Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology

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83 terms · Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry and Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues


magnifier of the image of small objects


property of microscope which allows objectives to be changed without having to refocus

Total Magnification

eypiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification




light passes through one or more lenses to produce an enlarged image of a specimen


focuses light through specimen

Diaphragm (iris)

The part of a microscope that allows the user to cange the amoutn fo light being shone into the specimen, the user would want to change the amount of light (by turning the diap according to the transparency of thier slide

Coarse adjustment Knob

moves the stage up and down to allow for focusing

Fine Adjustment Knob

moves the stage very slightly to bring the image into sharper focus

Arm (Microscope)

Supports the body and stage and is attached to the base.

Ocular Lens

Magnifies the object, usually by 10X. Also known as the eyepiece, this is the part you look through to view the object

Objective Lens

the part of a compound light microscope that is located directly above the specimen and that magnifies the image of the specimen


The basic unit of all living things

Plasma Membrane



a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended


a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction, a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction




small structures in the cytoplasm that do special jobs

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Manufactures membrane lipids- pancreatic cells= has ribosomes attached

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.


an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell

Golgi Apparatus





Structure: A small, membrane bound organelle filled with digestive enzymes.
Function: Digestion of proteins, old organelles, food, dead cells, and other materials.




One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope; play a role in cell division.





Cell Division (Mitosis)

indirect cell division involving complex changes in the nucleus (there are 5 phases)












groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism

Epithelial Tissue


Simple Squamous Epithelium


Simple Cuboidal Epithelium


Simple Columnar Epithelium

A single layer of tall, thin cells. These large cells contain organelles that enable them to perform complex functions. In the intestines, it produces and secretes mucus and digestive enzymes. These often have cilia and microvilli on the surface.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial tissue that only appears to be stratified. There is only one layer of cells, but there often appears to be two or more layers. This is because some of the cells are tall and reach the free surface, while others are short and do not reach the surface. These cells line certain glands and ducts, auditory tubes, the nasal cavity, and trachea. There is cilia located on the free surface of these cells.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium


Transitional Epithelium

Description: resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columner; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch

Function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

Connective Tissue


Connective Tissue Cells

Large extracellular( Matrix) material. connecting, anchoring and supporting body structures. Secrete protein fibers (elastin) into the ground substance.Blood and lymph also "connect" various parts of the body ( most diverse tissue cells)


connective tissue cells that produce fibrous components of extracellular matrix like collagen and elastin


fat cells


the body substance in which tissue cells are embedded


small spaces between the lamellae which contain osteocytes

Ground Substance


Connective Tissue Fibers

collagen, elastic, reticular

Collagen Fibers

one of the 3 components of the connective tissue matrix. these are strong and ropelike and can withstand pulling bc of their great tensile strength

Elastic Fibers

Long threads made of the protein elastin. provide a rubbery quality to the extracellular matrix that complements the nonelastic strength of collagenous fibers.

Reticular Fibers

fine, collagenous fibers whose networks surround and support the soft tissue of organs, and stabilize the positions of functional cells

Types of Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue Proper
Fluid Connective Tissue
Supporting Connective Tissue

Loose Connective Tissue


Areolar Connective Tissue

Most plentiful connective tissue in body, supports and binds other tissues, holds body fluids, defends body against infection, stores nutrients as fat, Contains collagen, reticular and elastic fibers, ground substance holds fluid, defense cells fight infection as areolar tissue contains Macrophages(big eaters), Plasma cells(secrete antibodies), Mast cells (inflammatory process), and Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, and eosinophils. A minor function is that it's fat cells store nutrients.

Adipose Tissue


Reticular Tissue


Dense Connective Tissue



a connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together


cartilage cells that divide in order to cause bone growth, mature cartilage cells; produce collagen matrix


small spaces between the lamellae which contain osteocytes

Hyaline Cartlage



has a matrix containing strong collagen fibers. found in structures that withstand tension and pressure, such as the pads between the vertebrae in the backbone and the wedges in the knee joint.


rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates

Muscle Tissue


Nervous Tissue


Integumentary System







90% of epidermis cells, migrates from lower levels, make keratin, Keratin helps protect skin, cells are sloughed off




the protective skin pigment responsible for the tan, brown, or black color of human skin; produced in abundance upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation


second layer of skin, holding blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, and hair follicles


It is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are Fibroblasts, Adipose Cells, and Macrophages

Accessory Organs

organs that food does not pass through and produce enzymes for digestion



Hair Follicle

a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair

Arrector Pili

muscle that surrounds each hair follicle; contraction may cause goose bumps

Sebaceous Gland


Sweat Glands

help regulate body temperature and water content by secreting sweat

Apocrine Sweat Glands


Eccrine Sweat Glands

most numerous, important, and wide spread of the sweat glands, mostly on forehead, upper lip, palms and soles, not hair follicles, regulate temperature,

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