"QED, The Strange Theory of Light and Matter", Feynman, shows protons made of three quarks on page 134.

"The hypothetical particle (quark) that is believed to be the basic constituent of the elementary particles. One prominent representative of the lepton species, which comes in three families, each with an electrically charged lepton and a neutral neutrino, is the electron. It is known to play the all-important role in chemical and electrical phenomena. According to present-day knowledge, the leptons are elementary, i.e. are indivisible and have no substructure.The proton (and neutron), i.e., nucleur? matter, on the other hand, has been shown to be composed of more elementary units, the quarks. Supposedly six different kinds of quarks exist, again grouped in three families, in complete symmetry to the leptons. Five of these quarks have been found, and recent experimental evidence exists for the sixth quark. Only the two members of the first family are needed for "ordinary" nuclear? matter, the "u" (up) and the "d" (down) quark. However, the quarks seem to always be bound together to form the nuclear? particles, called hadrons, and never have been observed as free particles: Three such quarks make up the proton, two u quarks and one d quark, while the neutron consists of one u quark and two d quarks." (From Atoms to Quarks - An Introduction to the Strange World of Particle Physics, Refil, 1980) (Neutrino Structure of the Ether, Ruderfer, Martin) (underline added)

Mind Force is a pre-existing Natural Force




compound interetheric CI Mind Awareness
etheric E photon light 1947 1st Laser
etheric E photon light 1880 Edison Light Bulb
interatomic A+E electron electricity 1882 AC Power
interatomic A+E electron electricity 1800 1st battery
interatomic A+E electron Heat 1800 steam power
atomic A atoms purified elements alchemy nascent chemistry
molecular M molecule alloys Stone Age Stone, Wood

This table coordinates with the Etheric Elements table.




Mind Force Goes Mainstream
Boeing Psychic Lab (external link)
Defense Technical Information Center (external link)
Parapsychological Association (external link)
Index of Universities offering Education in Parapsychology (external link)

"The author describes a unified theory based on the assumption that a photon is actually composed of a neutrino and an anti-neutrino?. This leads to simplified mathematics for quantum theory, based on phasor theory? for electronics." (Lettere al Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di fisica. Series 2, 13(1), May (Maggio) 3, 1975. p. 9-13)

Quarks have the unusual characteristic of having a fractional electric charge, unlike the proton and electron, which have integer charges of +1 and -1 respectively. The up, charm and top quarks have a charge of +2/3, whilst the down, strange and bottom have a charge of -1/3. Although individual quarks have fractional electrical charges, they normally combine into 'hadrons?' such that these hadrons? have a net integer electric charge. Protons and neutrons are good examples of quark grouping or hadrons?. In an experiment described in September 11,1997 issue of Nature, Weizmann Institute physicists measured fractional charges one-third that of an electron. (http://blazelabs.com/f-p-frac.htm)

(The Concept of the Photon, Scully, Marlan O. and Murray Sargent III) The author discusses current theories of the structure of the photon. Physics Today. 25(3), Mar. 1972. p. 38-47.

Quark, General

Quark is a CLASS

Considered Fundamental

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about particle physics: for other uses of the word Quark see Quark (disambiguation). In particle physics, the quarks are one of the two families of subatomic particles thought to be elemental and indivisible (the other being the leptons). Objects made up of quarks are known as hadrons; well known examples are protons and neutrons.

Quarks are generally believed to never exist alone but only in groups of two or three (and, more recently, five); all searches for free quarks since 1977 have yielded negative results. Quarks are differentiated from leptons, the other family of elemental particles, by electric charge. Leptons (such as the electron or the muon) have integral charge (+1, 0 or -1) while quarks have +2/3 or -1/3 charge (antiquarks have -2/3 or +1/3 charge). All quarks have spin 1/2 \hbar.

One of the experiment in the CERN showed, that only 3 generation of the quarks exists. (From the resonance-width of Z boson.)

Name Charge Estimated mass (MeV)
Up (u) +2/3 1.5 to 4.5 1
Down (d) -1/3 5 to 8.5 1
Charm / Centre (c) +2/3 1,000 to 1,400
Strange / Sideways (s) -1/3 80 to 155
Top / Truth (t) +2/3 174,300 ± 5,100
Bottom / Beauty (b) -1/3 4,000 to 4,500

1. The estimates of u and d masses are not uncontroversial and still actively being investigated; in fact, there are even suggestions in literature that the u quark could be essentially massless.

Ordinary matter such as protons and neutrons are composed of quarks of the UP or DOWN variety only. A proton contains two UP quarks and one DOWN quark, giving a total charge of +1. A neutron is made of two DOWN quarks and one UP quark, giving a total charge of zero. The other varieties of quarks can only be produced in particle accelerators, and degenerate quickly to the UP and DOWN quarks. (Electrons do not contain quarks, but are of a different type of particle called leptons).

According to the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), quarks possess another property that is called "color charge" (and that doesn't have anything to do with real color). Instead of just two different charge types (like + and - in electromagnetism), color charge comes in 6 types: "red", "green", "blue" and their corresponding "anticharges". In the theory, only "color neutral" particles can exist. Particles composed of one red, one green and one blue quark are called baryons; the proton and the neutron are the most important examples. Particles composed of a quark and an anti-quark of the corresponding anti-color are called mesons.

Particles of different color charge are attracted and particles of like color charge are repelled by the strong nuclear force, which is transferred by gluons, particles that themselves carry color charge. Therefore, colors of quarks are not static, but are interchanged by gluons, always maintaining the result neutral. This interchange of color charge is thought to result in the strong nuclear force holding quarks together in mesons and baryons; a "secondary" effect of this strong nuclear force is to hold the protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus.

Due to the extremely strong nature of the strong force, quarks are never found free. They are always bound into baryons or mesons. The exception to this is the t quark (discovered April 23, 1994), which is so massive that it decays before getting a chance to form baryons or mesons. When we try to separate quarks in a meson or baryon, as happens in particle accelerators, the strong force actually becomes stronger as they get farther apart. At some point it is more energetically favorable to create two more quarks to cancel out the increasing force, and two new quarks (a quark and an anti-quark) pop out of the vacuum. This process is called hadronization or fragmentation, and is one of the least understood processes in particle physics. As a result of fragmentation, when quarks are produced in particle accelerators, instead of seeing the individual quarks in detectors, scientists see "jets" of many color-neutral particles (mesons and baryons), clustered together.


Quarks are color-charged particles.

A fundamental matter particle that has strong interactions. Quarks have an electric charge of either +2/3 (up, charm and top) or -1/3 (down, strange and bottom) in units where the proton charge is 1.

There are six quarks, but physicists usually talk about the three pairs of quarks: Up/Down, Charm/Strange, and Top/Bottom. For each of these quarks there is a corresponding antimatter-quark (anti-quark.)

Quarks have the unusual characteristic of having fractional electric charge of either 2/3 or -1/3, unlike the -1 charge of an electron and the +1 charge of the proton. Quarks also carry another type of charge called color charge, which we will discuss later.

UP 2/3 CHARM 2/3 TOP 2/3
DOWN -1/3 STRANGE -1/3 BOTTOM -1/3

See Also

Etheric Elements
Particles and Corpuscles
Table of Quantum Particles

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