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Facial Gender & FFS:
• In a Nutshell
Hair and Hairline
• Forehead
Adam's Apple
• Facelifts
Hormonal Effects
• Ethnic Variations

• Virtual FFS FAQs
• General FFS FAQs

My Facial Feminisation Thesis

My Top Tips for FFS Patients

Disclaimers, Promises and My Qualifications

Body Dysmorphic Disorder and FFS

On Transsexualism




Gender Differences:

Women's eyebrows appear to sit in a higher position then men's but this is largely an illusion. In fact, the top edge of the eyebrows is in almost exactly the same place for men and women.

The reason that female eyebrows appear to be higher is simply because they are thinner. Basically, if you remove the bottom half of a male eyebrow, it turns into a female eyebrow. The easiest way to see what I mean is to look at the animation below:


eyebrows animation


I don't know how much of the difference in thickness is natural, and how much is down to plucking. I suspect that at least some of it is natural but I have not seen any studies to support that yet.

The gap between the eyebrows also tends to be wider in females. This may also be down to plucking.

That doesn't mean that you should never have a brow lift. In fact, a mild brow lift usually does have a feminising effect. That might seem like a strange thing to say after I have just told you that women's eyebrows are not actually higher than men's, but I will explain further down the page in the section called "The Open Expression Theory of Eyebrows and Eye Size".

First of all though, lets deal with plucking:



Eyebrow plucking is actually one of the most powerfully feminising procedures and by far the least traumatic! It is often the first procedure I perform on a set of pictures.

Personally, when it comes to plucking, I recommend that you go for a classic eyebrow shape rather than a fashion eyebrow shape. This is because eyebrows often do not fully grow back after they have been plucked a few times. This can leave people with a fashion eyebrow shape long after the fashion has passed.

If you are not confident about plucking them yourself, you can get a professional beautician to do it for you.

If you want to do it yourself there are brow-plucking diagrams used in beauty manuals. The one you usually see is this:


standard eyebrow plucking diagram


But there is a big problem with this diagram and that is that the 3 lines all start at the edge of the nostril. This is fine if you have average nostrils but if your nostrils are wider or narrower than average, all the other measurements are thrown out.

Another problem would be if your nostrils are average but the distance between your eyes is not, for example, if your eyes are closer together or wider apart than average, the measurements are thrown out again.

These problems are caused by trying to anchor the eyebrow shape and position to the nose, so I have devised a new diagram that anchors the eyebrow to the eye and is therefore largely independent of things like your nose width or the distance between the eyes. It is based on the average female eyebrow which also happens to have the classic eyebrow shape. Here it is:


alexandrian eyebrow plucking diagram


I'm calling it the "Alexandrian eyebrow plucking diagram" and here's how it works:

If you imagine a vertical line (line A) rising from the inner corner of your eye, this tells you roughly where the inner end of the eyebrow should be.

Then imagine another vertical line (line C) rising from the outer corner of your eye just at the edge of the white part, and this gives you roughly the peak of the arch.

Right in the middle between these 2 lines is the pupil line (B). This line doesn't point to a particular part of the eyebrow, it's just there to show you how far away the fourth line (D) should be (B to C is the same distance as C to D) and as you can see, D then tells you where the end of the eyebrow should come.

Many diagrams suggest that the arch should be aligned with the outer edge of the iris rather than the outer corner of the eye but when you look at averaged pictures of women like the one I have used above, you can see that the arch is normally a little further out than that, and aligns with the outer corner.

Don't be too close to the mirror when you are making your measurements! You need to at least 3 feet away (1 metre) otherwise the measurements will be out. If you don't believe me, stand 3 feet away from the mirror, hold a pencil vertically against your face as if you were measuring line A, then gradually move closer to the mirror and see how the pencil moves out of alignment with the inner corner of your eye!

You can mark points along the eyebrow with an eyeliner when you are measuring, then you can use a close mirror for plucking.

For thickness I would say that the thickest part of the eyebrow should not be more than the thickness of a pencil but don't go too thin – it is a common mistake to pluck the eyebrows too thin – it's not masculinising if you do, but in my opinion, it is not as attractive.

You don't have to follow the eyebrow plucking diagram exactly! Use it as a guide, not as an absolute rule. This is because people's natural eyebrow shape varies a lot - some have very straight eyebrows, some are very arched and the arch can naturally be in different positions. You should always adapt to suit your own face and don't try to force your eyebrows too far outside their natural shape.

And remember, you almost always only pluck the underside of the eyebrows. You generally only pluck along the top edge to remove the odd stray hair.



The "open expression" theory of eyebrows and eye size:

This is a theory I have developed over many years working on facial gender:

One of the things I have noticed is that a mild brow lift seems to give a more feminine "open" expression to many faces, despite the fact that female eyebrows are not naturally higher than male eyebrows.

I believe there are two reasons for this:

1. As I described above, even though the top edge of male and female eyebrows is in the same place, there is a bigger gap between the eye and eyebrows on women because women's eyebrows are thinner. But higher eyebrows also increase the distance between the eye and eyebrows, so I think we perceive higher eyebrows as feminine because they mimic the effect of thin eyebrows.

2. The more "open" expression that women have is partly to do with the fact that women have larger eyes than men - basically, large eyes look more "open" than small eyes. But raising your eyebrows also opens your expression, and this means that a mild brow lift can mimic the effect on the expression of larger eyes.

Now, it just so happens that eyebrows are lifted a little by forehead feminisation surgery. This is because when you remove bone from underneath the soft tissues, you need to take up the slack.

This kind of subtle brow lift of a few millimeters is fine and has a gently feminising effect. Technically it can raise your eyebrows a little higher than their natural position, but it does gain you a little extra apparent feminisation.

The problem is that many surgeons still believe that women's eyebrows are much higher than men's and they lift the eyebrows of pretty much all their trans patients as much as possible. This can put the eyebrows in a very unnatural position, and can leave the patient with a permanently "surprised" expression.

That doesn't mean that no one should have a strong brow lift - there are some who can really benefit from one. These patients might have unusually low eyebrows to start with, or small eyes, or might be older patients with a lot of slack forehead soft tissue that has left the eyebrows sitting very low.

There are several ways of doing a stronger brow lift:


Surgical Options for Brow Lifting:

1. Forehead Lift.
This technique can lift the eyebrows further than other techniques. It involves a long incision across the top of the head or along the hairline. A section of skin is removed from in front of the incision and the forehead is pulled up to close the gap. The gap is then stitched shut. This means that the whole forehead is lifted. If the incision is made over the top of the head it is called a "coronal brow lift" and the advantage is that the scar will be invisible.

These are the same incisions that are used for forehead surgery so brow lifting and forehead surgery can be done at the same time.

Small plastic devices with backwards-pointing spines (endotines) can be used to anchor the eyebrows and soft tissues in place while everything heals. The endotines dissolve after a few months.

The advantage of a forehead lift is that it lifts the whole eyebrow rather than just pulling up parts of it and that helps retain a natural shape. It also has the effect of rejuvenating the forehead by reducing frown lines.

If you have a coronal brow lift with the incision is behind the hairline then the hairline itself will also be raised when the gap is closed. This could be a problem if your hairline is already high but as I point out on the hairline page – women do actually tend to have higher hairlines than men so in most cases raising the hairline a little is not be a problem and is often beneficial.

If you wanted to avoid the hairline being raised, you would have to have the incision along the hairline rather than behind it. The problem with this approach is that it leaves a visible scar along the hairline like the one you can see on the Hair and Hairline page of this site.


2. Endoscopic Brow Lift.
In this technique, 3 to 5 small incisions are made in the scalp behind the hairline. The surgeon then uses instruments inserted through the incisions to lift the soft tissues away from the bone. Stitches are then used to pull up parts of the eyebrow. This technique is much more limited and can only achieve a more subtle lift.

Most FFS patients have forehead surgery, so they would be getting a subtle lift anyway because that's one of the effects of forehead surgery as I explained above. However, if you were not having forehead surgery and wanted a subtle lift, this technique might be useful


3. Lateral Brow Lift
Also called a temporal brow lift this lifts the outer third of the eyebrow both upwards and outwards. The surgeon makes 2 incisions at the temples but behind the hairline where the scars won't show. A small amount of skin is removed and internal stitches hold everything in place.


4. Internal Brow Lift.
Also called a transblepharoplasty brow lift. This is performed at the same time as an upper blepharoplasty which is a procedure to remove excess skin from the upper eyelid. The eyebrow is accessed through the eyelid incision and is loosened from the underlying tissues. The eyebrow is then held in the new position with stitches or a small implant.

I have read about this procedure but have never met anyone who has had it. The effects would be subtle as it is effectively a type of endoscopic brow lift (see above).


5. Mid-Forehead Brow Lift.
In the mid-forehead brow lift, horizontal incisions are made in the middle of the forehead. This is likely to make the scars very noticeable and would usually only be performed when the patient has very strong horizontal frown lines that the surgeon can hide the scars in. I do not recommend this procedure, I only include it here to be complete.


6. Direct Brow Lift.
This is the simplest technique and involves cutting out a strip of skin along the top edge of the eyebrow and sewing the resulting gap closed to lift the eyebrow. This leaves a scar along the top of the eyebrow. I strongly recommend against this technique and have seen some very poor results with clear scarring.


The Illusion of the Eyebrow Position on the Orbital Rim:

This is another theory I have developed over the years. It is often said that female eyebrows sit just above the orbital rim while male eyebrows sit on, or just below it. I would suggest that this is not really to do with eyebrow position but with the size of the orbital rims and the thinness of female eyebrows. Let me explain:

1. Given the same eyebrow position for men and women, the male eyebrow can still reach lower relative to the orbital rim because male eyebrows are twice the size of female eyebrows and all that extra eyebrow is along the underside of the male eyebrow. This makes it look like male eyebrows sit below the rim.

2. On females, the orbital rim is typically just the point at which the forehead meets the eye socket, but men often have a large ridge of bone along the rim. This ridge can extend above the eyebrows and can therefore give the impression that the eyebrow is sitting low relative to the rim.

To sum up: once you remove the male bossing along the orbital rim and pluck the underside of the eyebrow, you find that the eyebrow was not sitting lower after all - it just seemed that way because it was thick and was sitting on a large ridge.


An Interesting Observation:

I have noticed that most people's left eyebrow is slightly higher than the right. I have absolutely no idea why that would be but it's remarkably consistent. For example, you can see it in the pictures on this page which were created by averaging several faces together. I don't know whether this is a new observation but I have not seen it mentioned in any studies.