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Immigration is the movement of people into another country or region to which they are not native in order to settle there.[1] Immigration is a result of a number of factors, including economic and/or political reasons, family re-unification, natural disasters or the wish to change one's surroundings voluntarily.



As of 2006, the International Organization for Migration has estimated the number of foreign migrants worldwide to be more than 200 million.[3] Europe hosted the largest number of immigrants, with 70 million people in 2005.[3] North America, with over 45 million immigrants, is second, followed by Asia, which hosts nearly 25 million. Most of today's migrant workers come from Asia.[4]

In 2005, the United Nations reported that there were nearly 191 million international migrants worldwide, about 3 percent of the world population.[5] This represented a rise of 26 million since 1990. 60 percent of these immigrants were now in developed countries, an increase on 1990. Those in less developed countries stagnated, mainly because of a fall in refugees.[6] Contrast that to the average rate of globalization (the proportion of cross-border trade in all trade), which exceeds 20 percent. The numbers of people living outside their country of birth is expected to rise in the future.[7]


2012 survey[edit]

A 2012 survey by Gallup found roughly 640 million adults would want to migrate to another country if they had the chance to.[8] Nearly one-quarter (23%) of these respondents, which translates to more than 150 million adults worldwide, named the United States as their desired future residence, while an additional 7% of respondents, representing an estimated 45 million, chose the United Kingdom. The other top desired destination countries (those where an estimated 25 million or more adults would like to go) were Canada, France, Saudi Arabia, Australia, Germany and Spain.

Understanding of immigration[edit]

London has become multiracial as a result of immigration.[9] Across large parts of London, black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools.[10]












Region-specific factors for immigration[edit]


North African immigrants near the Italian island of Sicily



Some states, such as Japan, have opted for technological changes to increase profitability (for example, greater automation), and designed immigration laws specifically to prevent immigrants from coming to, and remaining within, the country. Globalization, as well as low birth rates and an aging work force, has forced Japan to reconsider its immigration policy.[27] Japan's colonial past has also created considerable number of non-Japanese in Japan. Japan keeps tight control on immigration and in 2009, despite generous overseas aid for refugees, granted political asylum to just 30 people.[28] Japanese Minister Taro Aso described Japan as unique in being "one nation, one civilisation, one language, one culture and one race".[29]


Economic migrant[edit]


The term economic migrant refers to someone who has emigrated from one region to another region for the purposes of seeking employment or improved financial position. An economic migrant is distinct from someone who is a refugee fleeing persecution.

Many countries have immigration and visa restrictions that prohibit a person entering the country for the purposes of gaining work without a valid work visa. Persons who are declared an economic migrant can be refused entry into a country.

The process of allowing immigrants into a particular country has been believed to have effects on wages and employment. Particularly the lower skilled workers are affected directly, but evidence suggests that this is due to adjustments within industries.[31]








Immigration and Western social values[edit]

Many commentators have raised the issue that immigrants from certain cultures who move into Western countries may not be able to understand and assimilate certain Western concepts, that are relatively alien in some parts of the world, especially related to women's rights, domestic violence, LGBT rights and the supremacy of secular laws in front of religious practices. For instance, in many parts of the world it is legal and socially accepted for men to use physical violence against their wives if they "misbehave"; and wives are expected, both legally and socially, to "obey" their husbands.[37][38] Various behaviors of women, such as refusing arranged marriages or having premarital sex, are seen in many parts of the world as justifying violence from family members (parents).[39] A 2010 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center found that stoning as a punishment for adultery was supported by 82% of respondents in Egypt and Pakistan, 70% in Jordan, 56% Nigeria, 42% in Indonesia; the death penalty for people who leave the Muslim religion was supported by 86% of respondents in Jordan, 84% in Egypt and 76% in Pakistan; gender segregation in the workplace was supported by 85% of respondents in Pakistan, 54% in Egypt, 50% in Jordan.[40] Some people argue that Western countries have worked very hard and for a very long time to achieve modern values, and they have the right to maintain these values, and protect them from threats. In 2007, Quebec premier Jean Charest said that Quebec had values such as equality of women and men and the separation between the state and religion and that "These values are fundamental. They cannot be the object of any accommodation. They cannot be subordinated to any other principle."[41] (see reasonable accommodation). In recent years, several high profile cases of honor killings, forced marriages and female genital mutilation among immigrant communities in Canada, the US and Europe have reignited the debate on immigration and integration.[42][43][44][45][46][47] LGBT rights are another issue of controversy in relation to immigration, because homosexuality is in many parts of the world illegal and widely disapproved by society, and in some places it is even punishable by death (see sodomy laws and LGBT rights by country or territory). Some countries, such as the Netherlands, have adopted policies which explain to immigrants that they have to accept LGBT rights if they want to move to the country.[48]

By country[edit]





Jewish immigration to Palestine during the 19th century was promoted by the Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl in the late 19th century following the publication of "Der Judenstaat".[49] His Zionist movement sought to encourage Jewish migration, or immigration, to Palestine. Its proponents regard its aim as self-determination for the Jewish people.[50] The percentage of world Jewry living in the former Palestinian Mandate has steadily grown from 25,000 since the movement came into existence. Today about 40% of the world's Jews live in Israel, more than in any other country.[51]


There were 35,638 African migrants living in Israel in 2011.[52] Nearly 69,000 non-Jewish African migrants have entered Israel in recent years.[53]



In the early 1990s, Japan relaxed its relatively tight immigration laws to allow special entry permits for foreigners of Japanese ancestry in South America to make up for a labor shortage.[54] According to Japanese immigration centre,[55] the number of foreign residents in Japan has steadily increased, and the number of foreign residents (including permanent residents, but excluding illegal immigrants and short-term visitors such as foreign nationals staying less than 90 days in Japan[56]) was more than 2.2 million in 2008.[55] The biggest groups are Koreans (both south and north), Chinese (including China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau nationalities), and Brazilians. Most of the Brazilians in Japan have Japanese ancestry due to the huge Japanese immigration to Brazil in the first decades of the 20th century. Immediately after World War II, most Koreans in Japan were illegal immigrants who escaped from civil war on the Korean Peninsula.[57]

Among the immigrants, Japan accepts a steady flow of 15,000 new Japanese citizens by naturalization (帰化 kika?) per year.[58] Indeed, the concept of ethnic groups by the Japanese statistics is different from that used in North American or some Western European statistics. For example, the United Kingdom Census asks about its citizens' "ethnic or racial background".[59] The Japanese Statistics Bureau does not ask this question. Since the Japanese census asks about nationality rather than ethnicity, naturalized Japanese citizens and Japanese nationals with multi-ethnic backgrounds are considered simply to be Japanese in the population of Japan.[55]

According to the Japanese Association for Refugees, the number of refugees who applied to live in Japan has rapidly increased since 2006,[60] and there were more than a thousand applications in 2008.[60] Japan's refugee policy has been criticized because the number of refugees accepted into Japan is small compared to countries such as Sweden and the United States.[61] For example, according to the UNHCR, in 1999 Japan accepted 16 refugees for resettlement, while the United States took in 85,010, and New Zealand (which has a much smaller population than Japan) accepted 1,140. Between 1981, when Japan ratified the U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, and 2002, Japan recognized only 305 persons as refugees.[62][63]



Morocco is home to more than 20,000 sub-Saharan African immigrants.[64]




Some EU member states are currently receiving large-scale immigration: for instance Spain, where the economy has created more than the whole of all the new jobs in the EU over the past five years.[68] The EU, in 2005, had an overall net gain from international migration of +1.8 million people. This accounts for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth in 2005.[69] In 2004, total 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from Europe.[70] In 2005, immigration fell slightly to 135,890.[71] British emigration towards Southern Europe is of special relevance. Citizens from the European Union make up a growing proportion of immigrants in Spain. They mainly come from countries like the UK and Germany, but the British case is of special interest due to its magnitude. The British authorities estimate that the British population in Spain at 700,000.[72] Mid- and long term EU demographics indicate a shortage of skilled laborers on a scale that would endanger economic growth and the stability of numerous industries. For this reason the European Union launched an initiative called the EU Blue Card, In 2009. The EU Blue Card is initially a temporary residence and work permit. However it will offer holders the opportunity to apply for a permanent resident permit after working on an EU Blue Card for two to five years uninterrupted, depending on individual member state regulations.






Pr. January 1, 2012 registered immigrants in Norway numbered 547 000,[73] making up about 11% of the total population. Many are fairly recent immigrants as immigration has gradually increased [74] in Norway and per 2012 is very high, both historically and compared to other countries.[75] Net immigration in 2011 was 47 032, a national record high.[76] The immigrants come from 219 different countries. If children of two immigrants are included the immigrant population make up 655 170. The largest groups come from Poland (72 103), Sweden (36 578), Pakistan (32 737), Somalia (29 395) Iraq (28 935), Germany (25 683), Lithuania (23 941) and Vietnam (20 871) (numbers per 2012, include immigrants and children of two immigrants).[77] Children of Pakistani, Somali and Vietnamese parents made up the largest groups of all Norwegians born to immigrant parents.[78] The European and Pakistani immigrants are mainly labor immigrants while many other immigrants from outside Europe have come as asylium seekers or family members to such.


Portugal, long a country of emigration, that have created big Portuguese communities in France, USA and Brazil [79] has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the former colonies; by the end of 2003, legal immigrants represented about 4% of the population, and the largest communities were from Cape Verde, Brazil, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, UK, Spain, China and Ukraine.[80]


Spain is the most favoured European destination for Britons leaving the UK.[81] Since 2000, Spain has absorbed more than three million immigrants, growing its population by almost 10%. Immigrant population now tops over 4.5 million. According to residence permit data for 2005, about 500,000 were Moroccan, another 500,000 were Ecuadorian,[82] more than 200,000 were Romanian, and 260,000 were Colombian.[83][84] In 2005 alone, a regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people.[85]



As the Swedish government does not base any statistics on ethnicity, there are no exact numbers on the total number of people of immigrant background in Sweden. As of 2010, 1.33 million people or 14.3% of the inhabitants in Sweden were foreign-born. Sweden has been transformed from a nation of emigration ending after World War I to a nation of immigration from World War II onwards. In 2009, immigration reached its highest level since records began with 102,280 people emigrating to Sweden. In 2010, 32000 people applied for asylum to Sweden, a 25% increase from 2009, the highest amount in Swedish history.[86] In 2009, Sweden had the fourth largest number of asylum applications in the EU and the largest number per capita after Cyprus and Malta.[87] [88] Immigrants in Sweden are mostly concentrated in the urban areas of Svealand and Götaland and the five largest foreign born populations in Sweden come from Finland, Yugoslavia, Iraq, Poland and Iran.[89]



United Kingdom[edit]


In 2011, an estimated 589,000 migrants arrived to live in the UK for at least a year, most of the migrants were people from Asia (particularly the Indian subcontinent) and Africa,[93] while 338,000 people emigrated from the UK for a year or more.[93] Following Poland's entry into the EU in May 2004 it was estimated that by the start of 2007, 375,000 Poles had registered to work in the UK, although the total Polish population in the UK was believed to be 500,000. Many Poles work in seasonal occupations and a large number are likely to move back and forth over time. Some migrants left after the world economic crisis of 2008. In 2011, citizens of the new EU member states made up 13% of the immigrants entering the country.[93] As of May 2010 the UK Immigration Minister was Damian Green, who has since been replaced by Mark Harper.

The British Asian (South Asian) population has increased from 2.2 million in 2001 to over 4.2 million in 2011,[94] while the Black British community has increased from 1.1 million in 2001 to nearly 1.9 million in 2011.[94] Between 2001 and 2009, this was part of a general trend seeing a drop in white British people by 36,000 and a concurrent rise in non-white British people from 6.64 million to 9.13 million, including Chinese, Pakistani, mixed white and black Caribbean, black African, Australian, Canadian and European immigrants.[95]

London has the largest immigrant population.[9]

North America[edit]


Large numbers of Central American migrants who have crossed Guatemala's border into Mexico are deported every year.[96] Over 200,000 undocumented Central American migrants were deported in 2005 alone.[97] In a 2010 news story, USA Today reported, "... Mexico's Arizona-style law requires local police to check IDs. And Mexican police freely engage in racial profiling and routinely harass Central American migrants, say immigration activists."[98]



Chinatown in Downtown Toronto, Ontario. In March 2005, Statistics Canada projected that the visible minority proportion will comprise a majority in both Toronto and Vancouver by 2012.

Canada's is driven by economic policy and family reunification, and is aiming for between 240,000 and 265,000 new permanent residents in 2012.[101] In 2001, 250,640 people immigrated to Canada. Newcomers settle mostly in the major urban areas of Toronto and Vancouver. Since the 1990s, the majority of Canada's immigrants have come from Asia.[102] The leading emigrating countries to Canada are China, Philippines and India.[103] India was the third largest source country for immigration to Canada in 2012, with 28,889 permanent residents admitted. This represents an increase of almost 15 percent since 2004.[104] In 2010, a record 280,636 people immigrated to Canada.[105] Accusing a person of racism in Canada is usually considered a serious slur.[106] All political parties are now cautious about criticizing of the high level of immigration, because, as noted by the Globe and Mail, "in the early 1990s, the old Reform Party was branded 'racist' for suggesting that immigration levels be lowered from 250,000 to 150,000."[107]

United States[edit]

Naturalization ceremony in New York City, 1930

Historians estimate that fewer than 1 million immigrants – perhaps as few as 400,000 – crossed the Atlantic during the 17th and 18th centuries.[108] Relatively few 18th-century immigrants came from England: only 80,000 between 1700 and 1775, compared to 350,000 during the 17th century.[109] In addition, between the 17th and 19th centuries, an estimated 645,000 Africans were brought to what is now the United States.[110] In the early years of the United States, immigration was fewer than 8,000 people a year.[111] After 1820, immigration gradually increased. From 1850 to 1930, the foreign born population of the United States increased from 2.2 million to 14.2 million. The highest percentage of foreign born people in the United States was found in this period, with the peak in 1890 at 14.7%. During this time, the lower costs of Atlantic Ocean travel in time and fare made it more advantageous for immigrants to move to the U.S. than in years prior. From 1880 to 1924, over 25 million Europeans migrated to the United States,[108] mainly economic migrants.[112] The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act meanwhile suppressed immigration from East Asia, while the Emergency Quota Act, followed by the Immigration Act of 1924, restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.[113]

German immigrant family in the United States, 1930

Following this time period, immigration fell because in 1924 Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which favored immigrant source countries that already had many immigrants in the U.S. by 1890.[114] Immigration patterns of the 1930s were dominated by the Great Depression, and in the early 1930s, more people emigrated from the United States than immigrated to it.[115] Immigration continued to fall throughout the 1940s and 1950s, but it increased again afterwards.[78]

The Mexico–U.S. border in Arizona.


The Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 (the Hart-Cellar Act) removed quotas on large segments of the immigration flow and legal immigration to the U.S. surged. In 2006, the number of immigrants totaled record 37.5 million.[117] After 2000, immigration to the United States numbered approximately 1,000,000 per year. Despite tougher border security after 9/11, nearly 8 million immigrants came to the United States from 2000 to 2005 – more than in any other five-year period in the nation's history.[118] Almost half entered illegally.[119] In 2006, 1.27 million immigrants were granted legal residence. Mexico has been the leading source of new U.S. residents for over two decades; and since 1998, China, India and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year.[120] The U.S. has often been called the "melting pot" (derived from Carl N. Degler, a historian, author of Out of Our Past), a name derived from United States' rich tradition of immigrants coming to the US looking for something better and having their cultures melded and incorporated into the fabric of the country.

Appointed by President Clinton, the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, led by Barbara Jordan, called for reducing legal immigration to about 550,000 a year.[121] Since September 11, 2001, the politics of immigration has become an extremely hot issue. It was a central topic of the 2008 election cycle.[122]

The number of foreign nationals who became legal permanent residents (LPRs) of the U.S. in 2009 as a result of family reunification (66 percent) outpaced those who became LPRs on the basis of employment skills (13 percent) and humanitarian reasons (17 percent).[123] Since World War II, more refugees have found homes in the U.S. than any other nation and more than two million refugees have arrived in the U.S. since 1980. Of the top ten countries accepting resettled refugees in 2006, the United States accepted more than twice as much as the next nine countries combined.[124] One econometrics report in 2010 by analyst Kusum Mundra suggested that immigration positively affected bilateral trade when the U.S. had a networked community of immigrants, but that the trade benefit was weakened when the immigrants became assimilated into American culture.[125]

Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status Fiscal Years 1820 to 2010
Somali-American community activist.
Year Year Year
1820 8,385 1915 326,700 1999 644,787
1821 9,127 1925 294,314 2000 841,002
1822 6,911 1935 34,956 2001 1,058,902
1825 10,199 1945 38,119 2002 1,059,536
1835 45,374 1955 237,790 2003 703,542
1845 114,371 1965 296,697 2004 957,883
1855 200,877 1975 385,378 2005 1,122,373
1865 248,120 1985 568,149 2006 1,266,129
1875 227,498 1995 720,177 2007 1,052,415
1885 395,346 1996 915,560 2008 1,107,126
1895 258,536 1997 797,847 2009 1,130,818
1905 1,026,499 1998 653,206 2010 1,042,625


The table above does not include the years 2011 and 2012. According to Permanent residence (United States), in 2011 there were 2.7 million entries entered in the Diversity Visa Lottery. So far in 2012, there has been 19.6 million participants.[when?] The numbers increase tremendously each year. There is now a waiting period held by the U.S. government to decide who will be eligible for entry as a permanent resident of the United States.



Countries of birth of Australian estimated resident population (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006[127]).

The overall level of immigration to Australia has grown substantially during the last decade. Net overseas migration increased from 30,000 in 1993[128] to 118,000 in 2003-04.[129] The largest components of immigration are the skilled migration and family re-union programs. The mandatory detention of unauthorised arrivals by boat has generated great levels of controversy. During the 2004-05, total 123,424 people immigrated to Australia. Of them, 17,736 were from Africa, 54,804 from Asia, 21,131 from Oceania, 18,220 from United Kingdom, 1,506 from South America, and 2,369 from the rest of Europe.[102] 131,000 people migrated to Australia in 2005-06[130] and migration target for 2012–13 is 190,000.[131][132]


New Zealand[edit]

New Zealand has relatively open immigration policies. 23% of the population was born overseas, mainly in Asia, Oceania, and UK, one of the highest rates in the world. In 2010-2014, an annual target of 45,000±5000 immigrants was set by the Immigration New Zealand.[citation needed]

Economic effects[edit]

The Cato Institute finds little or no effect of immigration on the income of citizens belonging to established populations.[134] The Brookings Institution finds a 2.3% depression of wages from immigration from 1980 to 2007.[135] The Center for Immigration Studies finds a 3.7% depression wages from immigration from 1980 to 2000.[136] Research indicates that immigrants are more likely to work in risky jobs than U.S.-born workers, partly due to differences in average characteristics, such as immigrants' lower English language ability and educational attainment.[137] Further, some studies indicate that higher ethnic concentration in metropolitan areas is positively related to the probability of self-employment of immigrants.[138]

According to the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, "In Europe, 28% of foreigners between the ages of 25 and 49 are unable to find work, with unemployment rates as high as 35% for Turks and Pakistanis and 60% for recent immigrant groups such as Somalis."[139]

Toronto’s unemployment rate was 6.7% in November 2010, including 19.7% among recent immigrants.[140]



See also[edit]


  1. ^ Definition of immigration by the Free Online Dictionary
  3. ^ a b Global Estimates and Trends. International Organization for Migration. 2008. Retrieved on 30 October 2009.
  4. ^ Rich world needs more foreign workers: report at the Wayback Machine (archived December 18, 2008),, December 02, 2008. Archived December 18, 2008.
  8. ^ 150 Million Adults Worldwide Would Migrate to the U.S.
  27. ^ "Inmates on hunger strike in Japan immigration centre". Google News. May 19, 2010
  30. ^ Dustmann, Christian. "Labor market effects on immigration". Business Source Elite. Retrieved 10/4/12. 
  31. ^ Remittance Prices Worldwide
  32. ^ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. 1948 (original work). Retrieved 30 October 2009. 
  34. ^ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. 1948 (original work). Retrieved 25 July 2010. 
  35. ^ "Family Reunification", Ramah McKay, Migration Policy Institute.
  37. ^ in Yemen marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission.[5]
  39. ^
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  41. ^
  42. ^
  43. ^
  44. ^
  45. ^
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  47. ^
  49. ^ A national liberation movement: Rockaway, Robert. Zionism: The National Liberation Movement of The Jewish People at the Wayback Machine (archived December 16, 2007), World Zionist Organization, January 21, 1975, accessed August 17, 2006). Shlomo Avineri:(Zionism as a Movement of National Liberation at the Wayback Machine (archived October 12, 2007), Hagshama department of the World Zionist Organization, December 12, 2003, accessed August 17, 2006). Neuberger, Binyamin. Zionism - an Introduction, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, August 20, 2001. Retrieved August 17, 2006.
  50. ^ accessed Feb 2009
  54. ^ a b c 平成20年末現在における外国人登録者統計について(Number of Foreign residents in Japan)
  56. ^ 23 Session of the National Diet, Committee on judicial affairs　[6]
  57. ^ 帰化許可申請者数等の推移
  60. ^ "Refugees in Japan". The Japan Times Online. October 12, 2008
  61. ^ "Japan's refugee policy"
  62. ^ "Questioning Japan's 'Closed Country' Policy on Refugees". Isozaki Yumi, Journalist, Mainichi Shimbun.
  66. ^ Eurostat News Release on Immigration in EU
  70. ^ Immigration and the 2007 French Presidential Elections
  72. ^ Innvandring og innvandrere SSB, retrieved November 24, 2012
  73. ^ Innvandringer1, etter innvandringsgrunn og innvandringsår. 1990-2011 SSB, retrieved November 24, 2012
  75. ^ 2011 ga nok en gang innvandringsrekord SSB, retrieved November 24, 2012
  76. ^ Folkemengde 1. januar 2011 og 2012 og endringene i 2011, etter innvandringskategori og landbakgrunn. Absolutte tall SSB, retrieved November 24, 2012
  77. ^ a b [7] Jenson, Campbell, and Emily Lennon. "Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign born population."
  78. ^ "Portugal - Emigration". Retrieved 2009-04-22. 
  79. ^ Charis Dunn-Chan ,Portugal sees integration progress, BBC
  87. ^ Statistics Sweden. [8] Befolkningsutveckling; födda, döda, in- och utvandring, gifta, skilda 1749–2007
  93. ^ a b "Census 2011 mapped and charted: England & Wales in religion, immigration and race". Guardian. Retrieved 11 December 2012. 
  98. ^ Immigration to the United States
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  100. ^ "Supplementary Information for the 2012 Immigration Levels Plan". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved February 11, 2012. 
  106. ^ Is the current model of immigration the best one for Canada?, Globe and Mail, 12 December 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2006.
  107. ^ a b "A Look at the Record: The Facts Behind the Current Controversy Over Immigration". American Heritage Magazine. December 1981. Volume 33, Issue 1.
  108. ^ "The People of British America, 1700-1750", Foreign Policy Research Institute.
  114. ^ A Great Depression?, by Steve H. Hanke, Cato Institute
  115. ^ US Immigration History. retrieved from Accessed 30 November 2012.
  116. ^ Stephen Ohlemacher, Number of Immigrants Hits Record 37.5M, Washington Post
  122. ^ "CBO: 748,000 Foreign Nationals Granted U.S. Permanent Residency Status in 2009 Because They Had Immediate Family Legally Living in America". January 11, 2011
  127. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics, International migration
  128. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics, 3101.0 Australian Demographic Statistics
  129. ^ Settler numbers on the rise at the Wayback Machine (archived June 9, 2007) Media Release by Amanda Vanstone. Former Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2003 - 2007). Archived June 9, 2007.
  135. ^ "Increasing the Supply of Labor Through Immigration". Center for Immigration Studies. Retrieved 24 September July 2010. 

Further reading[edit]


External links[edit]
