Basic english grammar book 1

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Basic English grammar book for students to get their grammar better in use in life...


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  • 1. •Illustrated lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar •Nearly 70 practice exercises are included for ready reinforcement •A wealth of examples are provided on every topic •Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammar tips and useful language notes Younger students at beginning to intermediate levels will greatly benefit from this step-by-step approach to English grammar basics. This is the ideal supplement to your language arts program whether your students are native English speakers or beginning English language learners. Skill-specific lessons make it easy to locate and prescribe instant reinforcement or intervention. BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR BASICENGLISHGRAMMARBook1 Book 1 Book 1 Book 1 Book 1
  • 2. Anne Seaton • Y. H. Mew Book 1
  • 3. Copyright ©2007 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 1-59905-201-6 Printed in the United States of America 13  12  11  10  09  08  07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Three Watson Irvine, CA 92618-2767 Web site: First published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 by arrangement with Learners Publishing Pte Ltd, Singapore
  • 5. 1 What is Grammar? 5 2 The Capital Letter 6 3 Nouns 8 Common Nouns 8 Proper Nouns 13 Singular Nouns 21 Plural Nouns 23 Collective Nouns 34 Masculine and Feminine Nouns 37 4 Pronouns 44 Personal Pronouns 44 Reflexive Pronouns 47 Interrogative Pronouns 48 Demonstrative Pronouns 49 5 Adjectives 52 Adjective Endings 54 Kinds of Adjectives 58 Comparison of Adjectives 65 6 Determiners 71 The Articles 71 Demonstrative Determiners 73 Interrogative Determiners 74 Possessive Determiners 75 13 Sentences 139 What is a Sentence? 139 Kinds of Sentences 140 The Imperative 141 The Subject and the Object 143 Direct and Indirect Objects 144 Positive and Negative Sentences 146 Questions 147 8 Subject-Verb Agreement 123 9 Adverbs 127 10 Prepositions 132 11 Conjunctions 135 12 Interjections 138 14 Punctuation 150 Period 150 Comma 151 Exclamation Point 152 Question Mark 152 Apostrophe 153 7 Verbs and Tenses 79 The Simple Present Tense 80 Am, Is and Are 83 The Present Progressive Tense 89 Have and Has 93 The Present Perfect Tense 96 The Simple Past Tense 98 Regular and Irregular Verbs 99 Was and Were 104 The Past Progressive Tense 106 The Future Tense 108 Can and Could 112 May and Might 113 Do, Does and Did 115 Would and Should 120
  • 6.  Here’s an old children’s rhyme about the eight parts of speech of English grammar. It gives you an idea of what grammar is about. Read and remember it. Every name is called a noun, As field and fountain, street and town. In place of noun the pronoun stands, As he and she can clap their hands. The adjective describes a thing, As magic wand or bridal ring. Most verbs mean action, something done, To read and write, to jump and run. How things are done the adverbs tell, As quickly, slowly, badly, well. The preposition shows relation, As in the street or at the station. Conjunctions join, in many ways, Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase. The interjection cries out, “Heed! An exclamation point must follow me!” What is Grammar?1 Pronoun Verb Adjective Noun Preposition Adverb Interjection Conjunction
  • 7.  The capital letter is also called a big letter or upper- case letter, or sometimes just a capital. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z When do you use a capital letter? 4 Use a capital letter for the first letter in a sentence: The dog is barking. Come here! 4 Always use a capital letter for the word : am eight years old. Tom and are good friends. 4 Use a capital letter for the names of people: Alice, Tom, James, Kim, Snow White 4 Use a capital letter for the names of places: National Museum, Bronx Zoo, London, Sacramento 4 Use a capital letter for festivals, holidays, days of the week, months of the year: New Year’s Day, Christmas, Labor Day, Mother’s Day, Sunday, Monday, Friday, January, May, July, October I The Capital Letter2 I I
  • 9.  Word File Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns. Common nouns are words for people, animals, places, or things. These are words for people. They are common nouns. artist acrobatclown Another word for astronaut is spaceman or spacewoman. Herearemorewordsforpeople: actor lawyer aunt judge baby man baker nurse cook police officer dentist singer doctor soldier giant teacher Common Nouns Nouns3 astronaut D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 10.  Word File These are words for animals. They are common nouns. bird crocodile deer Here are more words for animals: cat goose cow hen dog horse dolphin mouse duck parrot fish shark goat whale zebra eagle bear
  • 11. 10 Word File These are words for places. They are common nouns. shop beach park library Here are more words for places: airport market cave mountain church playground farm restaurant hill school hospital seashore hotel stadium house supermarket island temple mall zoo Everfresh Co.
  • 12. 11 These are words for things. They are common nouns. basket bed cake drum blanket gate Word File Here are more words for things: bag kite box ladder bread lamp can picture chair radio cot television cup train desk truck door watch egg window
  • 14. 13 Proper nouns are names for particular people, places or things. They always begin with a capital letter. Your own name and the names of your friends are proper nouns too. Beethoven Omar Lisa Santa Claus Proper Nouns Word File Here are some more names of people: Ali Baba Florence Nightingale Derek Jeter Pauline Johnny Depp Patrick Harry Potter Pinocchio Robin Hood Kim Lee D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 15. 14 The names of countries and their people are also proper nouns. Country People Country People America Americans Korea Koreans Egypt Egyptians Malaysia Malaysians India Indians Pakistan Pakistanis Italy Italians France the French Japan the Japanese Thailand Thais ThaiIndianEgyptianAmerican Italian PakistaniFilipinoMalayKoreanJapanese
  • 16. 15 The names of towns, cities, buildings and landmarks are proper nouns. Hong Kong the Great Wall of China the Statue of Liberty Egypt SydneyTokyo Bangkok New Delhi London Denver the Grand Canyon New York Central Park the Leaning Tower of Pisa Paris the Eiffel Tower Brooklyn Bridge Beijing Big Ben Pike’s Peak
  • 17. 16 March 1 Sunday March 2 Monday March 3 Tuesday March 4 Wednesday March 7Saturday March 5 Thursday March 6 Friday The days of the week and months of the year are proper nouns. January is the first month of the year. Sunday is the first day of the week. A table that shows the months, weeks and days Months January February March April May June July August September October November December Days Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday January February March April AugustJuly JuneMay December NovemberOctober September D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 18. 17 The names of mountains, seas, rivers and lakes are proper nouns. Mount Everest Niagara Falls the Thames Lake Michigan the Alps the Himalayas the Dead Sea the Pacific Ocean Mount Fuji the Yellow River You often use the before names of oceans, rivers, seas and ranges of mountains. Mount means mountain. It is often used in the names of mountains. For example: Mount Everest Mount St. Helens The written short form for Mount is Mt. For example: Mt. Everest, Mt. Fuji D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 19. 18 The names of festivals, some special events and holidays are proper nouns, too. Valentine’s Day Father’s Day Halloween New Year’s Day Word File Here are more names of festivals and holidays: Christmas Mother’s Day Memorial Day April Fool’s Day Labor Day Thanksgiving Day Independence Day St. Patrick’s Day
  • 21. 20 Exercise 3 Write C for common or P for proper on the blank before each noun. 1 _______ the White House 2 _______ the green dress 3 _______ the tall building 4 _______ the Empire State Building 5 _______ the Yellow River 6 _______ the muddy river 7 _______ the governor 8 _______ Governor Parker 9 _______ the Oregon Trail 10 _______ the winding trail Exercise 4 Underline the nouns that should be capitalized. Circle the nouns that should not be capitalized. 1 Robert louis Stevenson wrote treasure island. 2 The Capital of illinois is Springfield. 3 My Friends and I prefer Glittergums toothpaste. 4 Their Family visited Yellowstone national Park. 5 Juan and maria attend kennedy Middle school. 6 We had a Surprise Party for aunt Helen. 7 Spring and Fall are my favorite Seasons. 8 The Manager scolded his lazy Employees.
  • 22. 21 Nouns can be singular or plural. When you are talking about one person, animal, place, or thing, use a singular noun. Word File These are also singular nouns: an airplane a letter a bicycle a map a boy a photograph a bus a refrigerator a comb a slide a girl a swing a key a van Singular Nouns an owl a flower a woman a ship a train
  • 24. 23 When you are talking about two or more people, animals, places, or things, use plural nouns. Most nouns are made plural by adding -s at the end. mug bats mugs fan fans cap caps star stars Word File Singular Plural bird birds broom brooms camel camels desk desks doll dolls egg eggs flower flowers fork forks game games lamb lambs nest nests pen pens photo photos shirt shirts spoon spoons Plural Nouns bat
  • 25. 24 Gr ammar H elp Some plural nouns end in -es. When the last letters of singular nouns are ch, sh, s, ss or x, you usually add -es to form the plural. buses fox brushes brushbus foxes Word File Singular Plural beach beaches branch branches box boxes bush bushes church churches dish dishes dress dresses sandwich sandwiches witch witches watches watch glass glasses +ch sh s ss x es
  • 26. 25 Gr ammar H elp Some plural nouns end in -ies. Nouns like these are made plural by changing y to i, and adding -es. butterfly butterflies canary canaries candy candies lily lilies Word File Singular Plural baby babies cherry cherries diary diaries dictionary dictionaries fairy fairies family families fly flies lady ladies library libraries puppy puppies story stories strawberry strawberries + es i y
  • 27. 26 What if there is a vowel before the y? In that case, add -s to form the plural. key keys tray trays Word File Singular Plural chimney chimneys cowboy cowboys day days donkey donkeys jersey jerseys kidney kidneys monkey monkeys toy toys trolley trolleys valley valleys turkey turkeys y s
  • 28. 27 Gr ammar H elp Often nouns that end in -f, just need -s to form the plural. Singular Plural Singular Plural chef chefs handkerchief handkerchiefs chief chiefs roof roofs cliff cliffs sheriff sheriffs For some words that end in -f, the plural can be spelled in two different ways. Singular Plural dwarf dwarfs or dwarves hoof hoofs or hooves scarf scarfs or scarves But you only add -s to giraffe to form the plural. If a noun ends in -f, you often change f to v, and add -es. Singular Plural knife knives life lives wife wives Singular Plural Singular Plural calf calves loaf loaves elf elves shelf shelves half halves thief thieves leaf leaves wolf wolves Withsomewordsthatendin-fe, you changeftov, and add -s. f v e s v es f sf s ves f D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 29. 28 Gr ammar H elp If a noun ends in -o, you just add -s to form the plural. Word File Singular Plural a hippo hippos a video videos a zoo zoos But with some nouns that end in -o, you add -es to form the plural. Word File Singular Plural a tomato tomatoes a potato potatoes a hero heroes a rhino rhinos a kangaroo kangaroos a flamingo flamingoes With some nouns that end in -o, you can add either -s or -es to form the plural. Singular Plural Plural a mango mangoes mangos a mosquito mosquitoes mosquitos a zero zeroes zeros a buffalo buffaloes buffalos
  • 30. 29 Some plural nouns don’t follow the -s rule. They don’t end in -s, -es, -ies or -ves. Instead, the word changes form. The plural of the mouse that you use with your computer is either mice or mouses. foot feet goose geese mouse mice Word File Singular Plural child children man men ox oxen tooth teeth woman women D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 31. 30 Some plural nouns are the same as the singular noun. sheep You can use fishes as the plural of fish when you are talking about different kinds of fish: all the fishes of the Pacific Ocean. fish fish reindeer reindeer Word File Singular Plural bison bison deer deer sheep D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 32. 31 Word File Gr ammar H elp Some nouns are always plural. Another word for spectacles is glasses. binoculars goggles jeans pliers You can make these plural nouns singular by using a pair of: a pair of binoculars a pair of spectacles a pair of goggles a pair of jeans a pair of shorts a pair of pliers pants scissors pajamas sneakers shorts slippers trousers stockings sandals a pair of shoes spectacles D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 33. 32 Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 desk 6 basket ___________ 2 class 7 peach ___________ 3 comb 8 belt ___________ 4 mug 9 taxi ___________ 5 bus 10 box ___________ Exercise 1 Look at the words below. Do you know which ones are singular and which are plural? Put a checkmark (✓) in the correct box. Singular Plural word pencils books fan hat children kites people crab foxes Exercise 2 Do you add -s or -es to these singular nouns to make them plural? Write your answers on the lines.
  • 35. 34 Gr ammar H elp Collective nouns are words for groups of people, animals or things. These are nouns for groups of people. Many collective nouns can be used with a singular or plural verb. For example: My family was happy to see me. or My family were happy to see me. Collective Nouns an orchestra a family a crew Word File Here are some more groups of people: an audience a gang a band a group a choir a team a class But the following collective nouns always take a plural verb: cattle people the police
  • 36. 35 Here are more collective nouns that are used for groups of people, animals or things. a band of musicians a brood of chickens a flight of steps a school of fish a team of players Word File Here are some more collective nouns: a bunch of keys a class of pupils a collection of books a deck of cards a fleet of ships a flock of sheep a gaggle of geese a gang of robbers a herd of cattle a litter of cubs a pod of whales a pack of wolves a pride of lions a set of stamps a swarm of bees a troupe of actors
  • 38. 37 Masculine nouns are words for men and boys, and male animals. Feminine nouns are words for women and girls, and female animals. lion lioness Masculine and Feminine Nouns Word File Masculine Feminine boy girl man woman prince princess steward stewardess waiter waitress bride bridegroom hen rooster king queen
  • 39. 38 Here are some more masculine and feminine nouns for people. actor actress brother sister emperor empress father mother gentleman lady grandfather grandmother grandson granddaughter headmaster headmistress man woman master mistress nephew niece prince princess son daughter steward stewardess uncle aunt wizard witch Feminine Masculine nouns belong to the masculine gender. Feminine nouns belong to the feminine gender. Masculine D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 40. 39 chicken rooster hen cattle bull cow deer buck doe donkey jack jenny duck drake duck fox fox vixen goose gander goose horse stallion mare lion lion lioness sheep ram ewe tiger tiger tigress Here are some masculine and feminine nouns for male and female animals. Male FemaleAnimal Nouns that end in -ess and -ress often belong to the feminine gender. For example: actress stewardess lioness tigress princess waitress D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 41. 40 Gr ammar H elp Many nouns are used for both males and females. We call these nouns common-gender nouns. dancers doctors hairdressers scientists Word File Nouns like these are used for both males and females: accountants parents artists managers designers pupils engineers singers lawyers teachers
  • 42. 41 Words for things that are neither male nor female are called neuter nouns. bench leaves mirror fire waterfall Here are some neuter nouns: ball forest building gymnasium broom playground cake rock computer sky card socks floor wind Word File
  • 45. 44 A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a common noun or a proper noun. There are different kinds of pronouns. The words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are called personal pronouns. They take the place of nouns and are used as the subject of the verb in a sentence. Gr ammar H elp The subject of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that does the action shown by the verb. Personal Pronouns My name is David. I am the youngest in the family. This is my father. He is a teacher. This is my mother. She is a lawyer. I have a brother and two sisters. They are Peter, Sharon and Jenny. I have a dog. It is called Lucky. Lucky, you are a good dog. Good morning, children! You may sit down now. My family and I live in a big city. We have an apartment. Pronouns4
  • 46. 45 The words me, you, him, her, it, us and them are also personal pronouns. They also take the place of nouns. These pronouns are used as the object of the verb in a sentence. Gr ammar H elp The object of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that receives the action shown by the verb. I am standing on my head. Look at me. My mother is kind. Everybody likes her. Lisa, I told you to tidy your bed! Sharon and Jenny! Dad is waiting for you! Lucky and I are playing in the park. Dad is watching us. You must not play with the knife. Give it to me. Pick up your toys and put them away. Baby birds cannot fly. Mother bird has to feed them. Tom likes riding my bicycle. I sometimes lend it to him.
  • 49. 48 Gr ammar H elp The words who, whom, whose, what and which are called interrogative pronouns. These pronouns are used to ask questions. Who can be used as the object of a verb as well as the subject. Whom is used only as the object. For example, you can say: Who are you playing with? or Whom are you playing with? Interrogative Pronouns Whom What Who Who is he talking to? Who are those people? Whom are you playing with? Whom is he talking to? What is your dog’s name? What are you talking about? What is the time? Which Which of these bags is yours? Which do you prefer? Whose Whose is this umbrella? Whose are these gloves?
  • 50. 49 Gr ammar H elp Demonstrative Pronouns The words this, these, that and those are called demonstrative pronouns. They are showing words. That is John’s house. That is a mountain. Those are horses. What are those? We can do better than that. No, that’s not mine. You mean you won? That’s amazing! Hello, who is that speaking, please? Hello, is that you, George? This is my house. This is a hill. These are donkeys. What is this? Did you drop this? Hi, Jane! This is Michael! You use this and these when you point to things near you. You use that and those when you point to things farther away. Demonstrative pronouns can be singular or plural: Singular Plural this these that those These are sheep. Those are goats.
  • 52. 51 Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with the correct reflexive pronouns from the box. 1 No one can help us. We have to help ____________. 2 Jane always makes the bed by ____________. 3 They painted the wall all by ____________. 4 I hurt ____________ in the playground yesterday. 5 John, you must behave __________ before your friends. 6 Children, you must do the homework ____________. 7 Tom defended ____________ against the bullies. 8 The dog is scratching ____________. Exercise 4 Write the correct interrogative pronouns in the blanks to complete the sentences: 1 _______ is the matter with you? 2 _______ invented the computer? 3 _______ of the twins is older? 4 _______ do you wish to speak to? 5 _______ is this car in front of our house? 6 _______ knows the answer? 7 _______ came first, the chicken or the egg? 8 _______ would you like to drink? 9 _______ of them do you think will win the race? 10 _______ is the word for a stamp collector? yourselves themselves itself myself himself yourself ourselves herself
  • 53. 52 a low fence a smart dog an old building a busy street a dark corner a deep sea a large bed It is windy. John’s handwriting is very neat. The sea is rough. All the players are very tall. The baby’s hands are very small. Sue’s drawing is beautiful. That problem is too difficult. Peter is very quiet today. a tall basketball player An adjective is a describing word. It tells you more about a noun. An adjective usually appears before the noun it describes. Sometimes, though, the adjective appears after the noun, later in the sentence. Adjectives5
  • 55. 54 Gr ammar H elp homeless people An adjective that ends in -less is the opposite of the same adjective that ends in -ful. For example: careful – careless useful – useless colorful – colorless harmful – harmless The -ful ending means having a lot of something. For example: painful = having a lot of pain hopeful = having a lot of hope The -less ending means without. For example: leafless = without leaves sleeveless = without sleeves playful puppies Adjectives have different endings. Some adjectives end in -ful or -less. a beautiful dress a careless driver a faithful dog a harmless insect a useful tool Adjective Endings
  • 56. 55 Some adjectives end in -y. a muddy path a stormy sea a cunning fox dazzling sunshine an expensive necklace talkative pupils Some adjectives end in -ive. Some adjectives end in -ing. a dirty street a noisy room an oily pot a sleepy passenger a sunny day an active child an attractive hat a creative toy a caring nurse an interesting book loving parents matching clothes a smiling face
  • 57. 56 Gr ammar H elp Some adjectives end in -ly. a daily newspaper a broken chair Many adverbs also end in -ly. a friendly police officer a costly diamond ring an elderly woman lively kittens a lonely boy a lovely girl a weekly magazine Here are some adjectives with the endings -able, -al, -en, -ible, -ish and -ous. a poisonous snake a famous pop singer childish behavior a national costume a comfortable chair a musical instrument a dangerous place a terrible mess a foolish act a woolen sweater a horrible smell a wooden table a loveable koala
  • 58. 57 Exercise 1 Add the correct endings to turn these words into adjectives. 1 wind 6 fool 2 gold 7 charm 3 friend 8 child 4 rot 9 love 5 danger 10 interest 1 peace 6 dirt 2 storm 7 music 3 mud 8 nation 4 forget 9 dust 5 spot 10 play -y -ful -less -al -en -y -ing -ish -ous -ly Exercise 2 Add the correct endings to turn these words into adjectives.
  • 59. 58 a cold drink a loud crash an ugly monster a fierce dog a hot bun a beautiful rainbow a clever monkey a difficult question happy children a kind lady a new car an old house a pretty girl a rich family a sad story a strong man a wicked queen Kinds of Adjectives There are different kinds of adjectives. Some adjectives describe the qualities of nouns.
  • 60. 59 Some adjectives tell you which place or country a person or thing comes from, or belongs to. They are called adjectives of origin. a Mexican hat an Indian templeChinese kungfu Dutch clogs A Filipino shirt Australian apples a Balinese dancer the English language the French flag an Italian car a Japanese garden a Scottish kilt Thai boxing
  • 61. 60 Some adjectives tell you the color of things. Your hands are black! Please get me some white paint. The sea is blue. George is wearing brown shoes. I don’t like green apples. Carrots are orange. Flamingos are pink. Eggplants are purple. Roses are red. The sky is gray.
  • 62. 61 Some adjectives tell you the size of the nouns they describe. a fat sumo wrestler a short man a thin boy a huge balloon a big hat broad shoulders a high mountain a large ship a long bridge a low ceiling a narrow path small animals tiny insects a wide street The word tall describes people and narrow, upright objects. For example, you can say: a tall girl a tall bookcase The word high describes bigger or wider objects that reach a great height. For example, you can say: a high mountain a high wall D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 63. 62 Numbers are adjectives, too. They tell you how many people, animals, or things there are. Sometimes they are called adjectives of quantity. eleven hens fifteen frogs nineteen lizards twelve geese sixteen snails twenty butterflies thirteen birds seventeen kittens fourteen mice eighteen ants one giant two princes three princesses four mermaids five witches six fairies seven elves eight puppets nine dwarfs ten angels
  • 64. 63 Other adjectives tell you something about quantity without giving you the exact number. a few cups a few puppies a lot of books some soldiers Adjectives that tell you about quantity are also called quantifying determiners. a little ice cream a little rice not many people too much salt lots of insects plenty of money some food Is there any milk? D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 65. 64 1 Dad has two pairs of shoes. ___ 2 One pair is brown and the other pair ___ is black. ___ 3 This is a very simple puzzle. ___ 4 What color is the American flag? ___ 5 A kind fairy appeared before Cinderella. ___ 6 He is a proud man. ___ 7 There is some food left. ___ 8 Tom is wearing a blue T-shirt. ___ 9 Jack has ten marbles; Peter has twenty. ___ ___ 10 How many marbles have Jack and Peter ___ altogether? 11 There is an Indian temple in the city. ___ 12 There is a large crowd outside the temple. ___ 13 My house is just a few miles from the ___ school. 14 They are driving a small car. ___ 15 Sue likes those yellow and red balloons. ___ ___ Exercise Look at the underlined words in the following sentences. Do you know what kinds of adjectives they are? In the blanks write C if the underlined words tell you about color, S if they tell you about size, Ql if they tell you about quality, O if they tell you about origin, or Qn if they tell you about the number or quantity of things.
  • 66. 65 Comparison of Adjectives faster small smaller When you compare two people or things, use the comparative form of the adjective. Lots of comparative adjectives end in -er. Gr ammar H elp The word than is often used with comparative adjectives. For example, you might say: Jack is taller than John. A sports car is faster than a motorbike. fast bright brighter cheap cheaper clear clearer loud louder new newer old older rich richer short shorter tall taller slow slower thick thicker
  • 67. 66 Gr ammar H elp Use the superlative form of an adjective to compare three or more nouns. Lots of superlatives end in -est. You often add the before the superlative form. For example, you say: Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Peter is the tallest boy in his class. darkest longestlonger long dark darker thick thicker thickest clean cleaner cleanest easy easier easiest fat fatter fattest flat flatter flattest heavy heavier heaviest hot hotter hottest narrow narrower narrowest noisy noisier noisiest simple simpler simplest thin thinner thinnest wet wetter wettest
  • 68. 67 Gr ammar H elp4 With adjectives that end in -e, add -r to form the comparative, and -st to form the superlative. For example: Comparative Superlative close closer closest large larger largest safe safer safest wide wider widest 4 Some adjectives have only one syllable, end with a consonant, and have a single vowel before the consonant. With these adjectives, double the last letter before adding –er to form the comparative, and -est to form the superlative. For example: Comparative Superlative big bigger biggest dim dimmer dimmest mad madder maddest sad sadder saddest 4 Some adjectives have two syllables and end in -y. With these adjectives change the y to i. Then add -er to form the comparative, and -est to form the superlative. For example: Comparative Superlative busy busier busiest dirty dirtier dirtiest happy happier happiest pretty prettier prettiest
  • 69. 68 With some adjectives, you use more to make the comparative form, and most to make the superlative form. Adjectives that form their comparative and superlative with more and most are usually adjectives with two or more syllables, or sounds. For example: ac-tive ex-pen-sive beau-ti-ful fa-mous charm-ing for-tu-nate cheer-ful in-tel-li-gent com-fort-a-ble pow-er-ful de-li-cious val-u-a-ble beautiful more beautiful most beautiful active more active most active charming more charming most charming cheerful more cheerful most cheerful comfortable more comfortable most comfortable delicious more delicious most delicious D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 70. 69 Gr ammar H elp The comparative and superlative forms of some adjectives are completely different words. With these adjectives, you don’t add -er or more to form the comparative, or -est or most to form the superlative. little less least good better best bad worse worst few less least many more most much more most
  • 72. 71 Gr ammar H elp The words a, an and the belong to this group of words called determiners. The words a and an are called indefinite articles. You can use them with singular nouns to talk about any single person or thing. Determiners are words such as this, those, my, their, which. They are special adjectives that are used before nouns. The Articles The article an is usually used before words beginning with vowels. The article a is used before words beginning with consonants. Determiners6 This is a picture of an elephant. Rudy is reading a book. Mom bought me a new dress today. You will need an umbrella when you go out. She eats an apple a day. Can you hear a bird singing ? Do you wear a uniform to school?
  • 73. 72 Gr ammar H elp The word the is called the definite article. Use the before a noun when you are talking about a certain person or thing. You also use the before a noun when there is only one. For example: the sun the moon the sky the front door of my house Granny is sitting in the garden. The street is very busy today. The sky is getting dark. The telephone is ringing. Where’s the cat? I think she is under the bed. Tom has won the race. The ice is melting.
  • 74. 73 Gr ammar H elp Demonstrative Determiners The words this, that, these and those are determiners. They are used to tell which thing or person you mean. These words are called demonstrative determiners, or demonstrative adjectives. James lives in this house. I am keeping these books. I am selling those books. This ice cream is delicious. How much is that racket? What is that animal? Bring me that ball. Would you like these apples? You use this and these to point to people or things near you. You use that and those to point to people or things that are farther from you. You use this and that before singular nouns. You use these and those before plural nouns. Here’s a table to help you remember the rules: Singular Plural this these that those
  • 75. 74 Use the words what, which and whose before nouns to ask about people or things. These words are called interrogative determiners or interrrogative adjectives. Interrogative Determiners What time is it? What color is her hair? What kind of clothes do you like to wear? Which school do you go to? Which doll is your favorite? Which road leads to the zoo? Which runner is the winner? Do you know which girl won the prize? Whose footprints are these? Whose baby is this? Whose dog was barking in the middle of the night? What size do you wear? What kind of bird is that? whose which what
  • 76. 75 Gr ammar H elp Possessive Determiners The words my, your, his, her, its, our, their are called possessive determiners or posessive adjectives. Use these words before nouns to say who something belongs to. I lent Margaret my guitar. The dentist asked his patient to open her mouth. Here is a table to help you remember the possessive determiners. Singular Plural First person my our Second person your your Third person his their her their its their Is this your house? Robert, your handwriting is difficult to read. Michael is showing his tortoise to his friends. My sister lost her way in the city. The lion is chasing its prey.
  • 77. 76 Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with a, an or the. 1 __________ owl 7 __________ moon 2 __________ rocket 8 __________ Missouri River 3 __________ apron 9 __________ mango 4 __________ sun 10 __________ animal 5 __________ page 11 __________ eagle 6 __________ computer 12 __________ baby Exercise 2 Write a, an or the in the blanks to complete the sentences. 1 There is ________ rainbow in ________ sky. 2 Who is ________ man outside ______ gate? 3 ________ doctor gave Jane ________ injection. 4 Paul opened ________ door to let ________ dog in. 5 Mark is ________ only child in _______ family. 6 What’s ______ largest animal in ________ world? 7 There’s ________ nest in ________ tree. 8 Sue is writing ________ letter to her grandfather. 9 Jack has ________ brother and ________ sister. 10 We reached ________ top of ______ hill in two hours.
  • 80. 79 Most verbs are action words. They tell you what people, animals or things are doing. Word File act jump bake move bend pull buy run close shout cook sing cross sit fall slide fly stand go start grow swim hop walk read knock burst climb dig drop Verbs and Tenses7
  • 81. 80 The Simple Present Tense The simple present tense expresses a general truth or a customary action. Mary enjoys singing. Peter sometimes lends me his bike. Cows eat grass. Monkeys like bananas. Tom collects stamps. The earth goes around the sun. It often snows in winter. We always wash our hands before meals. We eat three meals a day. Father takes the dog for a walk every morning. The sun rises in the east. Ducks love water. Uncle Joe wears glasses. The children go to school by bus.
  • 82. 81 We join the senior scout troop in July this year. My big brother leaves school at 4 o’clock. The new supermarket opens next Friday. The new grammar book comes out in September. Grandad retires next year. We fly to London next Thursday. The plane lands at 5:30 P.M. We move to our new house in a month. My big sister begins her summer job next week. Use the simple present tense to talk about things that are planned for the future. Melanie starts school tomorrow. Next week I go to summer camp. The train departs in five minutes.
  • 84. 83 Am, Is and Are The words am, is, are are also verbs, but they are not action words. They are the simple present tense of the verb be. Use am with the pronoun I, and is with the pronouns he, she and it. Use are with the pronouns you, we and they. I am Peter. I am not Paul. She is Miss Lee. She is a teacher. He is my father. He is a doctor. He is not a lawyer. You are a stranger. You are not my friend. We are in the same class, but we are not on the same team. They are good friends. They are not enemies. It is a donkey. It is not a horse. It is very hot today. It is not very comfortable. is aream the verb ‘be’
  • 86. 85 Use the verb is with singular nouns and are with plural nouns. Kenneth is a lawyer. Rex is a clever dog. A duck is a kind of bird. The playground is full of people today. My house is near the school. These questions are too difficult. The balloons are very colorful. Those people are very busy. Dad and Mom are in the kitchen. The camel is a desert animal. Lambs are baby sheep. Vegetables and fruit are healthy foods. areisSingular nouns Plural nouns
  • 87. 86 Gr ammar H elp Use is and are with the word there to say what you can see and hear. Learn this contraction: there is = there’s There is a fence around the school. There are a lot of books in the library. There are two guards at the gate. Is there any food in the fridge? Are there any apples left on the tree? How much rice is there? There are a few sharks in the bay. There are enough candies for everyone, aren’t there? There are two pigeons on the roof. There is a castle on the hill. There are some clouds in the sky. There is a wasps’ nest in the tree.
  • 90. 89 The Present Progressive Tense When do you use the present progressive tense? To talk about actions in the present, or things that are still going on or happening now. I’m playing chess with my friend. She’s riding a horse. He’s taking a walk in the park. The man’s counting the money. They are practicing tai chi. We’re rushing to the airport to meet Mr. Smith. They are still sleeping. They are swimming in the sea. What are they doing? What’s happening? Why aren’t you doing your homework? Aren’t I sitting up straight? I am writing a letter. Mom is knitting a sweater for Sally. The phone is ringing.
  • 92. 91 Use the present progressive tense to talk about things you have planned to do, or things that are going to happen in the future. To form the present progressive tense, use am, is and are as helping verbs or auxiliary verbs. We are going camping tomorrow. I’m starting piano lessons soon. Jim’s parents are taking him to Texas next week. My favorite TV program is starting in a minute. All our friends are coming. Who’s bringing salad for the barbecue? I am. I am visiting Joe next week. Where are you going for your vacation? What are we eating for dinner? When are you taking me to the zoo? We are having a barbecue later this evening.
  • 93. 92 Exercise 1 Write the present participle of these verbs on the blanks. 1 come ____________ 7 go ____________ 2 run ____________ 8 ask ____________ 3 sleep ____________ 9 catch ____________ 4 fall ____________ 10 write ____________ 5 jump ____________ 11 drop ____________ 6 climb ____________ 12 bring ____________ Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the present progressive tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1 They ________________ the roller-coaster ride. (enjoy) 2 Jill ________________ her hair. (wash) 3 It ________________ dark. (get) 4 The dentist ________________ Sue’s teeth. (examine) 5 The train ________________ through the tunnel. (pass) 6 The men _______________ very hard in the sun. (work) 7 What _________ the theater _________ today? (show) 8 We ________________ a snowman. (make) 9 The plane ________________ above the clouds. (fly) 10 The teachers ________________ a meeting. (have)
  • 94. 93 The verbs have and has are used to say what people own or possess. They are also used to talk about things that people do or get, such as illnesses. These words are the simple present tense of the verb have. Have and Has He has a lot of stamps. She has long hair. Our house has large windows. I have a younger brother. We have art lessons on Mondays. Have a cookie, if you like. Dad has a cold. Jenny often has sandwiches for lunch. We have breakfast at 7:00 A.M. Peter has a sore knee. Monkeys have long tails.
  • 95. 94 Grammar H elp Use has with he, she, it, and with singular nouns. Use have with I, you, we, they, and with plural nouns. Here is a table to help you remember the rules: Singular Plural First person I have we have Second person you have you have Third person he has they have she has they have it has they have Learn these contractions: I have = I’ve you have = you’ve he has = he’s she has = she’s it has = it’s we have = we’ve they have = they’ve have not = haven’t has not = hasn’t
  • 96. 95 Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with have or has. 1 We ________ a new science teacher. 2 He ________ a bad temper. 3 I often ________ fruit for dessert. 4 You ________ a good chance of winning the prize. 5 She always ________ oatmeal for breakfast. 6 The broom ________ a blue handle. 7 They never ________ any problem with tests. Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with have or has. 1 The girls ________ golden hair. 2 An insect ________ six legs. 3 Dad ________ his cell phone with him. 4 The children ________ a new swing set. 5 Many poor people ________ nothing to eat. 6 Chicago ________ a very big airport. 7 A triangle ________ three sides. 8 The man ________ two daughters. 9 James ________ a toothache. 10 All the passengers ________ their tickets.
  • 97. 96 Gr ammar H elp The Present Perfect Tense Use the present perfect tense to talk about happenings in the past that explain or affect the present. The verbs have and has are used as “helping” or auxiliary verbs to form the present perfect tense. To form the present perfect tense join have or has to the past participle of the verb: have + past participle has + past participle The past participle of a regular verb usually ends in -ed, just like the simple past tense. But the past participles of irregular verbs don’t follow this rule. Kim’s cut her finger. Sam has scored two goals. I’ve just finished my shower. Uncle Tom has lost his wallet. John has gone out. The Lees have moved to Ohio. It has not rained for months. Have you found your keys yet? Tim has made two spelling mistakes. They have opened a new shop. It’s been very wet today.
  • 98. 97 Exercise 1 Write the past participle of these verbs on the blanks. 1 break _______________ 6 buy _______________ 2 drink _______________ 7 find _______________ 3 cut _______________ 8 draw _______________ 4 do _______________ 9 hear _______________ 5 sing _______________ 10 know _______________ Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the present perfect tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1 Dad ______________ his car key. (lose) 2 All the guests ______________. (arrive) 3 Tony ______________ a goal. (score) 4 Peter _____________ in the tent several times. (sleep) 5 It ____________ not ____________ for two months. (rain) 6 Some prisoners ______________ from the prison. (escape) 7 The plane ______________ at the airport. (land) 8 John ______________ a puppet. (make) 9 Dad and I ______________ a big fish. (catch) 10 I ______________ this movie twice. (see)
  • 99. 98 The Simple Past Tense Use the simple past tense to talk about things that happened in the past. The simple past tense is also used to talk about things that happened in stories. The wicked Queen gave Snow White a poisoned apple. Pinocchio’s nose grew longer every time he told a lie. Dinosaurs lived millions of years ago. I bought a new camera last week. Joe learned to play the guitar very quickly. We drove to the safari park last weekend. The giant panda gave birth to a cub last night. Yesterday Dad took me to the carnival. The plane landed a few minutes ago. The children visited a farm during the holidays. Who invented the computer? Jack and Jill went up the hill. Little Red Riding Hood decided to visit her grandmother. The Three Bears found Goldilocks asleep in their house.
  • 100. 99 Regular and Irregular Verbs The simple past tense of most verbs ends in -ed. These verbs are called regular verbs. Mom opened the door for us. Sally petted the dog. That event happened long ago. We visited our uncle last week. They walked to school together yesterday. They worked until twelve last night. Dad tried to fix the light. William Tell aimed at the apple on his son’s head. Spelling File Base Form Simple Past aim aimed bake baked open opened happen happened pull pulled push pushed scold scolded shout shouted visit visited wait waited walk walked work worked Who closed all the windows? It snowed last night.
  • 101. 100 Gr ammar H elp 4 The simple past tense is usually formed by adding -ed to the verb. For example: jump + ed = jumped lift + ed = lifted laugh + ed = laughed look + ed = looked 4 If the verb ends with -e, just add -d. For example: agree + d = agreed hate + d = hated die + d = died live + d = lived 4 Remember these spelling rules: You must double the last letter of some verbs before adding -ed. For example: fan + ed = fanned pat + ed = patted grab + ed = grabbed rip + ed = ripped nod + ed = nodded slam + ed = slammed 4 Notice that the verbs above are all short verbs of just one syllable. They all end with a consonant such as b, d, m, n, p, t, and have only a single vowel before the consonant. 4 With verbs that end in -y, change the y to i before adding -ed. For example: bury + ed = buried fry + ed = fried carry + ed = carried hurry + ed = hurried cry + ed = cried try + ed = tried
  • 102. 101 Spelling File Base Form Simple Past beat beat burst burst cost cost cut cut hit hit hurt hurt put put read read split split shut shut He hit the ball over the net. Dad read to us last night. He shut the door. I put some sugar in my coffee. The simple past form of some verbs does not end in -ed. Such verbs are called irregular verbs. The simple past tense of some irregular verbs does not change at all. David hurt his foot when he jumped over the drain. The worker cut down the tree this morning. Her ring cost only 10 dollars.
  • 103. 102 Most irregular verbs, however, take a different form in the simple past tense. I lost my pen on the bus. We sold our car last week. The baby slept right thought the night. Peter got a watch for his birthday. I heard a noise in the night. He brought his pet mouse to school. My book fell off the desk. Spelling File Base Form Simple Past bend bent break broke bring brought buy bought fall fell fly flew get got hear heard keep kept lose lost sell sold shoot shot sleep slept Sam bent the stick in two. A bird flew into the classroom. Tom shot and scored a goal.
  • 104. 103 Exercise 1 Write the simple past tense of these verbs on the blanks. 1 take ____________ 7 tell ____________ 2 walk ____________ 8 write ____________ 3 rain ____________ 9 sit ____________ 4 shut ____________ 10 read ____________ 5 open ____________ 11 close ____________ 6 cry ____________ 12 cook ____________ Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct simple past tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1 She ___________ home alone. (go) 2 The wind ___________ throughout the night. (blow) 3 An apple ___________ on his head. (drop) 4 The Princess’s ball ___________ into the well. (roll) 5 A frog __________ into the well and ___________ it back to her. (jump/bring) 6 Jack ___________ the highest grade in his English class. (get) 7 The party ___________ at 8:00 P.M. (begin) 8 He __________ his old car and __________ a new one. (sell/buy) 9 Jack ___________ up the ladder carefully. (climb) 10 Who ___________ all the windows? (shut)
  • 105. 104 Was and Were The verbs was and were are also forms of the verb be. Was is the simple past tense of am and is. Use was with the pronouns I, he, she and it, and with singular nouns. Were is the simple past tense of are. Use were with the pronouns you, we and they, and with plural nouns. Edison was a famous inventor. These were my best jeans. Beethoven was a German composer. Sue was at the library this morning. It was very wet on Monday. Ten years ago she was only a baby. He was not well yesterday. Last year she wasn’t tall enough to reach the high shelf. Samantha was second in the race, wasn’t she? The Romans were brave soldiers. They were third in the wheelbarrow race. There weren’t any clouds in the sky. Were you still in bed when I phoned? We were on the same school team. Those were my best jeans.
  • 106. 105 Grammar H elpHere is a table to help you remember the rules: Singular Plural First person I was we were Second person you were you were Third person he was they were she was they were it was they were Here’s a table to show you the different forms of the verb be: Simple Present Simple Past First person singular am was Second person singular are were Third person singular is was First person plural are were Second person plural are were Third person plural are were Learn these contractions: was not = wasn’t were not = weren’t
  • 107. 106 Gr ammar H elp Use the past progressive tense to talk about actions that were going on at a certain moment in the past. The Past Progressive Tense You form the past progressive tense like this: was + present participle were + present participle In the examples above, was and were are called helping verbs, or auxiliary verbs. They help to form the past progressive tense when you join them to the present participle (the form of verbs ending in -ing) . For example: Ben was doing his homework. Peter was making a model of a bridge. Mary was waiting for the bus when Peter passed by. Miss May was cleaning the chalkboard. Sally was packing her books into her schoolbag. Jenny and I were tidying the classroom. The twins were fighting in the corner. Michael and John were washing the paint brushes. Mom was cooking our supper when I came home. verb ingwas were +
  • 108. 107 Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with was or were. 1 We ________ the champions last year. 2 Where is James? He ________ here just now. 3 Mom and Dad ________ on vacation last week. 4 The weather ________ fine this morning. 5 There ________ a lot of people at our party yesterday. 6 There ________ a small lake here many years ago. 7 He ________ sick yesterday. 8 Don’t blame him. It ________ my mistake. Exercise 2 When Miss May walked into the class what were the children doing? Fill in the blanks with the correct past progressive tense of the verbs in brackets. 1 James ______________ to Peter. (talk) 2 Sue ______________ a storybook. (read) 3 Rudy ______________ the chalkboard. (erase) 4 David ______________ his math exercise. (do) 5 Peter ______________ Joe his new watch. (show) 6 Jane ______________ a horse in her notebook. (draw) 7 Ahmad ______________ for his pencil. (look) 8 Some children ______________ a lot of noise. (make)
  • 109. 108 The Future Tense We shall play a game of chess after lunch. You will be sick if you eat too much. I hope it won’t rain tomorrow. Sharon is ill. She will not be at the party. You will enjoy visiting New Zealand. Dad will be back for dinner. He will make lots of friends at his new school. Use the future tense for things that have not happened yet, but are going to happen. Use the verbs shall and will as helping verbs or auxiliary verbs to form the future tense. I shall be eight years old next year. They will finish the job next week. The weatherman says it will rain this afternoon.
  • 110. 109 Grammar H elp Use shall or will with I and we. Use will with you, he, she, it and they. Here is a table to help you remember the rules: Singular Plural First person I shall we shall I will we will Second person you will you will Third person he will they will she will they will it will they will Learn these contractions: I shall = I’ll we shall = we’ll I will = I’ll we will = we’ll you will = you’ll they will = they’ll he will = he’ll she will = she’ll shall not = shan’t it will = it’ll will not = won’t you he she it shall/willI we will
  • 111. 110 You can also use the simple present tense to talk about things that have been arranged for the future. There are other ways of talking about future actions and happenings. You can use going to. I think I’m going to be sick. The new supermarket opens tomorrow. James moves to the second grade next year. The new school year starts on Monday. Next month I go to summer camp. We have a history test next week. The bus leaves in ten minutes. We are going to bake a cake this afternoon. I’m sure Mom and Dad are going to be proud of me. When are you going to clean your room? They are going to wash the car for Dad. It is going to get dark very soon.
  • 112. 111 Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct future tense of the verbs in brackets, using shall or will. 1 You __________ fat if you eat too many desserts. (grow) 2 The new school building ___________ ready soon. (be) 3 We ___________ to the zoo after breakfast. (go) 4 I ___________ my bath before dinner. (take) 5 Peter ___________ lots to do on his grandmother’s farm. (find) 6 If we ask her, she ___________ us how to play chess. (teach) 7 If he works hard, he ___________ his exams. (pass) 8 ___________ we ___________ home now? (go) Exercise 2 Complete these sentences by changing shall or will to the appropriate form of the verb be + going to (i.e., am, is, or are + going to). 1 They will be busy tomorrow. They ______________ be busy tomorrow. 2 I hope I will be ready on time. I hope I ______________ be ready on time. 3 We shall visit James this evening. We ______________ visit James this evening. 4 It will rain soon. It ______________ rain soon. 5 Dad will take us to the movies tomorrow. Dad ______________ take us to the movies tomorrow.
  • 113. 112 Can and Could The verbs can and could are both helping or auxiliary verbs. Use can and could to talk about people’s ability to do things. Can and could are used with the pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we and they, and with singular or plural nouns. Could is the past tense of can. People often use can when they are asking for permission to do something. For example: Can I use your pen? Yes, here it is. When you put not after can, you write it as one word: cannot Learn these contractions: cannot = can’t could not = couldn’t Some birds cannot fly. Jack ran as far as he could. He can run faster than Arthur. She cannot afford such an expensive ring. I’m full. I can’t eat any more. Can you help me? Can I come with you? I knew you could do it if you tried. She could not come because she was ill. Miss Lee said we could go home early. All the King’s men could not put Humpty Dumpty together again. D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 114. 113 May and Might May and might are helping or auxiliary verbs, too. 4 May is also used to talk about things that are likely to happen. 4 Might is used as the past tense of may. Gr ammar H elp You can also use might to talk about things that are possible. For example: Put your purse away or it might get stolen. You might slip, so hold on to the railing. May I watch television now? Yes, you may. Take an umbrella. It may rain. 4 Use may to ask if you are allowed to do something, or to give someone permission to do something. If it continues to rain, there may be a flood. I may go to Sue’s birthday party if I’m free. You may fall down if you aren’t careful. He realized he might catch the earlier train if he hurried. I knew my teacher might find out. May I borrow your pen? You may come in. You may go now.
  • 115. 114 Exercise Fill in the blanks with can, could, may or might. 1 ________ you jump over the hurdle? 2 We ran as fast as we ________. 3 Some people ________ speak three languages. 4 Jean ________ dance quite well. 5 The man is shouting. He ________ need help. 6 If you hurry you ________ catch the train. 7 Dave doesn’t look well. He ________ have a fever. 8 The baby is crying. She ________ be hungry. 9 ________ I borrow your bike? 10 I don’t know where Jane is. You ________ find her in the library. 11 ________ you drive? 12 Who ________ answer the question? 13 ________ you show me the way to the zoo? 14 He ________ play the piano.
  • 116. 115 Do, Does and Did Use do, does and did to talk about actions. Use do with the pronouns I, you, we and they, and with plural nouns. Use does with the pronouns he, she and it, and singular nouns. Did is the simple past tense of do and does. Dad does the dishes. Mom does the cooking. We always do exercise together. Who did this drawing? Henry did. He does such interesting work. They do amazing tricks. Sally did her hair in front of the mirror. They did the dusting and cleaning. Jane did all the laundry by herself. You did well in the test. I did poorly on my exam.
  • 117. 116 Grammar H elp4 Here’s a table to remind you about the use of do and does: Singular Plural First person I do we do Second person you do you do Third person he does they do she does they do it does they do 4 Here’s a table to remind you about the use of the verb did: Singular Plural First person I did we did Second person you did you did Third person he did they did she did they did it did they did 4 Learn these contractions: do not = don’t does not = doesn’t did not = didn’t I he she it you we they do does
  • 118. 117 You can also use do, does and did as helping verbs to ask and answer questions. Where did you find the wallet? Do you like ice cream? Yes, I do. Does it rain often here? Yes, it does. Does he enjoy music? Yes, he does. Did it snow last night? No, it didn’t. Who wants to come with me to the zoo? We all do! What do you want for lunch? Who broke this vase? Peter did! Does Ken often come home late? Yes, he does. Why did he leave so suddenly? Does everyone have a dictionary? Do ducks like water? Yes, they do.
  • 119. 118 Use do not, does not and did not to make other verbs negative. Cats do not like water. I don’t enjoy difficult math tests. Sophie doesn’t want to go to school. He didn’t get to the station in time. Don’t you have a ticket? No, I don’t. Don’t they go to the gym on Mondays? Yes, they do. Didn’t they win? No, they didn’t. You didn’t draw that picture yourself, did you? Did you see the rainbow? No, I didn’t. Do not forget to switch off the air conditioner. Don’t tell lies! The baby does not look very happy. Dad did not catch his train. The garden looks lovely, doesn’t it? Yes, it does.
  • 120. 119 Exercise Fill in the blanks with do, does or did. 1 The shoes were too small. They ________ not fit me. 2 Jack ________ not do well on the exam last week. 3 Where ________ eggs come from? 4 The vase is broken. Who ________ that? 5 What ________ this word mean? 6 How ________ the computer work? 7 ________ he drink coffee? 8 Who ________ that drawing? 9 Where ________ you buy that dress? 10 How ________ you spell your name? 11 ________ not play on a busy street! 12 ________ your work quietly! 13 ________ a snake have legs? 14 He ________ not have any brothers. 15 ________ cats like to eat fish?
  • 121. 120 Gr ammar H elp Would and Should The verb would is another helping or auxiliary verb. Use would as the past tense of will. When they are accepting an offer, people often use would love instead of would like. For example: Would you like a chocolate? Yes, please, I would love one. It is polite to use would like when you are offering people things, or asking for something yourself. For example: Would you like a cup of coffee? I am tired now. I’d like a rest. You’d like a meal now, wouldn’t you? What color would you like? We started running so we would get there in time. Peter said he would come. I knew you would enjoy Disneyland. The Prince said he would only marry a true princess. John and Sue said they would meet me at the airport. He promised he wouldn’t forget her birthday. D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 122. 121 Gr ammar H elp If you are tired you should go to bed early. You should know how to spell your own name. We should all drink more water. You should do more exercise. Should I turn off the computer when I’m not using it? Shouldn’t you tell your Mom if you’re going out? We should always thank people for presents, shouldn’t we? Should is a helping or auxiliary verb. Use should to talk about necessary actions or things that people ought to do. You should always look before crossing the street. Children should not play in traffic. Learn these contractions: I would = I’d we would = we’d you would = you’d they would = they’d he would = he’d should not = shouldn’t she would = she’d would not = wouldn’t
  • 123. 122 Exercise Fill in the blanks with would or should. 1 Every student ________ have a good dictionary. 2 ________ you like some coffee? 3 Yes, I ________ love a cup of coffee. 4 We ________ all learn good table manners. 5 We ________ like to go outdoors if it stops raining. 6 John said he ________ help me with science. 7 ________ you like to play a game with me? 8 Children ________ not watch too much television. 9 You ________ not play with fire. 10 He promised he ________ meet me after school. 11 We ________ not waste water. 12 You ________ all pay attention in class. 13 What ________ we do now? 14 ________ you help if I asked? 15 Of course, I ________ help you!
  • 124. 123 Subject-Verb Agreement When you write a sentence you must make sure that the subject and the verb agree. If the subject is a singular noun, or the pronoun he, she or it, you need a singular verb. She shares her books with her friends. She enjoys music. The zookeeper is feeding the animals. The children are playing on the swings. The earth moves round the sun. Dad always drives to work. The clerk is wrapping a package. Does everyone know the answer? Mom has bought a dress for Sara. It is snowing. 8
  • 125. 124 The two girls always walk home together. The children are playing on the swing. All birds lay eggs. Use a plural verb if the subject is a plural noun, or the pronoun we, you or they. The stars shine brightly on a clear night. Mom and Dad love us a lot. Do you all know the words? We have finished our game of tennis. They have both worked very hard.
  • 126. 125 Collective nouns may be used with either singular or plural verbs. If the group members are all acting together as one, use a singular verb. If the members of the group are acting as individuals, use a plural verb. The audience are laughing. The band is playing. Gr ammar H elp Some plural nouns, such as people, cattle, police, don’t end with -s. Always use a plural verb with these nouns. For example: People like to be praised. The cattle are in the field. The police have caught the thief. Singular That family has moved to Texas. The team is coached by Mr. Clark. Plural The family were giving their opinions. The team are sharing new ideas. Our team has won.
  • 127. 126 Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with verbs that match the subjects. Use the correct form of the simple present tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1 I always ________ to school with my brother. (go) 2 Mark always ________ to school with his brother. (go) 3 You ________ the answer. (know) 4 Luis ________ the answer, too. (know) 5 This book ________ very few drawings. (have) 6 These books ________ lots of beautiful drawings. (have) 7 Anne ________ my sister. (be) 8 Pat and Alice ________ good at English. (be) Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with verbs that match the subjects. Use the correct form of the simple present tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1 A tiger ________. (roar) 2 All birds ________ eggs. (lay) 3 Dad ________ listening to music. (like) 4 Uncle Bob ________ his car every day. (wash) 5 She ________ all the answers. (know) 6 There ________ twelve months in a year. (be) 7 The twins often ________ . (fight) 8 Our parents ________ us. (love)
  • 128. 127 Adverbs An adverb is a word that describes a verb. It tells you about an action, or the way something is done. A lot of adverbs end in -ly. Gr ammar H elp Many adverbs are made by adding –ly to adjectives. Spelling File Adjective Adverb beautiful beautifully brave bravely bright brightly fierce fiercely happy happily heavy heavily loud loudly peaceful peacefully slow slowly sound soundly sweet sweetly The baby is sleeping soundly. The dog is barking fiercely. Alice skated beautifully. The Prince and the Princess lived happily ever after. The birds are singing sweetly. It is raining heavily. The dog and the cat live together peacefully. The soldiers fought bravely. The sun is shining brightly. The old man walked slowly. They laughed loudly. 9
  • 129. 128 Some adverbs describe the way something is done. They are called adverbs of manner. Spelling File Adjective Adverb careless carelessly cheap cheaply clear clearly close closely correct correctly different differently playful playfully safe safely selfish selfishly skillful skillfully smart smartly The driver braked suddenly. The parcel arrived safely. Please write legibly. Please speak clearly. Look closely at these footprints. You have all answered correctly. You can shop cheaply at this store. Jamal dressed smartly for the party. Maria is behaving selfishly. The man drove carelessly. The twins liked to dress differently. She played skillfully. The dog jumped up playfully.
  • 130. 129 Some adverbs describe when something happens. They are called adverbs of time. He often swims in the evening. Lisa is always cheerful. Sometimes I ride my bike to school. Everyone arrived early. David arrived late. It’s snowing again. The mother bird started to build her nest yesterday. She is continuing to build it today. She will finish it tomorrow. John’s shoes were too big for him last year. They fit him this year. They will be too small for him next year. It rained last night. The weather is fine this morning. Can I do my work later? No, do it now. Paul has just arrived.
  • 131. 130 Some adverbs tell you where something happens. They are called adverbs of place. Come here! Please put the books there. The workers are moving the rubbish away. The miners are working underground. They are going abroad to study. There are trees everywhere. Alice lived next door. Where’s Shamika? Mom and Dad are watching television upstairs. The children are playing downstairs. It’s raining. Let’s go inside. Rex, you can stay outside.
  • 132. 131 Exercise 1 Rewrite the following adjectives as adverbs. 1 slow ____________ 7 cool ____________ 2 beautiful ____________ 8 comfortable ____________ 3 strong ____________ 9 wise ____________ 4 tidy ____________ 10 quiet ____________ 5 brave ____________ 11 merry ____________ 6 soft ____________ 12 busy ____________ Exercise 2 Underline the adverbs in the following sentences. 1 The man shouted loudly. 2 He arrived early. 3 The train has already left. 4 He drove carelessly. 5 The students talked noisily. 6 The children are playing outside. 7 Let’s go now. 8 Tom spoke politely to his teacher. 9 Have you seen Anne’s cat anywhere? 10 Come here!
  • 133. 132 Prepositions A preposition is a word that connects one thing with another, showing how they are related. Some prepositions tell you about position or place. Gr ammar H elp A preposition is usually followed by a noun or pronoun. There’s a big balloon in the sky. Jane is jumping into the pool. The books fell off the shelf. Dad always keeps his wallet in the drawer. There is a long mirror on the wall. The school is near the park. There is an old castle on the hill. The horse jumped over the hurdle. 10
  • 134. 133 Some prepositions are used to talk about time. Many shops close on Sundays. Dad gets home about six in the evening. The trees lose their leaves during winter. We always wash our hands before meals. We watched the World Cup game until 2:00 A.M. We get up in the morning. We go to bed at night. It’s always hot in summer. The movie starts at two in the afternoon. Autumn begins in September. They were married in 1990. Joe arrived after me. It has not rained at all for two weeks. Breakfast is served at seven o’clock. Kevin and Joe have been in the same class since first grade.
  • 135. 134 Exercise 1 Underline the prepositions in the following sentences. 1 The man fell off the ladder. 2 We have dinner at 7:30 P.M. 3 Tom was born on a Friday. 4 There are seven days in a week. 5 Sue is running after her dog. 6 Several people are waiting at the bus stop. 7 I received a letter from Sara yesterday. 8 Why are you still in bed? Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the box. near by on at between in around into up behind 1 The bus arrived ________ 8:30 A.M. 2 The children are swimming ________ the pool. 3 There’s a picture ________ the wall. 4 There is a fence ________ the house. 5 Granny is sitting ________ fire. 6 Harold is hiding ________ the chair. 7 Jack climbed ________ the beanstalk. 8 We divided the candy ________ us. 9 I dived ______ the river. 10 Don’t go too ________ the edge.
  • 136. 135 Conjunctions A conjunction is a linking word such as and, or, but. Conjunctions are used to connect words or sentences. Gr ammar H elp A conjunction may link two or more than two words or sentences. The animal is large but timid. It’s cold, wet and windy today. Is this a sheep or a goat? a cat and its kittens a builder and his tools a doctor and a nurse slow but steady sweet or sour? a male or a female? A horse, a zebra or a donkey? Paul has a dog, a parrot and a cat. 11
  • 137. 136 The words before, after, as, when, while, until, since, are also conjunctions. They tell when something happens, so they are called conjunctions of time. Maggie could play the piano before she was five. I always brush my teeth after I’ve had my breakfast. You have grown taller since I saw you last. Look both ways before you cross the street. Joe listened to music while he was doing his homework. Miss Lee was smiling as she walked into the class. Wait here until I come back. Don’t leave until you’ve finished your work. Tran saw an accident while he was walking home. Take all your belongings with you when you leave the plane. Joe first met his wife when he was studying in London. Tom and Joe have been friends since childhood. After he began exercising regularly, Jerry became healthier.
  • 138. 137 Exercise 1 Complete these sentences with and, but or or. 1 I asked for some bread ________ butter. 2 Mr. ________ Mrs. Chen have three children. 3 Maggie is a good singer ________ a poor dancer. 4 We wish you a Merry Christmas ________ a Happy New Year. 5 Is their new baby a boy ________ a girl? 6 The dictionary has 1000 words ________ 200 drawings. 7 Sue is taller than Nat ________ shorter than Mike. 8 Are you going by train ________ by bus? Exercise 2 Choose the correct conjunctions of time from the box to complete these sentences. when while as before after since until 1 Jack always brushes his teeth ________ he has eaten a meal. 2 It started to rain ________ the children were playing in the garden. 3 Let’s go home ________ it gets dark. 4 Give this letter to Anne ________ you see her. 5 She has known Jack ________ he was a child. 6 The party began at 8:00 P.M. and lasted ________ midnight. 7 Alice looked unhappy ________ she walked in.
  • 139. 138 Interjections An interjection is a word that expresses a sudden, strong feeling such as surprise, pain, or pleasure. Notice that an exclamation point (!) is often used after interjections. Oh dear! Ouch! Look out! Happy Birthday!Cheers! Ssh! Wow! Goodness! Oh! Good! Oh no! Hooray! Thanks! Help! Good luck! Well done! Gosh! Hey! Merry Christmas! Happy New Year! 12 D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 140. 139 Sentences What is a Sentence? A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. A sentence must have a subject and a verb, but it may or may not have an object. A sentence that makes a statement begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. Subject Verb Object Sally is making a doll. Wendy and Kim are fighting. The hedgehog curled up. Maggie is reading a book. It is raining. Dad cooked dinner. I am flying a kite. We are eating our breakfast. They are washing the dishes. The dentist is examining Susan’s teeth. The old couple have no children. Janet screamed. capital letter period Sentence subject verb 13 D i d y o u k n o w ?
  • 141. 140 Kinds of Sentences There are four kinds of sentences. Richard is feeding the hens. The children are swimming. The telephone rang. Everyone sat down. 4 A declarative sentence makes a statement. 4 An interrogative sentence asks a question. Where are the twins? Are you going shopping today? What is your name? What is Richard doing? 4 An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion. The silly girl! How stupid I am! What lovely weather! 4 An imperative sentence gives an order. Please sit down. Tell me the truth. Speak up! Come back!
  • 142. 141 Gr ammar H elp Imperatives are a very direct way of telling people to do something. Using do or please before an imperative is more polite. The Imperative Use the base form of a verb to give commands or make direct requests. This use of the verb is called the imperative. OK, children, open your books to page 25. You can also use the helping verb would to sound polite. For example: Please would you clear the table? Would you please talk quietly? Please come in. Do sit down. Do check these figures again. Please help yourselves to some food. Please don’t change anything on my computer. Stand, everyone! Tidy your bedroom immediately! Choose a partner! Eat plenty of vegetables. Find some nice round pebbles. Come back soon! Take a sandwich. Come and look at this, Tom! Please Would
  • 143. 142 Exercise Look at the groups of words below. Do you know which are sentences and which are not? Put a checkmark in the space next to sentences, and an X next to other word groups. 1 Mrs. Chen is a good teacher. 2 not well today 3 Do the work yourself. 4 How are you? 5 basic rules of grammar 6 bread and butter 7 Welcome to the National Zoo. 8 brush his teeth 9 toys in the box 10 more than one 11 What is the time now? 12 Sit down! 13 Please come here. 14 Mark is sleeping. 15 Open the door.
  • 144. 143 The Subject and the Object The subject of a sentence sometimes does something to someone or something else. The person or thing that receives the action is called the object. Subject Verb Object Susan has bought a painting. Hannah is reading her book. The twins climbed the hill. James stroked the cat. Mom is holding the baby. Jacob is making a kite. They were playing football. I am writing a story. Emma crossed the street. You have forgotten your umbrella. We have built a sandcastle.Dad is cooking supper.
  • 145. 144 Gr ammar H elp Direct and Indirect Objects The indirect object usually comes before the direct object. Some verbs have two objects. The direct object receives the action of the verb. The indirect object tells to whom or for whom the action is done. Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object The bank lends people money. Madison is making her doll a dress. I am writing Grandma a letter. Grandma is reading Diana a story. Andrew gave his dog a bone. We left you some food. Joshua is showing us his stamps. Miss Lee found Alice a chair. indirect object Dad bought James a bike. direct object
  • 146. 145 Exercise 1 Read the following sentences. Then draw a line under the subjects and a circle around the objects. 1 Anne has drawn a panda. 2 They are playing table tennis. 3 Little Kate knows the alphabet well. 4 Dad bought a computer. 5 I am writing a letter. 6 Birds have feathers. 7 The workmen are building a house. 8 Samantha has a pretty doll. 9 The children received one gift each. 10 Do you know the answer? Exercise 2 There are two objects in each sentence. Draw a line under the direct objects and a circle around the indirect objects. 1 Dad gave Dave a present. 2 Mom is making the children a meal. 3 Mr. Thomas bought them ice cream cones. 4 I sent Anne a birthday card. 5 Granny told us a story. 6 The waiter brought the guests their drinks. 7 Can I get you a sandwich? 8 The police officer showed us the way to the museum.
  • 147. 146 Positive sentence Negative sentence Peter is running. He is not walking. We should tell the truth. We should never tell lies. Everyone is in the garden. There is no one in the house. The fridge is empty. There is nothing in it. It is very cloudy. It isn’t sunny. I have sold the last I have no newspapers left. newspaper. Someone has eaten There are none in the bag. all the cookies. Positive and Negative Sentences A positive sentence tells you that something is so. A sentence that tells you something is not so is called a negative sentence. It contains a negative word like not, never, no, no one, nobody, none, or a negative verb like isn’t or can’t or won’t. Yes No
  • 148. 147 Questions There are two kinds of questions: yes or no questions and wh- questions. 4 You ask a yes or no question to get yes or no as the answer. Use the verbs be, have or do, or any of the helping verbs, to ask yes or no questions. Can you swim? Yes. Are they coming? No. Is it raining? No. May I come in? Yes. 4 In questions, the helping or auxiliary verbs come before the subject of the sentence. When be and have are used as ordinary verbs, they come before the subjects, too. Gr ammar H elp Here are some different ways of asking the same question: Has he a sister called Jane? Does he have a sister called Jane? Has he got a sister called Jane? Statement Question Jim is ill today. Is Jim ill today? She has an older brother Has she an older brother? The cats want to be fed. Do the cats want to be fed? We should go now. Should we go now? It will rain tomorrow. Will it rain tomorrow? You may use my computer. May I use your computer? Kate can ride a bike. Can Kate ride a bike?
  • 149. 148 4 If the wh- question word is the subject of the question, it comes before the verb. For example: Wh- questions usually include the verbs be, have, do, or any of the helping verbs. 4 To ask for facts, use the question words what, which, who, whom, how, when, where. The helping verbs in wh- questions usually come before the subject. So does the verb be when it is used as an ordinary verb. Where are you? What is David saying? How did you get up here? Why was the girl crying? Which color do you prefer? Who is she going to invite to her party? Whom is she going to invite to her party? What is your problem? When do the stores open in the morning? Where shall I put this box? What have you done to my computer? How am I going to finish all this work? What would you like for dinner? Whose dictionary is this? Who told you that? What made you change your mind?
  • 150. 149 Exercise 1 Write short answers to the following questions. Example: Is he tall? Yes, he is. 1 Do you know the answer? Yes, ___________. 2 Is Sara at home? No, ___________. 3 Do they know any grammar? Yes, ___________. 4 Are all of you coming to my house this evening? Yes, ___________. 5 Is Mrs. Chen your English teacher? No, __________. 6 Can you dance? No, ___________. Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct question words from the box. 1 ________ is your house? 2 ________ wallet is this? 3 ________ are you always late? 4 ________ wrote this book? 5 ________ of the two boys is smarter? 6 ________ size do you wear? 7 ________ old is he? 8 ________ is Jeff going to get a haircut? where when why how whose what who which
  • 151. 150 Punctuation Punctuation marks are signs such as periods, commas and question marks. You use them in sentences to make the meaning clear. Albert is my good friend. Please don’t be late. The bird is sitting on a branch. It’s snowing heavily today. There’s a rainbow in the sky. This big house belongs to a rich man. I can swim. Ethan is good at drawing. They all enjoyed playing baseball. Period You put a period at the end of a sentence. He drew a horse 14
  • 152. 151 Comma Use a comma between nouns and noun phrases in a list. I bought two apples, three oranges and some grapes. He enjoys tennis, badminton, skating and football. At school we study English, math, science, history and geography. Use commas between adjectives when you use several of them to describe something. A giraffe is a tall, long-necked, long-legged animal. He is a tall, handsome, smart and ambitious young man. Use a comma after yes and no, and before please in sentences. You also use a comma before or after the name of the person you are speaking to. No, it has stopped. Good morning, sir! Can you tell me what time it is, please? Yes, it’s a quarter past three, George. Unfortunately, she injured her knee skiing. She was in the bedroom, listening to music on the radio. Commas are used to show where there is a brief pause. Goodbye George!
  • 153. 152 Exclamation Point An exclamation point is often used after a command, an interjection, or a word that shows surprise or anger. What’s your name? How many stamps do you have? Where do they come from? Who has taken my pen? Can you lend me your bicycle? Where are you going? Why are you always late? What’s the meaning of this word? Do you know the answer to this problem? Question Mark Use a question mark after a question. Sit down! Oh dear! What a surprise! You are fired! I told you not to do that! Quiet! Put the knife down! Help! Help! Eeek! A ghost! Stop him! How are you
  • 154. 153 Apostrophe Use an apostrophe with an s (’s) to show who owns something. The ’s is added after singular nouns or names. We all like Mom’s cooking. Amanda clears everybody’s plates after dinner. John’s dog is very friendly. All the pupils have a month’s vacation in June. I spent the evening at David’s playing video games. I took a ride in Tom’s car. Father is holding Susie’s hand. Jane is wearing her mother’s shoes. We’re going to our aunt’s house. There is a bird’s nest in that tree. Our dog’s collar is brown. Is this Portland’s tallest building? This is Peter’s bed and that is Michael’s bed. A squirrel’s tail is big and bushy.
  • 155. 154 4 Follow the same rule when a name or a singular noun ends in -s. Write an apostrophe first and then add another s. 4 For plural nouns that end in -s, put the apostrophe after the -s. Birds’ beaks are all different shapes and sizes. Miss Lee is marking her pupils’ work. This is my parents’ wedding photo. Dresses are upstairs in the ladies’ department. Henry goes to a boys’ school. Dr. Kim parked his car in the doctors’ parking lot. My brothers’ bedrooms are always messy. The girls’ bedrooms are usually tidy. A flood has destroyed all the farmers’ crops. 4 Some plural nouns do not end in -s. Just add ’s to these plural nouns. The princess’s golden ball fell into a well. A rhinoceros’s skin is very thick. Dad is at his boss’s party. There are slides and swings and seesaws in the children’s playground. The men’s changing room is occupied. The bookstore sells newspapers, comics and women’s magazines. Doctors look after people’s health.
  • 156. 155 Gr ammar H elp4 You can also refer to a person’s office or shop by using a possessive form with an apostrophe. For example: I’ll buy some bread at the baker’s. I was reading a book at the dentist’s. It’s time you went to the barber’s. 4 You can also refer to your friends’ homes in the same way: I’m going next door to Peter’s. I stayed the night at Susan’s. 4 How do you make a possessive form of two people joined by and, such as Peter and John, or Mary and Anne? Put ’s only after the second name. For example: Barbara and David’s house Jill and Andy’s party 4 These possessive forms of names and nouns can be used without a following noun. For example: Which desk is Susan’s? George’s is in the back row. This room is my brother’s.
  • 157. 156 The apostrophe can also be used to show that one or more letters in a contraction have been left out. Gr ammar H elp The words has and is are often shortened to ’s after a noun or proper noun. For example: The mail has arrived. The mail’s arrived. Sally is here. Sally’s here. I’ve finished my math, but I haven’t finished my spelling. We’ll come to your party, but Sue won’t be able to come. He’s gone to the library. Dad wasn’t at home and the children weren’t at home either. I don’t like potatoes and Susan doesn’t like tomatoes. I didn’t watch which way I was going and I can’t find my way home. We’re late because we couldn’t find your house. Mom’s finished her shopping but she hasn’t gone through the checkout line yet. Mary’d like a cat as a pet, but she wouldn’t like a turtle. You are taller than Peter, but you aren’t as tall as I am.
  • 158. 157 Exercise 1 Write the punctuation marks from the box to complete the following sentences: 1 He hates cheese 2 Who is your teacher 3 Stop that man 4 Keep quiet 5 Good morning madam 6 George are you okay 7 Peter David and Susan are playing hide and seek 8 Mom bought meat fish and vegetables at the supermarket 9 What is the time now 10 Anne is a pretty girl Exercise 2 Complete the following sentences by writing the apostrophe(‘) in the correct place: 1 This is Peters bike. 2 Paul cant find his shoes. 3 Miss Lee is marking the pupils papers. 4 They are all on the childrens playground. 5 Dont make so much noise! 6 Doctors take care of peoples health. 7 Theyre having a game of tennis. 8 Jack doesnt look well. , . ?