Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Lebesgue-Stieltjes integration)
Jump to: navigation, search

In measure-theoretic analysis and related branches of mathematics, Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration generalizes Riemann–Stieltjes and Lebesgue integration, preserving the many advantages of the former in a more general measure-theoretic framework. The Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral is the ordinary Lebesgue integral with respect to a measure known as the Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure, which may be associated to any function of bounded variation on the real line. The Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure is a regular Borel measure, and conversely every regular Borel measure on the real line is of this kind.

Lebesgue–Stieltjes integrals, named for Henri Leon Lebesgue and Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, are also known as Lebesgue–Radon integrals or just Radon integrals, after Johann Radon, to whom much of the theory is due. They find common application in probability and stochastic processes, and in certain branches of analysis including potential theory.


The Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral

\int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x)

is defined when f : [a, b] → R is Borel-measurable and bounded and g : [a, b] → R is of bounded variation in [a, b] and right-continuous, or when f is non-negative and g is monotone and right-continuous. To start, assume that f is non-negative and g is monotone non-decreasing and right-continuous. Define w((s, t]) = g(t) − g(s) and w({a}) = 0 (Alternatively, the construction works for g left-continuous, w([s,t)) = g(t) − g(s) and w({b}) = 0).

By Carathéodory's extension theorem, there is a unique Borel measure μg on [a, b] which agrees with w on every interval I. The measure μg arises from an outer measure (in fact, a metric outer measure) given by

\mu_g(E) = \inf\left\{\sum_i \mu_g(I_i) \ : \  E\subset \bigcup_i I_i \right\}

the infimum taken over all coverings of E by countably many semiopen intervals. This measure is sometimes called[1] the Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure associated with g.

The Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral


is defined as the Lebesgue integral of f with respect to the measure μg in the usual way. If g is non-increasing, then define

\int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x) := -\int_a^b f(x) \,d (-g)(x),

the latter integral being defined by the preceding construction.

If g is of bounded variation and f is bounded, then it is possible to write


where g1(x) = V x
is the total variation of g in the interval [a, x], and g2(x) = g1(x) − g(x). Both g1 and g2 are monotone non-decreasing. Now the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral with respect to g is defined by

\int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x) = \int_a^b f(x)\,dg_1(x)-\int_a^b f(x)\,dg_2(x),

where the latter two integrals are well-defined by the preceding construction.

Daniell integral[edit]

An alternative approach (Hewitt & Stromberg 1965) is to define the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral as the Daniell integral that extends the usual Riemann–Stieltjes integral. Let g be a non-increasing right-continuous function on [a, b], and define I( f ) to be the Riemann–Stieltjes integral

I(f) = \int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x)

for all continuous functions f. The functional I defines a Radon measure on [a, b]. This functional can then be extended to the class of all non-negative functions by setting

\overline{I}(h) &= \sup \left \{I(f) \ : \ f\in C[a,b], 0\le f\le h \right \} \\
\overline{\overline{I}}(h) &= \inf \left \{I(f) \ : \ f \in C[a,b], h\le f \right \}.

For Borel measurable functions, one has

\overline{I}(h) = \overline{\overline{I}}(h),

and either side of the identity then defines the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral of h. The outer measure μg is defined via

\mu_g(A) = \overline{\overline{I}}(\chi_A)

where χA is the indicator function of A.

Integrators of bounded variation are handled as above by decomposing into positive and negative variations.


Suppose that γ : [a, b] → R2 is a rectifiable curve in the plane and ρ : R2 → [0, ∞) is Borel measurable. Then we may define the length of γ with respect to the Euclidean metric weighted by ρ to be

\int_a^b \rho(\gamma(t))\,d\ell(t),

where \ell(t) is the length of the restriction of γ to [a, t]. This is sometimes called the ρ-length of γ. This notion is quite useful for various applications: for example, in muddy terrain the speed in which a person can move may depend on how deep the mud is. If ρ(z) denotes the inverse of the walking speed at or near z, then the ρ-length of γ is the time it would take to traverse γ. The concept of extremal length uses this notion of the ρ-length of curves and is useful in the study of conformal mappings.

Integration by parts[edit]

A function f is said to be "regular" at a point a if the right and left hand limits f (a+) and f (a−) exist, and the function takes the average value,


at the limiting point. Given two functions U and V of finite variation, if at each point either U or V is continuous, or if both U and V are regular, then there is an integration by parts formula for the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral:

\int_a^b U\,dV+\int_a^b V\,dU=U(b+)V(b+)-U(a-)V(a-), \qquad b > a.

Under a slight generalization of this formula, the extra conditions on U and V can be dropped.[2]

An alternative result, of significant importance in the theory of Stochastic calculus is the following. Given two functions U and V of finite variation, which are both right-continuous and have left-limits (they are cadlag functions) then

U(t)V(t) = U(0)V(0) + \int_{(0,t]} U(s-)\,dV(s)+\int_{(0,t]} V(s-)\,dU(s)+\sum_{u\in (0,t]} \Delta U_u \Delta V_u,

where ΔUt = U(t) − U(t−). This result can be seen as a precursor to Itō's lemma, and is of use in the general theory of Stochastic integration. The final term is ΔU(tV(t) = d[U, V],which arises from the quadratic covariation of U and V. (The earlier result can then be seen as a result pertaining to the Stratonovich integral.)

Related concepts[edit]

Lebesgue integration[edit]

When g(x) = x for all real x, then μg is the Lebesgue measure, and the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral of f with respect to g is equivalent to the Lebesgue integral of f.

Riemann–Stieltjes integration and probability theory[edit]

Where f is a continuous real-valued function of a real variable and v is a non-decreasing real function, the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral is equivalent to the Riemann–Stieltjes integral, in which case we often write

\int_a^b f(x) \, dv(x)

for the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral, letting the measure μv remain implicit. This is particularly common in probability theory when v is the cumulative distribution function of a real-valued random variable X, in which case

\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x) \, dv(x) = \mathrm{E}[f(X)].

(See the article on Riemann–Stieltjes integration for more detail on dealing with such cases.)


  1. ^ Halmos (1974), Sec. 15
  2. ^ Hewitt, Edwin (5 1960). "Integration by Parts for Stieltjes Integrals". The American Mathematical Monthly 67 (5): 419–423. doi:10.2307/2309287. JSTOR 2309287.