios. - Incorporar diferentes cosmovisiones, culturas, lenguajes, un enfoque de igualdad de género, de respeto a la orientación sexual e identidad de género y todas las diversidades de la población en los programas del sistema educativo. - Adecuar los servicios de salud y de educación de acuerdo con las características y necesidades particulares de grupos poblaciones y de territorios. - Ampliar la cobertura a la seguridad social por medio de financiamientos y generación de empleo. 4. Formación de capacidades y oportunidades laborales: - Desarrollar capacidades adaptadas a la demanda laboral e insertar a las personas a empleos con alta demanda y productividad en el país. - Diseñar e implementar esquemas de aseguramiento diferenciados según particularidades de poblaciones específicas. - Contar con datos desagregados y de las características de personas insertas en el mercado laboral; la demanda laboral actual; y la proyectada a futuro para facilitar la creación de políticas de empleo y diseño de programas de capacitación. 5. Resiliencia y reducción de vulnerabilidades: - Comprometer y empoderar a los gobiernos locales para que trabajen periódicamente temas de emergencias y riesgos con la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias (CNE) y las personas en comunidades. - Revisar y restructurar los planes de ordenamiento territorial y adaptar los programas de vivienda según las condiciones, los contextos y las necesidades de cada región. - Incluir en todas las políticas públicas, leyes, programas y proyectos y en la planificación estratégica de las instituciones criterios de sostenibilidad ambiental y de análisis de riesgos, de acuerdo con marcos internacionales. 34 Los resultados de estos procesos fueron presentados en los primeros meses del año 2017 a jerarcas institucionales de alto nivel con el fin de que conocieran las líneas estratégicas de acción identificadas por diversos(as) participantes del país y a la vez definir los siguientes pasos para el abordaje del ODS 1. c) Tercera etapa: Identificación de acciones específicas por actores nacionales (mayo 2017 – presente) Actualmente, se está gestionando la tercera etapa de la agenda nacional de erradicación de la pobreza. Durante el mes de mayo del 2017, se diseñó una ficha estratégica basada en las líneas de acción identificadas como prioritarias por las personas participantes de los Diálogos Colectivos con el fin de recolectar información sobre las acciones realizadas o en curso sobre reducción de la pobreza. Para las próximas semanas, se proyecta realizar talleres intersectoriales sobre metas, indicadores y compromisos; propuestas para elaborar planes de acción; talleres de seguimiento de propuestas con participantes; y divulgar resultados con partidos políticos para que, de cara a las elecciones nacionales del 2018, estas agrupaciones vinculen sus propuestas programáticas con la Agenda 2030. 5.2.4. Desafíos nacionales identificados para la implementación del ODS 1 Para el cumplimiento de este ODS, se presentan los siguientes desafíos 57:  Implementar en la ENAHO la medición de otras variables del bienestar como la dignidad, autonomía, felicidad, empoderamiento, discriminación, calidad del empleo, entre otras; con el fin de complementar el IPM.  Lograr la articulación de las políticas sociales y las políticas económicas en cuanto a inversión social acorde con la universalización de la educación secundaria y superior, otros servicios sociales básicos y la empleabilidad.  Depurar las bases de información social y revisión de los programas selectivos según los perfiles de la población en situación de pobreza y vulnerabilidad con el fin de mejorar su calidad de vida.  Integrar acciones afirmativas inmediatas ajustadas a las características de diferentes grupos sociales en diferentes regiones en cuanto a la generación de empleo decente, oportunidades de emprendimiento y autoempleo; y en aumentar la cobertura de diversas formalidades de educación. 57 Secretaría Técnica de los ODS. (2016). Inventario de Políticas Públicas según los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). San José: Secretaría Técnica ODS-MIDEPLAN. P. 12. 35  Revisar y realizar ajustes en el pago de salarios mínimos para los grupos no calificados y ajustes salariales según la política de empleo. Además, integrar programas y proyectos regionales que impacten el desarrollo de los territorios de acuerdo con sus potencialidades y limitaciones para incidir en las brechas regionales.  Ejecutar acciones prioritarias de la „Estrategia de Puente al Desarrollo‟ al involucrar a las instituciones públicas con metas específicas vinculados al mismo y logrando mayor participación de diversos actores en procesos de diseño y ejecución de las políticas sociales. 5.2.5. Desafíos nacionales identificados por mujeres, personas adultas mayores, afrodescendientes, personas con discapacidad e indígenas En un Diálogo Colectivo realizado en el marco del abordaje del ODS 1 con mujeres en condición de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica y beneficiarias de programas y servicios sociales se identificaron los siguientes desafíos a nivel país:  Falta de información sobre diferentes programas y servicios del Estado, así como los beneficios que podría esperar una persona. Esta ausencia de información representa un gran obstáculo e impide la motivación personal de las mujeres a mejorar su condición socioeconómica.  Dificultades para tramitar becas de educación para los hijos e hijas de mujeres migrantes en situación migratoria “irregular” en el país, pese a que estos sean costarricenses. Esta dificultad representa impactos negativos a nivel psicológico de las madres de estos menores, quienes por lo general son jefas de hogar y el “motor emocional” de su familia.  Implementación de protocolos para la sensibilización de funcionarias y funcionarios de las instituciones para que estas personas mejoren el trato hacia personas que solicitan servicios o información sobre programas.  Continuidad de los programas y servicios sociales existentes, para que estas mujeres tengan un acompañamiento efectivo a largo plazo y no sean sujetas a los cambios de administraciones de gobierno.  Generación de más programas de capacitación para emprendimiento o inserción laboral con el fin de que puedan generar ingresos a sus hogares y empoderar a las beneficiarias social, económica y psicológicamente.  Implementación de programas que reduzcan la vulnerabilidad ambiental y aumenten la resiliencia de las mujeres jefas de hogar y sus familias, 36 particularmente aquellas que experimentan riesgos en sus viviendas por los efectos adversos climáticos que experimenta el país. Por otra parte, en un taller realizado por la Secretaría Técnica de los ODS con personas adultas mayores también se identificaron una serie de desafíos multidimensionales específicos para esta población, los cuales es necesario abordar para generar bienestar social, reducir la pobreza y desigualdades. Estos desafíos son:  Elaborar una propuesta estatal para aquellas personas adultas mayores que superan la Línea de pobreza o la Pobreza Multidimensional, pero que no satisfacen a cabalidad todas sus necesidades. De este modo, las personas adultas mayores proponen que la „Estrategia Puente al Desarrollo‟ amplíe población meta a personas adultas mayores en condiciones socioeconómicas vulnerabilizadas.  Fortalecer los programas de atención para personas de la calle con énfasis en población adulta mayor, ya que en la actualidad no se posee la suficiente capacidad de atención.  Velar por un pleno cumplimiento de las bolsas de empleo decente que existen en la actualidad debido a que se detecta que algunas no están funcionando adecuadamente. Además, se considera necesario reconocer públicamente buenas prácticas en la generación de empleo para población adulta mayor como por ejemplo la implementada en el „Parque de Diversiones‟.  Generar una oferta de capacitación para que las personas adultas mayores puedan generar competencias que les permita incorporarse en el mercado laboral o bien generar capacidades de emprendimiento. Asimismo, mejorar canales de comunicación de la oferta ya existente por el Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje (INA) para que estas personas puedan participar de servicios de este tipo.  Implementar mecanismos de atención diferenciada y programas para el bienestar social para la población adulta mayor que se encuentran en los centros penales del país. En otra consulta realizada a representantes de la población afrodescendiente de Costa Rica de cara al presente informe voluntario, se identificaron necesidades específicas que afronta esta población tradicionalmente excluida en el país. Entre ellas se subrayan las siguientes:  Implementar acciones afirmativas que permitan generar empleo para las personas afrodescendientes, considerando acciones territoriales donde existe una ausencia de empresas y oportunidades laborales para las personas, por ejemplo, la vertiente atlántica. 37  Desarrollar mecanismos y medidas para reducir la brecha de oportunidades en educación, especialmente en la educación superior en zonas fuera del Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM) para que las personas jóvenes puedan prepararse.  Diseñar estrategias específicas para captar fondos de cooperación internacional y/o nacional para financiar actividades productivas e iniciativas en beneficio de la población afrodescendiente, considerando que Costa Rica está catalogado como un país de renta media-alta. Desde la perspectiva de los participantes en esta consulta, es necesario hacer una diferenciación de las poblaciones que se están beneficiando de la renta media-alta y a quienes este crecimiento económico más bien les está excluyendo. En zonas como el Caribe, donde por lo general reside gran parte de la población afrodescendiente, existe una gran brecha socio￾económica, la posible reducción de los flujos de cooperación internacional en términos de asistencia técnica y financiera para reducir la pobreza, les podría generar una mayor vulnerabilidad, sino se toman medidas específicas para “no dejarlos atrás”. En una consulta realizada a personas con discapacidad, se reconocieron los siguientes desafíos para el abordaje del ODS 1:  Promover oportunidades laborales de calidad con el fin de que estas poblaciones puedan generar sus propios ingresos, especialmente en el sector público, pues es donde se identifican mayores brechas para la contratación de personas con alguna discapacidad. Además, se determina necesario la creación de proyectos que incentiven el emprendimiento de estas poblaciones.  Implementar medidas enfocadas en el abordaje de la pobreza de mujeres en condición de discapacidad, en especial si son madres de familia, ya que es una población que tiende a ser excluida de poblaciones meta de programas sociales. Asimismo, se considera relevante abordar las necesidades de las madres de familia con hijos e hijas con discapacidad. Por último, en noviembre 2016, se realizó un Encuentro Nacional Indígena en el cual participaron representantes de los 8 pueblos indígenas del país en donde el SNU rescató la Visión 2030 desde estas poblaciones. En este sentido, para el abordaje del ODS 1 se identificó como desafíos:  Abordar la pobreza desde un enfoque multidimensional, intercultural y de derechos humanos, respetando sus cosmovisiones y su concepto de desarrollo del „Buen Vivir‟.  Ajustar los programas estatales de combate a la pobreza a sus necesidades específicas, pues el diseño metodológico de los mismos, no contempla 38 intervenciones, acorde con las demandas de estas poblaciones y las realidades geográficas y socioculturales de sus territorios.

SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere In SDG 1, all monitoring indicators with a series of data showed a favorable trend for the reduction of the scourge of poverty in Costa Rican society, for example, the behavior of the percentage of the population living in Costa Rica with less than $1,90 records a reduction in the period 2015 - 2018 from 2.7% to 2.5%, respectively. In turn, the situation of people living in poverty by Poverty Line (PL) or income90 of INEC91, shows in the period 2015-2018 a reduction of 0.7 pp going from 23.6% to 22.9%. In the case of multidimensional poverty since 2015, it has decreased 2.7 pp going from 21.8% to 19.1% in the country in the period 2015 - 2018. These results have been obtained from many angles, including the public interventions that have been upheld over time and the new ones of the recent administrations, for example, the implementation of “Puente al Desarrollo”, with an emphasis on households and people living in areas in extreme poverty, through the articulation of 22 programs run by 14 public institutions, as well as the articulation of selective social programs (SSP), including: “Programa Avancemos” [Advance Program] for the school retention of young students in secondary education, the “Red de Cuido” [Network of Care for minors] and the care of senior citizens in Shelters, Day Care Centers and Homes, Pensions of the Non-Contributory Regime, among other interventions.

OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE COSTA RICA 2020 “DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE EN ACCIÓN: LA RUTA HACIA LA SOSTENIBILIDAD” 128 ODS 1: Poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus formas y en todo el mundo En el ODS 1, todos los indicadores de seguimiento con serie de datos, mostraron una tendencia favorable para la disminución del flagelo de la pobreza en la sociedad costarricense, por ejemplo, el comportamiento del porcentaje de la población que vive en Costa Rica con menos de $1,90 registra una reducción en el período 2015 – 2018 de 2,7% a 2,5%, respectivamente, a su vez, la situación de las personas en pobreza por Línea de Pobreza (LP) o ingresos90 del INEC91, muestra en el período 2015-2018 una reducción de 0,7 pp al pasar de 23,6% a 22,9%. En el caso de la pobreza multidimensional desde el 2015, se ha reducido 2,7 pp pasando de 21,8% a 19,1% en el país entre el 2015 - 2018. Estos resultados se han obtenido por múltiples aristas, dentro de ellas las intervenciones públicas que se han sostenido en el tiempo y las nuevas de las recientes administraciones, por ejemplo, la implementación de la Estrategia Puente al Desarrollo, con énfasis en los hogares y las personas que habitan en los territorios en pobreza extrema, por medio de la articulación de 22 programas a cargo de 14 instituciones públicas, así como la articulación de Programas Sociales Selectivos (PSS), entre los que destacan: Programa Avancemos para la retención escolar de jóvenes estudiantes en enseñanza secundaria, la Red de Cuido para personas menores de Edad y la atención de personas adultas mayores en Albergues, Centros Diurnos y Hogares, las Pensiones del Régimen No Contributivo, entre otras intervenciones.

54 55 I INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO CUBA 2021 PARTE III. ESTADO DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS ODS EN CUBA METAS 1.1 Erradicar la pobreza extrema. 1.2 Reducir al menos a la mitad la proporción de personas que viven en la pobreza. 1.3 Implementar sistemas de protección social. 1.4 Igualdad de derechos de propiedad, servicios básicos, tecnología y recursos económicos. 1.5 Construir la resiliencia a los desastres económicos, sociales y ambientales. 1a. Movilizar recursos para poner en práctica programas y políticas encaminados a poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus dimensiones. 1b. Crear marcos de protección a los vulnerables y políticas sensibles al género. La República de Cuba como Estado Socialista de derecho y justicia social garantiza en el primer artícu - lo de la Constitución de 2019 la dignidad, el humanis - mo y la ética de sus ciudadanos para el disfrute de la libertad, la equidad, la igualdad, la solidaridad, el bien - estar y la prosperidad individual y colectiva. También la Constitución refrenda un sistema de garantías a los derechos recogidas en el articulado del Título V «De - rechos, deberes y garantías». Estos principios cons - tituyen el basamento jurídico para el desarrollo de la sociedad y el individuo y el ejercicio de sus derechos en dimensiones fundamentales del desarrollo huma - no como la educación, la salud, el trabajo, la seguridad y asistencia social, la alimentación, el acceso y disfrute de la cultura, el deporte, la recreación y otros que en su integralidad garanticen la eliminación de la pobreza. EL ODS 1 Poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus formas y en todo el mundo IDH AÑOS 1990 0,680 2014 0,767 2018 0,781 2000 0,691 2017 0,777 2015 0,772 2019 0,783 24 Elaborado desde el 2010 por Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI) y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (Pnud) 25 En la medición de los indicadores de este ODS se trabaja y presentan indicadores de acuerdo a metadatos internacionales o de definiciones nacionales que –de manera inclusiva– evidencian avances en la eliminación de la pobreza en Cuba y la creación de bienestar sostenible para la prosperidad de su población. Fuente: Pnud (2020). «Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano» Bajo tales preceptos, la utilización de indicadores multidimensionales potenciados internacionalmente – como el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) y el Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM)24 – resultan ade - cuados en el caso de Cuba para evaluar sus avances en la erradicación de la pobreza (metas 1.1 y 1.2) consideran - do que una potencial privación monetaria o material no impide el acceso, disfrute y resultados superiores en áreas como educación, salud, trabajo, impactos am - bientales, condiciones de vida, seguridad y asistencia social y otras dimensiones del desarrollo humano.25 Desde su creación en 1990, Cuba ha mostrado una ten - dencia creciente en el valor del IDH (Cuadro III.1.1). Ac - tualmente se ubica en el lugar 70 del ranking mundial en - tre las 189 naciones a las que se les calcula ese índice y entre los primeros diez países de América Latina y el Caribe. CUADRO III.1.1. Tendencias del Índice de Desarrollo Humano 56 57 I INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO CUBA 2021 PARTE III. ESTADO DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS ODS EN CUBA Cuba está incluida entre los países de desarrollo huma￾no alto y mejora 45 lugares en su posicionamiento con relación al INB, debido, en lo fundamental, a los logros En cuanto al Índice de Desarrollo de Género (0,944 en 2019), Cuba se coloca en el grupo de países con igualdad media en el IDH entre mujeres y hombres, con disparidades visibles solo en la dimensión econó￾mica. En el resto de los indicadores los resultados son similares (años medios de escolaridad) o, incluso, más favorables para las mujeres (esperanza de vida al nacer y años esperados de escolaridad). RECUADRO III.1.1. INDICADORES DEL IDH ESTIMADOS Y LUGAR DE CUBA EN EL MUNDO, DE 194 PAISES 2019 OCUPA CUBA EN EL MUNDO LUGAR 38 OCUPA CUBA EN EL MUNDO LUGAR 65 ESPERANZA DE VIDA AL NACER ESPERADOS DE ESCOLARIZACIÓN 78,8 AÑOS 14,3 AÑOS CUADRO III.1.2. Resultados del IPM Global de Cuba. Indicadores Seleccionados (2017) % de la población Índice de Pobreza Multidi￾mensional Incidencia de la Pobreza Multidimensional Vulnerabilidad a la Pobreza En Pobreza Multidimensional severa Fuente: Elaboración de la Ofcina Nacional de Estadística e Información con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación (2017) 0,002 0,44 % 1,6 0,00 % 26 Para el caso cubano se han realizado tres evaluaciones a las bases de datos de un módulo creado con las dimensiones e indicadores para medirlo en la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación del año 2017. La primera de estas evaluaciones se realizó de conjunto con expertos de la Oficina de OPHI (Iniciativa de Desarrollo Humano y Pobreza) y la segunda, en 2019, con expertos de esa propia Oficina y del IDH y el Pnud. La tercera y definitiva se hizo y concluyó en 2020 en la sede del Pnud. OCUPA CUBA EN EL MUNDO LUGAR 36 AÑOS PROMEDIO DE ESCOLARIDAD 11,8 GRADUADOS Con relación al Índice de Pobreza Multidimensio￾nal,26 Cuba se encuentran entre los valores más bajos del mundo en el IPM Global (lugar 7 al 10 entre 104 paí￾ses que se calcula, según el Reporte Mundial de 2020) en su índice e incidencia y vulnerabilidad. El total de Pobres Multidimensionados en una población de 11,2 millones de personas sería de 50 mil (Cuadro III.1.2). alcanzados en materia de salud y educación pese a las restricciones económicas y financieras a las que se en￾frenta. 58 59 I INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO CUBA 2021 PARTE III. ESTADO DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS ODS EN CUBA En un Informe del Fondo Mundial para la Naturale￾za (WWF) dado a conocer en 2019, se reconoce a Cuba por sus resultados en el desarrollo sostenible, enten￾dido como una combinación del Índice de Desarrollo Humano y la denominada huella ecológica que señala la energía y recursos por persona que se consumen en cada país. El elevado puntaje de 0,859 a nivel mundial, significa que el alto desarrollo humano alcanzado por el país –entendido como eliminación de privaciones con un alto desempeño en indicadores sociales (salud y educación)– no se ha logrado a costa de un impacto ecológico negativo, sino que, por el contrario, se com￾patibilizan en las políticas públicas el desarrollo hu￾mano y la protección del medio ambiente. Lo anterior se refrenda con el Índice de Desarrollo Humano experimental que aparece en el Informe de Desarrollo Humano de 2019 (Pnud, 2020), que ajusta el valor del IDH tradicional por la menor presión so￾bre el ambiente, medida a través de la huella material y emisiones de CO2 por unidad de valor añadido (indi￾cadores ODS 8.4.1 y 9.4.1, respectivamente). El valor alcanzado por Cuba es de 0,92 y su posicionamiento mejora con relación al ranking internacional por el IDH tradicional. Asimismo, el propio Informe del WWF establece una sinergia entre el alto desarrollo humano, la muy baja pobreza multidimensional y un lugar cimero en desarrollo sostenible, evidenciando una sociedad con avances sociales, ambientales y tecnológicos. En Cuba, ya están conecta￾dos a Internet más de 7,1 millones de resi￾dentes en el país, lo que representa el 64 % de la población. Esta cifra supera el promedio mun￾dial que es de 59 %, según se reseña en el Digital 2020 yearbook. En 2015, esta cifra era de apenas el 35 % de la población cubana, lo cual mues￾tra la rápida penetración de Internet en la sociedad en los últimos años, pese a las res￾tricciones económicas y tecnológicas que impone el bloqueo de los Estados Unidos. Estos resultados (y otros adicionales como la reducción de la desnutrición y mortalidad infantil y de niños y niñas me￾nores de 5 años, la erradicación de impor￾tantes enfermedades y la alta cobertura de inmunización, la reducción de la tasa de analfabetismo de adultos, el amplio acceso de infantes en edad escolar a la educación básica y la terminación de la enseñanza primaria, la extensión de la cobertura de servicios de salud a toda la población y la generación de empleo e ingresos), son muestra de que los niveles de desarrollo humano alcanzados por Cuba son compa￾rables con los de muchos países desarro￾llados. La garantía de que las personas con menores ingresos puedan acceder a los mismos beneficios sociales que los que tie￾nen ingresos más elevados, contribuye a que la pobreza, como fenómeno social, no tenga gran repercusión en cuanto a magni￾tud e intensidad. Lo anterior es consecuencia de la im￾plementación de una política social uni￾versal e inclusiva que parte del principio de no dejar a nadie atrás y garantiza el ac￾ceso gratuito a un conjunto de servicios so￾ciales básicos (meta 1.3). De acuerdo con el Panorama Social de América Latina 2020, Cuba es uno de los países de la región que mayor proporción de su gasto social desti￾na a protección social (Gráfico III.1.1). En Cuba, ya están conectados a Internet más de 7,1 millones de residentes en el país, el 64% de la población, superando al promedio mundial que es de 59%, según se reseña en el Digital 2020 yearbook. Los niveles de desarrollo humano alcanzados por Cuba son comparables con los de los países desarrollados. 60 61 I INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO CUBA 2021 PARTE III. ESTADO DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS ODS EN CUBA GRÁFICO III.1.1. Distribución del gasto social del gobierno central, por funciones, 2019 (%) GRÁFICO III.1.2. Gasto social sobre el PIB (%) Elevar los ingresos de las personas y proteger de manera diferenciada a los segmentos de población que se encuentran en condiciones de mayor vulnera￾bilidad, constituyen también desafíos de atención per￾manente en el sistema de protección social del país. Hacia tales propósitos se han dirigido políticas recien￾tes derivadas del proceso de ordenamiento moneta￾rio y cambiario de cuya implementación emergió una transformación del sistema salarial que elevó el sala￾rio mínimo y benefició tanto al sector presupuestado como al sector empresarial. En paralelo, los grupos vulnerables reciben una atención diferenciada. Entre estos se encuentran los 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ARGENTINA Recreación, cultura y religión Vivienda y servicios comunitarios Protección del medio ambiente Protección social Educación Salud Gastos en educación y salud con relación al PIB Gasto social con relación al PIB BAHAMAS BARBADOS BOLIVIA BRASIL CHILE COLOMBIA COSTA RICA CUBA ECUADOR EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA GUYANA HONDURAS JAMAICA MÉXICO NICARAGUA PANAMÁ PARAGUAY PERÚ R. DOMINICANA TRINIDAD Y T. URUGUAY Fuente: (Cepal, 2019) Fuente: Onei Aproximadamente el 50 % del presu￾puesto y más del 20 % del PIB se dedi￾can al gasto social (Gráfico III.1.2). En condiciones de bajo crecimiento económico, estos altos montos suponen enfrentar importantes desafíos en mate￾ria de sostenibilidad. Particular relevancia deberá prestarse a la seguridad social, en la cual se generan tensiones importantes, debido a la actual dinámica demográfica. Esta partida representó el 10,8 % de los gastos totales en 2019. Por ello el país reco￾noce la necesidad de incorporar alternati￾vas de financiamiento que complementen los recursos provenientes del presupues￾to estatal, tanto nacional como territorial; así como una mayor articulación entre to￾dos los actores que participan en el siste￾ma de protección social cubano. 21.7 20.6 19.5 18.6 19.8 32.2 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 31.9 30.8 30.1 32.3 EL 17,4 % DE LA POBLACIÓN DE 60 AÑOS O MÁS VIVE EN HOGARES UNIPERSONALES EN EL AÑO 2019, LOS GASTOS POR ASISTENCIA SOCIAL EN EL PAÍS FUERON DE 369 MILLONES DE PESOS (SUPERIORES A LOS 315 MILLONES DE PESOS EN EL 2018) FAMILIAS MONOPARENTALES, CON MUJERES AL FRENTE HOGARES CON PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD hogares familiares de bajos ingresos (actualmente se realiza una identificación pormenorizada de estos en el nuevo contexto de ordenamiento monetario y cam￾biario); las familias unipersonales formadas por ancia￾nos solos (de acuerdo a la última Encuesta de Enveje￾cimiento Poblacional (2017), el 17,4 % de la población de 60 años o más vive en hogares unipersonales); fa￾milias monoparentales, con mujeres al frente; hogares con personas con discapacidad; entre otros. En el año 2019, los gastos por asistencia social en el país fueron de 369 millones de pesos (superiores a los 315 millones en 2018), con un total de 173 mil 972 beneficiarios y 115 mil 029 hogares protegidos. CON UN TOTAL DE 173 972 BENEFICIARIOS 115 029 NÚCLEOS PROTEGIDOS El Estado subvenciona los alimentos para las más de un millón de personas que reciben dietas médicas, emba￾razadas, niños con déficit nutricional, entre otros vulne￾rables, para lo cual el presupuesto corriente destina más de 20 millones de pesos; así como los productos para la atención a pacientes postrados e incontinentes, los uni￾formes escolares, los productos de canastilla y el calzado profiláctico. Del cuadro básico de medicamentos, com￾puesto en 2019 por 757 medicamentos, se subsidian por el presupuesto del Estado aquellos que se dispensan de manera controlada en la red de farmacias comunitarias y responden al tratamiento de enfermedades crónicas (85 medicamentos que responden al tratamiento de 3 millones 425 mil 220 pacientes, el 30 % de la población cubana); y otros medicamentos que requieren su uso por periodos largos en pacientes con diferentes padecimien￾tos. Ello representa para el presupuesto del Estado un importe de aproximadamente 3 mil millones de pesos. 62 63 I INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO CUBA 2021 PARTE III. ESTADO DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS ODS EN CUBA En Cuba, existe una alta cobertura y acceso a los servicios básicos (meta 1.4). En materia de salud y edu￾cación, los sistemas sanitarios y educativos garantizan la inclusión de todas las personas (como se explica en los ODS 3 y 4, respectivamente), alcanzándose resulta￾dos de referencia a nivel regional e internacional. También se promueve en el país el acceso a los servicios culturales, la práctica deportiva y la recrea￾ción sana. Existen 350 casas de cultura desplegadas por todos los territorios, más de 300 librerías, 247 museos, 383 bibliotecas, 123 galerías de arte y otras instalaciones culturales como cines, teatros y salas de video. Más de 150 mil personas asistieron a algu￾na actividad artístico-cultural en 2019, un 21 % más que en 2015. Asimismo, el país cuenta con más de 5 mil instalaciones deportivas y más de 4 millones de practicantes sistemáticos del deporte participativo y otras actividades. En cuanto a los servicios básicos en los hogares, la población con acceso a fuentes mejoradas de agua al￾canzó en 2019 un 96,7 % (95,5 % en 2015), con un in￾cremento del área rural de 86,6 % en 2015 al 91,5 % en 2019. A su vez, el 98,5 % de la población tiene acceso a instalaciones de saneamiento mejoradas (96,9 % en 2015), con una cobertura de 96,2 % en el área rural (92,5 % en 2015). Prácticamente el total de los hogares cuenta con servicios de electrificación. Según la Encuesta de Indicadores Múltiples por Conglomerados realizada en 2019 (Encuesta CUBA/ MICS 2020) en una muestra de 11 mil 966 hogares, el 92 % de estos cuenta con un televisor, el 74 % con te￾léfono (ya sea con línea fija o móvil) y el 25 % con al menos una computadora. En materia de construcción de viviendas, si bien este aspecto constituye uno de los desafíos aún laten￾tes, en tanto se estima un déficit habitacional que as￾ciende a más de 929 mil hogares, se aprecian también avances. En el año 2019 se concluyeron 44 mil 566 vi￾viendas, para un incremento del 94 % con relación a 2015 (23 mil 003 viviendas terminadas), como resul￾tado de la implementación de la Política de la vivienda que se revisa y actualiza periódicamente. Con 4 millo￾nes de viviendas en Cuba, el 90 % de su población es propietaria de la misma. En el caso de la protección a las personas con ma￾yor riesgo de sufrir los efectos de fenómenos natura￾les extremos (meta 1.5), en Cuba existe también una vasta experiencia en gestión de reducción de riesgos de desastres, reconocida a nivel internacional. El país ha sido azotado en el periodo de diez años (2008-2019) por ocho ciclones tropicales que ocasionaron pérdidas económicas totales de 32 mil 341,5 millones de pesos, de los cuales 15 mil 583,6 millones de pesos (48,2 %) se derivaron del costo de la reposición de viviendas. En total, un millón 136 mil 654 viviendas presentaron daños de algún tipo y, de ellas, 132 mil 093 sufrieron derrumbes totales, lo que representa el 11,6 %. El número de personas fallecidas en los anteriores eventos fue solo de 0,025 por 100 mil habitantes, ci￾fra mínima teniendo en cuenta la intensidad de estos eventos meteorológicos. Ello se ha logrado debido a que existe un fuerte Sistema de Defensa Civil que in￾cluye la prevención, la preparación y la recuperación ante el desastre. Este Sistema tiene como premisa fun￾damental salvar las vidas humanas y los medios de la economía. Los resultados del país en este ámbito han sido reconocidos a nivel internacional. MÁS DE 150 000 PERSONAS PERSONAS ASISTIERON A ALGUNA ACTIVIDAD ARTÍSTICO-CULTURAL EN EL 2019, UN 21% MÁS QUE EN 2015 350 CASAS DE CULTURA 300 LIBRERÍAS 247 MUSEOS 383 BIBLIOTECAS 123 GALERÍAS Asimismo, al cierre de 2019, la cantidad de personas naturales beneficiadas como poseedoras de tierras en usufructo es de 275 mil 762, lo cual unido a los propietarios –97 mil 341– representa el 92,3 % del total de personas naturales poseedoras de tierras. El 16 % de los usufructuarios son mujeres, así como el 32 % de los propietarios.

15 6. GOALS AND TARGETS SDG 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere Cyprus is emerging from a deep economic crisis which has severely affected the welfare of its people. In 2009 Cyprus was hit by the world financial turmoil, the economic impact of which gradually spread over all sectors and areas of life. This led Cyprus to sign, in April 2013, a Memorandum of Understanding with the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Troika), in order to acquire financial assistance. Through the determined efforts of its people, Cyprus exited the Economic Adjustment Programme in March 2016 without a successor arrangement and accomplishing important achievements in the programme’ s duration. Economic policy in the past three years placed priority on fiscal consolidation, the resumption of financial stability and structural reforms to help businesses unleash the potential of the economy and return to growth, job creation and prosperity. Reforms have started to bear fruit. The economy reached a turning point in 2015, with growth having resumed and unemployment starting to decline. Poverty figures for the period 2014-2015 reflect the negative effects of the financial crisis, with worsening of the labour market conditions and decrease in the income of the population. The at￾risk-of poverty or social exclusion rate [1] (AROPE), in comparison to 2014, increased by 1.5pp (from 27.4% to 28.9%) in 2015. The analysis of the AROPE sub-indicators, demonstrates an increasing trend in the share of people living in very low work intensity (VLWI) households, reflecting the high levels of unemployment rate in Cyprus. In particular, the VLWI has increased by 1.2pp in 2015 (2015: 10.9%; 2014: 9.7%; 2011: 4.9%). The AROP (after social transfers), i.e. monetary poverty, increased from 14.4% in 2014 to 16.2% in 2015, while the SMD indicator remained at the same levels (15.3% in 2014; 15.4 in 2015). The number of working poor also witnessed an increase of 1.3pp from 2014 (2014: 7.8%; 2015: 9.1%). The AROPE for children (0- 17) grew to 28.9% in 2015, while on the other hand the AROPE for the elderly (65+) decreased to 20.8% in 2015 from 27.2% in 2014. The mean equalized disposal income (in euro) of a household decreased from €18.418 in 2014 to €16.944 in 2015. Simultaneously, the poverty threshold (for 1 person household, in euro) decreased further reaching €8.276 in 2015, compared to €8.640 in 2014. Based on the available data it can be argued that the decrease in the income of the population of the country and the high unemployment rates are the main reasons behind the deterioration of the poverty figures in Cyprus. Guaranteed Minimum Income The Council of Ministers adopted in November 2014, the National Strategy on Social Policy for the period 2014-2020. The Strategy sets the main policy guidance for the period 2014-2020 providing a comprehensive approach to the challenges faced. The Strategy addresses the promotion of children’s welfare, the reform of the welfare system, active inclusion, long-term care and effective governance. In combating conditions of poverty and social exclusion, Cyprus has undertaken a major reform of its welfare system. As welfare benefits were considered to be fragmented and in order to improve efficiency:  A comprehensive social governance was decided through the creation of a single welfare benefit administration service under the MLWSI which was assigned the design and administration of all social benefits including those that in the past were under the responsibility of other Ministries, e.g. the child and lone parents benefits, the benefit provided to support low income pensioners, etc.  A national registry of beneficiaries of social benefits was created, covering more than 250,000 social benefits recipients and indicating the level of support they receive.  A comprehensive and reliable verification and control system was established that allows for the provision of targeted benefits to citizens who genuinely need the assistance. At the heart of the reform was the introduction of the Guaranteed Minimum Income Scheme (GMI), which replaced the public assistance benefit. The GMI aims to provide assistance to individuals and families that cannot, despite their efforts, gain enough income to support their needs. 16 The GMI provides for basic needs based on a minimum consumption basket and covers also other needs, such as housing (rent or mortgage interest), municipality taxes and extraordinary needs, as well as child care needs and long-term care. The GMI is also provided to families which were not receiving any income support benefits in the past as it incorporates a new eligible group, the working poor, and consolidates low-income pensioners. Furthermore, the GMI provides the framework for two mechanisms, social care and social intervention to GMI recipients. Social care provides for the subsidisation of the cost of home, institutional, respite and day care including child care of GMI recipients. Social Intervention refers to the activation and social inclusion of GMI recipients. This action includes a wide spectrum of services provided to a person or family unit receiving the GMI that will empower and support them in their social integration. The ultimate purpose of this action is the employment rehabilitation through co-operation with the Public Employment Services. Activation measures targeted at GMI beneficiaries, that involve training and development interventions as well as participation in public work programmes have been rolled out and are currently utilized for the social integration of GMI beneficiaries. The measure is related to the labour market, education and social challenges and to the employment national target. The implementation of the GMI, including its fiscal impact, is monitored through the preparation of quarterly costing updates and beneficiary profile analysis. Preliminary simulations during its design phase concluded that the new system would have a small impact on the incidence of relative poverty (at-risk-of-poverty rate), a considerable positive impact on the intensity of relative poverty, and would significantly reduce absolute poverty. An assessment report on several aspects and dimensions of the GMI will be prepared as soon as the transfer of the public assistance beneficiaries is completed, in order to serve as a basis for designing improvements to the system as well as well-targeted activation programmes. Further to the existing measures implemented in Cyprus addressing child poverty, the Government decided to devote the EU funding provided through the Fund of European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) on efforts to combat child deprivation and poverty. In particular, two actions are promoted: provision of breakfast at schools for deprived children and provision of basic material assistance to new-born babies of deprived families. The Government is focusing on the provision of accessible, affordable and quality social care programmes at local level (i.e. child care services, long-term social care services to the elderly and persons with disabilities, counselling services). Within the framework of the State Aid Scheme, NGOs and Local Authorities receive state aid based on certain criteria for the development and functioning of social care programmes. In 2016, 252 organizations received state aid for the operation of quality social care programmes, with a total budget of around 7 ml euros. The Welfare Services of the Republic supervise the minimum quality standards of care structures according to the relevant legislations. Towards assuring the improvement of the quality of care services provided by the private sector (private for profit, NGOs and LAs), the Social Welfare Services are in the process of amending the existing legislative framework on minimum standards of care structures and are also drafting a new Law on home careers.

41 NO POVERTY SDG 1 | End pover ty in all its forms everywhere Highlights – 2020 • All poverty indicators showed an improvement until 2019. The pandemic is expected to have a negative impact on the economy. • Asylum Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) projects provide social protection for unaccompanied minors and asylum seekers. • Significant reduction in the at-risk-of￾poverty rate of women and for people aged 65 and over. Covid Response • Adoption of a generous fiscal package, in 2020, which amounted to €2.6 billion or 12.5% of GDP to support the severely hit, real economy, and to cushion the e "ect on people and businesses, prepared in collaboration between the Government, political parties, and social partners. • Implementation of 14 special schemes, to provide financial help, such as wage compensation for all a "ected employees and businesses. The schemes have been renewed each month since March 2020. Looking Ahead • Continuation of e "orts to mitigate the negative e "ects of the COVID-19 pandemic. • By 2030, the Government wants to ensure that the poor and the vulnerable have access to basic services, ownership and control over land and property, inheritance, natural resources, new technology and financial services. • The Council of Ministers promotes the establishment of the Deputy Ministry of Social Welfare aiming to provide social protection, social inclusion, and equal opportunities for all citizens. • Reform of the Social Insurance System (SIS), to enhance social protection for all employees, by extending and improving cover of various benefits. 42 NARRATIVE Despite the impact of the 2013 economic crisis and the ongoing detrimental e"ects of the current pandemic, Cyprus continues to make progress in reducing poverty in all its forms. There has been a reduction in unemployment, increase of employment and income, and implementation of additional targeted welfare schemes of the Government. Government initiatives including the continuation of the Guaranteed Minimum Income; the adoption of generous fiscal packages and special support schemes to mitigate the negative e"ects of the pandemic; and the implementation of AMIF projects have all played a pivotal role in combating poverty. The operation of an open reception centre for unaccompanied minors who are third country nationals, who are either beneficiaries or applicants of international protection implemented by an NGO seeks to provide asylum seekers with various services that are supportive, educational, or recreational in nature. ANALYSIS Cyprus presents its best pe#ormance in this SDG having reached almost full attainment, even though it holds the 18th position relative to the EU, regarding the percentage of people living at risk of poverty or social exclusion with 22.3% of the population (compared to 20.9% in the EU). By looking into the individual components of this indicator, the pe#ormance of Cyprus varies. In particular, it is 11th, among EU members, with respect to the people at risk of poverty a$er social transfers, 23rd with respect to the people who are severely materially deprived, and 10th with respect to the people living in households with very low work intensity indicators (see Figures 8 and 9). In Cyprus, 14.7% of the population, compared to 16.5% in the EU, has an equivalised disposable income below the risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60 % of the national median equivalised disposable income (estimated at €9,729 in 2019, indicating an increase of 5.7%, compared to 2018). Additionally, 9.1% of the population (compared to 5.4% in the EU), is severely constrained by a lack of resources, as defined by Eurostat, and 6.8% of the employed population aged 18 years or more (compared to 8.3%. in the EU) is living in a household where the adults work 20% or less of their total work potential. Notably, Cyprus presents a positive trend in all the aforementioned indicators, denoting a potential for gradual improvement of its position in the future once the shocks of the pandemic have been absorbed. On a similar note, the pe#ormance of Cyprus in regard to the basic needs indicators varies. Cyprus is the country with the lowest percentage 43 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Protection of the Vulnerable & Poor • Reducing child poverty and strengthening social inclusion and social coherence. • Expansion of a"ordable childcare centres enabling the entry of care takers in the labour market, particularly women with children, contributing to gender equality and to the reduction of the risk of poverty. • Enhancing the infrastructure capacity of Social Welfare Services to act as a guardian for children and adolescents with conduct disorders and unaccompanied minors-asylum seekers. • Provision to persons with disabilities and the elderly of suitable, comfortable, accessible, family-type homes in the community to live with safety, dignity, and quality of life. • Protection and enhancement of welfare for migrants and asylum seekers through projects funded by the AMIF. • Continuation of the Guaranteed Minimum Income (GMI) social benefit. COVID-19 Pandemic Income Support and Protection of Employees & Businesses • Granting ‘Special Absence Leave’ to parents working in the private and public sector for the care of children up to 15 years of age due to suspension of the operation of private and public schools, nurseries, and child care centres. • Special Sickness Leave Scheme for working persons who were quarantined or had to self￾isolate or were diagnosed with Covid-19. • Compensation for self-employed and unemployed persons for bygone income. • Wage compensation for Total and Partial Suspension of Operations. of individuals living in overcrowded households (2.2% relative to 17.2% in the EU), and living in households where the total housing costs absorb among the lowest percentage of disposable income (2.3% in Cyprus relative to 9.4% in the EU). Furthermore, Cyprus is 8th in the percentage of population having reported an unmet need for medical examination and care (1% relative to 1.7% in the EU), and 14th in the percentage of population having neither a bath, nor a shower, nor indoor flushing toilet in their household, respectively (0.5% in Cyprus, relative to 1.6% in the EU). Finally, Cyprus ranks last among the EU27 regarding the percentage of population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation or rot in window frames of floor (31.1% relative to 12.7% in the EU) and the percentage of population unable to keep their home adequately warm (21% relative to 6.9% in the EU), holding the 25th position. On a positive note, the trends of the aforementioned indicators all show an improvement from 2010 to 2019. Promoting a New Growth Model • An ambitious investment plan of more than €3.6 billion. Schemes Facilitating the Creation of New Jobs • Wage Subsidies Schemes: Seven schemes were implemented during the period 2016- 2020 which aimed towards helping employers hire unemployed persons. The schemes were addressed to the needs of those unemployed over 50 years old, the disabled, those su"ering from chronic diseases, and recipients of GMI (Guaranteed Minimum Income). • The System of Vocational Qualifications (SVQ has been designed for: – The assessment and certification of the competence of a person, to carry out a specific job in real or/and simulated working conditions and for facilitating training programmes. – The Standard Multi-Company Training Programmes for retraining of employed persons.

17 Successful fight against extreme poverty The Czech Republic scores above the OECD average in SDG 1 - End poverty in all its forms everywhere. In 2015, the proportion of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion was 14.0%, which was rated as the lowest score of the EU28, where the average was 23.7%. The only countries to achieve a lower score were Iceland and Norway. The SDGs targets 1.1 and 1.b have been already met, meaning that the extreme poverty defined as living on less than 1.25 USD per day has been successfully eradicated and the area is covered by gender sensitive and pro-poor oriented national policies which also translate to the regional and local level. While appropriate national legislation1 and many sectoral policies are already in place, the Czech Republic is committed to further reducing the number of persons at risk of poverty and social exclusion within the framework of the Europe 2020 strategy. Two2 of the 97 specific goals (SGs) set by the strategic framework Czech Republic 2030 aim at achieving those commitments. Measures taken under those goals should help to eradicate all levels of poverty, including those identified in disaggregated data (e.g. age and gender-specific data).

19 SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere With the 2030 Agenda, the international community has set itself the ambi￾tious goal of completely eradicating extreme poverty by 2030. The 2030 Agenda states that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions is “the greatest global challenge and an indispensable requirement for sus￾tainable development”. Progress towards achieving Goal 1 will send a very strong signal. But to achieve SDG 1, it will be crucial to make progress on all other SDGs. Efforts to achieve SDG 1 must ensure that no one is left behind; i.e. we will have to redouble our efforts in order to reach disad￾vantaged groups and individuals around the globe. National challenges The focus of the German Government’s national-level policy to achieve SDG 1 is, alongside the constitutionally guaranteed entitlement to the minimum sociocultural standard that would ena- 20 ble a person to live in dignity, to combat relative poverty in the form of restricted opportu￾nities to participate. Poverty, thus understood, is a challenge, even for a wealthy nation like Germany. Single parents and people living in households with low work intensity are worst affected. Employment that generates an adequate income is the most effective means of fighting poverty. The German Government is undertaking the following activities: • Poverty avoidance through decent wages: The introduction of an across-the-board minimum legal wage in 2015 was an important step towards improving the income situation of workers in the low wage sector. The situation is evaluated at regular intervals and ap￾propriate action can be taken as required. Since women previously accounted for almost two thirds of workers earning less than the minimum wage, they have benefited dispropor￾tionately from the introduction of the minimum wage. • To make it easier to reconcile family and professional commitments, childcare facilities are being expanded, to give one example. Other steps to improve the income situ￾ation of women involve building on the “Elterngeld Plus” and “Partnerschaftsbonus” paren￾tal benefits scheme (which enables parents of young children to work part time and share the responsibility of looking after their children) to encourage fathers and mothers to share family commitments more equally, enabling both partners to take up gainful employment, as well as creating fixed-term part-time working opportunities. • Poverty-resistant old age pensions, to ensure that the social welfare system remains “poverty-resistant” for future generations. The German Government thus plans first and foremost to strengthen company pensions schemes. • Protection against poverty through a minimum level of protection: Where it is not pos￾sible to earn an adequate income, Germany provides state support such as income trans￾fers to prevent poverty. In Germany, taxes and social transfers reduce the risk of poverty by 74%12. Cash payments for families help them bear child-related costs, protect them from poverty, and enable children from low-income families equal access to education and partic￾ipation in society. • Access to affordable housing is also promoted. Global responsibility Within the framework of the bilateral cooperation of the German Government, sustainable poverty reduction is the overarching goal. Poverty is seen as a multidimensional phe￾nomenon in line with international standards. • Germany affirms its global responsibility and helps in all policy fields to eradicate all di￾mensions of poverty worldwide. 12 OECD calculations 21 Support for other countries • Structural and suprasectoral approaches to poverty reduction: Germany supports partner countries, for instance, in promoting inclusive economic growth and employment, improving access to education and health services, and building social welfare systems (health insurance, basic income, pensions). Special attention is paid to rural regions and to promoting agriculture. It is becoming increasingly important to strengthen the resilience of poor people and countries to the consequences of climate change and environmental de￾struction. Experience/challenges: The evaluation of development policy by the OECD DAC Peer Re￾view in 2015 indicated a conflict of objectives between the political will to concentrate efforts on the poorest countries, and the desire to select the most effective and efficient development measure in each case. The Peer Review also pointed out that the comprehensive realignment to management for results remains a challenge. Ultimately, greater efforts will have to be made over the next 15 years, in order to reach disadvantaged or discriminated groups and women, perhaps by fine-tuning or adjusting political guidelines, further developing the instru￾ments used, or reviewing selection mechanisms. The present draft of the National Sustainable Development Strategy 2016 envisag￾es that national sustainability indicators and goals/measures concentrate on: Build￾ing on SDG 1.3, the German Government is reviewing the determination of indicators in the social welfare system.

30 By adopting the 2030 Agenda, the international community of states has set itself the ambitious aim of ending extreme poverty by 2030. The eradication of poverty in all its forms and dimensions is one of the greatest global challenges of the present time and an indispensable condition for sustainable development. Progress on reducing poverty offers the opportunity for sea changes in other areas too. If SDG 1 is to be achieved, however, successes in all of the other goals will be crucial. Achievement of SDG 1 depends on leaving no one behind. In other words, even greater efforts will be required to end discrimination and exclusion and to reduce inequality between people. SDG 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere Material deprivation Severe material deprivation Source: Sustainable Development in Germany – Indicator Report 2021 German Voluntary National Review to the HLPF 2021 31 Pursuit of the 17 SDGs in, by and in partnership with Germany | SDG 1 Relevant indicators and exemplary trends In the German Sustainable Development Strategy, SDG 1 is covered by two indicators: material deprivation, which measures perceived material hardship, and severe material deprivation, which describes the lack of specifc consumer goods and the involuntary foregoing of discretionary consumption for fnancial reasons.1 The target of the German Government is to ensure that the proportion of people affected by poverty is being kept signifcantly below the EU-27 level by 2030. On the basis of the latest available time 1 This indicator is intended to illustrate personal circumstances in which a risk of poverty exists. It is part of a set of indicators used by the German Government for comprehensive reporting on poverty and wealth. The set comprises 11 indicators from various areas, such as unemployment, in-work poverty or poverty risk, income distribution, health, receipt of income support benefts, social participation, overindebtedness and housing (see also the report on poverty and wealth (in German) at www.armuts-und-reichtumsbericht.de). series, both elements of the target are already being met. Whereas only 6.8% of people in Germany are materially deprived, the EU level stands at 13.1%. Similarly, in terms of severe material deprivation, the rate of 2.6% in Germany is a good bit below the EU average of 5.5%. In the course of time, moreover, a gradual decline in the proportion of people affected by poverty has been observable both in Germany and in the EU as a whole. In the effort to end material and severe material deprivation, the trend is therefore moving in the right direction. Materially deprived and severely materially deprived persons Shares, in % 0 2010 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Severely materially deprived persons, Germany Severely materially deprived persons, EU-28 Materially deprived persons, Germany Materially deprived persons, EU-28 4.5 8.4 11.1 17.8 2.6 5.5 6.8 12.0 Source: Federal Statistical Offce, Eurostat © Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) 2021 32 Pursuit of the 17 SDGs in, by and in partnership with Germany | SDG 1 Context, challenges and core activities since 2016 Germany regards effective efforts to combat poverty as one of the keys to global sustainable development. In 2017, according to World Bank estimates, 689 million people in the world were living in extreme poverty, that is to say on less than USD 1.90 a day. As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, up to 124 million more people fell into extreme poverty in 2020 alone. The World Bank estimates that this fgure might increase to as many as 163 million in 2021. In Germany, the principle of the welfare state is enshrined in the constitution. Besides the consti￾tutionally guaranteed provision for necessary living expenses plus a reasonable minimum level of expenditure on participation in social and cultural life to ensure decent living conditions for every￾one, the main focus of German Government policy is on bolstering the fnancial situation of individuals and households on relatively low incomes. Next to transfer payments, this requires efforts in other areas such as economic, education, employment, environment, equal opportunities, family, fscal, health, housing and infrastructure policy. In Germany, people with lower incomes on average are primarily lone parents, families with three or more children, the unemployed, part￾time workers with relatively few working hours and/or in low pay groups, people with little education and those from migrant backgrounds. In the context of Germany’s international devel￾opment cooperation, the establishment and development of social security systems in partner countries of the Global South is regarded as a key contribution to the worldwide struggle against poverty. Such support is primarily intended to enable people – particularly the poor and disad￾vantaged – to meet their basic needs and protect themselves against risks. At the same time, it creates the conditions for enhanced economic and social inclusion of these people. 2 An overview of German family benefts is available in English here: https://familienportal.de/familienportal/meta/languages/family-benefts In Germany: • The German Government pursues a preventive approach to combating poverty. Its aim is to achieve a high employment rate with adequate pay levels. For example, by means of the Skills Development Opportunities Act (Qualif￾zierungschancengesetz), the German Govern￾ment has improved the reskilling of employed persons affected by the general process of structural change. In this way employees’ skills can be developed to match the needs of companies before any redundancies occur. • Poverty avoidance through adequate wages: Following the introduction of a nationwide minimum wage in 2015 and its continuous adjustment, the income situation of low-paid workers not self-employed has been distinctly improved. The introduction of the minimum wage has benefted about four million people, including disproportionately large numbers of female employees. • Relief for low-income families: The supplemen￾tary child allowance scheme was recast in 2019 and 2020 by the Strong Families Act (Starke-Familien-Gesetz).2 • Improvements to the education package: The education package scheme was improved in recognition of the increased demand for personal school supplies and for participation in the social and cultural life of the community; the parental contribution to the cost of school transport and of communal lunches in schools, daycare centres and childminding services was abolished, and it was clearly established that learning support can be given to a child regardless of whether he or she is at risk of having to repeat a year of schooling. German Voluntary National Review to the HLPF 2021 33 Pursuit of the 17 SDGs in, by and in partnership with Germany | SDG 1 In the global context and in cooperation with partner countries: • Vision Zero Fund: Under Germany’s G7 Presi￾dency in 2015, this International Labour Organization (ILO) fund for the improvement of occupational health and safety was estab￾lished by the G7 with the aim of bolstering the application of labour and social standards in global supply chains. • Action to support and establish social security systems in partner countries: In the context of bilateral development cooperation, this action covers both more comprehensive protection schemes, such as income support, health insurance, occupational accident insurance and pensions insurance, and specifc measures for poor sections of the population, such as cash transfers, public employment measures and vouchers for healthcare services for infants and toddlers. – India as a case study: Germany provided India with advice on the introduction of a state-funded scheme of free health insur￾ance. Since 2018, some 500 million people have received coverage through the scheme. – Malawi as a case study: Germany assisted Malawi in introducing directly receivable transfer benefts. Since the introduction of these benefts, known as Social Cash Trans￾fers, about 600,000 people have benefted from them. • Promotion of fair working conditions and living wages: Firstly, this is done as part of Germany’s bilateral development cooperation, for example though the Special Initiative on Training and Job Creation and the Employment and Skills for Development in Africa (E4D) project. Secondly, it is achieved through the initiation and promo￾tion of multi-stakeholder partnerships like the Partnership for Sustainable Textiles and the German Initiative on Sustainable Cocoa, in which living wages are a key objective (see also SDGs 8 and 12). Lessons learned, areas requiring action and anticipated priority areas On several requirements for the accelerated pursuit of targets, there is now greater urgency as a result of the COVID 19 pandemic: • to provide access routes to employment for all parts of the population, especially women and young people, on whom the impact has been greatest • to combat poverty among those in low income brackets by means of additional targeted measures as well as to increase the incentives to take up employment • to enforce the statutory obligation to pay the minimum wage, which should primarily be achieved through more stringent checks, as there are hundreds of thousands of cases in which employers illegally pay less than the minimum wage • to combine economic recovery in partner countries with the fght against poverty and the creation of decent work for everyone • to strengthen social security systems, especially health insurance schemes, and to develop risk fnancing to cover poor and vulnerable sections of the population against disasters and climate shocks • to step up the development of multi-stakehold￾er partnerships (see also SDGs 8 and 12)

46 Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde. Progrès du pilier axé sur les « Personnes » ➢ Situation et tendances des cibles priorisées. Les priorités et les objectifs du PND (Djibouti ICI) 2020-2024 sont alignés a plus de 86% avec les cibles de l’ODD1. 4 cibles opérationnelles et une cible de mise en œuvre sont priorisées. La tendance globale affiche une amélioration modérée avec des défis significatifs. ❖ Cible 1.1 : D’ici à 2030, éliminer complètement l’extrême pauvreté dans le monde entier. Selon le seuil de pauvreté internationale, en 2017, 17,1 % de la population djiboutienne vivait avec moins de 1,90 $ US par personne par jour contre 18,2 % en 2012, soit une baisse de 1,1 point de pourcentage. Cela montre que la pauvreté, appréciée par la dimension monétaire, continue de persister au sein de la population malgré une croissance économique positive enregistrée au cours de ces dernières années au niveau national. ❖ Cible 1.2 : D’ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tous âges souffrant d’une forme ou l’autre de pauvreté, telle que définie par chaque pays La pauvreté se manifeste à Djibouti à travers deux dimensions : la pauvreté monétaire et la pauvreté multidimensionnelle. Globalement, 35,8 % des djiboutiens vivaient sous le seuil national de la pauvreté en 2017. Ce taux se chiffrait à 40 % en 2012 et à 46 % en 2002. Par ailleurs, la proportion de la population reconnue extrêmement pauvre était de 21,1 % en 2017, 23 % en 2012 et 24,1 % en 2002. Ces résultats montrent que la pauvreté, à Djibouti, a baissé globalement de 10,2 points de pourcentage sur la période 2002-2017 tandis que la pauvreté extrême continue de persister (seulement 3 % de baisse entre 2002 et 2017). Graphique n°4 : Indicateurs de la pauvreté monétaire (%) et de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle 47 Source: EDAM 2-IS 2002, EDAM 3-IS 2012 et EDAM 4-IS 2017 S’agissant de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle, elle a été mesurée à Djibouti en 2012 et en 2017. Elle prend appui sur cinq dimensions différentes, à savoir l’éducation, la santé, les conditions de vie, l’environnement sanitaire et l’emploi. L’indice de pauvreté multidimensionnelle (IPM) est le produit de l’incidence et l’intensité de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle. L’incidence étant 33,6 % et l’intensité étant 47,73 %, il en sort que l’IPM est de 0,161 en 2017. L’incidence nationale de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle a diminué de 46,61 % à 33,66 %, ce qui veut dire que moins de citoyens sont en situation de pauvreté multidimensionnelle : cela mène à une baisse de l’IPM de 0,223 à 0,161. Cependant, l’intensité de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle a diminué de manière peu notable (47,8 % en 2012 à 47,73 % en 2017). Ceci signifie que ceux qui sont pauvres demeurent dans la même situation en termes de privation et continuent de faire face à des privations pour 6 indicateurs sur les 14 retenus. La pauvreté multidimensionnelle tout comme la pauvreté monétaire est surtout un phénomène rural. La pauvreté est significativement plus élevée dans le milieu rural que dans le milieu urbain. L’incidence de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle dans le milieu rural est quatre fois plus élevée que celle dans le milieu urbain (51,3 % contre 11,8 % en 2017). En milieu urbain, la pauvreté multidimensionnelle a diminué de 13 % en 2017 par rapport à 2012 alors que la proportion des pauvres en zone rurale n’a pas évolué. Cela souligne une forte disparité d’opportunités entre les milieux ruraux et urbains qui est en train de s’agrandir. ❖ Cible 1.3 : Mettre en place des systèmes et mesures de protection sociale pour tous, adaptés au contexte national, y compris des socles de protection sociale, et faire en sorte que, d’ici à 2030, une part importante des pauvres et des personnes vulnérables en bénéficient . Selon la base de données du BIT la situation de la protection sociale à Djibouti affiche les résultats suivants : ➢ La proportion de mères avec nouveau-nés bénéficiant d’une allocation de maternité en espèces était de 4,8 % en 2019. ➢ En 2019, 18,9 % de la population pauvre du pays recevait des prestations d’aide sociale en espèces. ➢ La proportion d’enfants/ménages percevant des allocations en espèces pour enfants/familles était de 3,5 % en 2019. ➢ La proportion de personnes vulnérables recevant des prestations en espèces d’aide sociale était de 4,6 % en 2019. ➢ La proportion de la population active couverte en cas d’accident du travail était de 15,1 % en 2019. ➢ La proportion de la population couverte par au moins une prestation de protection sociale était de 12,3 % en 2019. ➢ La proportion de personnes ayant dépassé l’âge légal de la retraite percevant une pension est passée de 10,0 % en 2000 à 14,2 % en 2019. ❖ Cible 1.4 : D’ici à 2030, faire en sorte que tous les hommes et les femmes, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes vulnérables, aient les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques et qu’ils aient accès aux services de base, à la propriété foncière, au contrôle des terres et à d’autres formes de propriété, à l’héritage, aux ressources naturelles et à des nouvelles technologies et des services financiers adaptés à leurs besoins, y compris la micro finance 48 ➢ La proportion de la population vivant dans des ménages ayant accès aux services de base est passée de 16,53 % en 2012 à 19,42 % en 201733. ➢ La proportion de la population utilisant des services de base d’eau potable était de 83,86 % en 2017. ➢ La proportion de la population utilisant des services d’assainissement de base est passée de 54,9 % en 2010 à 63,6 % en 2017. Selon les résultats issus des enquêtes EDAM IS4, il ressort que moins d’un tiers de la population ont déclaré avoir une sécurité des droits fonciers. En 2017, seulement 29,4 % de la population adulte disposait de la sécurité des droits fonciers contre 23,3 % en 2012, soit une hausse de 6,1 points de pourcentage sur 5 ans. Par ailleurs, le Ministère du logement de Djibouti a délivré 516 certificats d’inscriptions foncières en 2020. ❖ Cible 1.a : Garantir une mobilisation importante de ressources provenant de sources multiples, y compris par le renforcement de la coopération pour le développement, afin de doter les pays en développement, en particulier les pays les moins avancés, de moyens adéquats et prévisibles de mettre en œuvre des programmes et politiques visant à mettre fin à la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes En 2018, selon l’OCDE, le montant des dons d’aide publique au développement axés sur la réduction de la pauvreté, tous donateurs confondus, représentait 1,94 % du revenu national brut de Djibouti. En outre, la proportion (%) des dépenses publiques totales consacrées aux services d’éducation essentiels a été multiplié par 1,6, passant ainsi de 8,6 % en 2015 à 14 % en 2018. ❖

43 | SDG 1: No Poverty End poverty in all its forms everywhere A Snapshot of Our Progress to Achieving SDG 1 Poverty Rate 28.8% (2010) Children in Poverty (0 – 17 years) 38% (2010) Adolescents in Poverty (10 – 19 years) 36% (2010) Persons with Disabilities ~7% of population 44 | Proportion of population with severe disabilities receiving disability cash benefit 9.7% Proportion of mothers with newborns receiving maternity cash benefit (%) 38.6% (2016)28 Human Development Index 0.742 (2019) Human Development Rank 94/189 countries (2019) Death due to Disasters 30 (Hurricane Maria) # of social protection programmes >30 (2017) % of poor receiving unconditional cash transfer through social protection programmes 35% Spending on social assistance 2.2% of GDP (2016) Dominica’s Resilience Targets… towards the world’s 1st climate resilient small island developing state • Zero (0) fatalities from extreme weather events • Individuals able to revert to basic living standards within four (4) days after a disaster • 100% resettlement of individuals living in physically vulnerable locations Dominica’s Human Development Index value for 2019 was 0.742— which put the country in the high human development category— positioning it at 94 out of 189 countries and territories29. Between 2000 and 2019, Dominica’s HDI value increased from 0.703 to 0.742, an increase of 5.5 percent. The Country Poverty Assessment of 2009, recorded poverty rates at 28.8 percent.30 Updated and reliable data on poverty are forthcoming with the rollout of a country poverty assessment in late 2022. The 2009 report also showed a higher prevalence of poverty in rural areas. Exogenous shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic and disastrous weather events can reasonably be expected to have further exacerbated poverty rates for Dominica. In fact, following the devastation caused by Hurricane Maria in 2017, it was already estimated that unemployment and poverty would rise given the impacts on key economic sectors such as agriculture, fisheries and tourism, resulting in significant impacts on lives and livelihoods. Both the agriculture and tourism sectors are critical for supporting food security, economic activity and for providing a 28 https://data.unwomen.org/country/dominica 29 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/DMA.pdf 30 https://prais.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2018-08/Dominica%20CPA%202009%20Main%20Report%20Final.pdf 45 | livelihood for thousands of Dominicans. The government agrees that poverty reduction requires the creation of sustained employment and income earning opportunities for all. Notwithstanding the possible observation of phenomena that could be attributed to poverty, most citizens have access to basic goods and services. For example, 100 percent of the population – in urban and rural areas – has access to electricity31, 97 percent of the of the population has access to drinking water from an improved source and 78 percent of the population has basic sanitation services (i.e., use of improved facilities which are not shared with other households). This is due in part to the fact that the Government Poverty Reduction Strategy focuses on 5 core areas: ● Promotion of economic growth and job creation ● Development of the skills and health conditions that will enable current and future households to achieve and maintain a sustainable and fulfilling life ● Betterment of the conditions of those currently in severe poverty to help them achieve sustainable livelihoods through a combination of direct income support and other measures ● Elimination or reduction of the potential causes of future impoverishment. The Government recognizes the strong linkages between poverty and natural disasters. Hurricane Maria in 2017 resulted in estimated damages totaled approximately US$931 million and losses of another US$380 million. This amounts to almost 226 percent of the country’s 2016 Gross Domestic Product. But the impact of this event is more than the US$1.31 billion in damage and loss, it reflects the significant negative impacts felt by about 93 percent of the population32. While exogenous shocks such as natural disasters can have an impact on anyone, the poor and vulnerable are disproportionately impacted. Hurricane Maria resulted in 30 people losing their lives. In addition, there was significant damage to the country’s housing stock. Of the 31,348 homes on the island, 15 percent (4,700 houses) were completely destroyed, 75 percent (23,500 homes) partially damaged, and only 3,135 (10%) were not affected by the event33. To reduce the impact of natural disasters on standards of living and the quality of life of the population, the Government is placing emphasis on prudent disaster risk management. A range of protocols and actions are being established. For example, under the country’s Climate Resilient National Plan, established procedures to evacuate people from disaster-prone areas are being strengthened to reduce loss of life during natural disaster events. Focus is also being placed on the construction of more resilient emergency shelters – to be powered by independent and renewable energy sources, with adequate storage, that can operate independently of the power grid and with sufficient water storage capacity to supply potable water during the period when national water services are temporarily disrupted. In May 2022 the Government opened the two climate-resilient emergency shelters as part of its efforts in disaster management. One of the 31 https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Dominica/Access_to_electricity/ (based on World Bank data) 32 Government of Dominica. 2017. Post Disaster Needs Assessment Hurricane Maria 33 Ibid 46 | shelters, the Jimmit Regional Emergency Shelter can comfortably house approximately five hundred people. The structure covers approximately 18,000 square feet and contains a water storage capacity of 130,000 gallons, as well as a generator. There are also shower facilities for men and women, a kitchen and storage area for food and other supplies. The shelter is intended to allow vulnerable people to have a safe space during the event of a disaster. Outside of a disaster situation, the shelters also will double as resource centers for the communities in which they are located, to host educational programmes particularly for youth. The Jimmit Regional Emergency Shelter which can comfortably house approximately five hundred people. The structure covers approximately 18,000 square feet and contains a water storage capacity of 130,000 gallons, as well as a generator. There are also shower facilities for men and women, a kitchen and storage area for food and other supplies. To support the most vulnerable in society, the Government has in place extensive social programmes that are developmental, supportive, inclusive, and preventive and targets the disabled, indigent, elderly, drug addicts among others. The Government views social protection as a basic human right, that must translate into policies and programmes to reduce risk, vulnerability, and exclusion. Social programmes are delivered by both the government and non-governmental organizations34. The emphasis that the Government has placed on social protection has been designed to promote equity, build resilience, and enable opportunities to the most vulnerable by providing them with benefits and services that include non-contributory social assistance or social safety nets (SSN), active labor market programs; social care services; and contributory social insurance. The 34 Dominica Growth and Protection Strategy, 2014 – 2018 47 | country’s approach to social protection is not only related to reducing poverty but also supporting long-term transformation of the society towards more adaptive and resilient households and society as a whole. Dominica has over thirty safety net programmes.35 All main social assistance schemes are nationally funded, with about 35 percent of the poor receiving unconditional cash transfers.36 Public spending on social assistance was about 2.2 percent of GDP in 2016, of which 64 percent is spent on cash transfers, 25 per cent on food, in-kind and near-cash transfers, and 11 percent on social services. The Public Assistance Programme (PAP) is the largest programme, accounting for 18.7 percent of total assistance expenditures. The World Bank reported that the generosity of the PAP and Social Pension benefits is greater than the average in Latin America and the Caribbean37. The depth and resilience of Dominica’s social protection system was put to the test following Hurricane Maria in 2017. The World Food Programme (WFP) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) were able to piggyback on the capacity of the Public Assistance Program (PAP) to provide temporary cash transfers through the Joint Emergency Cash Transfer program (JECT), reaching almost 25,000 people (including 6,000 children), that included existing PAP beneficiaries and non￾beneficiaries, providing them with three payments of US$90 per household per month, with a top-up of US$50 per child up to three children, in addition to PAP benefits for those in the programme38. 35 Oxford Policy Management & World Food Programme. 2018. Study on Shock-Responsive Social Protection in Latin America and the Caribbean: Dominica case study 36 World Bank Group. 2021. Adaptive Social Protection in the Caribbean: Building Human Capital for Resilience 37 Ibid 38 Government of Dominica and UNICEF. 2018. Process Review of the UNICEF-WFP Joint Emergency Cash Transfer (JECT) Programme in Dominica FINAL REPORT 48 | The country’s National Employment Programme (NEP) which offers three types of support: internships, community employment, and education mentorship, was key to supporting recovery efforts post Hurricane Maria. In the community employment component, people work three days a week in the beautification of communities and as caregivers in the program Yes We Care, while others work in tourism or in road maintenance. Dominica’s response to Hurricane Maria in 2017 included the expansion and refocus of the National Employment Program: the program expanded its coverage, absorbing a substantial proportion of unemployed people, and some of the activities conducted under the beautification component, like cleaning roads, helped communities to recover faster from the impacts of the Hurricane. Dominica is one of the first countries in the Caribbean to indicate that it will develop a shock responsive social protection policy and strategy that links social protection to disaster risk management. Such a strategy will ensure that social protection systems are adaptive and contribute to improved resilience with focus placed on sound institutions, delivery, and resourcing. Despite the many strengths of its social protection programme, the are some issues and challenges that need to be addressed including the limited resources available for implementing and monitoring the programmes as intended. For example, there is need for increased staffing. The second challenge is related to the lack of key management tools, such as digital social registries for most of the social programs except for the NEP. With respect to people living with disabilities (PWDs), the Government in 2021, ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. There are over 4,800 PWDs in Dominica39. 39 The Caribbean Law Institute Centre. December 2021. A Report on Access to Justice for Persons with Disabilities in CARICOM Countries Examples of Social Protection Programmes in Dominica School feeding programme In-kind assistance A pilot national health insurance for poor working mothers Housing Assistance Labour market programmes Cash based transfers The World Bank reports that the generosity of Dominica’s Public Assistance Programme and Social Pension benefits is greater than the average in Latin America and the Caribbean. 49 | Although the country has no national policy specific to PWDs, the Government plays an active role in protecting and assisting PWDs, through its various ministries. For example, the Government continues to take deliberate steps to ensure the provision of inclusive education for all children with disabilities. The Government also provides financial assistance and duty-free concessions for equipment purchased by, or donated to, the Dominica Association of Persons with Disabilities. The Government is currently making provisions for people living with disabilities through its ‘build resilience concept’ which was implemented following Hurricane Maria. In 2019, the Government adopted the OECS Regional Building Code for the creation of accessible public buildings and spaces for PWDs. The National Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (NTRC) has played an active part in assisting PWDs in Dominica by providing a range of information and communications technology (ICT) equipment. The Government also provides stipends to cover educational expenses in private special education schools for children with intellectual or mental disabilities and provides funding to the Dominica Association for PWDs (DAPD) to support the roll-out of programmes. In January 2022, the Cabinet of Dominica approved the establishment of the National Commission on Persons with Disabilities, and the commission has been given the mandate to help provide guidance and advice on policies, programmes, activities and other matters which respond to the needs, opportunities, aspirations and potential of persons with disabilities particularly in keeping with the provisions of the CRPD. Transformational Initiatives – Building Back Better… From Vulnerability to Resilience Housing Recovery Project Following Hurricane Maria and the full or partial destruction of over 90 percent of the country’s housing stock, the Government with funding from the World Bank began reconstructing destroyed, small homes (500 sq ft.) for vulnerable residents, island wide in accordance with internationally recognized resilient best-practices in engineering and construction, revised building codes and vital safeguards to address environmental, social, health and safety risks. The Government also is building resilience in the housing sector by supporting safe, owner-driven High Impact Climate Resilient Initiative Under SDG 1 Enhanced Social Safety-Net Initiative A resilient nation supports vulnerable members of society to reduce the impacts of climatic and other disasters. This initiative will put into place a data driven, computerized social protection systems, with strengthened delivery teams, so that all vulnerable citizens receive the appropriate interventions. To be delivered by the end of 2022 50 | reconstruction of destroyed houses, across Dominica. Under this project 676 resilient houses were built. Roseau Housing Project The Housing Recovery Project is in fact only one of eight programmes for the construction and/or renovation of houses that the Government has designed and is implementing; a clear indication of Dominica’s determination to provide resilient and affordable shelter for all. Creating a More Shock-Responsive Social Protection System The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) and the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica in December 2021 signed an innovative agreement to strengthen the ability to deliver assistance to the most vulnerable people following a climate shock by linking social protection systems to the payouts made by the CCRIF SPC (formerly known as the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility). Through the pilot project, WFP has strengthened the Government of Dominica’s access to disaster risk financing, enabling the Government to build the financial resilience of the most vulnerable against natural disasters. This pilot project links CCRIF SPC’s payouts and Dominica’s social protection system enabling timely and efficient assistance to those most in need following a natural disaster in keeping with the principle of ‘leaving no one behind’. 51 | A Review of the SDG Targets under Goal 1 and Dominica’s Progress This dashboard shows at a snapshot how Dominica is progressing with respect to the achievement of the SDG targets under Goal 1: No Poverty SDG Targets Goal #1 – No Poverty Dominica’s Progress By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day. By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions. Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters. Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions National Strategies, Opportunities, and Future Directions to 2030 To advance the achievement of SDG 1, the Government of Dominica in partnership with its citizens and development partners will: Poverty Assessments ● Undertake a Country Assessment of Living Conditions ● Implement more frequent and periodic household surveys to measure poverty, resilience and many other well-being dimensions, which will support evidence-informed policy and 52 | programme decisions that better target the vulnerable and strengthen the country’s commitment to leaving no one behind Social Protection ● Develop and promulgate the country’s new social protection policy and strategy mainstreaming shock responsive and adaptive social protection strategies ● Focus attention to poverty in rural areas which would be key to immediate and significant impact in reducing overall poverty levels ● Strengthen institutional policy, coordination and capacity to deliver shock responsive and adaptive social protection programmes ● Implement and leverage opportunities for electronic delivery of social protection payments, bearing in mind that delivery options are critical to providing flexibility in post￾disaster or shock environments, especially since Dominica has the second highest rate of credit union penetration globally. Where social protection benefits are delivered in cash, they do not facilitate financial inclusion ● Ensure that the new disaster risk management plan when developed clearly articulates the role of social protection in emergency preparedness and response. ● Leverage the opportunities of the Dominica diaspora which is estimated to be more than double the country’s existing population. The diaspora has contributed significantly to poverty alleviation and to growth through remittances, by providing food and other essentials to relatives, and through investments in real estate (World Bank, 2017). Financial Inclusion ● Develop and implement a financial inclusion policy and strategy that is aligned to the country’s new social protection strategy as this will be a critical component of fostering household resilience, enabling poor householders to connect to the financial sector, improve their financial literacy, and encourage savings. Dominica also will seek membership in the International Alliance for Financial Inclusion and encourage the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank to develop and promulgate a financial inclusion strategy for the OECS People living with Disabilities ● Develop and promulgate a national disabilities act to be led by the National Commission on Persons with Disabilities ● Take further steps to advance the rights of people with disabilities through the implementation of social programs. ● Create mechanisms for the unemployed such as unemployment insurance

Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark - 89 Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere Target 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions 1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age 1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions The UN calls for a calculation of the share of the population below a national poverty threshold. In the absence of an official Danish poverty threshold, the indicator At-risk-of-poverty (Less than 50 per cent of the median equivalised disposable income) is applied. The chosen indicator measures relative poverty and is an expression of financial inequality. There is a general consensus not to include students when monitoring poverty in Denmark. Accordingly, the statistics do not include families in which the primary breadwinner is a student. These families are removed from the data after the calculation of the median income. Since 2002, the share of the population at risk of poverty has risen from 4.0 per cent to 5.2 per cent in 2015. The rise in relative poverty is most notable among the 20-29 year olds, where the rate is now up to 16 per cent in 2015. Notably, risk of poverty rates have in the same period been reduced for the elderly. Figure: Risk of poverty by age groups (excluding students) In calculating equivalised disposable income it is assumed that there is complete redistribution of income within the family. This results in 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Per cent 0-19 y/o 20-29 y/o 30-59 y/o 60+ y/o 90 - Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark the same level of Risk of Poverty for men and women when observing couples, which make up a large part of the population. Thus the differences in poverty between the two genders can mainly be attributed to differences between single men and single women. The proportion of single men is highest among the young, while women make up a majority among singles in the group of elderly. This is partly what is reflected in the higher relative poverty rates for men. Figure: Risk of poverty by sex The rise in relative poverty can in part be explained by increases in the median income. Poverty can also be measured in absolute terms. The figure below shows poverty in both relative and absolute terms for the entire population excluding students. Absolute poverty is, in this case, measured by applying the Risk of Poverty threshold from 2015. The threshold has been adjusted for inflation. This indicates a decrease in absolute poverty from 6.0 per cent in 2004 to 5.2 per cent in 2015. Figure: Risk of poverty and absolute poverty 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Per cent Men Women 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Per cent Absoloute (2015-ROP threshold) Risk of Poverty

141 Exit prostitution The Government wants to improve well-being and reduce prostitution activities among vulner￾able people. Therefore, the agreement allocating a reserve between 2021-2024 for social, health and labour market measures directs funding to an exit programme for people who want to exit pros￾titution, or who seek counselling regarding their experiences. This initiative relates to target 1.2 on reducing poverty by half and target 1.3 on the implementation of social protection systems.

12 - Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day Indicator 1.1.1 Proportion of the population living below the international poverty line by sex, age, employment status and geographic location (urban/rural) After adjustment for price development and international price differentials, the limit for extreme poverty in Denmark is approximately DKK 14 per day. Denmark does not compile continuous and official statistics on extreme poverty. However, all people in Denmark has the right to receive social benefits that exceed extreme poverty. Therefore, Statistics Denmark estimates that very few people, if any, live in extreme poverty 0% By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions Indicator 1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age Risk of Poverty is the classic indicator of the share below 50 per cent of the median income. The Danish indicator for relative poverty uses the same income threshold, but excludes students and households with net wealth above the same threshold. They are chosen as indicators for measuring economic social exclusion. Relative poverty rates have been growing during the 2010s. This has in part been driven by lower income for young people between the age of 18 and 30. Another large contribution to the growth from 2015 has been from the large immigration of mostly Syrian refugees combined with the reintroduction of lower cash benefits for refugees and the cap on total cash benefits received in 2015 and 2016 respectively. Rising employment rates and lower immigration numbers are contributing factors to the slightly lower rates in 2018 and 2019. Target 1.1 Target 1.2 Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark - 13 Indicator 1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions Indicators on national poverty are all presented under indicator 1.2.1. Statistics Denmark is awaiting the results of an on-going work on creating a new national poverty indicator in the Ministry of Social Affairs. If a national poverty definition is decided upon, this will be presented under 1.2.1 and any of our current indicators that do not overlap the official definition will be presented in 1.2.2. n/a Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable Indicator 1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable All citizens in Denmark have access to a social protection system (social security benefits). 100% By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance Indicator 1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services It is estimated that at least 99 per cent of Danish Households have access to running water within 30 minutes, sanitation facilities, basic hygiene, electricity waste collection, roads, basic healthcare and education. In recent years, an annual IT-survey has shown that 93 to 98 per cent of Danish households with 16-74 year olds have access to the internet. 100% Indicator 1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, (a) with legally recognized documentation, and (b) who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and type of tenure The citizens' equal access to land rights is ensured by the Danish Registration of Property Act of 1927. However, continuous and official statistics on the perception of land rights are not being compiled.  By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters Indicator 1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population Disaster means serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts that exceed the affected community or society’s ability to cope with the disaster without outside assistance. Denmark does not compile continuous and official statistics on the number of dead, missing and affected persons in connection with disasters. However, Statistics Denmark estimates that very few people die or go missing due to disasters. 0% Indicator 1.5.2 Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) Denmark does not compile continuous and official statistics in accordance with the methodology of the indicator. n/a Target 1.3 Target 1.4 Target 1.5 14 - Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark Indicator 1.5.3 Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 According to the Danish Emergency Management Agency, Denmark does not systematically comply with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030a. However, many of the sub-elements of the Sendai framework are used as part of Denmark’s prevention of disasters and risks. ÷ Indicator 1.5.4 Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies According to the Danish Emergency Management Agency, there is no general national strategy for disaster risk reduction for municipalities to follow. However, many municipalities prepare their own e.g. prevention and climate adaptation strategies. ÷ Ensure significant mobilisation of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions Indicator 1.a.2 Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health and social protection) The figure shows that the proportion of total government spending used on education and health is relatively stable over time. In the timespan covered by the figure, between 14.9 and 16.4 per cent of total spending is used on health services and between 12.0 and 12.9 per cent is used on education. The proportion used on social protection is also stable over time despite the fact that it is affected by economic recessions and economic growth. The proportion for social protection varies between 42.4 and 43.9 per cent in the time span covered by the figure. Target 1.a

a. Evolución de los indicadores ODS 1. PONER FIN A LA POBREZA El país continúa desplegando esfuerzos orientados a la erra￾dicación de la pobreza extrema. Mediante la Estrategia Nacio￾nal de Desarrollo (END 2030) se fıjó la meta de reducir el por￾centaje de población bajo la línea de pobreza extrema nacional de 10.1 % en 2010 a 2 % en 2030, y disminuir la tasa de pobreza moderada en dicho período de 33.8 % a 15.4 %. A partir de la Agenda 2030, el compromiso es erradicar la pobreza extrema y reducir al menos a la mitad la pobreza en todas sus dimensio￾nes acorde a las defıniciones nacionales, para lo cual el país ha llevado a cabo un proceso de incorporación de las metas e indi￾cadores del ODS 1 (fın de la pobreza) a los marcos nacionales de planifıcación. Tanto la pobreza extrema como la pobreza general venían DISMINUYENDO a buen ritmo hasta el año 2019. La pandemia de COVID-19REVIRTIÓ dicha tendencia. En efecto, la incidencia de la pobreza extrema, medida con base a la línea internacional del Banco Mundial, pasó de 3.8 % en 2016 a 2.2 % en 2019. Con esta trayectoria, cabría esperar que al año 2025 dicha tasa fuera de alrededor de 0.7 %.Pero el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 ha modifıcado dicha trayecto￾ria, reduciendo considerablemente la probabilidad de lograr la erradicación de la pobreza extrema en la década en curso. El siguiente gráfıco muestra que la pobreza general, sobre la base de la línea de pobreza nacional, se redujo de 28.6 % en 2016 a 21 % en 2019 y, a causa del impacto de la pandemia, aumentó a 23.4 % en 2020. También se observa un incremento de la tasa de pobreza extrema monetaria (línea nacional) de 2.7 % en 2019 a 3.5 % en 2020, equivalente a un aumento de un 30 %. El MEPyD ha estimado que, si no se hubiesen implementa￾do los programas para contrarrestar los efectos de la Covid-19, en 2020 la tasa de incidencia de pobreza monetaria fuera 29.1 % y la tasa de pobreza monetaria extrema 5.2 %; es decir, 5.7 y 1.7 puntos porcentuales por encima de las tasas registradas en dicho año, respectivamente. La puesta en marcha y exten￾sión hasta diciembre de 2020 de los programas de mitigación (Quédate en casa, FASE y Pa’Ti) evitaron que 594,745 perso￾nas cayeran bajo la línea de pobreza monetaria general y, de éstas, 173,576 hubieran perdido los ingresos necesarios para satisfacer una canasta mínima de alimentos para sobrevivir[1]. Estos programas de mitigación de la pandemia se mantienen en el año 2021 con énfasis en promover la empleabilidad y las actividades de cuidado de las personas. Las tasas de pobreza e indigencia medidas a través del in￾dice de calidad de vida (ICV), el cual toma en cuenta el tipo de vivienda, acceso agua potable, saneamiento, iluminación, equipamiento del hogar, empleo de la familia, entre otros factores fueron 21.7 % y 3.4 %, respectivamente para el año 2019[2], con una marcada desventaja de la población rural respecto a la urbana. 1 Comité Técnico Interinstitucional de Pobreza. Estadísticas oficiales de pobreza monetaria 2020. Boletín No. 8. Año 6. 2 ONE, a partir de SISDOM 2018-2019. 18 INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021 l CRECIMIENTO con equidad y respeto al medioambiente. El avance hacia laREDUCCIÓN de la pobreza (ODS 1) implica reducir las brechas de INCIDENCIA de la pobreza entre hombres y mujeres Para avanzar hacia la reducción de la pobreza es necesario reducir las brechas de incidencia de la pobreza entre grupos poblacionales y ubicación geográfıca, lo que a su vez contribu￾ye al logro de otros ODS y de la propia Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo. En 2019, la incidencia de la pobreza en las mujeres ha sido 2.2 puntos porcentuales (11.1 %) mayor a la de los hom￾bres; brecha que se amplió en 2020, cuando el porcentaje de mujeres con ingresos por debajo de la línea de pobreza mone￾taria fue 2.8 puntos (12.7 %) superior a la de los hombres. Los datos de empleo de 2020 muestran el impacto de la pan￾demia.Se estima que un total de 414 000 personas que cayeron en situación de inactividad, 241 000 (58 %) fueron mujeres y 172 000 (42 %) hombres. Sobre las causas por las cuales una mayor proporción de mujeres no buscó trabajo remunerado en este año, el 40% manifestó que fue debido a responsabilidades fa￾miliares o los quehaceres domésticos, mientras que en los hom￾bres el motivo principal de no buscar empleo fue la dedicación a estudios académicos (33 %). Por otro lado, solo en el 1.2 % de los hombres el cuidado de la familia en el hogar fue motivo para no buscar empleo, reflejando inequidad en los roles y responsabi￾lidades entre los hombres y las mujeres. « El cierre de escuelas para evitar la propagación de la COVID-19, mientras se reabre la actividad laboral, ha aumentado el número de mujeres que re￾porta el cuidado como el motivo de no buscar empleo».[3] 3 Comité Técnico Interinstitucional de Pobreza. Estadísticas oficiales de pobreza monetaria 2020. Boletín No. 8. Año 6. La feminización de la pobreza continúa en aumento. Como se observa en el siguiente gráfıco, en 2019, por cada 100 hom￾bres en situación de pobreza había 116 mujeres, índice que au￾mentó a 118 en el 2020 como consecuencia de las secuelas que acompañaron a la pandemia. El análisis de la proporción de toda la población que vive por debajo de la línea de pobreza nacional muestra tasas de incidencia de la pobreza marcadamente diferenciadas entre la zona rural y la urbana. En el período 2016-2019, la incidencia de pobreza general monetaria en la población rural fue 20 % su￾perior a la tasa de pobreza en la zona urbana. Mientras que la tasa de pobreza extrema rural registrada anualmente en dicho período superó en 66 % la tasa de pobreza extrema urbana. Persiste la TRADICIONAL situación de niveles relativos de POBREZA MÁS ALTOS en la zona rural. La brecha de TASASde pobreza ENTRE la población rural y la urbana se ha ESTRECHADO significativamente durante la pandemia de COVID-19. 19 INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021 l CRECIMIENTO con equidad y respeto al medioambiente. Sin embargo, en 2020 la brecha de tasas de pobreza entre la población rural y urbana fue signifıcativamente más es￾trecha. En dicho año la incidencia de la pobreza general en la zona rural fue solo 3.4 % superior a la de la zona urbana y la tasa de pobreza extrema rural 20.6 %. Estos datos revelan que la población residente en zonas urbanas ha sido más afectada Mientras en el norte o Cibao, las tasas de pobreza son mucho menores que el promedio nacional, lo contrario ocurre en el sur del país. En la primera demarcación, los niveles de pobreza ge￾neral en los últimos dos años han estado alrededor de 17% y la pobreza extrema cercana a 2 %, proporciones que en el sur han sido alrededor de 30 % y 4 %, respectivamente. Como muestra el gráfıco siguiente, en el año 2020 en el Sur tuvo lugar una reducción de la incidencia de la pobreza gene￾por la crisis de la Covid-19. Según el Comité Técnico Interins￾titucional de Pobreza, el programa de mitigación del impacto de la pandemia «Quédate en Casa» junto a las demás trans￾ferencias monetarias, compensó la caída del ingreso laboral de los hogares rurales más pobres haciendo que, en términos netos, su ingreso aumentara. La PROPORCIÓN de la población en condiciones de vida por DEBAJO de la LÍNEA de pobreza nacional DIFIERE mucho según la región de residencia. A diferencia de las demás macrorregiones, en el SUR DISMINUYÓ la pobreza durante la pandemia. ral, así como de la pobreza extrema, a diferencia de lo ocurrido en las restantes tres macrorregiones[4]. Esto se atribuye a un efecto de redistribución similar al de la zona rural debido a las transferencias monetarias de los programas puestos en mar￾cha para enfrentar el impacto de la pandemia. El mayor aumento de la pobreza general y extrema du￾rante 2020 ha sido en la macrorregión del este que pasa a ser la macrorregión con mayor tasa de pobreza extrema (4.9 %) del país y la segunda con mayor pobreza general (26.3 %). El impacto diferenciado en el este se atribuye a la mayor depen￾dencia de su población del trabajo asociado al turismo y sus encadenamientos[5]. En el Gran Santo Domingo la tasa de po￾breza general aumentó 3.4 puntos porcentuales y la pobreza extrema 1.3 puntos. 4 Estas son: Gran Santo Domingo, norte o Cibao y este. 5 Comité Técnico Interinstitucional de Pobreza. Estadísticas oficiales de pobreza monetaria 2020. Boletín No. 8. Año 6. 20 INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021 l CRECIMIENTO con equidad y respeto al medioambiente. b. Principales medidas de política aplicadas para disminuir los niveles de pobreza A través del Gabinete de Coordinación de Políticas So￾ciales (GCPS), entidad integrada por las diferentes insti￾tuciones que contribuyen a la erradicación de la pobreza y a la creación de capacidades humanas, se desarrollan tres programas destinados al logro de los citados objetivos: transferencias condicionadas, desarrollo humano y social e inclusión económica. Una de las estrategias del país para reducción de pobreza son los programas de transferencias monetarias (condicio￾nadas y no condicionadas) a población en pobreza extrema y moderada, así como subsidios de apoyo a la educación y una canasta mínima de alimentos básicos, intervención vinculada al ODS 2 (hambre cero). Recientemente (2019), el GCPS puso en marcha el Plan Estratégico Sectorial para la Inclusión Social y Económica (PEISE) 2018-2024 y el Plan de Reducción de Embarazos en Adolescentes (PREA-RD) 2019-2023. Además, fue di￾señado el Plan de Focalización Integral Progresando Uni￾dos, estrategia para la disminución de la pobreza extrema y la desigualdad social en las 14 provincias más vulnera￾bles del país. Los citados programas se inscriben en el acelerador de “Ba￾jos niveles de pobreza multidimensional”, entre cuyas inter￾venciones se encuentran las relacionadas con la reducción del matrimonio infantil y las uniones tempranas.En tal sentido, un paso de avance fue el establecimiento de la Ley 1-21, promulga￾da por el Poder Ejecutivo el 6 de enero de 2021, la cual tiene por objeto prohibir que las personas menores de 18 años contraigan matrimonio. Otra intervención asociada tanto al ODS 1 (fın de la po￾breza) como al ODS 3 (salud y bienestar) es la cobertura del seguro familiar de salud, particularmente el régimen subsidiado. En el periodo 2017-2019 alrededor del 75 % de la población estaba afıliada a este tipo de seguro, proporción que fue aumentada a 95 % como resultado de la disposición adoptada por el Gobierno en el último cuatrimestre de 2020 de incorporar 2 millones adicionales de personas afıliadas al Régimen Subsidiado a través del Seguro Nacional de Salud (Senasa). Al concluir dicho año, el total de personas afıliadas era 9.96 millones, de las cuales el 58 % corresponde al régi￾men subsidiado y el 42 % al régimen contributivo. En el marco del Programa de Gobierno 2020-2024 se impulsa una política integral de creación de opor￾tunidades. Esta política tiene como objetivo proteger y fomentar la creación de capacidades y oportunidades ne￾cesarias para la población en situación de privaciones ex￾tremas, con acciones afırmativas para la equidad basadas en derecho. Los grupos priorizados corresponden a las poblaciones que están desempleadas, en extrema pobreza, con alguna discapacidad, los adultos mayores y los que pa￾decen enfermedades catastrófıcas. Para tal fın se desarrollará una estrategia de protección so￾cial que, entre otras intervenciones, comprende: a.- Programas de capacitación para el emprendimiento de la población joven; iniciativas de protección y atención integral de personas con discapacidad y personas adultas mayores; b.- Disminución del embarazo en adolescentes; c.- Erradicación del trabajo infantil; d.- Fortalecer y ampliar los programas de transferencias condicionadas y el subsidio Comer es Primero; e- Establecer el Pacto Nacional por la Equidad y los Derechos de la Infancia y el Sistema Nacional de Cuidado. 22 INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021 l CRECIMIENTO con equidad y respeto al medioambiente.

»FIN de la pobreza (ODS 1). Hasta el año 2019 la incidencia de la pobreza mostraba una soste￾nida disminución, tendencia que fue revertida por la pandemia con un aumento de 2.4 puntos, colocándose en 23.4 % en 2020. La feminización de la pobre￾za ha aumentado, a la vez que persisten tasas de incidencia signifıcativamente más altas que el promedio nacional en la zona rural y en determinadas regiones. Los programas de protección social aplicados, especialmente las transferencias monetarias, evitaron una mayor caída de la pobreza. 12 INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021 l CRECIMIENTO con equidad y respeto al medioambiente.

123 Retos y próximas medidas Retos y próximas medidas Objetivo 1: Poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus formas en todo el mundo Si bien el fin de la pobreza se apoya en el crecimiento económico de las naciones, una de las grandes metas para Ecuador es la erradicación de la pobreza desde un enfoque inclusivo que promueva la igualdad en la población. En este sentido, es fundamental avanzar en la implementación del sistema de protección social, con la finalidad de propiciar movilidad social ascendente a través de la generación de capacidades. Es necesario aunar los esfuerzos para concretar de manera efectiva las intervenciones del Plan Toda una Vida, direccionado a garanti￾zar los derechos a través de las siguientes acciones: Alimentación y Nutrición (Misión Ternura), Impulso Joven, Casa para todos, Menos Pobreza Más Desarrollo, Mis Mejores Años, Misión “Las Manuelas y “Las Joaquinas”, enfocadas en la población con discapacidad y sus cuidadores. Para lograr este objetivo, se requiere un abordaje multidimensional con un alto de grado de coordinación interinstitucional y entre niveles de gobierno.

28 1 29 Fin de la Pobreza Poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus formas en todo el mundo Fin de la Pobreza Visión de país En 2030, Ecuador propenderá a la erradicación de la pobreza extrema por ingresos y reducirá considerablemen￾te la pobreza multidimensional. Los programas que se desarrollarán se encaminarán hacia el combate de las causas estructurales de la pobreza, tales como la desigualdad y exclusión, entre otros. La política social incluirá la universalización de los servicios de salud y educación de calidad, la consolidación del sistema de cuidados a grupos prioritarios -atención a la primera infancia y a adultos mayores-, programas de inserción laboral, acceso a vivienda y hábitat dignos y seguridad social, entre otros. En general, la política pública estará enfocada a la garantía de derechos como un deber del Estado. Para alcanzar un país más equitativo y con mayor justicia social se desarrollarán capacidades del talento huma￾no y productivo, que permitirán tener un crecimiento económico inclusivo, con la finalidad de desarrollar empleo de calidad, además de los esfuerzos por realizar pactos en lo político, social, ambiental, fiscal y cultural, en torno a un proyecto común de largo plazo. Los ecuatorianos vivirán en condiciones de vida significativamente mejo￾radas por la seguridad, fuerte cohesión social, estabilidad económica y acceso a servicios básicos de calidad, formando una sociedad pacífica, diversa y equitativa. Diagnóstico de la situación actual Las situaciones en las que se evidencian privaciones materiales generalizadas pueden condicionar los factores sociales y productivos y, en consecuencia, las perspectivas de desarrollo económico. La pobreza es un fenómeno con carácter dinámico marcado mayormente en las áreas rurales, áreas desfavorecidas no solo en a nivel de ingresos, sino también en el acceso a servicios básicos y limitando el desarrollo de capacidades de la población. En este contexto, la pobreza en todas sus formas constituye uno de los problemas más importantes en todo el país y su eliminación es uno de los objetivos prioritarios para el Gobierno ecuatoriano. Con el fin de contrarrestar esta problemática se han diseñado diversas estrategias que apuntan a la generación de oportunidades y a una mejora de la calidad de vida de la población ubicada bajo el umbral de pobreza. El ciclo económico bajo que atravesó la economía ecuatoriana debido a la apreciación del dólar y a la reduc￾ción del precio del barril de petróleo, uno de los principales productos de exportación, ocasionó que la pobreza monetaria -medida a través de la incidencia de pobreza extrema por ingresos- se incremente en 2015 y 2016, alcanzando el 8,7%. No obstante, a partir del año 2017 se observa una tendencia de recuperación al registrarse el 7,9%, resultado que evidencia una reducción de 0,8 puntos porcentuales, equivalente a 126 mil personas que salieron de la pobreza extrema (INEC, 2017). 30 Esta reducción encuentra su explicación en la asignación del Bono de Desarrollo Humano Variable (BDHV) correspondiente a la misión “Menos Pobreza y Más Desarrollo”, que benefició a 66 mil núcleos familiares. La modalidad de asignación del componente variable del BDH para la población en situación de pobreza extrema considera criterios diferenciados, tales como: asignación de base plana a hogares con hijos menores a 18 años (USD 50), asignación adicional por hijo para familias con niños menores de 5 años (USD 30), y para familias con hijos mayores a 5 años y menores a 18 años, una asignación de hasta USD 10. Asimismo, a través del programa “Mis Mejores Años”, 33 mil adultos mayores fueron beneficiados con la asignación de un bono de USD 100 mensuales (MIES, 2017). Asimismo, a través de la asignación del bono “Joaquín Gallegos Lara” se han realizado transferencias moneta￾rias mensuales de USD 240 para los cuidadores de las personas con discapacidad severa, enfermedad catastró￾fica, rara o huérfana y menores de 14 años con VIH. La reducción de la pobreza ha venido acompañada de la reducción de la desigualdad. La relación entre el 10% más rico y el 10% más pobre de la población alcanzó 22,9 veces en 2017, frente a 25,1 veces en 2015, con una reducción de la brecha en 1,4 veces (INEC, 2017). Dado que la reducción de la pobreza es una problemática multidimensional, el grado de privaciones de la pobla￾ción varía a lo largo del tiempo y extiende el espacio de las carencias a dimensiones no monetarias. Entre 2014 y 2017, la tasa de pobreza multidimensional (TPM)4 nacional logró una reducción de 2,8 puntos porcentuales (de 51,5% a 35,1%), evidenciando importantes avances en los indicadores a nivel nacional. Asimismo, al 2017, la TPM alcanzó el 34,6% con una reducción de 0,5 puntos porcentuales en relación al año anterior (INEC, 2017). En este sentido, se están impulsando acciones en pro de reforzar el capital humano, para ello se han gene￾rado ofertas educativas para jóvenes y adultos de 18 a 64 años que no han terminado la educación básica, oferta educativa para frenar la escolaridad inconclusa de 15 años de edad en adelante (deserción escolar), así como también para aquellas personas privadas de libertad. En las instituciones de educación superior se están transversalizando los ejes de igualdad y ambiente; y, además, se están implementando acciones con el objeto de profundizar y promover las políticas de erradicación de todo tipo de explotación laboral, particularmente, el trabajo infantil. Fin de la Pobreza 4 El Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) define el conjunto de privaciones de derechos a nivel de los hogares en 4 dimensiones: educación; trabajo y seguridad social; salud, agua y alimentación; hábitat, vivienda y ambiente sano. 31 Del mismo modo, para lograr un desarrollo integral de la población es fundamental garantizar una vida saludable y promover las condiciones para una vida digna para todos. Las condiciones de trabajo inadecuadas se pre￾sentan especialmente en el área rural, en la población indígena y las provincias de la Amazonía, donde superan el 70% (INEC, 2017). Otros factores importantes para alcanzar una vida digna son el hábitat y la vivienda, que deben llegar a toda la población, especialmente a las personas más pobres. Política pública Garantizar una vida digna en igualdad de oportunidades para las personas es una forma particular de asumir el papel del Estado para lograr el desarrollo. Este es el principal responsable de proporcionar a todas las personas las mismas condiciones y oportunidades para alcanzar sus objetivos a lo largo del ciclo de vida, prestando ser￾vicios de tal modo que las personas y organizaciones dejen de ser simples beneficiarias para ser sujetos que se apropian, exigen y ejercen sus derechos. Se ha decidido construir una sociedad que respeta, protege y ejerce sus derechos en todas las dimensiones para, en consecuencia, erigir un sistema socialmente justo y asegurar una vida digna de manera que las personas, independientemente del grupo al que pertenezcan, logren satisfacer sus necesidades básicas. Fin de la Pobreza Tabla 1. Políticas del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo vinculadas con el ODS 1 No. Política PND 1.1 Promover la inclusión económica y social, y combatir la pobreza en todas sus dimensiones a fin de garantizar la equidad económica, social, cultural y territorial. 1.2 Generar capacidades y promover oportunidades en condiciones de equidad, para todas las perso￾nas a lo largo del ciclo de vida. 1.3 Combatir la malnutrición, erradicar la desnutrición y promover hábitos y prácticas de vida saludable, generando mecanismos de corresponsabilidad entre todos los niveles de gobierno, la ciudadanía, el sector privado y, los actores de la economía popular y solidaria en el marco de la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria. 1.6 Garantizar el derecho a la salud, a la educación y el cuidado integral durante el ciclo de vida bajo criterios de accesibilidad, calidad y pertinencia territorial y cultural. 32 En relación al cumplimiento de este objetivo se han definido los siguientes mecanismos: • Misión Ternura: intervención enfocada en la atención de niños desde la gestación hasta sus primeros 5 años de vida, para lo cual se ha enfocado el accionar en promover una nutrición y hábitos saludables en la población. • Impulso Joven: busca atender, motivar, fortalecer, empoderar y proteger, así como mejorar las capaci￾dades y generar oportunidades para los jóvenes ecuatorianos, a fin de lograr su inserción en el sistema productivo del país. • Casa para Todos: intervención enfocada en dotar de una vivienda de interés social con miras a mejorar las condiciones de vida de las familias en situación de extrema pobreza y vulnerabilidad. • Menos Pobreza, Más Desarrollo: apunta a mejorar los niveles de ingresos de la población, con el fin de erradicar la extrema pobreza por ingresos y romper con la dinámica intergeneracional de pobreza. • Mis Mejores Años: intervención que busca precautelar el bienestar de los adultos mayores en condicio￾nes de vulnerabilidad, a través de la participación social, protección social, atención y cuidado, prestación oportuna de servicios, atención médica, servicios gerontológicos, pensión asistencial, actividades educati￾vas y recreativas y la jubilación universal. Fuente: Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo (Senplades) - Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2017-2021 “Toda Una Vida”. Fin de la Pobreza 5.1 Generar trabajo y empleo dignos fomentando el aprovechamiento de las infraestructuras construi￾das y las capacidades instaladas. 5.6 Promover la investigación, la formación, la capacitación, el desarrollo y la transferencia tecnoló￾gica, la innovación y el emprendimiento, la protección de la propiedad intelectual, para impulsar el cambio de la matriz productiva mediante la vinculación entre el sector público, productivo y las universidades. 5.9 Fortalecer y fomentar la asociatividad, los circuitos alternativos de comercialización, las cadenas productivas, negocios inclusivos y el comercio justo, priorizando la Economía Popular y Solidaria, para consolidar de manera redistributiva y solidaria la estructura productiva del país. 6.1 Fomentar el trabajo y el empleo digno con énfasis en zonas rurales, potenciando las capacidades productivas, combatiendo la precarización y fortaleciendo el apoyo focalizado del Estado e impul￾sando el emprendimiento. 6.2 Promover la redistribución de tierras, y el acceso equitativo a los medios de producción, con énfasis en agua y semillas, así como el desarrollo de infraestructura necesaria para incrementar la produc￾tividad, el comercio, la competitividad y la calidad de la producción rural, considerando las ventajas competitivas y comparativas territoriales. 6.4 Fortalecer la organización, asociatividad, y participación de las agriculturas familiares y campesi￾nas en los mercados de provisión de alimentos. 6.5 Promover el comercio justo de productos, con énfasis en la economía familiar campesina y en la economía popular y solidaria, reduciendo la intermediación a nivel urbano y rural, e incentivando el cuidado del medioambiente y la recuperación de los suelos. 6.6 Fomentar en zonas rurales el acceso a servicios de salud, educación, agua segura, saneamiento bá￾sico, seguridad ciudadana, protección social rural y vivienda con pertinencia territorial y de calidad; así como el impulso a la conectividad y vialidad nacional. 33 Fin de la Pobreza • Misión “Las Manuelas”: provee ayuda técnica, pensiones asistenciales y vivienda, así como servicios de salud, inclusión laboral, educativa y comunitaria para las personas con discapacidad. • Programa “Las Joaquinas”: busca generar condiciones necesarias para los cuidadores de las personas con discapacidades severas o enfermedades catastróficas, mediante la entrega de capital semilla para emprendimientos productivos, la afiliación a la seguridad social de las madres cuidadoras y el incremento del bono Joaquín Gallegos Lara, para que puedan no solo atenderlos, sino también sustentar su hogar y tener una vida digna. Aportes generados desde la sociedad civil El abordaje fue multidimensional. Así, en el ámbito de la salud se considera que se ha avanzado en un mayor ac￾ceso a servicios y una buena infraestructura, sin embargo, aún se requiere el fortalecimiento del talento humano y un mejor equipamiento, bajo un sistema integrado y sostenible. En el ámbito de la educación, se considera que, si bien se registran avances, la oferta sigue siendo limitada, que la educación técnica y tecnológica tiene que ser valorizada y que la educación tiene que considerar el factor empleabilidad. En cuanto a hábitat y vivienda, se requiere controlar y regular la asignación de predios y evaluar las construcciones y los materiales para minimizar riesgos latentes. Finalmente, como efecto del bajo ciclo económico, se evidencia un deterioro de las condiciones económicas de los hogares. Se identificaron áreas de avance con relación a este objetivo. El mayor número de visualizaciones se generó alrededor de empleo y productividad, seguido por educación, capacitación y salud.

Examen Nacional Voluntario 113 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible ODS 1-Fin de la pobreza La política social del Ecuador se encuentra estructurada desde la misma Constitución de 2008, reconociendo y garantizando la universalización de los servicios de salud y educación, y la consolidación del sistema de cuidados. En esa línea, los principales avances que se han implementado se encuentran enmarcados en las políticas públicas de protección social y reducción de la pobreza multidimensional, enfocadas al bienestar de la población, especialmente de los sectores más vulnerables del país. Se ha construido una postura país orientada a la promoción de los derechos desde el ámbito público y privado, y la construcción de condiciones favorables para mantener los logros en el ámbito social. Los desafíos se encuentran en el proceso de desaceleración económica, la apreciación del dólar y la reducción del precio del barril del petróleo, que han afectado la economía regional y han puesto en riesgo los logros alcanzados en el ámbito social. Frente a este escenario, erradicar la pobreza en todas sus formas al año 2030 representa un verdadero desafío para el país. Las acciones implementadas para enfrentar la pobreza y la desigualdad requieren de esfuerzos dobles y de la movilización de mayores recursos para atender a los grupos más vulnerables, para que nadie se quede atrás. Considerando además que la pobreza va más allá de la falta de ingresos y recursos, y que contempla dimensiones como: exclusión social, desempleo y sus efectos; la alta vulnerabilidad a los desastres, a enfermedades y otros fenómenos, es fundamental propiciar un ambiente de crecimiento económico sostenible e inclusivo que contemple un empleo adecuado, a fin de mantener la política de protección social con enfoque de derechos. Para poner fin a la pobreza es de trascendental importancia garantizar la educación, promover el desarrollo de capacidades en la población, y crear políticas redistributivas, tributarias y de protección social, que permitan cerrar brechas y ampliar oportunidades para todos los ecuatorianos.

Examen Nacional Voluntario 7 Resumen Ejecutivo ODS 1 - Fin de la pobreza Uno de los principales avances fue la consolidación e institucionalización de un piso de protección social, priorizando a aquellos en condiciones de vulnerabilidad. Erradicar la pobreza a 2030 representa un verdadero desafío, para ello, se requiere redoblar esfuerzos y movilizar mayores recursos para mantener la política de protección social con enfoque de derechos. Además, es necesario propiciar un crecimiento económico sostenible e inclusivo que permita el desarrollo y bienestar de la población ecuatoriana.

22 Chapter 3: In Depth and Thematic Analysis SDG 1: End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere Current Situation A major priority for the Government of Egypt and the Parliament is the eradication of poverty. Egypt has experienced a gradual decrease of poverty based on the international definition of poverty set at $1.25 PPP per day, which has decreased from 4.46 percent in 1990 to 1.68 percent in 2008 (SDG Target 1.1.). This decrease is also in line with trends in Egypt’s multidimensional poverty index (MPI), which is published by UNDP and Oxford University. The MPI is a recommended indicator for SDG Target 1.2 that promotes to ‘reduce at least half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions’ by 2030. Accordingly to the MPI, Egypt has seen a gradual decrease of multidimensional poverty from 8.2 percent (headcount ratio) in 2005 to 3.6 percent in 2014. These positive changes indicate Egypt’s progress made in tackling extreme poverty and deprivation of its vulnerable populations. However, despite these positive trends in extreme poverty, the national poverty rate has seen a rise from 16.7 percent in 1999/2000 to 26.3 percent in 2012/2013. This figure indicates that around 22.5 million Egyptians are unable to meet their basic food and non-food needs. While 23 the international poverty indicators have pointed to improvements, the national poverty line shows an opposite trend line sharp increases in the poverty rate. There could be various reasons behind this discrepancy, but it highlights the importance of having contextualized information and high frequency data disaggregated for various groups to understand the various dimensions and complexities of poverty. Furthermore, there is a significant difference in the poverty rate based on regions and geographies where over half of the population in Upper rural Egypt live under the poverty line. In addition to Upper Egypt, a significant number of poor also reside in the urban areas, mostly in informal settlements in the outskirts of Cairo and Giza. Hence, while building on the progress that has been made in tackling extreme poverty and deprivation, there is an urgency to address the regional disparities in poverty as well as look at emerging challenges of urban poor linked with Egypt’s demographic changes. Social protection was a major sector for Egypt’s Government expenditure constituting some 25-30 percent of the total amount. However, the majority of Government funds on social protected have been dedicated to spending on fuel and food subsidies, which consisted up to 90 percent of the total expenditure on social protection. While there are some benefits, subsidies especially fuel subsidies are considered to be ‘one of the costliest and least effective interventions, which large amount of public budget dedicated to offsetting global price fluctuations and most of the benefits going to higher earners who consume more fuel.’16 24 Recognizing the need to increase the efficiency of its subsidy regime, the Government of Egypt has been embarking on a new approach to social protection building on international experience. It has started the reform of its fuel and food subsidies and has introduced two new cash transfer programmes, called Takaful and Karama, which targets the poor and vulnerable population directly. Combined with further efforts of subsidy reform, these new programmes indicator positive policy changes the Government’s commitment to achieving ‘nationally appropriate social protection’ and ensuring ‘the rights to social security’ as prescribed by the SDGs and Egypt’s constitution. The Egyptian Constitution and Poverty Eradication Article 27: Economic System: The economic system aims at achieving prosperity in the country through sustainable development and social justice to guarantee an increase in the real growth rate of the national economy, raising the standard of living, increasing job opportunities, reducing unemployment rates and eliminating poverty. Article 8: Social Solidarity: Society is based on social solidarity. The state commits to achieving social justice, providing the means to achieve social solidarity to ensure a decent life for all citizens, in the manner organized by law. Article 11: The Place of Women, Motherhood and Childhood: The state commits to achieving equality between women and men in all civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. The state commits to taking the necessary measures to ensure appropriate representation of women in the houses of parliament, in the manner specified by law. It grants women the right to hold public posts and high management posts in the state, and to appointment in judicial bodies and entities without discrimination. The state commits to the protection of women against all forms of violence, and ensures women empowerment to reconcile the duties of a woman toward her family and her work requirements. The state ensures care and protection and care for motherhood and childhood, and for breadwinning, and elderly women, and women most in need. Article 17: Social Security Services: The state provides social security services. All citizens who have no access to the social security system have the right to social security to ensure a decent life, if they are unable to support themselves and their families in the event of incapacity to work, old age or unemployment. The state works to provide appropriate pensions to small farmers, agricultural workers, hunters and informal labor in accordance with the law. Insurance and pension funds are private and enjoy all forms of protection 25 afforded to public funds. Together with their returns, they are a right of their beneficiaries. They shall be invested in a safe manner and managed by an independent entity, in accordance with the law. The state guarantees funds for insurance and pensions. Alignment between SDG 1 and SDS: —Egypt Vision 2030 Strategic Goals: SDG Targets SDS Strategic Goals 1.1 Eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day. Achieve inclusive economic growth; increase the economic growth rates and achieve a balanced regional economic growth and increase women, people with special needs participation in the labor market and achieve economic empowerment to reduce poverty rates. (Economic Development Pillar). 1.2 Reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions. 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable. Secure protection to most vulnerable groups; ensure equity in income distribution and reduce gaps through supporting the most vulnerable groups and securing those who most need care (Social Justice Pillar). 1.4 By 2030ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance Achieve equality in rights and opportunities; stimulate social mobility system through an institutional system that achieves equality in economic, social, and political rights and opportunities. In addition enhance access to basic needs including health, education, jobs, and social protection (Social Justice Pillar) 26 Flagship Projects and Initiatives to Combat Poverty: In light of Egypt’s ambitious SDS: Egypt Vision 2030, and in the alignment with the transformative SDGs, the Government of Egypt realized the importance of adopting a comprehensive strategy to reduce poverty, and to pave the way for social justice. As such, a plan of action has been set in motion, which focuses on reducing poverty by adopting some programs to protect the poor, support the marginalized societal factions and provide protection to the most vulnerable. Actions taken by the Egyptian Government in order to reduce poverty include among others a number of plans and programs aimed at expanding social protection and effectively tackle the multifaceted vulnerabilities and build resilience of the Egyptian population and accelerate poverty reduction in a sustainable manner, these includes among others; 1. Increasing the Social Security Pension. 2. Establishing logistics hubs for grain trade and storage to contribute to food security 3. Amending the Social Insurance Law to provide self-employed social insurance to farmers with more than one faddan acquisitions. 4. Reform of its fuel and food subsidy system 5. Introduction of a Unified National Registry to develop a single unified database for social security and linking social assistance to a smart card to simplify access and enhance efficiency. 6. The Ministry for Social Solidarity (MoSS), has developed and actively pursuing many programs directed toward those who are less privilege, under three main pillars, Box 2 Key ODA-Funded Projects Advancing the SDGs—MSE Development To complement and scale-up efforts to develop micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Egypt, the Ministry of International Cooperation leveraged support from several development partners including the Saudi Fund for Development; World Bank; African Development Bank; Agence Francaise de Development (AfD); KfW; GIZ, and the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) who are providing lines of credit as well as technical assistance, with the overarching aim of job creation, skills development, promoting entrepreneurship, and poverty reduction. These projects specifically target underserved segments such as youth and women, as well as lagging regions where the incidence of poverty is higher. These programs are clearly linked to the SDGs: Goal 1, which aims to eradicate poverty, includes a specific target that “all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services”. This highlights the importance of providing all segments of society with equal opportunity to pursue their livelihoods, to bring them—and keep them—out of poverty. Efforts to achieve Goal 2, which focuses on food security and agricultural productivity, are also be supported through MSE promotion. For example, microloans provided under these programs provide farmers with capital to invest in inputs such as seeds and fertilizers, which enables them to enhance their productivity, increase their earnings, and hence improve their standards of living. Goal 5 of the SDGs aims to achieve greater gender equality and to promote women’s empowerment. Microfinance is an important accelerator of gender-inclusive development. Goal 8: “Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all” is a further example. Evidence shows that MSEs are the main drivers of economic growth and trade. By enhancing access to finance for MSEs and providing them with crucial non-financial services to support their growth, these programs are crucial for achieving this goal. 27 a. Social Protection, that includes all forms of assistance to those in need, such as child monthly financial assistance, and financial assistance for those who are affected by drought and desertification phenomenon. b. Social development, to assist in developing the capabilities and capacities of families to provide a pathway toward graduating extreme poverty and ensure a constant stream of income, such as productive families programs, and vocational centers. c. Social Care, programs specially designed for the services provided to women; children, the elderly, and those with special needs. 7. Another major national program that is directed to less privileged people is the "Social Housing Program" through the Ministry of Housing and New Communities (MHNC). This program aims at providing a decent home for those with low income. The project aims at providing one million housing units for low-income citizens in all Governorates with a total cost of LE 150 billion during 5 years. 8. To overcome the random housing areas problem, a major national initiative is in process as a cooperative effort between the Government and civil society. Its first and second phase finished and delivered at the end of May 2016 (Tahya Misr Project, Al￾Asmrat suburban). 9. Launching a comprehensive action plan to develop poorest villages. To overcome the key inefficiency, targeting and coordination challenges arising from existing forms of social protection, the Government has embarked upon a gradual shift from in-kind towards cash and semi cash transfer programs, which have globally proven to be have a higher poverty reduction impact. Cash and Semi-Cash Transfer Programs: (a) Cash Transfer Programs: Based on savings generated from the reform of Egypt’s fuel and food subsidy programmes, the Government is planning to step up its support to social protection by expanding old social security programmes and introducing new approaches in areas of cash transfer. • Social Solidarity cash transfer scheme (Old): Currently covering 1.5 million families (and the number will be increased to 3 million) with a total annual allocation of LE 6.3 billion, the scheme primarily targets marginalized segments of society, such as the divorced or widowed, orphans and senior citizens. • Takaful and Karama cash transfer schemes (New): A a new cash transfer programme has been launched, where poor families will be able to receive an equivalent of $43-$83 a month based on the number of children and dependent on conditionalities, while some elderly people and people with disabilities receives $47 a month. Takaful provides support to poor families conditional on the child’s school attendance, on medical check-ups for mothers and children under 6 and on attending nutrition classes. Karama provides unconditional income support to the elderly and people with disabilities. Some half a million people have been supported by the Takaful and Karama programmes by March 2016 and the programmes hope to reach some 1.5 million families by 2017. (b) Semi Cash Transfer Programs: Food subsidy Reforms Budget allocations to the food and bread subsidy schemes have more than doubled from LE 17.7 billion in FY09/10 to LE 36.1 billion in FY13/14 with limited translation to improved living standards. To address this, the Ministry of Supply has overhauled the bread subsidy scheme and shifted it towards a points based system that is strongly integrated with ration cards. The Government no longer rations specific quantities of chosen products (such as 28 cooking oil and sugar) but provides direct, semi-cash transfers for each ration card in the worth of LE 15 per person per month. Within this system, beneficiaries may decide their own consumption patterns by choosing among 54 products. With regards to bread, the subsidy is now provided at the final stage of the production, ending the dual pricing of wheat and other inputs. The new scheme, which has so far been applied to 17 (out of 27) Governorates, is expected to suppress leakage and save 20-30percent of wheat purchases. Preliminary indicators point to positive public reception due to uninterrupted service provision, improved quality of bread and enhanced consumer flexibility. The program is a constituent element of a broader strategy to improve supply distribution networks and has been nationally rolled-out by the last quarter of 2015. Box 3 Improving Health Standards to Advance Poverty Reduction Good health and well-being are one of the main pillars of a strong society and an inherent human right. The relationship between poverty and ill-health is clear and supported by international evidence. Therefore, Improving health standards is a critical step towards achieving poverty eradication. Egypt’s Constitution affirmed the universal right to healthcare, where Article 18 states that each citizen has the right to enjoy a healthy life and to receive comprehensive healthcare in line with quality standards. The Constitution also declares that the State shall allocate percentage of GDP, not less than 3 percent, on health, which is twice the current governmental expenditure on the health sector. The Ministry of Health and Population has defined strategic objectives in the area of health to be achieved by 2030, which primarily focus on: 1- The improvement of the health of citizens within a framework of justice and equity: The objective is to have all the factors affecting the health of Egyptians including social factors and general awareness. So the Ministry of Health and Population focuses on the provision and enhancement of primary healthcare through awareness and preventive measures. 2- Achieve universal healthcare coverage for all Egyptians and ensure high quality

Egypt's Voluntary National Review 2018 25 Despite previous improvements in the proportion of the population living below the international poverty line, the episode of instability and economic downturn that characterized the period after the 2011 uprising has led to a deterioration in the situation. The percentage of the population falling below the national poverty line rose from 26.3 percent in 2012/2013 to 27.8 percent in 2015. Recognizing this critical social problem, and as indicated in Section 2.2, the Government of Egypt has taken serious measures to reduce the impact of poverty on the quality of life of the poor through the Takaful and Karama social protection programs. With the prevalence of infation during the 2017-2018 period, a presidential decree increased the nominal pension amount of these two programs. The Government of Egypt recognizes that poverty is not only related to income. In fact, it is a multidimensional phenomenon related to deprivations in health, education, and living conditions. In this vein, the Ministry of Social Solidarity in collaboration with the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) and UNICEF Egypt has launched a report entitled “Understanding Multidimensional Child Poverty” to better address poverty in all its forms and to design suitable policies to eradicate it. Social Housing Projects To address the living condition dimension of poverty, Egypt has adopted a social housing project for low-income groups that provides suitable housing for those with low incomes, with payment conditions that are appropriate to their fnancial resources. The Government has completed construction of 190,000 housing units of 90 m2, each including interior fnishings. These units are offered for sale according to the following conditions: for families, annual household income must not exceed EGP 42,000; for individuals, annual income should not exceed EGP 30,000; applicants for social housing must be aged between 21 to 50 years old and must not have previously benefted from any government￾supported public housing. In order to facilitate the process for benefciaries, the Government (represented by the Mortgage Finance Subsidy and Guarantee Fund) in coordination with the Central Bank of Egypt has launched the Mortgage Finance Initiative to fnance the purchase of housing for low-income earners. ENID: The Active Role of Egyptian Civil Society Civil society in Egypt is quite active in attending to social problems. Many NGOs Indicators SDG target Type Value 2030 Target Change Proportion of population below the international poverty line (%) 1.1 1 1.3 2015 0 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line (%) 1.1 3 27.8 2015 Reduce by half S'G  NR PRYHUW\ Table 2: SDG 1 Indicators 26 Progress Towards Goals and Targets work on poverty alleviation, and one of the most important in this feld is Egypt Network for Integrated Development (ENID/El Nidaa). ENID was established in April 2012 to alleviate poverty in Upper Egypt by developing viable and sustainable employment opportunities and providing basic services. ENID works through four programs; namely micro-, small￾and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) and entrepreneurship; agricultural and off-farm development; upgrading basic services; and a knowledge and dissemination hub. ENID works mainly in the Governorate of Qena, the country’s second-poorest with a poverty rate of 58 percent. Under the four programs, ENID provides various services including medical check-ups, literacy classes, vocational training, awareness-sessions, and support for MSMEs in the industrial and agricultural sectors. Most of ENID’s activities are directed at women in Qena. Recently, ENID has started an industrial zone in Mana village in the Governorate and selected young female candidates to be trained in handicrafts and employed there. ENID helps the producers to market their work inside and outside Egypt through national and international exhibitions and events. The private sector in Egypt is also active in the domain of poverty alleviation through its corporate social responsibility activities. “Ebda3 men Masr” (“Innovation from Egypt”) is an initiative that evolved as one of the main CSR platforms launched by the Bank of Alexandria in early 2016. Based on the concept of “creating shared value”, the Bank of Alexandria has become a partner of citizens and the community, blending the creation of social value with the growth of the economy. This is achieved through several collaborations and partnerships aiming at empowering traditional communities, as well as increasing entrepreneurial opportunities, with the ultimate goal of promoting the preservation of crafts and heritage. So far, the program has reached approximately 1,400 craftsmen and artisan groups across 10 regions. Crafted products and goods are displayed on the initiatives website for purchase from international and local vendors. Products are further marketed in the bank’s annual giveaways and events that showcase the merchandise.

24 Indicator Previous Progress (1.1.1) Proportion of population living below the extreme poverty line 6.2% 2018 4.5% ¯ 2020 (1.2.1) Proportion of population living below the national poverty line 32.5% 2018 29.7% ¯ 2020 (1.3.1) Proportion of population covered by social protection systems (Takaful & Karama) < 1% 2015 12% ­ 2020 (1.4.1) Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services: Electricity 99.2% 2015 99.7% ­ 2019 Clean Water 90.0% 2015 97.0% ­ 2019 Sanitation 50.0% 2015 66.2% ­ 2019 (1.a.2) Proportion of total government spending on essential services: Health 4.9% 2018 6.1% ­ 2020 Education 8.8% 2018 10.1% ­ 2020 Basic Services 13.6% 2018 29.8% ­ 2020 (1) PROGRESS TOWARDS THE GOAL For almost 20 years, there was a disentanglement between poverty and growth where episodes of high growth (for example 2007 to 2009) were not associated with a reduction in poverty. However, this trend was reverted in 2020 where poverty declined for the frst time in almost two decades. The percentage of the Egyptian population below the national poverty line declined from 32.5% in FY2017/2018 to 29.7% in FY2019/2020, with the proportion of population in extreme poverty (USD 1.9 per day) also dropping from 6.2% to 4.5% during the same years. (2) GOVERNMENT EFFORTS TOWARDS POVERTY REDUCTION (2.1) Continued Increase in Spending on Access to Basic Services Since 2015, the GoE has attempted to ensure the signifcant mobilization of public resources towards ending poverty in all its forms, ramping up spending on access to basic services as well as on health and education. Public spending on access to basic services grew from 13.6% as a percentage of total government spending in 2018 to 29.8% in 2020. Similarly, public spending on health and education grew from 4.9% to 6.1% and from 8.8% to 10.1% respectively during the same period as a percent of total government spending. (2.2) Social Safety Nets: The Takaful & Karama Program In addition to spending on access to basic services, Egypt massively scaled up its social protection programs and safety nets, to achieve SDG 1: NO POVERTY 10.9% 11.6% 16.7% 13.6% 18.2% 29.8% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Government Spending on Basic Services (% of total gov spending) Source: Ministry of Finance 26.3% 27.8% 32.5% 29.7% 5.0% 5.3% 6.2% 4.5% 2012/2013 2014/2015 2017/2018 2019/2020 National Line Extreme Poverty Percentage of population below poverty line Source: CAPMAS 25 substantial coverage of the most vulnerable and prevent the most in need from sliding into poverty. The Takaful & Karama cash transfer program was therefore inaugurated in 2015. The Takaful (Solidarity) is a conditional family income support program, while Karama (Dignity) is an unconditional cash transfer for the most vulnerable. Benefciaries of the program rose from 60 thousand families in 2015 to 3.7 million by May 2021, with predominantly female benefciaries, with the budget dedicated for the program nearly tripling from 2015 till 2021. An initial impact evaluation of Takaful showed that the value of household consumption for benefciaries increased by 7.3% to 8.4% compared to households who did not receive the program. A further impact evaluation study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) published in October 2018 concluded that “the Takaful transfers are regarded as having contributed positively to benefciaries’ consumption and coping abilities at both the ultra￾poor and threshold levels”. (2.3) Accelerators: The Hayah Karima Initiative Additionally, the initiative “Haya Karima” (Decent Life), originally launched in 2019, had an initial budget of EGP 675 million (~USD 43 million) to accelerate poverty eradication on a local level. Haya Karima partners with 18 civil society organizations targeting rural villages with poverty rates over 70% as its frst phase. The initiative focuses on the efective eradication of poverty, through providing health, educational, and housing support, in addition to supporting microenterprises and economic empowerment. Haya Karima was endorsed as a presidential initiative in 2021 with a much bigger budget of EGP 500 billion (~USD 31.8 billion) for its second phase. Haya Karima also has a strong focus on local infrastructure, developing the quality of housing through ensuring access to electricity, water, sanitation, and gas. Benefciaries of the initiatives have so far reached 186 thousand individuals. This is a dimension onto which the GoE lWays strong emphasis to guarantee equal rights to basic infrastructural services and in which noticeable progress has been achieved as shown in the chart. The Takaful program reduced the probability of a household living in poverty (below USD 1.90 per day) by about 11%. Takaful program has improved weight￾for-height z-scores for children under two years of age. About 90% are either very satisfied or somewhat satisfied with the [Takaful & Karama] program. IFPRI’s “Impact Evaluation Study for Egypt’s Takaful & Karama Cash Transfer Program” Quantitative Analysis Findings Source: IFPRI, Oct 2018 Percentage of population with access to basic services 99.2% 90.0% 50.0% 99.7% 97.0% 66.2% Electricity Clean Water Sanitation 2015 2019 Source: CAPMAS (3) CHALLENGES TO EFFECTIVE POVERTY REDUCTION There remains many challenges to poverty reduction in Egypt demanding a deep understanding of these challenges to guarantee efective evidence-based policymaking. The UNICEF empirical study, previously mentioned in section 2.3, demonstrated the determinants of sliding into versus escaping poverty. Some of the noteworthy observations were: • Household size was shown to be a clear risk factor for falling into poverty, highlighting the continued challenge of population growth. • Education level on the other hand was a protective factor from sliding into poverty. Signifcant positive outcomes were also observed for vocational training. • While having a job in general reduces the probability of the family falling into poverty, informal employment was shown to be a risk factor to falling into poverty than formal employment • Better rates of escaping poverty were observed in rural than in urban areas, showcasing the challenge of urban poverty. 26 4.5 10.5 7.4 4.4 11.8 8 4.1 9.9 7.2 Egypt LMICs MENA 2019 2020 (COVID) 2020 (No COVID) Effect of COVID: Percent of population living in extreme poverty % ($1.90) Source: Pardee Center for International Future Studies (2021), Denver University Horizon 2030 Projections By 2030: Business as Usual With SDG Push EXTREME POVERTY 4.2% 2.3% POVERTY AT THE NATIONAL LINE 27.6% 21.9% (4) PARTNERSHIPS TOWARDS ENDING POVERTY The civil society in Egypt has continuously been a key partner towards ending poverty. Initiatives span multiple directions such as: • Direct support for the most vulnerable (such as Misr El-Kheir’s social solidarity projects). • Equitable access to basic services (such as Caritas Egypt’s programs for healthcare support to the most vulnerable). • Providing programs and tools for escaping poverty (such as Plan International Egypt’s various vocational training initiatives and women economic empowerment programs). (5) COVID-19 IMPACT & GOVERNMENT RESPONSE The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to slowdown the progress in reducing poverty rates over the short term, although thankfully not causing a reversal. Extreme poverty rates are estimated to have dropped from 4.5% in 2019 to 4.4% in 2020 rather than a potential 4.1% without COVID. With the early stages of the pandemic, the GoE took rapid response policies to protect the most vulnerable from sliding into poverty due to the pandemic’s efects such as: • The Presidential initiative “Ahalina” constituting a monthly grant of EGP 500 for irregular laborers whose livelihood was severely afected due to the pandemic, with about 1.4 million benefciaries. • The Ministry of Social Solidarity’s disbursement of 4-month exceptional cash grant to over 9,000 tour guides as the tourism sector came to a near complete halt during the pandemic. • Increasing the benefciaries of the Takaful & Karama program by 411 thousand families. The path to 2030 leaves opportunity to strengthen policies that could result in signifcant poverty reduction by 2030. Consequently, the GoE is committed to capitalize on this opportunity through continued reinforcement of ongoing eforts as well partnerships towards ending poverty. By 2030, a push towards the SDGs results in a poverty rate of 21.9% and an extreme poverty rate of only 2.3%, lifting millions of Egyptians out of poverty Source: Misr El-Kheir Foundation Examples of Misr El-Kheir Foundation’s Social Solidarity Projects Debtors Relief: • Supporting poor & destitute families through paying their distressed debts. (75,000+ beneficiaries) Fulfilling Basic Needs: • Emergency relief for victims of disasters such fires. (6,900+ beneficiaries) • Monthly financial aid for families who have lost their breadwinner. (22,700+ beneficiaries) Seasonal Campaigns: • Ramadan Campaigns: Providing food services in the holy month of Ramadan in all governorates. • Winter Campaigns: Shielding the most in need from the winter frost in Upper Egypt and remote areas.

134 SDG 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere. The Balearic Islands was the Autonomous Community that reduced its poverty rate by the greatest degree in 2017. The measures undertaken include: Guaranteed Social Income, as regulated in Act 5/2016, which is a financial benefit aimed at providing basic coverage to people, families and people in other situations of cohabitation who are in need; Calls for applications for grants and assistance to alleviate energy poverty, to ensure that no person in a position of social vulnerability or at risk of exclusion is left without a supply of gas or electricity; and the draft bill on support for families, in which the Government of the Balearic Islands safeguards by law the benefits and services for the most vulnerable families.

SPAIN – VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 30 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere SDG 1 seeks an end to poverty in all its manifestations by 2030. It also aims to guarantee social protection for persons in situations of poverty or social vulnerability, to enhance access to basic services and to help those affected by climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental problems. The eradication of extreme poverty—the threshold for which is currently defined as a daily income of 1.25 US dollars—which is a central plank of the SDGs, has been achieved in Spain. However, serious problems of poverty persist in this country, particularly with respect to children, a matter of the utmost priority. SDG 1 is one of the basic foundations of Spain’s commitment to development cooperation. The latest global estimates suggest that 10.9% of the world’s population (783 million people, over half of these in sub-Saharan Africa) suffer extreme poverty. This commitment by Spain to the eradication of extreme poverty, in all its dimensions and in all the countries affected, is set out in the national policy for development cooperation, described in the Action Plan as one of the accelerator policies to be applied for speedy achievement of the SDGs. In Spain, this goal is in line with those included in the National Reform Programme undertaken by the Government to achieve target 5 of the European 2020 Strategy, namely to reduce the number of people in or at risk of poverty/social exclusion by 1.4 (in Spain alone), with respect to the base year 2008. In Spain, the economic crisis and the resulting jump in unemployment provoked an increase in situations of exclusion and social inequality and changed the profiles of persons in these situations. SPAIN – VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 31 However, the incipient economic recovery and the creation of employment are not decreasing the numbers of those hit by poverty and inequality. In any event, returning to pre-recession levels will be a long, complex task, calling for joint endeavours by central, regional and local administrations, as well as by third-sector organizations. The situation is illustrated in Table 1, where indicator 1.2.1 refers to the population living below the national poverty line. This statistic shows that in 2017 (with income data for 2016), 21.6% of the Spanish population were living below the national poverty line (60% of average income) and that the long recession has increased the numbers of persons in all age groups living below the national threshold, to 31% of those aged under 16, to 21.9% of those aged 16-64, and to 14.8% of those aged over 65. A notable finding is the 1.8 point increase in the population aged over 65 years living below the poverty line. Among those aged under 16 years, the corresponding figure was 28.1%, which is 6.5 points higher than for the population as a whole. The peak year in this respect for women was 2017 (when 22.2% of this population were affected) and for those under 18 years it was 2014, when 30.5% of those aged under 18 were living below the poverty line.  Table 1. Proportion of the population living below the national poverty line (%) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 All 19.8 20.4 20.7 20.6 20.8 20.4 22.2 22.1 22.3 21.6 Men 18.4 19.4 20.1 19.9 20.7 20.9 22.4 22.5 22.6 21.0 Women 21.2 21.3 21.3 21.4 20.9 19.9 22.1 21.8 22.1 22.2 Source: Spanish Institute of Statistics (INE), Living Conditions Survey  Table 2. Proportion of the population living below the national poverty line, by age (%) Age 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Under 16 years 26.8 28.9 28.8 27.2 26.9 26.7 30.1 28.8 28.9 28.1 16 - 29 years 18.1 18.3 21.4 22.3 25.3 24.2 27.6 29.2 29.6 28.5 30 - 44 years 17.6 18.5 18.8 19.7 21.2 20.7 22.9 21.8 21.3 19.7 45 - 64 years 15.2 16.0 16.4 17.1 18.0 19.0 21.0 21.4 21.9 20.6 65 and over 25.5 23.8 21.8 19.8 14.8 12.7 11.4 12.3 13.0 14.8 Source: INE, Living Conditions Survey By Autonomous Community, according to the 2017 INE Living Conditions Survey (based on income during 2016), the highest rates of poverty risk (without taking into account the imputed value of rented property) were recorded in Extremadura (38.8%), Ceuta (32.5%), Andalusia (31%) and Canary Islands (30.5%). The lowest ones were in the Basque Country (9.7%), Navarre (8.3%) and La Rioja (9.7%). SPAIN – VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 32 Taking 2013 as the base year and considering the type of household, in the annual surveys conducted from 2008 to 2017 (base year 2013), the highest rates of poverty risk were found in households formed by a single adult with dependent children.  Table 3. Rates of poverty risk by type of household (% ) Type of household 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1 adult with 1 or more dependent children 36.8 44.2 49.2 42.1 37.5 38.0 42.0 37.5 42.2 40.6 Other households with dependent children 24.7 22.7 24.1 22.6 28.0 30.8 30.7 31.4 30.6 30 2 adults with 1 or more dependent children 22.0 24.8 24.2 23.1 24.2 23.3 25.8 25.3 25.5 24.1 One-person households 30.6 30.1 28.9 27.9 20.6 19.2 20.7 20.3 19.6 21.8 2 adults, with no dependent children 17.9 17.3 15.6 16.4 16.2 14.8 14.8 15.2 16.6 16.3 Other households, with no dependent children 8.3 7.9 10.7 13.1 12.2 11.8 15.6 16.8 15.5 14.5 Total 19.8 20.4 20.7 20.6 20.8 20.4 22.2 22.1 22.3 21.6 Source: INE, Living Conditions Survey By level of education, and with respect to the population aged over 16 years, the highest levels of poverty risk recorded in the above surveys (2008-2017, base 2013) corresponded to persons with only the lowest levels of primary education or less (26.5%) and those with initial-level secondary education (27.1%). In the 2017 survey, for persons with the second level of secondary education, the corresponding figure was 19.9%, while for those with higher education, it was just 9.7%. By nationality, the highest values recorded in the surveys (2008-2017, base 2013) corresponded to persons with non-EU foreign nationality. Thus, according to the 2017 INE Survey of Living Conditions, the poverty risk rate for the non-EU foreign population (“Rest of the world”) was 52.1%, while for those with EU foreign nationality it was 39.2% and for those with Spanish nationality it was 18%. By degree of urbanization in the place of residence, the highest proportions of poverty risk in the surveys (2008-2017, base 2013) corresponded to sparsely-populated areas. According to the 2016 survey, the level of population at risk of poverty was 28.1% in sparsely-populated areas, 20.8% in moderately-populated areas and 20.1% in densely-populated areas. The indicator of economic poverty is complemented and expanded by the European Union’s indicator of those at risk of poverty and/or exclusion (AROPE). As can be observed in Table 4, there has been a change in trend in the latest AROPE indicator, according to which 26.6% of the population resident in Spain was at risk, compared to 27.9% the previous year. The overall reduction in the AROPE rate took place in its three components: the proportion of the population who were severely materially deprived decreased from 5.8% SPAIN – VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 33 to 5.1%, that of those living in very low work intensity fell from 14.9 to 12.8% and that of those at risk of poverty from 22.3% to 21.6%. In addition, one of the three sub-indicators of the AROPE rate, that of severe material deprivation, decreased again in Spain in 2017, continuing the pattern of previous years, having fallen from 6.4% in 2015 to 5.8% in 2016. This trend is still continuing, as shown by the advance data provided by Eurostat (albeit still provisional), according to which this sub-indicator presented a value of 5.1% in 2017, a fall of 0.7 percentage points in the last year. By sex, the poverty risk is slightly lower among women than men, except in severe material deprivation. Age is a determining factor in the risk of poverty and exclusion. Thus, young adults (aged 16-19 years) are at most risk (37.60%), followed by the child population (31.70%). In other words, nearly one in three children is at risk of poverty and/or social exclusion. This value, although very high, has been decreasing since 2015. It should also be noted that 9.9% of the population aged under 18 are still living in conditions of severe poverty. Table 4. Risk of poverty and/or social exclusion (AROPE), by components (%) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1.Poverty threshold, at risk of poverty (income during the year before the interview) 19.8 20.4 20.7 20.6 20.8 20.4 22.2 22.1 22.3 21.6 2. Severely materially deprived 3.6 4.5 4.9 4.5 5.8 6.2 7.1 6.4 5.8 5.1 3.Living in a household with very low work intensity (aged 0 to 59 years) 6.6 7.6 10.8 13.4 14.3 15.7 17.1 15.4 14.9 12.8 Risk of poverty and/or social exclusion (AROPE indicator) 23.8 24.7 26.1 26.7 27.2 27.3 29.2 28.6 27.9 26.6 Source: INE, Living Conditions Survey The benchmarks for these variables show that the tide has turned, since 2014, but that we remain very far from the pre-recession situation. Leaving no one behind “Leave no one behind” is one of the fundamental principles of the 2030 Agenda. In Spain, with the aim of meeting the challenges identified in the Europe 2020 Strategy and improving the living conditions of the population, various measures of social and economic significance have been adopted. For example, the statutory minimum wage has been raised significantly, by 8% in 2017, the highest such increase in the last 30 years, and by 4% in 2018. This measure will have an important impact on low-paid workers. In addition, the duration of paternity leave has now been extended to four uninterrupted weeks, which can be taken on a full or part-time basis, with a minimum of 50%, on agreement with the employer. This benefit is compatible with and SPAIN – VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 34 independent of shared periods of maternity leave. Other measures to support families in situations of energy poverty have also been improved, with a clear definition of persons presenting severe vulnerability and the prohibition of suspending electricity supply to such vulnerable consumers, who are at risk of social exclusion and who are being assisted by social services. Tax measures have also been approved to reduce the economic burden on families, especially those with children or other dependents. Finally, and no less importantly, various urgent measures have been adopted to protect mortgage debtors without resources and to favour access to housing for those most in need, including the approval of the 2018/2021 National Housing Plan, composed of nine different programmes of assistance, with a total budget of up to 1.833 billion euros, to be administered by the Autonomous Communities in the form of grants guaranteeing access to housing for all. In addition to the above support, resources are provided to families in situations of social emergency through the 2014-2020 Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD), which finances the provision of food for people in need and which now includes measures of social accompaniment. It should also be noted that increased strategic attention has been paid in recent years to actions and budget credits for the benefit of children, especially regarding attention for families with children in situations of severe material deprivation. In 2014, a special fund was created for the fight against child poverty, focusing on social intervention projects aimed at families with dependent children, living in situations of severe material deprivation. This facility has been enlarged over the years, rising to 100 million euros in 2017, dedicated to the Family Protection Programme, Action on Childhood Poverty and Basic Social Services, and Support for Family and Children. This sum represents an increase of 32.6% over the previous year. This fund has been retained in the draft version of the 2018 National Budget Act. In the near future, further measures expected include the prompt adoption of the 2017-2020 National Strategy to Prevent and Reduce Poverty and Social Exclusion, as well as the continuation of the Action Plan within the 2014-2020 Spanish Strategy for Persons with Disability. In addition, the ongoing 2015-2020 Comprehensive National Strategy for Homeless Persons will be further developed, and a new Strategic Plan for Equal Opportunities will aim to reduce the inequalities between women and men that persist in employment and in the economy. The 2030 Agenda proposes various indicators to measure the achievement of Target 1.2. The first is the poverty risk threshold or poverty rate (defined as 60% of the median income per consumption unit of all households nationwide). According to INE estimates, the poverty risk threshold for a one-person household in 2017 was 8,522 euros, 3.8% higher than the previous year. In households composed of two adults and two children aged under 14 years, this threshold was 17,896 euros in 2017. As mentioned above, in Spain the poverty risk rate, greatly worsened by the recession, stood at 21.6% of the resident population in 2017, compared to 22.3% the previous year. Detailed analysis reveals the following. SPAIN – VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 35 By age groups, the poverty risk rate fell by 1.4 points among those aged 16-64 years and by 0.8 points among those aged under 16 years. On the contrary, it rose by 1.8 points among those aged over 65 years. By gender, the highest levels of risk of poverty and/or social exclusion for women (2017 figures) were among the youngest age groups (31.5% in those under 16 years and 36.5% in those aged 16-29). The lowest rates corresponded to women over 65 (17.8%). Among men, the younger population also comprised the largest risk groups: 33.2% of those aged 16-29 and 30.6% of those aged under 16. The men least at risk of poverty and/or social exclusion were those over 65 (14.5%). By family situation, the largest group of households at risk of poverty and/or social exclusion in 2017 were those formed by one adult with one or more dependent children (47.9%). These were followed by other households with dependent children (35.5%) and by one-person households (26.9%). The households least at risk of poverty and/or social exclusion were those formed by two adults without dependent children (22.1%). In 2016, most women at risk of poverty and/or social exclusion were those who were unemployed (59.5%), followed by those who were economically inactive (32.7%). Among men, too, most of those at risk in this respect were unemployed (70.9%), followed by those who were economically inactive (46.8%). In 2016, without taking into account the income quintile, in homes without dependent children the largest group of households at risk of poverty and/or social exclusion were those formed by an individual aged under 65 years (34.9%), followed by those with two adults, both aged under 65 years (25.2%). In income quintile 3, the highest value (11.1%) corresponded to households formed by one adult aged under 65 years. Without taking into account the income quintile, in households with dependent children the largest proportion of households at risk of poverty and/or social exclusion were those composed of one adult and at least one dependent child (53.3%). The second largest was the group consisting of two adults with three or more dependent children (43.6%). In quintile 3 of income, the highest value corresponded to the households formed by one adult with at least one dependent child (12.7%). The largest group of women at risk of poverty and/or social exclusion (33.7%) corresponded to those with the lowest levels of education (levels 0-2). This percentage decreased as the level of education increased. The men with the lowest levels of education (levels 0-2) recorded the highest levels of risk of poverty and/or social exclusion (35%), and in this case, too, the percentage decreased as the level of education increased. An independent analysis In 2017, the FOESSA Foundation, which has a long history of social research in Spain, conducted a survey on resilience in Spanish households, reporting that 20% were at particular risk of falling behind their obligations. The households in question presented the following characteristics: low work intensity (risk of social exclusion: 55%); with one or more unemployed members (risk of social exclusion: 44%); with members of non-EU origin (risk of social exclusion: 49%); located in a degraded or marginal neighbourhood, with inadequate and/or insecure housing and poor access to basic services (risk of social exclusion: 32%). Households with children aged under 18 years are at greater risk of social exclusion (32%) than the national average. Single-parent (usually, single-mother) households present serious risks, too (29%). In the case of extended families, this value rises to 32%. According to the FOESSA Foundation studies, the risk of being left behind is also related to the population’s social and demographic characteristics. In this respect, the following conclusions have been drawn:  The ethnic gypsy minority is at very high risk of social exclusion (72%), with important deficits of social integration and persistent problems of discrimination.  The unemployed are also at high risk of exclusion (50%). Among those in a situation of long-term unemployment, the rate is 55%, while for those with irregular jobs, it is 57%. An important factor is the “chronification of unemployment” associated with the large population of persons who are long or very long-term unemployed, together with high rates of youth unemployment and insufficient welfare protection against unemployment.  Immigrants of non-EU origin have a 53% risk of social exclusion, due to integration difficulties, human rights violations and inadequate social support networks, both formal and informal.  Among persons aged under 18, the risk of exclusion is 35%. In this context, in addition to the situation of unaccompanied minors, exclusion can affect families with minors, who receive insufficient measures of protection and childcare assistance. It should be emphasized that social support networks of families and friends constitute an important basic component of household protection, and that following the economic crisis this resource has been weakened in 26.1% of homes. A notable finding is that the risk of economic problems in families with children is significantly greater than in any other family configuration. In Spanish households, the rate of social exclusion is 50% higher when the family has one or more children aged under 18, and 150% higher for large families. This problem is particularly serious from the perspective of breaking the vicious circle of poverty. As stated in the Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty report (FOESSA, 2016), 80% of those who experience serious economic difficulties in childhood￾adolescence continue to do so as adults.

ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 140 ILLES BALEARS . ODS 1. Poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus formas y en todo el mundo. Las Islas Baleares fue la comunidad autónoma que más redujo en el año 2017 su tasa de pobreza. De las medidas impulsadas destacan la Renta Social Garantizada, regulada por la Ley 5/2016, que es una prestación económica dirigida a la cobertura básica de las personas, familias y otros núcleos de convivencia en situación de necesidad. Convocatorias de subvenciones y ayudas para paliar la pobreza energética, para garantizar que ninguna persona en situación de vulnerabilidad social o riesgo de exclusión pueda quedar sin suministro de gas o electricidad. El Anteproyecto de ley de apoyo a las familias en la que el GOIB blinda por ley las prestaciones y servicios a las familias más vulnerables.

ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 30 1. Poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus formas en todo el mundo El ODS 1 busca poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus manifestaciones para 2030. También tiene como objetivo garantizar la protección social de las personas en situación de pobreza o vulnerabilidad social, aumentar el acceso a los servicios básicos y ayudar a las personas afectadas por fenómenos climáticos extremos y hacer frente a los problemas económicos, sociales y ambientales. La erradicación de la pobreza extrema –definida actualmente a través de la línea de 1,25 US$ de ingreso diario –, central en los ODS, está superada en España. Sin embargo, en España persisten problemas graves de pobreza, que golpea especialmente a la infancia, cuya atención es imperativa. Por otro lado, el ODS 1 es uno de los principales fundamentos del compromiso de España con la cooperación para el desarrollo. Las últimas estimaciones globales sugieren que el 10,9% de la población mundial (783 millones de personas) sufren pobreza extrema en el mundo (más de la mitad de ellas en África sub-sahariana). Este compromiso de España con la erradicación de la pobreza extrema, y en todas sus dimensiones y países, se plasma en la política de cooperación para el desarrollo –recogida en el Plan de Acción como una de las Políticas Palanca para acelerar el alcance de los ODS. En España, este objetivo se alinea con los recogidos en el Programa Nacional de Reformas (PNR) del gobierno de España a fin de alcanzar el objetivo 5 de la Estrategia Europea 2020, que establecía disminuir el número de personas en riesgo de exclusión, en el caso de España, en 1.400.000 personas, tomando como año base 2008. ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 31 En España la crisis económica provocó un aumento de las situaciones de exclusión y desigualdad social y modificó los perfiles de las personas en esas situaciones. Un aumento que se debió a la rápida subida del desempleo durante la crisis. No obstante, el inicio de la recuperación económica y la creación de empleo no están suponiendo una disminución de las cifras de pobreza y desigualdad. En cualquier caso, esta vuelta a la situación pre-crisis es una tarea larga, compleja y en la que todos deberemos aunar esfuerzos, administración central, autonómica y local y tercer sector. Así, lo muestra la tabla 1, que recoge el indicador 1.2.1 que refleja la población que vive por debajo del umbral nacional de pobreza. En el mismo aparece que un 21.6% de la población española en 2017 (con datos de ingresos de 2016) vive por debajo del umbral nacional de pobreza (60% de ingresos medios), y que la crisis lo que ha supuesto es un aumento del porcentaje de personas en todos los grupos de edad que viven por debajo del umbral nacional, 31% menores de 16 años; 21.9% de 16 a 64 y de un 14.8% para mayores de 65 años. Cabe destacar el aumento de esta tasa para los mayores de 65 años (de 1.8 puntos). Por su parte, la tasa de riesgo de pobreza para los menores de 16 años se situó en el 28,1%, siendo 6,5 puntos superior a la del conjunto de la población. El punto álgido para las mujeres fue el año 2017 (22,2%) y para los menores de 18 el año 2014, año en el que un 30,5% de los menores de 18 años se encontraba por debajo del umbral de la pobreza. Por CCAA, según la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida del año 2017 (ingresos del año 2016) los valores más altos en la tasa de riesgo de pobreza (sin considerar el valor del alquiler imputado) correspondieron a: Extremadura (38,8%), Ceuta (32,5%), Andalucía (31%), Canarias (30,5%). Y los más bajos a: País Vasco (9,7%), Comunidad Foral de Navarra (8,3%), La Rioja (9,7%). ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 32 Si ponemos como año base 2013 y valoramos el tipo de hogar en la serie de encuestas (2008- 2017, base 2013) los valores más altos en la tasa de riesgo de pobreza correspondieron al hogar formado por un adulto solo con hijos dependientes. Si se considera el nivel de educación, y considerando la población mayor de 16 años, los porcentajes más altos de la tasa de riesgo de pobreza en la serie de encuestas (2008-2017, base 2013) correspondieron a los niveles más bajo de educación primaria o inferior (26,5%) y secundaria de 1ª etapa (27,1%). En la encuesta del año 2017, para el nivel de educación secundaria segunda etapa el 19,9% y para el nivel de educación superior desciende a 9,7%. En relación a la nacionalidad, los valores más altos en la serie de encuestas (2008-2017, base 2013) correspondieron a la nacionalidad extranjera no de la UE. Así, según la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida del año 2017, la tasa de riesgo de pobreza para la población extranjera no de la UE (resto del mundo) alcanzó un valor del 52,1%; para la nacionalidad extranjera de la UE se presenta un valor del 39,2%; mientras que para la nacionalidad española, el valor se sitúa en un 18%. Si se considera el grado de urbanización, los porcentajes más altos de la tasa de riesgo de pobreza relativa en la serie de encuestas (2008-2017 base 2013) corresponden a las áreas poco pobladas. Según la encuesta del año 2016, el valor de esta tasa era del 28,1% en las áreas poco pobladas, del 20,8% en las áreas pobladas de nivel intermedio, y del 20,1% en las áreas densamente pobladas. El indicador de pobreza económica se ve complementado y ampliado por el indicador AROPE, utilizado por la Unión Europea para medir el riesgo de pobreza y exclusión social (At Risk Of Poverty and/or Exclusión). Como se observa en la tabla 4, en el indicador AROPE se ha producido un cambio de tendencia situándose en el 26,6% de la población residente en España, frente al 27,9% registrado el año anterior. La reducción global de la tasa AROPE se produjo en sus tres componentes. Así, la carencia material severa pasó del 5,8% al 5,1% ,la baja intensidad en el empleo se redujo del 14,9al 142,8% y el riesgo de pobreza de 22,3% al21,6% ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 33 Además, debe advertirse que uno de los tres subindicadores de la tasa AROPE, el denominado “privación material severa”, ha bajado en España nuevamente en 2017. Ya venía reduciéndose desde 2015, pasando del 6,4% al 5,8% en 2016. Esta tendencia continúa según muestra el dato adelantado que proporciona EUROSTAT, todavía provisional, que detalla que este indicador en 2017 se sitúa en el 5,1%, descendiendo 7 décimas en el último año. Por sexo, la tasa de riesgo es ligeramente menor en las mujeres que en los hombres, menos en la carencia material severa. La edad constituye un factor determinante en cuanto al riesgo de pobreza y exclusión: las personas adultas jóvenes (entre los 16 y los 19 años) son los que presentan la tasa más elevada (37,60%) seguidos por la población infantil (31,70%), ya que cerca de uno de cada tres niños y niñas está en riesgo de pobreza y o exclusión social. Tasa que pese a su elevada magnitud está disminuyendo desde 2015. Además, el 9,9 % de la población menor de 18 años está en pobreza severa. Los indicadores de referencia para comprobar estas variables muestran el inicio de una mejoría a partir del año 2014 pero muy lejos aún de la situación previa al inicio de la crisis. No dejar a nadie atrás “No dejar a nadie atrás” es uno de los principios fundamentales de la Agenda 2030. En España, con el objetivo de cumplir con los retos plasmados en la Estrategia Europa 2020, se han adoptado diversas medidas de calado social y económico dirigidas a mejorar las condiciones de vida de los ciudadanos. Por ejemplo, se ha incrementado significativamente el Salario Mínimo Interprofesional, un 8% en 2017, el mayor aumento del salario mínimo en 30 años, y un 4% en 2018, que tendrá una importante repercusión en los trabajadores con menores salarios. También se ha puesto en marcha la ampliación del permiso por paternidad que se extiende hasta las 4 semanas ininterrumpidas y que puede disfrutarse en régimen de jornada completa o parcial de un mínimo del 50%, previo acuerdo con el empresario y es compatible e independiente del disfrute compartido de los períodos de descanso por maternidad. De la misma forma, también se han mejorado las medidas de apoyo para familias en pobreza energética, definiendo a la persona con vulnerabilidad severa y prohibiendo la suspensión del suministro eléctrico a aquellos consumidores vulnerables en riesgo de exclusión social que ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 34 estén siendo atendidos por los servicios sociales. También se han aprobado medidas fiscales para reducir las cargas económicas de las familias, especialmente de aquellas con hijos o personas dependientes, que permiten incrementar sus recursos. Y por último y no menos importante, se han adoptado un buen número de medidas urgentes para proteger a los deudores hipotecarios sin recursos y para favorecer el acceso a la vivienda a quienes más lo necesitan, incluyendo la aprobación del Plan estatal de Vivienda 2018/2021, que despliega nueve programas de ayudas diferentes, con un total de hasta 1.833 millones de euros, que gestionarán las Comunidades Autónomas para otorgar ayudas que garanticen el acceso a la vivienda para todos. Como apoyos adicionales hay que mencionar los fondos dedicados a las familias en situaciones de urgencia social a través del Fondo de Ayuda Europea para las Personas Más Desfavorecidas (FEAD) 2014-2020, dirigido a financiar el suministro de alimentos para personas en situación de necesidad y que ahora incluye medidas de acompañamiento social. Es importante resaltar también que el incremento de las acciones y los créditos presupuestarios en beneficio de la infancia han sido líneas estratégicas durante estos últimos años, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la atención a las familias con hijos en situación de privación material severa. Así, en 2014 se creó un fondo extraordinario para la lucha contra la pobreza infantil para proyectos de intervención social que se desarrollen con familias en situación de privación material severa y con menores a su cargo. Este crédito ha ido evolucionando a lo largo de los años incrementando su cuantía, llegando en 2017 a 100 millones de euros dentro del Programa de Protección a la Familia y Atención a la Pobreza Infantil y Prestaciones Básicas de Servicios Sociales y el Apoyo a Familia e Infancia, lo que ha supuesto un incremento del 32,6% respecto al ejercicio anterior. En el proyecto de Ley de Presupuestos Generales del Estado para 2018 se ha previsto el mantenimiento de este crédito. Para el futuro, están previstas, entre otras medidas, la pronta aprobación de la Estrategia Nacional de prevención y lucha contra la pobreza y la exclusión social 2017-2020, así como el seguimiento del Plan de Acción de la Estrategia Española de Discapacidad 2014-2020. Además, ya se cuenta con una Estrategia Nacional Integral para Personas Sin Hogar 2015-2020 que se seguirá desarrollando. Así, el nuevo Plan Estratégico de Igualdad de Oportunidades, abordará la reducción de las desigualdades entre mujeres y hombres que aún persisten en el ámbito del empleo y la economía. La Agenda 2030 propone varios indicadores para medir el logro de la meta 1.2. El primero de ellos es el umbral de riesgo de pobreza o tasa de pobreza (fijado en el 60% de la mediana de los ingresos por unidad de consumo de todos los hogares a nivel nacional). El INE estimó el umbral de riesgo de pobreza de los hogares de una persona en 8.522 euros, 8.522 euros, un 3,8% más que el estimado en el año anterior. En hogares compuestos por dos adultos y dos menores de 14 años, dicho umbral fue de 17.896 euros en 2017. Tal y como se menciona en el ODS 1, en España la tasa de Riesgo de Pobreza, a consecuencia fundamentalmente de la crisis, se situó en el 2017 se situó en el 21,6% de la población residente en España, frente al 22,3% del año anterior.. Si se analizan un poco más las cifras, podemos observar los siguientes datos: ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 35 Por grupo de edad, la tasa de riesgo de pobreza se redujo 1,4 puntos en el grupo de edad de 16 a 64 años y bajó 0,8 puntos para los menores de 16 años. Por el contrario, aumentó 1,8 puntos para los mayores de 65 años En mujeres por grupos de edad, en el año 2017 los porcentajes más altos de riesgo de pobreza y/o exclusión social corresponden a las mujeres más jóvenes (31,5% en mujeres menores de 16 años y 36,5% en las de 16 a 29 años). El porcentaje más bajo de riesgo corresponde a las mujeres de 65 y más años (17,8%). En hombres por grupos de edad, los porcentajes más altos en el año 2017 también corresponden a los hombres jóvenes (33,2%) en hombres de 16 a 29 años y 30,6% en los menores de 16 años). El porcentaje más bajo de riesgo de pobreza y/o exclusión social corresponde a los hombres de 65 y más años (14,5%). Según tipo de hogar, en el año 2017 el porcentaje más alto de riesgo de pobreza y/o exclusión social corresponde al tipo de hogar formado por 1 adulto con 1 o más hijos dependientes (47,9%). El segundo lugar a otros hogares con hijos dependientes (35,5%) y, en tercer lugar, a los hogares formados por 1 persona (26,9%). El porcentaje más bajo de riesgo de pobreza y/o exclusión social corresponde a los hogares formados por 2 adultos sin hijos dependientes (22,1%). El porcentaje más alto de mujeres en riesgo de pobreza y/o exclusión social en el año 2016 en España, corresponde a las mujeres paradas (59,5%) y el segundo lugar a las mujeres inactivas (32,7%). En hombres, el porcentaje más alto en el año 2016 en España, corresponde a los hombres parados (70,9%) y el segundo lugar a los hombres inactivos (46,8%). En el año 2016, sin tener en cuenta el quintil de renta, en los hogares sin hijos dependientes a cargo, el porcentaje más alto de personas en riesgo de pobreza y/o exclusión social en España corresponde al formado por una persona menor de 65 años (34,9%) y el segundo lugar a 2 adultos ambos menores de 65 años (25,2%). En el quintil 3 de renta, el porcentaje más alto corresponde al hogar formado por 1 adulto menor de 65 años (11,1%). Sin tener en cuenta el quintil de renta, en los hogares con hijos dependientes el porcentaje más alto corresponde al hogar formado por 1 adulto con al menos 1 hijo dependiente (53,3%) y, el segundo lugar, al formado por 2 adultos con 3 o más hijos dependientes a cargo (43,6%). En el quintil 3 de renta, el porcentaje más alto corresponde al hogar formado por 1 adulto con al menos 1 hijo dependiente a cargo (12,7%). En España el porcentaje más alto en mujeres en el año 2016, corresponde al nivel más bajo de educación (0-2) alcanzando un valor de 33,7%. El porcentaje de mujeres en riesgo de pobreza y/o exclusión social disminuye al aumentar el nivel de educación. Los hombres con nivel más bajo de educación (0-2) presentan el porcentaje más alto de riesgo de pobreza y/o exclusión social 35 %. Este porcentaje disminuye conforme se eleva el nivel de educación. Un análisis independiente La Fundación FOESSA, de larga trayectoria en investigación social en España, identifica, en base a la encuesta sobre la resiliencia a los hogares españoles, que en 2017 el riesgo de quedarse atrás es especialmente elevado para en un 20% de los hogares españoles. Son hogares que presentan las siguientes características: aquellos en los que hay baja intensidad laboral, en los que el riesgo de exclusión social asciende al 55%, y en el caso de los ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 36 hogares con desempleados, este riesgo afecta al 44%. En los hogares con personas de origen extracomunitario, el riesgo de exclusión social asciende al 49%. Los hogares situados en un barrio degradado o marginal tienen un riesgo de exclusión social del 32% de los casos, asociado fundamentalmente a la inadecuación y la inseguridad de la vivienda y del barrio y al deficiente acceso a los servicios básicos. Los hogares con menores de 18 años sufren un mayor riesgo de exclusión social que el promedio nacional, siendo el riesgo de estos hogares del 32%. Los hogares con un solo progenitor que son mayoritariamente monomarentales constituyen un perfil que asume riesgos sociales graves en un 29% de los casos, y si es familia extendida, este porcentaje asciende hasta el 32%. Según los estudios de la Fundación FOESSA, el riesgo de quedarse atrás también se encuentra relacionado con características sociales y demográficas de las personas: • Personas pertenecientes a la etnia gitana, que cuentan con un altísimo riesgo de exclusión social, que asciende al 72%. Este colectivo tiene importantes déficits de integración social unido a persistentes problemas de discriminación. • Los desempleados sufren un alto riesgo de exclusión, un 50%, en el caso de los desempleados de larga duración el porcentaje asciende al 55%, y en los ocupados con empleos irregulares el riesgo aumenta hasta el 57%. Es importante incidir en “la cronificación del desempleo” asociada a la numerosa cuota de desempleados de larga o muy larga duración, en la alta tasa de paro juvenil y en la insuficiente protección frente al desempleo. • Los inmigrantes de origen no comunitario tienen un 53% de riesgo de exclusión social, fruto de las dificultades de integración, de las vulneraciones de derechos y de las deficientes redes sociales de apoyo tanto formales como informales. • En el caso de los menores de 18 años, el riesgo de exclusión llega al 35%. Al hablar de menores, además de la problemática de menores no acompañados nos estamos refiriendo a los problemas de las familias con menores y a las insuficientes medidas de protección y de ayuda a la crianza. Es importante enfatizar que las redes sociales de apoyo de familias y amigos constituyen un importante componente básico en la protección de los hogares, y este recurso se encuentra en un 26,1% de los hogares debilitado tras la crisis. Es importante destacar que el riesgo de sufrir problemas económicos en las familias con menores es notablemente mayor al de cualquier otra configuración familiar. La tasa de exclusión social de los hogares en España se multiplica por 1,5 cuando en las familias convive algún menor de 18 años, y por 2,5 cuando estamos ante una familia numerosa. Un problema especialmente grave desde la perspectiva de romper el círculo vicioso de la pobreza. Como manifiesta el informe Transmisión Intergeneracional de la Pobreza (FOESSA, 2016), 8 de cada 10 personas que vivieron graves dificultades económicas en su infancia-adolescencia, las están reviviendo en la actualidad como adultos.

16 6. IMPLEMENTING THE GOALS OF AGENDA 2030 IN ESTONIA 6.1 Goal 1. Eradicate poverty in all its forms everywhere Estonia's goals and the situation in general Although Estonia poverty differs from that in developing countries, the reduction of poverty and the problems accompanying it are among the priorities of the Government's action programme. The goal of the Government is to reduce the amount of absolute poverty to 5.9% by 2019. Special attention is paid to the reduction of poverty among children, and the related goal is to reduce absolute poverty among children aged 0-17 to 7% before 2019. Reducing social inequality and poverty as well as increasing gender equality and social inclusion, are the targets of the Government's Welfare Development Plan 2016-2023, which also includes resources and measures to achieve this. 17 Economic difficulties and poverty are endangering mostly women, elderly people, people with disabilities and the unemployed. Also, social protection measures are not always enough to protect people from poverty. The biggest goal in this area for Estonia is to guarantee social protection in the case of job loss and unemployment; however, in many cases it is not preventing people from falling into poverty. In order to provide solutions for these challenges additional measures need to be applied for people with lower income levels in order to prevent and reduce poverty. Measures and activities Various measures targeted towards education, youth work, the labour market and the social sphere help to reduce poverty. It is important to increase the level of education among people with less of it, to reduce the proportion of people without vocational education and to increase the level of employment via measures for different target groups (the unemployed, the youth and the elderly, etc.). At the same time, it is important to provide the weaker social groups with effective and well￾targeted social support as well as with accessible public services targeted toward personal empowerment (i.e. education, youth work) in order to decrease poverty and the risks of marginalisation. In Estonia, there are two measures of social protection. Social insurance is a guarantee provided by the government when in the case of certain social circumstance (e.g. death, loss of main provider, old age, work disability, birth of a child) an additional income or at least an income providing a humane living standard is made available. Social insurance is funded from obligatory contributions or taxes, as well as by voluntary payments. Welfare is a system of services designed to guarantee various personal freedoms, and through developing human resources to improve conditions for economic development. At the same time social inclusion will be increased and poverty and social exclusion will be prevented and alleviated more efficiently and on a broader scale. Both benefits and care programs are instruments (activities) of social services. The Government believes that the various social transfers should be on an adequate level to support the independence of people. For that the Government has decided to increase the subsistence level, which is the basis for calculating social benefits. There will also be a support scheme for pensioners living alone. In order to improve the subsistence of people with low-paying jobs the Government has decided to create an annual system of refunds, so that people when doing their tax returns can apply for a refund if they have been working full-time for at least 6 months and their annual income remains below a certain level. In addition, efforts will be continued in the educational sphere in order to reduce the share of people without vocational education and to raise the qualification of people with a lower educational level. It will be necessary to guarantee, within the next few years, that the services offered by the state will provide a sustainable service chain for improving the skills of the labour force, preventing unemployment and increasing productivity - and which would include the 18 study and analysis of the needs of the labour market, the evaluation of skills, offering integrated counselling and education for the target groups considered to be a priority for the Government. The ability of families to cope with hardship will be significantly impacted by the increase in family benefits in effect until 2019. In addition, a support scheme for recreational activities will be initiated in order to guarantee an access to recreational activities for all children taking into consideration their socio-economic background. An important part of family policy is to guarantee a sufficient number of places in kindergartens, and therefore the creation of child care places will be funded from the EU Structural Funds in order to improve the access to childcare in regions with a lack of child care places today. In order to support single parents, a maintenance allowance scheme has been initiated in order to support children whose separated parents are liable for paying allowances by court order but who do not fulfil their obligations. Additional coercive measures have been imposed on parents owing support payments and the Government continues with developing further measures in order to improve the payment of allowances. In the framework of international development cooperation, Estonia is continuously working towards the eradication of poverty, guaranteeing human rights and environmental sustainability. For the purpose of effectiveness and sustainability in development cooperation, Estonia considers it important to follow the principle of women’s empowerment and gender equality in all its development cooperation and humanitarian aid work. In order to improve the situation of people living in poverty, Estonia believes it is important to support their development opportunities. The most sustainable and long-term investment target for increasing the opportunities of people as well as the development of society is the accessibility of quality education. Among the non-governmental organisations, the Estonian Roundtable for Development Cooperation is promoting Sustainable Development Goals, and the reduction of global poverty and inequality. One of the main goals of Estonia's development cooperation is the eradication of global poverty. The Estonian Roundtable for Development Cooperation informs the general public about this, and empowers and coordinates its members. Among the Estonian NGOs dealing with development cooperation there are organisations that empower and support the activities of small enterprises, especially female entrepreneurs, in the Eastern Partnership countries (Georgia, Moldova), as well as in Africa, Turkey and the Philippines. By teaching women the necessary skills, helping them buy the necessary equipment for production, and by charting the sales channels. Very concrete steps are taken on the local level to help people escape poverty. Also offering education and making education more accessible for those children in the developing countries for whom it would otherwise be very complicated. In the educational field the Estonian NGOs operate, for example, in Palestine, Ghana, Ethiopia.

Review of the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda in Estonia 13 5.1. GOAL 1. END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE Household savings rate 11,5% End poverty in all its forms everywhere In the case of Estonia, the defnition of poverty differs from the context of developing countries. However, reducing poverty and dealing with related problems is a continuing priority of the Government. The government aims to reduce the absolute poverty rate to 2.8% by 2023. Particular attention will be paid to reducing child poverty, with the aim of reducing the absolute poverty rate among children aged 0–17 to 3.1% by 2023. Reduction of social inequality and poverty, gender equality, and greater social inclusion are also the general objectives of the Welfare Development Plan 2016–2023 approved by the Government of the Republic, and the development plan provides for resources and measures to achieve this. Women, the elderly, people with disabilities, including families with disabled children, and the unemployed are most at risk of economic diff￾culties and poverty in Estonia. In addition, social ESTONIA’S GOALS AND GENERAL SITUATION GOAL 1 Absolute poverty rate 2,4% At-risk-of poverty rate 21,7% People at risk of poverty or social exclusion rate 24,4% INDICATORS 2016 Latest known status (year) 1.1. Absolute poverty rate, % 3,2 2,4 (2018) 1.2. At-risk-of poverty rate, % 21,0 21,7 (2018) 1.3. Household savings rate, % 10,0 11,5 (2018) 1.4. People at risk of poverty or social exclusion rate, % 24,4 24,4 (2018) protection measures do not always provide suff￾cient protection against poverty. The biggest problem is the social protection provided in the event of loss of job and unemployment, which, in many cases, does not prevent a person from falling into poverty. To address these challenges, additional measures need to be developed and implemented to prevent and reduce the poverty of people with low income. 14 Review of the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda in Estonia 5.1.1 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT LEVEL Various educational, youth, labour market, and social measures contribute to poverty reduction. It is important to increase the level of education of people with lower levels of education, reduce the share of people without special and vocational education, and increase employment through measures for different groups (unemployed, young people, the elderly, etc.). At the same time, it is important to ensure both effective and well-targeted social benefts for weaker groups in society and the availability of public services for empowering people (incl. education, youth work, etc.) to reduce the effects of poverty and exclusion risks. In addition to promoting parental participation in employment and reconciling work and family life, family benefts also play an important role in supporting children and families with children and reducing their poverty. The central government has taken a number of important steps in recent years. Both universal child allowance and allowances for disabled children have been increased. In addition, in July 2017, new allowance for families with many children came into force. One of the goals of the support is to reduce the risk of poverty for families with many children. A beneft for triplets and higher multiples in the amount of 1,000 euros per month was also created (for comparison: The average salary in Estonia at the end of 2019 is 1,551 euros), which is paid until the children reach the age of 18 months. As a new instrument, an amendment to the law entered into force at the beginning of 2017, establishing a maintenance allowance fund. Maintenance allowance is intended for the most vulnerable target group, i.e. those children whose parent who lives separately does not pay the ordered maintenance allowance. The purpose of the maintenance allowance fund is to provide a monthly maintenance allowance to the child of a parent raising a child alone, thereby reducing the risk of poverty for single parents and their children. On the other hand, it does not release the maintenance allowance debtor from their obligations, and the state demands this amount from the defaulting parent. In 2019, the Riigikogu passed a law giving the state stronger powers to collect debts from evaders of child support from 2021 – for example, in the event of non-payment of maintenance allowance without good reason, the court can invalidate the debtor’s travel documents and also ban issuing them. Poverty data for families with children show that various family benefts make a large contri￾bution to reducing poverty among families with children, including in the case of families with a higher risk of poverty (families with many children and single-parent families). The economic well-being of families is also supported by various additional investments made in recent years in the availability of childcare places, the expansion of free school meals, the provision of hobby education, other services for families, and other benefts. The system of parental leave in force in Estonia is quite generous – it is possible to receive parental leave until the child reaches the age of three. However, to best reconcile work and family life, different changes in parental leave and benefts will be implemented in the 2018–2022 phase. For example, from 1 March 2018, a parent will be able to earn more income at the same time as receiving the parental beneft (up to 1.5 times Estonia’s average salary, i.e. 1,659.90 euros in 2019) without a decrease in parental beneft, and in 2020, paid paternity leave will be extended by 100%. MEASURES AND ACTIVITIES Review of the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda in Estonia 15 In order to reduce inequality and revive the economy, the government approved changes to tax-free income in 2017, making the current system progressive and thereby reducing the tax burden in the case of lower incomes. Raising the subsistence level, which was increased in both 2016 and 2018, has also signifcantly contributed to the reduction of poverty, while the subsistence level for children was increased to 120% of the subsistence level of the frst member. In addition, in 2018, an amendment came into force that allows the recipient of a subsistence allowance to receive a salary for the frst two months so that their subsistence allowance does not decrease. This change is an important step in enabling people living in poverty to return to work. In order to reduce the risk of poverty for the elderly, a lump sum beneft was introduced from 2017 for pensioners living alone. In October 2019, more than 86,700 people received support for a pensioner living alone. The support helps to reduce the risk of poverty, including for older women, which in the age group 65 and older is signifcantly higher for women than for men (in 2018, 31.3% of men and 49.3% of women were in relative poverty). In 2018, 76.4% of single older men and 78.9% of women lived in relative poverty. In 2018, the Riigikogu passed an amendment to the law that makes the pension system more fexible, links the retirement age to the average life expectancy from 2027, and makes the pension dependent on a person’s length of service in addition to the salary amount. The aim of the changes is to make pensions more solidary, responsive to population trends, and fexible enough for people to make their own choices when they want to retire. A fexible pension gives older people who, for example, do not want to or are unable to work full-time, the opportunity to continue working part-time if they so wish and to withdraw their pension in part. 16 Review of the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda in Estonia training programme on the Estonian population in 2015–2016 was studied by the University of Tartu. It was found that the anxiety and depression scores had decreased signifcantly among those who completed the programme. The impact of the PREP training of individuals, “My relationship is in my hands”, was studied in the years 2019–2020. The study concludes that the results of the study are consistent with the hypothesis that individuals’ PREP training has a positive effect on communication style and confict resolution, as well as on life satisfaction. 5.1.3 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION The goal of Estonian development cooperation is to contribute to the eradication of global poverty and the achievement of the goals of sustainable development. A good example of poverty eradi￾cation is the pilot project of the NGO Mondo digital education programme in Uganda, which lasted from 2018 to 2019. The project piloted a special digital skills education programme in Uganda in cooperation with the Finn Church Aid, a UNHCR partner in the education cluster there. The education programme has previously been developed with the support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to increase humanitarian capacity and is intended for use in crisis situations. The pilot project intends to provide a larger educa￾tional programme in Ugandan refugee camps. 5.1.2 ACTIVITIES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS Among non-governmental organisations, the Estonian Roundtable for Development Cooperation (ERDC) is engaged in raising awareness on the issues of sustainable devel￾opment goals, global inequality, and reducing global poverty. One of the goals of Estonian development cooperation is the eradication of global poverty – ERDC informs the public about this issue and coordinates the activities of its members. Important strategic partners who help to stand for the well-being of families with children and whose activities are supported by the state are Estonian Association of Big Families and Valuing Life. Estonian Association of Big Families is an umbrella organisation operating all over Estonia that unites organisations of families with children and deals with the protection of the interests of large families at the state level. To support families, the association provides food, clothing, and household items to large families in cooper￾ation with charities, sponsors, and other partners, and sets up a system of experiential counselling for families with many children to ensure their better coping. Valuing Life provides therapy and training for couples and individuals. The possibility for families to participate in preventive education programmes in relationship education helps to prevent the breakdown of families and the phenomenon of parents (households) raising children alone. It also helps to prevent domestic violence and, consequently, the fragmentation of children’s further development. Studies show that when there is domestic violence, children are more likely to experience learning diff￾culties, drop out of education, and later more unemployment as well as criminal behaviour that reproduces poverty and social exclusion. To prevent problems, families are offered evidence￾based and long-term research-based PREP programmes based on cognitive-behavioural therapy (PREP relationship training and PREP training for individuals “My relationship is in my hands”). The impact of the PREP relationship

43 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere: Though unemployment and poverty in Ethiopia are still high, performances in economic growth, economic infrastructure development, social development and environmental development have been impressive. High unemployment rate of women and youth in particular requires special attention for increased and concerted efforts to continuously build capacities of women and youth, accelerate the all-inclusive economic growth, infrastructure development, social development and building of democratic systems that would lead to eradicate poverty in all its forms and adequately address unemployment issues more expeditiously. In this regard, the SDG-integrated GTP II has prioritized unemployment issues of women and youth for addressing through integrated and organized approaches. In 2015/16, the Ethiopian economy grew on the average by 8 percent. This average real GDP growth rate was registered in the 2015/16, despite the fact that climate change caused drought and despite the slow-down in the global economy; in all fairness it is a remarkable achievement. Compared with economic growth rate of 7 percent, the threshold that low income countries should maintain to achieve the creation of desirable work opportunities and sustainable economy, the growth performance of the Ethiopian economy in 2015/16 is considered to be high. The GDP per capita has also significantly increased from 373 USD in 2009/10 to 691 USD in 2014/15 and further to 794 USD by 2015/16. According to the poverty analysis based on the Household Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey (HICES) of the Central Statistical Agency, national poverty level has declined from 44.2 % in 1999/00 to 38.7 % in 2004/05, and to 29.6 % in 2010/11. The proportion of the population living below the national poverty line was estimated to decline from 29.6 % in 2010/11 to 23.4 % in 2014/15, and at the end of the GTP II period (2019/20), poverty level (head count poverty rate) is projected to decline to 16.7 %. With effective implementation of GTP II, and its next generations five year development plans to be implemented in the coming decade through integrated and coordinated manner. All indications show that it is possible to eradicate poverty by 2030.

20 7.4.1. Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere Policy Directions of the Government: The Principal development agenda for Ethiopia is poverty eradication. The government policies, strategies, plans and programs aim at ensuring broad-based and inclusive economic growth, social and infrastructure development, environmental development and building democratic system. These ensure continuation of the Rain naissance and Transformation-Journey that the nation started already. The last 15 years progresses proved that the implementation of the policies, strategies, plans and programs have shown and documented success-records in the economic growth, in the social and environmental development, in the development of infrastructure and in building democratic systems. For 15 years, the economic growth has been fast-paced. Expansion of social and infrastructure development have been realized. For long, awareness creation centering on environmental development have been given; under the leadership and coordinated social mobilization of the rural communities in particular have successfully been deployed to soil and water conservation works, to works for the preservation of genetic diversity and to watershed management works. Results were exemplary and served as show cases for other countries for as well. These works have caused the agricultural productivity to rise and food security to be ensured. 21 Democratic institutions have also been strengthened so us to lay strong foundations for sustainable and stable democratic systems and to foster public participation and to bring about national consensus around principal national issues. Participation of the public at all levels and enabling them to reap benefits equitably have been made possible during the last 15 years of development interventions and achievement of fast-paced economic growth, infrastructure and social development. The gross domestic product per person (GDP/C) showed high growth rate. Level of poverty reduced appreciably. The Central Statistics Agency (CSA) reported that poverty in Ethiopia progressively reduced over the years; it was 44.2 percent in 1999/10, 38.7 percent in 2006/07 and 29.6 percent in 2010/11fiscal year. In 2014/15, the poverty level has been estimated to decline to 23.4 percent and projected to further reduce to the level of 16.7 percent by the end of the GTP II period (2019/20). Concerted efforts being made to increase deployment of human resources, to improve productivity, to ensure quality and competitiveness are believed to bring about structural changes and to enable the attainment of targets of GTP II. Thus, the implementation of the GTP II and its constituent part SDGs, is anticipated to maintain the fast-pace of economic growth that have been achieved already and also it does increase human resources deployment rate, reduce poverty meaningfully, improve overall livelihood of the people such that the national vision of becoming lower middle income country by 2025 will be successfully achieved. Performances: Ethiopia’s economy grew by 8 percent in real terms in 2015/16 against the target of 11.2 percent set for the fiscal year. During the same period, agriculture, industry and services grew by 2.3 percent, 20.6 percent and 8.7 percent respectively. Economic growth registered in 2015/16 was rapid, broad-based and well above the annual average growth rate target of 7 percent set for the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in the 2030 Agenda to promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all’ and about three times the average growth rate of about 2.5 percent registered by Sub￾Saharan African countries for the same period (World Bank Report 2016). By all measures, the rate of GDP growth registered during 2015/16 was remarkable, despite the fact that the effects of a slowdown in the global economy and hence the decline in international prices of major commodities as well as the incidence of climate change induced drought in most parts of the country which were critical challengs for the national economy. Reducing poverty in all its manifestations shall remain Ethiopia’s commitment. This is demonstrated in the allocation of a massive 70 percent of the national budget to key sectors that play great role to eradicating poverty in all its manifestations and to those accelerating the economic growth. These sectors are agriculture, education, health, water and sanitation and rural roads. The national expenditure budget is predominantly allocated for capital investments presumed to create capital accumulation; the allocation takes into consideration the need to balance development of the regional states. Over 50 percent of the national expenditure budget is allocated for capital expenditures; the remaining goes to recurrent expenditures. Records show that government expenditure-allocation do foster savings and are allocated for capital investments that are believed to bring about capital accumulation. Expenditures allocated to sectors pertaining to poverty eradication in the 2015/16 increased by 26.3 percent compared with that allocated in 2014/15 fiscal year. The national budget deficit at the beginning of the fiscal year was 2.4 percent and inflation has been kept below 10 percent. In 2016/17 fiscal year, implementation of GTP II and SDGs has continued in an even more organized and coordinated manner across the nation. At all levels, close monitoring of the implementation progress of GTP II has been done along with regular review. Despite, the adverse impacts of the drought that struck Ethiopia during 2015/16 and the lingering of the drought in the normally water-stressed pastoralist-communities’ areas in 2016/17, the 6-months’ performance review report for the 2016/17 fiscal year projected attainment of 11 percent GDP growth rate. 22 Continuous efforts are being made in (1) ensuring the development of agriculture sector that still remains the principal source of the economic growth (2) Bringing about the expansion of the manufacturing industry through encouraging private investments and coordinating the investments (3) Expanding small and medium enterprises (4) Increasing the efforts to conserve and develop the natural resources (4) Strengthening the implementation of the government’s development programs (5) Paving the way for the growth of smaller companies to larger ones. The endeavors indeed created employments and benefitted the society in particular the youth and women who are presumed the most vulnerable parts of the society. Social Security and Protection: Existing social systems/institutions have been anchored well; further social security related services have been provided that benefits the society. The Social security coverage has grown and has been made to include the elderlies, the disabled, and other vulnerable parts of the society and these shall continue with utmost attention as well. There now exists a great plan for offering direct developmental safety￾net- supports; the plan is drawn for use in the coming 5 years to alleviate poverty from those parts of the society who have lost their abilities to engage in productive works. Planned beneficiaries from the rural community shall be 1,113,676 & from urban communities 115,120 totaling 1,228,796. The elderlies, the disabled, those parts of the societies who are most vulnerable altogether (women and children) could be in the order of 886,000 & shall all receive the direct safety-net supports. Among the rural communities, the elderlies and the disabled receiving direct support is close to 1,113,676. Parallel to the safety-net programs, social protection services have been offered for those vulnerable to social problems. These have been in the order of 584,849 in 2015/16 and 196,801 in the first six months of 2116/17 adding up to 781,650 (51 percent women) altogether. They received various social protection services (management and counseling, skills training, materials/equipment/utensils & financial supports). The beneficiaries comprise 224,703 elderlies, 78,739 disabled, 20,367 home-less, 7350 sex-workers, 7655 beggars, 274,334 children and families, 113,819 others (living in difficult situations). Physical rehabilitation (for the Disabled): Physical rehabilitation services were offered in the last one and half year for 99,397 disabled people; 76,978 of those who received the services could now be productively engaged. The services rendered comprised such services as providing wheel-chairs (5,108), crutches (29,724), man-made body parts (13,847), repair services for crutches and manmade body parts (12,185), physiotherapy services for the disabled (13,274), Brails (1074) and white-canes for the blind and the visually impaired (1,623). Physical rehabilitation centers have increased in number from 16 to 18 (the two newly built are near commissioning in Afar and Somali regions). Six more shall be built in the remaining period of GTP II; the distribution of the centers shall be across the nation to create access to the centers at closer proximity for all. Urban and rural unemployment has reduced consequent upon the endeavors made to alleviate poverty and maintain fast-paced economic growth. Results of CSA’s National Labor Survey issued for 1998/9, 2004/05 and 2012/13 indicate progressive decrease in the unemployment rate from 8 percent to 5 percent to 4.5 percent respectively. Urban unemployment of women and youth is disproportionately high. The government has a policy directive to create urban employment and establish food security agency and in selected towns to launch safety net programs for employment generation and food security purposes. These are all intent on effectively addressing the issues of urban food insecurity and vulnerability in the short term and in the long run to improve livelihoods, alleviate poverty, and bring about self-employment opportunities. Ten billion Birr has been earmarked for this purpose in 2016/17 and all regional states and city administrations are now busy with preparatory arrangements and with identifying the essential institutional forms and mechanisms. GTP II intended to give the essential supports to increase demand for deployment of citizens to jobs. In 2014/16 fiscal year, about 1,050,000 jobs were created and in 2015/16, just in the 1st half of the fiscal year, about 595,000 citizens were involved in various employment activities. Moreover, from the 1,645,200 citizens who deployed to 23 various jobs in 2015/16 and in the first six months of 2016/17, and 1,410,340 job-seekers were given career and employment advice. In the last six years (2010/11 to 2015/16), the GDP per capita showed an average increase of 13.8 percent. In 2010/11 the GDP percapita was US$ 373, it futher increased to US$ 794 in 2015/16 fiscal year. This encouraging performance of the economy assures the huge possibility of joining the lower-middle-income countries’ economy by 2025. Records do evidence successful achievements in the growth of the Ethiopian economy, in social and infrastructure development, and environmental development and in building democratic systems as a result of its policies and strategies and plans and programs which focused in poverty alleviation and which were fully supported with the allocation of budgets and with the coordinated deployment of development actors. Government’s agriculture-led policy and strategy, foreign affairs and Security policy and strategy, policies and strategies of social development, directions to building the democratic systems of Ethiopia, infrastructures and developmental safety net programs all and in concert enable equitable wealth distribution, ensure benefits reach all and thus play critical roles in alleviating poverty. In addition to the performances of the past, performances of the last 18 implementation months of GTP II affirmed that correct policy and strategies have been adopted. Implementation mechanisms for poverty eradication: All government policies and strategies, plans and programs that aimed at eradicating poverty are principal mechanisms to alleviate poverty from Ethiopia. These mechanisms include (1) Building increased capacity to collect inland revenues (2) Priority allocation of government budget expenditure to sectors relatively most pertinent to poverty alleviation (3) Effecting decentralized administrative system (4) Coordinated and organized leadership of a developmental and democratic government with high political commitment (5) Selected interventions in the free-market economy in areas where markets failed (6) Encouraging increased participation of the private sector in the economy GTP II envisaged allocation of 70 percent of the total budget for interventions that accelerate economic growth but more importantly to those sectors (health, education, clean water and sanitation, agriculture and rural roads) that impact on poverty alleviation more effectively. This amounts to 1.61 trillion ETB of the total budget of 2.3 trillion ETB envisaged to be allocated for the whole of GTP II over the 5 years period (2015/16 to 2019/20). This shows to the high level of commitment the government of Ethiopia has made to implement the SDGs in a manner consistent with the Constitution and laws of the country. Through effectively implementing the fiscal and tax policies of the country, collection of revenue has been a critically important task for the government. High target for the collection rate of the revenue was set for GTP II at target level of 17.2 percent of the GDP. This shall cover 96 percent of the total budget of the GTP II (1.93 trillion ETB out of the 2.01 trillion ETB totals). Revenue collection has risen by 24.2 percent to ETB 231.8 billion for the FY 2016/17 from the 186.6 billion ETB collected for FY 2015/16. Capacity building through research in particular through researche in agriculture and industries and through innovating technologies and importing and adopting/adapting technologies that pertain to the objective realities in the country, in light of increasing productivity, are highly desired and are envisaged to happen. Considerable efforts in the coordination, organization & mobilization of communities for engaging them in savings and investment and in natural resources conservation and watersheds development works under the leadership of the government do indicate that poverty would be eradicated sooner. The Ethiopian people now appreciative of the value of the country’s development efforts and good sense of ownership and confidence have risen against poverty. Impressive results of poverty reduction have been achieved through the overall government’s peace, security and reconstruction programs; through the poverty centered policies, strategies, plans and programs. The impressive results were reported by CSA’s surveys on Households Expenditures, Incomes and Well-being.The reform programs among the public servants in particular the leadership and management of the executives and implementing agencies are believed to create conducive situations for correcting malpractices and pitfalls and bringing about competencies to achieve the 2030 sustainable development agenda and eradicate poverty. Challenges: The 2015/16 climate change caused drought on some parts of the country and the 2016/17 drought over the water-stressed regions of the pastoral communities. Responding to the drought impacts needed resources that competed with the limited national resources. The drought impacted adversely the livestock resources and the agricultural development in general. The world economy slowed down impacting adversely the export trade and has kept on. These evidently posed risks on the effort to eradicate poverty and the risks might linger on. Lessons learned: The lessons drawn in the courses thus far taken to eradicate poverty from Ethiopia include (1) the government policies centered on poverty predominantly (2) the government administration system has been decentralized (thereby conveniencing access, participation, addressing of local issues closely) (3) there exist high level of government commitments (4) the public could be mobilized for development in a coordinated and organized way based on awareness and national consensus on common/shared affairs.

MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 66 Ethiopia has achieved signifcant strides in the poverty, hunger, health, education, and gender dimensions through implementing a wide range of pro-poor interventions. Poverty decreased by more than half between 1999/2000 (44.2%) and 2019/20 (19%, projection based on the 2015/16 household consumption and expenditure survey). Poverty declined in both rural and urban areas, but poverty declined faster in urban than rural areas. The proportion of the population covered by social protection systems such as the Productivity Safety Net Program (PSNP) increased from 5.7% in 2014/15 to 7.8% in 2020/21. Around 7.9 million benefciaries (3.768 male and 4.132 female) benefted from the program, with 1.1 million benefciaries receiving direct support in the form of transfers in 2020/21. Table 3: Progress Summary – SDG 1 GOAL 1 - NO POVERTY 5.1. ETHIOPIA VNR 2022 67 The government has been implementing pro-poor policies, strategies, and plans aimed at reducing poverty and improving the welfare of the population. The government has prioritized poverty-oriented sectors, including agriculture, education, health, water, roads, and natural resources management. Government spending on pro-poor sectors accounted for about two-thirds of the total budget between 2015/16 and 2020/21. The proportion of government spending on essential services (education, health, and water) also increased from 39% in 2015/16 to 41% in 2019/20 but declined to 38.2% in 2020/21. 5.2. Figure 1: Trends in Poverty Incidence Source: Ministry of Planning and Development Figure 2: Government Spending on Basic Services (% Total Government Spending) Source: Ministry of Finance MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 68 The country experienced a signifcant drop both in the share and absolute number of poor populations. Since 2005, the government, in collaboration with development partners, has been implementing social protection instruments such as the PSNP, and emergency relief aid to protect the most vulnerable segment of the population both in rural and urban areas. The PSNP targets drought prone and food insecure areas and has two components: direct support (unconditional) and public work (conditional on providing labor). The government has also introduced Urban Productive Safety Net Program (UPSNP) since 2015/16 to support the poor and vulnerable urban households through provision of cash transfers, fnancial and technical support to access livelihood opportunities, and building institutional capacity. In 2020/21, around 625,135 urban residents benefted from the UPSNP. Overall, Ethiopia has managed to reduce the proportion of the poor population in the past two or so decades. However, both domestic and global shocks signifcantly impact the poor and vulnerable households which could reverse the gains registered so far. Given that the poorest urban and rural households spend a large share of their income on cereals, the shocks tend to be signifcant as these shocks reduce food supplies and increase food prices. The urban poor are net buyers of cereals and the increase in prices can be expected to exacerbate their already precarious situation. High food prices are expected to persist, particularly in the localized areas afected by drought, in urban areas (where markets are the main source of food and there is less consumption substitution capacity) and should there be a continuation of economic pressures and internal confict. In addition, the confict in northern Ethiopia has constrained the reach and efectiveness of PSNP. Since June 2021, PSNP has not been implemented in the Tigray Regional State. In the Afar and Amhara Regional States, the confict and linked displacement and destruction have hampered the smooth implementation of the rural PSNP (RPSNP) in several areas. This means previous PSNP benefciaries and food insecure households will be adversely afected, indicating that poverty 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. ETHIOPIA VNR 2022 69 will likely increase in the confict-afected areas. With the current level of efort and global environment, achieving the goal of eradicating extreme poverty by 2030 seems a daunting task. A coordinated efort is required to reconfgure development cooperation including shock fnancing and scaling up safety nets to protect the vulnerable groups.

End poverty in all its forms everywhere EUinternal action Overview and challenges Poverty harms people’s lives and hampers social inclusion and cohesion as well as well-being. Without effective educational, health, labour market and social protection systems the risk of poverty is passed from one generation to the next. This in turn leads to productivity loss and hampers inclusive and sustainable growth. Delivering on SDG 1 in the EU context therefore requires tackling the multiple dimensions of poverty and social exclusion, such as income poverty, social deprivation and participation in the labour market as well asensuring basic housing needs are met. Progress towards reducing poverty and social exclusion (SDG 1) in the EU has been significant. Between 2015 and 2020, fewer people have been affected by income poverty, suffered from severe material and social deprivation orlived in (quasi-) jobless households1. Poverty and inequality also remained fairly stable despite the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic, an outcome linked to exceptional public intervention. Challenges nonetheless remain in relation to further alleviating poverty, and especially the number ofchildren who live in poor households. In addition, the recent energy and food price rises, further aggravated by the war in Ukraine, hit the poorest house￾holds the hardest asthey spend a higher share oftheir disposable income on basic goods such asenergy and food. Key initiatives Addressing multidimensional poverty and basic needs isamong the main priorities of the European Pillar of Social Rights and its Action Plan. The plan turns the 20 Pillar principles into concrete actions to benefit citizens. It also proposes headline targets on employment, skills and poverty reduction for the EU to reach by 2030, a commitment confirmed at the Porto Social Summit of May 2021. The revised social scoreboard is the key tool to monitor progress towards its implementa￾tion. Delivering the European Pillar of Social Rights isashared responsibility for the EU institutions, national, regional and local authorities, social partners, and civil society. Breaking the intergenerational cycles of disadvantage starts with investing in children to reduce the gap between chil￾dren in need and their better-off peers. Adopted in 2021, the European Child Guarantee helps to ensure that, in the EU, every child in need has equal access to early childhood educa￾tion and care, education, healthcare, housing and nutrition. The Directive on adequate minimum wages, adopted in October 2022, aims at tackling in-work poverty, ensuring fair competition, stimulating productivity improvements, and promoting economic and social progress. 32 2030 targets and trends at EU level Target and policy reference Trends Reduce the number of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion by 15 mil￾lion by 2030 compared with the situation in 2019, including at least 5 million children Set in the European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan In 2021, 95.4 million people, equalling 21.7% of the EU population, were at risk of poverty or social exclusion. This represents a substantial decrease since 2015, when 104.9 million people (or 24.0% of the population) were at risk. The number of children aged less than 18 who are at risk of poverty or social exclusion amounted to 19.6 million in 2021, corresponding to 24.4% of the population of this age group. This is a substantial decrease compared with 2015, when 22.3 million children were at risk across the EU. Poverty can also affect working people. The numbers of people at risk of income poverty despite being in work – the working poor – has gener￾ally decreased over recent years. In 2021, the in-work poverty rate was 8.9%, a decrease of 0.8 percentage points compared with 2015 when it stood at 9.7%. Since 2015, in the area of basic housing needs, the numbers have fallen of peo￾ple overburdened by their housing costs (down from 11.2% in 2015 to 8.3% in 2021) or facing severe housing deprivation (down from 5.3% in 2015 to 4.3% in 2020). If, over the next decade, the EU can maintain the pace of decrease currently observed, the overall poverty reduction target will be within reach. However, to meet the sub-target of lifting at least 5 million children out of risk of pov￾erty or social exclusion, the pace would need to speed up during the decade. More details on indicators and trends for SDG 1 can be found in the statistical and analytical annex and Eurostat’s monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs. The Council Recommendation on access to social protec￾tion stresses the right to adequate social protection, regardless of the type and duration of their employment relationship, for workers and, under comparable conditions, the self-employed. To also address poverty risks for people outside the labour mar￾ket or in transition, the Council Recommendation on ade￾quate minimum income calls on Member States to gradually bring income support to the level of national poverty thresh￾olds and provides guidance on how to improve the coverage and take-up of these programmes. The EU is also actively involved in ensuring a fair transition towards climate neutrality. In this respect, in June 2022, the Council agreed on a Recommendation on ensuring a fair transition towards climate neutrality. This provides guidance to all EU countries on how to address relevant employment and social aspects of the green transition. The report of the high-level group on the future ofsocial pro￾tection and ofthe welfare state in the EUdevelops a vision over the years to 2030 on how to improve social protection systems and the welfare state in the midst of ongoing and new changes. The Commission also presented the affordable housing ini￾tiative in October 2020 as part of its renovation wave strat￾egy for Europe; this aims to improve the energy consumption of buildings and to create green jobs. The social economy action plan, adopted in December 2021, seeks to enhance social innovation, support the development of the social economy and boost its social and economic trans￾formative power, including poverty reduction. It proposes a series of actions for the period 2021-2030. Selected enablers Financial resources, reforms and investments, in a people-centred approach, as well as science and innovation, are strong means to implement measures to support the SDGs in the EU. Within Cohesion policy, a budget of EUR 99.3 billion (2021-27) is ded￾icated to the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+). It provides a major contribution to the EU’s efforts to end poverty and support social inclusion, because Member States are required to allocate atleast 25% oftheir ESF+ resources to promote social inclusion. For example, the current programming period includes aspecific ESF+ objective to promote the socio-economic inte￾gration of marginalised communities such as the Roma. 33Progress in the implementation of the SDGs The Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) specifically supports actions by EU countries in providing food, clothing and other essential goods to the poorest in society. Italso provides support through non-material social inclusion measures. Since April 2020, FEAD could support specific measures for addressing the COVID-19 crisis. For people liv￾ing on the streets of Sweden, the risks of exploitation, poor health, and hate crimes are particularly serious if individuals are from another country or culture. Supported through FEAD, the Pentru Tine — För Dig (‘For you’) project in Sweden gave marginalised people who were homeless vital information and the support they needed to find their way out of material dep￾rivation and social isolation. Beneficiaries of these EU funds must respect gender equality and non-discrimination principles. The Regulation on the common agricultural policy (CAP) strategic plan for 2023-27 also links the CAP to the SDG poverty reduction objectives by providing income support in remote areas. Poverty in rural areas decreased significantly from 30% in 2010 to 22.5% in 2021. As part of the revision of the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS), the Social Climate Fund will address any social impacts that arise from the new system and will support those affected by energy and transport poverty in particular. Long-standing EU initiatives were complemented by additional EU efforts to address the impact of the pandemic on the poor￾est households, including under the Coronavirus Response Investment Initiative (CRII and CRII+) taken in the frame￾work of cohesion policy. Some Member States, through their national recovery and resilience plans, are investing in the modernisation and digitalisation of social benefit systems, which will improve their coverage. Afew investments also focus on fighting energy poverty and on improving access to food and water sanitation for the poorest households. In addition, according to the Governance Regulation (3 ), the objective of Member States’ National energy and climate plans isclosely linked to addressing energy poverty and shall outline policies and measures to tackle it. For example, Portugal has set up a new strategy to combat poverty through the development of a multidimensional, integrated, medium- and long-term approach. This reform is further complemented by specific investments in the most deprived metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto. It provides a framework to support dedicated actions targeting specific groups, from children to older people, including the most vulnerable groups. For instance, it sets out conditions for the development and implementation of policies focusing on spe￾cific challenges of social exclusion and poverty at the local level. ( 3 ) Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action. In addition, it also creates a single monitoring framework for poverty-related indicators. Research and innovation actions under Horizon Europe explore the root causes and drivers of inequalities, social inclu￾sion and poverty in Europe. The project MapIneq takes alife￾course perspective to map and visualise drivers of inequalities. It seeks to understand how various socio-economic conditions, policies, societal changes and changes over the life course affect inequalities in the domains of family, health, education and work. The aim of the Solutions to Tackle Energy Poverty (STEP) project is to alleviate energy poverty by facilitating behavioural change through trusted, tailored advice, provided directly to consumers in or at risk of energy poverty, and by implementing low-cost energy efficiency solutions in ener￾gy-poor households. Another example is the project ‘Plan for and evaluate the European Child Guarantee in Luxembourg’ supported by the Technical Support Instrument under the call for 2022. The project aims at implementing the European Child Guarantee and reaching the objectives of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Its main goal is to prevent and com￾bat child poverty and social exclusion. The project will provide Luxembourg with help to improve monitoring and evaluation tools and to conduct meaningful stakeholder consultations that are necessary for an envisaged action plan. Stakeholder engagement The EU delivers on its poverty reduction agenda in a collab￾orative approach. For example, through the EU Programme for Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI), the EU sup￾ports the European Anti-Poverty Network (EAPN). This is the largest European network of national, regional and local networks involving anti-poverty non-governmental organisa￾tions and grassroots groups, as well as European organisations, active in the fight against poverty and social exclusion. In June 2021, European institutions, EU governments and civil society committed to working together towards com￾bating homelessness in the EU. The European Platform on Combating Homelessness serves to trigger dialogue, facil￾itate mutual learning, improve evidence and monitoring, and strengthen cooperation among all players that work to combat homelessness. The platform offers an opportunity to engage and work with local players, including cities and service pro￾viders. This will enable all involved to better exchange their knowledge and practices, and identify efficient and innovative approaches, to make progress on eradicating homelessness. To tackle societal challenges of poverty and social exclusion, the European Social Innovation Competition is supporting 34 early-stage ideas and facilitating a network ofradical innovators to shape our society for the better. It awards four prizes for the best socially innovative projects for a more inclusive, just and sustainable Europe. In 2022, social innovators tackled the ‘future of living’ and submitted proposals for affordable and sustainable housing districts. Multi-level approach SDG delivery implies ambitious action atall levels. At national level, for example, Latvia launched its minimum income level reform in 2021. The establishment of a minimum income threshold and its periodic review ensures that households and people with revenues below that level can claim munic￾ipal social assistance, and they are entitled to a higher state minimum pension and state social security benefits. The min￾imum income reform applies to people in need, retired people and people with disabilities who receive the minimum benefits and pensions. At local level, the city of Košice in Slovakia is committed to SDG 1 through a project co-funded by the European Social Fund and based on a Housing First approach. The project provides affordable housing and a range of support measures to 23 families — with the plan to double this number — ena￾bling 150 people, both parents and children, to live more sta￾ble lives, with no stigma of homelessness. It focuses on helping individuals and families to find and maintain accommodation, matching families and young people with housing, social and healthcare services, and legal support. EU external action Global trends While world poverty rates decreased from 27.7% in 2000 to 8.6% in 2018, 660 million people were still living below the poverty line in 2019, of whom 347 million were in least developed countries. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the UN estimates that an additional 93 million people were pushed into extreme poverty in 2022, when compared with pre-pan￾demic levels. These estimates are expected to be further revised upwards when taking account of the global impacts of the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine. As to the measures to prevent and combat poverty, despite the significant expansion of social protection programmes during the COVID-19 crisis, only 47% of the global popu￾lation is covered by at least one social protection programme. In Africa, this rate falls to 17%. Internal/external coherence including policy coherence for development Given the multidimensional nature of poverty, SDG 1 isclosely interlinked with other SDGs. High in-work poverty rates show that employment does not necessarily prevent poverty, 35Progress in the implementation of the SDGs with about 21% ofall employees worldwide living in poverty in 2021. To tackle this challenge and to ensure that European consumption does not contribute to poverty worldwide, the EU provides comprehensive tools to promote decent work in the EU and worldwide. The Communication on decent work worldwide includes EU policies and initiatives with out￾reach beyond the EU, EU bilateral and regional relations, the EU in international and multilateral fora, and its engagement with stakeholders and in global partnerships. A key objective of the EU’s international partnership policy is to promote decent work, including social protection, in line with the EU’s strong commitment to fully implement the 2030 Agenda. This is also reflected in the 2017 European Consensus on Development. The EU actively contributes to International Labour Organization processes of setting labour standards, supervising their application, and promoting their implementation. Furthermore, specific existing and upcoming EU tools consist of legislative proposals to tighten the responsibilities of com￾panies in their global value chains, such as the proposed Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive. The EU also recognises that child and family poverty is a key driver of child labour, which is a breach of both international labour rights and the rights of the child. The EU strategy on the rights of the child commits to making EU supply chains free ofchild labour, and to provide technical assistance to strengthen labour inspection systems. The proposed forced labour product ban aims to prohibit the entry into the EU mar￾ket of products made with forced labour, including forced child labour. In parallel, EU development cooperation seeks to eliminate child labour in value chains through initiatives such as CLEAR Cotton, the Sustainable Cocoa initiative, and the recently adopted action in value chains with high child labour prevalence and exports to EU. In addition, through sector-specific initiatives, the EU further promotes decent work and social protection in specific areas. Hence, the Farm to Fork Strategy aims atensuring decent work in global food supply chains, including safe and fair working conditions and rights. The considerations of workers’ social protection, their working and housing conditions, and their health and safety protection all play a major role in building fair, strong and sustainable food systems, which benefit all tiers of the value chain, including through poverty reduction. ( 4 ) Based on OECD methodology, this includes ODA as reported by the European Commission (Development Share of Budget and European Development Fund) and European Investment Bank. EU and Member States external financial support for SDG implementation and results In 2021, EU institutions ( 4 ) reported to the OECD commit￾ments for EUR 8.1 billion in projects contributing to SDG1. The greatest share of the EU contribution to SDG 1 isaccounted for by projects that target SDG 1 as the main SDG. These projects also contribute to several other interlinked SDGs such as SDG 8, SDG 13, SDG 3, SDG 4, SDG 5 and SDG 2. Other SDGs also contribute to SDG 1 asasignificant objective. The main contrib￾utors are SDG 8, SDG 16 and SDG 2. When taking into account also other official flows, private funds mobilized through public intervention and support to international public goods, the Total Official Support to Sustainable Development (TOSSD)() ofthe EU to SDG 1 amounted to EUR 9.7 billion in 2021. Collectively, the EU and those Member States that reported on SDGs () to the OECD in 2021 contributed EUR 17.8 bil￾lion to SDG 1. Financial flows from the EU and Member States to SDG 1 have astrong global component (41%). At regional level, support to SDG 1 predominantly focuses on projects in Africa (45%) and Asia (25%). There are also a substan￾tial number of global contributions which target SDG 1 at a broader level (20%). Main policy orientations and initiatives for external engagement Eradicating poverty in all its dimensions, tackling discrimina￾tion and inequalities, and leaving no one behind are all at the heart of the EU’s development cooperation policy and inter￾national partnerships, as laid down in the 2017 European Consensus on Development. Consistent with the EU Treaties and the EU’s current external financial instrument, poverty reduction and attention to the most vulnerable segments of the population are at the forefront ofall cooperation programmes. In this context, and in line with partner countries’ own policies and plans for eradicating poverty globally, the EU’s priorities for its external actions contributing to SDG 1 and interlinked SDGs are to: ▶ reduce the overall number of people living in poverty; ▶ establish solid social protection systems, in particular for the most vulnerable; and ▶ create educational and economic opportunities to get people out of poverty. To this end, the EU supports through its partnerships policies that seek tomaximise positive social outcomes and impacts, nota￾bly for social inclusion and human development. The EU also promotes domestic resource mobilisation and redistributive 36 public policies that enable the sharing of benefits of growth and improved access to opportunities. Given the multidimensional nature of poverty, the EU pays particular attention to the inter￾linkages between the SDGs, with actions that can create co-ben￾efits and meet multiple objectives in acoherent way. EU budget support is a modality of action that can be instru￾mental in supporting policy development aimed at benefiting the poor. It is estimated that, between 2014 and 2020, 75% of the EU budget support portfolio (around EUR 11.3 billion globally) contributed to achieving SDG 1. Social protection is at the core of these efforts, as it protects people along the life cycle from poverty and risks. Social protection also enables access to basic services, such as education, water, sanitation, and adequate nutrition. Social protection iscontributing to the implementation of the Global Gateway strategy. Poverty, conflict, fragility and forced displacement are deeply interlinked and must beaddressed in aconsistent and compre￾hensive way by addressing their various root causes. Tackling extreme poverty, especially in fragile situations, requires a strengthened link between relief, rehabilitation, and devel￾opment. It further needs a multi-stakeholder approach, action at various levels, and sustained international engagement. EU and Member States actions operate in the humanitari￾an-development-peace nexus, recognising the need for con￾flict-sensitive approaches to development. Social protection support measures, delivered through a combination of short￾term humanitarian action and mid/long-term cooperation, directly contribute to achieving resilience, peace, stabilisation, and economic growth in countries in crises. The guidance package on social protection across the nexus is an EU ini￾tiative that generates and expands the body of knowledge in this area. The 2017 Joint Communication A Strategic Approach toResilience in the EU’s external action aligns the EU approach with a broad definition of resilience and to the multidimensional fragility model developed within the OECD. Examples of EU actions (with a focus on Global Gateway and Team Europe initiatives) Eradicating poverty is closely linked to social protection, designed to protect individuals and their families and to ensure they can meet their basic needs throughout their lives. Explicitly addressed in SDG 1, eradicating poverty and strengthening social protection isalso instrumental in making progress towards other goals, including SDGs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10. Against this background, the EU supports human develop￾ment and implements several social protection initiatives. The Socieux+ programme isa demand-driven technical assis￾tance facility aiming to enhance partner countries’ capacity to design, manage, and monitor inclusive, effective and sus￾tainable employmentstrategies and social protection systems. Implemented since 2013 in partnership with several Member States, it has supported the creation ofcomprehensive national social protection systems and employment and labour policies in 74 countries, by facilitating the exchange of knowledge and good practices between EU Member States and partner institu￾tions around the world through targeted, short-term activities. In addition, the EU, along with some Member States, has launched a new Team Europe Initiative to strengthen social protection in Georgia. It aims to improve and extend social protection services through facilitating access to social services at local level and supporting the development of social protec￾tion legislation. Eradicating poverty is closely linked to social protection, designed to protect individuals and their families and to ensure they can meettheir basic needs throughout their lives. 37Progress in the implementation of the SDGs Further, the initiative ‘Improving synergies between social pro￾tection and public finance management’ aims to strengthen national social protection systems by addressing links with pub￾lic finance management, including the mobilisation of domestic resources to tackle underinvestment in social protection. In 2021, this thematic programme supported the adoption of national social protection policies and laws in Nepal, Cambodia, Senegal and Togo. Italso supported aresponse to the COVID-19 crisis that focused on vulnerable population groups, such as work￾ers in the informal economy, in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Togo, Ethiopia, and Uganda. In the context ofthe COVID-19 response and hence contributing both to SDG1 and SDG 3, the EUhas been working closely with the Nigerian authorities and other partners on swift and effec￾tive action to combat the pandemic and its effects on the poorest and more vulnerable. Under the project ‘A hand of fellowship: helping vulnerable communities in Nigeria’, the EU has con￾tributed to Nigeria’s national response, channelled through the UNCOVID-19 Basket Fund. The EUhas also helped UNICEF to procure vital health supplies for infected people, while further containing the spread of the virus in the country. The EU actively fosters social inclusion, in a manner closely interlinked with several SDGs. The Team Europe Initiative on Demography and Social Inclusion, as part of the Global Gateway Africa-Europe Investment Package, will support Uganda in achieving its SDG targets related to the deliv￾ery of inclusive social services, with a particular emphasis on healthy lives and well-being, gender equality and empower￾ment ofall women and girls, and inclusive and equitable quality education. In line with SDGs 1 and 10, the EU and Member States will define support actions on the basis of national gov￾ernance, and sub-national, community-based and geographical approaches. Youth will also be consulted during the formula￾tion and implementation of the Team Europe Initiative. Actions by the EU and its Member States are mutually sup￾portive and coordinated to ensure complementarity and deliver an impact in support of the SDGs. In addition to acting together with the EU through joint programming and Team Europe Initiatives, Member States carry out their own projects in support of the 2030 Agenda including SDG 1. For illustra￾tive purposes, Portugal contributes to the reduction of poverty and vulnerability to food and nutritional insecurity in the southern provinces of Angola through the project FRESAN, which addresses at the same time family agriculture, food and nutrition security, resilience, rural development, water and adaptation to climate change. Looking ahead The Conference on the Future of Europe showed broad sup￾port to the need to ensure the full implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights. This includes its relevant headline targets for 2030, at EU, national, regional and local levels, in the area of social protection and inclusion. EU citi￾zens also called on the EU, Member States and social partners to work together to end in-work poverty, address the rights of platform workers, and ban unpaid internships. The Commission will continue its work on essential services, with the aim to ensure the reliable provision of services fun￾damental for social or economic activities in many different sectors. To address in-work poverty, new guidelines will be published about collective agreements regarding the working conditions of solo self-employed people. The quality framework for traineeships will also be reviewed to ensure that traineeships provide for good-quality learning content and appropriate working conditions and should not beasubstitute for regular jobs or a precondition for a job placement. Globally, the EU will continue to take determined action to accelerate implementation measures to achieve SDG 1. This will include the roll-out of a range of multiannual indic￾ative programmes with partner countries where poverty erad￾ication and/or social protection are a shared priority, and joining partners in efforts to build nationally appropriate social protection floors, with a view to achieving universal social protection. The Commission will support a new regional Team Europe Initiative on Social Protection in Sub-Saharan Africa. It will also support the implementation strategy of the Global Accelerator on Jobs and Social Protection for Just Transitions. Through a new thematic programme under the Universal Social Protection 2030 initiative, the EU will also support the digital convergence initiative in pursuit of more inclusive and interoperable social protection information sys￾tems. The EU also supports the initiative to establish a global fund for social protection. 38

106 End poverty in all its forms in everywhere Government’s assessment 1.1 Due to comprehensive universal social security system, no-one in Finland is living in extreme poverty. 1.2 No significant changes have taken place in the at-risk￾of-poverty rate. The proportion of low-income earners has gradually declined in the oldest age groups. 1.3 Finland provides comprehensive social security covering the whole population. The level of benefits has been raised to some extent for people living on basic social security. 1.4 The entire population has access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property. Everyone has access to new technology, also as part of public services. The number of people in default has been growing. There are more men than women with payment defaults. 1.5 The situation of different population groups is taken into account when improving society’s disaster resilience and preparing for climate change. IN FINLAND, inequalities in income and wealth are low by international standards. Relative income disparities and relative poverty have remained at more or less the same level over the last 15 to 20 years. In percentage terms, income levels have increased at the same rate in all income brackets, which means that absolute poverty has declined, but absolute income disparities have grown. Persistent low-income earning exacerbates the consequences of poverty. Persistent at-risk-of poverty rates remained unchanged; the oldest age groups have seen a slight decline. Persistent risk of poverty especially affects student-age young adults and elderly people aged over 80. Persistent risk of poverty is more prevalent among men; however, in the oldest age groups, it affects women in particular. Finland’s challenge is to maintain a relatively equal distribution of income and prevent the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Continued special attention should be paid to the situation of single-parent families. Many immigrant groups are also at higher risk of poverty when compared with the general population. Poverty is somewhat deeper among low-income men than women. Finland has succeeded in avoiding growth in income disparities over the 2010s. Pensioners have also seen positive developments in their income levels. As for the global responsibility, the purpose of Finland’s development policy and cooperation is eradication of extreme poverty, reduction of inequalities and sustainable development. In all activities, the cross-cutting objectives are gender equality, non-discrimination and climate sustainability. The geographical focus is Africa and particularly fragile states. Through the UN and other international organisations and partnerships, Finland supports and promotes universal social protection model, in which actions and systems cover the entire population. In 2015–2019, Finland supported the construction of social security systems in Africa and Asia, with particular emphasis on women, girls, people with disabilities and the objectives of decent work. Key national policy initiatives in 2015–2020 • To adjust general government finances, the National Pension Index was frozen for the 2017–2018 period. The basic component of social assistance was raised. • General increases have been made to the levels of benefits such as guarantee pensions and minimum daily sickness allowances. The levels of basic social security benefits were also raised. • Tax-funded pensions were raised for people on small pensions. The general and index increases made to national and guarantee pensions aim to safeguard the livelihoods of pensioners while reducing poverty and deprivation. • Child benefits were raised for families considered to be at the highest risk of poverty (families with multiple children, single-parent families), while also increasing the amount of the basic component of social assistance for single parents. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 0 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 8–11 12–15 4–7 16–19 20–23 24–27 28–31 32–35 36–39 40–43 44–47 48–51 52–55 56–59 60–63 64–67 68–71 72–75 76–79 80–83 84–87 Age 88– Persistent low-income earning by age, by Year (%) and Age Persistent risk of poverty in household-dwelling population 107 Civil society’s assessment TREND: NEGATIVE FINLAND WILL NOT REACH THE TARGET OF REDUCING the number of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion. In its EU 2020 strategy, Finland committed to having 770 000 people at risk in 2020. In 2018 the number was 856 000 (15.8 per cent of the population). The index cuts and freezes adopted in 2016–2019 had a significant effect on basic social security. The reductions in social security benefits caused more people to become dependent on social assistance. In 2018 it was paid to one household in ten, a total of 470 000 people. Poverty was also increased by the high cost of rental housing as well as increases in health care client fees and the deductible on travel and medicine costs. Based on a statutory evaluation of adequacy of basic social security, the income levels of those receiving unemployment benefit, home care allowance, minimum sick leave allowance or parental daily allowance are not sufficient to cover the reasonable minimum consumption budget. Student social security covers the reasonable minimum consumption budget only if supplemented by a student loan. Basic pension security, on the other hand, is sufficient to meet this minimum consumption target, but the assessment does not include cost of illness. Around 120 000 children are affected by poverty, and its impact on opportunities available in life already affects children under 2 years. Poverty makes attending school more difficult, it reduces leisure time options and it increases the risk of marginalisation. The rate of children living in low-income households has increased from 10.2 per cent (2016) to 10.5 per cent (2018). The Government has not tied child benefits to an index, although they would need to increase between 47 and 68 per cent if the aim was to match in real terms the level paid at the launch of the current system (in 1994). Other groups at risk of poverty include those living alone, the underemployed, single parents, immigrants, people with disabilities, people with long-term illnesses and imprisoned inmates. Around seven per cent of entrepreneurs are living under the poverty line, with poverty affecting the self-employed in particular. Finland is not meeting its obligations regarding the global reduction of poverty. From 2015 to 2019, Finland cut approximately 40 per cent of its development assistance – even from CSOs, even though they reach the people in the most vulnerable position. Finland is not complying with the payment of 0.2 of GNI to the least developed countries (the figure in 2019 was 0.15), and its humanitarian aid payments have decreased 30 per cent from 2014. Finland has taken some action to reduce poverty. Although basic social security was mostly subject to index freezes and cuts, individual benefits were also increased in 2016–2019, including guarantee pension and the minimum sickness and parental allowances. Normal index increases were re-introduced from the beginning of 2020, and the smallest pensions, minimum daily allowances (incl. unemployment and sickness allowances), child maintenance allowance and single￾parent supplement to the child benefit and child benefit for the 4th and 5th child were increased. The trend is going in the right direction, but the increases do not cancel out the previous cuts. An improved employment rate has benefited the unemployed who are now employed, and the number of people who have been unemployed for over a year almost halved in 2015–2019 (from 122 000 to 63 000). Positive aspects include the reforms taking effect in 2020: restoring the subjective right to day care for all children, dismantling the activation model and re-linking the study grant to the national pension index. Finland must • continue increasing the level of basic social security and create an accessible and flexible social security system • increase the production of affordable rental housing • make the decision to provide free upper secondary education and support the equal opportunities of children and young people to leisure time activities • update employment services so they provide more personalised support • assess not just the number of vacancies but also their decency • support those in the most vulnerable situations through development cooperation; direct at least 0.2 of GNI to the poorest development countries • increase the amount of humanitarian assistance. Organisations participating in this assessment: Attac Finland, Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions SAK, Fida International, Finnish Development NGOs Fingo, Finnish Foundation for Supporting Ex-Offenders, Save the Children Finland, Finnish National Organisation of the Unemployed, SOSTE Finnish Federation for Social Affairs and Health. End poverty in all its forms in everywhere

VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW • FIJI’S PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS | 21 SDG 1: No Poverty End poverty in all its forms everywhere Unemployment Rate (% of labour force, 15+) Source: National Population Census and Employment and Unemployment Survey 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2007 2014 2017 Total Female Male Source: Ministry of Women, Children and Poverty Alleviation Core Social Assistance Programmes Coverage 92,940 106,160 16,472 43,137 3,141 7,415 7,244 11,342 2,899 2,781 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 2014-2015 2018-2019 Poverty Benefit Scheme Social Pension Scheme Care and Protection Allowance Bus Fare Programme Food Voucher Programme Overview With a bold target of reducing Fiji’s national incidence of poverty to 10 percent by 2036, uplifting lives of the country’s poorest citizens is at the heart of Fiji’s national development agenda. Signifcant advancements have been made to reduce national poverty levels and create an inclusive and equitable Fijian society. This progress has been guided by our 5-Year and 20-Year National Development Plan. In recent years, Fiji has experienced a steady decline in its national poverty rate, from 35 percent in 2002-2003 to 28.1 percent in 2013-2014. It is expected that improved standards of living, improved income equality and further reduction of poverty will be formally reflected in the country’s upcoming 2019-2020 Household Income and Expenditure Survey. In the meantime, many social indicators currently suggest that this momentum has continued in the years since, as more jobs have been created during a period of rapid economic growth. This reduction in Fiji’s unemployment rate has been supplemented by an aggressive, government-led expansion of free health services and education, with holistic support in these areas for low-income families, in addition to the rising prevalence of a wide range of targeted social protection initiatives. Inclusive Development and Employment Creation The success of the Fijian economy, having entered into an unprecedented decade of consecutive growth, has been underpinned by transformative state-led investments in resilient infrastructure development, information, communication & technology, and the service sector, coupled with modern economic, legal and educational reforms aimed at creating greater opportunities and a more level playing feld for all Fijians. Job creation has been a hallmark of this sustained economic progress which have created new career paths, encouraged entrepreneurship, particularly among women and young people, and has mainstreamed technical and vocational learning. As a result, national unemployment rate has been reduced from 8.6 percent in 2007 to 4.5 percent in 2017, the lowest level in 20 years. Income disparity has also declined in Fiji (one of few countries in the world where this is the case), indicating that the country’s ongoing economic prosperity is being equitably spread throughout all corners of Fijian society. The government has put heavy and wide-ranging support behind Fiji’s small and medium-sized enterprises, offering millions of dollars in direct fnancial support via grant funding (including the innovative and recently￾expanded Young Entrepreneurship Scheme), in addition 22 | VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW • FIJI’S PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS to advisory services and infrastructure support that have allowed existing businesses to thrive and new ones to take root. Fiji has also overhauled its tax regime to provide relief to low-income households. The threshold for those exempt from paying any personal income tax has been increased by more than fourfold, from around $8,000 in 2006 to $30,000 today. The VAT rate has also been reduced from 15 percent to 9.0 percent. For the frst time in history, Fiji also introduced a national minimum wage rate, which has been increased to $2.68/hour from $2.32/hour for all unskilled Fijian workers, in addition to 10 specifc sectoral wages. All wages are currently undergoing another comprehensive review to determine responsible and well-informed adjustments. Social Protection To ensure that Fiji’s national development is shared with the vulnerable and marginalised, comprehensive social assistance programmes are helping provide new protections to the poor and disadvantaged, particularly for those who have been affected by climate change, sea level rise, and other economic, social and environmental obstacles. Fiji has introduced and expanded a wide array of targeted social assistance programmes in the country, including the Poverty Beneft Scheme (providing grant assistance to the poorest 10 percent of households), the Social Pension Scheme (providing grant assistance to senior citizens of ages 65 and above), the Care and Protection Allowance (providing grant for welfare of children living in vulnerable social circumstances), the Food Voucher Programme (providing grants to rural pregnant mothers), the Bus Fare Programme (providing subsidised bus fares for senior citizens and free bus service for Fijians living with disability), and Disability Allowance. Source: Household Income and Expenditure Survey Fiji’s National, Urban and Rural Poverty Rate 92,940 106,160 16,472 43,137 3,141 7,415 7,244 11,342 2,899 2,781 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 2014-2015 2018-2019 Poverty Benefit Scheme Social Pension Scheme Care and Protection Allowance Bus Fare Programme Food Voucher Programme 35 31 28.1 40 43 36.7 28 18 19.8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 2002-2003 2008-2009 2013-2014 National Rural Urban National Budget allocations for these social assistance programmes has drastically increased, rising from $32.4 million in 2014-2015 to $96.4 million in 2018- 2019. This proactive emphasis on enhancing social protection is complemented by a number of various welfare to workfare programmes. Administered by NGOs and development partners in collaboration with Government, these initiatives are aimed at preventing a culture of dependence on social welfare. Access to Basic Services A healthy and well-educated society paves the way for more Fijians to actively participate in the workforce, improve their standard of living, and contribute to national development. As such, over the past decade, Fiji has placed signifcant emphasis on improving affordability and accessibility of health and education services all throughout the country. With the introduction of free universal education at the primary and secondary levels, in addition to new initiatives like free transportation to school and free textbooks, access to quality education in Fiji has undergone a revolution in recent years. All tertiary students also have access to government-funded scholarships and loans schemes that allow them to pursue further education. In all, Fiji invests around 6.0 percent of its GDP into education – more than many highly-developed countries around the world. Substantial investments in access to basic services like roads, water and electricity has also empowered thousands of Fijians to engage in new income￾generating opportunities to support themselves and their families. Low-income households are also eligible for free water and subsidised electricity. To promote frst-time home ownership, the government has introduced a tiered grant structure to assist home buyers own their frst home, and is undertaking a range of initiatives aimed at increasing the supply of affordable housing in Fiji. Opportunities for Collaboration To meet SDG 1, Fiji must continue on its path to inclusive and sustainable socioeconomic development - development that enables job creation, encourages entrepreneurship and promotes technical and vocational learning. From a wider perspective, Fiji’s continued national development relies on access to adequate levels VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW • FIJI’S PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS | 23 of affordable, predictable, and sustainable fnance from bilateral, multilateral, and international fnancial institutions. Innovative, blended funding solutions, constantly being sought out by the Fijian government, are critical not only for the country’s infrastructure fnancing, but to expand access to essential services to every Fijian. Considering Fiji’s immense vulnerability to natural disasters, access to concessional development fnance from partners is essential. The provision of adequate infrastructure support is important to entice the private sector to undertake new investments and expand their businesses. Private￾sector-led growth is key to sustainable job creation and continued poverty reduction. There are also signifcant opportunities in supporting SMEs as a conduit of poverty alleviation across Fiji. Apart from the fnancial support to nurture and grow these SMEs, the access to right skills and knowledge, advisory support, mentoring and effcient technology is needed. Fiji recognises that poverty is a cross cutting matter that stems across all 17 SDGs. In this regard, our holistic approach to reducing poverty entails creating a conducive environment for economic growth and job creation, improving social welfare coverage to help vulnerable groups out of poverty, increasing access to health and education and providing access to water, sanitation, electricity, affordable housing and markets through strategic infrastructure investments. Progress on all these fronts are elaborated on in subsequent chapters of this report.

23 24 SDG 1: No Poverty End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere Fiji has made good progress in Target 1.3. However, there has been regression in Target 1.1, and efforts need to be accelerated for Targets 1.4, 1.5, and 1.a. Unfortunately, Targets 1.2 and 1.b could not be measured.. Eradicating Poverty Approximately 30% of the population in Fiji lives below the national poverty line, according to the fgures from the 2019 Pacifc Data Hub.9 The number of individuals aged 15 years and above who were fully employed but earned less than USD 1.90 per day (equivalent to FJD 4.10) had been decreasing until recent years when a slight increase was observed. In this category, there were initially more females than males; however, the gender gap has been closing in more recent years. 9 https://pacifcdata.org/dashboard/17-goals-transform-pacifc Fiji’s priority targets for SDG 1 are: Target 1.1 - By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day Target 1.2 - By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national defnitions Target 1.3 - Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including foors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable Target 1.4 - By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and fnancial services, including microfnance Target 1.5 - By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters Goal 1 1.1 International Poverty 1.2 National Poverty 1.3 Social Protection 1.4 Access to Basic Services 1.5 Resilience to Disasters 1.a Resources for Poverty Programs 1.b Poverty Eradication Policies Maintain Accelerate Reverse Not Assessed 25 Implementing Social Protection Systems The total number of individuals covered by social protection in Fiji showed an upward trend, increasing from 95,540 in 2015 to a peak of 142,507 in 2019. However, it subsequently decreased to 118,272 in 2021. Despite the decrease, there was still an overall increase of 22,732 individuals between 2015 and 2021. This change can be interpreted in two ways: either more people required social protection, particularly during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, or the system has improved to better identify and support those in need. The objective remains to ensure that individuals who require social protection receive it, while also creating opportunities for all individuals, thus reducing the number of people dependent on social protection. 26 Fiji’s Social Protection Programs (SPP) currently focus on assisting the poor and vulnerable groups. The Poverty benefts scheme is the only program specifcally designed to address poverty, and it utilizes the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) indices for measurement. The Social pension provides support to the elderly population, while the Care and Protection scheme aids children in need of care. Additionally, the Disability Scheme offers assistance to individuals living with disabilities. The Bus Fare Assistance scheme plays a role in facilitating the travel of older persons and those with disabilities, helping them access essential services. The Ministry is undertaking a reform of the Social Protection Programs to enhance targeting, improve operating systems, and enhance service provision. Gender mainstreaming has been incorporated into Fiji’s SPP, service provision protocols, and access to benefts, ensuring equal opportunities and considerations for both men and women. It is worth noting that the government’s expenditure on essential services and education has declined from nearly 24% in 2004 to approximately 14.5% in 2021. While there are indications that spending on essential services may increase in the future, it remains uncertain whether it will reach the levels observed in 2004 or when that might occur. The government has demonstrated its commitment to reviewing both the minimum wage rate and social protection policies to ensure they are more effectively targeted towards those who truly need assistance.10 In terms of work-related injuries and deaths, there has been a signifcant decline in reported cases that required professional occupational medical services since 2017 (refer to the chart below). This positive trend can be attributed to the increased emphasis on occupational health and safety (OHS) measures. 10 Minister of Finance speech at the Fiji Trade Union Congress, April 2023. 27 Equal Rights to Economic Resources Examining basic access to water and sanitation, which serve as indicators of equitable access to economic resources, the analysis of leaving no one behind, utilizing MICS data, reveals certain patterns. Access to basic drinking water is primarily determined by the place of residence, with urban dwellers enjoying nearly 100% access, while rural dwellers have a 95% access rate. Subsequently, household wealth plays a role, as the bottom 40% of the wealth distribution residing in rural areas have a 93% probability of accessing basic drinking water, compared to 100% for the top 60% of the wealth distribution residing in urban areas. The Eastern division exhibits slightly lower access to basic drinking water compared to the overall average, with a difference of just 1 percentage point. On the other hand, the Northern and Central divisions show a slight improvement of 2 percentage points, or 1% above the average. The availability of basic sanitation also follows a similar pattern, infuenced by both household wealth and place of residence. The top 60% of the wealth distribution has the highest access rate at 96%, while those in the bottom 40% of the wealth distribution living in urban areas face the greatest challenges, with the lowest access rate to basic sanitation. 28 Building Resilience In 2020, Fiji experienced the impact of two severe Category 5 Tropical Cyclones (TC). The frst cyclone, TC Harold, struck Fiji in April 2020, resulting in the displacement of approximately 10,000 people and causing an estimated $100 million in damages. The damage inficted by TC Harold on agriculture and educational facilities amounted to FJD$28.4 million (US$12.5 million), while the extent of infrastructural damage remained unknown. Around 1,919 buildings were damaged by TC Harold, with 575 being completely destroyed, primarily in the Eastern Division. Women’s Traditional Rights to Land Ownership By law, women in Fiji have the same rights to land as men. This applies not only to statutory land ownership but also to traditional land ownership. In traditional land ownership, when women marry, their children are entitled to the land from the father’s clan. However, for children of women who do not marry iTaukei men (and therefore do not have traditional land ownership from the father’s side), the ownership of land from the mother’s clan is not automatic. Instead, it is dependent on the agreement made by the clan. The Central division has the lowest rate of access to basic sanitation, with only 84% of the population having access, which is 4 percentage points below the overall average. In contrast, the Eastern division has a higher rate of access at 90%, while both the Western and Northern divisions have slightly better rates at 91%. 29 The second cyclone, TC Yasa, made landfall on 17 December 2020 and proved to be one of the strongest cyclones on record to hit Fiji. It caused signifcant devastation, claiming at least four lives, destroying over 8,000 homes, and displacing tens of thousands of people. In the aftermath of TC Yasa, 7,731 individuals sought shelter in 183 evacuation centers. The cyclone resulted in power outages and water supply disruptions on several islands. It also triggered fash foods, landslides, and severe coastal inundation, with water levels rising up to 33 feet. Furthermore, TC Yasa severely damaged crops, exacerbating existing food insecurities in the affected areas. The cyclone caused an estimated loss of nearly $250 million in infrastructure, livelihoods, and agriculture. Consequently, the government declared a 60-day State of Natural Disaster in Fiji’s Northern Division due to the extensive impact of TC Yasa. Jobs for Nature The Jobs for Nature Program is a World Bank funded project that aims to provide job opportunities for vulnerable communities residing in rural areas. The program supports small-scale projects focused on environmental enhancement. These projects include activities such as mangrove planting for wetland, coastal, and riverbank protection and rehabilitation, planting of vetiver grass, biodiversity conservation through forest restoration, native tree-planting, coral reef protection, and waste and wastewater management. The duration of each project is limited to three months. In its frst round, the three-year project beneftted a total of 1169 individuals, with 839 of them being females and 330 being males. Among the benefciaries, 128 were social assistance benefciaries. Round one of the project had a total budget of FJD 1.2 million. Tropical Cyclone Ana Fiji’s National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy 2018-2030 recognizes the importance of disaster risk reduction as a cross-cutting issue. The policy emphasizes the involvement of community-based and volunteer organizations and highlights the signifcance of cultivating community volunteering to prevent future threats and enhance community resilience. Several tropical cyclones, namely TC Ana and TC Bina, caused extensive fooding across Fiji, resulting in urgent needs in areas such as water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), health, and shelter. The Provinces of Macuata and Cakaudrove, located in the northern part of Fiji, were severely affected, experiencing signifcant damage to roads and widespread fooding. To address the situation, over 350 evacuation centers were opened, accommodating more than 10,000 evacuees from over 2,000 households. In response to the disaster, the Fiji Red Cross Society redirected its resources to the affected areas in Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. The focus was on providing hygiene and clothing materials through the WASH program. 30 Fiji Red Cross Society volunteers respond to TC Yasa and TC Yasa, a category 5 cyclone, made landfall in Fiji on December 17, 2020, followed by TC Ana on January 30, 2021. The following day, on January 31, TC Bina emerged, bringing additional rainfall. In response to the extensive damage in the northern regions, Fiji Red Cross provided assistance to 40,523 individuals. Among the aid provided, 13,327 people received shelter support, 40,523 people were reached through health activities, and 11,973 people were reached with both water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services, as well as protection, gender, and inclusion activities. The WASH activities included the distribution of hygiene kits, repairs of toilet facilities, repair of water systems, and distribution of water tanks and containers. Additionally, the society piloted a cash voucher assistance program, distributing FJD 200 cash grants to 309 households and FJD 100 cash grants to 290 households. Throughout this response, a total of 175 volunteers and 22 staff members were mobilized to support the affected areas. The evidence indicates that the effects of natural disasters on the population have decreased since the peak levels observed in 2016 (refer to the chart below). This reduction could be attributed to a combination of factors, including the severity of the events themselves and, crucially, the improved preparedness of both the country and its people in dealing with natural disasters.

14 GUIDELINES  Eradicate poverty in all its forms and the vulnerability of children under 18  Reduce the proportion of poor workers, especially women raising their children alone  Ensure the vulnerable have access to basic services  Promote and encourage the rights-based approach internationally to effectively end poverty CHALLENGES AND ACTIONS IN FRANCE Ensuring that the vulnerable have access to fundamental rights is the first step on the road to independence. The government has made poverty eradication a policy priority with an additional envelope of over €2.6 billion budgeted through to 2017 to ensure access to basic services for all. Already in 2013, 6.8 million people were receiving supplementary benefits (DREES, 2014). Housing for all is also a priority in France. The enforceable right to housing is enshrined by law, with approximately 20% of main residences made up of social rented housing and substantial benefits provided to house low-income households. Similarly, the poor have greater access to culture, sport, holidays and nature with the help of the French network of associations. In France, however, one in seven households today lives below the poverty line and one in five children is highly vulnerable. Women made up 52.9% of the poor in 2013 (INSEE) and unqualified young people were also more vulnerable. The country has a large proportion of poor workers, especially women raising their children alone, one-third of whom live below the poverty line. INTERNATIONALLY France has always been committed to the United Nations’ recognition of the association between human rights and poverty eradication. The Development and International Solidarity Policy actively supports access to social services such as education and health so that everyone can live decently. This is why France has taken a rights-based approach throughout the negotiations: sexual and reproductive rights and the right to food, water and sanitation, education, housing, and so on. These are universal fundamental rights and conditions for sustainable development. They form the basis of a decent life for all. Their violation is both the cause and effect of poverty. France is determined for human rights to apply equally to all. Exclusion and deprivation breed unstable societies and political and social tensions. As the majority of those below the poverty line live in rural areas, securing rights to access land and natural resources is a pillar of poverty eradication. France has therefore committed to implement the voluntary guidelines on the governance of land tenure. 10% receive supplementary benefits DREES (2014) END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE 15 Promoting financial inclusion is another aspect of France’s action IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE, France supports women who get together to form VILLAGE SAVINGS BANKS to empower them and help them out of poverty. In NIGER, where over 85% of the population lives on less than $2 per day and has no access to the banking sector, France supports the CREATION OF A MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION IN NIAMEY for small informal businesses. THE RIGHTS MEETINGS At the end of 2011, an average half of those eligible for the inclusion benefit scheme (RSA) did not receive welfare benefits either for want of information or out of fear of being stigmatised. The “rights meetings” help the vulnerable exercise their social rights. By 2014, the family allowance funds (CAF) had already held nearly 110,000 rights meetings. The target for 2025 is to reduce the percentage of non￾recipients to 20%. Access to rights has been established as a government priority and is consequently one of the founding principles of the Multiannual Plan (the “legitimate right”) with an approach that extends beyond thelens of social rights. . POVERTY PLAN The 2015-2017 Multiannual Poverty Eradication and Social Inclusion Plan is innovative in helping people gain greater access to jobs, housing, rights and education. One of its flagship measures is the creation of the in-work benefit. A total of 5.6 million workers are eligible, including one million young people, for an estimated €4 billion in expenditure per year. The 2014 pension reform has also improved the rights of the most insecure workers. THE SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY (ESS) generated over two million jobs and was the number one social action sector employer in 2013. It covers associations, cooperatives, mutual benefit associations, foundations and commercial companies that meet the following conditions: social utility, keeping employee wage gaps narrow, democracy at work and a low, if not zero weight of shareholders. Local authorities are launching innovative actions such as a SOCIAL MICROCREDIT to reduce banking exclusion by paying half the sum of interest.

14 ORIENTATIONS  Lutter contre la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et contre la précarisation des enfants de moins de 18 ans  Réduire la proportion de travailleurs pauvres, notamment quand il s’agit de femmes élevant seules leurs enfants  Assurer l’accès des personnes vulnérables aux services de base  Promouvoir et encourager à l’international l’approche par les droits pour lutter efficacement contre la pauvreté ENJEUX ET ACTIONS EN FRANCE Assurer l’accès des personnes vulnérables aux droits fondamentaux est la première étape de leur accompagnement vers l’autonomie. Avec plus de 2,6 milliards d’euros supplémentaires à l’horizon 2017, le gouvernement fait de la lutte contre la pauvreté un axe prioritaire de sa politique, en veillant à ce que l’accès aux services de base soit assuré pour tous. Déjà en 2013, 6,8 millions de personnes bénéficient de minima sociaux (DREES, 2014). Par ailleurs, le logement de tous est une priorité en France. Ainsi, le droit au logement opposable est inscrit dans la loi, les logements locatifs sociaux représentent environ 20% des résidences principales et des aides importantes sont consacrées au logement des ménages modestes. De même, l’accès des plus démunis à la culture, au sport et aux vacances ainsi qu’à la nature sont renforcés, avec l’appui du réseau associatif français. En France, cependant, un ménage sur sept vit aujourd’hui en dessous du seuil de pauvreté et un enfant sur cinq est confronté à la grande précarité. Les femmes constituent 52,9% des pauvres en 2013 (Insee) et les jeunes non￾diplômés s’avèrent également plus vulnérables. De plus, la proportion des travailleurs pauvres est importante, en particulier pour les femmes élevant seules leurs enfants qui vivent pour un tiers d’entre elles en dessous du seuil de pauvreté. A L’INTERNATIONAL La France s’est toujours engagée en faveur de la reconnaissance par les Nations unies des relations entre droits de l’homme et lutte contre la pauvreté. En matière d’accès aux services sociaux comme l’éducation et la santé, elle s’engage dans sa politique de développement et de solidarité internationale afin de permettre à tous de vivre dignement. C’est pourquoi elle a porté, durant l’ensemble de la négociation, une approche par les droits : sexuels et reproductifs, à l’alimentation, à l’eau et à l’assainissement, à la santé, à l’éducation, au logement, etc. Ce sont des droits fondamentaux universels et les conditions d’un développement durable. Ils sont à la source d’une vie décente pour tous. Leur violation est à la fois cause et conséquence de la pauvreté. La France est déterminée à ce que les droits de l’Homme bénéficient de la même manière à tous. L’exclusion et la précarité sont ainsi à la source de sociétés instables et de tensions politiques et sociales. La majorité de la population qui vit sous le seuil de pauvreté étant en zone rurale, la sécurisation des droits d’accès à la terre et aux ressources naturelles constitue un pilier pour l’éradication de la pauvreté. La France s’est ainsi engagée pour la mise en œuvre des directives volontaires pour la gouvernance des régimes fonciers. ELIMINER LA PAUVRETE SOUS TOUTES SES FORMES ET PARTOUT DANS LE MONDE 10% de la population bénéficie de minima sociaux DREES (2014) 15 Promouvoir l’inclusion financière constitue une autre dimension de l’action de la France. En Côte d’Ivoire, elle soutient des femmes regroupées dans des CAISSES D’EPARGNE VILLAGEOISE, afin de leur permettre de gagner en indépendance et ainsi de sortir de la pauvreté. Au Niger, où plus de 85% de la population vit avec moins de 2 $ par jour et n’a pas accès au secteur bancaire, elle appuie la CREATION D’UNE INSTITUTION DE MICROFINANCE à Niamey pour les petits entrepreneurs informels. LES RENDEZ-VOUS DU DROIT En moyenne, 50% des ayant-droit au revenu de solidarité active (RSA) ne recouraient pas aux aides sociales fin 2011, par manque d’information ou par peur d’être stigmatisé. Ainsi, les « rendez￾vous du droit » permettent de mieux accompagner les personnes vulnérables dans l’accès à leurs droits sociaux. Près de 110 000 rendez-vous du droit ont déjà été organisés par les caisses d’allocation familiales (2014). L’objectif à horizon 2025 est de limiter à 20% le non-recours. . PLAN PAUVRETE Le plan pluriannuel de lutte contre la pauvreté et pour l’inclusion sociale 2015-2017 innove en accompagnant les personnes pour un meilleur accès à l’emploi, au logement, aux droits, ou encore à la scolarité. L’une des mesures phares est la création de la prime d’activité. 5,6 millions d’actifs y sont éligibles, dont un million de jeunes, pour une dépense annuelle estimée à 4 milliards d’euros. Les droits à la retraite des salariés les plus précaires ont également été améliorés par la réforme des retraites de 2014. L’ECONOMIE SOCIALE ET SOLIDAIRE (ESS) génère plus de deux millions d’emploi, et représente le premier employeur du secteur de l’action sociale en 2013. Elle rassemble les associations, coopératives, mutuelles, fondations et sociétés commerciales qui répondent à plusieurs conditions : avoir une utilité sociale, limiter les écarts de salaire des employés, assurer une démocratie d’entreprise et limiter voire supprimer le poids des actionnaires. Des collectivités mettent en place des actions innovantes telles qu’un dispositif de MICROCREDIT SOCIAL afin de lutter contre l’exclusion bancaire, en prenant à leur charge 50% du montant des intérêts.

23 Concernant la Cible 1.1 visant à éliminer complètement l’extrême pauvreté dans le monde entier d’ici 2030, la proportion de la population gabonaise vivant avec moins de 3,20 USD par jour est passée de 20,86% en 2010 à 12,7% en 2017, avant de remonter légèrement à 14,8% en 2020 (cf. Graphique 3). La tendance globale entre 2010 et 2020 est baissière. Toutefois, si on considère simplement la période 2015-2020, on note une quasi stabilité de l’extrême pauvreté. De même, sur la base du seuil de pauvreté fixé à 1,90 USD par personne et par jour, le pourcentage des gabonais vivant dans l’extrême pauvreté s’inscrit également à la baisse, passant de 5,95% en 2010 à 3,61% en 2015 puis 2,69% en 2017 et 3,61% en 2020 mais reste orienté à la baisse entre 2010 et 2020. Cible 1.2 intitulée « D’ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tous âges souffrant d’une forme ou l’autre de pauvreté, telle que définie par chaque pays », Pour un seuil de pauvreté fixé au niveau national à 840 400 FCFA par personne et par an en 2017, le taux national de pauvreté était de 41,8%12. Il est passé à 33,4% en 2017 ; soit une baisse de 8,4%. Concernant l’utilisation des services d’assainissement de base, 50% de la population en avait l’accès en 2020, soit 51% de la population dans les zones urbaines et 40% dans les zones rurales. En comparaison avec l’année 2000, on a une augmentation de 16% au niveau national, dont 6% en zones urbaines et 10% en zones rurales. Cette dynamique globale ne masque que partiellement le déficit d’assainissement en lien avec le développement anarchique de l’habitat urbain. 12 Ce seuil était initialement de 32,7%. Mais après la seconde EGEP (2017), il a été recalculé par les Equipes de la Banque mondiale pour permettre une comparabilité des deux enquêtes. Voir : Gabon. Rapport sur L’Evaluation de la Pauvreté. March 2020. ÉLIMINER LA PAUVRETE SOUS TOUTES SES FORMES ET PARTOUT DANS LE MONDE Graphique 1: Taux de pauvreté / Utilisation des services d’assainissement Sources : DGSEE (EGEP I, 2005, EGEP II 2017), Rapport Pauvreté BM 2020, WPC, : MEFMEPCPAT, Programme commun OMS/UNICEF de surveillance de l’approvisionnement en eau, de l’assainissement et de l’hygiène (2021), et auteurs La récurrence des crises (crises pétrolières de 2014 et 2019, crise sanitaire de 2019-2021, crise alimentaire de 2022 avec la guerre en Ukraine), de fortes disparités de genre et spatiales, cette tendance favorable ne garantit pas forcement que la pauvreté sera totalement éradiquée en 2030 sans une très vigoureuse relance de l’économie. 5,95 5,48 5,01 4,54 4,07 3,61 3,15 2,69 2,97 3,03 3,61 20,86 19,68 18,5 17,32 16,15 15 13,84 12,7 13,37 13,51 14,8 41,8 33,4 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Taux de pauvreté à 1,90 $ par jour Taux de pauvreté à 3,20 $ par jour Seuil de pauvreté national Poly. (Taux de pauvreté à 1,90 $ par jour ) Log. (Taux de pauvreté à 3,20 $ par jour ) Linéaire (Seuil de pauvreté national) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 TOTAL URBAIN RURAL TOTAL URBAIN RURAL

End poverty in all its forms everywhere 28 Goal 1: No Poverty Leave No One Behind examples: • The UK is investing up to £115 million of funding to support the work and health agenda to enable investment in new models and to build the evidence of what works – this includes more than doubling the number of Employment Advisers in Improving Access to Psychological Therapies services. • In Scotland, the Fairer Scotland Duty introduced in April 2018 requires local and national government and a range of other public bodies to consider how they can reduce inequalities of outcome caused by socio￾economic disadvantage when making strategic decisions. • Wales is committed to introducing the socio-economic duty to promote prosperity and tackle inequality. Wales has also appointed an independent Fair Work Commission to make recommendations on how to encourage and promote fair employment practices with a view to making Wales a fair work nation. • Northern Ireland’s Food Poverty Plan for Belfast, a collaborative response from 27 organisations, tackles food poverty across seven themes, including holiday hunger and diet-related ill health. • Internationally, investment in the economic empowerment of women and girls is a critical step to end poverty sustainably. Since 2014, the UK-funded SPRING (Assets to Adolescent Girl’s Programme) business accelerator has reached over 589,000 girls through its businesses, surpassing its target of reaching 200,000 globally. Summary Poverty is complex. Income transfers alone do not break the cycle of long-term disadvantage. Poverty statistics take account of welfare spending that people receive as income from government but do not show the impact of additional spending on services such as education and health which will also have a positive impact on people’s lives. The UK is committed to tackling all forms of poverty, including childhood disadvantage and in-work poverty, at home and abroad. The UK government supports full employment and higher pay as the best long-term route out of poverty. Growth in UK employment rates over the last decade has beneftted the poorest 20% of households, whose employment rate is now more than 7 percentage points higher than in 2007/08.23 While an increase in employment has driven up earnings in recent years in real terms, the UK government believes strongly in supporting those not in work and also spends £55 billion on support for disabled people and over £120 billion on support for pensioners.24 The Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Civil Service have different and distinct approaches to ending poverty. Internationally, the UK’s Aid Strategy (2015) commits to tackling extreme poverty by promoting inclusive economic growth, quality jobs and trade alongside investment in social protection. Ending poverty is contingent on making progress across many Goals. This chapter focusses on assessments of absolute and relative poverty for various groups across the UK, and policy responses through direct measures, particularly employment and welfare strategies. Food security (2), health and education (3 and 4), affordable energy (7), equality (10), and affordable housing (11), are discussed in greater detail in other chapters. 29 The UK’s Voluntary National Review 2019 Action in the UK The UK is committed to addressing poverty in all its dimensions and believes that, in the long run, the cycle of inter-generational poverty can only be broken through a focus on the root causes of poverty. Tackling All Forms of Poverty (1.1 and 1.2) Poverty data and measurement The UK has long been at the forefront of understanding and measuring poverty and invests signifcant resources in maintaining and improving a rich set of data on household income, wealth and opportunities.25, 26, 27 Activity snapshot: In September 2018, the Social Metrics Commission (SMC) published the ‘A New Measure of Poverty in the UK’ report in which they proposed a new method for measuring poverty. The SMC is an independent commission that was formed with the aim of developing a new approach to poverty measurement that both better refects the nature and experiences of poverty that different families in the UK have and can be used to build a consensus around poverty measurement and action in the UK. In May 2019 the UK announced it would be publishing new experimental statistics based on the SMC approach and would be working with the SMC and other stakeholders to develop these statistics further. Working age households Working age poverty rates in the UK have reduced slightly since 2009 for absolute poverty and have been broadly stable for relative poverty. The Data Picture: Working age poverty Coverage: UK In 2017/18, 13% of working age individuals in the UK were in absolute poverty before housing costs (BHC) and 20% were in relative poverty after housing costs (AHC). AHC rates of poverty fell between 2015/16 and 2017/18 while BHC rates of poverty remained stable. Percentage of working age adults in poverty: 2009/10 to 2017/18 Source: Department for Work and Pensions, HBAI 2017/18 Child poverty and lone parent families Absolute and relative child poverty rates have been broadly stable in the UK over the past decade. The Data Picture: Child poverty Coverage: UK Rates of absolute and relative child poverty since 2009/10 have stayed around 20% BHC and around 30% AHC. Between 2015/16 and 2017/18 AHC rates of poverty remained stable or declined while BHC rates of poverty rose. Percentage of children in poverty: 2009/10 to 2017/18 Source: Department for Work and Pensions, HBAI 2017/18 30 Goal 1: No Poverty The Data Picture: Children of lone parents Coverage: UK In 2017/18, 31% of lone parent families were in relative poverty BHC and 47% AHC. The percentages for absolute poverty were 26% and 43% for BHC and AHC respectively. Since 2015/16, relative AHC rates of poverty for children of lone parents have remained stable, but rates of BHC poverty and absolute AHC poverty have risen. Percentage of children of lone parents in poverty: 2009/10 to 2017/2018 Source: Department for Work and Pensions, HBAI 2017/18 Child poverty rates are markedly higher in the UK in lone parent families, 86% of which are headed by women.28 In 2017/18, 47% of children in lone parent households were in relative poverty after housing costs (AHC) compared to 25% of children in households made up of couples.29 The UK recognises the barriers lone parents face in working full-time, particularly in accessing suitable and affordable childcare. To address this, the UK invests in free and subsidised childcare, including offering a reimbursement of up to 85% of childcare costs in Universal Credit, a 20% top up to childcare costs through Tax-Free Childcare and spending around £3.5 billion on early education entitlements in England.30 Activity snapshot: To target particularly disadvantaged children, around 150 local authorities across England are delivering the Troubled Families Programme to support families with multiple and overlapping disadvantages. The second phase was launched with a £920 million investment in 2015 to support a further 400,000 families by 2020 through dedicated and coordinated ‘whole-of￾family’ support. From September 2014 to March 2019, over 20,000 families achieved continuous employment outcomes. Disabled people Health and disability issues affect the working lives of millions of people, with around 18% of working-age UK adults reporting having a disability.31 Individuals in families with a disabled member face a higher risk of poverty than households without any disabled members. The UK government’s 2019/20 spending on the main disability benefts – Personal Independence Payment (PIP), Disability Living Allowance (DLA) and Attendance Allowance – is forecast to be over £6 billion higher in real terms than in 2009/10, and more than £2 billion higher than in 2015/16 (see Goal 10).32 The Data Picture: Disability poverty Coverage: UK Absolute poverty measures for families with a disabled member have fallen since 2013/14. Relative measures have remained more stable over the same time period. Percentage of individuals in households where someone is disabled in poverty: 2009/10 to 2017/18 Source: Department for Work and Pensions, HBAI 2017/18 31 The UK’s Voluntary National Review 2019 Pensioners Around 18% of the UK population were aged 65+ in mid-2017 and this is projected to increase to over 20% by 2027 according to the ONS population estimates. For pensioners, a commitment is in place until 2020, guaranteeing that the basic and new State Pensions will rise by the highest of average earnings growth, price infation, or 2.5%. In 2018/19 the increase was 3%.33 From 2015/16 to 2019/20 the value of the basic state pension increased by 11.4% (£115.95 to £129.20). The Data Picture: Pensioner poverty Coverage: UK Average pensioner incomes have grown signifcantly in real terms over the last two decades (average weekly income in 1994/95 was £161 a week AHC, in 2017/18 prices, compared to £304 a week in 2017/18), driven by increases in the contributory basic state pension and the level and increases in the means-tested beneft, as well as increases in income from occupational pensions. Rates of poverty for pensioners have remained stable between 2015/16 and 2017/18, except for relative BHC rates which have increased. Percentage of pensioners in poverty: 2009/10 to 2017/18 Source: Department for Work and Pensions, HBAI 2017/18 Social Protection and access to resources and services for all (1.3, 1.4, 1.b) In terms of public spending in the UK, including additional investment in the National Health Service in England, the poorest 10% of households in the UK receive over 70% more than the richest 10%.34 Not all public spending is captured in income-based measures. Welfare reform and fscal policy The UK government is part-way through the biggest welfare reform programme for a generation. Universal Credit is replacing the six main means-tested benefts and tax credits with one single, monthly payment. Strong employment incentives are reinforced by the National Living Wage and the rising Personal Tax Allowance, which work together to promote independence from benefts. The increase in the National Living Wage to £8.21 in April 2019 will beneft at least 2.1 million people.35 Tax changes introduced by the UK government will make basic rate tax-payers over £1,200 better off in real terms from April 2019, compared with 2010. The Data Picture: National Living Wage Coverage: UK Recent changes mean that a single person on the National Living Wage will, from April 2019, take home over £13,700 a year after income tax and National Insurance – £4,500 more than in 2009/10 (not adjusted for infation). National Living Wage as a proportion of median hourly salary (workers aged 25+ over time): 1999 to 2019 Source: Low Pay Commission, National Minimum Wage: 2018 report In-work poverty UK-wide, the percentage of working age adults in working families in poverty has remained stable since 2009/10 at around 15% on a relative AHC basis and 32 Goal 1: No Poverty around 9% on an absolute poverty before housing costs (BHC) basis. More people in work has resulted in a shift between the number of people in in-work poverty and the number of workless people in poverty. There were 4.8 million adults in working families in relative AHC poverty in 2017/18 compared to 4.1 million in 2009/10, while for adults in workless families this fgure had fallen to 3.2 million in 2017/18 from 3.8 million in 2009/10.36 In 2017/18, for couples with children, there was only a 7% risk of children being in relative poverty (after housing costs) if both parents worked full-time. However, this increased to a 66% risk of child poverty for couples with only part-time work.37 Promoting full-time work and making sure it suffciently pays is a key plank of the UK government’s anti-poverty strategy. In the UK, unemployment in the three months to March 2019 fell to 1.3 million and the number of people in work was at a near record high at 32.7 million. There were over 1.5 million more people in work from Jan-March 2019 compared with Jan-March 2015 and over 85% of the growth has been in full￾time work, which substantially reduces the risk of poverty.38 Average wages in the UK have grown faster than infation in the 14 months to March 2019 (see Goal 8).39 Housing costs Poverty rates are higher when measured after, rather than before, housing costs. In 2017/18, 15% of individuals in the UK were in absolute poverty BHC and 19% AHC. This refects higher housing costs for private renting and trends in tenure with more working-age families renting privately than owning their home (see Goal 11).40 High housing and energy costs also contribute to fuel poverty (see Goal 7). Activity snapshot: A pioneering “pop-up” hostel by Salvation Army Ilford and Redbridge Council, aimed at tackling homelessness in Ilford, received planning permission in 2018. Project Malachi aims to create a temporary hostel for rough sleepers and homeless people to rebuild their lives. It will use recycled shipping containers to create and provide training to teach bicycle repair skills to people classifed as ‘No Recourse to Public Funds’ by local authorities, meaning they are not able to claim most benefts, tax credits or housing assistance paid by the state. Reducing Vulnerability and Building Resilience (1.5) The Resilience Capabilities Programme aims to increase the UK’s capability to respond to and recover from civil emergencies, working with a wide range of stakeholders. The programme coordinates preparedness efforts to build the resilience of all in the UK, including those in vulnerable situations, and to reduce overall exposure and vulnerability. The National Risk Register outlines key risks that have the potential to cause signifcant disruption to the UK, along with actions that people and businesses can take to protect themselves. Partnerships with business, civil society and other stakeholders have been established to develop new and innovative data approaches to measure domestic targets set out in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and to create new estimates of disaster mortality which align with hazards listed in the National Risk Register (see Goal 11). Activity snapshot: Public Health England (PHE) completed a review of progress against the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction in 2017. The review demonstrated how PHE is delivering on the framework’s level of ambition within the UK and strengthening the UK’s world￾leading preparedness expertise. This includes ensuring local and cross-England disaster risk reduction strategies are in place by 2020, on which England has already made great progress through development and implementation of extreme weather plans. Scotland Scotland’s National Performance Framework, underpinned by legislation, has a specifc National Outcome that “we tackle poverty by sharing opportunities, wealth and power more equally.” Universal access to healthcare and free education with more progressive taxation are an important backdrop. Tackling poverty and creating a fairer Scotland (1.2) It is estimated that 24% of children in Scotland were living in relative poverty after housing costs in 2015- 18 and in-work poverty for working age adults has continually increased to 60% in 2015-18.41 33 The UK’s Voluntary National Review 2019 The complexity of tackling poverty is recognised. Scotland has a range of policies, plans and actions in place relating to this Goal, including targets in law (Child Poverty (Scotland) Act 2017) towards the eradication of child poverty, supported by a delivery plan and funding (Every Child, Every Chance). The Data Picture: Absolute and relative poverty Coverage: Scotland After housing costs, 18% of people in Scotland were living in absolute poverty in 2015-18 and 20% of people in Scotland were living in relative poverty in 2015-18, representing approximately one million people each year. Proportion of individuals in absolute and relative poverty, after housing costs (AHC): 2012-15 to 2015-18 Source: Scottish Government, Family Resources Survey The Data Picture: Persistent poverty Coverage: Scotland After housing costs, 11% of people in Scotland were living in persistent poverty. Children have consistently had a higher risk of living in persistent poverty than working age adults or pensioners, with 17% of children in Scotland in persistent poverty in 2013-17. Proportion of people in Scotland living in persistent poverty (in poverty for three or more of the last four years) after housing costs: 2010-14 to 2013-17 Source: Scottish Government, Report on persistent poverty based on Understanding Society survey data Actions to create a fairer Scotland include: • Establishing a Poverty and Inequality Commission to provide independent advice to Scottish Ministers on reducing poverty and inequality. • Not-for-proft social lenders providing affordable lending and savings in the heart of communities to protect people from predatory lenders and unmanageable debt. • Local authorities and the third sector working in partnership to establish shared premises hubs to make it easier for people to access advice and support services. • A new Financial Health Check service accessed through Citizens Advice network in Scotland which helps parents maximise incomes, reduce household costs, and help avoid the ‘poverty premium’ of paying more for essential goods and services. 34 Goal 1: No Poverty • Empowering Communities Fund, supporting 450 community bodies and organisations since 2015 to deliver community led-projects such as skills and learning to increase employment opportunities and increased access to affordable childcare. • Poverty Truth Commission bringing people in poverty together with people in positions of power. • Affordable Housing Supply Programme helping to revitalise some of the most deprived areas in Scotland with over £3 billion investment in the delivery of 50,000 affordable homes, 35,000 of which will be for social rent. Table – Child Poverty Targets in Scotland MEASURE 2013/17 AHC – Latest estimate42 2023/24 INTERIM TARGET 2030/31 TARGET Relative poverty 24% 18% 10% Absolute poverty 22% 14% 5% Combined low income & material deprivation 14% 8% 5% Persistent poverty 17% 8% 5% Supporting families and Social Protection (1.2, 1.3) Scotland is in the midst of an unprecedented level of investment in early years of life, to support better outcomes for children and their families. Universal measures including the expansion of early learning and childcare to 1,140 hours for all three- and four-year￾olds by August 2020, relevant to this and other Goals, will save a family around £4,500 per child a year.43 The Leave No One Behind agenda is supported by funded early learning and childcare for around a quarter of two-year-olds where parents are in receipt of specifed benefts or are seeking asylum. Scotland is taking forward a new social security system based on dignity, fairness and respect, being shaped by those with lived experience. Scotland has invested signifcantly in mitigating the impact of welfare reform on people’s lives (£125 million in 2018-19), however this remains a challenge. A range of actions and policies, within Scotland’s devolved powers, are designed to boost household incomes at local and national level. This includes the Council Tax Reduction Scheme and, to support those in crisis, the Scottish Welfare Fund. Sustainable and fair work is a long-term route out of poverty and 80.6% of employees in Scotland are paid the living wage44 with targets in place to lift at least a further 25,000 people to earning the living wage. To tackle the inequalities that older people face, A Fairer Scotland for Older People: framework for action was published in April 2019. The framework is shaped by the voices of older people and focuses on older people in their communities; accessing services; and fnancial security. For example, the Scottish Government and Age UK worked together to raise awareness of the fnancial support available to older people. An estimated £292 million in Pension Credit and Housing Beneft goes unclaimed each year.45 Increasing public awareness of these benefts would help lower poverty levels among older people. Wales Tackling All Forms of Poverty (1.1 and 1.2) Relative poverty in Wales has remained steady for over a decade and is highest amongst children. Relative income poverty is a measure of income inequality, not a direct measure of living standards. There are fewer people estimated to be in material deprivation than in relative income poverty.46 Wales has focussed relentlessly on the root causes of poverty - giving children the best possible start in life and helping people into sustainable jobs. Child poverty Children are the population group most likely to be in relative income poverty, with the latest data showing that 29% were living in income poverty.47 This has fallen over the past few years. The Child Poverty Strategy underlines the importance of a preventative approach to tackling child poverty, focussing on the early years and employability. Flying Start supports more than 36,000 children under the age of four and their families each year in some of Wales’s most disadvantaged communities. The Families First programme aims to bring about a change in prevention and early intervention services for children and families. The early years provision in Wales’s new curriculum builds strong key skills and embeds health awareness, well-being, and resilience 35 The UK’s Voluntary National Review 2019 in children from the earliest stage. Wales is developing Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) aware public services which can take a more preventative approach to tackling ACEs and mitigating their impact through improving the resilience of children and young people. Older people There are over 100,000 pensioners living in poverty in Wales. Over the longer term there has been a large reduction in the rate of poverty for pensioners,48 however in recent years this increased slightly. Wales is co-producing a strategy for an ageing society with the Older People’s Commissioner for Wales and older people which adopts a rights-based approach that promotes equality and social justice. The Data Picture: Children in workless households Coverage: Wales In Wales there was a decrease in the percentage of children living in workless households from 2015 (13.7%) to 2017 (12.6%), and a signifcant fall from a peak of 20% in 2009. In 2017, 27.2% of children in Wales live in a household where at least one (but not all) adult works, and 60.3% live in a household with all adults in work. Percentage of children living in workless households in Wales, 2014 to 2017 Source: Welsh Government, Well-being of Wales Report 2017-18 Disability The employment rate among disabled adults aged 16-64 remains lower than among those who are not disabled.49 This gap has remained stable in recent years. The Communities for Work (CfW) programme has supported disabled people in fnding training and work by helping them overcome barriers to employment. Action on Disability: The Right to Independent Living will ensure improved access to help, advice and services for disabled people in Wales. Employability Wales’s Employability Plan sets out how people can be supported to increase their skills and ensure a coherent pathway for them to enter and progress in employment. Wales’s employability programmes, Jobs Growth Wales, ReAct, CfW, CfW+ Parents, Childcare and Employment, and others have supported tens of thousands of people into work over the last decade. Working Wales is the all-Wales employability advisory service which provides individualised advice and guidance to support people into Employment. Wales’s childcare offer will provide eligible working parents with 30 hours of government-funded early education and childcare for three- and four-year-olds for up to 48 weeks a year. Fuel poverty The recently published headline estimates for fuel poverty in Wales suggest that 155,000 households in Wales are living in fuel poverty, 12% of all households in Wales.50 The installation of energy effciency measures to more than 50,800 homes in Wales via the Warm Homes Programme has been a contributing factor to the signifcant reduction in the levels of fuel poverty since 2008. The new fuel poverty estimates will inform a new plan to tackle fuel poverty due to be published in 2020. In-work poverty Underemployment and in-work poverty is a challenge, with many in short-term insecure and low paid jobs. Over half of working-age people living in poverty in Wales live in working households.51 In March 2019, Wales’s independent Fair Work Commission reported on these issues and the results are being considered. Social Protection and Access to Resources and Services for All (1.3 and 1.4) Welfare reform and fscal policy Responsibility for the policy development of welfare reform is not devolved. Wales does not have the resources available to fully address the impact of these changes, however, it continues to mitigate, where possible by providing additional funding to support those most affected. For example, additional 36 Goal 1: No Poverty investment has been made in frontline advice services to ensure coordinated, cost effective provision and there has been additional funding for the Discretionary Assistance Fund (DAF) which provides crisis payments for people experiencing an emergency and one-off payments to help people to live independently. Other initiatives include the Council Tax Reduction Scheme (CTRS) for those on a low income and the free school meals programme. The Wales Centre for Public Policy is exploring the case for the devolved administration of certain aspects of the benefts system and looking at where things might be done differently in Wales. People in Wales beneft from services outside of direct welfare income that improve people’s lives (known as a “social wage”). These include the education maintenance allowance for those in further education; free transport for over 60’s; free prescriptions; and free school breakfasts. The Data Picture: Relative Income Poverty Coverage: Wales Relative poverty rates in Wales have changed little over the last few years. Over the longer term there has been a large reduction in the rate of poverty for pensioners. However, in recent years this has begun to increase. The poverty rate is much lower for pensioners than other age groups (20% for pensioners, 24% for working-age adults and 28% children). Percentage of all people, children, pensioners and working-age adults living in relative income poverty in Wales: 1994 to 2017 Source: Welsh Government, Well-being of Wales Report 2017-18 Activity snapshot: Fusion is a programme that concentrates on helping Welsh communities experiencing economic disadvantage. These communities traditionally face barriers in accessing culture and heritage, and the benefts they can bring. Between 2015 and 2017, over 5,000 people took part in Fusion activities, working with local authorities, heritage sites, theatres, schools, museums, archives and libraries among others to help over 100 people gain a qualifcation, create over 300 volunteering opportunities and support more than 1,500 pupils in doing better at school. Northern Ireland Recent fgures show that the percentage of the population in Northern Ireland living in absolute poverty (before housing costs) has reduced from 20% in 2014/15 to 15% in 2017/18.52 While this is welcome news more needs to be done in tackling poverty and disadvantage and in supporting those who need it most. Northern Ireland is continuing to help economically inactive people to move towards the labour market and to fnd and retain good jobs. The percentage of the Northern Irish population in employment has risen to 71.3%.53 Business in the Community Northern Ireland delivers a Community Resilience Programme to guide businesses in strategically investing time, skills money and expertise to tackle social issues in those communities most in need. UK action around the world Tackling Extreme Poverty (1.1, 1.a) The UK is the only G7 country to have enshrined in law a commitment to spend 0.7% of its Gross National Income on Offcial Development Assistance every year. The UK Aid Strategy (2015) commits to tackling extreme poverty and helping the world’s most vulnerable, striving to eliminate extreme poverty by 2030 and supporting the world’s poorest people to ensure that every person has access to basic needs, including prioritising the rights of girls and women. Economic growth is essential for overcoming global poverty and for allowing human potential to fourish. The UK has scaled up its work on economic development to deliver ambitious outcomes, more than 37 The UK’s Voluntary National Review 2019 doubling spending from 2012/13 to 2015/16 (£1.8 billion).54 The UK’s global investment in cash transfers and broader social protection is a key contributor to Goal 1 and Leave No One Behind. Support to developing country governments helps them to increase the coverage, quality and sustainability of their social protection systems. The UK has increased its focus on girls and women and people with disabilities, on the poorest and most vulnerable in fragile states, and on building social protection systems that can respond to crises, to prevent development gains being reversed. Activity snapshot: Children’s charity Global Care UK has developed a sponsorship scheme in which children who are marginalised through poverty or disability around the world are matched with a fnancial sponsor from the UK who supports them with essentials such as education and food. The scheme is delivering additional projects to meet community needs including school buildings and better￾quality housing. Access to Land Rights (1.4) Secure property rights are a foundation of economic development and social justice. The UK supports many programmes that ensure men and women have equal rights to land and property. Since 2010, the UK has funded land registration programmes across Africa that have issued more than 11.4 million land documents and helped over 6.6 million women improve their rights to land.55 Through LEGEND, a global land governance programme, the UK has promoted responsible investment in land; innovative approaches to land registration, such as the Cadasta Platform used to map land rights using mobile phones; and improved data on land governance, including Prindex, a new global survey of people’s perceptions of land and property rights which will also be used in the UK by the ONS. Women’s Economic Empowerment (1.1, 1.4, 1.b) The UK is supporting the economic empowerment of women and girls as a critical step to end poverty sustainably. At the global level, the UN High Level Panel on women’s economic empowerment, with the UK’s leadership and infuence, has pushed for further action by producing practical toolkits to address the main factors affecting women’s and girls’ economic empowerment. The UK is investing £7.4 million from 2018 onwards in the Women Entrepreneurs Finance Initiative (WeFI), providing women entrepreneurs with critical fnancial services.56 Activity snapshot: Global Citizen is an online advocacy and campaigning platform in the UK, encouraging young people to learn about and take action to achieve a world free from extreme poverty by 2030. Its unique model rewards Global Citizens for their voice, offering free tickets to events. Current membership totals 2 million globally. Global Citizens have taken over 21 million actions, resulting in nearly US$38 billion in commitments to tackle extreme poverty – whether from governments, businesses or philanthropists. These commitments are set to affect the lives of 2.25 billion people around the world. Challenges and next steps Poverty is complex, and income transfers alone do not break the cycle of long-term disadvantage. The UK is committed to tackling all forms of poverty, including childhood disadvantage and in-work poverty, at home and abroad. Multi-dimensional child poverty and measurement The proportion of children in UK households with a combination of low income (below 70% of median income) and material deprivation, including access to essentials and inclusion in activities, has declined from 13% in 2010/11 to 12% in 2017/18.57 The UK will continue to monitor poverty trends closely and develop further measurements, including using the new Social Metrics Commission’s measure of disposable income for analysis, in order to understand the causes, consequences and solutions to poverty. To further build evidence on multi-dimensional poverty, Scotland is investing in the new Scottish Poverty and Inequality Research Unit (SPIRU), based at Glasgow Caledonian University. SPIRU is a multi-disciplinary research group providing an independent, evidence-based commentary on poverty, inequality and social policy in Scotland. Labour market strategies There is more to do to tackle the drivers of long-term poverty. Since the 2008 fnancial crisis, the UK has faced a very challenging fscal position. The beneft freeze will conclude at the end of 2019/20. By 2022, Universal Credit will provide an additional £2 billion 38 Goal 1: No Poverty annually compared to the system it replaced.58 For most low-income families more income from employment than benefts has become the norm. The poorest 20% of working-age households and households containing children in 2017/18 received over 50% of their total income from earnings,59 up from 43% in 2009/10.60 But there is more to do to tackle in-work poverty. In the UK, employment will continue to be promoted as the best route out of poverty, with further increases planned to the living wage and personal tax allowance. A focus on in-work progression (to help tackle in-work poverty) and on the availability and affordability of housing (discussed in Goal 11), will also continue. These actions complement those outlined in Goal 4 to reduce inequalities in education outcomes, which is a key part of the longer-term anti-poverty strategy. Income Supplement The development of an income supplement in Scotland is an important next step relating to this Goal. It is a signifcant commitment that will be guided by two principles: • The additional income is targeted on those families who need it, and that it is therefore helping to lift the maximum number of children out of poverty; • There is a robust and viable delivery route to get the additional income to those families, and that the delivery costs are reasonable.

GHANA’S 2019 VNR REPORT 23 Figure 4.1.1: Proportion of population living below international poverty line by locality, sex, 2013 & 2017 (%) Source: GSS, GLSS6 (2012/13), GLSS7 (2016/17) Source: GSS, GLSS6 (2012/13), GLSS7(2016/17) PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS No Poverty End Poverty In All Its Forms Everywhere Indicator 1.1.1: Proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status and geographical location (urban/rural). The proportion of Ghanaians living below the international poverty line declined from 13.6 percent in 2013 to 11.9 percent in 2017. The trend is refected in both urban and rural areas over the same period. Two of the ten regions (Upper East and Northern) recorded increases in overall poverty from 31 percent to 40 percent and 36 percent to 39.3 percent respectively. 13.6 23.4 3.9 9.7 6.9 11.9 22.1 1.9 13.6 7.6 National Rural Urban Male Female 2013 2017 Western Central Greater Accra Volta Eastern Ashanti Brong Ahafo Northern Upper East Upper West 2013 2017 Indicator 1.2.1: Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age The proportion of Ghanaians who are classifed as poor based on national defnition reduced from 24.2 percent in 2013 to 23.4 percent in 2017. More males than females live in households that are deemed to be at risk of poverty. Irrespective of the ecological zone, the incidence of poverty is higher among the rural population. Rural Savannah zone has experienced a rise in the population of poor household from 55 percent in 2013 to 64 percent in 2017. Regional disaggregation shows that between 2013 and 2017 poverty increased in Volta, Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions, after a general decline from 2005. Figure 4.1.3: Proportion of population living below the national poverty line by locality, sex, 2013-2017 (%) Source: GSS, GLSS6 (2012/13); GLSS7 (2016/17) Figure 4.1.4: Proportion of population living below national poverty by region, 1993-2017 (%) Source: GSS, GLSS3 (1992/93); GLSS4 (1998/99); GLSS5 (2005/06); GLSS6 (2012/13); GLSS7 (2016/17) Western Central Greater Accra Volta Eastern Ashanti Brong Ahafo Northern Upper East Upper West Figure 4.1.2: Proportion of population living below international poverty line by region, 2013 & 2017 (%) 24 GHANA’S 2019 VNR REPORT Indicator 1.2.2: Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national defnition In Ghana, 73.4 percent of children are estimated to be multidimensionally poor as a result of being simultaneously deprived in at least three of the children’s well-being measures – nutrition; health; learning and development; child protection; water; sanitation; housing; and information. There are more multidimensionally poor children in rural than urban areas. Also, the incidence is highest (above 80 percent) in the Northern, Upper East, Upper West and Volta regions (Figure 4.1.6). In general, few signifcant gender diferences exist. For the dimension of learning and development, there is a higher proportion of deprived boys than girls in the 12-14 year age group (49 percent versus 42.6 percent). A higher education level of the mother or household head is associated with lower multidimensional poverty rates across all age groups. For the non-poor children, 2.5 percent have no deprivations while 8.3 percent are deprive in one of the well-being measures. Reducing multidimensional poverty in Ghana requires: adopting a multi-sectoral approach; and ensuring efcient investment in interventions targeting children, especially the youngest ones (0-4 years old), considering their degree of deprivations. At the national level, 28.2 percent of children are monetary poor with a much higher prevalence in rural (44.5 percent) than urban areas (9.8 percent). Regional disaggregation shows a higher proportion of monetary poor children in the Upper West (77.7 percent), Northern (67.4 percent) and Upper East (58.1 percent) regions. Greater Accra region reports the lowest proportion of monetary poor children (3.6 percent). Indicator 1.a.1: Proportion of domestically generated resources allocated by the government directly to poverty reduction programmes Government spending on poverty reduction is mainly through MDAs and MMDAs and focuses on social protection, provision of basic education, primary health care, poverty-focused agriculture, rural water, feeder roads and rural electrifcation. About 20 percent of annual budget from 2015 to 2017 was allocated to poverty reduction related programmes. However, the average actual disbursement within the same period was more than allocated and constituted about 25 percent of annual budget (Figure 4.1.7). The Source: GSS, MICS, 2017 Source: GSS, MICS, 2017 Figure 4.1.7: Total poverty reduction allocation as a percentage of total budget (allocation and disbursed), 2015-2017 (%) Source: MoF, Budget Statement and Economic Policy of Government, 2018 GHANA’S 2019 VNR REPORT 25 bulk of the poverty expenditure goes to basic education (55.6 percent), primary healthcare (19.3 percent) and agriculture (2.5 percent). The feeder roads sector received the least (0.31 percent). Indicator 1.a.2: Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health and social protection) Total government spending on education and health improved between 2016 and 2017 after recording a decline from 2015. Spending on education continues to constitute the largest single expenditure item of the national budget statement (17 percent) (Figure 4.1.8). Currently Ghana is implementing 11 social protection programmes which includes Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP)2, National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), Free School Uniforms/Exercise Books, Ghana School Feeding Programme (GSFP), Capitation Grant, Labour Intensive Public Works Programme (LIPWP), and Free Mass Transit Ride for School Children and the Aged, and Social Opportunities Project (GSOP). These have helped to improve targeting in social protection spending; increase access to conditional cash transfers nationwide; increase access to employment and cash earning opportunities for the rural poor during the agricultural of-season; and improve economic and social infrastructure in targeted local communities 2 The Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme was established in 2007 with the objective of reducing poverty by increasing consumption, and promoting access to basic services and opportunities among the extreme poor and vulnerable. The main target groups are children below age 5, the aged, who are without productive capacity and people with severe disability. To achieve its objective, the programme is structured to improve basic household consumption and nutrition; increase access to health care services; increase basic school enrolment, attendance and retention of benefciary children between 5 and 15 years; and facilitate access to complementary services (such as welfare, livelihoods and improvement of productive capacity) among benefciary households. LEAP provides social cash grants to households who meet the criteria of extremely poor and vulnerable. Benefciaries of LEAP has increased from 213,044 households in 2017 to 407, 671. The coverage of the School Feeding Programme has increased by 30% and the membership of the NHIA stood at 1.1 million in 2018. 11% 7% 8% 22% 14% 17% 2015 2016 2017 Health Educa5on Selected Government Interventions under Goal 1 1. Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP); 2. National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS); 3. Implementation of Capitation Grant; 4. Labour Intensive Public Works Programme (LIPWP); 5. Free Mass Transit Ride for School Children and the Aged; 6. Implementation of Ghana Social Opportunities Project (GSOP).

GHANA 2022 VNR 14 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS GOAL 1 END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORM EVERYWHERE Indicator 1.2.1: Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age The percentage of the population who are categorised as poor per the national defnition1 reduced from 24.2 percent in 2013 to 23.4 percent in 2017 (Figure 2). The reduction in poverty between this period has largely been driven by general improvements in the macroeconomic fundamentals including sustained economic growth. In respect of children (1-17 years), 28.2 percent were categorised as monetary poor2 in 2017. A higher percentage (44.5%) of poor children are found in rural areas compared to that of 9.8 percent in urban areas. Following the on-set of the COVID-19 pandemic, nearly 3 out of 4 households reported a decrease in their income, and the proportion of households classifed as poor is estimated to have risen to 25.5 percent3 in 2020 from 23.4 percent in 2017. Poverty in Ghana is more prominent in rural areas and the northern part of the country. e Box 3: Findings from the Rapid Assess￾ment on Agricultural Livelihoods Households' income reduced drastically during the peak pandemic periods, as the novel coronavirus disrupted local agricultural production. The closure of land, sea and air borders around the world impacted the supply chain directly affecting farmers. Also, most farmers had no alternative source of income to cushion their loss. This led to a drastic reduction in the income levels of those in the agricultural production, distribution, and consumption chain. Indicator 1.2.2: Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national defnition Lack of access to basic services, a measure of multidimensional poverty, has reduced over time but is still higher than monetary poverty. As of 2017, the incidence of multi￾dimensional poverty was 45.6 percent, a reduction from the 2011 fgure of 55.0 percent. Male headed households (47.7%) were more multidimensionally poor4 compared to their female counterparts (40.6%). About 19.3 percent of the population GHANA 2022 VNR 15 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS are both monetary and multidimensionally poor while about 26.3 percent who are not monetary poor lack access to basic services. The situation with children is dire. Every 3 out of 4 children are multidimensionally poor. Apart from nutrition and ICT, over 50 percent of children are deprived in the other dimensions, with sanitation (83.4%) being the highest form (Figure 3). Indicator 1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/ systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, new-borns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable The number of beneficiaries of the government’s social protection interventions have all improved over the years as shown in Table 2. For instance, the Free Senior High School Programme has benefted about 1.25 million students between 2017 and 2020. Also, more than half of the population have access to affordable healthcare in 2020 under the National Health Insurance Scheme. However, some challenges exist including inadequate coordination and institutional arrangements for the implementation of social protection interventions and absence of a social protection law. GHANA 2022 VNR 16 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Source: Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection; Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, 2016 and 2020 Indicator 1.a.1 Total offcial development assistance grants from all donors that focus on poverty reduction as a share of the recipient country’s gross national income Grants received from all donors reduced from GH¢1.6 billion (2016) to GH¢1.2 billion (2020). Grants as a share of gross national income reduced from 1.0 percent to 0.71 percent within the same period (Table 3). This was largely expected in view of the country’s status as a lower middle-income country since 2010. Government is therefore pursuing a shift from aid reliance towards suffcient generation of domestic revenue to fnance its development as enshrined in the Ghana Beyond Aid Charter. Indicator 1.a.2: Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health, and social protection) Education continues to constitute the greatest proportion of government’s expenditure on essential services, followed by health and social protection as shown in Figure 4. The proportion of expenditure on education and social protection reduced between 2019 and 2020 while that for health increased mainly due to COVID-19 related expenditure. Government increased the initial approved budget for health in 2020 by 25 percent to GH¢8.85billion as part of measures to strengthen the health delivery system in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Effect of COVID-19 on the incidence of poverty An estimated 77.4 percent of households experienced a decrease in income affecting approximately 22 million people. According to the COVID-19 Business Tracker Survey conducted in November 2020, 5.7 percent of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) shut down during the three-week GHANA 2022 VNR 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS partial lockdown, with 16.1 percent of these businesses remaining closed after the easing of the lockdown restrictions. Some 46.1 percent of businesses reported reducing wages for 25.7 percent of the workforce (an estimated 770,124 workers). With these developments, poverty is estimated to rise to 25.5 percent. UNICEF and International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates the impact of these developments on children to include an increase of at least 0.7 percentage points in child labour per percentage point rise in poverty. Hence, COVID-19 is seen to have the potential of disrupting progress, increasing the incidence and intensity of multidimensional and monetary poverty, which are already experienced by most children in Ghana before the pandemic. Assessment of recovery from the Pandemic Assessment of waves 1 to 3 of COVID-19 Business Tracker Surveys shows indications of recovery by businesses. The third Wave data show varied levels of improvements across sectors in multiple channels such as sales, access to inputs, fnance, cashfow among others. The key fndings from the third round (Wave 3) shows a considerable decline in the levels of reduction in hours worked, wages and leave without pay over the three data collection periods (Waves 1-3). Across business establishments, 1.0 percent of the workforce were laid off in Wave 3 compared to 1.3 percent in Wave I. More frms embraced digitisation as almost 7 out of 10 frms used mobile money, with usage increasing from 35.7 percent and 53.4 percent (Waves 1 and 2 respectively) to 69.6 percent (Wave 3). This indicates that government stimulus package has had a positive impact on frm’s sales with an increase of 11.5 percent. This positive effect was evident among small businesses as their sales increased by 22 percent. Moreover, the Wave 3 data shows an increase in reopening of previously fully closed frms. Out of the over 30,000 frms that were previously closed at the time of Wave 2, about half were fully opened (15,179) in Wave 3. The top three policies that frms needed to become more resilient are loans with subsidised interest, cash transfer and access to new credit. Other indications of recovery at the household level are shown in table 4. GHANA 2022 VNR 18 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Innovative interventions for accelerating attainment of SDG 1 Interventions being implemented by the government towards the attainment of SDG 1 include the following: Emerging issues 1. Reduced households' income levels 2. Loss of jobs 3. Low expenditure on social protection 4. General increase in poverty 5. Late release of LEAP payments 6. Low coverage and expenditure on social protection, currently below 1 percent as against the target of 4.5 percent.

Goal 1. End Poverty In All Its Forms Everywhere Achieving the SDG target of eradicating extreme poverty could be a big ask for the country as almost half the population (48.6% overall and 69.5% for the rural areas) in 2015/16 live below the poverty line. The NDP is focused on the elimination of poverty and the reduction of inequality through job creation programmes as well as creating conducive conditions for entrepreneurship. It has in place evidence-based policies, strategies and programmes to achieve the SDGs including inclusive structural transformation, access to land and resources, income diversification, decent jobs and gender equality as well as strategies to strengthen rural institutions and access to social protection for the rural poor. Poverty is measured through a household consumption approach using the IHS which are conducted every five years. The last one conducted was in 2015/16 and one is currently underway covering 2020. !TT The Gambian economy grew at a rate of 6.2% in 2019 (provisional) 7.0% in 2018 from 4.8% in 2017 and 1.9% in 2016 (GBoS, 2019) mainly driven by services, agriculture, and remittances. Economic growth is vulnerable to external shocks. (see Figure 4.3). Figure 4.3 Percentage GDP Growth rates 2013 - 2019 Source: GBoS : NB: The 2019 figure is provisional The IHS measures poverty at household level and therefore the country measures of poverty at household level and not at individual level. As shown in Figure 4.4, overall, poverty remains high and increased slightly between 2010 and 2015/16; declining slightly in the urban areas but increasing in the rural areas. The poverty rate in rural areas is about twice the rate in the urban areas thus indicating that poverty in the country is primarily a rural phenomenon. As has been stated earlier, government recognizes this challenge and therefore prioritized bridging the gap between rural and urban areas in the NDP. Figure 4.4. Poverty rates – National and Place of Residence Source: IHS 2015/16 )+/')IJKLM>'G-=<'N"&%'O%"I' (BG7B@86IB!IG9Q8R !h\"3S] !h>!!! !"3S! !Z3S! !L3S! !_3S! VB6G "S,T "S,Z "S,2 "S,L "S,a "S,_ "S,? !L3"! !a3S! !Z3_! !,3?! !Z3,! !h\,3Z] !"3?! !TZ Figure 4.5 below shows poverty rates by LGA and at the national level. The data shows that poverty has decreased in Banjul, Kanifing and Brikama between 2010 and 2015/16 but has increased in the remaining 5 LGAs which are predominantly rural. Figure 4.5: Poverty rates by LGA and National Source: IHS 2015/16 Starting this year, government has committed to allocating at least 5% of the national budget to the PACD which is being piloted this year in 75 communities and will go into full scale implementation next year. The PACD programme is being implemented in close collaboration with UNDP country office who are managing and co-financing the programme. Figure 4.6 shows the map of The Gambia showing poverty rates by LGA between 2010 and 2015/16. S3S "S3S ZS3S LS3S _S3S [6@eFA i6@#P@I [G#H646 U6@E6H9@H9 iBGBQ6@ iF@86FG j6@e6@KFGBR [6EEB M6C9@6A Z_3L 2?3Z a"3Z a,3Z LS3, 2?3_ 2,3" ,a3T ,S3_ Z_3, 2Z3" 2"32 L"3L 2?3L 2Z3? 2a32 "T3? ,232 "S,S "S,2J,L !T2 Figure 4.6 Map of the Gambia showing poverty rate by LGA, 2010 and 2015/16 Source: IHS 2015/16

40 5.2 Progress on the other SDGs 5.2.1 Goal 1 Poverty The latest preliminary data on poverty from the 2020 Integrated Household Survey (IHS) indicate an overall increase in poverty levels from 48.6 percent (2015/16) to 54.0 percent (2020) particularly in the urban areas. The increase in poverty us partially explained by the contraction in the services sector. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic is having a negative impact on poverty eradication efforts in the country. The pandemic also has an impact on the spatial dimension of poverty between urban (35.5%) and rural (76.6%) areas. This is because the pandemic has led to loss of employment in many sectors including tourism, loss of incomes, and contraction in 41 economic growth. According to the High Frequency Survey (HFS) of the impact of COVID-19 job losses (defined as individuals who were working before the beginning of the pandemic in March 2020, but subsequently stopped working) declined between August and December 2020 from 26% to 17%; but increased slightly to 21% in April and June 2021. The share of households who reported a decline in income increased from 44% in December 2020 to 57% in June 2021. This jump follows a period of declining share of households experiencing income loss-from 92% in August 2020; to 70% in October 2020; and 44% in December 2020. According to the same survey, in April 2021, 6 out of 10 household heads feel they are poor based on their income levels - 8% feel they are ‘very poor’. The 2020-21 Integrated Household Survey (IHS 2020-21) which has reliable household consumption data is expected to provide latest poverty statistics. The survey is being currently analysed and the results are expected later this year.

42 ODD 1 Eliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde A. Situation et tendances Avec un PIB par habitant de 494 dollars, la République de Guinée-Bissau (RGB) est l'un des pays les plus pauvres au monde. Depuis qu'il a conquis son indépendance, le pays souffre d'une instabilité politique chronique, qui a provoqué des déplacements de population et entravé la croissance et les efforts de lutte contre la pauvreté. De plus, il y a un déclin persistant des investissements dans les services sociaux essentiels comme la santé et l’éducation, avec la pauvreté impactant disproportionnellement certains groupes, en particulier les femmes. En 2021, dans le contexte de la crise du Covid-19, les dépenses sociales se sont concentrées sur les efforts de vaccination, la santé, l'éducation et d'autres dépenses sociales, atteignant 4,7% du PIB, avec en tête les dépenses d'éducation, suivies par celles de la santé, y compris les dépenses liées à la pandémie du COVID-19, 91 et les dépenses sociales. Cependant, elles restent largement insuffisantes pour combler les disparités et assurer l’accès aux services de base de qualité pour tous. Par ailleurs, la situation d’endettement et les risques liés aux impacts de la guerre en Ukraine, sur le budget risque de réduire davantage les marges de manœuvre budgétaires déjà limitées pour augmenter les dépenses et les investissements sociaux. En 2018, l’Enquête Harmonisée sur les conditions de vie des ménages (EHCVM), a révélé que le taux d’incidence de la pauvreté dans le pays était de 47,7%, pour un taux de sévérité de la pauvreté de 5,4%. En RGB, la mise à jour des données de production, pour les différents secteurs, montre une légère amélioration d’estimation de croissance par rapport aux données de Septembre 2021, mais moins que prévu. En effet, pour l’année 2022, la croissance est estimée à 4,6%, contre une prévision initiale de 3,6%, compte tenu de l’augmentations du prix au producteur de la noix de cajou et de l’attente d’exportation équivalente à l’année 2021, qui a enregistré un record de plus de 230.000 tonnes exportées. Ce résultat a consolidé la croissance du PIB de l’ordre de 6,4%, en 2021, contre les 6,3% précédemment prévu. 92 Avec une forte augmentation du prix du pétrole et des denrées alimentaires, notamment des céréales, en raison de la pandémie du COVID-19 ainsi que la guerre entre la Russie et l’Ukraine, l’augmentation des prix devrait se poursuivre au même rythme que l’année dernière. L’inflation devrait, pour la deuxième année consécutive, dépasser à nouveau 0,1%, limite fixée par les critères de convergence de l’UEMOA. Ce comportement similaire à celui de tous les pays de l’UEMOA, pourrait conduire la BCEAO à 91 IMF, Second Review Under the Staff Monitored Program, February 2022. 92 Comité National de Politique Economique, Mars 2022. 43 lever les mesures de relance de l’économie et à augmenter les taux d’intérêts pour contenir les pressions inflationnistes, avec un impact négatif sur l’investissement et la consommation. La valeur de l’IDH de la Guinée-Bissau pour 2019 s’établit à 0.480 – ce qui place le pays dans la catégorie de: « développement humain faible » et au 175e rang parmi 189 pays et territoires. Cette position au classement est partagée avec la République Démocratique du Congo et le Libéria. Entre 2005 et 2019, l’IDH de la RGB a progressé, passant de 0.403 à 0.480 (soit une hausse de 19.1%). Entre 1990 et 2019, l’espérance de vie à la naissance a augmenté de 11.2 années, la durée moyenne de scolarisation a augmenté de 1.3 années et la durée attendue de scolarisation a augmenté de 7 années. Le Revenu National Brut (RNB) par habitant a progressé de près de 17.9% entre 1990 et 2019. L’IDH de la RGB, en 2019, à savoir 0.480, est inférieur à la moyenne des pays du groupe à développement humain faible, établie à 0.513, et inférieur à la moyenne des pays de l’Afrique Subsaharienne, établie à 0.547. Parmi les pays de l’Afrique Subsaharienne, les données de la RGB sont comparées avec celles du Bénin et du Libéria, dont les IDH se situent à la 158e et à la 175e place, respectivement. Le Rapport sur le Développement Humain 2010 a introduit l’indice de pauvreté multidimensionnelle (IPM), qui fait ressortir plusieurs privations superposées dont souffrent les personnes dans trois dimensions : la santé, l’éducation et le niveau de vie. 93 Poursuivant la pratique des années précédentes, le BRDH publie les programmes statistiques utilisés pour calculer l’IPM 2020 pour une large sélection de pays. 94 En RGB, 67.3% de la population (soit 1,261 milliers de personnes) vivent en situation de pauvreté multidimensionnelle et 19.2% autres sont considérées comme des personnes vulnérables à la pauvreté multidimensionnelle (soit 359 milliers de personnes). En RGB, l’intensité des privations, c’est-à-dire le score moyen de privation dont souffrent les personnes en situation de pauvreté multidimensionnelle, s’élève à 55.3%. L’IPM, soit la proportion de la population vivant en situation de pauvreté multidimensionnelle, ajusté en fonction de l’intensité des privations, est de 0.372. Le Bénin et le Libéria affichent un IPM de 0.368 et 0.320, respectivement. L’objectif 1 poursuit sept cibles dont cinq de résultats (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5) et deux de moyens de mise en œuvre (1.a, 1.b). Sur la base des données disponibles, la situation de la pauvreté est préoccupante, nécessitant des actions urgentes. Par exemple, il manque un cadre national de protection sociale alors que six travailleurs sur dix vivent dans la pauvreté. Lors de l’Examen Périodique Universel par le Conseil des droits de l’homme, la RGB s’est engagée, en 2020, à: « continuer ses efforts pour formuler une stratégie de protection sociale comme un bon moyen d’éliminer la pauvreté dans le pays et de mesurer les progrès accomplis vers la réalisation des ODD (Recommandation numéro 119.96). La RGB s’est aussi engagée à poursuivre les efforts en vue de l’application de la parité homme-femme, facteur important dans la lutte contre la pauvreté95. 93 Deux indicateurs sont utilisés pour évaluer la santé et l’éducation, et six pour le niveau de vie. Tous les indicateurs nécessaires pour établir l’IPM d’un pays proviennent de la même enquête auprès des ménages. Un score de privation de 33,3% (un tiers des indicateurs pondérés) est utilisé pour distinguer les pauvres des non-pauvres. Les personnes dont le score de privation est égal ou supérieur à 20%, mais inférieur à 33,3%, sont considérées comme étant vulnérables à la pauvreté multidimensionnelle. Enfin, les personnes dont le score de privation est égal ou supérieur à 50% vivent en situation de pauvreté multidimensionnelle extrême 94 http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/mpi-statistical-programmes 95 Recommendation No 119.148 44 Tendance des résultats de l’ODD 1 L’ensemble des cinq cibles de résultats est focalisé sur les individus. Les informations disponibles ont permis d’établir la situation de ces cibles comme suit. Cible 1.1 : D’ici à 2030, éliminer complètement l’extrême pauvreté dans le monde entier (s’entend actuellement du fait de vivre avec moins de USD 1,90 par jour). La Banque Mondiale estime que 65,3% de la population de 2018 vivait avec moins de 1,90 dollar en parité de pouvoir d’achat de 2011, traduisant un très faible progrès par rapport au niveau de 2010 qui était de 68,4%. L’impact de la pandémie de COVID-19 a occasionné une aggravation de la situation en 2020, élevant le taux de pauvreté suivant le seuil international à 66,6%. L’emploi est généralement admis comme la principale source de revenu pour la plupart des ménages. Ainsi, le Bureau International du Travail (BIT) produit régulièrement des estimations de la pauvreté au sein du groupe des personnes exerçant un emploi. Quel que soit l’âge, environ six travailleurs sur dix vivent dans la pauvreté. En effet, pour l’année 2019, la proportion de personnes vivant avec moins de 1,90 dollar par jour parmi les travailleurs âgés de 15-24 ans était de 63% et elle est de 58% parmi les travailleurs de 25 ans révolus. Dans cette dernière catégorie d’âge, la pauvreté au sein des femmes travailleuses est encore plus accentuée (60,2%). La pauvreté d’ensemble des travailleurs de 15 ans et plus s’est accentuée passant d’une proportion de 59,3% en 2019 à 61,4% en 2020. Il faut noter que ces niveaux sont largement élevés par rapport aux niveaux moyens des pays les moins avancés (le taux de pauvreté des travailleurs de 15 ans et plus y était de 30,5% en 2020). 96 Cible 1.2 : D’ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tous âges souffrant d’une forme ou l’autre de pauvreté, telle que définie par chaque pays. A partir des données de l'enquête harmonisée sur les conditions de vie des ménages (EHCVM) de 2018-2019, une définition nationale de la pauvreté monétaire en RGB a été donnée pour les ménages. Ainsi, un ménage est considéré comme pauvre si sa consommation annuelle moyenne par personne est inférieure au seuil de pauvreté, fixé à 271 072 francs CFA par an (743 francs CFA par jour), correspondant au montant minimum pour garantir les besoins fondamentaux en nourriture et en biens et services non alimentaires. En procédant ainsi, il a été estimé que 47,7% de la population vivait dans la pauvreté en 2019. Cela indique une amélioration considérable de la situation par rapport à 2010, dernière année pour laquelle des estimations étaient disponibles, avec une incidence de pauvreté de 69,3%. Par ailleurs, la pauvreté demeure plus accentuée en milieu rural, avec un taux de pauvreté de 62,9% en 2019 après le taux de 75,6% en 2010, tout en sachant qu’environ 75 à 80% de la population active est rurale. 96 The SDG Report 2021. 45 Un indice de pauvreté multidimensionnelle basé sur la mesure de Alkire et Foster (2007) a été estimé, par une équipe du Ministère de l’économie, avec l’appui du Système des Nations Unies, à partir des données de l’enquête par grappes aux indicateurs multiples (MICS6) réalisée en 2018-2019. Cela a permis d’établir que les disparités entre les milieux urbain et rural en privations multidimensionnelles sont assez flagrantes ; 79,5% de la population rurale est pauvre contre un taux de pauvreté de 31,8% en milieu urbain. La pauvreté multidimensionnelle sévère est plus prépondérante en milieu rural qu’en milieu urbain (24,2% contre 3,5% respectivement). Notant que l’incidence de la pauvreté dans les ménages dirigés par les femmes 50,3% est moindre par rapport à celle dans les ménages dirigés par les hommes 66,9%, et la pauvreté prévaut moins au sein des ménages dirigés par des personnes ayant atteint au moins un niveau d’étude secondaire 25,6% contre 61,5% pour un niveau primaire et 78,2% pour les personnes sans éducation. La décomposition de l’IPM97 a permis d’établir que les privations liées à l’éducation et aux conditions de vie contribuent le plus à l’indice IPM, à hauteur respectivement de 41,6% et 35,9%. Mais la contribution des différentes dimensions ne varie pas entre le milieu urbain et le milieu rural. Les disparités entre les régions sont présentées par la figure 7.2. La région de Oio est visiblement la plus pauvre multi-dimensionnellement, suivie des régions de Gabú et Tombali. Le Secteur autonome de Bissau (SAB), qui abrite la capitale Bissau est logiquement le moins pauvre, suivie des régions de Quinara et Biombo. Figure 7.2 : Variations de l’IPM suivant les régions Source : MEPIR (2021) Les données de la même enquête ont été utilisées pour analyser les privations spécifiques aux 97 Voir le rapport pour les détails méthodologiques. 46 enfants. Il ressort des analyses que ces derniers subissent tous au moins une privation sur 7, 98 quel que soit leur âge. Par ailleurs, une plus grande proportion d’enfants cumule 4 privations ou plus. 79% des enfants âgés de 0-4 ans subissent entre 4 et 6 privations simultanément, 95% des enfants âgés de 5-14 ans subissent entre 4 et 7 privations simultanément, et 82% des enfants âgés de 15-17 ans subissent entre 4 et 6 privations simultanément. Enfin, la dimension à plus forte incidence de privation est l’assainissement (97% chez les enfants âgés de 0-4 ans; 96% chez les enfants âgés de 5-14 ans; 94% chez les enfants âgés de 15-17 ans). Cible 1.3 : Mettre en place des systèmes et mesures de protection sociale pour tous, adaptés au contexte national, y compris des socles de protection sociale, et faire en sorte que, d’ici à 2030, une part importante des pauvres et des personnes vulnérables en bénéficient. D’après les estimations du BIT pour l’année 2020, la population bénéficie très faiblement de socles ou systèmes de protection sociale, à une proportion de 0,9% tous schémas confondus, contre 13,4% pour les pays à faible revenu. Il n’existe aucun schéma d’allocation chômage dans le pays, à l’exception des personnes vivant avec un handicap sévère 0,2% et celles ayant atteint l’âge de la retraite, 0,2% qui perçoivent effectivement ces transferts sociaux. Cela s’explique en l’occurrence par la prépondérance du secteur informel (plus de 90% de l’emploi). De plus, dans le cadre de son examen par le Conseil de droits de l’homme de l’ONU en 2020, la RGB s’est engagée à : « poursuivre ses efforts pour formuler une stratégie de protection sociale comme un bon moyen d’éliminer la pauvreté dans le pays et de mesurer les progrès accomplis vers la réalisation des ODD (Recommandation 119.96)». Cible 1.4 : D’ici à 2030, faire en sorte que tous les hommes et les femmes, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes vulnérables, aient les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques et qu’ils aient accès aux services de base, à la propriété foncière, au contrôle des terres et à d’autres formes de propriété, à l’héritage, aux ressources naturelles et à des nouvelles technologies et des services financiers adaptés à leurs besoins, y compris la microfinance. L’accès aux services de base demeure relativement insuffisant. La proportion de la population vivant dans les ménages pouvant disposer de l’eau potable a stagné à 59% sur la période de 2015 à 2020, mais la situation en milieu urbain s’est légèrement détériorée, passant de 73 à 71% durant cette même période. L’usage de toilettes décentes est possible pour une très faible proportion de la population, passant de 14% en 2015 à 18% en 2020; en milieu rural, le niveau de l’indicateur n’a atteint 5% qu’en 2018 et est resté le même jusqu’en 2020.99 Les inégalités régionales en termes d’accès aux services de base sont profondes et cela a été aussi souligné par les acteurs consultés lors des consultations organisées avec la société civile, en Mars 2022. En termes d’inclusion financière, il existe un fort contraste entre le manque de développement de la microfinance dans le pays, qui n’atteint que 0,9% de la population, et l’expansion rapide de l’argent mobile en 2021 (en 2020, 91,6% des adultes avaient ouvert des comptes d’argent mobile et 47,7% en étaient des utilisateurs actifs).100 98 Les dimensions de privation comprennent le logement, l’eau, l’assainissement, l’éducation, la protection, la santé et la nutrition pour les enfants de moins de 5 ans; pour les 5-14 ans et 15-17 ans, la nutrition est remplacée par l’information. Mais à l’intérieur de chaque dimension, les indicateurs sont spécifiques à chacune des trois catégories d’âges. Les détails de la méthodologie sont fournis par MEPIR (2021). 99 Il y a des indicateurs qui sont considérés pour évaluer l’évolution de plusieurs cibles. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-01-04-01.pdf 100 Source : Etude du PNUD. 47 L’accès de la population adulte au foncier sécurisé est relativement faible : la disponibilité d’un document foncier légal est reconnue chez 21,7% de l’ensemble des adultes, dont 21,2% de femmes. 97,6% des adultes pensent avoir le droit d’avoir un bien foncier tandis que 79,3% de ces adultes estiment disposer d’un bien foncier même s’ils ne disposent pas d’un document légal. Cible 1.5 : D’ici à 2030, renforcer la résilience des pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable et réduire leur exposition aux phénomènes climatiques extrêmes et à d’autres chocs et catastrophes d’ordre économique, social ou environnemental et leur vulnérabilité. 101 Ces situations ont occasionné des pertes et des déplacements, liées surtout à la destruction de logements, estimées à 3 624 100 dollars en 2017 et de 11 850 dollars en 2018. Ces pertes correspondent respectivement à 0,003% et 0,00001% du PIB de la RGB, durant ces deux années. Processus et moyens de mise en œuvre spécifiques à l’ODD 1 Cible 1.a : Garantir une mobilisation importante de ressources provenant de sources multiples, y compris par le renforcement de la coopération pour le développement, afin de doter les pays en développement, en particulier les pays les moins avancés, de moyens adéquats et prévisibles de mettre en œuvre des programmes et politiques visant à mettre fin à la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes. La RGB a régulièrement reçu, de la part de ses partenaires, des dons d’aide publique au développement axés sur la réduction de la pauvreté, et a aussi réussi à mobiliser des fonds. Estimés en proportion du revenu national brut, ces dons fluctuent entre 2 et 3% depuis 2015, alors qu’ils avaient atteint 3,7% en 2010. Par ailleurs, le financement des secteurs sociaux est 101 The 2022 UNDP report “Vulnerability Mapping and Analysis to Better Identify the Left Behind in Guinea Bissau” offers a recent estimate of vulnerability, concluding that 73.1 percent of the population are vulnerable. The analysis is disaggregated by several relevant demographics, such as gender, employment status, the region or the sector of occupation. 48 principalement fait par des sources externes ce qui pose la question de leur durabilité et soutenabilité. C’est pour cela qu’une diversification des sources de financement, grâce à la mobilisation de ressources propres, s’avère nécessaire. Les seules informations disponibles sur les dépenses publiques affectées aux services essentiels (éducation, santé et protection sociale) sont celles de l’éducation, qui ont représenté une part de 13% du total des dépenses publiques annuelles en 2015, 10% en 2016 et 15% en 2017. B. Défis futurs, risques, opportunités et actions d’accélération : B.1 Défisfutures et risques ✓ La marge de manœuvre budgétaire limitée. ✓ Le développement du secteur privé et de l’entrepreneuriat. ✓ L’autonomisation des femmes et des jeunes. ✓ Les inégalités flagrantes provinciales et entre les milieux rural et urbain en termes de pauvreté et d’accès aux services de base. ✓ La résilience des communautés vulnérables. ✓ L’augmentation des dépenses et investissements sociaux. B.2 Opportunités ✓ L’existence d’un potentiel agricole et halieutique. ✓ La politique nationale de la jeunesse-2015-2035. ✓ Le programme national de volontariat. ✓ La loi-cadre sur le volontariat, adoptée en 2021. ✓ L’existence d’une agence nationale pour l’emploi des jeunes (ANEJ). B.3 Actions d’accélération ✓ La mobilisation de revenus internes et l’augmentation de l’espace budgétaire pour les dépenses de développement et celles du secteur social. ✓ La mise en œuvre des plans de développement sectoriels. ✓ Le renforcement des moyens d’existence des ménages vulnérables, afin d’accroitre leur autonomisation à travers des activités génératrices de revenus. ✓ L’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de plans de développement locaux. ✓ L’élaboration et la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie nationale de protection sociale. ✓ L’augmentation de la protection sociale des pauvres et vulnérables sur la base de financement soutenable.

69 Informe Nacional Voluntario ODS 1. Para acelerar la reducción de la pobreza en los hogares, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Guinea Ecuatorial 2030 prevé el desarrollo de Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas e Industrias (PYMES/ PMI). Por eso ha proyectado la formación y desarrollo de PME/PMI nacionales en los sectores industriales, comerciales y de servicios, apoyar y orientar la creación de grupos económicos nacionales, promover los centros de aprendizaje, sostener el desarrollo de infraestructuras de apoyo a la exportación, completados por un dispositivo de apoyo, que proporciona información sobre los mercados y las condiciones de acceso a estos; crear un Fondo de Garantía de créditos para las PME/PMI. Además, eliminar y prohibir los monopolios de hecho y derecho, crear unidades de producción y de transformación de productos nacionales para las empresas comerciales que operan en el país, ceder terrenos a las empresas para la creación de zonas industriales, promover la participación de PME/PMI en los mercados públicos, adjudicándoles sub-contratos de obras atribuidas a empresas extranjeras, apoyar a las PME/PMI en el mejoramiento de sus medios de producción, reforzar las Cámaras de Comercio, para que ellas, jugando su rol de manera efectiva, establezcan procesos administrativos y jurídicos simples y efcaces, así como de un fortalecimiento institucional de apoyo a las PME/PMI y para promover y fomentar la creación de instituciones especializadas en la fnanciación de Micro Proyectos bien enfocados.

61 Informe Nacional Voluntario ODS 1. Fin a la pobreza Desde el descubrimiento de grandes yacimientos de petróleo a mediados de los años 90, Guinea Ecuatorial ha experimentado un fuerte crecimiento económico. Según el informe de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en 201594, la proporción de la población que vivía bajo el umbral de pobreza pasó de 80%, en el año 2000, a 76,8% en el año 2006 y a 43,7% en el año 2011 (EDSGE, 2011), con una reducción del 33,1% en ese periodo (entre 2006 y 2011), a razón de 6,58 puntos porcentuales al año (indicador 1.2.1). Según proyecciones realizadas con los datos disponibles, con ese ritmo de reducción, la proporción de la población 94 República de Guinea Ecuatorial, Informe ODM 2015. bajo el umbral de pobreza se situaría en un 17,38% a fnales de 2015. El porcentaje de pobreza sigue acentuado en las zonas rurales, en comparación con las urbanas. La Región Continental del país presenta mayor porcentaje que la Insular. Esta desviación es debido a la mayor concentración de la población rural en esa parte del país. A pesar de los esfuerzos realizados, el porcentaje de personas que vive bajo el umbral de la pobreza sigue siendo considerable. El análisis del entorno demuestra que se pueden conseguir mejoras al respecto, si el país sigue utilizando racionalmente sus recursos y capacidades internas, con una fuerte inversión en los sectores productivos, tales como el sector agropecuario, pesquero, turístico, etc. Figura 4. Indicador 1.2.1 población bajo el umbral de la pobreza Fuente: República de Guinea Ecuatorial, Informe ODM 2015 Las causas y las manifestaciones de la pobreza son poco estudiadas y analizadas en el país. Es importante destacar que las variables relativas a la pobreza y la vulnerabilidad en Guinea Ecuatorial son limitadas y los datos poco fables, un hecho bien conocido por los socios para el desarrollo. De esta forma se obtiene una comprensión limitada de causas y manifestaciones de la incidencia de la pobreza, así como de la vulnerabilidad y la marginación. El Gobierno está trabajando para garantizar que todos los hombres y mujeres, en particular los pobres y los vulnerables, tengan los mismos derechos a los recursos económicos y acceso a los servicios básicos. Se han movilizado de forma signifcativa los recursos en gastos de servicios esenciales como educación y salud. En 2017 se ha puesto en marcha el Programa País para Trabajo Decente en Guinea Ecuatorial (PPTDGE 2019- 2023) para una justicia social mediante el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida y de trabajo de los trabajadores 62 y el respeto de sus derechos laborales. Dada la falta de actualización de un estudio de perfl de pobreza y de estadísticas consolidadas resulta difícil cuantifcar el grado de avance logrado o los retos persistentes en términos de la erradicación de la pobreza en el país. En el caso de la proporción de la población con acceso a servicios básicos como agua potable y saneamiento (indicador 1.4.1) se observan incrementos en los últimos años, situándose en 64,7% y 66,3% respectivamente95. Figura 5. Indicador 1.4.1 Proporción de la población con acceso a servicios básicos de agua potable Fuente: UNSTATS Figura 6. Indicador 1.4.1 Proporción de la población con acceso a servicios básicos de saneamiento Fuente: UNSTATS 95 UNSTATS, “UN Sustainable Development Goals, indicator 1.4.1. Equatorial Guinea”, (2022), https://unstats-undesa.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/ da7d9e13a45b4734b5eef4b8355cdb6c/explore?location=4.212078%2C1.232241%2C2.60. 96 UNSTATS, “UN Sustainable Development Goals, indicator 2.2.1 Equatorial Guinea”, (2022), https://unstats-undesa.opendata.arcgis.com/ datasets/5a63ad2e92ff4a3491d8aaf9794f4fbe/explore?location=3.345725%2C1.735981%2C2.60.

HELLENIC REPUBLIC I VNR 2022 50 SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere 51 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion and at risk of income poverty after social transfers Assessment of progress in relevant SDG indicators • After 9 years of rates exceeding 30%, 2020 is the first year to see people at risk of poverty before social transfers reach 28.9%. Following a similar trajectory, the risk of poverty after social transfers showed the lowest rate in 11 years, at 17.7% (2020). • During the decade of the financial crisis, severely deprived people reached a peak in 2016 (22.4%) and the rate has been declining to reach 16.6% in 2020. • A significant decrease of people living in poor housing conditions has been observed as the rate has dropped, despite the financial crisis, from 17.1% (2010) to 12.5% (2020). • Keeping houses warm is a challenge for Greek people as, in spite of the significant decrease of the high rates of the financial crisis, 17.1% (2020) of the population still cannot meet this need ade￾quately, to this rate contributing 39.2% of people living on below 60% of median income. Key challenges Poverty eradication constitutes an ethical, social, political and economic imperative for humankind, and Greece has set the priority of reducing at least by half, the proportion of people living in poverty and to achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable. The main challenge is to address the high poverty rates created between 2008 and 2013, as a result of an economic crisis which brought an increase in unemployment rates together with a pre-existing inadequate social safety net. In the last two years, the great risk of these conditions being exacerbated by the pandemic called for immediate action to support citizens and the economy. Many of the policies implemented or planned aim to pro￾vide solutions for persons aged 67 and older with low income who did not receive any pension or social security benefit, for uninsured elders who do not own a house and for people living in deep poverty and social exclusion (school meals programme and meals for the most deprived). Non-performing loans giv￾en before the financial crisis posed a threat on thousands of poor households and the banking sector. Regarding the poverty level of persons with disabilities, Greece faces the challenge to serve citizens with an integrated social inclusion and social cohesion mechanism for the provision of interactive appli￾cations and services through a Single Digital Portal and to ensure decent independent living conditions (camping programme, reduced travel ticket). Finally, measures address the country’s low demographic rates, promote parenthood and support the family and social cohesion. END POVERTY IN ITS ALL FORMS EVERYWHERE HELLENIC REPUBLIC I VNR 2022 52 Main policy initiatives and measures • In 2021, the Government adopted a comprehensive package of relief measures aimed at support￾ing society and particularly the most vulnerable, against the adverse effects of the international energy crisis. Indicatively, the most important measures include: increase of the disposable income of the citizens in order to support their purchasing power, increase of state subsidy for electricity and natural gas bills, increase of the heating allowance (by expanding the income and property crite￾ria) and provision of additional financial support to low-income retirees and people with disabilities. SDGs 1.3, 1.4, 7.1 • In order to face the adverse effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Government adopted in 2020 and 2021 a comprehensive package of specific legislative measures targeting, in particular, the poor and most vulnerable. These measures include, inter alia: (i) the introduction of a programme to support borrowers affected by the enormous consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic, through a state contribution for the repayment of their loans with a mortgage to the main residence (Bridge I), and (ii) the establishment of a state contribution programme for the repayment of business loans, for borrowers affected by the severe impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic (Bridge II). SDG 1.4 • In order to assist the low-income households to deal with their debts, Greece adopted in 2019 a new law on the option of regulating the primary residence mortgage loans, by granting a state subsidy in the form of monthly instalments for the repayment of the regulated amount. SDG 1.4 • In 2020, the Government passed a new law on debt restructuring and second chance, trans￾posing the European Union (EU) Directive 1023/2019, which allows households and businesses to settle all their debts towards tax authority, social security funds, banks and servicers, through out￾of-court or judicial settlement procedures or through bankruptcy and debt write-off proceedings. The new institutional framework provided for by this legislative initiative has three main pillars: (i) the establishment of an early warning mechanism, in order to avoid over-indebtedness and insolvency; (ii) the establishment of insolvency procedures by providing effective tools for the restructuring of all the debts, such as the out-of-court settlement mechanism for households and small businesses, the rehabilitation scheme for medium and large businesses, the use of mediation, and the provision of support to socially vulnerable groups, through state subsidy for loans with collateral on their primary residence; (iii) the establishment of bankruptcy procedures for natural persons and legal entities which are unable to meet their debts and simultaneously discharge them of all debts after liquidation of their assets. SDG 1.4 • The Government completed in September 2020 the drafting of the National Private Debt Resolu￾tion Strategy, in cooperation with the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Structural Reform Support (DG REFORM). SDG 1.4 • The Government has developed a network of 52 borrowers’ information and support centres, providing free information to any interested party on the options for dealing with their debts, as well as the rights and obligations arising from the respective legislation. Through this, over 62,361 debt￾ors (employees, pensioners, freelancers, small entrepreneurs, farmers, workers, vulnerable social groups, etc.) have the opportunity to receive free personalized advice, instructions and support, on the problems of arrears they face and in particular for the procedures provided for in the new inte￾grated institutional framework. SDG 1.4 • In the context of the National Rural Development Programme (RDP) 2014-2020, Greece pur￾sues measures, which promote the design and implementation of local integrated development strategies, with the participation of stakeholders in rural areas implemented by Local Action Groups – LAGs (LEADER/CLLD). In this regard, particular emphasis is placed, inter alia, on the implementa￾tion of public works – infrastructure regarding the access of rural population, including the poor and the vulnerable farmers, to basic services or services enhancing the quality of life (indicatively basic services for old and young residents, restoration of areas, sport activities etc.) and facilitating the 53 introduction of the related services. In addition, the RDP includes actions that support the develop￾ment of broadband infrastructure and the provision of broadband services for all in rural areas. SDG 1.4 • In 2021, a new law was passed entitled “State support to businesses and non-profit entities for damages from natural disasters’’. The primary objective of this legislative initiative is to en￾sure the effective, coordinated and timely implementation of state support funds to businesses and non-profit entities, including those in vulnerable situations, on the basis of clear procedures and organizational structures, in order to cover emergencies and damages from natural disasters, primarily caused by climate change or other natural disasters such as floods, forest fires, landslides and earthquakes. State support actions and funds are implemented through the state support plat￾form (arogi.gov.gr), a database with information on every support given to citizens, as well as to businesses and non-profit entities, after natural disasters. SDG 1.5 • The “Help at Home” programme has been running successfully in Greece since 1998. It is imple￾mented by the municipalities of the country and the primary objective is to provide assistance to the elderly, the persons with disabilities, and those living alone or having a low income, through the provision of a wide range of services, from at home medical and nursing treatment to the supply of food and other basic necessities. SDGs 1.1-1.5, 2.1 • A 2020 law established a benefit of €2,000.00 for every child born in Greece. The enactment of the childbirth benefit aims at strengthening the country’s demographic policy, and supporting par￾enthood, as well as family and social cohesion, which have been seriously compromised during the period of economic crisis. SDGs 1.2, 1.3 • Following the rapid increase in poverty from 2008 until 2013, the rate of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion and at risk of income poverty after social transfers, are in decline ever since 2014 but still remain at high levels. A further improvement of the situation is expected due to the increase in employment and the reforms of the social protection system. Policies that have been implemented over the past four years to address the problem include the Social Solidarity Income (GMI), the social solidarity benefit for uninsured elders, a housing benefit for uninsured el￾ders, two financial aid schemes for uninsured and financially weak elders, and extensive food programmes described under SDG 2 below. SDGs 1.3, 10.2 • Greece is in full compliance with its international and European obligations regarding the reception of applicants for international protection. Asylum seekers are entitled to protection, including access to material reception conditions that include housing, healthcare, food and clothing provided in kind, or as financial allowances or in vouchers. Moreover, financial allowances are provided on a monthly basis ensuring that their needs are met, without exposing the applicants to financial hard￾ship. SDGs 1.1-1.4 END POVERTY IN ITS ALL FORMS EVERYWHERE HELLENIC REPUBLIC I VNR 2022 54 Forthcoming initiatives • Launch a number of projects funded by the EU Recovery and Resilience Fund (RRF), related to: (i) the establishment of a Public Credit Bureau, which will provide a valid and objective credit rating of natural persons and legal entities, based on their data and payment profile towards the public sector (tax authorities and social security institutions), in order to fill the information gap and infor￾mation asymmetry between creditors and debtors; (ii) the upgrade/development of an electronic platform to support the early warning mechanism and the out-of-court settlement of debts for indi￾viduals and legal entities; (iii) the implementation of the National Private Debt Resolution Strategy; and (iv) the development of a monitoring registry for private debt. SDG 1.4 • In 2022 a new program will be implemented concerning the State support of the main residence loans of vulnerable households, as an interim scheme until the creation of the Sale and Lease￾back Organization (SLBO) of the new insolvency law. Specifically, the program provides a state subsidy for the mortgage instalment of vulnerable debtors for €70 to €210 per month, depending on the composition of the household. The duration of the program will be 15 months. The main benefit for vulnerable debtors is the avoidance of creditors’ measures (e.g. foreclosures, auctions and evic￾tions). Eligible are debtors who meet the income, property and other criteria that were established and are valid in the welfare program “Housing Allowance”. These criteria are checked when issuing a certificate of vulnerability, which is necessary for participation in the program and which is issued by a special electronic platform of the Special Secretariat for Private Debt Management. SDG 1.4 Best practice example Better employment opportunities for youth at risk SDGs 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 8.3, 8.5, 8.6, 10.1, 10.2, 10.7 With a view to breaking the poverty trap of low skills that leads individuals to a lifelong economic struggle and instability, Greek authorities recognise the need for supporting adolescents and youth. OAED and UNICEF are implementing a partnership-based project (2021-2022) under the EU Child Guarantee Initiative Preparatory action, to Support adoles￾cents and youth at risk for better employment opportunities. The project is mainly targeted at young people aged 16-24 at risk, including those with a migrant, refugee or minority background, children and young persons with disabilities, unaccompanied children, and children with complex needs, aiming at providing them with opportunities to enhance their employability. Activities completed include a labour market needs analysis in the Attica Region with emphasis on young people from groups at risk of social exclusion, a digital platform with multiple functionalities aiming at facilitating the integration services offered by OAED to these specific groups (skills assessment – e-portfolio – matching), as well as three targeted Vocational Training Actions: “Intercultural Mediator for young people with a migrant/refugee background” (completed), “Intercultural Mediator for Roma Education” (to be launched), and “Social Entrepreneurship” (currently implemented). Next steps, until conclusion at the end of 2022, include group counseling, such as job search techniques and active career guidance, as well as work placements, so that beneficiaries can acquire work experience and quality work opportunities linking their skills to labour market needs. Within the same framework, a support action for Social Cooperative Enterprises is under preparation, specially designed for young social entrepreneurs with disabilities and aiming to help them start their own businesses. 55 • At the end of the aforementioned program, vulnerable debtors who will not be able to adhere to a sustainable debt settlement, will be able to use the provisions of a private sector legal entity acting as an Acquisition and Leaseback Body (SLBO), which will be selected by the State through a concession agreement. This Body will undertake the obligation to acquire the primary residence of a vulnerable debtor (who is bankrupt) or before the auction, by paying the commercial value of the asset. Then, the primary residence will be leased back to the insolvent person for twelve years, at the end of which, the debtor has a right to buy it back.In July 2021 a new electronic platform was launched, through which debtors have the opportunity to be certified as vulnerable under particular criteria and therefore be eligible for the social provisions of the Law -such as the SLBO- and the possible receipt of a housing benefit. The next steps include the selection of the financial advisor, the adoption of the relevant Ministerial Decision on Expression of Interest (EoI) and the launch of the SLBO interest process, as well as the evaluation and pre-selection of candidates for SLBO. The ratification of the respective law by the Parliament -according to the baseline scenario- is expected in June -September of 2023. SDG 1.4 • In Greece, non-performing loans and excessive debt cause obstacles to economic prosperity at the individual level, but also to the economic stability in general. In this context, the Greek Government is in the process of developing a national strategy for financial literacy and financial skills for its citizens, in order to improve their financial well-being and at the same time promote the health of the financial system. As part of a the project, a mapping study of the existing financial education activities in Greece will be completed by May 2022 and a gap analysis from the desired situation as well as a benchmarking report based on the collection of quantitative data on the financial literacy of adults and young people (15-18) in school will be completed by November 2022. SDG 1.4 • Beginning in 2022, the Single Digital Access Portal to Social Protection will be gradually devel￾oped. The project will be funded by the RRF. The Single Digital Portal aspires to expand the functions of the National Mechanism for Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation of Social Inclusion and So￾cial Cohesion Policies (NM) and to eventually integrate the electronic application forms of the cash social assistance benefits into a single digital portal. SDG 1.3 END POVERTY IN ITS ALL FORMS EVERYWHERE

Página 55 de 277 Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 1 «Terminar con la pobreza en todas sus formas, en todas partes» La pobreza, en sus diversas manifestaciones, sigue siendo un tema pendiente de resolver en el país. En el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM), Guatemala se comprometió a reducir la pobreza a la mitad; sin embargo, luego de la vigencia de esta agenda internacional, en vez de reducirse, el flagelo aumentó. En la actualidad, con la entrada en vigor de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), se retoma nuevamente el desafío bajo un enfoque más amplio. Atendiendo las lecciones aprendidas a partir de los ODM, se reconoce que la reducción de la problemática requiere que todos los sectores de la sociedad guatemalteca unan esfuerzos para erradicarla gradualmente. Como quedó establecido en el capítulo I, el país priorizó la agenda y, para el seguimiento del ODS 1, definió las metas e indicadores que se muestran en la tabla 1.1. Página 56 de 277 Situación de la pobreza en Guatemala La reducción de la pobreza es uno de los mayores desafíos que afronta el país. El Plan nacional de desarrollo K’atun: Nuestra Guatemala 2032 indica que la disminución del flagelo fue lenta hasta el año 2011, luego observó un comportamiento inverso. Ha estado marcada por una limitada movilidad, pues los guatemaltecos que nacen en un hogar pobre están destinados a seguirlo siendo, en su mayoría. El problema es de grandes proporciones y permanece sin resolverse; entre sus manifestaciones se incluyen el hambre, la malnutrición, el acceso limitado a la educación y a otros servicios básicos, la discriminación, la exclusión social y la falta de participación en la toma de decisiones. 1. Descripción de los indicadores para los cuales el país cuenta con información estadística que permita reportarlos: A continuación, se realiza la descripción de cuatro de los ocho indicadores que tiene este objetivo. Se describen solamente cuatro porque el país cuenta con información estadística para hacerlo. De los otros cuatro, se hace una explicación de las complejidades para su cálculo. Indicador 1.2.1: Proporción de la población que vive por debajo del umbral nacional de la pobreza, desglosada por sexo y grupo de edad Estado de situación, línea de base y meta En Guatemala, la pobreza se define como el número de personas con un nivel de bienestar inferior al mínimo necesario para su sobrevivencia, y se mide por medio de las líneas de pobreza extrema y general, que se construyen a partir del gasto en consumo per cápita anual. La fuente de información de seguimiento es la Encuesta nacional de condiciones de vida (Encovi), que se lleva a cabo cada cinco o seis años, aproximadamente. Luego de las consultas efectuadas, el país refrendó la encuesta como la fuente de información para reportar el indicador. Para analizar la situación del indicador se utiliza la información proveniente de las cuatro encuestas de condiciones de vida realizadas desde el año 2000. En ellas se puede apreciar el comportamiento de la pobreza extrema y general, tanto a nivel agregado como en sus diferentes desagregaciones. En promedio nacional, la incidencia de la pobreza se incrementó en la última parte del período, incluso en una magnitud mayor a la observada por el país al inicio del período. Revertir esa tendencia constituye el principal desafío de Guatemala en el marco de la Agenda 2030 para el desarrollo sostenible priorizada. Página 57 de 277 El comportamiento, según las desagregaciones con que cuenta este indicador, se observa en la tabla 1.2, en donde sobresale que la población indígena, del área rural y los jóvenes menores de 15 años son los grupos poblacionales que ostentan los mayores niveles de pobreza. Desde el punto de vista geográfico, cabe indicar que la Encovi 2014 presenta información desagregada hasta el nivel departamental (véanse anexos 1.1 y 1.2). A partir de la información descrita, la línea de base que se utilizará para el seguimiento del indicador a lo largo de la vigencia de la Agenda ODS queda definida de la siguiente manera:  Para la pobreza extrema, 23.4%  Para la pobreza general, 59.3% Ambas mediciones corresponden a la información proveniente de la Encovi 2014. Debido al deterioro observado en la pobreza, los sectores consultados refirieron que, previo a definir la meta prevista para 2030, será necesario construir varios escenarios sustentados técnicamente, identificando para cada uno de ellos las acciones e intervenciones que se necesitan para alcanzarlos, así como metas específicas para poblaciones en situaciones de vulnerabilidad y territorios. Sobre Página 58 de 277 esta base se seleccionaría la que más se adecue al contexto y realidades del país. La definición de la meta requiere abordar y analizar las diferentes dimensiones de la pobreza y sus factores causales. Indicador 1.2.2: Proporción de hombres, mujeres y niños de todas las edades que viven en la pobreza, en todas sus dimensiones, con arreglo a las definiciones nacionales Estado de situación, línea de base y meta Para reportar este indicador, se consensuó el uso de la información proveniente del Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) que publica el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD).25 Este indicador refleja las múltiples carencias que se observan en los hogares y las personas en los ámbitos de la salud, la educación y el nivel de vida; su construcción se realiza a partir de la información proveniente de las encuestas de hogares.26 Cada miembro de una familia es clasificado como pobre o no pobre en función del número de carencias que experimente su hogar en las tres dimensiones del desarrollo planteadas por las Naciones Unidas. El índice también refleja la intensidad de las carencias, es decir, cuántas de ellas sufren las personas al mismo tiempo. Asimismo, se puede utilizar para realizar comparaciones a nivel nacional, regional y mundial, así como dentro de los países, parangonando la situación de los grupos étnicos, zonas rurales o urbanas y otras características relevantes de los hogares y las comunidades. El IPM ofrece un valioso complemento a las herramientas de medición de la pobreza basadas en los ingresos o el consumo. De conformidad con la información disponible, en la gráfica 1.2 se presenta el comportamiento del IPM a partir del año 2000. Los resultados deben interpretarse de la siguiente manera: un valor más cercano a uno (1) refleja una mayor incidencia de pobreza multidimensional, mientras que un valor más próximo a cero (0) significa una menor incidencia. 25 Véase en: http://hdr.undp.org/es/faq-page/multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi#t295n2515. 26 Para el caso de Guatemala, el PNUD utiliza la data de las Encovi para calcular el IPM. Página 59 de 277 En ese sentido, en la gráfica 1.2 se puede apreciar que el IPM mejoró de 2000 a 2006, aunque luego de ese período se observa un deterioro, al incrementarse en alrededor de 4 décimas. Esto resulta congruente con la medición de la pobreza por consumo, en donde se muestra un deterioro significativo en los últimos años.27 En el nivel latinoamericano, Guatemala es el único país que no logró reducir la pobreza, lo cual se explica, entre otros, por la prevalencia de un mercado laboral precario; inversión productiva y social insuficiente; altos niveles de desigualdad e inseguridad ciudadana; deterioro ambiental; rezagos en salud y educación; así como una insuficiente provisión de bienes y servicios públicos. El IPM presenta desagregaciones por área (urbana y rural), etnicidad y nivel geográfico (regional y departamental). Asimismo, incluye la incidencia de pobreza tanto en términos relativos (porcentajes) como absolutos (cantidad de habitantes que padecen pobreza multidimensional). Las posibles desagregaciones del IPM permitirán establecer, en el corto plazo, el índice para los grupos poblacionales referidos en el indicador 1.2.2 (hombres, mujeres y niños de todas las edades). De acuerdo con la tabla 1.3, el IPM muestra que la pobreza multidimensional es más significativa en el área rural, la población indígena y en las regiones norte, noroccidente y suroriente del país: 27 Para tener una mejor idea de la situación de Guatemala según el IPM, cabe indicar que Honduras reportó, en 2012, un IPM de 0.098; Haití, de 0.242 en el mismo año; Ecuador, de 0.015 en 2014; y Sierra Leona, un índice de 0.411 en 2013. Página 60 de 277 De conformidad con lo descrito, la última fecha de que se dispone información para el IPM es 2014; por ello, el dato observado en ese año, que es 0.338, constituye la línea de base para el seguimiento del indicador. Con respecto a la meta, cabe indicar que los sectores consultados no arribaron a ningún consenso, pues al igual que en el indicador anterior se requiere un análisis más exhaustivo. Es importante mencionar que, con relación a este indicador, se acordó utilizar por el momento y de manera provisional, el IPM calculado de acuerdo con la metodología del PNUD. Ello obedece a que esta entidad considera que este índice se puede estimar mediante diversas metodologías y por diferentes entidades. En ese sentido, en la actualidad se está llevando a cabo la primera fase de un proceso de construcción de un IPM nacional, lo que implicaría estimar este índice de manera oficial a nivel de país por primera vez, que es lo deseable, para así complementar la medición de la pobreza basada en el consumo que hasta la fecha se ha venido reportando. Indicador 1.4.1: Proporción de la población que vive en hogares con acceso a servicios básicos Estado de situación, línea de base y meta Este indicador se clasifica como nivel III en el ámbito internacional, es decir, las metodologías para calcularlo son inexistentes o están siendo investigadas. Sin embargo, de conformidad con el acuerdo nacional y atendiendo lo dispuesto en el párrafo 55 de la declaración «Transformar nuestro mundo: la Agenda 2030 para el desarrollo sostenible»,28 el indicador será medido a partir de los servicios básicos siguientes: acceso al servicio de agua, saneamiento y electricidad. Al igual que con el indicador anterior, las propuestas de líneas de base y metas se presentaron y discutieron con los diferentes sectores; en este sentido, se consensuó que la Encovi 2014 fuera la fuente de información para reportar los tres servicios. 29 En este sentido, se estimó que las líneas de base para cada uno de ellos para 2014 fuesen las siguientes: agua, 76.3%; saneamiento, 53.3%, y electricidad, 90.2%. 30 En el caso del servicio de agua se refiere a que el hogar tenga conexión interna o externa a agua entubada; para el saneamiento, que el hogar cuente con servicio sanitario conectado a un drenaje; y para el servicio de electricidad, que el hogar disfrute de ese servicio. Cada uno de los servicios será medido de manera individual. 28 Dicho párrafo establece que «Si bien las metas expresan las aspiraciones a nivel mundial, cada gobierno fijará sus propias metas nacionales, guiándose por la ambiciosa aspiración general pero tomando en consideración las circunstancias del país». Véase en: http://www.un.org/es/comun/docs/?symbol=A/69/L.85. 29 Sin embargo, respecto al servicio de electricidad se utilizará como fuente de información la generada por el Ministerio de Energía y Minas, por ser la entidad rectora del sector energético. Asimismo, la Política Energética 2013- 2027 establece como objetivo operativo, ampliar la cobertura eléctrica nacional a 95.0% para el año 2027. 30 Como referencia, el dato de acceso a energía eléctrica a nivel nacional reportado por la Encovi 2014 es 83.5%. Página 61 de 277 Tal como se observa en la gráfica 1.3, el acceso a estos servicios ha venido aumentando desde el año 2000; ello, pese a que el nivel de saneamiento es bastante bajo en comparación con los estándares internacionales y que la cobertura del acceso a agua y a la electricidad presentan un estancamiento desde 2006. De los tres servicios, el más representativo en los hogares guatemaltecos es el acceso a electricidad, seguido por el agua potable; con una menor cobertura se encuentra el indicador de saneamiento ambiental. El nivel de acceso que tengan los hogares a estos servicios es importante porque ello contribuye a mejorar diversos ámbitos del desarrollo; en el caso de la electricidad favorece la mejora en la competitividad y, por ende, la productividad, mientras que el acceso a agua y saneamiento es fundamental para mejorar las condiciones de salud de las personas y garantizar la conservación de los recursos naturales. Página 62 de 277 En cuanto a territorios, de acuerdo a la Encovi, la cobertura es a nivel nacional, por regiones y departamentos (véase anexo 1.3). En el caso de grupos poblacionales, la Encovi reporta que el indicador puede desglosarse por sexo y etnia, así como por área de residencia, urbana y rural (véase anexo 1.4). Esto justifica el uso de los datos de las encuestas de condiciones de vida, ya que ellas presentan información de los grupos sociales más vulnerables, lo que permite observar diferentes matices en cuanto al acceso a estos servicios. 31 Las metas para cada uno de los indicadores quedaron pendientes de definirse, debido principalmente a una falta de consenso entre los sectores consultados. Indicador 1.a.2: Proporción del gasto público total en servicios esenciales (educación, salud y protección social) Estado de situación, línea de base y meta Este indicador recoge dimensiones que Guatemala incluye en la clasificación del gasto social del presupuesto público, por lo que en los portales de información presupuestaria del Gobierno se cuenta con información estadística para medirlo. 31 El dato que reporta el MEM en cuanto al acceso a servicio eléctrico únicamente se reporta a nivel nacional. Página 63 de 277 De conformidad con la clasificación presupuestaria de «finalidad» y «función», 32 los sectores que serán considerados para calcular este indicador corresponden a educación, ciencia y cultura, salud y asistencia social, y protección social, y serán reportados de conformidad con los recursos ejecutados por la administración central. El comportamiento de estos sectores a lo largo del período comprendido entre 2010 y 2016 se presenta en la tabla 1.4. La proporción de cada sector y la proporción total se obtienen a partir del gasto ejecutado por sector y el gasto público total, tal como se puede ver en la gráfica 1.4, en la cual se evidencia que la proporción total de los servicios esenciales presenta una reducción de un punto porcentual a lo largo del período analizado, al igual que los servicios de salud y protección social. Solamente se observa un incremento de alrededor de dos punto porcentuales para el sector de educación. El año base dispuesto por el país para el seguimiento del indicador se estableció en 2015, y corresponde con una proporción de servicios esenciales del 44.37% con respecto al gasto público 32 Según el Manual de clasificaciones presupuestarias para el sector público de Guatemala (Guatemala, Minfin, 2013), la administración central comprende los organismos Ejecutivo, Legislativo y Judicial, así como los órganos de control jurídico-administrativo y los de control público. El manual puede consultarse en: http://www.minfin.gob.gt/images/downloads/leyes_manuales/manuales_dtp/clasificaciones_presup_sector_publico.p df. Página 64 de 277 total. La meta, por su parte, quedó pendiente de definirse debido a que se considera necesario continuar con el análisis. 2. Descripción de los indicadores que no cuentan con información estadística Indicador 1.3.1: Proporción de la población cubierta por niveles mínimos o sistemas de protección social, desglosada por sexo, distinguiendo entre los niños, los desempleados, los ancianos, las personas con discapacidad, las mujeres embarazadas, los recién nacidos, las víctimas de accidentes de trabajo, los pobres y los grupos vulnerables Este indicador, clasificado internacionalmente como nivel II, 33 contiene una serie de elementos y variables que dificultan su estimación; una de dichas complejidades es precisar el concepto de «sistemas de protección social». Para el caso guatemalteco, de conformidad con los acuerdos alcanzados, el sistema de protección social se integrará por los siguientes criterios: a) seguridad social; b) asistencia y promoción social; y c) previsión social. En función de ellos se procederá a recopilar y sistematizar la información estadística para el cálculo del indicador, incluyendo las desagregaciones requeridas. En tal sentido, a nivel gubernamental se está llevando a cabo una iniciativa que articula a diversas instituciones para conceptualizar lo relacionado con los sistemas de protección social y sus diferentes componentes. Indicador 1.4.2: Proporción del total de la población adulta, por sexo y por tipo de tenencia, con derechos seguros de tenencia de la tierra, que posee documentación reconocida legalmente al respecto, y que percibe esos derechos como seguros Clasificado como nivel III a nivel internacional,34 este indicador, al igual que el anterior, contiene aspectos que también dificultan su cálculo, como el tema de los «derechos seguros de tenencia de la tierra». Cabe indicar, en este sentido, que este tipo de aspecto se discutió con los sectores consultados. Otro elemento a tomar en cuenta es el tema del proceso catastral, el cual ha avanzado en un 51% del territorio nacional (principalmente en el departamento de Petén). La legalidad de la documentación que respalde la propiedad y derechos sobre la tierra conlleva a la discusión sobre certeza y seguridad jurídica, y derechos y tenencia ancestrales sobre la tierra. Asimismo, la entidad rectora del registro de la propiedad indica que no puede dar certeza sobre la cantidad total de terrenos con derechos de propiedad debido a que un gran número de ellos no cuenta con títulos legales, y debido a las divergencias existentes entre propietarios y poseedores. 35 Además, esta 33 Como nivel II o «Tier II» se clasifican los indicadores que cuentan con metodologías pero cuyos datos no son generados regularmente por los países. 34 El nivel III o «Tier III» clasifica a los indicadores que aún no cuentan con metodologías para su cálculo o estas están siendo desarrolladas y no cuentan con información. 35 Al respecto, en cinco municipios del país se han registrado únicamente alrededor de 25,000 propietarios por parte del Registro de Información Catastral (RIC), sin embargo, esta cifra no es representativa a nivel nacional. Página 65 de 277 entidad carece de información estadística desagregada por sexo que le permita responder cuántos hombres y mujeres propietarios existen. Tras la discusión nacional en la que claramente quedaron establecidas las dificultades de información para construir el indicador, las personas de los diversos sectores concluyeron que en la actualidad se dificulta el cálculo de este, así como fijar la línea de base y meta. En este sentido, para abordar el problema de la conceptualización y la limitada información, se consideró que el siguiente paso sea la suscripción de un compromiso interinstitucional para recopilar datos (eventualmente por medio de una encuesta agraria) para que con el tiempo se pueda dar cuenta de la situación del indicador. Este compromiso podría involucrar a instituciones públicas relacionadas con el registro de la propiedad, el catastro, otorgamiento de tierras, así como a las relacionadas con el ambiente, los temas agropecuario y agrario a nivel nacional, y entidades de la cooperación internacional y el sector académico. Indicador 1.a.1: Proporción de recursos asignados por el Gobierno directamente a programas de reducción de la pobreza Este indicador conlleva la dificultad de precisar qué se entiende por «programas de reducción de la pobreza», aspecto que se discutió ampliamente con los sectores convocados. Aunque el indicador se clasifica como nivel III, en el país es posible calcularlo a través de la información presupuestaria. No obstante, una de las limitaciones es que en Guatemala no se implementa una estrategia de reducción de la pobreza de manera integrada y articulada, sino esto se hace mediante programas aislados que, al sistematizarlos, podrían posibilitar la medición del indicador. Derivado de lo anterior, se acordó estimar el indicador 1.a.1 en función de la integración de los recursos financieros asignados a los programas presupuestarios que se orienten a la reducción de la pobreza. Para ello se establecerá un proceso de mapeo de programas que permita identificarlos de manera precisa. Indicador 1.b.1: Proporción del gasto público periódico y de capital destinado a sectores que benefician de forma desproporcionada a las mujeres, los pobres y los grupos vulnerables Para el cálculo del indicador se requiere precisar algunos términos, tal y como sucede con el término ‘desproporcionado’, cuya interpretación se acordó como «el gasto orientado a beneficiar en mayor medida a las mujeres, los pobres y los grupos vulnerables». Para cada uno de los grupos aludidos en el indicador, la información tendrá que diferenciarse por gasto público periódico que, para efectos del país, se entenderá como equivalente a gasto corriente o de funcionamiento. La información estadística necesaria provendrá, en el caso de las mujeres, del clasificador presupuestario de género, en tanto que para los pobres y grupos vulnerables se tendrá que construir el clasificador. En este orden de ideas, la medición del indicador dependerá, en general, de los avances de los entes rectores de los programas establecidos en los clasificadores temáticos Página 66 de 277 presupuestarios, tanto para grupos vulnerables como para pobres, para quienes actualmente no se cuenta con información. No obstante, ya se están llevando a cabo las coordinaciones necesarias con las entidades rectoras. 3. Aproximación hacia la respuesta del Estado para atender los ODS El carácter multidimensional de la pobreza requiere la implementación de acciones e intervenciones en diferentes ámbitos del desarrollo, algunas de ellas relacionadas con sistemas universales de protección social, pisos de protección social, mejora de los ingresos del trabajo, acceso a los servicios sociales (salud, educación, seguridad alimentaria), entre otros. Dado que todas estas acciones constituyen un compromiso de Estado, su financiamiento deberá provenir del Gobierno, el sector privado, la sociedad civil y la cooperación internacional. En este sentido, para conocer las acciones e intervenciones desarrolladas por el Estado de Guatemala en materia de pobreza, protección social y acceso a recursos económicos y servicios básicos, se destaca en la siguiente sección las principales metas relacionadas por sector. 3.1 Pobreza Meta 1.2: De aquí a 2030, reducir al menos a la mitad la proporción de hombres, mujeres y niños de todas las edades que viven en la pobreza en todas sus dimensiones, con arreglo a las definiciones nacionales. Meta 1.a: Garantizar una movilización significativa de recursos procedentes de diversas fuentes, incluso mediante la mejora de la cooperación para el desarrollo, con el fin de proporcionar medios suficientes y previsibles a los países en desarrollo, en particular los países menos adelantados, para que implementen programas y políticas encaminados a poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus dimensiones. Sector público Desde el sector público se realizan acciones que tienen como fin la lucha contra la pobreza y el establecimiento de mecanismos de seguimiento y focalización de las acciones en la materia. A continuación se describen algunas de ellas. o Programa de gestión para el buen vivir Consiste en la dotación de materia prima para producción textil, proyectos agropecuarios y de infraestructura productiva. Con estas dotaciones se están generando condiciones para que las familias desarrollen mecanismos de resiliencia que minimicen los efectos adversos de las variaciones del cambio climático y otros fenómenos naturales. Página 67 de 277 o Electrificación rural Como parte de la ejecución de proyectos de electrificación rural, los cuales trasladan energía eléctrica a las zonas más lejanas del país, contribuyendo así a la reducción de la pobreza, se realizaron evaluaciones en los departamentos de Baja Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Escuintla, Huehuetenango, Izabal y Suchitepéquez. Dichas evaluaciones brindan parámetros para la toma de decisiones relacionadas con la mejora de los proyectos de electrificación. o Fomento del empleo En el marco de las políticas públicas se formuló la Política nacional de empleo digno 2017-2032, la cual contempla los siguientes ejes: «Generación de empleo», «Desarrollo de capital humano», «Promoción de un entorno propicio para el desarrollo de empresas» y «Tránsito a la formalidad». Asimismo, se llevó a cabo un diagnóstico sobre empleo juvenil rural decente en cinco municipios del altiplano del país, y se abrieron ventanillas únicas de empleo en dieciséis municipalidades. En el marco de las acciones de promoción del empleo, se impulsaron 23 kioscos de empleo en las distintas sedes departamentales del Servicio Nacional de Empleo, lo cual permitió la colocación de un 35% de los asistentes en un puesto de trabajo. Para complementar la descripción y análisis de las intervenciones públicas, la tabla 1.5 presenta la ejecución presupuestaria de las acciones relacionadas con la problemática de la pobreza. o Sistema Nacional de Información Social Este sistema de seguimiento y evaluación de la política social integra datos de los principales indicadores de desarrollo social del país. Contiene, en uno de sus módulos, el Registro Único de Usuarios Nacional, en el cual se detalla información sobre las personas que están recibiendo algún tipo de ayuda del Estado. Página 68 de 277 o Focalización e identificación de territorios priorizados Desarrollo de herramientas metodológicas que buscan intensificar acciones en los municipios con mayores vulnerabilidades y pobreza en el país. Estas herramientas ordenan a los municipios de los distintos departamentos en una escala de mayor a menor, según su nivel de vulnerabilidad. Cooperación internacional La cooperación internacional fomenta el desarrollo rural a través de la implementación de los programas conjuntos «Desarrollo rural integral ixil» y «Desarrollo rural de la cuenca alta del río Cuilco, en el departamento de San Marcos». Asimismo, se apoya la inserción laboral y el emprendimiento mediante el «Programa de fortalecimiento de las capacidades municipales para el desarrollo de políticas sociales con énfasis en la juventud (Munijoven)», y el «Programa de generación de empleo y educación vocacional para jóvenes en Guatemala (empleo juvenil)». La economía campesina se impulsa mediante el Programa de Agricultura Familiar y de Fortalecimiento a la Economía Campesina (AP-Paffec). 3.2 Protección social Meta 1.3: Implementar a nivel nacional sistemas y medidas apropiados de protección social para todos, incluidos niveles mínimos, y, de aquí a 2030, lograr una amplia cobertura de las personas pobres y vulnerable Sector público o Jóvenes Protagonistas Mediante esta intervención se ofrece a adolescentes y jóvenes en situación de riesgo y vulnerabilidad social una formación alternativa y extraescolar que contribuye a la construcción de capacidades y competencias, así como a generar espacios alternativos de participación y desarrollo de talentos. El total de personas atendidas durante el año 2015 fue de 35,653, en tanto que en 2016 fue de 40,500 jóvenes; en este último año, la mayor parte de los jóvenes atendidos estuvo conformada por hombres (22,836), lo cual equivale al 56%, en tanto que el resto fueron mujeres (17,664), equivalentes al 44%. o «Mi Beca Segura» Otorga transferencias monetarias condicionadas (TMC) con el objetivo de promover el acceso y permanencia de adolescentes, jóvenes y adultos en programas de educación formal, capacitación y empleo, para procurar así el fortalecimiento de capacidades, habilidades y competencias que contribuyan a su desarrollo personal. En 2016 se becó a 5,752 mujeres y 866 hombres. Página 69 de 277 o Beca primer empleo Es una intervención de empleabilidad cuyo objetivo general es promover la integración al mercado laboral formal de adolescentes y jóvenes comprendidos en las edades de dieciséis (16) a veinticinco (25) años del área urbana y rural, en situación de pobreza, pobreza extrema y desempleo, a través de la contratación temporal en calidad de aprendiz. o «Beca Artesano» Intervención que busca fortalecer las habilidades de personas mayores de edad, preferentemente mujeres en situación de pobreza o pobreza extrema de las áreas urbana y rural, para identificar, capacitar y promover conocimientos, destrezas o intereses en la elaboración de productos artesanales que luego pueden comercializarse, contribuyendo así a romper el círculo de pobreza. De igual manera, se cuenta con importantes acciones de protección social, como los programas de TMC que se otorgan de forma periódica a familias que viven en pobreza extrema, con el objetivo de contribuir a la disminución de la pobreza intergeneracional, promoviendo la mejora de ingresos, así como el acceso a servicios de salud y educación. Estas intervenciones también coadyuvan al ODS 2, relativo a la promoción de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. o Atención al migrante Creación de comisiones municipales de atención al migrante en seis departamentos del país: Huehuetenango, Quiché, San Marcos, Quetzaltenango, Zacapa, Izabal y Chiquimula. o Defensa pública penal Tiene como fin asistir gratuitamente, en todo el territorio nacional, a personas de escasos recursos económicos que requieren defensa penal y asistencia legal. o II Encuesta nacional en discapacidad 2016 Esta no es una acción que se relacione directamente con el tema de protección social; sin embargo, cabe señalar que esta encuesta, realizada con el apoyo de Unicef, permitió la identificación de personas con discapacidad y arrojó información sobre su situación actual. Se desarrolló en 159 municipios de los 22 departamentos del país. Entre las acciones realizadas en el marco de la encuentra la capacitación a migrantes llevadas a cabo en los departamentos de Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Zacapa, Izabal, Chiquimula, San Marcos, Quiché, Huehuetenango y Petén. Página 70 de 277 o Seguridad social Las intervenciones implementadas en este ámbito se relacionan con: a) Programa de Enfermedad, Maternidad y Accidentes (EMA); b) Programa de Invalidez, Vejez y Sobrevivencia (IVS); Programa de Protección Especial para las Trabajadoras de Casa Particular (Precapi). Todos estos programas se implementan desde el Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social (IGSS). o Previsión social La previsión social es un mecanismo que se desarrolla principalmente en el marco del empleo formal; está conformado por sistemas de ahorro que se utilizan al concluir la etapa productiva de las personas. Guatemala cuenta con los mecanismos de previsión social para trabajadores del Estado, los afiliados al IGSS, el Instituto de Previsión Militar (IPM) y miembros de otros gremios, como el de periodistas. Desde la parte gubernamental, las acciones se centran en el Programa Salud y Seguridad Ocupacional, el aporte al adulto mayor y el programa de la mujer trabajadora. o Atención a la niñez y adolescencia Se ha brindado atención integral a niños y niñas de 8 meses a 12 años; asimismo, a niños y niñas de 0 a 14 años con discapacidades físicas e intelectuales, a quienes se ha facilitado educación especial e integral, con apoyo familiar. También se ha trabajado con adolescentes de 14 a 18 años con discapacidad física e intelectual leve y moderada, a quienes se ha brindado capacitación en temas laborales y ocupacionales. De igual manera que con el tema de pobreza, la tabla 1.6 presenta la ejecución presupuestaria de las acciones relacionadas con protección social. Se complementa, con ello, la descripción y análisis de las intervenciones públicas relacionadas. Página 71 de 277 3.3 Derecho a recursos económicos y acceso a servicios básicos Meta 1.4: De aquí a 2030, garantizar que todos los hombres y mujeres, en particular los pobres y los vulnerables, tengan los mismos derechos a los recursos económicos y acceso a los servicios básicos, la propiedad y el control de la tierra y otros bienes, la herencia, los recursos naturales, las nuevas tecnologías apropiadas y los servicios financieros, incluida la microfinanciación. Sector público Esta meta se asocia con el acceso a la tierra, que genera condiciones para el desarrollo rural integral y sostenible gracias a proyectos productivos agropecuarios, forestales e hidrobiológicos. Entre las acciones realizadas se encuentra el acceso a la tierra vía crédito y subsidio para el desarrollo de comunidades agrarias sostenibles y familias campesinas, con lo cual se ha beneficiado a 2,758 familias ubicadas en treinta municipios de once departamentos del país. En cuanto a promoción de los derechos humanos, cabe señalar que se han desarrollado acciones relacionadas con la supervisión de los precios de la canasta básica y precios de productos de temporada; la vigilancia de programas sociales (bolsa alimentaria, transferencias monetarias condicionadas, así como comedores) destinados a personas en pobreza y extrema pobreza; supervisión permanente del trato, servicio y precios del transporte urbano y extraurbano de pasajeros, así como de la garantía de gratuidad del transporte para personas mayores. Igualmente, se ha vigilado la implementación de la hoja de ruta para hacer de Guatemala un país libre de trabajo infantil y sus peores formas; se ha monitoreado el Programa de Aporte Económico para el Adulto Mayor, y se ha dado seguimiento a denuncias sobre retraso en gestión de jubilaciones. Estas acciones presentan la ejecución presupuestaria que se muestra en la tabla 1.7. Página 72 de 277 4. Percepción de los adolescentes y jóvenes acerca del ODS 1 Para conocer los temas que afectan a los adolescentes y jóvenes, se desarrolló la herramienta de mensajería social conocida como U-Report, la cual constituye una iniciativa de Unicef. Actualmente, U-Report se encuentra en treinta y cuatro (34) países con su propia versión nacional. En Guatemala, la iniciativa se lanzó oficialmente el 28 de septiembre de 2016. A la fecha, hay 2,345 U-Reporters; el 74% de ellos está conformado por adolescentes y jóvenes menores de 25 años. A finales de abril de 2017, U-Report Guatemala había llevado a cabo veinte encuestas con diversos temas, tales como pobreza, servicios de salud, educación, violencia contra las mujeres y los niños, inversión pública, empresas, y los derechos del niño y la niña y los ODS. Con el objeto de conocer la percepción de los adolescentes y jóvenes acerca de los problemas del desarrollo que les aquejan, se impulsaron dos encuestas en las que se indagó sobre temas relacionados con los contenidos de la Agenda ODS y la pobreza. Dichas encuestas fueron realizadas entre marzo y abril de 2017 y respondidas por 743 adolescentes y jóvenes (U-Reporters) de ambos sexos, para un total de 2,298 encuestados. Los resultados de la primera encuesta indican que el 72% de los adolescentes jóvenes nunca ha escuchado acerca de los ODS; el resto ha informado que los conocen (28%), señalando además que el tema más importante de la Agenda ODS es terminar con la pobreza y la mayor responsabilidad de cumplirlos recae en el Gobierno. Tal como se mencionó, las encuestas abarcaron el tema de la pobreza en el marco de los ODS; en este sentido, para contextualizar a los encuestados con miras a que pudieran contestar de mejor manera, se les planteó la definición siguiente: «Pobreza es cuando una persona no tiene los recursos suficientes para cubrir sus necesidades básicas, como la alimentación, vivienda, educación o agua potable». Basados en esta definición, casi todos los U-Reporters de ambos sexos (un 94%) informaron que hay personas que viven en pobreza en sus comunidades. Respecto a si hay personas que reciben ayuda económica (segunda pregunta), solo el 38% de los U-Reporters cree que las personas en su comunidad reciben apoyo económico. El resto respondió que no lo reciben (31%), o que no lo saben (31%). La tercera pregunta, relativa a quién proporciona la ayuda, presentó seis opciones de respuesta: a) el Gobierno, b) las empresas privadas, c) organizaciones internacionales, d) organizaciones de sociedad civil, e) iglesia, y f) otros. En este sentido, el 47% cree que es el Gobierno el que proporciona ayuda; un 19%, las organizaciones internacionales; un 15% se distribuye entre organizaciones civiles, empresas privadas e iglesia; y el restante 19% se refiere a otros. Por género, el 36% de los hombres piensa que el Gobierno facilita la ayuda, contra un 47% de mujeres. Según la edad, es el Gobierno el que tiene mayor peso entre personas de 15 a 30 años (alrededor de un 40%). La cuarta y última pregunta, referida a la cantidad de dinero que de forma mensual se necesita para cubrir las necesidades básicas, se dejó abierta para que los U-Reporters pudieran responder libremente. En este sentido, los montos reportados oscilan entre Q2,000 y Q10,000 quetzales para cubrir las necesidades básicas. Es interesante observar que este rango abarca el valor de la línea de pobreza extrema para 2014, de Q5,750, y casi los Q10,218 de la línea de pobreza total. Esto podría Página 73 de 277 indicar que los adolescentes y jóvenes tienen una percepción clara de los recursos monetarios necesarios para superar la pobreza, desde el punto de vista de los ingresos. En conclusión, los resultados de la encuesta confirman que uno de los problemas sociales más importantes del país es la pobreza, lo cual es congruente con la caracterización de este flagelo descrita anteriormente, y evidencia que, aunque se preste cierto apoyo económico, aún hace falta mucho por hacer para cubrir las necesidades del grupo de población más afectado.

13 GUYANA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019 PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS and are less likely to perform well in school, acquire a good formal education, fnd and keep good-paying jobs5 . Further, children living in poverty are likely to maintain persistent cycles of poverty in the next generation, making child poverty a determinant in present and future levels of poverty. It is important to note that socio-economic defciencies are generally more prevalent in the indigenous peoples segment of vulnerable populations. Additionally, it is costly to provide essential infrastructure and basic human and social services to the sparsely populated rural areas where they live. Other vulnerable groups include: the aged; persons living in large households; the homeless; the disabled; and youth, especially unemployed or out-of-school young people. According to the Guyana Bureau of Statistics, unemployment was estimated at around 12.2 percent in the fourth quarter of 20176 , and various employment schemes and initiatives and investments continue to be promoted to generate employment opportunities. 5 Taken from Guyana Budget and Policy Institute – Poverty Facts, August 2017 http://gbpi.institute/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/FS_Poverty_20.8.2017. pdf 6 Bureau of Statistics, Guyana Labour Force Survey, March 2018. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 1: END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE Indicator Value Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) (2014) 0.014 Population in multidimensional poverty, headcount (%) 3.4 Population in multidimensional poverty, headcount (thousands) (projection for 2016) 26 Population in multidimensional poverty, intensity of deprivation (%) 41.9 Population vulnerable to multidimensional poverty (%) 5.9 Unemployment, total 2018 (% of labour force) 13.8 Vulnerable employment (% of total employment) 29.7 Youth not in school or employment (% ages 15-24) 35.2 Table 1 - Select Poverty Indicators Guyana, Bureau of Statistics and 2018 HDI Statistical Update 6. PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS Context and Key Achievements Continuing its commitments made under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the issue of poverty eradication remains a priority for Guyana. While signifcant progress was observed between 1993 and 20061 , the lack of data at the time of conclusion of the MDG initiative in 2015 did not allow Guyana to determine a tangible outcome. This resulted in Guyana being unable to conclusively establish whether MDG Target 1A – relating to poverty – had been realised. This data constraint continues to pose a signifcant challenge for targeted interventions. In the interim, the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) provides data on a wide range of indicators on the situation of children and women. In the absence of valuable poverty statistics, MICS plays an integral role in identifying cross￾sectoral strategic objectives, as well as informs planning and implementation of development programmes and projects. Guyana carried out its ffth round of MICS in 2014 which, in addition to collecting and generating data, was aimed at monitoring progress towards the MDGs. In 2016, Guyana launched its State of the Environment Report with the support of the United Nations. While primarily environmental, the report provides some key and recent data with regard to poverty. The Report notes that the proportion of citizens living in extreme poverty fell from 28.7 percent to 18.6 percent between 1993 and 2006, and that during the same period, the percentage of people living in moderate poverty fell from 43.2 percent to 36.1 percent2 . While the incidence of poverty has declined since 1999, it remains particularly marked among indigenous and rural populations, children and young people below 25 years old3 . In 2006, 33.7 percent of people aged 16-25 were under the poverty line, almost 10 points more than persons older than age 41 (24 percent below the poverty line)4 . Almost half (47.5 percent) of all children under the age of 16 belong to poor families. Children in poverty tend to have poor health 1 2005-2006 Household and Budget Survey, Bureau of Statistics 2 Taken from Millennium Development Goals – Guyana Progress Report 2011, see http://www.guyana.org/MDG_Full_Report.pdf 3 National Health Strategy for Guyana 2013-2020 4 State of the Environment Report (2016) – Guyana 14 GUYANA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019 PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS Guyana’s Human Development Index (HDI) grew marginally from 0.651 in 2015 to 0.654 in 20177 — which put the country in the medium human development category — positioning it at 125 out of 189 countries and territories. Between 1990 and 2017, Guyana’s HDI value increased by 21.5 percent from 0.538 placing it above the average of 0.645 for countries in the medium human development category. These developments are underpinned by government’s commitment to strengthening social services and protection systems. Of note, over the last fve years, non-contributory Old-Aged Pension has also increased by 49 percent, and Public Assistance by 36 percent, with over 50,000 pensioners paid monthly, and over 9,000 persons receiving public assistance monthly. Further, the minimum wage increased by a marked 62 percent, while the non￾taxable income threshold increased by 20 percent over the same review period. Additionally, the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), in 20148 was 0.014, with 3.4 percent of the population categorised as multidimensionally poor, that is deprived in education, health and living standards. An additional 0.9 percent of the population is vulnerable to poverty, but only 0.7 percent is estimated to be in severe poverty. The MPI recognises the inadequacy of traditional measures of poverty which largely focus on income and aims to utilise a more encompassing methodology to improve the accuracy of the metric. The proportion of total government spending on essential services has increased from 29 percent in 2015 to 34 percent in 2018. This has allowed for the expansion of livelihood programmes which include the Hinterland Employment Youth Services Project (HEYS), Sustainable Livelihoods and Entrepreneurship Development (SLED) Programme and 7 See Guyana Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update available at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/ country-notes/GUY.pdf 8 Available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/MPI the Amerindian Development Fund ADF), particularly for school drop-outs and low academic achievers. Programmes like these focus on promoting entrepreneurship and skills￾training. A total of 1,317 persons beneftted from the SLED intervention. Additionally, the School-Feeding Programme has been expanded across the country at the primary level with over 80,000 students beneftting in 2018, compared with approximately 62,800 in 2015 (SDG Target 1.a). The ADF provided support and grants of US$25,000 each to 174 communities (ADF I - 26 communities; ADF II – 148 Communities) for business ventures in areas such as: farming; furniture workshop and wood processing; transportation; livestock; village shops; guest house/eco lodge; marine fshing; aquaculture; and fuel depot. A total of 1,662 (1,068 males and 594 females) employment opportunities were created under the project. Women made up 55 percent of the persons who participated in the preparation of implementation plans for the Community Development Plans (CDPs). A total of 2,886 women out of a total 5,256 persons participated in this initiative. Additionally, 599 (48 percent) females out of 1,259 persons were trained in topics such as fnancial accountability and management, marketing and work plan preparation and are assisting in the management of their community business. Additionally, over the past three years, G$1.6 billion was spent on HEYS, which saw about 4,000 youths trained mainly in Mathematics, English Language, Agriculture, Ecotourism, and Business and Budget Planning, across 215 hinterland communities. The participants were given small grants to support their fnancial capability to undertake small business ventures. Of the total amount, in 2018, 1,965 youths were trained, 638 males and 1,327 females. Figure 3 - Guyana’s Unemployment Rate, Source: 2018 HDI Statistical Update 1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 14% 13% 12% 11% 10% Figure 4 - Guyana’s working poor at PPP$3.10 a day (% of total employment), Source: 2018 HDI Statistical Update 1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 60% 45% 30% 15% 0% 15 GUYANA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019 PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS Challenges, Emerging Issues and Addressing the Way Forward In July 2016, Guyana was designated an upper middle-income country and is grappling with the transitional syndrome – signifcantly reduced access to critical concessional fnancing, traditionally relied on to support fnancing gaps. It is important for the international community to recognise poverty as a multidimensional computation and not merely an archaic per capita GDP. By acknowledging that the SDGs are interrelated, we complement the knowledge that poverty is multidimensional and therefore to attempt to measure it with a single variable indicator is palpably inconsistent. Moreover, the implications of this income graduation include the constriction of fnancing for poverty-related livelihoods initiatives9 . This situation is further complicated due to the dichotomy between the coast and the hinterland whereby in the latter, as a result of the cost of transportation and limited transportation network, the marginal cost of delivering goods and services can be high. While opportunities for cooperation and support from the South exist, it is largely in the form of support to capacity development or as catalytic funding for pilots. Understanding Guyana’s context requires recognising that accelerating domestic resource mobilisation is constrained by its limited tax base due to its small private sector. Using data from the World Bank on total and private gross fxed capital formation (GFCF), we see that historically, half of the GFCF was public, but this has increased over time (see Figure 3 below). As such, access to affordable fnancing will remain key and critical. Having embedded the SDGs to the national planning framework, it is important for Guyana to be able to access affordable fnancing in order to effectively implement poverty reduction initiatives, among others. Guyana’s last poverty assessment was undertaken about 13 years ago. It is critical for the country to have current data on poverty to be able to better develop, target and implement future social protection and inclusion policies and strategies. The National Statistical System, comprising the Central Statistical Offce (Bureau of Statistics) and a preponderance of government departments, is both resource and data challenged. In particular, the Bureau is limited in skill-sets in the area of data analysis. This area is further compounded by the Bureau’s inability to access timely and up to date administrative data to generate relevant statistics. Further, the Bureau is currently operating with 67 percent of its total staff 9 According to the IMF, concessional fnancing supports low income countries in achieving, maintaining, or restoring stable and sustainable macroeconomic positions consistent with strong and durable poverty reduction and growth. https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/IMF￾Support-for-Low-Income-Countries strength. This level of constraint has severely hampered the production and delivery of statistical outputs and services. As recommended by the National Strategy for the Development of Statistics it is vital for the Bureau to fll the existing personnel gaps. Under the auspices of the 2018 National Strategy for the Development of Statistics, it has established a Poverty Analysis Unit tasked with generating relevant poverty statistics and data – an area where assistance will be needed to build capacity. The operationalisation of this Unit is a prerequisite for the planning and conducting of any future Enhanced Country Poverty Assessment. The Bureau will continue to undertake its scheduled surveys, which will provide some poverty-related data, inter alia. These include the Labour Force Survey, the Household Budget Survey/Living Conditions Survey and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, as well as an Agriculture Census which is expected to be completed by December 2021. The decennial Population and Housing Census is scheduled for the year 2022. Lessons Learned The coordination of multi-sectoral interventions and strong data systems is required to facilitate the robust analysis that will aid in effectively identifying the causes of poverty. This is critical to supporting targeted, pro-poor interventions, through guided expenditure allocations. The newly formulated national development plan – the Green State Development Strategy: Vision 2040 – provides a clear, long term roadmap for eradicating poverty and improving livelihoods through job creation and improved social conditions stemming from Figure 5 - Guyana’s Private and Public Gross Fixed Capital Formation (1990-2017), Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 16 GUYANA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019 PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS investing in a more diversifed economy – value-adding agro-processing, sustainable mining, renewable energy, eco-tourism, business process outsourcing and infrastructure development. Further, strengthening monitoring and evaluation systems will help to ensure that funding is effective in addressing poverty reduction while attaining value for money. Additionally, it is clear that situational contexts and national priorities need to feature more prominently in the discourse at both the regional and global levels. Development assistance and fnancing mechanisms should be suffciently fexible, accommodating and responsive to allow countries to take a tailored path to growth and development, one that each country determines is best suited to their needs and socio-economic, political, environmental and geographical circumstances. Target # Indicator 2015 2016 2017 2018 1.3 Number of the persons aged 65+ that access Old Age Pension 54,271 54,180 55,330 58,536 1.3 Number of persons accessing Public Assistance 17,230 13,312 14,197 15,391 1.3 Change in public sector minimum wage (percent) 17.1 10.0 9.1 7.0 1.3 Change in national minimum wage (percent) - 13.0 11.8 - 1.3 Change in Old Age Pension (percent) 36.0 7.0 4.4 2.6 1.a Proportion of total government spending on health (percent) 11.2 11.6 12.1 12.6 1.a Proportion of total government spending on education (percent) 15.6 16.3 15.4 15.6 1.a Proportion of total government spending on social protection (percent) 2.1 6.0 6.0 6.4 Table 2 - Guyana’s Poverty Indicators, Ministry of Finance

1. DIMENSIÓN SOCIAL 1.1. Poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus formas El ODS 1, aspira a poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus formas en todo el mundo, mediante la reducción de la pobreza extrema, medida por ingresos y la proporción de la población que viven en la pobreza en todas sus dimensiones, así como implementando a nivel nacional sistemas apropiados de protección social y garantizando los recursos encaminados disminuir la pobreza en todas sus dimensiones. Durante el periodo 2015-2019, se observa una disminución significativa en el porcentaje de hogares que viven bajo la línea de pobreza y la pobreza extrema (ver cuadro 2), aunque esta fue más moderada en el área rural, manteniendo la brecha con respecto a las áreas urbanas. Esta mejora en las tasas de pobreza estaría vinculada al aumento del PIB durante el periodo 2015-2018, de aproximadamente un 4% anual, aunque en 2019 se observa una moderación del mismo, al igual que en el resto de las economías de la región, y a los programas sociales implementados por el gobierno. Asimismo, el número de hogares participando en los programas de transferencias monetarias condicionadas, de la plataforma Vida Mejor, aumentó en 2019 en 14,000 hogares con respecto a 2015, a pesar de que el porcentaje del gasto social en relación al gasto total neto de la Administración Central, se mantuvo en niveles similares durante el último quinquenio. Cabe señalar que el gasto social resulta de la sumatoria de los presupuestos para los programas de protección social, educación, salud, servicios básicos e incluso algunos relacionados con la ejecución de pequeños proyectos de infraestructura y de apoyo a la economía de hogares rurales en pobreza extrema. La principal política para atender el problema de la pobreza extrema la constituye la Estrategia Plataforma de Gestión Vida Mejor (EVM), centrada en atender los sectores vulnerables. Los pilares de la EVM son: acceso a la educación básica y atención primaria en salud; la garantía de ingreso mínimo a las familias; la promoción de vivienda saludable; y la seguridad alimentaria. En el marco de la EVM, se implementan los siguientes programas: el Bono Vida Mejor (Transferencias Monetarias Condicionadas), Programa de Alimentación Escolar, Programa Alimento Solidario para personas en situación de vulnerabilidad, Programa Vivienda Saludable, Programa Generación de Oportunidades, Sistema de Atención Integral para la Primera Infancia Criando con Amor, Programa Mejores familias, y Guías de Familia. Según una reciente evaluación Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), el programa Bono Vida Mejor presenta logros como: reducción de la pobreza extrema entre las familias beneficiarias; aumento en casi 5 pp de la matrícula escolar; y, aumento en más de 11 pp de la asistencia a controles de talla y peso12. Adicionalmente, mediante el Decreto Legislativo No. 278-2013, se creó el Fondo de Solidaridad y Protección Social para la Reducción de la Pobreza Extrema, el cual busca darle continuidad, fortalecer la focalización y ampliar los programas de transferencias condicionadas, mejorar las condiciones de vivienda, las oportunidades de empleo y el microcrédito productivo que forman parte de la EVM. La inversión pública total en protección social para 2019 fue de L5,203 millones (aproximadamente US$212 millones).

9. ODS 1. Durante el periodo 2015-2019, se observa una disminución significativa del porcentaje de hogares que viven bajo la línea de pobreza y la pobreza extrema, aunque se mantiene la brecha del sector rural con respecto al urbano. Esta mejora en las tasas de pobreza estaría vinculada al aumento del PIB durante el periodo 2015-2018, de aproximadamente un 4% anual, así como a la Estrategia Plataforma de Gestión Vida Mejor (EVM), principalmente al componente de transferencias monetarias condicionadas.

G O A L 1 : E n d p o v e r t y i n a l l i t s f o r m s e v e r y w h e r e

15 Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere 15 16 Croatia has implemented a series of reforms, measures and activities aimed at reducing the risk of poverty and ensuring a better standard of living for all citizens. This is primarily refected in the new strategic and legislative framework which enables continuous work on reforms that have already been launched and the implementation of new ones, specifcally those in the areas of the pension system, labour market and employment, social welfare and healthcare. According to the 2022 data of the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, the proportion of persons at risk of poverty and social exclusion in Croatia has decreased to 19.9%, and the fact that this number did not increase signifcantly in 2020, a year marked by a record drop in GDP, points to the quality of social measures implemented in Croatia. The proportion of employed persons over the age of 18 at risk of poverty decreased to 4.7% in 2022. In 2019, that proportion amounted to 5.1%. In order to ensure continuity in the implementation of policies aimed at combating poverty and social exclusion in Croatia, the National Plan for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion for the period 2021– 2027 was created and adopted. It represents the continuity of the policy adopted by the Government in its strategic plans regarding the fght against poverty and social exclusion and corresponds to the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, which stipulates that the Republic of Croatia is a welfare state that ensures the right to assistance for the weak, infrm or other persons unable to meet their basic subsistence needs as a result of their unemployment or incapacity for work. The National Plan is in line with international and national strategic documents and contributes to the In work at-risk-of-poverty rate Proportion of the population at risk of poverty or social exclusion in overall population 17 achievement of the goals set out in UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, as well as the achievement of the ffth strategic objective of the National Development Strategy 2030 – “Healthy, Active and High-Quality Life”. The National Plan sets out development priorities for combating poverty and social exclusion, and identifes the needs of vulnerable groups in systems signifcant for combating poverty. In response to the crises faced by the whole world, above all the consequences of the pandemic and the energy crisis caused by Russian aggression against Ukraine, the Government allocated EUR 6.8 billion through fve aid packages for citizens and the economy. The package of measures prevented increase in the prices of electricity, gas and oil derivatives, and one-time aid was directed to the unemployed, pensioners and other vulnerable groups of society. In addition to the above, the Government has kept the same energy prices for institutions, including kindergartens, schools, hospitals, social centers and other institutions. Social welfare system and protection of the elderly The functioning of the social welfare system in the Republic of Croatia is based on continuous eforts aimed at protecting all groups of benefciaries, and is structured so as to prevent, mitigate and eliminate social exclusion, as well as care for the most disadvantaged members of the society. The Social Welfare Act defnes benefciaries and rights, as well as the conditions for exercising those rights. In the previous period, Croatia adopted the National Plan for the Development of Social Services for the period 2021–2027, which focuses on the inclusion of socially vulnerable groups by setting out priorities and measures for achieving specifc objectives and contributes to the ffth strategic objective of the National Development Strategy 2030 – “Healthy, Active and High-Quality Life”. In the process of developing social services, priority treatment is given to developing missing services, with the aim of ensuring that benefciaries receive services in their homes and their local communities. This creates conditions for their integration. The purpose of the National Plan is to ensure regional uniformity and availability of social services to socially vulnerable groups within the social welfare system across Croatia. A national allowance for elderly persons was introduced with the aim of ensuring basic social protection for elderly persons, and it constitutes a monetary allowance contributing to the reduction of poverty and social exclusion of elderly persons who were unable to secure income for their old age during their working life, and they are not able to secure it in another way in their old age. This measure signifcantly contributes to improving the fnancial situation of this highly vulnerable category of citizens. Amendments to the Pension Insurance Act which came into force on 1 January 2023 made a signifcant step forward in increasing pensions for the most vulnerable categories of retired persons, i.e. benefciaries of survivors’ pensions and those with lowest pensions. Survivors’ pensions increased in January 2023 by 10% for over 210,000 benefciaries, while the lowest pensions increased by 3% for over 280,000 benefciaries, which directly contributed to a lower risk of poverty for those categories of pensioners who, on average, receive lower pensions. The same legislative amendments also enabled a simultaneous receipt of personal pension (old-age pension, anticipated old-age pension, disability pension) and a portion of survivors’ pension of a deceased spouse in order to protect retired persons with lowest pensions in single-person households. More than 150,000 retired persons are expected to beneft from this entitlement. Numerous measures under the pension reform that launched on 1 January 2019 had a positive efect on the average pension income. In the period from 2019 to the end of 2022, the average pension allowance increased by EUR 56.96 (+15.29%), specifcally from EUR 373 to EUR 429. In the same period, the average lowest pension allowance increased by EUR 42.06 (+17.37%), specifcally from EUR 242 to EUR 284. A clear trend in increasing pensions was recorded in the period from 2016 to the end of 2022, so the average pension in accordance with the Pension Insurance Act increased by EUR 96, namely from EUR 333 to EUR 429. 18 Average pension income in EUR in Croatia under the Pension Insurance Act (without international agreements) Furthermore, activities are constantly being implemented within the pension system with the aim of improving the system, i.e. increasing the adequacy of pensions for current and future retired persons. In that regard, the National Recovery and Resilience Plan 2021 –2026 foresees legislative amendments to be introduced in late 2025 based on a comprehensive analysis which will serve as a foundation for improving the pension system. At the same time, there are plans to strengthen the pension insurance system based on capitalised savings (2nd and 3rd pension pillar). Analyses will be conducted into the cost-efectiveness of pension fund investments into companies owned by the Republic of Croatia in order to expand the possibilities for pension fund investments into Croatian companies and infrastructure projects, aimed at expanding the possibilities of pension fund investments and achieving greater rates of return and, subsequently, increased pensions realised from the capitalised pension savings system. Poverty and health A decrease in segregation and inequalities from the perspective of the healthcare system is aimed at reducing inequalities based on a dual efect: increasing the quality and accessibility of healthcare services and decreasing inequalities in income, knowledge, access to healthcare, health, etc. The main challenge for the healthcare system, given the signifcance of healthcare and protection of health, is achieving equality within the system so as to reduce segregation between households with lower income and those with higher levels of income. The COVID-19 pandemic and multiple earthquakes have also left a mark on citizens within the healthcare system, changing and expanding their needs in comparison to the previous period. The dimension of increased inequalities due to loss of jobs, homes, loved ones in the pandemic, etc. in crisis situations of this magnitude leads to economic impoverishment, impairment of mental health, advent of diseases, increased stress, etc., all leading to increased needs and expectations from the healthcare system. Implementation of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan 2021–2027 and the “Healthcare” component of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan 2021-2026 will ensure an accessible, functional and efcient public healthcare system which provides quality healthcare services on all levels of healthcare and throughout Croatia. Combating energy poverty Energy poverty is one of the main and growing issues we are faced with today, even in the most highly developed societies. The continuous increase in energy prices presents the risk that an ever￾growing number of households will be unable to pay energy bills. Energy renovation of buildings is the crucial tool for combating the risk of energy poverty. Energy efciency measures are paramount for tackling this issue, and they need to be complementary to social security policies. Croatia has an 19 especially vulnerable category of residential buildings – those located in assisted areas and areas of special state concern. In 2021 and 2022, programmes for energy renovation of buildings were adopted, aimed at improving energy properties of buildings and achieving energy savings in the building sector. Pursuant to the guidelines from the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, special attention is given to the implementation of measures aimed at improving the energy performance of buildings for citizens at risk of energy poverty. With the aim of combating energy poverty, the Programme for Combating Energy Poverty was also adopted, and it includes the use of renewable energy sources in residential buildings in assisted areas and areas of special state concern for the period up to 2025. Energy renovation of 387 multi-apartment buildings in assisted areas and areas of special state concern is planned under the Programme. Within the framework of the Programme for Energy Renovation of Family Houses 2014–2020, numerous projects were contracted in 2020 related to the integration of renewable energy sources in family houses and the energy renovation of family houses of citizens at risk of energy poverty. Those projects covered the entire country. The energy renovation of family houses and integration of renewable energy sources is fully funded for citizens who are receiving the guaranteed minimum aid. Implementation of the measure will continue in the future as well. The activity of co-fnancing the improvement of energy efciency and integration of renewable energy sources for citizens at risk of energy poverty is also included in the Programme of Energy Renovation of Multi-Apartment Buildings by 2030, based on it is planned to encompass more citizens at risk of energy poverty to whom the costs of energy renovation are to be fully co-funded.

11 Poverty eradication is a strategically focused area in Hungary, since 1 in 4 people (26.3% of the population) was affected by the risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2016, though it is important to note that the poverty line applied in our country is many times higher than the reference value determined by the UN. However, in recent years, the number of people exposed to poverty has been decreasing significantly. The Hungarian Government is committed to achieving the ambitious poverty target of the European Union 2020 Strategy and is on the path to fulfilling this promise. The efforts related to this will be presented below. The Hungarian National Social Inclusion Strategy II. (2011-2020) sets the framework for government intervention. The three-year action plans for the implementation of the strategy are focused on the following areas: increasing children’s wellbeing, promoting inclusive education, broadening employment opportunities for people with low-level educational qualifications, furthering economic integration, ensuring access to proper medical care, decreasing geographical disadvantages, and eliminating housing problems. In the last 4–5 years, poverty has dropped primarily due to socially oriented economic policy measures: - fostering public employment, then reducing it in parallel with job creation in the business sector (taking advantage of the transitive nature of public employment); - extending employment (Hungary has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the EU; people with low educational degrees can especially benefit from this as a result of the horizontal measures promoting the employment of people from disadvantaged backgrounds, e.g. tax breaks, the compulsory employment of persons with reduced work capacities, etc.); - economic growth, increasing the minimum wage; - considerable tax reduction and financial support for families with children; and - a permanent reduction in the costs of utilities and normalising the circumstances of heavily indebted households. These short-term interventions have been implemented in various mid-term steps, primarily to increase the disadvantage￾compensation factor of public education. In addition, one of the principles of the Hungarian social policy is that working-age citizens should take steps to improve their circumstances in the spirit of individual responsibility, achieving social inclusion primarily through work. Social benefits are therefore tied to the fulfilment of behavioural expectations requiring an End poverty in all its forms everywhere 12 average amount of effort. At the same time, an appropriate level of social security is provided to people of both working age and non-working age who are involuntarily unemployed. Further to the above, decreasing childhood poverty and thus preventing the reproduction of poverty is a goal of key importance. Child support programs serving this goal have reached more than 100,000 children so far (2/3 of whom come from disadvantaged backgrounds). The constant development and extension of the early childhood support system targeting children under 3 years of age and their families are priorities of Hungarian social policy. Over the course of the last two years, almost 2,000 new nursery schools have been created and 250 early childhood institutions have been founded. In 2016, there were 112 Sure Start Children’s Houses (early childhood development support centres) in the most disadvantaged, service-deprived municipalities. Moreover, to help alleviate family poverty, the extension of free or reduced rate meals within the framework of school catering and free meals for children during school holidays has helped break the generational cycle of poverty and promote adequate child development. In 2017, 626,777 children received free or reduced rate meals, and 133,521 children got free meals during the school break in the summer. As a result of these programs, the rate of people at risk of poverty aged 0–17 decreased considerably, from 19.9% in 2016 to 14.8% in 2017. Various employment policy measures have also been introduced to increase employability and employment levels among people from disadvantaged backgrounds, including Roma. Measures which balance gender-based employment imbalances play a key role in this field, for example, the ‘Growing Chances’ program, which helps further the employment of Roma women in social and childcare institutions and supports them in their efforts to obtain qualifications. More than 1,000 Roma women had participated in the program before 2016, and another 1,000 people are joining the continuing program. In connection with the efforts to increase employability, more vocational training programs facilitate the completion of high school and help further skills development. By the beginning of 2017, almost 45,000 low-skilled people had received training, and another 52,000 had participated in complex job market programs. In addition, more than 2,000 people were involved in social land programs. In addition to projects designed to alleviate poverty, housing integration is promoted by complex housing programs for people living in segregated areas and in extreme poverty. These contain both human and infrastructural elements and require a constant professional presence. They provide help for people living in segregated areas by offering training, employment, healthcare, and social and other services, improving their housing conditions and helping them move into a sustainable housing environment. By 2016, more than 5,000 people from 67 segregated areas had been involved, and the housing conditions of almost 500 members of 125 families had improved. The Roma population, which makes up approximately 7% of the entire population of Hungary, is the most exposed to social exclusion and the risk of poverty, although the poverty level of this ethnic minority is decreasing. According to the most recent data (2017) of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, the rate of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion the among Roma population decreased from 82.8% to 75.6% in 2016, and the rate of Roma people living in households with low work intensity decreased by a sizeable 10%, from 35.9% in 2016 to 25.2% in 2017.

9 3.4 GOALS AND TARGETS 3.4.1 Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere This report contains the achievement of various indicators of Goal 1. The discussion is focused on several important indicators; level of extreme poverty, percentage of population living below national poverty line, proportion of health insurance participants under the National Social Security System (Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional/SJSN) and other indicators. Various initiatives, significant achievements, emerging issues and lessons learned is outlined here. 1. Trend Analysis a. Poverty Alleviation Poverty level in Indonesia shows a declining trend. The efforts of the Government of Indonesia to eradicate poverty are evident in the continuously declining poverty level in the last decade. The poverty level measured by Purchasing Power Parity1 (PPP) of USD 1.25 per capita/day (World Bank) was around 8.80% in 2015, a significant decrease from 28.32% in 2006 (Figure 3.2). Using the national poverty line2 , 10.86% of population or 28 million inhabitants lived below the poverty line in 2016, compared to 17.75% in 2006. However, recent trend shows that the poverty reduction rate is flattened during the last 3 years, suggesting that harder work is needed in order to achieve the 2015-2019 National Medium Term Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional/RPJMN) target of 7-8% poverty rate. 1 PPP with the same/flat limit of US$ 1.25 commencing from the period of 2006-2015 2 National Poverty Line (GK) that is used in accordance with the annual GK development The poverty rate declined during the period of 2006- 2016 but flattened in the last 3 years 10 Welfare level of the poor keeps improving. The Poverty Gap Index (P1) declined from 3.43 in 2006 to 1.94 in 2016, indicating that the gap between average expenditure of the poor andthe poverty line becomes narrower. Likewise, the Poverty Severity Index (P2) declined from 1.00 in 2006 to 0.53 in 2016. This indicates narrower distribution of expenditure imbalance among the poor (Figure 3.3) Inter-regional disparity is still large. The uneven distribution of poverty reduction rate presents a serious challenge.There are significant number of regions with poverty level above the national average, such as the Provinces of Papua, West Papua, and East Nusa Tenggara (see Statistical Annex Figure 1). Poverty incidence is generally higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Indonesia experienced a rapid decrease of poverty rate in rural areas during the period of 2009-2013, but the rate than flattened during the period of 2014-2016. The same trend also occurred in the urban areas during the same period. The disparity of inter-regional poverty rate is still a challenge 11 b. Effort on Poverty Reduction The success in reducing the poverty level wasmade possible through a number of poverty alleviation programs, such as: expansion of social security coverage, fulfillment of basic needs, and several other efforts to improve community welfare.  Social Protection Programs Indonesia has developed a compherensive social protection policies since 2015. In the 2015-2019 RPJMN, this comprehensive social protection effort is carried out through the development of the SJSN and an integrated structuring of social assistance. The development of SJSN commenced in 2014 with the implementation of the National Health Insurance (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional/JKN) and, starting from mid-2015, was expanded with Employment Social Security scheme, which covers the Occupational Accident Benefit, Death Benefit, Old Age Benefit and Pension Benefit. The overall transformation of the SJSN is expected to be completed in 2019. The JKN reached 171.9 million participants until the end of 2016 or around 66.40% of the total population (Figure 3.5). More than 90 million participants are Premium Assistance Beneficiaries (Penerima Bantuan Iuran/PBI) whose contributions are paid by the national government. The remaining participants consist of 41 million formal workers, 24.40 million informal workers, and 15.40 million participants whose contributions are paid by sub-national governments. To expand the JKN participation coverage (with a view to achieve universal health coverage), the Government Issues Healthy Indonesia Card (Kartu Indonesia Sehat/KIS) for JKN participants and has increased PBI target to cover the bottom 40% of the population by income. The National Health Insurance (JKN) was expanded in 2015 to provide social protection in a more comprehensive manner 12 To accelerate poverty reduction, anintegrated structuring of social assistance was initiated by: improving the Unified Database (Basis Data Terpadu/BDT), increasing the targets of several social assistance programs, reforming the non-cash social assistance distribution method, and improving the governance. One of the breakthrough in these efforts was the integration of several non-cash assistance and subsidy programs distribution to the banking system. This was achieved through the issuance of an integrated card which includes the Family Hope Program (Program Keluarga Harapan/PKH - Conditional Cash Assistance), Non-Cash Food Subsidy (an enhanced form of Rice Subsidy), and a reformed electricity and gas energy subsidy program for the poor and vulnerable groups. Non-Cash Food Subsidy enables poor families and vulnerable groups to have wider food options, both in terms of types (e.g. rice, egg) and quantity (based on their actual needs). This non-cash distribution method engages e-warong (shops that accept the aforementioned integrated card) as the bank agent, and therefore is expected to promote local economy, enhance target accuracy, improve program transparency and accountability, and encourage financial inclusion. In order to ensure that families with the lowest socio-economic status have access tobasic services, in 2016, the coverage of PKH recipients was increased from 3.50 million to 6 million poor families, targeting those with pregnant women, under 5 children, school-age children, the elderlies, and persons with disabilities. This expansion was supported by the strengthening of governance and program effectiveness in reaching poor families in Underdeveloped, Border and Islands Areas (Daerah Tertinggal, Perbatasan, dan Kepulauan/DTPK). To program improvement various efforts put in places, including improving the capacity and welfare of PKH recipient families through Family Development Session (FDS). The FDS is held monthly for PKH recipient mothers in order to learn the modules of parenting, health and nutrition, child protection, and family financial management. One of the efforts for integrated structuring of social assistance is the improvement of the Unified Database (BDT) Recipients of the Family Hope Program (PKH) has increased to 6 million poor families 13 Figure 3.6. Trend of PKH Budget Allocation (–) and Total Participants (–) Source: Ministry of Social Affairs, various years reporting c. Access to Basic Services  Delivery at Health Facilities and Complete Basic Immunization for Children Delivery at health facilities, which is essential to reduce maternal mortality rate, shows an increasing trend. Total delivery at health facilities in 2007 was 46% and increased to 63.20% in 2012 (Demography and Health Survey of Indonesia/SDKI). A higher increase form 21.90% (2007) to 42.50% (2012) is found for population at the buttom 40% (population by income) Immunization coverage shows a decreasing trend (SDKI). The percentage of children aged 12-23 months who obtained complete basic immunization based on the records ofChild’s Road to Health Card (Kartu Menuju Sehat/KMS) has declined from 73.30% (2007) to 66.70% (2012). The same trend also occurs at the bottom 40% of population by income, where the coverage has declined from 68.10% (2007) to 59.70% (2012). This suggests that the implementation of immunization for the poor was lower than the higher income group. This reflectsunequal access to health service that needs to be addressed in order to secure demographic bonus in 2020-2030. Most indicators of access to basic services have increased ,.ooo.o I ,,ooo 0 •.ooo 0 '.1 l!. I 3.000.0 i 2.000.0 1,0000 1.000.0 10 - PICH Rudct't A 11ocat10n {811 ,on) ---Total Pwtrc1p1nts (TIIOUHlnd) 12.0000 10.0000 0.0000 I 6.0000 J .. 4-.0000 t = .. 2.0000 14  Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) of All Methods among Married Couples at Fertile-Age of 15-49 Years (Pasangan Usia Subur/ PUS) The CPR of all methods at the poor and vulnerable community (bottom 40% of population by income) has declined from 64.53% (2015) to 64.28% (2016) (see Statistical Annex Table 1). This is an issue of concern, and education efforts for the poor and vulnerable community are needed on the benefit of using contraceptive. This is important, not only to increase the CPR, but also to improve the welfare of poor families.  Birth Certificate Ownership In order to ensure that no one is left behind, everyone should be recorded in Civil Registry Office. The Government encourages ownership of Birth Certificate, particularly among the poor, which provides access to community services. In 2016, the percentage of poor and vulnerable population aged 0-17 years (bottom 40% of population by income) who own birth certificate was lower than that of the highest 20% group. This showsthat the coverage of birth certificate ownership by the poor and vulnerable population aged 0-17 years (bottom 40% of population by income) still needs to be continuously improved. An example of special efforts for this purpose is the “take home birth certificate after delivery” program, which is carried out by the local government of Banyuwangi Regency. Through this program, all health facilities that assist delivery of a mother ensures that the infant’s birth certificate is issuedsoon after the delivery process. Some other examples of special efforts to improve birth certificate ownership, particularly in underdeveloped regions are, among others, educational program, mobile court service, and the completion of regional regulatory framework.  Net Enrollment Rate (NER) The net enrollment rate at Primary Level (SD/MI/Equivalency Program) of boys in the poor and vulnerable community group has increased from 96.66% (2015) to 96.96% (2016), which shows that more boys aged 7-12 years from the 15 poor and vulnerable groups were able to utilize Primary Level education facilities. Meanwhile, there was a slight decrease of Primary Level NER of girls from 97.08% (2015) to 96.89% (2016). At the Junior High School Level (SMP/MTs/Equivalency Program), the NER increased for both boys (from 72.02% in 2015 to 72.21% in 2016) and girls (from 76.37% in 2015 to 77.94% in 2016). This shows that for both boys and girls, there were more children aged 13-15 years from the poor and vulnerable groups who were able to utilize the Junior High School Level education facilities. A different trend is shown for the NER at the Senior High School Level (SMA/SMK/MA/Equivalency Program), where the NER of girls increased from 52.51% (2015) to 52.89% (2016), while that of boys declined from 48.63% (2015) to 47.15% (2016). One of the reasons for this decrease was because some boys in the poor and vulnerable families had to work, hence they could not complete their education.  Improved Access to Clean Water and Sanitation Facilities, Quality Urban Housing, and Electricity Access to clean water, particularly for the poor (bottom 40% of population by income) is continuously improved. Clean water is defined to include, among others, tap water, public tap water, rainwater reservoir, as well as artesian and pump wells. It does not include packed/bottled water and water from commercial vendor or tank. The proportion of poor and vulnerable groups that had obtained access to clean water was 61.94% in 2016, slightly increased from 61.57% in 2015 (See Statistical Annex Table 1). In addition, access to improved sanitation facilities for the poor and vulnerable groups also increased from 47.76% in 2015 to 54.12% in 2016 (see Statistical Annex Table 1). The Government has set a target of 100% provision of decent sanitation facilities by 2019. Moreover, housing quality in urban areas is also continuously improved. As a result, the percentage of urban slum households at the bottom 40% of 16 population by income (poor and vulnerable groups) has reduced from 12.60% in 2015 to 10.53% in 2016 (see Statistical Annex Table 1). With regard to the access of the community to electricity, the percentage of poor and vulnerable households (bottom 40% of population by income) with access to electricity has increased from 95.74% (2015) to 96.22% (2016) (see Statistical Annex Table 1). This increase will improve their life quality, for example in terms of creating the opportunity for children to study outside school hours, which will enhance education quality. d. Develop Disaster Resilience of the Poor and Vulnerable Groups  Basic Services for Disaster Victims Poor households tend to live and work in areas that are prone to disaster, thus are vulnerable to disaster. Areas with high density of poor population tend to experience a high frequency of disaster. The majority of people whose livelihoods depend on weather and climate with the highest disaster risk impacts (such as El Nino/draught) are poor households, such as farmers, and small scale fishermen. The number of natural disaster victims, particularly the poor and vulnerable groups, who received government assistance, increased from 66,625 in 2010 to 200,000 in 2014. Likewise, the total number of disaster response officers increased from 5,310 in 2010 to 5,740 in 2014 (See Statistical Annex Table 2). Furthermore, the number of social disaster victims who received government assistance, among others in the forms of emergency and social recovery assistance, increased from 6,700 in 2010 to 20,569 in 2014 (see Statistical Annex Table 2). The provision of basic services for social disaster victims at the disaster site cannot be separated from the strong and dedicated support of youth social volunteers (Taruna Siaga Bencana/Tagana) and pioneer staff. The size of pioneer staff that have been established and received training has increased from 100 persons in 2010 to 295 persons in 2014. 2. Challenges and Improvement Measures Apart from the achievements, several challenges were still found in poverty reduction. Those challenges and their improvement measures are as follows: a. Improving integrated data management. Household welfare level is a dynamic index and data may not systematically update. As a result, the function of one data policy as a reference for poverty alleviation programs is not optimal yet. Data collection for the bottom 40% of population by income has been periodically undertaken in 2005, 2008, 2011, and 2015. The data has been calculated to determine different levels of welfare. In 2015, data was also updated at the village level (Desa/Kelurahan) in order to assess whether there are beneficiaries of government social assistance schemes who do not meet eligibility criteria. When there are such beneficiaries, they were thus replaced with more eligible candidates. The results were integrated in the Unified Database (Basis Data Terpadu/BDT) of 2015. The Government has coped with various challenges in reducing poverty The Government provides basic services assistance to poor households that are vulnerable to disaster impacts 17 b. Refinement of poverty alleviation programs. Some poverty alleviation programs, at both national and sub-national levels, are not yet synergized in order to eradicate the roots of poverty in many regions. This lacks of synergy becomes challenges in developing various innovations to eradicate poverty in an effective and targeted manner, such as poverty eradication in underdeveloped, border and islands areas; urban poverty; and programs to improve working capacity of the poor and vulnerable groups. c. Making the government budget effective for the acceleration of poverty reduction. Various government budgets are still not quite effective and synergized to accelerate poverty reduction. Pro-poor planning and budgeting will continue to be undertaken. Various direct transfers of Government funds to the sub-national levels (Block Grant, Specific Allocation Grant, and Village Fund) are continuously increased to ensure more equitable provision of basic services, and effective alleviation of poverty problems. The Government also promotes alternative funding sources other than the National Budget (APBN), such as Cooperation between Government and Business Entities for Infrastructure Development, including social infrastructure, which has been stipulated in the Presidential Decree No. 38 of 2015. d. Strengthening institutional framework for coordination of poverty alleviation programs. Synchronized achievement of poverty reduction target is sometimes obstructed by ineffective coordination in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs in various regions. Low capacity of poverty alleviation institutions can also hamper the achievement of various development targets as set by the planning document. To address such issues, measures put in place including coordination strengthening and improving institutional capacity of poverty eradication programs at the national and sub-national levels in order to encourage innovations to overcome vulnerability, poverty and inequality. e. Empowering the poor. Poverty alleviation efforts are still characterized by the vulnerability of many inhabitants to become poor. Improving working capacity of the poor and vulnerable groups is very important to continuously increase welfare and income (such as: access to employment, business, funding and skill). The improvement measures include training to improve working capacity of youth and women, mentoring and training by production and marketing counselors, financing access for Micro, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises, and strengthening of production inputs, such as: supply chain in urban areas; access to fertilizers, seed and pesticides; identifying regional comparative advantage; productivity improvement of the industrial sector to create jobs in urban areas; development of agro-industry in rural areas; and the National Financial Inclusion Program to guarantee effective functioning of the financial system in covering all residents. 18 3. Innovation and Key Efforts In order to achieve the poverty reduction target of 7-8% at the end of the 2015-2019 National Medium Term Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional/RPJMN), and for the sustainability of poverty reduction, the Government has endeavored various measures and innovations, as follows: 1. In accordance with Law No. 40 of 2004 on National Social Security System (Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional/SJSN), as well as Law No. 24 of 2011 on Social Security Administration Body (Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial/BPJS), innovation undertaken to achieve universal coverage, includes: a) Provision of health insurance to the poor whose contribution is paid by the government through the Premium Assistance Beneficiaries Program (Penerima Bantuan Iuran/PBI). b) Improvement of access to and quality of health services for all population groups and regions. 2. The Government of Indonesia is committed to implement comprehensive social protection. The distribution of social assistance, which had previously been provided in cash or in kind, is gradually being integrated into the non￾cash mechanism through an integrated card and by using the banking system. Besides improving the efficiency and accountability of assistance distribution, this system also promotes financial inclusion of the poor and vulnerable groups into various financial accesses. The draft Presidential Decree on this matter is currently being finalized to provide the basis for coordination and integration of non-cash social assistance. Several subsidies, such as food and energy, are also integrated through this approach in order to be well-targeted. 3. In order to ensure data updating, population data synchronization and effective implementation of poverty reduction program, the Unified Database (Basis Data Terpadu/BDT) is continuously verified and validated. The Government is currently developing an Independent Registration Mechanism (Mekanisme Pendaftaran Mandiri/MPM) to enable the poor and vulnerable groups, who are not yet registered and thus have not received basic services, to self-register with the head of village (Lurah/Kepala Desa) nearest to their domicile. This MPM data is gradually verified and validated at the sub-national and national levels in order to finalize the registration process and make adjustment of their participation in the social protection and poverty alleviation programs. 4. The Government has also undertaken a national program to accelerate and expand the ownership of civil registry documents. Such documents with significant roles for poverty alleviation include birth certificate, change of child status, marriage/divorce certificate, death certificate, and domicile certificate. In this regard, a draft Presidential Decree on National Strategy of Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) 2017-2024 is being formulated, with the aim to ensure that each Indonesian citizen and resident are properly recorded, served and protected. 5. Indonesia Electrification Program (Program Indonesia Terang/PIT) has been launched as an effort of the government to improve access to electricity. Its implementation commenced in 2016, starting from the eastern part of Innovation to reduce poverty through the application of SJSN, BDT, PIT, DAK, and TNP2K 19 Indonesia to the west. This program uses renewable energy in order to reach remote and geographically isolated villages that are difficult to be accessed by National Electricity Company (Perusahaan Listrik Negara/PLN). 6. The Government continuous to promote the decentralization to enhance the authority of sub-national governments in serving and fulfilling basic needs of the community. One of the policy instruments is the Specific Allocation Grant (Dana Alokasi Khusus/DAK), which currently covers: (i) regular DAK for general basic services; (ii) affirmative DAK for infrastructure development and basic services at special locus (district level); and (iii) assigned DAK to support the attainment of national priorities that fall under the authority of sub-national government. Such DAK is further elaborated based on regional affairs and national priorities. For example, DAK for Health consists of: (i) regular DAK for the basic health services, referral service, and pharmacy service; (ii) affirmative DAK for the strengthening of Community Health Center (Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat/Puskesmas) with three locus criteria, namely border area, remote area, and transmigration area; and (iii) assigned DAK for the strengthening of Referral Hospitals at the national, provincial, and regencies/municipalities levels; priority tourism areas; as well as blood transfusion unit services in several regions. 7. The Government is also developing a public expenditure advocacy model in order to strengthen poverty alleviation programs. This advocacy model is intended to: i) improve the relevance of policy direction, program and Regional Government Budget (Anggaran Penerimaan dan Belanja Daerah/APBD) allocation based on the need for poverty alleviation intervention, and ii) consolidate the expenditure of National Government and Sub-National Governments at the provincial and regency/municipal levels. This model is provided for sub-national governments in order to improve their implementation capacity and strengthen political support for regional heads as the decision makers and policy formulators. 8. The Government has advanced integrated multi-stakeholders coordination measures to overcome poverty. The Government, through the Presidential Decree No. 15 of 2010 on Poverty Alleviation Acceleration, which was renewed by the Presidential Decree No. 96 of 2015, has established the National Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan/TNP2K) under direct coordination of the Vice President. The TNP2K coordinates with the Regional Coordination Team for Poverty Reduction (Tim Koordinasi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Daerah/TKPKD), which is responsible to the Deputy Heads of Regions. 4. Emerging Issues  Multidimensional Poverty Poverty is not only related to the lack of income or consumption, but is also related to multidimensional problems, such as education, health and living standard, that cause persons to remain in deprived condition. Although poverty level has decreased nationally, there are still population groups and regions bound by poverty that needs special policy intervention, such as underdeveloped, border and islands areas, whose geography makes regular Poverty is multidimensional and not only measured by income alone 20 implementation highly challenged. The BPS-Statistics Indonesia has constantly endeavored to refine the methodology and utilize various macro and micro data. This will assist the government to ascertain multidimensional poverty in order to improve poverty alleviation programs to be effective in identifying the roots causes of poverty, which are different in each region.  Child Poverty Child poverty is an important issue for Indonesia’s poverty reduction strategy. Better understanding on the characteristics of child poverty will strengthen the government’s policy intervention in fulfilling the need of children. The need of children is different from the need of adults, since children are still growing and developing. Poverty problems faced by children are not limited to monetary aspect alone. Children at poor families are deprived from various aspects of life which hinders their full development potential. This causes some of Indonesia’s youth become less productive with low capacity, so that they may be less competitive compared to youth from other countries. Although the Government has implemented various social protection programs in order to ensure the availability of basic services for all children, there are still many children from poor families who are facing obstacles in accessing basic services. Therefore, child welfare needs to be measured from various aspects of life in order to comprehend the complexity of the problems. In 2009, child poverty rate was 17% based on national poverty line, meanwhile, if measured by USD 1.25 PPP, the rate was 22%. The child poverty rate shows a declining trend during the period of 2009-2016, namely from 17% to 13%. When measured by the national poverty line, the child poverty rate in urban areas is comparatively lower to that in rural areas (13% in urban areas and 21% in rural areas in 2009; 11% in urban areas and 18% in rural areas in 2012). Child poverty causes young generation to become less productive with low capacity 21 5. Lessons Learned a. Development of Unified Database for Social Protection Programs The development of the Unified Database (Basis Data Terpadu/BDT) promotes the sharpening and complementarity of programs. By using BDT, the targeting of poverty alleviation programs on the same target groups becomes more focus. The Government has developed BDT that contains information by name by address, covering households in the bottom 40% of population by income. The initial household data in developing BDT is periodically updated through the Social Protection Program Data Collection by BPS-Statistics Indonesia. The BDT is managed by the Ministry of Social Affairs and TNP2K. b. Utilization of BDT for Refinement Program Locations The BDT is available for 21 Ministries and Institutions with 56 access to data resources provided. In addition, BDT is also used by 31 provinces and 308 regencies/municipalities with, respectively, 65 and 513 access to data resources provided. The public may also access the data through the BDT website, although the available data is more limited. Continuous expansion of BDT usage as the basis for analysis and poverty mapping will sharpen the deliberations of the Government and various stakeholders to reach pockets of poverty, develop various basic needs fulfillment and business opportunity innovations, as well as implement pro-poor planning and budgeting. c. Government Efforts to Assist Households Post Fuel Price Adjustment: Unconditional Assistance The utilization of BDT sharpens the poverty analysis and mapping The development of BDT promotes the sharpening and complementarity of poverty alleviation programs 22 The Government policy to strengthen healthy economy by reducing Fuel Subsidy has the potential to reduce community welfare, particularly the poor and vulnerable households. Therefore, the Government prepared anticipative measures in order to maintain the community welfare level, particularly the low income community, by preparing the unconditional assistance program as a short term compensation. The unconditional assistance is a short￾term compensation

196 4.2 Progress of VNR 2017 and 2018 4.2.1 Goal 1. No Poverty A. Trend Analysis The discussion of Goal 1. No Poverty is focused on the achievement of low poverty level and social protection coverage. SDG1 indicators include: (1) level of extreme poverty, (2) percentage of population living below national poverty line, and (3) proportion of households with the Family Hope Program/Conditional Cash Assistance recipients. Various identified challenges and policies to overcome the poverty issues are outlined below. 197 a. Social Protection To accelerate poverty reduction, an integrated structuring of social assistance was initiated which includes the Family Hope Program (Program Keluarga Harapan/PKH - Conditional Cash Assistance). In order to ensure that families with the lowest socio￾economic status have access to basic services like education and health, in 2018, the coverage of PKH recipients was increased to 10 million poor families with budget of IDR 17.42 Trillion. B. Challenges The main challenge is the slowdown of poverty reduction. The lower the poverty level, the more chronic poverty challenges, thus innovation and new strategies are needed. The reduction in poverty is carried out through two main strategies, namely decreasing costs and increasing income. The strategy to reduce the burden of expenditure 198 through social assistance still continues. However, various challenges such as inadequate data, long administrative procedures, and suboptimal programs are still remain. In addition, the highly vulnerable groups are also a challenge that the Government need to address. As of March 2018, as much as 20.2 % of the population are still vulnerable to poverty (Susenas Maret, 2018). The Government needs to empower them so that they do not fall back into poverty, and efforts include providing assistance to access capital, capacity building for business skills, entrepreneurship development, partnerships and intermediation. However, these efforts are not yet optimal, and improvements are still being made. C. The Way Forward Based on the Government Annual Work Plan Document, the policy directive for poverty reduction in 2019 and beyond, apart from macro policies support that encourages an inclusive economy, a stable inflation rate is maintained to create productive employment. Those efforts also need to be supported by affirmative policies in several policy directive, including: (1) the development of digitalization and integration of social assistance distribution, such as Non-Cash Food Assistance (Bantuan Pangan Non￾Tunai/BPNT), educational assistance for poor students and targeted subsidies; (2) strengthening the comprehensive and integrated national social security system (SJSN) for health and employment to protect the poor and vulnerable from social or economic shocks; (3) strengthening the social protection system for certain groups such as people with disabilities and elderly people who are vulnerable to poverty; (4) Integrating the unified database (UDB) with population base data and BPJS Kesehatan to improve the target of government assistance; (5) Development of activities to increase economic independence and income for the poor and vulnerable groups, including through strengthening of family economy; business intermediation and social impact; and structuring of tenure and land use through the implementation of agrarian reform and social forestry.

285 INDONESIA’S VNR 2021 GOAL 1 NO POVERTY LIST OF GOOD PRACTICES FOR GOAL 1 1. Entrepreneurial Assistance and Community-Owned Enterprise (BUMMas) By Rumah Zakat Dealing with high poverty rate in Indonesia requires the involvement of all stakeholders. Statistics Indonesia (BPS) noted that as of September 2020 the poor population had increased to 27.55 million people. At the same time, the percentage of poor people as of September 2020 also rose to 10.19 percent. BPS also noted that the poverty rate in rural areas was much higher than that in urban areas. This unequal situation requires an alternative development approach that emphasizes the participation of the grassroots community as the subject of development. empowerment program, targeting individual micro-entrepreneurs. Meanwhile, BUMMas is a program with a group/institutional approach, namely a group-based economic empowerment program and formal institutions (social enterprises). Economic empowerment aims to strengthen the economy of rural communities, through the use of local potentials that not only generate profts, but also provide social benefts to the community. There are several stages of activities in the economic empowerment, such as the entrepreneurial assistance program provided with mentoring, entrepreneurship education, product strengthening, good manufacturing practices, legality advocacy, marketing as well as provision of business facilities and venture capital. Similar to entrepreneurial assistance, BUMMas also has several activities such as Therefore, Rumah Zakat participates in poverty alleviation efforts through economic empowerment in rural area. Rumah Zakat’s economic empowerment employs two approachesɇ frst, individual-based economic empowerment (MSME) (Entrepreneurial Assistance); second, group-based empowerment with a social entrepreneurship approach (Community-Owned Enterprises/BUMMAS) to create new economic institutions that are directly managed by the community, whose benefts can be felt not only by the economic actors themselves, but also other people around them. Rumah Zakat’s economic empowerment employs two approaches, i.e. individual and group/institutional approach. The individual approach also refers to Entrepreneurial Assistance Program. Entrepreneurial Assistance is a local potential-based economic 286 ANNEXES group assistance, institutional strengthening, strengthening business models, strengthening markets and business development. BUMMas program provides business capital for group as collective assistance, while Entrepreneurial Assistance program provides venture capital for individual. Rumah Zakat divides BUMMAS into 3 types: (1) BUMMAS microfnance which is engaged in savings and loans, venture capital, and the Berdaya Mart business unit; (2) BUMMAS micro business which is engaged in labor-intensive business or product processing; and (3) BUMMAS agribusiness which is engaged in sustainable agriculture/livestock and trading business development. The parties involved in this program are Rumah Zakat’s Inspiration Volunteers as empowerment facilitators, as well as individual and group/institution benefciaries that are established collectively. In 2020, Entrepreneurial Assistance program has assisted 2,809 benefciaries with an average of IDR 1,626,608.00 for each benefciary. In addition, Rumah Zakat currently has 196 BUMMAS with 2,900 members. Based on the results of an analysis conducted by Rumah Zakat in 2020: (1) 15% of the benefciaries of the Entrepreneurial Assistance program have been alleviated from poverty; and (2) BUMMas managed to generate a turnover of IDR 9,681,785,811 and social funds of IDR 148,416,367 which were used to run social programs in the community where BUMMas was established. 2. Improving the Welfare of the Dayak Community through Kelulut Honeybees By Asia Pulp and Paper (APP) Sinar Mas Desa Makmur Peduli Api (DMPA) is a program developed by APP Sinar Mas to support alternative livelihoods for local communities to reduce community dependence on forest land. The main objective is to empower village communities to actively participate in sustainable forest management through agroforestry, a non-burning agricultural practice that links community prosperity, forest sustainability, and reduction of forest fres. Bahta Hamlet, Bonti Sub-District, Sanggau District, West Kalimantan, which borders one of APP’s wood supplier areas, i.e. PT Finnantara Intiga, which was known for producing honey in the area. However, the honey production in Bahta Hamlet is gradually decreasing due to the lack of knowledge of the farmers who only rely on hereditary practices. This threatens the continued cultivation of Kelulut honeybees in the Dayak people who rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihoods. In 2018, the DMPA program supported Togos Naho, a 30-year-old man, resident of Bahta Hamlet, Bahta Village, Bonti Sub-District, Sanggau District, West Kalimantan in developing Kelulut honeybee cultivation. Togos has cultivated Kelulut bees (Trigona itama) since 2010 in Bahta which is known as a honey producer. With DMPA program’s support, Togos seeks to develop sustainable and environmentally friendly cultivation. Currently, Togos is trying to introduce and share the details of his knowledge with the surrounding community on how to develop sustainable Kelulut honeybees. Togos needs to ensure that the local community comprehends and understands the basic knowledge that will improve the quality of the honey. For example, it is necessary to pay attention to the size of the beehive, as well as using gloves and vacuuming equipment at harvest. In addition, harvesting cannot be done at night and smoke should not be used. Apart from Togos, the benefciaries of the DMPA program are the Dayak people in Bahta Hamlet. The Dayak community is a well-known traditional 287 INDONESIA’S VNR 2021 community in Indonesia that preserves its cultural heritage and life. This program was held in close collaboration between APP Sinar Mas and PT Finnantara Intiga, as the supplier of APP wood located in the vicinity of the Dayak community. PT Finnantara facilitates the program and also engages local governments to increase the scope of its program so that it has a wider impact. Togos has succeeded in developing Kelulut honeybee cultivation in a sustainable manner. Currently, Togos is completing its honey with Food Production Certifcate (Home Industry Production Certifcate or P-IRT) for broader marketing. Several fxes are required to obtain the certifcate. The teams in the DMPA and Togos programs are working to integrate local wisdom and modern knowledge standards to improve their livelihoods. 3. Economic Empowerment through Development of SME for Women Around the Operation Area By Kangean Energy Indonesia Ltd. The length of time the fsherman sails leaving his wife and family causes vulnerability for the families who are left behind—especially for women. These people need additional income while they are left behind. In addition, fshermen often experience famine conditions during strong winds with minimal catches. Sometimes, the fsh harvest can be so large to the point that fsh price becomes really cheap and the fshermen suffer losses. In order to support the family’s economy, these women took the initiative to carry out processing activities for local fshery products such as fsh, seaweed and local agricultural products such as cassava and bananas into products of higher selling value. The company’s strategy is to improve the economy of the community around Sapeken Sub-district as a corporate social responsibility through programs that are in accordance with the needs of the community, especially women who have the skills to make processed products. Kangean Energy Indonesia Ltd also involves various parties for this program, including the village government, PKK, the industry offce and also the Sumenep District government. The benefciaries of this program are 435 women who are members of the KEI fostered groups for various products. A total of 6 groups have also become representatives of One Village, One Product for its fagship products, namely seaweed lunkhead, seaweed snacks, shredded fsh, fsh balls, shredded squid, and cassava chips. This SME empowerment program is able to provide added value to fshery and agricultural products which produce high-value products with attractive packaging, namely seaweed lunkhead, shredded fsh, fsh balls, cassava chips and banana chips. A total of 50 business groups in Sapeken Sub-district (453 women) participated in this program with an average proft of 1-3 million/month. In addition to increasing income, this program is also able to foster an entrepreneurial spirit and also increase the self-confdence of these women. The assistance started with training on product processing followed by training in marketing, packaging, manufacturing, and obtaining a PIRT license. These assisted products have been marketed at local markets, districts, provinces to all of Indonesia and have entered exhibitions such as the Jatim Fair. 288 ANNEXES 4. COVID-19 Response by Filantropi By Filantropi Indonesia This program is an initiative of Filantropi Indonesia for various philanthropic responses to help the government and people affected by COVID-19. COVID-19 Response by Filantropi is conducted in the form of a website that can be accessed at covid19flantropi.id. It not only contains data and developments from various philanthropic initiatives but also the number of donations that have been collected. This website also provides a space for institutions to publish reports on the use of donated funds. All information contained on the website is collected from online searches. Therefore, this website cannot be declared to represent all philanthropic activities for COVID-19 carried out in Indonesia. Besides searching for information independently, the team also received information/data from members and other institutions. The website does not limit its benefts to philanthropic institutions only. Other sectors such as the private sector, government, community, academics, etc. can report their philanthropic activities through this media. This website has been useful for various parties, especially members of Filantropi Indonesia. Many of them use this platform as a medium to provide information on their philanthropic activities for COVID-19. In addition, this website also helps to publish accountability reports for use and donations. This is considered to increase the accountability and transparency of philanthropic institutions. Meanwhile, for the community, the website can be a medium for collecting information on ongoing COVID-19 assistance. 5. Cash-based Assistance in Lombok 2018‒2020: From Earthquake to COVID-19 By UNICEF In response to the 2018 earthquake and the COVID-19 pandemic since 2020, UNICEF has successfully implemented the Emergency Cash Based Assistance (CBA) program for children affected by disasters in North and East Lombok. It aims to meet the basic needs of affected families with children up to six or seven years of age, pregnant women and breastfeeding women. At a later stage of recovery, cash assistance is intended to support economic revival and increase the capacity of stakeholders to sustain cash-based assistance in the context of disaster response. CBA 1 is targeting 4,200 benefciaries in six villages in North Lombok. Payment is made in four stages, totaling IDR 4.45 million (USD 304) per household. CBA 2 represents an expansion to East Lombok District, targeting 4,500 benefciaries in eight villages in four sub-districts. UNICEF, with support from Catholic Relief Services and the Indonesian Post Offce, distributed IDR 4 million (USD 274) to each benefciary in three stages at village distribution points. Unlike CBA 1 which focuses primarily on cash disbursement, CBA 2 is carried out as part of UNICEF’s policy advocacy by strengthening the capacity of local governments, advocating for standard operating procedures and cash transfer guidelines, as well as developing safety precautions during the COVID-19 pandemic. During CBA 1 and CBA 2, UNICEF conducted studies on relevant topics such as: 1) Qualitative study on emergency multipurpose cash transfers in East Lombok, and 2) Remote COVID-19 insight study. 289 INDONESIA’S VNR 2021 The results of this program include: 1. More than 8,800 households received cash transfers at CBA 1 and CBA 2. Most of the assistance was used to pay for essential items (e.g. food, WASH products, school supplies), while 32% was used to access basic services (e.g. transportation to schools/hospitals, enrollment to early childhood education (PAUD), medical fees) 3. A complaint handling mechanism was established, including through a hotline and U-report 4. Training and workshops were held for partner organizations, including with local governments

7 SDG 1: No Poverty | End Poverty in All its Forms Everywhere Past Poverty Reduction Rapid growth (SDG 8) is the key weapon in any country’s arsenal to combat poverty. On the one hand, it creates well-paid jobs, which place necessary purchasing power in the hands of households to access food, clothing, housing, education and health. On the other, it brings ever-rising revenues to the government to finance social spending. India has continued its programme of economic reforms to achieve sustained rapid growth. The reforms have included fiscal consolidation, inflation targeting, improved governance all around, accelerated infrastructure development (SDG 9), curbing of corruption (SDG 16), Aadhaar Act (for providing unique identity), Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act, Goods and Services Tax, further liberalization of foreign direct investment and closure of sick units in the public sector. As a result, today, India is the fastest growing major economy in the world. It grew 7.5% during fiscal year 2014-15, 8% during 2015-16 and 7.1 % during 2016-17. Currently, the official poverty line in India is the Tendulkar line so named after India’s foremost poverty expert, economist Suresh Tendulkar. There is now compelling evidence that rapid growth India has achieved following the economic reforms initiated in 1991 has led to significant reduction in poverty. This is shown in the accompanying figure. Between 1993-94 and 2003-04, India grew at the average annual rate of 6.2% and between 2004-05 and 2011-12, at the rate of 8.3%. Both these periods saw a substantial decline in poverty but the decline was significantly sharper during the latter period characterized by faster growth. The figure shows rural, urban and overall poverty levels at the national level. But evidence shows that poverty fell across all economic, social and religious groups nationally and in all states in the post-reform era. Poverty in India at the Tendulkar Line 8 Anti-Poverty Programmes Growth has brought with it an increased volume of revenues, which, in turn, has enabled the government to sustain a high level of social spending, thus, targeting poverty directly. An important anti-poverty program has focused on generating employment through public works that help develop agricultural infrastructure, productive assets and entrepreneurship-based livelihood opportunities. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) provides a legal guarantee of a minimum of 100 days of wage employment per household every year for unskilled workers in rural areas. The programme generated over 2 billion person-days of employment (SDG 8) during the last year. Women and disadvantaged groups have been the largest beneficiaries (SDG 5 and SDG 10) of the programme accounting for 56% and 39% of person-days of work generated during last year. Another initiative relevant to this Goal is the Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), which was launched in 2014 for ensuring access to the entire gamut of financial services, including banking, credit, insurance and pension. Under this programme, 280 million new accounts have been opened thus far with deposits amounting to INR 639 billion (USD 9.9 billion). By facilitating the delivering of Government benefits directly into the accounts of beneficiaries and minimising leakages, the initiative has enhanced the effectiveness of several social security schemes in the country. Further, the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana, the National Livelihoods Mission, is devoted to creating skilled employment for the poor. The Mission aims to bring one female member each from a large number of poor households in rural areas into Self-Help Groups in a phased manner. In a significant move towards addressing multi-dimensional poverty, data from the Socio￾Economic Caste Census, 2011 is being used to identify beneficiaries for development programmes based on various deprivations suffered by households. This is aligned with the policy of ensuring that ‘no one is left behind’. Strengthening Social Safety Nets The National Social Assistance Programme provides pension to the elderly, widows and differently-abled individuals. Additionally, three initiatives have been launched to facilitate access to life insurance, personal 2204 1662 2351 2354 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 Person-days of employment generated under MGNREGA (millions) 2.18 2.37 2.71 3.16 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 Cumulative Number of Self-Help Groups (millions) 9 accident insurance as well as pension for workers in the unorganised sector. The schemes focusing on insurance have collectively reached out to 130 million subscribers. Ensuring Access to Basic Services Enabling access to quality primary education and affordable healthcare forms an important part of the poverty elimination strategy. Under the National Health Mission, a broad spectrum of interventions focused on universalising primary healthcare is being implemented. The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) attempts to ensure that maternal and child malnutrition are addressed in a systematic manner. Further, Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) provides conditional cash transfers to promote institutional deliveries among women from remote areas. There is a special emphasis on bridging the gaps in human resources for healthcare at all levels of service delivery. Similarly, the National Education Mission is focused on providing universal access to education, bridging gender-related inequities and improving the learning outcomes of students. The Right to Education Act has established an effective legal framework entitling all children (6-14 years) to free and compulsory education based on principles of equity and non￾discrimination. Another ambitious initiative is ‘Housing for All by 2022.’ Under this program, assistance (e.g. in the form of credit-linked interest subsidies) is provided to poor households for constructing houses. An estimated 5 million houses will be built during the current year for the poor in rural areas. A direct consequence of poverty is food insecurity. To address this problem, the National Food Security Act provides a basic quantity of food grains to nearly 75% of the population in rural areas and 50% of the population in urban areas at affordable prices under the Targeted Public Distribution System. The programme provides 5 kg wheat or rice per person per month at subsidised prices. A related initiative provides the poorest households 35 kg of the subsidized wheat or rice every month. In order to meet the clean cooking fuel needs of the poor and thereby safeguarding the health of women and children, the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana was launched in 2016. Under the scheme, 50 million Liquefied Petroleum Gas connections will be provided to poor families over the next 3 years. Over 22 million connections have already been provided under the scheme. Further, there is an emphasis on facilitating access to adequate and safe drinking water as well as sanitation for the entire population. Under the National Rural Drinking Water Programme, more than 77.5% of habitations have been covered with 40 litres of drinking water supply per capita per day. Another 18.9% habitations have been covered partially thus far. A flagship initiative of the government is the Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India Mission) which aims to ensure an open defecation free India by 2019. Under this Mission, over 39.5 million household toilets have been built during the previous two and half years. 1.59 1.65 1.83 3.21 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 Number of Houses Constructed in Rural Areas Under Government Programs (millions) 10 Additionally, 193,000 villages and 531 cities have been successful in ending the practice of open defecation. For spurring improvements, cities and village councils are being ranked on levels of cleanliness. For enhancing connectivity, 70% of the targeted rural habitations have been connected by all-weather roads thus far under Prime Minister’s Rural Roads Programme. It is envisaged that by March, 2019, all habitations of 500 population or larger will be connected by all-weather roads. Green technologies are increasingly being leveraged for the construction of roads in rural areas. Promoting Resilience against Disasters According to the India Disaster Knowledge Network, 85% of the country’s land is vulnerable to natural disasters, which affect the poor disproportionately. As mandated under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, there is a comprehensive National Policy on Disaster Management (2009), which articulates a proactive prevention and mitigation approach. The National Disaster Management Plan, 2016 focuses on disaster resilience and integrates the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction as well as the SDGs. 29.1 63.7 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Households with Access to Sanitation Facilities (%) 2005-06 2016-17

Designing efective strategies to rapidly reduce poverty has persistently challenged nations all over the world. This has particularly been the defining agenda in low- and middle-income countries, where the incidence of both income poverty and multi-dimensional poverty is rela￾tively larger than that in other parts of the world. Such poverty manifests itself in dimin￾ished opportunities for livelihood and quality education, lack of access to resources, social discrimination and vulnerability to extreme climate events. India is implementing a comprehensive devel￾opment strategy to end poverty in all its forms, through accelerated economic growth and broader social safety nets. A wide range of programmes for promoting gainful employ￾ment, strengthening livelihood opportunities and improving accessibility of citizens to basic services, such as health, nutrition, drinking water and sanitation, education, skills, infrastructure and utilities, have been operationalised. The mechanisms for targeted social assistance to people in vulnerable situations are being contin￾uously improved. Level and Extent of Poverty The country is focused on steadily accelerat￾ing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate to sustain eight per cent growth between 2018-2023, to become a USD 5 trillion economy by 2025. While the recent COVID-19 pandemic has caused a setback, the economic growth rate in India has been broadly on an accelerating path, with India being one of the fastest growing major economies in the world. The rapid growth of the economy has contrib￾uted to 25.5 per cent growth in per capita income which grew from USD 1,610 in 2015 to USD 2,020 in 2018. According to national estimates, poverty rate in India declined from 37.2 per cent in 2004-05 to 21.92 per cent in 2011-12. Further, extreme poverty, as measured by the World Bank's International Poverty line, declined from 21.2 per cent in 2011 to 13.4 per cent in 2015. The incidence of multidimensional poverty, as measured by the Multidimensional Poverty Index of OPHI and UNDP, reduced by half to 27.5 per cent between 2005-06 and 2015-16, implying that over 271 million people escaped poverty. Deprivations significantly reduced in all 10 indicators – nutrition, child mortality, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing and assets. Poverty reduction in rural areas has outpaced that in urban areas. Improvement among the bottom 40 per cent exceeded that of the total population. A multi-pronged strategy with targeted Gover￾nment programmes has facilitated income growth for the economically disadvantaged by developing infrastructure and support services, creating productive assets, developing skills and supporting entrepreneurship. Social protec￾tion measures aimed at mitigating risks from natural and other disasters ensure that unfore￾seen exigencies do not disrupt the poverty reduction eforts. 31 INDIA’S MARCH FORWARD: PROGRESS ON THE SDGs SDG 1 NO POVERTY End poverty in all its forms everywhere India is implementing a comprehensive development strategy to end poverty in all its forms, through accelerated economic growth and broader social safety nets. Social Protection and Safety Nets The social security net in India covers the vulner￾able sections, including the elderly, persons with disabilities, children, women and widows, through multiple targeted pension schemes under the National Social Assistance Programme. Additionally, a sizeable percentage of India’s rural population is protected against unemployment to the extent of 100 days of guaranteed wage employment per household in a year under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). 136 million job cards have been issued so far under the MGNREGA Scheme. It had generated 2.64 billion person days of employment in FY 19-20 which marked an increase of about 12 per cent against 2.36 billion person days generated in FY 16-17. More women (54 per cent) have taken advantage of this employment scheme. An additional INR 400 billion (USD 5.33 billion) has been allocated for the benefit of workers in the aftermath of COVID-19. Access to Basic Services India has set ambitious targets for poverty reduction, defined not only in terms of monetary threshold of poverty, but also of other factors pertaining to well-being, such as access to nutri￾tion, health care facilities, drinking water and sani￾tation, education, afordable housing, electricity, clean cooking fuel, and roads and utilities, apart from targeted programmes for digital and finan￾cial inclusion. Financial inclusion of the hitherto unbanked sections of the population has been achieved by ensuring access to a range of financial services including banking, credit, insurance and pension under the Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY). As of 1st April 2020, 381 million accounts were opened under PMJDY, of which 203 million were by women. The increased coverage of bank￾ing services along with PMJDY has also enabled direct benefit transfer of over INR 11 trillion (USD 149 billion) to the accounts of beneficiar￾ies, which improved the efectiveness of social security provisions. Cash relief has been extended to more than 200 million women bank account holders to meet the hardships of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic under the PM Gareeb Kalyan Yojana. 32 INDIA VNR 2020 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Graph 1. India’s Real GDP Growth (in per cent) ITEM 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 RE 2019-2020 BE INR Trillion Total Budgetary Expenditure 32.85 37.61 42.66 45.16 55.17 60.72 Expenditure on Social Services of which: 7.68 9.16 10.41 11.4 14.47 15.79 i) Education 3.54 3.92 4.35 4.83 5.81 6.43 ii) Health 1.49 1.75 2.13 2.43 2.92 3.24 iii) Others 2.65 3.48 3.93 4.13 5.74 6.12 As percentage to GDP Expenditure on Social Services of which: 6.2 6.6 6.8 6.7 7.6 7.7 i) Education 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.1 ii) Health 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 iii) Others 2.1 2.5 2.6 2.4 3 3 Note: 1. Social services include, education, sports, art and culture; medical and public health, family welfare; water supply and sanitation; housing; urban development; welfare of SCs, STs and OBCs, labour and labour welfare; social security and welfare, nutrition, relief on account of natural calamities etc. 2. Expenditure on ‘Education’ pertains to expenditure on ‘Education, Sports, Arts and Culture’. 3. Expenditure on ‘Health’ includes expenditure on ‘Medical and Public Health’, ‘Family Welfare’ and ‘Water Supply and Sanitation’. 4.The ratios to GDP at current market prices are based on 2011-12 base. GDP for 2019-20 is First Advance Estimates released by National Statistical Ofce (NSO) on January 07, 2020. Table 1. Trends in Social Service Sector Expenditure by Government (combined Centre and States) Universalising primary healthcare is strengthened with the initiation of Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) programme. The complement￾ing component under the programme, Ayushman Bharat, covers 500 million beneficiaries from over 100 million poor and vulnerable families with health insurance coverage up to INR 500,000 (USD 6,666.7) per family per year for second￾ary and tertiary institutional care. By May 2020, more than 10 million hospital treatments worth nearly INR 134 billion (USD 1.8 billion) have been provided under the scheme. Over 21,000 public and private hospitals have been empanelled across the country to provide inpatient services to the beneficiaries. Access to safe housing is a critical part of essen￾tial services, which is ensured under the initiative ‘Housing for All by 2022’. The economically disad￾vantaged households are provided with finan￾cial assistance for constructing houses equipped with basic amenities. Under the credit-linked subsidy scheme, women get special interest rates and benefits. The number of houses completed in a year under the rural component of the programme has increased by about four times from 1.2 million in 2014-15 to 4.7 million in 2018-19. Under the urban component, against the assessed demand of 11.2 million, 10.3 million houses were sanctioned, 6.1 million grounded for construction and 3.2 million delivered as on 1st January, 2020. 33 INDIA’S MARCH FORWARD: PROGRESS ON THE SDGs The National Sample Survey indicates that 5.9 per cent and 0.8 per cent of the households in rural and urban India, respectively, live in temporary houses as of 2018, which is a sharp fall from 9.6 per cent households in rural India and 1.4 per cent households in urban India in 2012. The Survey summarises that 96 per cent of India's urban population and 76.7 per cent of rural live in permanent houses in 2018, a substan￾tive improvement from 2012. Additionally, the Government announced afordable rental hous￾ing for the migrant and urban poor amidst the COVID-19 outbreak. Strengthening Livelihood Opportunities and Skilling Ecosystem Agriculture provides livelihoods to 650 million people or 59 per cent of Indian households and is a key contributor to growth, job creation, as well as poverty reduction. Therefore, there has been a comprehensive array of measures to improve agricultural productivity while simultaneously seeking to double farmers’ income by 2022. Interventions include improving crop insurance through Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (Prime Minister’s Crop Insurance scheme), increas￾ing irrigation efficiency through the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (Prime Minister’s Irrigation Scheme), strengthening agricultural marketing, building up farmer producer organ￾isations for all-round promotion of farm entre￾preneurship etc. To increase the income levels of low-income groups through better skilling opportunities and more productive employment, India has intro￾duced measures and programmes to revamp the educational and skilling ecosystem by reorienting the skilling curriculum to the demands from the industry, creating infrastructure and ecosystem for promoting entrepreneurship, rural business models, micro and medium finance for start-up projects and micro-enterprises. The range of interventions to ramp up the skilling and live￾lihood ecosystem include Stand Up India, Skill India, National Apprenticeship Programme, and National Rural and Urban Livelihood Mission. As a result, the share of regular wage/salaried employees increased from 18 per cent in 2011-12 to 23 per cent in 2017-18, with a growth of around 26.2 million new jobs. Proportion of women work￾ers in regular wage/salaried jobs also saw an increase from 13 per cent in 2011-12 to 21 per cent in 2017-18. Monitoring Progress at the National and Sub-National levels India has a robust monitoring framework to meas￾ure the progress of the country and its sub-na￾tional constituents by way of the SDG India Index and Dashboard. For SDG 1 and its disaggregated five national indicators, the overall Index Score for the country is 50 and ranges between 28 and 72 for the States, and between 33 and 58 for the UTs, on a scale of 0-100, where 0 denotes the worst performance and 100 denotes achievement of the target. This indicates that the distance to target covered so far by India under SDG 1 remains 50, with a significant variation among the sub-na￾tional units. MGNREGA 12% GROWTH 34 INDIA VNR 2020 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS { Regional Variance: Much of India's poverty is concentrated in rural areas and in low-in￾come States. The difference among the States in terms of the proportion of people living below the poverty line is stark: Chhattisgarh has 39.9 per cent of people living below poverty while the correspond￾ing figure for Andaman & Nicobar Islands is 1 per cent. Between 2004-05 and 2011-12, the percentage of people below poverty line has decreased significantly from 13.8 per cent to 5 per cent in Goa. However, Chhattisgarh has seen only marginal reduction, from 40.9 per cent to 39.93 per cent. { Feminisation of Poverty: Feminisation of poverty, especially rural poverty, is another challenge. Poverty affects women more than men as women have limited access to resources, be it food and nutritional security, or health care and public services, apart from the skewed ownership of assets. { Rapid Urbanisation: While bringing a range of economic benefits, rapid urbanisation has brought with it enormous challenges, most noticeably in the form of demand-supply gaps in housing, infrastructure, employ￾ment, and other economic opportunities and services. { Education, Employment and Human Resource Development: New knowledge and technologies are transforming the conventional structures of skills, work and employment. There is a need to refashion education and skill development so that the existing, emerging and future labour force has the capability and requisite opportu￾nities to engage in appropriately gainful employment. This would also require befit￾ting labour reforms, which the government has already embarked upon. There is also a need to invest in and enhance quality and accessibility of health care, especially for the economically weaker sections and people in vulnerable situations. Challenges and Way Forward 35 INDIA’S MARCH FORWARD: PROGRESS ON THE SDGs Houses completed in rural areas in a year GREW FOUR TIMES, 1.2 million in 2014-15 to 4.7 million houses completed in 2018-19 HOUSING FOR ALL PMJDY: 381 million bank accounts opened between 2014 and 2020, with 203 million of them opened BY WOMEN BANK ACCOUNTS PMJAY: 100 million families provided health insurance of INR 5,00,000 per year HEALTH INSURANCE increased from 13% in 2011-12 to 21% in 2017-18 in regular wage/salaried jobs WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION increased from 18.3 lakh in 2015-16 to 27 lakh in 2018-19 SHGs WITH BANK CREDIT LINKAGE INDIA VNR 2020 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS KUDUMBASHREE, meaning ‘prosperity of the family’ in Malayalam, is the poverty eradication and women empowerment programme implemented by the State Poverty Eradication Mission of the State of Kerala jointly with the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. The Mission consists of a three-tier structure with Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs) as primary level units, Area Development Societies (ADS) at the ward level and Community Development Societies (CDS) at the local government level. In 2011, Government of India recognised Kudumbashree as the State Rural Livelihoods Mission under the National Rural Livelihoods Mission. The Mission has over the last two decades drastically transformed the lives of women through grassroots level initiatives that have empowered them economically and socially by generating sustainable livelihood opportunities. EMPLOYMENT GENERATION through MGNREGA in the Aspirational District of Garhwa in Jharkhand: Garhwa, a district in the State of Jharkhand, has undertaken extensive development of farm ponds, wells and installation of micro irrigation sprinklers with the help of non-conventional sources of energy through employment generation under the MGNREGA social security scheme. good practices India continues to pursue a National Development Agenda, which resonates with the motto of ‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas (collective eforts for inclusive growth)’. The underlying development strategy remains focused on reducing poverty, raising incomes, improving living standards and enhancing the ease of living of all communi￾ties, while leaving no one behind. The increase in public expenditure (by 1.5 percentage points from 6.2 to 7.7 per cent of GDP during 2014-20) in social sectors including health and education affirms the commitment of the Government towards maximising social well-being. The improvement in India’s position in the Human Development Index by six places between 2014 and 2019, is a sign of progress in the right direction. To deal with the COVID-19 crisis, India launched the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (Prime Minister’s Welfare Scheme for the poor) package of INR 1.7 trillion, targeting the poor and migrant population, which ofers insurance cover of INR 5 million (USD 66.7 thousand) per health worker, free food for 800 million people, social security net of INR 6,000 (USD 80) each for 200 million women, immediate ex-gra￾tia of INR 1,000 (USD 13) to 30 million elderly, widows and persons with disabilities, farmers and construction workers. While the State is the dominant actor in driving this agenda, the eforts are substantially complemented by the private sector and the civil society to accelerate the achievement of the targets under Goal 1. 37 INDIA’S MARCH FORWARD: PROGRESS ON THE SDGs

23 Chapter 4 Goals and TarGeTs Voluntary national review 2018 Goal 1: No Poverty Rates of poverty in Ireland can be measured using a number of distinct metrics at both the national and EU level. Looking frst at the EU poverty indicators the percentage of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion in Ireland was above the EU average in 2015 at 26% [and in 2016 at 24.2%] but has declined steadily from its recent peak during the recession in 2012. The percentage of people at risk of income poverty after social transfers in Ireland in 2015 was marginally below the EU average [and remained so in 2016]. The percentage of severely materially deprived people in Ireland in 2015, at 7.5%, was below the EU average [and remained so in 2016 when the Irish rate fell to 6.5%], and this percentage has also been reducing since the most recent peak in 2013. The percentage of people living in households with very low work intensity was the highest in the EU in 2015 but has again been decreasing steadily from its recessionary peak in 2011. The housing cost overburden rate in Ireland was signifcantly below the EU average in 2015 and the percentage of the Irish population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, foors or foundation, or rot in window frames or foor was also below the EU average. It should be noted that in relation to housing related EU SDG indicators, the data does not appear to capture the signifcant issues related to pressure on housing supply and homelessness currently experienced in Ireland. These issues are discussed in detail under SDG 11. At the national level, poverty data in Ireland is collected by the CSO using the Survey on Income and Living Conditions [SILC] which is conducted annually. The measures most commonly used by the CSO to calculate the number of people in poverty in Ireland are at￾risk-of poverty, material deprivation and consistent poverty. At-risk-of-poverty is a measure of relative poverty or income poverty. It is measured by setting a relative income poverty line, in Ireland, at-risk-of-poverty is measured by calculating the median income and setting the line at 60% of the median. Material deprivation takes account of access to resources other than income, through the mechanism of a deprivation index of items and activities that are generally taken to be the norm in a particular society. In Ireland, 11 basic items are used to construct the deprivation index, and individuals who experience two or more of the eleven listed items are considered to be experiencing enforced deprivation. Consistent poverty looks at those persons who are defned as being at risk of poverty and experiencing enforced deprivation Using these national metrics, the most recent available data [for 2016] indicates that the at risk of poverty rate in Ireland is 16.5%, the rate of material deprivation is 21.0% and the consistent poverty rate is 8.3%. The social impact of the post downturn saw both the rate of material deprivation and consistent poverty rise signifcantly and then fall as the economy recovered. The material deprivation rate rose from 17.1% in 2009 to a peak of 30.5% in 2013, and has consistently fallen since then to its current rate of 21.0%. Similarly, consistent poverty peaked at 9.1% in 2013. Chapter 4 Goals and TarGeTs 24 Voluntary National Review 2018 It should be noted that all the indicators referenced above rely on 2016 data at the latest, which does not take account of the continuing economic recovery and employment growth measures throughout 2017 and 2018. Therefore it can be expected the fgures for those years, when they become available, will show some further improvement. Ireland has a comprehensive social protection system providing support for individuals and families across the various stages of the life-cycle, and addressing contingencies such as unemployment, disability, and the assumption of caring responsibilities [SDG 1.3]. The poverty reduction effect of social transfers in Ireland remains strong. In 2015, social transfers [excluding pensions] reduced the at-risk-of-poverty rate from 34.9% to 16.9% [by 18 percentage points in absolute terms]. This represents a poverty reduction effect of 51.6%, amongst the best in the EU. Ireland has had national poverty reduction targets in place since 1997. The National Action Plan for Social Inclusion 2007-2016 [NAPinclusion] is a wide-ranging and comprehensive programme of action to address poverty and social exclusion. It adopted a new strategic framework to facilitate greater coordination across Government Departments at local and national levels. It was based on a lifecycle stage approach with goals set for each group: children; people of working age; older people and people with disabilities; and communities. The Plan included a wide range of specifc actions to be taken by various Government Departments, including targets for the levels of social welfare payments. It was updated for the period 2015-2017, with a greater focus on modernising the social protection system, improving effectiveness and effciency of social transfers and strengthening active inclusion policies. A key element of NAPinclusion is the national social target for poverty reduction [NSTPR] [SDG 1.2], which sets out the Government’s ambition for reducing and ultimately eliminating poverty. The headline target was to reduce consistent poverty to 4% by 2016 [interim target] and to two% or less by 2020, from the 2010 baseline rate of 6.3%. In addition, there are sub-targets in relation to children and for Ireland’s contribution to the Europe 2020 poverty target. However, the social impact of the economic downturn meant that the consistent poverty fgure rose over the period 2010-2013. Given that the 2016 data showed that consistent poverty [while improving year-on-year] stood at 8.3%, this means that 2016 interim target of 4% has not been met. The successor to the current NAPinclusion is being developed at present. It is proposed that the new plan will be for the 4 year period 2018-2021, consistent with that of the Europe 2020 Strategy. It is also expected that poverty data for 2020 will be available from the CSO SILC in late 2021. This will allow any future strategy to be informed by progress towards the national poverty targets at that time. The primary focus of the plan will be the reduction of consistent poverty: improved/supported incomes to reduce the percentage of the population at-risk-of-poverty [below 60% of the median income] and increased access to quality services to reduce the percentage of the population experiencing deprivation [deprived of two or more of the 11 basic deprivation items] and reduce the risk of poverty development [intergenerational poverty]. 25 Chapter 4 Goals and TarGeTs Voluntary national review 2018 At the time of the adoption of NAPinclusion in 2007, a target foor was set – that the value of the lowest social welfare payment would be maintained at least at €185.80 per week, in 2007 terms, over the course of the Plan, subject to available resources. As a result of the extent of the fscal correction after 2009, this target was narrowly missed in some years – by 2014, the real value of the relevant payment was 3% below the 2007 level. However, it has been possible to restore this reduction in recent Budgets, and the real value of the payment in 2018 will be above the 2007 level. The setting of targets for future development in the real value of welfare payments will be considered in the context of the successor plan to NAPinclusion. The proportion of young people not in employment, education or training in Ireland was close to the EU average of about 11% prior to the recession. By 2011, however, about 19% of the young adult population was in this situation, compared with 13% in the EU. To date [by 2017] the recovery has seen the Irish fgure fall to 10.9%, identical to the EU fgure for that year. Supporting the SDGs Globally Ireland is well recognised internationally for its commitment to the reduction of poverty and vulnerability, and our focus on least developed countries and those most in need. Our current international development policy One World One Future commits us to target those most excluded, demanding a greater focus on the dynamics of power and exclusion that underlie poverty and inequality. Ireland uses its position in global fora including at the EU and UN to advance its priority focus on using ODA for countries and people most in need, targeting women and marginalised groups in particular. We strongly believe that addressing the underlying structural causes and the multi-dimensional nature of poverty will provide a stronger foundation for sustainable development. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the priority region for Ireland’s bilateral aid programme where we target programme areas with the potential to have the greatest impact on poor people’s lives. Our contribution to reducing the proportion of the world’s population below the international poverty line has been achieved through programmes supporting access to quality essential services, building resilience of poor communities, targeting women and marginalised groups, supporting civil society space and democratic processes, as well as through increasing investment in social protection and inclusive economic growth. In addition, Ireland has contributed to improved disaggregation of data on poverty reduction. For example, Ireland supports Paris 21, a partnership for statistics for development, which was founded by the UN, the European Commission and the OECD [SDG 1.1]. Chapter 4 Goals and TarGeTs 26 Voluntary National Review 2018 Ireland works in partnership with governments and civil society organisations to achieve national poverty reduction targets both at national and sub-national levels. Through this approach, Ireland has made a contribution to substantial reductions in the proportion of people living below the poverty line, particularly in our seven key partner countries in Sub￾Saharan Africa1. Ireland also supports national statistics organisations and key statistical surveys such as the most recent Demographic Health Survey in Ethiopia. In particular, we are working with international and national stakeholders towards better availability of sex￾disaggregated data [SDG 1.2]. Ireland’s support to nationally appropriate social protection systems is evidenced through direct engagement in six of its eight key partner countries. Ireland supports partner governments to put in place social protection programmes for their most vulnerable citizens, and in 2017 was the largest contributor to the International Labour Organisation’s social protection fagship programme [SDG 1.3]. Ireland supports the work of the International Land Coalition to build the capacity of local and national civil society organisations to effectively lobby for equality in land governance and tenure. Some impact is evident within Irish Aid partner countries; for example, four new land bills were recently introduced in Malawi [SDG 1.4]. Every year hundreds of millions of people are affected by disasters and emergencies. It is the women and men, girls and boys living in the poorest countries who are the worst affected and least able to recover. In response, Ireland acts quickly to save lives, alleviate suffering and help maintain human dignity during and in the aftermath of humanitarian crises. We support efforts to plan ahead, predict and intervene before a situation deteriorates to crisis point by investing in disaster risk reduction programmes to diminish the effects of persistent food shortages, and to prevent widespread famine while working to address the root causes of vulnerability in regions and countries particularly vulnerable to chronic food and nutrition insecurity [SDG 1.5]. 1 Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia.  Vietnam is also a key partner country.  In addition, Ireland has a sizeable development cooperation programme in Lesotho, Liberia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. 27 Chapter 4 Goals and TarGeTs Voluntary national review 2018 Textbox 4.1 Case Study: Malawi Increasing Access to Social Protection in Balaka, Malawi. Balaka is a very vulnerable district in Malawi; it has one of the country’s highest rates of HIV infection, it is a drought prone area, and, in the last two years, crops have failed. The Government’s Social Cash Transfer programme supported by Irish Aid and other partners provides regular support to the most vulnerable households in the district, including the elderly and homes caring for orphans. The women in Balaka [pictured] discussed the challenges that they are facing in their community and high on the list was the food shortages. As their income from crops has been damaged, many are now depending on the social cash transfer programme. The predictability and regularity of the transfers allows women to plan and invest, helping them avoid having to sell their limited assets and to build their resilience. “The [cash] transfers have allowed us to meet our day to day needs and in some months to make some savings. Through the Village Savings and Loan scheme, we are now able to save and borrow money easily and we in turn invest that money in small businesses,” said Mirriam Wilson. “With the transfers we at times are able to buy meat and cooking oil, thereby contributing towards our nutritional well-being ” . Odeta Lafaelo was happy to say that the social cash transfer has improved her life: “As long as I am able to send my children to school I am very grateful.”

SDG 1: No Poverty Various experiences of poverty are acknowledged by young people. The effects of the cost-of-living crisis are widespread and long-term. A lack of affordable housing (including accommodation in major cities and near higher education institutions), and an inability to meet rising household bills such as heating and electricity (and the resultant poor quality of life) are worries at the forefront of young people’s minds. Due to the cost-of-living crisis, a recent survey shows that seven in ten young people aged 18-24 are considering moving abroad for a better quality of life, and one in two young people are struggling to make ends meet.10 Simultaneously, concerns over levels of youth homelessness and rates of homelessness generally, feature as the top priority for the government to address. Proposed solutions include greater supports such as increased availability of social housing, assessing and addressing rapidly increasing rents and the rising percentage of ownership of Irish properties by investment funds, which commercialise the basic human right to housing. These supports would not only enable young people to rent within their means, but also begin saving for a mortgage. An assessment of the disparities between living and minimum wages should also be undertaken and the necessary changes implemented, coupled with increasing investment in services for homeless people that are non-judgmental, free, and rehabilitative where required. “Increase tax on uninhabited homes and limit the number of homes owned”. “Subsidised rent, rent freeze, support with property ownership for vulnerable groups, affordable living, nature zones”. 9 - National Youth Council of Ireland (2018) ‘Generation for Change’https://www.youth.ie/documents/generatio￾forchange-un-dels-report/. 10 - National Youth Council of Ireland (2022) “Young people considering emigration for better quality of life than in Ireland” https://www.youth.ie/articles/young-people-considering-emigration-for-better-quality-of-life-than-in-ire￾land/ Chapter 5: Youth Consultation for the VNR 70

41 SDG 1: End Poverty in All its Forms Everywhere Our vision corresponds to sustainable development philosophy in liberating people from poverty in all its forms and dimensions through coherent and integrated policies, including a diverse package of social protection, income generation, and empowerment to enable the poor to withstand challenges. The poverty rate in Iraq was 22.9 in 2007, reduced by the efforts of the government and partners to 18.9 in 2012, and it appeared that the goal of the first poverty reduction strategy will be achieved, but the double crisis led to a rise in poverty in 2014 to about 22.5%, due to the repercussions of the double crisis (x). This rate fell in 2018 to 20.5% as a result of improved economic and security conditions(xi). At the regional level (*), there is a clear disparity in poverty rates among the least poor governorate (Sulaymaniyah 4.5%) and the poorest governorate (Muthanna 52.1%). Poverty rates are still higher in southern Iraq given the inherited problems and difficulties in agriculture due to climate change, which negatively affected this sector in southern governorates. On the other hand, poverty rates increased in the liberated governorates in northern Iraq (Nineveh, Kirkuk, Diyala, Anbar and Salah al-Din) due to the war against terrorist organizations, Nineveh alone accounts for about a fifth of the poor in Iraq, while Baghdad has about 11% of them. Table (4): Poverty rates by region (2014 and 2018) Region Governorates 2014 2018 Change Total All governorates 22.5 20.5 -2 Center Baghdad, Babel, Wasit, Kerbala 18.6 11.5 -7.1 North Nineveh, Kirkuk, Diyala, Anbar, Salah al-Din 17.7 27.5 9.8 South Qadisiya, Muthana, Thi Qar, Maysan, Basra 31.5 31.1 -0.4 Kurdistan Dahuk, Sulaymaniyah, Erbil 12.5 5.5 -7 Source: MoP, CSO, Executive Management of the Poverty Reduction Strategy. (*) The indicator was not calculated at the rural and urban levels due to the security situation which did not enable the central system to cover the rural areas in the areas that were exposed to terrorism. 42 Figure (9): Poverty ratio by governorate for 2018 (%) The average monthly household expenditure in Iraq was IQD 1.262 million in 2017 according to the poverty assessment survey in Iraq 2018. The survey data show a slight decrease in the poverty gap from 4.5 in 2017 to 4.1 in 2018; the gap between the poverty line and the average expenditure of the poor became lower, while the severity of poverty remained at 1.4% during the same period, which means the poor’s spending deficiency kept the same low level. Framework (5): Multidimensional poverty in Iraq 2018 The regional multidimensional poverty approach was developed in the Arab countries to achieve a number of objectives including the relevance of poverty situations in the region, the possibility of comparing among Arab countries while maintaining the same baseline and considering the individual as an analysis unit. This index was calculated for Iraq using the same approach as well as the three dimensions included in the global and Arab indexes: Education, health and living standards are calculated based on 12 indicators:  Education: School years and enrolment.  Health: Child mortality, early pregnancy (and female circumcision)  Standards of living: Provision of electricity, sanitation, safe drinking water, suitable housing, cooking fuel, overcrowding, and asset ownership. Each of these indicators has two levels of deprivation: Extreme poverty level which is identical to the global multidimensional poverty index; and Arab Poverty Index, which provides a broader picture of deprivation compared to the first index. The findings of the MICS survey which included 238,327 people from 18 governorates show that 1.4% of Iraqis suffer from extreme multidimensional poverty and 36.9% 43 live in multidimensional poverty. Gender-wise, males are more deprived of females. Deprivation in rural areas is higher than in urban areas (47.5% and 32% respectively). On the governorate level, Maysan (61.4%), Muthanna (52.2%), Basra (44.5%) and Karbala (44.1%) are the poorest, while Kurdistan Region governorates are the least poor. Figure (10): Multidimensional poverty by gender (2018) Figure (11): Multidimensional poverty by housing environment (2018) Figure (12): Multidimensional poverty by governorate (2018) With the reference that Children represent 57% of the poor population in Iraq, which means they are in need of child-specific social protection schemes in addition to those of the orphans. In May 2018, the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs launched a pilot program for conditional cash benefits for education and health in Sadr City / 2, in collaboration with the ministries of health, education, planning, the World Bank and UNICEF. To be continued for two years and includes a modern electronic program to follow-up the regularity of the families children who contracted within the study as well as regularity in the program of follow-up of pregnant women and vaccines in 44 order to form a comprehensive picture of the extent of their cooperation in the implementtation of the program, which aims originally to combat illiteracy and the return of children who drop out of school at the ages of (9-14) years. Each child is committed to study the amount of 15,000 dinars and pregnant mother gets 10,000 dinars, as well as the commitment to vaccines and review of health centers to ensure recovery and stability and the level of continuing education for these families to break the cycle of poverty through generations and reduce child poverty (xii) . Framework (6): National Policy for Child Protection Strengthening the national environment for child protection in Iraq The National Child Protection Policy is being developed to improve the situation of children and the violence and ill-treatment they face. Evidence of a wide range of violations has been gathered, namely, the severity of violence against children ranging from psychological and physical violence in schools (About 84% of the students suffer from this type of violence), increasing child labor (up to 18% in rural areas) and a large number of children in conflict with the law (more than 6,000 children) ), Orphans or children placed in institutions (5%). According to this document, the child is a boy or girl under the age of 18, as defined by the Convention on the Rights of the Child. This approach is guided by the "child protection environment" model, in addition to being rooted in the guidelines of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which calls for ensuring all considerations for the growth and survival of children and ensuring their best interests, participation and non-discrimination in all policies, programs and applications, The Government of Iraq through its expectation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1994. Based on the findings of the analysis of the situation and the presentation of the basic dilemma mentioned in the section above, the proposed goal of the child protection policy in Iraq is: "To protect all children from violence, abuse, exploitation and neglect in all circumstances and along the continuum of protection from prevention to rehabilitation and rehabilitation Integration, including support for children within their families and communities. " Based on the above, the policy seeks to achieve the following results over the next 10 years: 1. Protecting children through a legislative framework that guarantees their rights and fully meets their needs in accordance with international standards. 2. Safe living for children within supportive families and communities that promote the protection of their rights and ensure their growth to their fullest potential. 3. To promote the participation of children in raising their issues, discussing them and proposing solutions. 4. Access to adequate support by children and families before the danger occurs to enhance their safety and early intervention and to protect them from risk, neglect, exploitation, and abuse. 5. Children who have been subjected to violence, abuse or exploitation receive the support and care they need to enhance their well-being and facilitate their reintegration into their communities. 6. A safe living environment supportive of children affected or affected by conflict and forced displacement, within their families and communities in which they live. 7. A comprehensive system of monitoring and data collection on child protection issues. This result intersects and contributes to the achievement of all results. Source: Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Child Welfare Authority, National Policy Document for the Protection of Children Strengthening the national environment for child protection in Iraq (http://www.molsa.gov.iq/upload/upfile/ar/1151.docx)

National Committee for Sustainable Development 51 Goal 1: No Poverty Despite gains under this goal in 2018 and the fact that Iraq is moving closer to achieving it, exceptional circumstances led to the erosion of progress and diminished developmental achievement. Poverty and inequality are widespread across Iraq. Efforts to tackle poverty have not adequately addressed multiple deprivations or rural-urban divides.(9) Consecutive crises such as the double crisis in 2014 and the complex crisis in 2020 as well as insecurity have led to the erosion of gains in poverty reduction under the two poverty alleviation strategies implemented since 2009. Table 2 shows how shocks exacerbated the conditions of people and pushed them to the verge of poverty, increasing their numbers significantly. The complex crisis since 2020 has led to a further deterioration in living conditions and reduced gains made after the defeat of terrorist groups. Table 2: Poverty Indicators in Iraq, 2007-2021 Year Poverty Line (dinars) Poverty Rate (percentage) Poverty Headcount (inhabitants in million) Al-Qaida Shock and Insecurity 2007 76,896 22.4 6.648 2012 105,500 18.9 6.465 Pre-ISIS 2014 105,500 16.0 5.760 ISIS Shock 2014 105,500 22.5 8.101 2018 110,880 20.5 7.370 Covid-19 Shock 2020 111,000 31.7 12.680 Scenario of General Fixed Social Transfers (1,190 dinars/dollar) 2020 111,000 26.7 11.170 In Case of a Change in Exchange Rate (1,470 dinars/dollar) 2021 115,000 29.6 12.271 Source: Ministry of Planning and COSIT. Figure 10 shows that Iraq recorded a significant decline in the indicator of the portion of the population living below the international poverty lines of $1.90 and $2.30 per capita per day (purchasing power parity). The percentage of the population living below these lines increased as a result of faltering social policies that led to greater vulnerability and delays in solving challenges related to internally displaced people (IDPs). Iraq Second Voluntary National Review Report 2021 National Committee for Sustainable Development 52 Figure 10: Proportion of the Population Below the International Poverty Lines in Iraq (2016- 2021) Source: SDG Index and Dashboards (2017-2020). The decline in 2019-2020 results from challenges in addressing poverty, unemployment, and other social issues. It further complicated solutions to realize desired progress compared to 2017 and 2018 when Iraq achieved acceptable levels on SDG 1 indicators. This was due to measures in the poverty alleviation strategy, including the Social Fund for Development, and the expansion of social protection.(10) More than 3.3 million people have benefited from the response of Iraqi civil society and local volunteer groups during the pandemic, including through the distribution of food baskets. Volunteer groups, mainly youth led, used innovative means to conduct humanitarian aid activities, supported coexistence and community awareness-raising, and managed to reach vulnerable populations in need. Iraq Second Voluntary National Review Report 2021 National Committee for Sustainable Development 53 Distribution of the Fund Projects amounts to the Provinces ($ million) Iraq Second Voluntary National Review Report 2021 54 A large percentage of the population is still outside the coverage of social protection programs, which represents an institutional, economic, and social challenge at the local and national levels. In 2019, the proportion of the population covered by social protection for poor groups was only 3.4%, while women seemed less coverage by half than men (indicator 1-3-1). Figure 11: Proportion of Men and Women Covered by Social Protection (2016-2020) Source: Calculated from Ministry of Planning data and COSIT.

25 SDG target 1.2 Welfare Watch The Welfare Watch monitors the welfare and situation of low-income families, especially single parents and their children, and provides information on the circumstances of those living in extreme poverty. It provides advice to the government and makes suggestions for improvement. One example of a Welfare Watch project aimed at assisting disadvantaged households was the effort to encourage local authorities to minimise the cost to households of compulsory school attendance. Cost outlays of parents and guardians for the purchase of school supplies has varied from one municipality to the next and in some cases was so high that the Welfare Watch doubted that it complied with either the spirit of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child or the Compulsory Schools Act. After the Welfare Watch had two surveys carried out, in 2017 and 2018, on arrangements for parents’ contribution to school supplies in all municipalities in Iceland, more and more municipalities have abolished this contribution. In the 2018-2019 school year, 99% of compulsory school children in Iceland live in municipalities that offer free study materials. Successful schooling is the foundation for good quality of life. A survey conducted by Welfare Watch at the beginning of 2019 showed that around 79% of school administrators believe that the number of requests by parents/guardians for children’s leave during the school year has increased over the last few years and 47% believe that the absences negatively affect the children’s education. More than 74% of school administrators are of the opinion that parents/guardians are allowed too extensive permission for leave during the school year, and 79% favour the adoption of official criteria such as the number of days that children may be granted leave from school. The survey showed that about 2.2% of children struggle with school avoidance which is attributed, among other things, to mental distress and difficult home conditions. Welfare Watch submitted proposals for action following the survey. The Welfare Watch monitors the welfare of those furthest behind in Icelandic society and provides government with suggestions for improvement.

22 End poverty in all its forms everywhere Globally, real progress has been made in the fight against poverty. However, a large number of people, especially in developing countries, still live in extreme poverty with all its manifestations, such as hunger, homelessness, lack of secure living, poor or no access to education, lack of healthcare and other basic services, as well as social exclusion. Iceland is a developed welfare state and the standard of living of Icelandic citizens is generally considered to be good compared to other nations of the world. The most recent measurements show that Iceland has the highest income equality and lowest poverty among European countries6 but in spite of these positive results, a certain number of people still live with material deprivation and poverty. A main theme of the SDGs is to leave no one behind and therefore it is important to be guided by this in implementing the first goal of eradicating poverty in Iceland. Eliminating all forms of poverty It can be difficult to define poverty, especially when it comes to international com￾parisons. The government’s policy is to specifically strengthen the position of dis￾advantaged people and make proposals for improving the living standards of the lowest income groups in society. In 2016, the Welfare Watch had an analysis made of extreme poverty which revealed that 1.3-3.0% of the population live in extreme poverty.7 For this project the Welfare Watch defined extreme poverty as corresponding to the situation of the group that Statistics Iceland assesses as living in substantial material deprivation. The classification “material deprivation” was developed by Eurostat with the aim of responding to certain deficiencies of income measures of poverty. In Iceland, there is no official criterion for poverty, but the definition “At risk of poverty” has been used, which refers to persons with less than 60% of the median disposable income. According to Statistics Iceland’s figures, 8.8% of inhabitants were at risk of poverty in 2016, including 11% of children and 24.9% of single parents. By comparison, in 2011, 9.2% of the population was below this poverty line.8 6 The Prime Minister’s Offce, ࠂ May ࠀ߿ࠁ6, Jöfnuður tekna aldrei meiri á Íslandi (Income equality never higher in Iceland). 7 Statistics Iceland, ࠂࠀ September ࠀ߿ࠁ6, Sárafátækt (Extreme poverty). 8 Statistics Iceland, statice.is. MAIN CHALLENGES: • Strengthen the situation of disadvantaged people, with particular emphasis on children • Eliminate wage differentials, including those based on national origin 23 A social insurance scheme has been in place in Iceland since the frst half of the 20th century. By law, anyone legally resident in Iceland is entitled to basic services, which includes access to education, healthcare, secure housing, social insurance schemes and social services. Local authorities provide fnancial assistance to support individuals and families who cannot provide for themselves and their dependants without assistance. The fnancial assistance of local authorities is governed by the rules of the municipality concerned as provided for in the Act on Social Services of Local Authorities. In ࠀ߿ࠁ6, ࠃ.ࠃ% of households in Iceland received such fnancial assistance.9 Persons resident in Iceland receive social security payments for childbirth, children, disability, rehabilitation, unemployment, occupational accidents, old age and more. In 2018, the proportion of the population aged 18-66 years receiving a disability pension was 8.4%.10 Membership of occupational pension funds is compulsory in Iceland for persons active in the labour market, who then receive a pension when they reach retirement age. Among the objectives of the government’s 2020-2024 fiscal strategy regarding support for individuals, families and children is to strengthen the position of disadvantaged people and make suggestions for improving the living circumstances of the lowest income groups in society.11 Particular attention is to be paid to the position of children, with an emphasis on those who struggle with multiple difficulties and who live in poverty. Furthermore, in this context, specific attention should be paid to the position of persons with disabilities. The aim is to simplify the social security system, ensure better support for the lowest income groups and facilitate their social participation. The simplification of the benefits system aims to increase incentives for active participation in the labour market, as employment is considered one of the most important ways of preventing social exclusion and poverty. Work is underway to increase payments to parents during maternity/paternity leave in stages and the government approved in the spring of 2019 to extend maternity/paternity leave to 12 months. The extension is expected to be implemented in two phases in 2020 and 2021. The gap between maternity/paternity leave and pre-school needs to be bridged; and extending maternity/paternity leave is an important part of this. Furthermore, legislation on equal pay certification and the introduction of equal pay schemes are conducive to reducing poverty and promoting increased equality in society. 9 Ministry of Welfare and Statistics Iceland, 2017, Félagsvísar (Social indicators), 6th edition. 10 Statistics Iceland, 2018, px.hagstofa.is. 11 Althingi (the Icelandic parliament), 149th Legislative Assembly 2018-2019, Draft parliamentary reso￾lution on a fscal strategy for the years ߿ࠁ߿ࠁ-ࠃࠁ߿ࠁ, from the Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs, Parliamentary document 1181 - Item 750. “Poor people need help and kindness and we can all help.” Pupils in Ártúnsskóli school, 10-12 years old Leave no one behind Leave no one behind 24 International actions The main objective of Iceland’s international development cooperation is to support efforts by the international community to eliminate poverty and hunger and promote sustainable development. Work towards this objective includes financial contributions to bilateral and multilateral development cooperation, with particular emphasis on cooperation with poor and unstable countries to improve the situation of those living in the poorest conditions. Iceland’s bilateral partner countries are Malawi and Uganda, which enjoy the greatest support from Iceland, as well as Mozambique, Palestine and Afghanistan, which also receive significant Icelandic support through multinational organisations and civil society organisations. In all of these countries, the main thrust of support from Iceland is directed towards those groups that are suffering from extreme poverty and systemic inequality, especially in rural areas. The OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) peer review of Icelandic international development cooperation in 2017 stated that over 40% of Iceland’s development assistance in 2015 went to very poor countries, which is a considerably higher proportion than the average of the member states of the DAC (28%).12 According to the OECD-DAC figures for 2017, Iceland’s public sector contribution to international development cooperation amounted to 0.29% of GNI, while contributions from member states of the DAC averaged 0.31% of GNI.13 The government’s platform and fiscal strategy for 2020-2024 both state that the government aims to increase appropriations for international development cooperation to 0.35% of GNI by 2022. 12 OECD, 2017, Development Co-operation Report 2017. 13 OECD, 9 April 2017, Development aid stable in 2017 with more sent to poorest countries. Leave no one behind

26 GOAL 1 NO POVERTY Poverty in Israel Access to financial services Earlier payment of the seniority supplement Freezing of the plan to raise women’s retirement age Concessions regarding income tests for self-employed parents Partnering for a Better World 27 No Poverty END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE Poverty is a multifaceted, complex social phenomenon with severe implications for all affected – individuals, families, communities and society as a whole. The United Nations, in its International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, stipulated that poverty is a human condition marked by an enduring or chronic dearth of necessary resources, capabilities, choices, security, and strengths that would enable a reasonable standard of living and additional civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. Poverty may also prevent the full exercise of human rights. 28 GOAL 1 Poverty in Israel (SDG 1.2) In Israel, according to the current official definition of the poverty line, a person is defined as poor if their available income per household member falls below 50% of the median per capita disposable income in the country. However, in recent years, this definition has been an object of discussion and argument among economists, jurists, and policy experts in both Israel and other countries. Israel has a relatively high rate of poverty and social inequality in comparison to other OECD countries. While the incidence of poverty (extent of poverty after transfer payments and taxes) per family decreased from 18.5% in 2016 to 18.4% in 2017 and 1,780,500 people (a decrease of 1.2%) including 814,800 children (a decrease of 2.8%) lived in poverty, in 2017, 466,400 families lived in poverty (a rise of 0.9%) nevertheless. Based on EU definitions of poverty and social exclusion, 27.8% of the population was at risk of Figure 1.1 Persons below the national poverty line, 2005-2017 29 No Poverty poverty in 2016, higher than the EU average (17.4%). The net money income per standard person in the upper quintile was 7.3 times higher than the income in the lower quintile. This gap is higher than the average gap in the EU (Figures 1.2 and 1.3). A number of bodies exercise authorities designed to aid in combatting poverty, each of which provides assistance in a different area: • The National Insurance Institute (NII) is responsible for the payment of pensions and benefits. It plays a key role in the area of poverty as it defines both the poverty line and “the people living in poverty” who are eligible for assistance as stipulated by law. It is also responsible for regularly updating other ministries on eligibility criteria for a variety of benefits. Any delay or inaccuracy in the transfer of information can disrupt the continuity of entitlement and delay the receipt of benefits; • The Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs and Social Services (MOLSA) deals with families in financial distress through its Service for Individual and Family Welfare, whose departments operate in local authorities throughout the country; • The Ministry of Construction and Housing is responsible for public housing rentals and for housing allocations for those eligible; • The Employment Service is responsible for labor market arrangements and assists the NII in locating candidates eligible for various benefits such as income support and unemployment insurance; • The Ministry of Education provides assistance to children through the provision of study grants, funding of tests and scholarships, and rescheduling of parents’ payments to schools and kindergartens; • The Ministry of Justice offers free legal aid in civil cases that meet certain criteria; • Reductions are granted by local authorities for city taxes, by the Israel Electric Corporation for electricity, and by the Ministry of Transport for public transport. Over the years, Israel has developed programs to encourage employment among populations suffering from particularly high poverty rates, such as Haredim (ultra-Orthodox), Israeli Arabs, people on welfare and people with disabilities. These populations face various obstacles en route to the labor market, making it difficult for them to integrate into employment and leading to low income levels relative to the rest of the population. From the perspective of the past two decades, the poverty level affecting these populations has not been uniform, with severe pockets of poverty especially evident in the Haredi and Arab Figure 1.3 Population at risk of poverty ages 0-17 and 65+, 2016 30 GOAL 1 populations. Together, the two comprise above 25% of the general population although their weight among those living in poverty has reached some 60%. Among Israelis of Ethiopian descent too, the poverty rate is high, standing at 13.6%. In families headed by a self-employed parent, the poverty rate is 29.8%, 1.6 times the rate of the general population. Despite growth in employment figures, which has also benefitted the income of the poor, the share of the working poor in Israel has continued to rise. According to the OECD Economic Survey of Israel for 2018, workers from such groups as Israeli Arabs and Haredim remain in low-paid jobs because of their weaker skill sets. They are often trapped in low quality jobs, leading to continued inequality and implications for child poverty in large families, which are common in these groups. Addressing poverty in Israel Over the years, diverse services have been developed and incorporated to help people cope with personal and family distress, exacerbated by poverty and exclusion. These included fostering of children, preventing and treating violence in the family, rehabilitating addicts, and more. Israel’s policy has had major impact on how the social services perceived their role. In the past, poverty was considered a social problem outside of their purview and people living in poverty were not a specific target population. They focused, instead, on individual-family assistance. Most of the efforts to cope with the problem of poverty in Israel have been undertaken by the MOLSA and by the NII by changing the eligibility categories for benefits and by developing services to the poor. In recent years, economic and social processes in Israel and around the world have led to the recognition that it is vital to address the phenomenon of poverty in its larger context, and it is necessary to develop practical programs to curtail it. Consequently, new measures and plans were adopted. In 2010, MOLSA formulated a policy that defined the population living in poverty as one of high priority for intervention. It undertook to formulate an overall policy to assist communities, families, and individuals living in poverty and, concomitantly, to strive to prevent their slide into an Figure 1.4 Inequality and poverty remain high 2016 or latest year available 31 No Poverty enduring dependency on social services by, among other things, integrating excluded populations, people with disabilities, and the newly unemployed. MOLSA began to develop responses resting on experience in the field, such as: • Assistance centers developed by the Jerusalem Municipality and expanded to additional authorities with the help of the NII’s Demonstration Projects; • An innovative program for its time, known as “From Work to Well-being,” that addresses the newly unemployed; • The “Eshet Chayil” (Women of Valor) Program to empower Arab and immigrant women for employment. In addition, MOLSA participated in developing and applying programs led by civil society and philanthropic organizations and social services, with a focus on promoting employment when the family is perceived as the unit of intervention, such as: • “Our Responsibility – Their Independence,” led by the “Shoulder to Shoulder” Association; • The Hadijda Program to promote employment among Arab women in the city of Rahat; • The MAPA program (Hebrew acronym for Family Meets Opportunity), a program for students at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in cooperation with the Beersheba Municipality, focusing on interventions in poverty-aware social work practice with families living in extreme poverty and profound distress. In 2013, the Committee for the War on Poverty in Israel (the Alalouf Committee) was appointed by the Minister of Labor, Social Affairs and Social Services, with the participation of representatives of academia, civil society, the government and the Union of Local Authorities. It presented a comprehensive program to address poverty on different planes with numerous recommendations for the government as a whole and particularly MOLSA. At the cornerstone of the committee’s work was the adoption of a broader concept of poverty that not only focuses on income but on the broader concept of multi-dimensional poverty. Simultaneously, there was growing recognition at MOLSA that although poverty is a social phenomenon, it had to be addressed by recruiting all government ministries and civil society and that the best way to lead significant change was through a government initiative to propel local authorities to address poverty. Consequently, it Figure 1.5 The share of working poor is high and increasing 32 GOAL 1 initiated the development of an array of services to intervene with people living in poverty and exclusion. The Social Service Departments of local authorities were identified as the natural choice to implement the new provision. Their location, authority, and knowledge qualified them to coordinate and connect all the important bodies operating in local authorities to advance people living in poverty and exclusion. “Noshmim Le-Revaha” The “Noshmim Le-Revaha” programs were launched in 2015 at MOLSA’s initiative and funding. MOLSA harnessed two NGOs – JDC-Israel and the Rashi Foundation – to the process of program development, to a strategic partnership in the implementation of responses, and to participation in funding. The goals of the flagship program include: • To decrease the level of poverty and increase financial well-being; • To improve family functioning and relations; • To reduce dependency on social services and broaden natural support circles; • To promote integration into the community. An array of social services is provided through two integrated programs: “Noshmim Le-Revaha” and Otzma Center (Empowerment Center). Their role is to help people living in poverty and exclusion to cope with the realities of their lives, taking account of their needs, circumstances and resources. Characterized by a daily struggle to overcome multiple obstacles, these people have few opportunities to change their situation and are hard put to exercise their rights and utilize the resources of the community and the State. The provision of services within the “Noshmim Le￾Revaha” at Otzma Center programs is designed for participants who, in the assessment of social workers, do not suffer from significant functional difficulties and are not in a state of crisis. Rather, these people are confronted with difficulties on various levels: service consumption and the exercise of rights, transient financial troubles, multidimensional, enduring poverty, loneliness or lack of a support group, housing problems, income problems, lack of basic necessities, food insecurity, management of the household budget, and more. “Noshmim Le-Revaha” is a family intervention program, limited to two years, and based on the recognition that the family is the central axis in the process of change as it shapes the desired future and determines the ensuing aims. The program staff – a program social worker and a family support person – defines the expected outcomes together with the family and charts the intervention program targeting the change. The changes to be achieved must include at least two areas of intervention from a choice of six: acquisition of tools for the exercise of rights, improvement of employment status and income, improved efficiency of household management, better sense of individual and family capabilities, the making of a community that serves as a resource, and improvement of basic living conditions. In addition, the family is provided with a flexible basket of responses designed to help remove obstacles and acquire resources. The array of services offered by “Noshmim Le￾Revaha” and Otzma Center includes: • Specific resources to cope with diverse family needs: a family support person, a flexible basket of services consisting of material assistance aimed at removing obstacles and providing opportunities, and group and community programs; • Training and instruction aimed at instilling program concepts and utilizing resources wisely: recognition of the family’s unique characteristics, needs, and resources with regard to its financial situation, employment, exercise of rights, management of household budget, and integration into the community; • Structured outcome-oriented models of intervention for different areas of the program: a model for the active exercise of rights, promotion of employment and utilization of the community as a resource. Noshmim Le-Revaha at Otzma Centers currently operates in 94 local authorities countrywide, selected according to criteria defined by MOLSA. Of these local authorities, 45 are Jewish of which four have a Haredi 33 No Poverty population, 44 are Arab, and another six are mixed. Despite their scope, the services constitute a pilot program aimed at examining interventions with people living in poverty and exclusion who are registered with the social services. The results of the pilot will guide MOLSA in future processes of intervention. Benefits increased by income supplements As part of the recommendations of the Committee of the War on Poverty, the NII increased senior citizen benefits by the addition of an income supplement to bridge the poverty line gap. Following are some recent initiatives aimed at increasing benefits to populations at need: • Benefits Adjustments: In addition to the income supplement, the benefits to individuals, families and couples were adjusted to the poverty line in December 2015, retaining the three distinct age groups (-70, 70-79, 80+); • Budget Arrangements Law 2017-18: According to the law, benefits increase gradually over two years by various sums according to family composition and age group. The Income Supplement Law was amended so that the table itemizing the benefit rates shows an increase of 7%. The sum not included as income-from-work for the purposes of calculating benefits was increased by 1.5% of the average income to 21.5% for an individual, and 25.5% for others. Expanding eligibility for a heating grant for recipients of income supplements (SDG 1.4) Since the winter of 2017-18, a uniform sum has been paid by the NII as a heating grant to all recipients of an old age and widow(er) benefit augmented by an income supplement, or to recipients of an extra benefit for disability. Until 2016, only recipients of an income supplement or extra benefit for a disability who lived in “cold areas,” as defined by law, had been eligible for the heating grant. Since 2016, recipients not living in cold areas are eligible for a reduced grant. Access to financial services (SDG 1.4, 8.10) The Knesset (Israel parliament) enacted the Control of Financial Services (Regulated Financial Services) Law in 2016. Its goal is to create “regulation that is as inclusive, comprehensive and coherent as possible, for the entire financial service provision market and the entities active in it.” The law includes lenders and others providing financial services, which were not regulated previously, and is designed to increase competition, expand the market and ensure a fair interest rate. A process is also underway to manage the Gemachim, the social bodies that serve as the source of financial services and mutual support in the Haredi (ultra￾Orthodox) communities in Israel. Earlier payment of the seniority supplement (SDG 1.3) According to the Budget Arrangements Law 2017-18, the seniority supplement for recipients of benefits under the National Insurance Institute (NII) Law, which was formerly paid from the 11th insurance year on, is now to be paid from the first insurance year. The change will take effect gradually over four years: in January 2017, the supplement was paid from the 10th year on; in 2018 – from the ninth year; and in 2020 – it will be paid from the first year. According to the Budget Arrangements Law 2019, the two payments for 2018 and 2019 are to be merged so that the 2018 supplement will be paid from the fifth year on and in 2019 – from the first year. Freezing of the plan to raise women’s retirement age (SDG 1.b) Women’s retirement age was to be raised from January 1, 2017 from 62 to 64, but the measure has been deferred. There is consensus that raising the retirement age is economically desirable but discussions are still taking place on provisions to assist those who may be adversely affected. It was also decided that the eligibility of women 34 GOAL 1 for an old age pension (under the NII Law) would be the same as the retirement age under the Retirement Age Law. Concessions regarding income tests for self-employed parents (SDG 1.b) In January 2017 the income tests determining eligibility for income supplements were eased. For self-employed mothers receiving a pension with an income supplement, the offset rate of income￾from-work against a given sum was decreased from 60% to 25% for a gross salary of up to NIS 3,270. Beyond this sum, the offset rate remained 60%. The program is to operate as a temporary order for two years in order to examine its impact on the rate of employment and income. The women may receive an employment grant from the tax authorities only if the addition to their benefit following this change is lower than the employment grant. The difference is to be paid as an employment grant by the tax authorities. CASE STUDY Smallholder Horticulture Project in Ethiopia The Smallholder Horticulture Project is a Joint Technical Cooperation Program between Israel, the United States and Ethiopia which is implemented by MASHAV, USAID and Ethiopia’s Ministry of Agriculture. The project aims to promote economic growth in rural areas and improve smallholders’ income and livelihoods by strengthening the commercialization of horticulture production through the competitive and sustainable development of the avocado sector. It is designed to access new domestic and avocado export markets, as well as to provide technical support to improve phytosanitary regulation for Ethiopian horticultural crops. Implementation is based on demonstration, innovative technologies, training and capacity building, transfer of know-how and management, and application of a “training-of -trainers” approach. It includes: • Introduction of new high-quality Israeli avocado varieties for the domestic and export market • Provision of quality training and consultancies in Israel and Ethiopia • Capacity building for nursery and tissue culture lab management and extension • Establishment of tissue culture laboratories • Establishment of new nurseries and demonstration plots for the propagation of avocado trees • Elaboration of professional material Source: MASHAV 35 No Poverty PARTNERING FOR A BETTER WORLD When cooperating bilaterally with a partner country or region in an effort to work towards ending poverty, Israel’s overseas development assistance bases its programming on the national development plans and policies of its cooperating partners. In developing countries, for example, national plans are designed to meet the criteria of international development banks, aid organizations, and global business communities in order to receive loans for priority projects. The donor community understands the benefits and is assured of the government’s political will and commitment. A national development agenda also reduces wasteful overlap and competition through more effective coordination and transparency in the programs. Overseas development assistance is a fundamental component in the global effort to end poverty in all its forms everywhere. Joining the consensus on the adoption of the UN Resolution on the Implementation of the Third United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2018-2027), Israel reiterated its full commitment to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, considering it an historic opportunity to make a decisive push against poverty. Eradicating poverty (SDG 1) is the greatest responsibility for all who value human rights. Alleviating the suffering of the extreme poor, the marginalized, the disenfranchised, and the most vulnerable is more than a global challenge – it is a universal moral imperative. Israel pledges to commit its resolve and resources to realize this Goal. Israel has launched dozens of programs and cooperation agreements over the years that are ultimately aimed at ending poverty in all its forms everywhere. For example, the President of Liberia visited Israel (February 2019) accompanied by a delegation of Ministers including Finance and Development Planning, Agriculture, Health and Mines and Energy. Both countries decided to strengthen cooperation, based on the principles of the National Development Plan of Liberia – the Pro-Poor Agenda for Prosperity and Development (PAPD) 2018-2023. The two countries agreed to enhance collaboration particularly in the fields of agriculture, health, capacity-building, energy, and infrastructure. (SDG 1.b, 17. 6) All of Israel’s international assistance activities, in fields such as food security, education, health, gender equality, and more, are designated to help alleviate poverty, and are therefore described in the following chapters. 36 GOAL 1 CASE STUDY Horticulture Center of Excellence in Rwanda As part of a bilateral initiative between the Government of Rwanda and the State of Israel, MASHAV and Rwanda’s Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, through the Rwanda Agricultural Board, officially inaugurated (April 2019) a project to establish a Rwanda-Israel Horticulture Center of Excellence at the Mulindi Expo Ground in Eastern Kigali. The Horticulture Center of Excellence was conceived as part of Rwanda’s Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy II, which identifies the agricultural sector as having great potential to reduce poverty and ensure inclusive growth. It will serve as a regional demonstration and capacity￾building center to increase vegetable and fruit yields, enhance productivity and improve quality, with emphasis on building local capacities in agriculture and agricultural entrepreneurship. Rapid agricultural growth requires the introduction of new technologies and the dissemination of agricultural knowhow, together with a strong emphasis on increased agricultural yields and crop diversification particularly by smallholder farmers. The Center, therefore, provides a suitable platform for the rapid transfer of knowledge on modern Israeli agro-technologies and agricultural best practices to farmers. Implementation of the project is accompanied by a MASHAV long-term expert and includes the following: • Professional training programs conducted both in Israel and Rwanda • Introduction of improved quality varieties • Production of vegetables in greenhouses, walk-in-tunnels, net house and open areas • Postharvest techniques for improved quality and longer shelf life • Utilization of modern irrigation and fertigation systems and their adaptation to local conditions and farmers‘ requirements • Provision of quality training and consultancies Source: MASHAV

Goals and Targets Goal 1 – End poverty in all its forms everywhere Jamaica has had mixed success in reducing poverty over time. It recorded its lowest rate of poverty in 2007 (9.9 per cent), a signi%cant reduction from the 28.4 per cent in 1990. At that point, Jamaica had achieved the poverty goal of the Millennium Development Goals, 1990–2015. However, the global %nancial and economic crises of 2008–2009 had a negative e*ect on the local economy, resulting in a reversal of the gains in poverty over the period. Poverty rates trended upwards from 2008–2013, with the %rst downward movement recorded between 2013 and 2014. In 2016, there was a further reduction in the poverty rate to 17.6 per cent (see Statistical Annex). -e Government hasformulated and commenced implementation of various policies and initiatives to end poverty in all forms including: • -e National Policy Poverty and National Poverty Reduction Programme (NPP/NPRP) which was approved by Parliament in 2017 in support of the eradication of extreme poverty by 2022. • -e comprehensive Social Protection Strategy (2014) • -e National Food and Nutrition Security Policy (2013) • -e Food Safety Policy (2013) • -e Climate Change Policy Framework for Jamaica (2015). • -e Programme for the Advancement through Health and Education (PATH) • Poor Relief Programme. Key Achievements • -e Social Protection Strategy seeks to streamline and structure the delivery of 24 social protection by safeguarding social security rights, managing social risks, and contributing positively to social and economic development. -rough a systematic, integrated approach, Jamaica ensures a social protection landscape that can respond to various needs through preventive, promotive, protective, mitigative, and transformative interventions. • -e government allocated $8.3 billion in Fiscal Year 2017/2018 to its main cash transfer programme, PATH, which had a registration of 345 792 persons — elderly, persons with disabilities, children living in poor households, the adult poor and pregnant and lactating women. • Development of the National Financial Inclusion Strategy (NFIS) 2016–2020. -e goal of the NFIS is to create the conditions in which Jamaicans, particularly those who were previously underserved by the domestic %nancial system, are able to save safely and build up resilience against %nancial shocks, and %rms are able to invest, grow and generate greater levels of wealth. • Continued implementation of programmes to promote access to economic resources including regulating micro%nance institutions and lending policies; land titling programmes to strengthen land ownership; on-lending facilities through the Foundations for Competitiveness and Growth Project (FCGP), funded by the World Bank, to micro lending agencies; and fostering strategic partnerships between government and private sector %nancial institutions. -e project, also places emphasis on strengthening the business environment through ongoing strategic reforms, discussed further in Goal 8. • -ere are also strategies emphasising the promotion of environmentally sustainable livelihoods and reducing climate change associated risks and natural hazards through the regulation of environmental practices. -ese initiatives are intended to reduce livelihood losses to domestic farmers, %sherfolk, %sh farmers and other producers. -rough the Ministry of Labour and Social Security and the O/ce of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management along with other government MDAs grants, in-kind items as well as services are provided to those adversely a*ected by such events. Building risk resilience including agricultural risk management and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices are also underscored (see Goals 11 and 13). • Income security particularly for the vulnerable and those exposed to the risks of various types of shocks, is paramount. To strengthen this area in practical ways, measures such as disaster-responsive social assistance, crop insurance schemes, relocation strategies, and improved access to micro %nance and social insurance are currently being considered. A critical next step for Jamaica is the development of a tailored multidimensional poverty index for the country. -e approach being considered departs from the conventional, as it seeks to engage community participation in determining the indicators most relevant to the country. G O A L S A N D TA R G E T S 25 Challenges -e implementation of the National Poverty Reduction Programme overtime will require adequate %nancial support. -is calls for the mobilization and prioritization of funding, including those provided through partnership with International Development Partners (IDPs). In addition to global and local economic challenges, major weather events have signi%cantly impacted rural poverty in particular, due mainly to the heavy reliance on the agricultural sector. 26 JAMAICA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT

SDG1: No Poverty End poverty in all its forms everywhere Poverty with all its social and economic implications is one of the most important challenges facing Jordan, and the National Strategy for Social Protection 2019-2025 was developed to address and limit this. This is done through providing opportunities to Jordanian families to achieve economic self-suffciency through the labour market, enabling citizens through education, health care, and social services to individuals in need to ensure they remain integrated into their families and communities, in addition to targeted social assistance that enables the poor to maintain decent levels of consumption for their basic needs and with dignity. This goal intersects with all the SDGs, and especially SDGs 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 15 and 16. Governmental and non-governmental organisations contribute to eradicating poverty in Jordan by providing various fnancial, food and in-kind assistance to support families and other segments that are in need. Recent years saw intensifed efforts to prepare other relevant strategies and plans such as the school nutrition programme, the National Food Security Strategy and others that contribute to maximise the effort of eradicating poverty. 58 2nd Voluntary National Review National efforts exerted to achieve the goal • Providing services to poor and needy families through the main cash assistance programme, targeted assistance programmes, temporary cash programmes in response to the pandemic, and the government support programme (bread subsidy programme), to meet the target of reaching the poor and the population that are at risk of falling into poverty. • Efforts are committed to empower and support productive families with projects related to food and nutrition, and to support charity associations with productive projects. Funding is also extended to poor families with small loans to provide food and implement income generating projects from loan portfolios (credit funds) through charity associations. Jordanian product exhibitions are held to market food products made by poor families and local charity associations. • Work to reduce unemployment through job creation programmes across all areas of Jordan by identifying job opportunities within the private sector and linking employers with job seekers. Efforts are also directed towards developing an economic empowerment programme for benefciaries from national aid (graduation), linking the poor and the less fortunate with job opportunities and employment services, with the objective of supporting and facilitating the move from assistance receiving families to working families. • Provide fnancial and technical support to establish or develop micro, small and medium projects with the aim of enabling individuals and families to engage in productive work. 1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line 2010 14.4% 15.7% 2017 Source: Department of Statistics The Women and Girls Oasis Expanded in 18 community centres in 11 governorates (Amman, Zarqa, Karak, Tafla, Maan, Jerash, Ajloun, Salt, Madaba, Irbid, and Aqaba). This provides opportunities for incentive￾based volunteer work for the most needy and vulnerable women, as well as transportation subsidies and childcare services for their children. Women receive awareness sessions on prevention and protection from violence against women and gender￾based violence. 2nd Voluntary National Review 59 1.a.2 Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health and social protection) 2020 2015 40 Social Protection Health Education Total 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 15.7 18.3 9.4 11 10.8 10.3 37.6 38 Source: Department of Statistics • Issuing the Social Security Executive Instructions to include workers in fexible work, temporary and part-time workers, and expanding the scope of social security in introducing maternity and unemployment insurance. The amended Social Security Law gave the authority to reduce social security contributions incurred by start-ups. The ‘Include Yourself’ initiative was launched to preserve the rights of workers in the facilities they work for. With regard to social protection for the elderly and daily workers, a percentage not exceeding 50% of the revenues of the annual maternity insurance contributions were allocated to provide in-kind and fnancial subsidies to the elderly, sick and daily workers. • In order to reduce energy costs for those with low-income, the Solar to the Poor project was launched in 2019 to install solar cell systems for homes of families and benefciaries of NAF. • The national aid response to emergency needs during crises and disasters included implementing responsive programmes to ensure coverage of the largest possible group through transparent and fair standards, such as the distribution of aid through e-wallets. • Ongoing efforts to enhance social development services through the issuance of a modern law for social work that aims at professionalising this sector. • Partners provide comprehensive humanitarian services, which include relief and social services, protection, health and education, in addition to infrastructure services in camps and housing construction for Palestinian refugees. Efforts are also committed towards alleviating poverty among refugees in the Kingdom. 60 2nd Voluntary National Review • Credit risks resulting from the occurrence of fnancial losses due to the inability of institutions’ clients to fulfll their contractual obligations. • Decrease in women’s economic participation represents an additional burden on the economy, and increases poverty among families, especially rural ones. Recommendations and the way forward The focus in the coming period will be on harnessing available data and develop it in support of planning that is directed by scientifc and evidence based research, to undertake the following: • Look into developing a unifed electronic platform for social protection. • Assess establishing a unifed funding window for the benefciaries of micro￾loans that builds on the National Unifed Registry. • Examine expanding the programmes that enable the most vulnerable segments to become contributors to economic growth instead of only relief recipients. • Work to develop a forecasting model for variables that affect social protection. • Work to reduce extreme poverty by 15%. • Work to decrease the percentage of the population suffering from multi￾dimensional poverty by half by the end of 2030. • Move with efforts to reduce the areas with developmental characteristics by half in 2030. Takaful Programme One of NAF's programmes that represents a success story in dealing with the pandemic, including the use of the e-wallet that contributed to supporting poor and vulnerable communities, and providing transport costs while upholding their dignity in accessing assistance. Challenges and risks facing the goal • The need to update studies related to poverty, especially related to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. • Look into addressing the issue of developing databases that would assist in targeting within the social protection system (institutions, individuals, and services), including the absence of data by sex on poverty. • Limited resources, the large increase in demand for social protection sector services, and the entry of new categories into the social protection system. • Lack of coordination of foreign funding allocated to the social protection system. 2nd Voluntary National Review 61

136 Goal 1  The poverty rate is 15.4% in 2018, with one in six people living in poverty. The child poverty rate is 13.5% and one in seven children is said to be poor, which is far from "halving the poverty rate (1.2)" (both from the 2019 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare). It is necessary to formulate and implement policies for this purpose.  The state of the global indicator "1.2.1 Percentage of the population living below the poverty line in each country, by sex and age" should be improved, where it is stated that "there is currently no data available to provide”.  As the use of public assistance becomes more difficult due to conditionality and other factors, the number of people who maintain their livelihood through special loans that require repayment is rapidly increasing.

2828 Goal 1 END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE 28 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 29 Finding a way to eradicate poverty has challenged people for many years; it is a defining characteristic of developing countries, where almost a third of the world's population live. However, it also affects developed countries, where there is a direct correlation between poverty and unemployment rates. Therefore, the achievement of this goal is a necessary condition for the sustainable development of all countries. Since gaining independence, Kazakhstan has focused on reducing poverty and raising the incomes of the population. To this end, the country has created favourable conditions for employment and business development, increasing the accessibility of public health services, education and infrastructure (clean drinking water, utilities and transport). The mechanisms for providing targeted social assistance to the socially vulnerable population are being improved on an ongoing basis. The favourable external economic environment has contributed to the rapid growth of per capita income and a significant reduction in the level of poverty in the country. According to national figures, the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level in 2018 compared with 2001 decreased 11 times, from 46.7% to 4.3%. At the same time, poverty in Kazakhstan is characterized by regional differentiation and is more profound in rural areas; rural poverty is 2.7 times greater than urban poverty. GOAL 1 3 3 As of 2018, the subsistence level amounted to KZT 27,072 per month, which is equivalent to USD 78.5 (official exchange rate) 29 3030 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 31 Today, Kazakhstan is one of the upper￾middle income countries. In accordance with World Bank standards, the poverty threshold for such countries is $5.5 per day. According to this criterion, the proportion of the poor decreased from 15.3% in 2011 to 7.4% in 2018 (Figure 6). Kazakhstan has established more ambitious targets for poverty reduction, where, in addition to defining the monetary threshold of poverty in the country, other factors of family well-being are considered: access to drinking water and sanitation facilities, education, health care, and affordable housing. Kazakhstan is a socially-oriented state and allocates a significant part of the state budget to the social sphere. The current model of social support rejects social paternalism and dependency, focusing instead on strengthening citizens' responsibility for the results of their work and increasing business initiatives. To increase incomes and support to low￾income population groups, the Government has introduced active measures to ensure productive employment. In remote rural areas, where educational institutions do not exist, mobile training centres have been established to offer short-term training for the qualifications and skills that are in high demand. Conditions are also being created for expanding entrepreneurship, especially in rural areas. Training for first-time entrepreneurs is being provided, and microloans for business projects and state grants for start-up projects are also being allocated. Coverage is expanding and measures are being strengthened to support low-income families, including families with many children, people with disabilities and those in difficult situations. The mechanism for assigning targeted social assistance (TSA) has been improved; the targeting of social assistance has been strengthened and the coverage expanded by increasing the poverty threshold. The procedure for assigning TSA has been simplified; a social contract mechanism for able-bodied family members is in place. One of the significant changes in 2019 was the introduction of monthly guaranteed assistance as a part of the TSA for each child from a low-income family (70% of the subsistence level). Training, state grants and concessional loans for new business ideas are given to provide employment, start a family business, or increase the incomes of low￾income rural families with many children, including people with disabilities. Next steps to implement SDG 1: continue pursuing policies to reduce poverty and increase the incomes of the population; raise the minimum social standards, taking into consideration budget possibilities and international norms; improve the social service system for people with disabilities using the public-private partnership mechanism. GOAL 1

The installation demonstrates the modern digital world in the image of a child, where wires reflect mental, physical and digital connections. Key message: Poverty must be eradicated in a step-by-step manner through joint efforts. ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ACHIEVEMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 2022 51 SDG 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere The consequences of COVID-19 caused signifcant human suffering in Kazakhstan. The pandemic hit hard in the retail, hospitality, wholesale and transportation sectors, which account for about 30 percent of employment and are mostly concentrated in urban areas. However, the most signifcant increase in poverty is expected in rural areas, which may intensify inequality in Kazakhstan. Policies to Reduce Poverty and Increase Income of the Population Kazakhstan provides various types of assistance to low-income citizens aimed at reducing poverty. In 2019, the proportion of the population with incomes below the minimum subsistence level in the republic was 4.3%, and in 2021 this fgure increased by 0.9 p.p. to 5.2%. The largest percentage is noted in the Turkestan and Mangistau regions, where the proportion of the population with incomes below the minimum subsistence level in 2021 was 9.8% and 8.6% respectively. The lowest indicator was registered in Nur-Sultan (2.2%) and Karaganda region (3.2%) (Figure 11). WHAT HAS CHANGED IN THREE YEARS:  In 2022, the “Program to increase the income of the population until 2025” Comprehensive Plan was adopted.  Targeted social assistance is assigned on a quarterly basis.  The period of examination of a family’s fnancial situation is carried out by the district commission for up to 7 days.  Children from low-income families are given a guaranteed social package.  Families with many children receive an allowance regardless of their level of fnancial income. ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ACHIEVEMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 52 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 2022 Figure 11. Proportion of the population with incomes below the minimum subsistence level by region in the dynamics for three years, % Source: Bureau of National Statistics of the ASPR RK During the period under review, the amount of the minimum subsistence level has also increased, from KZT 29.3 thousand in 2019 to KZT 37.3 thousand in 202114. In order to overcome diffcult life situations and to encourage able-bodied citizens to participate in active employment measures, the state has built a comprehensive model of support for citizens. To expand coverage to low￾income families, the criterion for social assistance was raised to 70% of the minimum subsistence level effective from April 1, 2019. By the end of 2019, 2,177,200 people were covered by such assistance. The basic principle of social assistance remains the mandatory participation of able-bodied family members in employment measures and conclusion of a social contract with them.15 In this case, unconditional cash assistance is provided to families with no able-bodied members or to families whose able-bodied members cannot participate in employment assistance measures for objective reasons. In order to support households in which the monthly average per capita income does not exceed 70% of the regional subsistence minimum, the state supports such families in the form of payment of TSA. The TSA for low-income citizens provides for unconditional and conditional cash assistance payments. 14 On the amount of social payments from January 1, 2021 (www.gov.kz) 15 According to the offcial data of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ACHIEVEMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 2022 53 In 2020, changes were made to the approach of the TSA provision. In particular, a new state beneft was introduced for large families with four or more minor children. The current TSA system has also been modernized. In particular, the quarterly assignment of TSA was resumed, the requirements for able-bodied recipients of TSA and the institution of divisional inspector commissions was strengthened. In order to increase the effectiveness of their work, the period for conducting a survey of the fnancial situation of the family was increased from three to seven days. The defnition of competence for establishing the criteria for determining the need for TSA was provided, and the grounds for refusal to assign TSA were supplemented when the divisional inspector commissions provided a conclusion that the family was not in need of assistance. Between 2019 and 2021, the number of TSA recipients decreased 2.2 times from 468.3 thousand to 198.4 thousand families, or from 2,177.2 thousand people to 990.5 thousand people. Including unconditional cash assistance decreased 1.7 times, from 253.2 thousand people to 146.8 thousand people, and conditional cash assistance decreased 2.3 times, from 1.9 million people to 843.7 thousand people. ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ACHIEVEMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 54 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 2022 Next steps on the SDG 1 implementation:  Implementation of the Program to increase the population’s income until 2025.  Development and adoption of the Social Code to improve and develop social security policy and legislation, and to bring them into conformity with international standards and recommendations.  Increasing minimum social standards, considering budget possibilities and international norms.  Effective work on opening centers for working with low-income families and families with many children and women from among the families with many children. The Guaranteed Social Package (GSP) is provided for children from low-income families who receive targeted social assistance. For pre-school children, the GSP is provided in the form of food kits and hygiene supplies, and for schoolchildren – in the form of free meals at the place of education, reduced fare on city public transport, provision of school uniforms and accessories.