Prove the following.
1. If each of p vectors Wj drawn from the origin lies in the closed half-plane
y ^ arg w ^ y + rr and if at least one of them lies in the open half-plane y
arg w y + IT, then the sum w = ^fjr=1 Wj 5^ 0.
2. Th. (1,1) and ex. (1,1) hold for convergent infinite sums 2 £ a WJ *n which
all the Wj satisfy ineq. (1,1); also for integrals w(t) dt in which a and b are
real numbers and in which w(t) is a continuous function of the real variable t
and y ^ arg w(t) y + -n for a ^ t ^ b.
3. Let v v = 2?ii WJ If P °f t n e points Wj lie in the circle \z\ ^ R0 and the
remaining point Wj lies in the annulus Rx ^ |z| ^ /?
, where Rx pR0, then the
point w lies in the annulus Rx pR0 ^ |z| ^ 7?2 + P^o Hence tv^O .
4. If the point z traverses a line L in a specified direction, then the net change in
arg (z zx) is n or 7r according as zx is to the left or to the right of L relative to
the specified direction.
(1,6). Let L be a line on which a given nth degree polynomial f(z)
has no zeros. Let AL arg/(z) denote the net change in arg/(z) as point z traverses
L in a specified direction and let p and q denote the number of zeros off(z) to the
left and to the right of this direction of L, respectively. Then
(1.7) / - ? = (lMA/.arg/(z)
and thus
(1.8) /? = (l/2)[« + (l/7r)A^arg/(z)],
= (l/2)[A2-(l/7r)A^arg/(z)].
6. The polynomial g(z) =
+ + bn has at least m zeros in an
arbitrary neighborhood of the point z = c if
^ e for k = 0, 1, •, m 1
and for e a sufficiently small positive number [Kneser 1, Iglisch 1]. Hint: Use
Rouche's Theorem.
7. Rouche's Theorem is valid when \P(z)\ ^ \Q(z)\ for z e C provided F(z) =
P(z) + Q(z) * 0 for z e C.
8. Rouche's Theorem is valid when C is the circle \z\ = 1 and when \P(z)\ ^
\Q{z)\ on C, provided that at each zero Z of F(z) on C the function R{z) =
Iog(£?(z)//(z)) has the properties R\Z) ^ 0, SR(Z/*'(Z)) 0, 3(Z/fc'(Z)) = 0
[Lipka 3].
9. Let C be a closed Jordan curve inside which P(z) and Q(z) are analytic.
On C let P(z) and 0(z) be continuous, Q(z) 5* 0 and W[P(z)IQ(z)] 0. Then
inside C, P(z) has the same number of zeros as does Q(z).
10. Rouche's Theorem (1,3) follows from the continuity of the zeros of F(z) =
),P(z) + Q(z) as functions of A. Hint: Show that no zero of/ma y cross C as
A increases continuously from 0 to 1.
11. In F(z) = 1 + axz + ^ 2 + * ' + bnzn, the quantities n, b2, b3, - - -, bn
may be so determined that all the zeros of Flie on the unit circle. Hint: Choose n
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