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Acumenus [of Athens]

(72 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(248 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Humoral theory

(722 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(53 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Hippocratic Oath

(704 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(396 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(1,163 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Anonymus de herbis

(74 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Largius Designatianus

(98 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Iacobus Psychrestus

(108 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(438 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(73 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(260 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(389 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(75 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(216 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(79 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(534 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(371 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(59 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(328 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(50 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(541 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(386 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(1,093 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(357 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(494 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(169 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(340 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(219 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(80 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(165 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(106 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(1,960 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(264 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(590 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] In Late Antiquity, a hospital was a place within an environment of religious character, where one cared for people in need including old and sick ones. In the early MA, along the great routes of pilgrimage, chains of small inns developed. Many Benedictine monasteries had their own hospital wards, which may also have catered for the needs of a large part of the public. As of the 11th cent., hospitals were constructed in cities, again under the influence of eastern Mediterranean cu…

Corpus Medicorum

(178 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(207 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] (ἀλεξιφάρμακα; alexiphármaka). ‘Medications that protect from poisons’. The search for effective antidotes is as old as the poisons themselves.  Theophrastus ( c. 380-288/5 BC) already presented discussions of a few antidotes (fr. 360, 361 Fortenbaugh), but a more serious investigation into poisons seems to have begun in Alexandria with  Herophilus and  Erasistratus (around 280 BC) and was continued by Apollodorus and Nicander of Colophon (2nd cent. BC), whose Theriaka and Alexipharmaka are the oldest surviving treatises on the topic. Alexipharmaka can be us…


(604 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] Even though in Byzantium and the medieval Christian Occident Hippocrates was seen as the founder of medicine and given legendary status, his teachings, as compiled in the Corpus Hippocraticum, were studied only on a very narrow textual basis, and the few available texts were known only through Galen's interpretation or from the lemmata of the Galenic commentaries on Hippocrates. In the Western medicine of the Middle Ages, pseudonymous treatises were at least as influential as those contained in the modern edition of Hippocrates' texts, with the exception of the Aphor…

Mental illness

(976 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] A. Near Eastern Mental illnesses (MI) are described in both Jewish and Babylonian texts. Sometimes physical signs are indicated, as in epilepsy, sometimes behaviours are described as in 1 Sam 16:14-16; 21:13-15, but all MI are ascribed to the intervention of God, or, in texts from 500 BC onwards, of a variety of demons [1]. Treatment might be limited to confinement (Jer 29:26-8) or exorcism, including music, but the Jewish ‘Therapeutae’ took an approach that involved the entire lifes…

Transmission of disease

(307 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] Latin contagio, ‘infection’, refers to the transmission of disease (TD) from person to person, directly or through an intermediary. TD is associated with the idea of pollution: Judaism, for instance, holds that people suffering from certain diseases (such as leprosy) or menstruating women must be avoided (Purification). The stated reasons were either hygienic or religious. Similar precepts are known from ancient Babylon and Greece as well. The observation that those in close contac…

Aelius Promotus

(91 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] A., of Alexandria, worked during the first half of the second cent. as doctor and writer. He wrote about medicines and sympathetic remedies [1; 2]. The manuscripts also count among the writings of A. a treatise about toxicology [3], the core of which originated in A.'s time and which was apparently one of the main sources for  Aetius [3] of Amida, even if it shows signs of revisions in the meantime. Nutton, Vivian (London) Bibliography 1 E. Rohde, KS vol.1, 1901, 380-410 2 M. Wellmann, in: SBAW 1908, 772-777 3 S. Ihm, 1995.


(1,039 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
(Ερασίστρατος; Erasístratos) [German version] A. Life Physician, born in the 4th-3rd cent. BC at Iulis on Ceos; the son of Cleombrotus, physician to Seleucus I, and Cretoxene; brother and nephew to other physicians (fr. 1-8 Garofalo). Information on his education is contradictory, but, if we ignore Eusebius when he tells us that E. attained the zenith of his career in 258 BC, a link with Theophrastus and the Peripatos appears possible [7]. The professional practice of his father and E.'s own associati…


(90 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] of Sardis. Teacher and physician, who worked around AD 390. The son of a physician and a pupil of Zeno of Cyprus, he was well respected, particularly regarding his services to practical therapy, pharmacology, the art of bandaging, and surgery. In addition, he was a philosopher with particular gifts in medical prognostication as well as in fortunetelling (Eunapius, Vitae Philosophorum 499). Furthermore, he is reported to have distinguished himself as a well-known orator and poet, even though none of his works have survived. Nutton, Vivian (London)


(357 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Venereal diseases

(398 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] In the absence of unambiguous diagnostic evidence it is difficult to reconstruct the ancient history of VD. Less harmful infections such as herpes genitalis (Hippocr. De mulierum affectibus 1,90 = 8,214-8 L.) and chlamydia [2. 220] are well attested, the two major VD of modern times, gonorrhoea and syphilis, can be detected in surviving material only with difficulty. Gonorrhoea, a Greek word coinage presumably from the Hellenistic period, describes any form of excessive production of fluid in a man. It…

Artorius, M.

(136 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] Doctor, and follower of Asclepiades of Bithynia (Caelius Aurelianus Morb. acut. 3,113), was in Philippi with Octavian where a dream saved the life of the future emperor (Plut. Antonius 22; Brutus 47; Val. Max. 1,7,2; Vell. Pat. 2,70,1). He was honoured by the Athenians (IG II/III2 4116), probably on the occasion of a journey to Delos (IDélos 4116), and died around 27 BC in a shipwreck (Hieron. Chron. Olymp. 127). A. believed that rabies first attacked the brain and that it spread to the stomach and caused hiccups, unquenchab…


(109 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] Greek physician, head of an Erasistratean school in Smyrna, early 1st cent. BC (Str. 12,8,20); he wrote on  dietetics (Plin. HN 14,130; 20,35; 27,31), embryology (Tert. De anima 25) and toothache (Plin. HN 12,40). He was the inventor of a famous black plaster that ‘helped with all types of wounds’ (Gal. 13,787). Galen, who recorded four different recipes for this medication (13,780; 787; 810; 812) and cites the four authors ( Andromachus [5] the Younger,  Heras,  Heraclides [27] a…

Geneva Declaration

(155 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Medicine, Historiography of

(2,043 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Medical ethics

(1,348 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(198 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Humoral Theory

(1,080 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Arabic medicine

(1,884 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Chrysermus of Alexandria

(135 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(130 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(726 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Definitiones medicae

(237 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(148 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(339 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(88 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Anonymus Parisinus

(350 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(548 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(110 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Acron [of Acragas]

(131 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Euryphon of Cnidus

(339 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Summaria Alexandrinorum

(296 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(127 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(175 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(110 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(163 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Epidemic diseases

(1,056 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] I. Prehistory and early history Epidemic diseases (ED), or in the broadest sense, diseases that attack a large number of living beings simultaneously have been documented archaeologically since the middle of the Bronze Age, that is, since c. 2800 BC. Their appearance has been linked to population growth and the resulting ease with which disease can spread from animals to humans and from person to person [9. 251]. In Egypt, smallpox appears to have been known since c. 1250 BC, although papyri with medicinal content do not refer to this or any other compara…

Anonymus Londiniensis

(480 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] The papyrus inventory no. 137 of the British Library in London is the most important surviving medical papyrus. It was written towards the turn of the 1st to the 2nd cent. and is divided into three parts: columns 1-4,17 contain a list of definitions that concern the páthē of body and soul (cf. the discussion in Gal. Meth. med. 1); columns 4,21-20,50, present different views about the causes of diseases; columns 21,1-39,32 deal with physiology. The text as well as many internal characteristics indicate that these chapters, thou…


(351 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] (Πλειστόνικος; Pleistónikos). Doctor fl. c. 270 BC; he was a pupil of Praxagoras of Cos (Celsus, De medicina, proem. 20) and one of the 'classics' of Greek medicine in the so-called Dogmatic tradition (Dogmatists [2]; Gal. Methodus medendi 2,5; Gal. De examinando medico 5,2). It is difficult to assess his individuality, as, according to tradition- i.e. fundamentally in Galen - his views are transmitted as being in agreement with those of Praxagoras or other Dogmatists. Like his master…

Agnellus [of Ravenna]

(294 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] Iatrosophist and commentator of medical texts around AD 600, Milan. Ambr. G 108 f. contains his commentaries on Galen's De sectis, Ars medica, De pulsibus ad Teuthram and Ad Glauconem, just as they were recorded by Simplicius (not the famous Aristotle commentator!). The first mentioned is in many places in agreement with a commentary which is ascribed to Iohannes Alexandrinus or Gesius, as well as Greek passages of text, which are associated with Iohannes and Archonides (?). As controversial as the question …


(123 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] (Χάρμις; Chármis) Greek physician from Massilia, who went to Rome c. AD 55. Thanks to his cold-water cures he soon made a name there, and gained many wealthy patients (Plin. HN 29,10). For one treatment he invoiced a patient from the provinces for HS 200,000 (Plin. HN 29, 22), and demanded a similarly exorbitant price of 1,000 Attic drachmas for a single dose of an antidote (Gal. 14,114,127). During his lifetime C. invested HS 20 million in public construction projects in Massilia, and at h…

Lead poisoning

(406 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] Even though the analysis of skeletons has shown that lead played a larger role in the classical period than in prehistoric times, the measured values are lower than expected in view of the considerable rise in lead production between 600 BC and AD 500 and its use in the manufacture of household goods and water pipes [1; 2; 3]. As the symptoms of lead poisoning (LP) are very similar to other diseases, there are hardly any descriptions which can be taken as referring to it unambiguo…


(401 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Galen of Pergamum

(3,449 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(102 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)

Training (medical)

(600 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(1,412 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(95 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(2,037 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(298 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(118 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(89 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(5,440 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)


(82 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] Griech. Arzt und Philosoph, Lehrer des Galenos, lebte um 150 n. Chr. in Kleinasien (Gal. 19,58, CMG V 10,2,2, 287). Als langjähriger Schüler des Quintus (Gal. 18A, 575) und Anhänger des Hippokrates interpretierte er zumindest einige ihrer Lehren in stoischerem Sinne, z. B. aus dem Bereich der Psychologie, in der er dem Stoiker Simias folgte (Gal. 19,58; 18b, 654]. Die Hippokratesdeutung, die ihm in der Galenausgabe von Kühn bei Gal. 16,484 zugeschrieben wird, ist eine Renaissancefälschung. Nutton, Vivian (London)


(696 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] A. Geschichte Die E. sind eine griech. Ärzteschule, gegr. um 250 v.Chr. von Philinos von Kos, einem Schüler des Herophilos (Ps.-Galen Introductio; Gal. 14,683). Nach Celsus (De med. pr. 10) wurde sie hingegen etwas später von Serapion von Alexandria begründet. Nach einigen Doxographen war der Gründer Akron von Akragas (um 430 v.Chr.; fr. 5-7 Deichgräber). In den medizinischen Doxographien wird sie als eine der drei Hauptströmungen in der griech. Medizin noch zur Zeit des Isidorus v…


(375 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] (πυρετός, febris) bezeichnet eigentlich ein Symptom, eine erhöhte Körpertemperatur, doch wird der Begriff von allen ant. medizinischen Autoren häufig zur Bezeichnung einer Krankheit oder einer Krankheitsklasse verwendet. Im mod. diagnostischen Sprachgebrauch deckt der Begriff eine Reihe von Zuständen ab, so daß die Identifizierung jedes antiken “F.” ohne weitere Untergliederung von F.-Arten oder ohne sonstige Symptombeschreibung zum Scheitern verurteilt ist. Solche Identifizierung…


(231 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] (Φυλότιμος) von Kos. Arzt und Jahresbeamter ( mónarchos) von Kos in der ersten H. des 3. Jh. v.Chr.; zusammen mit Herophilos [1] war er Schüler des Praxagoras und wurde eine der klass. Autoritäten der griech. Medizin (vgl. Gal. de examinando medico 5,2), auch wenn seine Schriften h. nur noch in Fr. greifbar sind. Er verfolgte anatomische Interessen, legte den Sitz der Seele in das Herz und hielt das Gehirn für eine bloße und überflüssige Ausdehnung des Rückenmarks (Gal. de usu partium 8…


(92 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] (“Geburtshelferin”, “Hebamme”). Geburtshilfe wurde gewöhnlich von Frauen geleistet, lag jedoch nicht ausschließlich in ihren Händen. So berichtet eine parische Inschr. von zwei männlichen Geburtshelfern (IG 12,5,199), außerdem richten sich die erh. geburtshilflichen Schriften an ein männliches Publikum. I. als Berufsbezeichnung taucht auf zwei röm. Inschr. aus dem 3. bzw. 4. Jh. n.Chr. auf (CIL 6,9477f.); in ersterer wird Valeria Verecunda die ‘erste i. in ihrer Gegend’ gen., ein Epitheton, das eher auf die Qualität ihrer Arbeit als auf ei…


(286 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] (lat. contagio, “Ansteckung”). Krankheitsübertragung von einer Person auf eine andere auf direktem oder indirektem Wege. Mit K. verbindet sich die Vorstellung der Befleckung; im Judentum z.B. gilt, daß Menschen, die an bestimmten Krankheiten (wie Lepra) leiden, oder etwa menstruierende Frauen gemieden werden müssen (Kathartik). Die angeführten Gründe lassen sich entweder in hygienischem oder rel. Sinne verstehen. Ähnliche Empfehlungen sind auch aus dem alten Babylonien und Grieche…


(1,832 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] A. Definition K. im Sinne öffentlicher Einrichtungen zur medizinischen Versorgung ausschließlich Kranker finden sich nicht vor dem 4. Jh.n.Chr., und auch dann noch weist die Vielzahl der verwendeten Bezeichnungen (griech. xenṓn, xenodocheíon, ptōcheíon, gerontokomeíon, lat. xenon, xenodochium, ptochium, gerontocomium, valetudinarium; “Fremdenhaus”, “Pilgerhaus”, “Armenhaus”, “Altersheim”, “K.”) auf eine Vielfalt sich z.T. überschneidender Funktionen, Zielgruppen und Dienstleistungen hin. Privathäuser für kranke Angeh…


(181 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] (auch Muscio). Übersetzer bzw. Übermittler von zwei gynäkologischen Schriften des Soranos von Ephesos ins Lateinische. Bei der einen handelt es sich um ein kurzes Hdb. von Fragen und Antworten, dessen griech. Fassung verlorengegangen ist, bei der anderen um die berühmte Gynaikeía (‘Gynäkologie). Einige Hss. von M.s Kompendium enden mit einem Anhang, in dem Scheidenpessare aufgelistet sind. Wenn M.s Adaptation auch keine getreue Übers. des Soranos darstellt, so hilft sie doch bei der Konstitution des griech. Textes. In …


(100 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] (Καλλιάναξ). Arzt, Anhänger des Herophilos [1] und Mitglied seines “Hauses”, was womöglich darauf hindeutet, daß er Mitte des 3. Jh.v.Chr. tätig war [1]. Bakcheios [1] erwähnt in seiner Denkschrift über die frühen Herophileer (Galen in Hippocratis Epidemiarum 6 comment. 4,10 = CMG V 10,2,2,203), K. habe Homer und die griech. Trag.-Dichter zit., wenn ihm seine Patienten ihre Angst vor dem Sterben bekannt hätten. Damit habe er ihnen zu verstehen gegeben, daß nur Unsterbliche dem To…

Artorius, M.

(131 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] Arzt und Anhänger des Asklepiades von Bithynien (Caelius Aurelius morb. acut. 3,113), war mit Octavian in Philippi, wo ein Traum dem zukünftigen Kaiser das Leben rettete (Plut. Antonius 22; Brutus 47; Val. Max. 1,7,2; Vell. 2,70,1). Er wurde, wohl anläßlich einer Reise nach Delos (IDélos 4116), von den Athenern geehrt (IG II/III2 4116) und starb um 27 v.Chr. bei einem Schiffbruch (Hieron. chron. Olymp. 127). A. glaubte, daß Tollwut das Gehirn zuerst angreife, daß sie auf den Magen übergreife und Schlucken verursache, unstillbaren…


(1,107 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London)
[English version] I. Griechenland Die griech. Medizin hebt sich von der ägypt. oder babylon. entscheidend dadurch ab, daß sie der D. im weiten Sinn einer Eß-, Trink-, Bewegungs- und Badekultur innerhalb der Therapeutik eine zentrale Stellung einräumt [2. 395-402; 3]. Urspr. bedeutete D. die Verabreichung von aufeinander abgestimmten Nahrungsmitteln in flüssiger, breiiger oder fester Form je nach Grad der Erkrankung (Hippokr. de medicina vetere 5 [4. 241-257]). Um die Mitte des 5. Jh.v.Chr. wuchs sie…

Arabische Medizin

(1,939 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London) RWG
Nutton, Vivian (London) RWG [English version] A. Grundlagen (RWG) Spätestens um 500 n.Chr. basierte die griech. Medizin auf Galen (Galenismus). Konkurrierende medizinische Theorien waren kaum mehr in Umlauf, und sogar pragmatisch orientierte Ärzte wie Alexander von Tralleis lehnten galenische Theoreme nicht vollkommen ab. In Alexandreia selbst und auch sonst im byz. Reich, wo man der alexandrinischen Trad. folgte, z.B. in Ravenna, gab es ein Curriculum, das aus galenischen Texten, den sog. 16 Büchern Summaria Alexandrinorum sowie hippokratischen Texten bestand, die in…
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