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    Mongols or Mongolians are a Central Asian ethnic group who live mainly on the Mongolian Plateau and share a common language and culture. They speak languages belonging to the Mongolic languages. Their homeland Greater Mongolia is nowadays divided over three countries - independent Mongolia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China and Buryatia Republic of Russia. Owing to wars and migrations, the Mongols are found throughout Central Asia. There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongol people.In various times Mongols have been equated with the Scythians, the Magog and the Turkic peoples. Based on Chinese historical texts the ancestry of the Mongol peoples can be traced back to the Donghu, a nomadic confederation occupying eastern Mongolia and Manchuria. The identity of the Xiongnu is still debated today. Although some scholars maintain that they were proto-Mongols, the fact that Chinese histories trace certain Turkic tribes from the Xiongnu complicates the issue. The Donghu, however, can be much more easily labeled proto-Mongol since the Chinese histories trace all the subsequent Mongolic tribes and kingdoms (Xianbei and Wuhuan peoples) from them, although some historical texts claim a mixed Xiongnu-Donghu ancestry for some tribes (e.g. the Khitan).The Donghu are mentioned by Sima Qian as already existing in Inner Mongolia north of the state of Yan in 699-632 BC. Mentions in the Lost Book of Zhou (Yizhoushu) and the Shanhaijing indicate the Donghu were also active during the Shang dynasty (1600-1046 BC). The Mongolic-speaking Xianbei originally formed a part of the Donghu confederation, but existed even before that time, as evidenced by a mention in the Guoyu which states that during the reign of King Cheng of Zhou (reigned 1042-1021 BC) the Xianbei came to participate at a meeting of Zhou subject-lords at Qiyang (now Qishan County) but were only allowed to perform the fire ceremony under the supervision of Chu, since they were not vassals by covenant. After the Donghu were defeated by Modu Chanyu the Xianbei and Wuhuan survived as the main remnants of the confederation. Tadun Khan of the Wuhuan (died 207 AD) was the ancestor of the proto-Mongolic Kumo Xi. In 49 AD the Mongolic Xianbei ruler Bianhe (Bayan Khan?) raided and defeated the Xiongnu, killing 2000, after having received generous gifts from Emperor Guangwu of Han. The Xianbei reached their peak under Tanshihuai Khan (reigned 156-181) who expanded the vast, but short lived, Xianbei state.Three prominent proto-Mongol groups split from the Xianbei, as recorded by the Chinese histories: the Nirun (claimed by some to be the Avars), the Khitan and the Shiwei (a sub-tribe called the "Shiwei Menggu" is held to be the origin of the Chengizid Mongols). Besides these three Xianbei groups, there were other Xianbei groups with Mongolic affiliation such as the Murong, Duan and Tuoba. Their culture was nomadic, their religion Shamanism or Buddhism and their military strength formidable. There is still no direct evidence that the Nirun spoke a Mongolic language, although most scholars agree that they were proto-Mongolic. The Khitan, however, had two scripts of their own and many Mongolic words are found in their half-deciphered writings that are usually found with a parallel Chinese text. There is no doubt regarding the Khitan being proto-Mongol.Geographically the Tuoba Xianbei ruled Inner Mongolia and northern China, the Nirun (Yujiulu Shelun was the first to use the title Khagan in 402) ruled Outer Mongolia, the Khitan were concentrated in Southern Manchuria north of Korea and the Shiwei were located to the north of the Khitan. These tribes and kingdoms were soon oversh (Wikipedia) - Mongols   (Redirected from Mongol) For other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Mongol Empire.
    Mongols Монголчууд ᠮᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ Total population Regions with significant populations  Mongolia  China  Russia  South Korea  United States  Kyrgyzstan  Czech Republic  Japan  Canada  Germany  United Kingdom  France  Turkey  Kazakhstan  Austria  Malaysia Languages Religion Related ethnic groups
    Genghis Khan Kublai Khan Subutai Ögedei Khan
    Zanabazar D. Sükhbaatar B.Rinchen Hulagu Khan
    Ts.Damdinsüren Asashōryū Akinori Yu.Tsedenbal S.Yanjmaa
    10 million (2010)
    5,981,840 (2010)
    Mongolic languages
    Predominantly Tibetan Buddhism, background of Shamanism. Minority Sunni Islam, Orthodox Church, and Protestantism.
    Tungusic peoples, Turkic peoples


    • 1 Definition
    • 2 History
    • 3 Language
    • 4 Religion
    • 5 Military
    • 6 Kinship and family life
    • 7 Historical population
    • 8 Geographic distribution
      • 8.1 Eastern Mongols
      • 8.2 Northern Mongols
      • 8.3 Southern Mongols
      • 8.4 Western Mongols
      • 8.5 Mongolia
      • 8.6 China
      • 8.7 Russia
      • 8.8 Elsewhere
    • 9 Gallery
    • 10 See also
    • 11 References and notes
    • 12 External links


    Broadly defined, the term includes the Mongols proper (also known as Khalkha), the Buryats, Oirats, Kalmyks and Southern Mongols.

    The designation "Mongol" briefly appeared in 8th century records of the Chinese Tang dynasty, describing a tribe of Shiwei, and resurfaced again in the late 11th century during the rule of Khitan. After the fall of Liao Dynasty in 1125, the Khamag Mongols became a leading tribe on the Mongolian plateau. However, their wars with the Jin Dynasty and Tatars had weakened them. In the thirteenth century, the word Mongol grew into an umbrella term for a large group of Mongolic tribes united under the rule of Genghis Khan.

    History Main article: History of Mongolia





    Xianbei Empire under Tanshihuai (141–181).




    History of the Mongols Proto-Mongols Hünnü Xianbei Üeban Nirun Tuoba Empire Tuyuhun Khitan Empire Khar-Khitan Mongol khanates Mongol Empire Khitan Sultanate Chagatai Khanate IlkhanateGolden Horde Moghulistan Chobanids Jalairid Sultanate Injuids Mongol Khaganate Kara Del Four Oirat Arghun state Kalmyk Khanate Khotgoid Khanate Khoshut Khanate Zunghar Khanate Mongolia Mongolian People''s Republic Mongolia
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    209 BC – 93 AD
    • Mongolia portal
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    The Shiwei included a tribe called the Shiwei Menggu (Shivei Mongol). Bodonchar Munkhag (Chagatai tradition dates ''Buzanjar Munqaq'' to the rebellion of Abu Muslim or 747 AD.) the founder of the House of Borjigin and the ancestor of Genghis Khan is held to be descended from the Shiwei Menggu. The early Shiwei paid tribute to the Tuoba Wei (386–534) and submitted to the Khitans. After the Khitans left Mongolia the Khamag Mongols rose to prominence, when from the 1130s there were reciprocally hostile relations between the successive khans of the Khamag Mongol confederation (Khaidu, Khabul Khan and Ambaghai Khan) and the emperors of the Jurchen''s Jin dynasty.The Jin Dynasty fell after their defeat against the rising Mongol Empire, a steppe confederation that had formerly been a Jurchen vassal. Mongolic Khitans and Tuyuhuns or Monguor people (1227) came under rule of the Mongol Empire after conquest of the Western Xia and Jin Empires.The Kara-Khitans voluntarly submitted to Genghis Khan in 1218.




    In 1434, Eastern Mongolian Taisun Khagan''s (1433–1452) prime minister Western Mongolian Togoon Taish reunited the Mongols after killing Eastern Mongolian another king Adai (Khorchin). Togoon died in 1439 and his son Esen Taish became prime minister.Esen carried out successful policy for Mongolian unification and independence. The Ming Empire attempted to invade Mongolia in the 14–16th centuries, however, the Ming Empire was defeated by the Oirat, Southern Mongol, Eastern Mongol and united Mongolian armies.Esen''s 30,000 cavalries defeated 500,000 Chinese soldiers in 1449. Within eighteen months of his defeat of the titular Khan Taisun, in 1453, Esen himself took the title of Great Khan (1454–1455) of the Great Yuan.



    The last Northern Yuan khagan was Ligden in the early 17th century. He got into conflicts with the Manchus over the looting of Chinese cities, and managed to alienate most Mongol tribes. In 1618, Ligden signed a treaty with the Ming Dynasty to protect their northern border from the Manchus attack in exchange for thousands of taels of silver.By the 1620s, only the Chahars remained under his rule. The Chahar''s army was defeated in 1625 and 1628 by the Southern Mongol and Manchu armies due to Ligden''s faulty tactics. The Manchus secured their control over Southern Mongolia in 1632 and Ligden''s army moved to battle against Tibetan Gelugpa sect (Yellow Hat sect) forces.The Gelugpa forces supported the Manchus, while Ligden supported Kagyu sect (Red Hat sect) of Tibetan Buddhism. Ligden Khagan died in 1634 on his way to Tibet. By 1636, most Southern Mongolian nobles had submitted to the Manchu-Qing Empire. Southern Mongolian Tengis noyan revolted against the Qing in the 1640s and the Khalkha battled to protect Sunud.

    Western Mongolian Oirats and Eastern Mongolian Khalkhas vied for domination in Mongolia since the 15th century and this conflict weakened Mongolian strength. In 1688, Western Mongolian Zunghar Khanate''s king Galdan Boshugtu attacked Khalkha after murder of his younger brother by Tusheet Khan Chakhundorj (main or Central Khalkha leader) and the Khalkha-Oirat War began. Galdan threatened to kill Chakhundorj and Zanabazar (Javzandamba Khutagt I, spiritual head of Khalkha) but they escaped to Sunud (Southern Mongolia). Many Khalkha nobles and folks fled to Southern Mongolia because of the war.Few Khalkhas fled to Northern Mongolia and Russia threatened to exterminate them if they didn''t submit, but many of them submitted to Galdan Boshugtu.

    The Khalkha eventually submitted to Qing rule in 1691 by Zanabazar''s decision, thus bringing all of today''s Mongolia under the Manchu''s rule but Khalkha de facto remained under the rule of Galdan Boshugtu Khaan until 1696. The Mongol-Oirat''s Code (a treaty of alliance) against foreign invasion between the Oirats and Khalkhas was signed in 1640, however, the Mongols couldn''t unite against foreign invasions. Chakhundorj fought against Russian invasion of Northern Mongolia until 1688 and stopped Russian invasion of Khövsgöl Province. Zanabazar struggled to bring together the Oirats and Khalkhas before the war.

    Galdan Boshugtu sent his army to liberate Southern Mongolia after defeating the Khalkha''s army and called Southern Mongolian nobles to fight for Mongolian independence. Some Southern Mongolian nobles, Tibetans, Kumul Khanate and some Moghulistan''s nobles supported his war against the Manchu, however, Southern Mongolian nobles didn''t battle against the Manchus.

    There were three khans in Khalkha and Zasagt Khan Shar (Western Khalkha leader) was Galdan''s ally.Tsetsen Khan (Eastern Khalkha leader) didn''t engage in this conflict.While Galdan was fighting in Eastern Mongolia, his nephew Tseveenravdan seized the Dzungarian throne in 1689 and this event made Galdan impossible to fight against the Manchu Empire. The Russian and Manchu Empires supported his action because this coup weakened Western Mongolian strength. Galdan Boshugtu''s army was defeated by the outnumbering Manchu''s army in 1696 and he died in 1697.The Mongols who fled to Northern and Southern Mongolia returned after the war.Some Khalkhas mixed with the Buryats.



    The Qing Empire conquered Upper Mongolia or the Oirat''s Khoshut Khanate in the 1720s and 80,000 people were killed. By that period, Upper Mongolian population reached 200,000.The Zunghar Khanate conquered by the Manchus in 1755–1758 because of their leaders and military commanders conflicts. Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the Dzungar population were destroyed by a combination of warfare and disease during the Qing conquest of the Zunghar Khanate in 1755–1758. Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence." The Zunghar population reached 600,000 in 1755.

    About 200,000–250,000 Oirats migrated from Western Mongolia to Volga River in 1607 and established the Kalmyk Khanate.The Torghuts were led by their Tayishi, Höö Örlög. Russia was concerned about their attack but the Kalmyks became Russian ally and a treaty to protect Southern Russian border was signed between the Kalmyk Khanate and Russia.In 1724 the Kalmyks came under control of Russia. By the early 18th century, there were approximately 300–350,000 Kalmyks and 15,000,000 Russians. The Tsardom of Russia gradually chipped away at the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate. These policies, for instance, encouraged the establishment of Russian and German settlements on pastures the Kalmyks used to roam and feed their livestock. In addition, the Tsarist government imposed a council on the Kalmyk Khan, thereby diluting his authority, while continuing to expect the Kalmyk Khan to provide cavalry units to fight on behalf of Russia. The Russian Orthodox church, by contrast, pressured Buddhist Kalmyks to adopt Orthodoxy.In January 1771, approximately 200,000 (170,000) Kalmyks began the migration from their pastures on the left bank of the Volga River to Dzungaria (Western Mongolia), through the territories of their Bashkir and Kazakh enemies. The last Kalmyk khan Ubashi led the migration to restore Mongolian independence. Ubashi Khan sent his 30,000 cavalries to the Russo-Turkish War in 1768–1769 to gain weapon before the migration.The Empress Catherine the Great ordered the Russian army, Bashkirs and Kazakhs to exterminate all migrants and the Empress abolished the Kalmyk Khanate. The Kyrgyzs attacked them near Balkhash Lake. About 100,000–150,000 Kalmyks who settled on the west bank of the Volga River couldn''t cross the river because the river didn''t freeze in the winter of 1771 and Catherine the Great executed influential nobles of them. After seven months of travel, only one-third (66,073) of the original group reached Dzungaria (Balkhash Lake, western border of the Qing Empire). The Manchu-Qing Empire transmigrated the Kalmyks to five different areas to prevent their revolt and influential leaders of the Kalmyks died soon (killed by the Manchus). Russia states that Buryatia voluntarly merged with Russia in 1659 due to Mongolian oppression and the Kalmyks voluntarly accepted Russian rule in 1609 but only Georgia voluntarly accepted Russian rule.

    Khorloogiin Choibalsan, leader of the Mongolian People''s Republic (right), and Georgy Zhukov consult during the Battle of Khalkhin Gol against Japanese troops, 1939


    In October 1919, the Republic of China occupied Mongolia after suspicious deaths of Mongolian patriotic nobles. On 3 February 1921 White Russian Baron Ungern''s army (mainly Mongolian volunteer cavalries, Buryat and Tatar cossacks) liberated Mongolian capital.Baron Ungern''s purpose was to find allies to defeat Soviet Union. The Mongolian People''s Revolution of 1921 (Mongolian National Democratic Revolution) ended Chinese occupation over Mongolia then Mongolian and Soviet armies defeated White Russian army in Mongolia.The Statement of Reunification of Mongolia adobted by Mongolian revolutionist leaders in 1921. Soviet recognized that Mongolia is Chinese territory in 1924 during secret meeting with the Republic of China.Soviet officially recognized Mongolian independence in 1945 but Soviet carried out various policies (political, economic and cultural) against Mongolia until its fall or 1991 to prevent Pan-Mongolism and other irredentist movements.

    On 10 April 1932 Mongolians revolted against the government''s new policy and Soviet.The government and Soviet soldiers defeated rebels in October.

    The Buryats started to migrate to Mongolia in the 1900s due to Russian oppression.Joseph Stalin''s regime stopped the migration in 1930 and started genocide action against newcomers and Mongolians. During the Stalinist repressions in Mongolia almost all adult Buryat men and 22–33,000 Mongols (3–5% of the total population; common citizens, monks, Pan-Mongolists, nationalists, patriots, hundreds military officers, nobles, intellectuals and elite people) shot dead by under pressure of Soviet. Some authors also offer much higher estimates, up to 100,000 victims. Around the late 1930s the Mongolian People''s Republic had an overall population of about 700,000 to 900,000 people.By 1939, Soviet said "We repressed too many people, the population of Mongolia is only hundred thousands". Proportion of victims in relation to the population of the country is much higher than the corresponding figures of the Great Purge in the Soviet Union.


    World War II Zaisan Memorial, Ulaan Baatar, from the People''s Republic of Mongolia era.



    Mongolia and Soviet supported Xinjiang Uyghurs and Kazakhs'' separatist movement in the 1930-1940s. By 1945, Soviet refused to support them after its alliance with the Communist Party of China and Mongolia interrupted its relations with the separatists under pressure of Soviet. Xinjiang Oirat''s militant groups operated together the Turkic peoples but the Oirats didn''t have leading role due to their small population. Basmachis or Turkic and Tajik militants fought to liberate Central Asia (Soviet Central Asia) until 1942.



    The Tsardom of Russia, Russian Empire, Soviet Union, capitalist and communist China performed many genocide actions against the Mongols (assimilate, reduce the population, extinguish the language, culture, tradition, history, religion and ethnic identity). Peter the Great said: "The headwaters of the Yenisei River must be Russian land". Russian Empire sent the Kalmyks and Buryats to war to reduce the populations (World War I and other wars).Soviet scientists attempted to convince the Kalmyks and Buryats that they''re not the Mongols during the 20th century (demongolization policy). 35,000 Buryats were killed during the rebellion of 1927 and around one-third of Buryat population in Russia died in the 1900s–1950s. 10,000 Buryats of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were massacred by Stalin''s order in the 1930s. In 1919 the Buryats established a small theocratic Balagad state in Kizhinginsky District of Russia and the Buryat''s state fell in 1926. In 1958, the name "Mongol" was removed from the name of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

    On 22 January 1922 Mongolia proposed to migrate the Kalmyks during the Kalmykian Famine but Russia refused.71–72,000 (93,000?; around half of the population) Kalmyks died during the famine. The Kalmyks revolted against Russia in 1926, 1930 and 1942–1943. In 1913, Nicholas II, king of Russia, said : "We need to prevent from Volga Tatars.But the Kalmyks are more dangerous than them because they are the Mongols so send them to war to reduce the population". On 23 April 1923 Joseph Stalin, communist leader of Russia, said: "We are carrying out wrong policy on the Kalmyks who related to the Mongols.Our policy is too peaceful". In March 1927, Soviet deported 20,000 Kalmyks to Siberia, tundra and Karelia.The Kalmyks founded sovereign Republic of Oirat-Kalmyk on 22 March 1930. The Oirat''s state had a small army and 200 Kalmyk soldiers defeated 1,700 Soviet soldiers in Durvud province of Kalmykia but the Oirat''s state destroyed by the Soviet Army in 1930. Kalmykian nationalists and Pan-Mongolists attempted to migrate Kalmyks to Mongolia in the 1920s.Mongolia suggested to migrate the Soviet Union''s Mongols to Mongolia in the 1920s but Russia refused the suggest.

    Russia deported all Kalmyks to Siberia in 1943 and around half of (97–98,000) Kalmyk people deported to Siberia died before being allowed to return home in 1957. The government of the Soviet Union forbade teaching Kalmyk language during the deportation.The Kalmyks'' main purpose was to migrate to Mongolia and many Kalmyks joined the German Army.Marshal Khorloogiin Choibalsan attempted to migrate the deportees to Mongolia and he met with them in Siberia during his visit to Russia. Under the Law of the Russian Federation of April 26, 1991 "On Rehabilitation of Exiled Peoples" repressions against Kalmyks and other peoples were qualified as an act of genocide.


    On 3 October 2002 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Taiwan recognizes Mongolia as an independent country, although no legislative actions were taken to address concerns over its constitutional claims to Mongolia. Offices established to support Taipei''s claims over Outer Mongolia, such as the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, lie dormant.

    Agin-Buryat Okrug and Ust-Orda Buryat Okrugs merged with Irkutsk Oblast and Chita Oblast in 2008 despite Buryats'' resistance. The Southern Mongols revolted against China in 2011. The Inner Mongolian People''s Party is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization and Southern Mongolian leaders are attempting to establish sovereign state or merge Southern Mongolia with Mongolia.

    Language Main article: Mongolic languagesA Mongolic Ger


    Religion Main articles: Buddhism in Mongolia and Shamanism in Mongolia


    Timur of Mongolic origin himself had converted almost all the Borjigin leaders to Islam.The Mughal Emperor Babur and his heir Humayun, The word Mughal, is derived from the Persian word for Mongol.

    In 1254 Möngke Khan organized a formal religious debate (in which William of Rubruck took part) between Christians, Muslims and Buddhists in Karakorum, a cosmopolitan city of many religions. The Mongolic Empire was known for its religious tolerance, but had a special leaning towards Buddhism and was sympathetic towards Christianity while still worshipping Tengri. The Mongolic leader Abaqa Khan sent a delegation of 13–16 to the Second Council of Lyon (1274), which created a great stir, particularly when their leader ''Zaganus'' underwent a public baptism. Yahballaha III (1245–1317) and Rabban Bar Sauma (c. 1220–1294) were famous Mongolic Nestorian Christians. The Kerait tribe in central Mongolia was Christian and Shamanistic.The western Khanates, however, eventually adopted Islam (under Berke and Ghazan) and the Turkic languages (because of its commercial importance), although allegiance to the Great Khan and limited use of the Mongolic languages can be seen even in the 1330s. The Mongolic nobility during the Yuan dynasty studied Confucianism, built Confucian temples (including Beijing Confucius Temple) and translated Confucian works into Mongolic but mainly followed the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism under Phags-pa Lama. The general populace still practised Shamanism. Dongxiang and Bonan Mongols adopted Islam, as did Moghol-speaking peoples in Afghanistan. In the 1576 the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism became the state religion of the Mongolia. The Red Hat sect of Tibetan Buddhism coexisted with the Gelug Yellow Hat sect. Shamanism was absorbed into the state religion while being marginalized in its purer forms, later only surviving in far northern Mongolia. Monks were some of the leading intellectuals in Mongolia, responsible for much of the literature and art of the pre-modern period. Many Buddhist philosophical works lost in Tibet and elsewhere are preserved in older and purer form in Mongolian ancient texts (e.g. the Mongol Kanjur). Zanabazar (1635–1723), Zaya Pandita (1599–1662) and Danzanravjaa (1803–1856) are among the most famous Mongol holy men. The 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso (1589–1617), a Mongol himself, was the only non-Tibetan Dalai Lama.The name is a combination of the Mongolian word dalai meaning "ocean" and the Tibetan word (bla-ma) meaning "guru, teacher, mentor". Many Buryats became Orthodox Christians due to the Russian expansion. During the socialist period religion was officially banned, although it was practiced in clandestine circles. Today, a sizable proportion of Mongolic peoples are atheist or agnostic. In the most recent census in Mongolia, almost forty percent of the population reported as being atheist, while the majority religion was Tibetan Buddhism, with 53%. Having survived suppression by the Communists, Buddhism among the Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western Mongols is today primarily of the Gelugpa (Yellow Hat sect) school of Tibetan Buddhism. There is a strong shamanistic influence in the Gelugpa sect among the Mongols.

    Military Main article: Mongol military tactics and organization

    They battled against the most powerful armies and warriors in Eurasia. The beating of the kettle and smoke signals were signs for the start of battle. One battle formation that they used consisted of five squadrons or units. The typical squadrons were divided by ranks. The first two ranks were in the front. These warriors had the heaviest armor and weapons. The back three ranks broke out between the front ranks and attacked first with their arrows. The forces simply kept their space from the enemy and killed them with arrow fire, during which time "archers did not aim at a specific target, but shot their arrows at a high path into a set ''killing zone'' or target area." Mongolics also took hold of engineers from the defeated armies. They made engineers a permanent part of their army, so that their weapons and machinery were complex and efficient.

    Kinship and family life See also: Society of the Mongol Empire




    — Nilgün Dalkesen, Gender roles and women''s status in Central Asia and Anatolia between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries


    The Mongol kinship is one of a particular patrilineal type classed as Omaha, in which relatives are grouped together under separate terms that crosscut generations, age, and even sexual difference. Thus, a man''s father''s sister''s children, his sister''s children, and his daughter''s children are all called by another term. A further attribute is strict terminological differentiation of siblings according to seniority.



    Historical population Year Population Notes
    1 AD 1–2,000,000?
    1000 2,500,000? 750,000 Khitans
    1200 2,600,000? 1,5-2,000,000 Mongols
    1600 2,300,000? 77,000 Buryats; 600,000 Khalkhas
    1900 2,300,000? 283,383 Buryats (1897); 500,000? Khalkhas (1911); 380,000 Oirats: 70,000? Mongolian Oirats (1911), 190,648 Kalmyks (1897), 70,000? Dzungarian and Southern Mongolian Oirats, 50,000 Upper Mongols; 1,500,000? Southern Mongols (1911)
    Geographic distribution Main articles: Eastern Mongolia, Northern Mongolia, Southern Mongolia, Upper Mongolia and Western MongoliaThis map shows the boundary of 13th century Mongol Empire and location of today''s Mongols in modern Mongolia, Russia and China.



    Eastern Mongols

    The Eastern Mongols (Buddhists) mainly concentrated in Mongolia:


    Northern Mongols


    Barga, Buryats, Hamnigan.

    Southern Mongols



    Western Mongols

    The Oirats (Buddhists) mainly concentrated in Western Mongolia:

    • 184,000 Kalmyks (2010) — Kalmykia, Russia
    • 205,000 Mongolian Oirats (2010)
    • 140,000 Oirats (2010) — Xinjiang region, China


    • Kalmyks — Baatud, Buzava, Choros, Durvud, Khoid, Olots, Torghut.
    • Upper Mongolian Oirats — Choros, Khoshut, Torghut.
    Mongolia See also: Demographics of Mongolia



    China Main article: Ethnic Mongols in China

    The 2010 census of People''s Republic of China counted 7.06 million various Mongol groups, according to the narrow definition above. It should be noted that 1992 census of China counted only 3.6 million Mongols.And 2010 census of counted 5,982 thousand Mongols, and 621,500 Dongxiangs, 289,565 Mongours, 132,000 Daurs, 20,074 Baoans, 14,370 Yugurs. Most of them live in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, followed by Liaoning province. Small numbers can also be found in provinces near those two.

    There were 669,972 Mongols in Liaoning in 2011, making up 11.52% of Mongols in China. The closest Mongol area to the sea is the Dabao Mongol Ethnic Township (大堡蒙古族镇) in Fengcheng, Liaoning. With 8,460 Mongols (37.4% of the township population) it is located 40 km from the North Korean border and 65 km from Korea Bay of the Yellow Sea. Another contender for closest Mongol area to the sea would be Erdaowanzi Mongol Ethnic Township (二道湾子蒙古族乡) in Jianchang, Liaoning. With 5,011 Mongols (20.7% of the township population) it is located around 65 km from the Bohai Sea.





    Russia Main articles: Buryats, Kalmyks, Demographics of Russia and Demographics of Siberia




    • 4th century Mongolic Xianbei archer


    • Khitan horseman from tomb dated 959, Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia.

    • Khitan Pagoda of Fogong Temple, 1056

    • Khitan people in "Rest Stop for the Khan" painting (ca. 10th century)





    • Genghis'' son Tolui with Queen Sorgaqtani

    • Hulegu Khan, ruler of the Ilkhanate

    • 13th century Ilkhanid Mongol archer

    • Mongol soldiers by Rashid al-Din in 1305

    • Kalmyk Mongol girl Annushka (painted in 1767)

    • A 20th-century Mongol Khan, Navaanneren

    • The 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso

    • Dolgorsürengiin Dagvadorj became the first Mongol to reach sumo''s highest rank.

    • Mongol women archers during Naadam festival

    • A Mongol musician

    • A Mongol Wrangler

    • Buryat Mongol shaman

    • Kalmyks, 19th century

    • Mongol girl performing Bayad dance

    • Buryat Mongols (painted in 1840)


    • Buryat Mongol boy during shamanic rite

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