Hawthorne was predominantly a short story writer in his early career. Upon publishing , however, he noted, "I do not think much of them", and he expected little response from the public. His four major were written between 1850 and 1860: (1850), (1851), (1852) and (1860). Another novel-length romance, was published anonymously in 1828. Hawthorne defined a romance as being radically different from a novel by not being concerned with the possible or probable course of ordinary experience. In the preface to , Hawthorne describes his romance-writing as using "atmospherical medium as to bring out or mellow the lights and deepen and enrich the shadows of the picture."


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