Printed 2015/10/05 10:52PM

Normalizing Your Database


If you’ve been working with databases for any length of time, you have heard the term normalization.

Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database.  There are two goals of the normalization process: eliminating redundant data (for example, storing the same data in more than one table) and ensuring data dependencies make sense (only storing related data in a table).  Reaching these two goals reduces the space used by the database and ensures the data is stored logically.

Guidelines have been developed to confirm that databases are normalized.  These are referred to as normal forms and are numbered from one (the lowest form of normalization, referred to as first normal form or 1NF) through six (sixth normal form or 6NF).  However, the 5th and 6th normal forms are rarely used, so I’m not going to mention those below.  Also note that most database architects start out designing in 3rd normal form, so it’s not necessary to perform these normalizations in order.

First Normal Form (1NF)

First Normal Form (1NF) sets the very basic rules for an organized database:

Second Normal Form (2NF)

Second normal form (2NF) further addresses the concept of removing duplicative data:

Third Normal Form (3NF)

Third normal form (3NF) goes one large step further:

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF or 3.5NF)

The Boyce-Codd Normal Form, also referred to as the “third and half (3.5) normal form”, adds one more requirement:

Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

Finally, fourth normal form (4NF) has one additional requirement:

More info:

Database Normalization Basics

First, second, and third normal form

Database Normalization: First, Second, and Third Normal Forms

Description of the database normalization basics

Video Normalisation Demonstration

Stairway to Database Design Level 9: Normalization

Third Normal Form
