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On March 12, 1992, the Defendant was sentenced to twenty-five (25) years with five (5) years suspended for Mitigated Deliberate Homicide. The defendant is a danger to society in the Court’s opinion, however, the Court does recommend that this defendant be allowed to serve his prison sentence at the Swan River Youth Camp if space is available. Five specific conditions were set out in the Judgment of March 12, 1992; a surcharge of $20 is assessed against this defendant. The Defendant shall be given credit for 313 days time served.
On March 11, 1993, the Defendant’s application for review of that sentence was heard by the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
The Defendant was present and proceeded pro se. The state was represented by Patrick Paul, County Attorney from Great Falls.
DATED this 11th day of March, 1993.
Before hearing the application, the Defendant was advised that the Sentence Review Division has the authority not only to reduce the sentence or affirm it, but also to increase it if such is possible. The defendant was further advised that there is no appeal from a decision of the Sentence Review Division. The defendant acknowledged that he understood this and stated that he wished to proceed.
After careful consideration, it is the unanimous decision of the Sentence Review Division that the sentence shall be affirmed.
The reason for the decision is the sentence imposed by the District Court is presumed correct pursuant to Section 46-18-904(3), MCA. The Division finds that the reasons advanced for modification are insufficient to deem inadequate or excessive as required to overcome the presumption per Rule 17 of the Rules of the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
Hon. Thomas McKittricb, Chairman, Hon. John Warner, and Hon. James Purcell, Judges
The Sentence Review Board wishes to thank Brad Olson for his assistance to the Court. The Board also wishes to thank Patrick Paul for appearing on behalf of the State of Montana.
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CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is a claim of wrongful discharge. The District Court for the Thirteenth Judicial District, Yellowstone County, entered summary judgment for defendants. We affirm.
The decisive issues are:
1. Did the District Court err in dismissing the complaint when the motion for summary judgment did not specifically request that relief?
2. Did the court err in determining that plaintiff Mabel Logan cannot as a matter of law meet the proximate causation requirements necessary for recovery?
Mabel Logan began working for the Yellowstone Exhibition/Metra (Metra) as a switchboard operator in 1980. In May of 1987, she was informed that the switchboard position was going to be eliminated in a reorganization. Logan was discharged from employment at the Metra on June 30, 1987.
Logan was between jobs for about three weeks. On July 28,1987, she began working as a control operator at the Yellowstone County Jail. Her new job at the jail paid ninety cents more per hour than her former job.
While working at the jail, Logan suffered a repetitive motion injury to her hands. She filed this action in 1988, claiming that defendants breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing and negligently breached their employment contract in terminating her employment at Metra. She also claims that the Metrapark Commission-Board is an illegal entity whose void acts entitle her to recovery. She seeks compensatory damages including loss of PERS, health insurance, and other benefits of employment as a result of her repetitive motion injury. She also requests punitive damages. Beginning in September 1991, she has received temporary total disability benefits through workers’ compensation for her repetitive motion injury.
Defendants moved for summary judgment based upon the record, which included excerpts from depositions. After briefing and oral argument, the court entered summary judgment for defendants on all counts. The court ruled, as a matter of law, that Logan’s discharge from employment at Metra was not the proximate cause of her injuries, nor were her injuries foreseeable. The court also ruled that Logan cannot recover for her damages because of the exclusive recovery doctrine of workers’ compensation law. Further, the court ruled that neither the dual capacity doctrine nor the intentional tort exception to the exclusivity doctrine applies.
On the claim of negligent discharge, the court noted Logan’s concession that she does not have a claim due to case law developments since she filed her complaint. In denying the claim that the Metrapark Commission-Board is an illegal entity, the court cited § 7-21-3451, MCA, and this Court’s opinion in Koch v. Yellowstone County (1990), 243 Mont. 447, 795 P.2d 454. The court denied the punitive damages claim against Yellowstone County on the basis that Yellowstone County is a governmental entity.
Issue 1
Did the District Court err in dismissing the complaint when the motion for summary judgment did not specifically request that relief?
The brief in support of the motion for summary judgment concluded: Plaintiff’s Complaint fails on all of its counts because Plaintiff cannot establish that she suffered any damages that were proxi mately caused by her discharge from the Yellowstone County Metra in 1987. The damages she is trying to claim arose three years later when she suffered a repetitive motion injury at her job running the Yellowstone County jail control board. She has recovered damages through Montana’s workers’ compensation law for that repetitive motion injury. She cannot as a matter of Montana law establish any proximate cause connection between her discharge from employment in 1987 and the damages suffered in her repetitive motion injury in 1990 and after.
Logan cites cases setting forth the rule that a district court does not have jurisdiction to grant relief outside the issues presented. See, e.g., In re Custody of C.S.F. (1988), 232 Mont. 204, 755 P.2d 578. However, in this case, the motion for summary judgment on all issues put squarely before the court the issue of whether the complaint should be dismissed. We hold that the court did not exceed the relief requested when it dismissed the complaint.
Issue 2
Did the court err in determining that Logan cannot as a matter of law meet the proximate causation requirements necessary for recovery in tort law?
Our standard of review of a summary judgment is the same as that of the trial court: Based on the record, are there genuine issues of material fact, and is the moving party entitled to judgment as a matter of law? Rule 56(c), M.R.Civ.P.; Knight v. City of Missoula (1992), 252 Mont. 232, 243, 827 P.2d 1270, 1276-77. In this case the parties do not disagree on issues of material fact; instead, their arguments address application of the law to the facts. Therefore, we proceed to consider whether the defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Logan argues that defendants should have foreseen that she could lose her PERS, health insurance, and other benefits as a result of the termination of her employment at Metra. She states that, had she not been wrongfully discharged from her job as a switchboard operator at Metra, she never would have taken the Yellowstone County Jail job and suffered a repetitive motion injury. She therefore claims defendants are obligated for all damages she has suffered that have not been paid by Yellowstone County’s workers’ compensation carrier. She maintains that the question of foreseeability is, at minimum, one for a jury.
Because Logan’s discharge from employment preceded the effective date of the Wrongful Discharge from Employment Act, Title 39, Ch. 2, Part 9, this action was brought under common law theories. Breach of the duty to deal fairly and in good faith in the employment relationship is a tort. Gates v. Life of Montana Ins. Co. (1983), 205 Mont. 304, 307, 668 P.2d 213, 215. A tort is comprised of three basic elements: (1) existence of a legal duty from defendant to plaintiff, (2) breach of that duty, and (3) the damage as a proximate result. Joseph v. Hustad Corporation (1969), 153 Mont. 121, 124, 454 P.2d 916, 918. Proximate cause is analyzed in terms of foreseeability. “A defendant is hable for his wrongful conduct if it is reasonably foreseeable that plaintiff’s injury may be the natural and probable consequence of that conduct.” Thayer v. Hicks (1990), 243 Mont. 138, 155, 793 P.2d 784, 795.
Whether or not there is substantial evidence to raise an issue of fact is a question of law for the court and not an issue of fact for the jury. Federal Land Bank of Spokane v. Snider (1991), 247 Mont. 508, 513, 808 P.2d 475, 478; Flansberg v. Montana Power Co. (1969), 154 Mont. 53, 60, 460 P.2d 263, 267. We agree with the District Court that the causal connection between Logan’s discharge from employment and her repetitive motion injury is so remote that the injury cannot reasonably be described as a foreseeable result of the discharge from employment three years earlier. There is insufficient evidence in the record to support a reasonable inference that Logan’s injuries were caused by defendants’ act in discharging her from employment at Metra.
We conclude the court properly entered summary judgment for defendants on the claim of wrongful discharge, due to insufficient evidence on the causation element. Because we so conclude, we need not rule on the issues relating to the exclusivity doctrine of workers’ compensation or the legality of the Metrapark Board. Nor is it necessary that we rule on the correctness of the court’s separate conclusion that punitive damages are not available against Metrapark as a government entity.
Affirmed.
JUSTICES HARRISON, NELSON and WEBER concur.
JUSTICE HUNT dissents from the foregoing opinion.
|
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PEE CUEIAM.
Original proceeding. Application by the State of Montana on the relation of Milton Everett Hall for a writ of supervisory control based upon an order of the respondent District Court denying relator’s motion for a Bill of Particulars requested of the County Attorney to furnish relator accused by an information filed by the County Attorney with having, “at the County of Fergus, in the State of Montana, on or about the latter part of August, the exact date being unknown to the County Attorney, at this time, A. D. 1949,” with having committed the crime of statutory rape upon a named prosecutrix. Relator’s motion seeks to have the County Attorney supply the accused with the actual numerical date intended to be included in the “latter part of August, 1949” and with the specific time and place when and where the offense is alleged to have been committed, it being represented that the accused was previously charged by an information with having committed a like offense against the same prosecutrix, alleged to have been committed on a day certain in October, 1949, and after trial had before a jury duly impaneled in the respondent court, been found not guilty and acquitted.
The application is denied without prejudice to any of relator’s rights or those of his counsel to further seek the required information and particulars or to preserve his exception and make his objections and record in the proceedings and trial based on the charge.
|
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MR. JUSTICE HASWELL
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
. This is an appeal by plaintiff from a judgment of the District Court of Big Horn County affirming', a decision of the Unemployment Compensation Commission denying him eligibility for unemployment compensation benefits.
Plaintiff, a 39 year old single man-with no dependents, filed á claim for benefits under the Unemployment Compensation Act with the State Employment Office ■ in Dillon on. July 7, 1967. Following a deputy’s determination that he was ineligible for benefits because he was “not available for or actively seeking full-time employment” and denial of plaintiff’s re-, quest for a redetermination of his eligibility, plaintiff successively .appealed to the Appeals Referee, the Unemployment Compensation Commission, and the District Court of Big Horn County. Each sustained the denial of eligibility to plaintiff for• benefits under the preceding adjudication. This, appeal followed.
Because the findings of the Commission as to the facts are basic to our determination of this appeal, they are set forth verbatim as follows:
“The -claimant, 39 years of age, has been employed by the Holly Sugar Corporation, Hardin, Montana, as a laborer during the sugar beet processing season, usually from October through January, for the past four years. When the work ended each year he returned to Dillon, Montana, where he lives with his mother and stepfather. He has not performed any work in the Dillon area since 1964. His last employment was with the Holly Sugar Corporation from September 27, 1966, to January 27, 1967, when the work ended and he was laid off. On July 7, 1967, he filed an initial claim for benefits with the Dillon employment office effective July 2, 1967.
“From July 2, 1967, to August 1, 1967, he made no effort to obtain employment. Since then he has made several applications for work as a salesclerk and warehouseman, work in which he has had no experience and has no prospect of securing. Prior to 1964 he worked about six weeks as a miner, and while he has made two applications for such work, he does not have prospects of obtaining employment with either employer. He has been unwilling to accept farm or ranch work which exists in the Dillon area. While he contends he is not qualified to perform that work, the evidence shows that he was a self-employed farmer for eight years and worked several years on ranches owned by his stepfather. At the time of the hearing before the Appeals Referee, he had no prospects of obtaining employment except for work with the Holly Sugar Corporation which is scheduled to begin on September 20,1967. ##*#####
“This claimant has followed a pattern of working about four months each year for the Holly Sugar Corporation and spending the other months of the year in Dillon, which is basically an agricultural area. He has not performed any work in that area since 1964. He has limited acceptable employment to the extent he does not have reasonable prospects of obtaining employment. His unwillingess to accept agricultural work which exists in the area and he is qualified to perform, has unnecessarily prolonged his period of unemployment. Therefore, his unemployment is obviously a matter of choice, rather than necessity. In view of the evidence, it is concluded that he has not been actively and genuinely in the labor market ® «= * >>
On the basis of these findings of fact, the Commission concluded that plaintiff had not been available for work and seeking work and by reason thereof was ineligible for unemployment benefits. On appeal to the district court, that court reviewed the record'before the Commission and entered judgment affirming the Commission’s decision. After denial by the district court of plaintiff’s exceptions to that court’s findings and conclusions, plaintiff appealed to this Court from the judgment of the district court and its denial of plaintiff’s exceptions to its findings.
The basic issues for review upon this appeal can be summarized in this manner: (1) Is there substantial evidence in the record sustaining the Commission’s findings of fact? (2) Do such findings of fact support the conclusion of law that plaintiff was not “available for work and was not seeking work” within the meaning of section 87-105, R.C.M.1947? (3) Do the findings of fact and conclusions of law support the judgment declaring plaintiff ineligible for benefits under the Unemployment Compensation Act?
Turning to the first issue for review, we observe that findings of fact by the Commission, if supported by evidence, are conclusive and that the scope of judicial review is confined to questions of law. Section 87-108 (d), R.C.M.1947. The evidentiary support required under this statute is that the Commission’s findings of fact be supported by substantial evidence, i. e., such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion or, stated another way, enough evidence to justify a refusal to direct a verdict on a factual issue in a jury trial. Jordan v. Craighead, 114 Mont. 337, 136 P.2d 526. The court is not permitted to balance conflicting evidence in support of and in opposition to the Commission’s findings of fact, nor to determine which is the more substantial evidence, nor to consider where the preponderance of the evidence lies; for to do so would be to substitute the Court’s view of the evidence for that of the Commission, and effectively nullify, the conclusive character of the Commission’s findings of fact as provided by statute. Jordan v. Craighead, supra.
Examining the Commission’s findings of fact in the light of the foregoing principles, we find substantial evidence in the record supporting every finding of fact set out verbatim above. It would unduly lengthen this opinion to quote the supporting evidence on each of these individual factual find ings. Suffice it to say that the basic factual findings of the Commission' amount^ in - substance, to this: That plaintiff’s work history for the four years preceding his application for ■unemployment compensation indicated a pattern of seasonal employment for about four months each year with Holly Sugar Corporation in'Hardin, during the sugar beet processing season and spending the remainder of the year unemployed in Dillon; which is basically an agricultural area; that he is unwilling to accept farm or ranch work which exists in that ¿rea and which he is qualified to' perform; that he has no prospects of obtaining ■ employment elsewhere at' the present time; for about three weeks after applying for unemployment benefits -he made no effort to obtain employment, and since then he has made several applications for work in which either he has had no .experience or .which he has no prospect of securing;, that by reason thereof, his unemployment is a matter of choice rather than necessity and therefore he has not been •actively or genuinely in the labor market. Admittedly the evidence is in conflict on these basic factual findings, particularly the ultimate findings of fact.
The thrust of plaintiff’s argument, as we understand it, is that there is uncontroverted evidence in the record showing plaintiff made fifteen applications for employment between July 1, 1967, and August 23, 1967, and the Commission had no right to assume, without supporting evidence, that claimant’s efforts to obtain work were a subterfuge solely for the purpose of qualifying him for unemployment compensation benefits. We disagree. There is substantial evidence supporting the Commission’s findings of fact that all applications were either for work in which he had no experience or which he had no prospect of securing. Likewise there is substantial evidence on which a finding of subterfuge, not expressly made by the Commission but arguably implicit in their findings, can be bottomed — a sudden spurt of more job applications between August 1, when claimant found out he had to actively seek employment in order to obtain unemployment benefits, and August 23, than he had exhibited during the previous six months since his seasonal lay-off by the Holly Sugar Corporation, coupled with his refusal to accept farm or ranch work because he despised it and his applications for work either for which he was not qualified or in which he had no prospects of employment.
Passing on to the second issue, viz., whether the Commission’s findings of fact support the legal conclusion that plaintiff was not available for work and actively seeking work within the purview of the statute, we must note the controlling statute as to eligibility for benefits. Section 87-105, R.C.M.1947, provides, insofar as is pertinent to the problem in the instant case, in part, as follows:
“An unemployed individual shall be eligible to receive benefits for any week of total unemployment within his benefit year; only if the commission find that— # * * * •* at íí *
“(c) He is * * # available for work and is seeking work * *
The burden is upon plaintiff to show that he is not disqualified from securing unemployment compensation benefits. Scott v. Smith, 141 Mont. 230, 376 P.2d 733; Ollila v. Reeder, 148 Mont. 134, 417 P.2d 473. Accepting the Commission’s findings of fact herein as conclusive for the reasons hereinbefore set forth, we fail to see how plaintiff has met this burden. In substance plaintiff has voluntarily removed himself from the only presently existing labor market in the Dillon area for which he is qualified by his refusal to accept farm or ranch work because he despises it. Voluntary removal of oneself from the labor market does not satisfy the requirement that an applicant for unemployment compensation benefits is “available for work” within the meaning of section 87-105, R.C.M.1947. See Ollila v. Reeder. And the longer one is urn employed, the more he is expected to relax any restrictions lipón his availability for work. CCH, UIR, Yol. IB, p. 4404. ■Clearly plaintiff did not discharge the burden of showing that he had not voluntarily removed himself from the labor market ■and therefore was not disqualified from receiving unemployment compensation benefits as required by statute.
The answer to the final issue for review, is obvious in light ■of the foregoing discussion. The judgment of the district •court affirming the Commission’s decision that plaintiff is ineligible to receive benéfits beginning on July 2, 1967, and thereafter, until such time as he meets all of the eligibility requirements of the Montana Unemployment Compensation Act necessarily follows the findings of fact of the Commission ■and the conclusions of law that follow.
The judgment of the district court affirming the decision .of the Unemployment Compensation Commission and its denial of plaintiff’s ojections to its findings and conclusions are affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON and MR. JUSTICES ADAIR, CASTLES and JOHN CONWAY HARRISON, concur.
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MR. JUSTICE SHEEHY,
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Appellant, Connie Limberhand, brought this action in the District Court, Thirteenth Judicial District, Yellowstone County, to recover damages for the alleged wrongful death of her 18-month-old son, Jaylon, who drowned in an irrigation ditch.
The irrigation ditch was a lateral from the main channel of the Big Ditch which was constructed early in this century by the Minnesota and Montana Land Improvement Company and subsequently acquired by the Big Ditch Company, which currently owns and operates the ditch and laterals. Big Ditch Company owns the right-of-way where the ditches flow but it does not own the adjacent land. This particular lateral originates west of the City of Billings and ends at Nina Clare Street, approximately one mile within the Billings city limits. Water from the ditch system, including the lateral, is used to irrigate agricultural and other lands.
Apple Creek Apartments, an apartment complex owned and managed by Ken and Allen Nicholson, who do business under the various corporate names appearing above, are located on lands which border the irrigation ditch where Jaylon Limberhand drowned on June 27, 1981. It appears from the record here, though not clearly (unfortunately, all the parties here have failed adequately to develop the applicable facts, and some of the facts herein stated are gleaned from their briefs), that Apple Creek Apartments are located west of Rehberg Lane and west of a daycare center, which also abuts the irrigation ditch, and which is completely fenced. A fence separates the Apple Creek Apartments on the south side from other residential property. Apple Creek Apartments consists of two buildings, one larger than the other and between the buildings and extending northward from one of them toward the ditch is a paved parking lot which abuts the ditch easement, perhaps within 30 feet of the irrigation ditch.
As admitted by the Nicholsons, on the day of the accident, Connie Limberhand and her young son were guests of certain tenants residing at the Apple Creek Apartments. Jaylon Limberhand apparently wandered away from his mother, left the apartment where they were visiting, crossed the parking lot which separates the apartment complex from the ditch, and slipped or fell into the ditch. Jaylon survived for 1 day in the hospital.
Plaintiff predicates liability as to the City of Billings on the grounds that the City, in the enforcement of its ordinances, failed to declare the open irrigation ditch here a public nuisance and to order the ditch closed or other protective measures taken by Big Ditch Company to prevent drowning accidents.
Each of the named defendants moved the court for a summary judgment in their respective favors, and the District Court granted summary judgments as to all of the defendants.
Connie Limberhand appeals to this Court from each summary judgment against her. She poses the following issues on appeal:
1. With respect to Big Ditch Company the District Court erred in holding that:
(a) Connie Limberhand had not met the elements of attractive nuisance as a basis of liability against Big Ditch.
(b) Connie Limberhand did not state a cause of action in negligence against Big Ditch.
(c) The City Ordinances place no additional duty or burden upon Big Ditch Company.
2. With respect to the City of Billings, Connie Limberhand argues the District Court erred in holding that the City of Billings was under no duty to act and declare the irrigation ditch a nuisance and require implementation of protective devices.
3. With respect to defendants Nicholsons, Connie Limberhand argues the District Court erred in holding that adjacent landowners owed no duty to the decedent to protect in any way against drowning accidents on lands adjacent to the Nicholsons’ land holdings.
We affirm the summary judgment granted by the District Court in favor of the City of Billings. We reverse the summary judgments entered in favor of Big Ditch Company and the Nicholsons, and re mand to the District Court for further proceedings in accord with this opinion.
I. Big Ditch Company
A. Attractive Nuisance
The doctrine of attractive nuisance is recognized in Montana and we have recognized the Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 339 as setting forth the elements necessary to establish an attractive nuisance. Big Man v. State (Mont. 1981), 626 P.2d 235, 240, 38 St.Rep. 362, 368; Gagnier v. Curran Construction Company (1968), 151 Mont. 468, 473, 474, 443 P.2d 894, 897, 898; Driscoll v. Clark (1905), 32 Mont. 172, 80 P. 1. Whether the doctrine of attractive nuisance should be applied to drowning incidents in irrigation ditches has not been clearly stated by us.
It is true that in Fusselman v. Yellowstone Valley Land and Irrigation Co. (1917), 53 Mont. 254, 163 P. 473, this Court made reference to the elements of attractive nuisance in sustaining a directed verdict by the District Court against a plaintiff seeking damages for the drowning death in an irrigation ditch in Livingston of a three-year-old girl. In 1917, this Court was of the opinion that in a pleading for injuries received upon the defendant’s property, the complaint must disclose by what right the injured party was upon the premises. In Fusselman, we held that because of the failure of the plaintiff to allege that the decedent was attracted to the canal or that by reason of its peculiar attractiveness, she went upon the canal and met her death, the complaint failed to state a cause of action under the doctrine of the turntable cases.
In the case before us, Connie Limberhand contends that the doctrine of attractive nuisance is applicable as to the Big Ditch Company and that she meets here the elements of attractive nuisance as set forth in Restatement (Second) of Torts, Section 339. Big Ditch apparently accepts the applicability of the attractive nuisance doctrine to this case, but contends the elements are not met.
A problem exists with respect to the automatic application of the attractive nuisance doctrine to ordinary irrigation ditches. While such irrigation ditches are artificially constructed, for the most part they have natural characteristics, and there may be little to distinguish them from the numerous streams, rivers and creeks that occur naturally in Montana, and flow in many instances through towns, villages and cities. The attractive nuisance doctrine is not quite ap plicable to such artificial bodies of water; otherwise it could be contended that a landowner through whose property a natural stream flows is in reality maintaining an attractive nuisance.
It is because courts have failed to recognize the distinction between bodies of water having natural characteristics and other artificial bodies such as swimming pools, sewage treatment plants and the like, that there appears to be a disparity in the holdings of courts with respect to drowning incidents in artificial bodies of water. For example, the rule announced in Fusselman, that there must be an implied invitation to a child to come upon the owner’s land in order to hold the owner liable is not the law of this state today. There are, however, cases in this State and others from which a proper rule can be drawn.
Troglia v. Butte Superior Mining Company (9th Cir. 1921), 270 F. 75, was a case involving an eleven-year-old boy who drowned while swimming in a pond on the premises of the defendant mining company. The pond had been constructed to furnish water to a mill, and was formed by damming a small stream. The pond was 100 feet long and 75 feet wide and from 1 to 12 feet deep. It was not enclosed. There were notices posted around it which said “no trespassing,” “private property,” “10 feet deep,” and “keep away.” Nonetheless, boys swam there in summer as a matter of practice. This particular decedent was strong, in the seventh grade and able to read. After two hours of swimming in the pond, he apparently got cramps and drowned. The mining company had an attendant for a pump nearby.
In Troglia, the Court of Appeals stated:
“The degree of care required of one who maintains on his land an artificial pool for a useful purpose is not greater than that required of one through whose land flows a natural stream, and he is bound to no special care or precaution for the protection of children who are in the habit of swimming in the same, unless there is in the pool some peculiar danger, in the nature of a hidden peril or trap for the unwary, of which he has or ought to have knowledge.”
270 F. at 76.
It is noteworthy that Troglia was decided in 1921 before the decision in Erie v. Tompkins (1938), 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188, but nevertheless, Troglia spoke a rule applicable to a Montana decedent.
In a recent case before the Ninth Circuit, Harmon v. Billings Bench Water Users Association (9th Cir. 1985), 765 F.2d 1464, the Court of Appeals reversed a summary judgment in favor of the ditch company granted by the federal district court in a drowning case in Montana. The Court of Appeals in Harmon accepted as settled that the attractive nuisance doctrine was applicable to irrigation ditches in Montana. In so stating, it relied on Troglia, supra, and upon Coeur d’Alene Lumber Company v. Thompson (9th Cir. 1914), 215 F. 8. The Court of Appeals decided that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the ditch might have presented a hidden danger that Harmon’s son did not appreciate. The mother had testified that the concrete sides of the ditch were much steeper than the natural bank they adjoined and that on the day in question, the water was above the concrete sides. The Court of Appeals likened these facts to those in Thompson (of which more later) and thus put the Harmon case within the hidden danger exception of the Restatement on attractive nuisance. The Court of Appeals also disagreed with the Federal District Court’s holding that the erection of safety devices such as a childproof fence along the course of the ditch would be an oppressive burden upon the ditch company.
Coeur d’Alene Lumber Company v. Thompson, supra, was a case arising from the Federal District Court in Idaho. There the defendant had operated a lumber mill at St. Maries and had built a cistern or well for storage of water. The water was used in connection with the operation of the lumber mill. The particular water body had been constructed by the company or its lessee by digging around a natural spring, and placing around the spring a wooden wall approximately 4 feet high and 4 feet square through which the water bubbled up and escaped. The lessee in operating the mill had dumped sawdust and other debris in such manner as to obstruct the discharge of the spring after it filled the well. A pond of water accumulated about 1-2 feet over the level of the planked well. Moreover, sawdust floated on top of the resulting pond. The shallow pond was 12 to 15 feet wide and 25 to 30 feet long and the wooden construction underneath the water was hidden from view. Two boys waded into the pond and one of them suddenly dropped into the constructed well. The other boy tried to save him and both of them drowned. The Court of Appeals found that the circumstances of the well constituted a hidden trap and affirmed a judgment for the wrongful death of the decedent.
From Harmon, Troglia and Thompson, supra, we can deduce a rule proper for application to drowning incidents involving immature children rather than the attractive nuisance doctrine. Accord ingly, we hold that the degree of care of one who maintains on his land an artificial stream or body of water for a useful purpose, where the stream or body of water has natural characteristics, is no greater than the degree of care required of one through whose land flows a natural stream or contains a natural body of water. The owner or user of an artificial stream or body of water having natural characteristics is bound to no special duty of care or precaution for the protection of children who may enter therein, unless there is in or about the artificial stream or body of water some peculiar danger, in the nature of a hidden peril or trap for the unwary, of which the owner or user has or ought to have notice. The doctrine of attractive nuisance as such does not apply to such artificial streams or bodies of water any more than it applies to natural streams or bodies of water.
Such a holding has these advantages: (1) It avoids the disparity in the cases, some of which hold that attractive nuisance is applicable to irrigation ditches, and most of which hold it is not; (2) the holding is based more on the concept of negligence than attractive nuisance, and the ordinary concepts of negligence, that is, duty, breach and proximately-caused injuries are more useful in determining liability in such instances; and (3) the holding avoids legal fictions, such as attractive nuisance, which developed originally to excuse the unwitting trespass by children.
In Harmon, in footnote 3, the Circuit Court of Appeals felt that this Court had vacillated on the necessity of status of the injured party in determining the duty owned by a property owner to an injured party. 765 F.2d at 1467. In Corrigan v. Janney (Mont. 1981), 626 P.2d 838, 841, 38 St.Rep. 545, 549, in construing section 27-1-701, MCA (formerly section 58-607, R.C.M. 1947), we held that the statute prevented us from distinguishing between social guests and invitees in determining the liability of the landowner for injuries received. We regard the same statute as declaring the applicable law as to the duty of landowners to persons though they may be trespassers. The test is always not the status of the injured party but the exercise of ordinary care in the circumstances by the landowner. The statute provides:
“Everyone is responsible not only for the result of his willful acts but also for an injury occasioned to another by his want of ordinary care or skill in the management of his property or person except so far as the latter has wilfully or by want of ordinary care brought the injury upon himself.”
Section 27-1-701, MCA.
Although in a later case, Cereck v. Albertson’s, Inc. (1981), 195 Mont. 409, 412, 637 P.2d 509, 511, we stated that the duty imposed on a property owner depends on the status of the injured party, that statement is not correct in the light of section 27-1-701, MCA, above quoted.
It appears plain therefore, that the motion for summary judgment was submitted for decision to the District Court as to Big Ditch Company upon an incorrect theory of liability. We therefore remand this cause to the District Court with respect to Big Ditch for a reconsideration of the motion for summary judgment based on the rule of law expressed herein. We express no opinion as to what that decision should be at this juncture.
B. Negligence
In addition to her theory on attractive nuisance, Limberhand alleged in her amended complaint that the water flow in the ditch was great and that the maintenance of the ditch created a deceptive condition because of grass and weeds growing along the edge of the ditch and under the surface of the water. She also alleged that the construction, design and maintenance of the ditch omitted all safety measures such as warnings, fences or other protective devices, and that the hazards and dangers of the ditch were hidden and not discoverable by a child of tender years.
In the discussion on attractive nuisance, we have set forth a rule to determine liability, if any, of the owner of lands which contain artificial streams or bodies of water with natural characteristics. If on remand the District Court determines that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the irrigation ditch here in question presented a peculiar danger in the nature of hidden peril or trap for the unwary, a fact issue would arise for a jury or other trier of fact. It would follow that the court would then instruct the jury that the duty of providing warnings, fences or other protective devices for the unwary would be measured by the landowner’s duty to exercise “ordinary care or skill in the management of his property” pursuant to section 27-1-701, MCA.
All questions of negligence in this case on the part of Big Ditch Company are inextricably bound up in the primary issue whether the ditch presented a peculiar danger in the nature of a hidden peril or trap for the unwary.
II. The City of Billings
Ordinances
Limberhand complains that Big Ditch Company is in violation of City of Billings Ordinance No. 4343, section 10.80.030, which states:
“Every person owning or operating any irrigation ditch or system or portion thereof within the City shall care for, maintain and control said irrigation ditch, system, water being transported and concomitant structures. Said care, control and interactions and reactions to structures and impediments not controlled or maintained by persons owning or operating the irrigation systems. The duty imposed hereby shall extend to control and removal of all obstructions, litter, debris, plant materials, loose earth, rocks, stones, concrete and wood material without limitation in, on, or around said irrigation ditches.”
It is the contention of Limberhand that the ordinance was violated by the Ditch Company, at least as to the plant materials, and therefore summary judgment was improper. Militating against Limber-hand is the paucity of facts marshaled by Limberhand before the District Court to show that plant materials or other debris accumulated in such manner as to violate this ordinance, and to be a legal cause of the drowning.
We examine the applicable statutes and ordinances, however, because the court may have to decide issues thereunder on remand.
Section 7-31-4103, MCA, has been on the books in substantially its present form since 1921. It provides:
“The city or town council has power to regulate the use and construction of irrigation ditches, drains, and flumes within or running through any city or town.”
With respect to open ditches, the legislature enacted Part 42, Title 7, MCA, in 1961 for the avowed purpose of preventing the drowning of children within the limits of an incorporated city or town (sections 7-31-4201 through 7-31-4207, inch, MCA).
Under 7-31-4203, MCA, it is declared that water that flows in an open ditch in an incorporated city is a public nuisance if the city or town, acting through its governing body declares it to be a nuisance. However, Section 7-31-4207, MCA, provides that the part does not apply to ditches carrying water used for commercial irrigation water purposes. Ostensibly then, under Section 7-31-4207, MCA, any ordinances adopted by the City of Billings applying to the Big Ditch Company lateral under the authority of Section 7-31-4201, et seq., MCA, for the purpose of declaring a ditch a public nuisance, and providing remedial measures is outside the power of the City of Billings.
Ordinance No. 4343 was adopted by the City of Billings on April 27, 1981. Under its provisions, we have already set out section 10.80.030 relating to the care and maintenance of irrigation ditches. The ordinance also provides that failure to care for and maintain the ditches as provided for in section 10.80.030 shall constitute a public nuisance. There are provisions for punishment for violations of the ordinance. The ordinance further provides that the City cannot order a ditch to be discontinued or prohibit the use of the ditch if it is used by 10 percent or more of the abutting landowners on the ditch. In this case, 30.6 percent of the landowners used the ditch for irrigation purposes.
The further contention of Limberhand is that the City had a duty to go forward in this case and determine that the ditch in question is a nuisance and take remedial measures. Limberhand predicates negligence and liability on the part of the City for failure to take such action.
Limberhand fails in this contention on three points: 1) The state statutes empowering cities to adopt ordinances designed to prevent the drowning of children do not apply to commercial irrigation ditches; 2) The city ordinance itself does not apply since more than 10 percent of the abutting landowners use the ditch for irrigation purposes; and 3) Any further action on the part of the City of Billings would require legislative action by the City Council. The failure of the City to take legislative action may not be the basis of a suit against it for liability, since the City is immune under Section 2-9-111, MCA, providing immunity from suit for legislative action and omissions. The summary judgment in favor of the City of Billings is therefore affirmed.
(We do not reach the question, if the question exists, whether Billings Ordinance No. 4343 supersedes state law because of the nature of the charter of the City of Billings.)
In like manner, there is no basis to predicate liability against Big Ditch based upon the city ordinance.
III. The Nicholsons
The Nicholsons, d/b/a Nicholson, Inc. and d/b/a Apple Creek Ltd. and Property Management Inc., hereafter Nicholsons, owned and managed the Apple Creek Apartments that border the irrigation ditch where Jaylon Limberhand drowned on June 27, 1981. On the day Jaylon drowned, he and his mother, Connie Limberhand, were visiting Connie’s sister who was a tenant of the Apple Creek Apartments. The District Court sustained Nicholsons’ motion for summary judgment holding that Nicholsons owed no legal duty to the appellant or appellant’s decedent.
Appellant contends that the question of whether Nicholsons breached the common law duty to keep the premises reasonably safe and to warn of any hidden or lurking danger is one a jury should decide. We agree. It is well-settled law in Montana that the social guest of a tenant in the common areas of an apartment complex is afforded a degree of protection from harm in relation to the duty of a landlord. Piedalue v. Clinton Elementary School District No. 2 (Mont. 1984), [214 Mont. 99,] 692 P.2d 20, 41 St.Rep. 2344; Rennick v. Hoover (1980), 186 Mont. 167, 606 P.2d 1079; Olson v. Kayser (1973), 161 Mont. 241, 505 P.2d 394. The grounds surrounding an apartment complex are part of the common area. See Olson, supra. We have said earlier in this opinion that the status of Limberhand as a social guest is not controlling. Nicholsons’ duty is governed by the provisions of Section 27-1-701, MCA, supra.
The issue of Nicholsons’ potential liability based on breach of a duty owed Limberhand’s decedent poses a two-part query. One, could an irrigation ditch constitute a sufficient danger to tenants or their guests of an apartment complex to require that the landlord take precautionary measures in order to satisfy his duty to keep the premises reasonably safe? Two, does the fact that the irrigation ditch is owned by another and is located on land adjoining the landlord’s common area absolve the landlord of liability as a matter of law?
The apartment owners owed a duty in this case to use ordinary care to have their premises reasonably safe or to warn of any hidden or lurking danger. What constitutes reasonably safe premises is generally considered to be a question of fact. Whether a premise is safe depends to a large extent on what use the property is put to, its setting, location and other physical characteristics, and the type of person who would foreseeably visit the premises, as well as the specific type of hazard or unsafe condition alleged. These and other factors are embodied in the legal concept of “reasonable under the circumstances.” For example, the existence of an open irrigation ditch in a farmer’s field poses little danger compared to the same irrigation ditch located near an apartment complex populated by families with small children.
The duty of a landlord under section 27-1-701, MCA, to use ordinary care in managing his property imposes on him a duty to make the premises reasonably safe under the test of ordinary care for all persons who foreseeably might properly come on the premises, old and young, large and small. Tenants and their social guests are necessarily users of rental apartment complexes.
We conclude that a question of material fact exists as to whether the irrigation ditch could present sufficient danger to tenants and their social guests of this apartment complex so that by not taking any remedial or warning measures the landlords may have breached their duty to keep the premises reasonably safe. Whether the landlord breached this duty is a jury question.
We do not mean that landlords are absolute insurers of the safety of their property and environs. What we do mean is that the duty of landlords to others in the management of their property is to use that degree of ordinary care which reasonable persons would use under the same or similar circumstances.
Having affirmatively answered the first question of the two-part query, we address the second question. How does the fact the ditch is not located on Nicholsons’ land affect Nicholsons’ duty to keep his premises reasonably safe?
Nicholsons flatly state in their brief that there exists no duty on the part of a landowner to guard against conditions on adjoining property over which they have no dominion or control. Nicholsons cite cases that stand for the proposition that an adjacent property owner is not liable for injuries sustained by a youth who gained access to a hazardous condition by crossing his land. These cases are clearly distinguishable from the instant case. Two cases, however, are on point. Walters v. Greenglade Villas Homeowners Association (Fla. App. 1981), 399 So.2d 538, 539, holds there is no duty on a condominium owners’ association to erect a fence to shield small children from the hazards of a canal. In Jones v. United States (4th Cir. 1957), 241 F.2d 26, the federal court construed Maryland law as it existed in 1957 (Maryland did not recognize the doctrine of attractive nuisance) and held that the primary duty to inform, advise and protect a child of tender years must rest upon the parents or others in loco parentis.
Recently, in Piedalue v. Clinton Elementary School District No. 2 (Mont. 1984), [214 Mont. 99,] 692 P.2d 20, 41 St.Rep. 2344, we re jected a rigid property line determination of liability. In Piedalue, the plaintiff was a social guest visiting a tenant of property owner, A1 Baide. Baide maintained a primary road for ingress and egress from his trailer park. Another road which appeared also to provide ingress and egress from the premises abruptly ended in an irrigation ditch 60 feet beyond Baide’s property line. We held that Baide’s duty to have a reasonably safe premises could extend beyond the premises to the dangerous condition located on land adjacent to Baide’s property.
The area owned by Nicholsons adjoining the irrigation ditch was in the dominion and control of Nicholsons. If the instrumentality causing harm is located adjacent to the landowner’s property, and the instrumentality poses a clear and foreseeable danger to persons properly using the landowner’s premises, we see no reason to shield the landowner from liability as a matter of law. A duty to take some reasonable precautions may exist. This duty may in some instances be discharged by a warning; under other circumstances remedial action may be required. A jury should be given the opportunity to determine if Nicholsons used reasonable care under the circumstances in discharging any duty they may have owed to Jaylon Limberhand to maintain a safe premises. The fact that the irrigation ditch was not located on Nicholsons’ land does not as a matter of law bar appellant’s claim.
Nicholsons further contend that Section 85-6-107, MCA, statutorily imposes exclusive liability on incorporated water users associations (Big Ditch Company) for any injury caused by failure to maintain safe working and operating conditions of an irrigation system. Nicholsons assert this statute bars appellant’s case against them. Nicholsons read the statute too broadly. Section 85-6-107, MCA, appears in the code defining the rights and liabilities of ditch companies with respect to the State of Montana. The State disclaims liability for injuries allegedly caused by its regulation of such companies. We do not find the statute applicable.
Nicholsons argue that constructing a fence or other barricade would interfere with Big Ditch Company’s rights and place Nicholsons in the untenable position of safeguarding its property or being subjected to suit by Big Ditch Company. This argument is based on speculation and lacks merit. Nicholsons offered no proof that erecting a fence would interfere with Big Ditch Company’s rights. A fence constructed on Nicholsons’ property may not interfere with Big Ditch Company’s right-of-way anymore than the construction of the apartment complex itself.
Nicholsons further argue that they should not be required to construct a fence because other landowners have not. Nicholsons’ prudence is not measured by the imprudence, if any, of others. Nicholsons’ duty is measured by the standard of reasonable care.
We reverse the order of the District Court granting summary judgment to Nicholsons and hold that issues of material fact exist concerning whether Nicholsons exercised reasonable care in maintaining a safe premises. We remand this case for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
Reversed in part; affirmed in part. Costs to appellant.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE and MR. JUSTICES HARRISON, MORRISON, WEBER, GULBRANDSON and HUNT concur.
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JUSTICE TRIEWEILER
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
The petitioner, Larry D. Chaney, filed a petition in the Workers’ Compensation Court of the State of Montana in which he sought benefits for disability which he alleged was caused by an injury that occurred in the course and scope of his employment with Owens-Hurst Lumber Company in 1983. United States Fidelity & Guaranty, Owens-Hurst’s insurer, denied all liability. The State Compensation Insurance Fund, which had paid benefits to Chaney, intervened and sought indemnification from USF&G. After a trial, the Workers’ Compensation Court entered an order and judgment in which it denied Chaney’s and the Fund’s claims. Both Chaney and the Fund appeal the order and judgment. We reverse the order and judgment of the Workers’ Compensation Court.
We restate the issues on appeal as follows:
1. Did the Workers’ Compensation Court err when it concluded that Chaney was not entitled to benefits?
2. Did the Workers’ Compensation Court err when it concluded that the State Fund was not entitled to indemnification from USF&G?
3. Is Chaney entitled to attorney fees and costs?
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Petitioner Larry Chaney suffers from carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). He alleges that his CTS, which required surgery in 1992, was caused by a November 3,1983, injury he suffered while working on the green chain at Owens-Hurst Lumber Company which was insured at that time by United States Fidelity & Guaranty (USF&G). Chaney alleges thatwhile working on the green chain, he slipped on ice, fell from the green chain platform, and broke his fall with bis forearms and wrists. He alleges that his injury was caused by either that incident or the repetitive gripping and lifting activity involved in his work.
On November 11, 1983, Chaney filed a claim for workers’ compensation. The Employer’s First Report, which was signed by claimant, describes the accident as follows:
Arms and [bjands started to go to sleep and get num [sic] while working and after work. Stacking 2 x 6’s and Tye’s [sic].
Chaney did not specifically mention the fall in the First Report, but he did note the date of the fall and testified that he reported the fall to Owens’ office. Chaney also listed his “arm, wrist, hand and fingers” as the parts of the body affected. Chaney’s treatment immediately after the alleged injury in 1983 consisted of two visits to Dr. Forest F. Schroeder who diagnosed Chaney’s injury as “Myalgia and tendon/ligaments strains secondary to archaic working conditions and long shifts”. Chaney continued to work for Owens after his injury until Owens laid him off in late December 1983.
Scott Hall,, a claims supervisor with USF&G, testified that no payment was made by USF&G to Chaney. When asked whether USF&G ever accepted the claim, Hall replied, “I have no records at all. I see nothing to indicate that it was accepted.” When asked whether anything in his file indicated that the claim was denied, Hall replied, “No, I do not.”
In 1989 Chaney again consulted a physician and complained of paresthesia of his thigh, left hand, forearm, and right finger. That physician referred Chaney to Dr. John Stephens who performed nerve conduction tests on Chaney. Dr. Stephens interpreted those tests as suggestive of bilateral CTS.
On September 17, 1991, Chaney reported hand numbness to Dr. Michael Nolan who then referred Chaney to a surgeon, Dr. Stuart Reynolds, who referred Chaney to Dr. Patrick J. Cahill for nerve conduction studies. Dr. Cahill found that Chaney had mild CTS and Dr. Reynolds then returned Chaney to Dr. Nolan’s care. Chaney did not complain about CTS symptoms again until September 1992. In October 1992, he returned to Dr. Reynolds who again asked Dr. Cahill to perform nerve conduction studies. Dr. Cahill reported that the study showed evidence of moderately severe CTS and suggested surgery, which Dr. Reynolds performed in 1992.
Chaney quit his work as a mechanic for Olson Ford on November 17, 1992, to have the CTS surgery performed on his right wrist and has not worked since that time. In December 1992, he had the surgery performed on his left wrist. Since his surgery, the Fund, which insured Olson Ford, has paid Chaney temporary total and medical benefits while reserving rights and defenses against Chaney and USF&G.
On November 9,1993, Chaney petitioned the Workers’ Compensation Court for a determination that USF&G is liable for temporary total, permanent total, permanent partial, rehabilitation and medical benefits, as well as attorney fees, and a penalty. The Fund intervened and sought indemnification for compensation and medical benefits it has paid Chaney since 1993.
After a trial, the Workers’ Compensation Court concluded that Chaney was not entitled to benefits from USF&G because his 1983 injury did not proximately cause his permanent damage. The cornet based its conclusion on its findings that Chaney suffered no acute injury due to a fall and that, in fact, the fall did not occur; that he did not have consistent symptoms since 1983; that his accounts of his symptoms since 1983 were contradictory; and that “[d]uring those years he engaged in provocative activities at various times” and “[fit appears likely that claimant’s CTS developed over a period of several years.” The court also concluded that the Fund was not entitled to indemnification from USF&G for the benefits it paid to Chaney and that Chaney was not entitled to attorney fees, costs or a penalty.
ISSUE 1
Did the Workers’ Compensation Court err when it concluded that Chaney was not entitled to benefits?
We review the Workers’ Compensation Court’s conclusions of law to determine whether they are correct. CNA Ins. Cos. v. Dunn (1995), 273 Mont. 295, 298, 902 P.2d 1014, 1016; Stordalen v. Ricci’s Food Farm (1993), 261 Mont. 256, 258, 862 P.2d 393, 394.
In its order, the Workers’ Compensation Court found that “[Hacking any evidence that the claim was timely denied, the Court finds that the claim was accepted by USF&G.” The court then concluded that Chaney was not entitled to benefits from USF&G because his 1983 injury did not proximately cause permanent damage. Therefore, the court, without finding a subsequent intervening injury, concluded that USF&G’s failure to deny Chaney’s claim within thirty days did not preclude it from denying liability for Chaney’s present disability. This conclusion is inconsistent with both statutory and case law.
Section 39-71-606(1), MCA (1983), provides:
Every insurer ... shall, within 30 days of receipt of a claim for compensation, either accept or deny the claim, and if denied shall inform the claimant and the department in writing of such denial.
An insurance carrier’s failure to comply with § 39-71-606(1), MCA, and either accept or deny a claim within thirty days constitutes an acceptance of the claim as a matter of law. Haag v. Montana Schools Group Ins. Auth. (1995), 274 Mont. 109, 906 P.2d 693.
Here, in accordance with our decision in Haag, the Workers’ Compensation Court found that USF&G accepted liability because it failed to timely accept or deny the claim; however, the court then went on to find that no fall occurred and that “[m]ore probably he [Chaney] experienced a gradual onset of numbness in his hands, arms and shoulders due to the repetitive nature of his work on the green chain.” Finally, the court concluded that Chaney’s 1983 injury (which, based on the only medical evidence offered, was consistent with CTS) did not cause his current CTS condition and need for surgery and that he was not entitled to benefits from USF&G. Before reaching its ultimate conclusion, the court found neither an intervening accident nor a point of maximum healing. The court’s jump from USF&G’s acceptance of liability, which is not contested by USF&G on appeal, to the lack of causation and the ultimate denial of benefits to Chaney is contrary to our decisions in Haag and Walker v. United Parcel Serv. (1993), 262 Mont. 450, 865 P.2d 1113.
In Haag, where we held that the failure to accept or deny a claim pursuant to statute is deemed an acceptance of the claim, the employer contended that the claimant did not sustain an injury caused by an accident as the statute requires. Haag, 906 P.2d at 695. The insurer did not timely deny the claim, but instead denied the claim more than two months after receiving it. Haag, 906 P.2d at 696. The Workers’ Compensation Court concluded that the claimant was not injured in a work-related accident and, on that basis, denied him benefits. Haag, 906 P.2d at 694. We reversed the court and held that the insurer’s failure to accept or deny the claim as required by § 39-71-606(1), MCA, is deemed an acceptance of the claim. Haag, 906 P.2d at 697. Because of the automatic acceptance of a claim, causation issues were irrelevant.
Likewise in this case, to qualify for benefits Chaney initially needed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he sustained a compensable injury, § 39-71-119, MCA; Gerlach v. Champion Int’l (1992), 254 Mont. 137, 140, 836 P.2d 35, 37, and that a causal connection existed between his injury and his current condition. Brown v. Ament (1988), 231 Mont. 158, 162-63, 752 P.2d 171, 174. Chaney showed that his original injury was the same kind of injury to the same parts of his body for which he now seeks benefits and that USF&G failed to either accept or deny his claim within thirty days.Once a claimant shows a failure to timely accept or deny the claim, his initial burden of proof is satisfied. See generally Haag, 906 P.2d 693.
Because Chaney’s claim was accepted and his initial burden of proof satisfied, the burden of proof shifted to USF&G to show that other injuries caused the extent of his current condition. Walker v. United Parcel Serv. (1993), 262 Mont. 450, 456, 865 P.2d 1113, 1117. To avoid further liability, USF&G was required to show that Chaney had attained a condition of maximum healing and that Chaney sustained an injury after he reached maximum healing. See Caekaert v. State Comp. Mut. Ins. Fund (1994), 268 Mont. 105, 115, 885 P.2d 495, 500-01; Lapp v. W.R. Grace/Bomac Drilling (1992), 254 Mont. 237, 240, 836 P.2d 602, 604; EBI/Orion Group v. State Comp. Mut. Ins. Fund (1991), 249 Mont. 449, 452-53, 816 P.2d 1070, 1072; Belton v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co. (1983), 202 Mont. 384, 392, 658 P.2d 405, 409-10. USF&G made no effort to meet its burden.
At trial, USF&G offered no evidence that claimant reached maximum healing following his 1983 injury or that he suffered any subsequent injury. USF&G presented no competent medical evidence to suggest another cause for Chaney’s CTS other than the incident in 1983. Moreover, the Workers’ Compensation Court specifically found that no date for maximum healing could be established and failed to find that any other injury caused Chaney’s CTS. The court did list under other injuries that claimant cut a tendon of his left hand, suffered a back injury, cut his foot, and suffered a strain of his arm and neck after 1983, but it did not find any causal connection between any post-1983 injury and Chaney’s current condition. Therefore, USF&G has not met its burden pursuant to Walker v. United Parcel Serv.
For these reasons, we conclude that USF&G accepted the claim when it failed to timely deny it, and after accepting the claim, it failed to meet its burden to prove maximum healing and an intervening event. Therefore, the Workers’ Compensation Court erred when it denied Chaney benefits from USF&G and concluded that his 1983 injury did not proximately cause his current condition.
ISSUE 2
Did the Workers’ Compensation Court err when it concluded that the State Fund was not entitled to indemnification from USF&G?
We have recognized a workers’ compensation insurer’s right to recover benefits that should have been paid by another carrier. For example, in EBI/Orion Group v. State Comp. Ins. Fund (1989), 240 Mont. 99, 104, 782 P.2d 1276, 1279, we stated that “[t]he right of indemnity is that where one is compelled to pay money which, in justice, another ought to pay, the former may receive from the latter the sum so paid.” We have also stated:
If it is later determined that the insurance company on risk at the time of the accident should not pay the benefits, this insurance company, of course, has a right to seek indemnity from the insurance company responsible for the benefits already paid out to the claimant.
Belton v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co. (1983), 202 Mont. 384, 392, 658 P.2d 405, 409-10.
The Fund is a subsequent workers’ compensation insurer. It insured Olson Ford at the time Chaney filed his 1992 claim and has paid Chaney temporary total benefits as well as medical benefits pertaining to Chaney’s wrist and hand problems. As discussed above, we have held that to shift responsibility to a subsequent insurer, a prior insurer must show that the claimant suffered an injury during subsequent employment after he or she reached maximum healing from the initial injury. O’Brien v. Central Feeds (1990), 241 Mont. 267, 272, 786 P.2d 1169, 1172; Belton, 202 Mont. at 392, 658 P.2d at 409-10. USF&G failed to present evidence that Chaney suffered an injury during subsequent employment after he reached maximum healing from the 1983 injury. Therefore, we conclude that the Fund is entitled to indemnification from USF&G for all compensation and medical benefits paid to Chaney by the Fund.
ISSUE 3
Is Chaney entitled to attorney fees and costs?
Chaney contends that he is entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs pursuant to § 39-71-611, MCA (1983), which provides:
In the event an insurer denies liability for a claim for compensation ... and the claim is later adjudged compensable by the workers’ compensation judge or on appeal, the insurer shall pay reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees as established by the workers’ compensation judge.
In this case, Owens’ insurer, USF&G, denied liability for benefits which have now been adjudged compensable. Therefore, we conclude that Chaney is entitled to attorney fees and costs and we remand to the Workers’ Compensation Court for a determination of reasonable attorney fees and costs.
For these reasons, we reverse the order and judgment of the Workers’ Compensation Court.
CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE, JUSTICES GRAY, NELSON and LEAPHART concur.
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MR. JUSTICE WEBER
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
The District Court for the Thirteenth Judicial District, Big Horn County, has entered a permanent injunction enjoining defendants from interfering with plaintiff’s use of a road which crosses defendant Carrie Wilmoth Elder’s land. For reasons expressed herein we affirm. Defendants raise the following issues on appeal:
1. Did the District Court err by concluding that the subject road was a public road by reason of and pursuant to 43 U.S.C. Section 932?
2. Did the District Court err by concluding that the plaintiff had a road right of way by reason of prescriptive easement?
The action involves a road located about 20 miles east of Decker, Montana, on property owned by Carrie Wilmoth Elder. The road begins at a county road and runs northwest across Mrs. Elder’s land for approximately four-tenths of a mile. This is the portion now in dispute. The road then enters property owned by plaintiff Frances Caroline Parker and continues northwest less than one-half mile to Mrs. Parker’s home and ranch buildings.
Gloria Schwalbe testified that her father, in 1916, homesteaded what is now Mrs. Parker’s place. Mrs. Schwalbe lived there from 1917 to 1941, and during that period no other road existed for travel to the county road. Her family and at least three other families used the subject road regularly since 1916.
Mrs. Elder and her husband occupied land southeast of Mrs. Schwalbe’s home, at least by 1926. Mr. Elder received a patent for the land from the United States in 1927. This property included the land upon which the disputed lower portion of the road runs. Mrs. Schwalbe testified that children used the road to attend the Pine Butte School, starting in 1925.
About the time Mrs. Schwalbe left in 1941, her father sold the ranch to Mrs. Parker’s brother-in-law. Mrs. Parker and her husband bought the ranch in 1946 and moved onto the place in 1947. Mrs. Schwalbe testified that she returned for a short visit in 1957, and she used the same road she and her family had always used since 1916.
Mrs. Parker testified that she used the road almost daily for 39 years. In November 1985 she drove down the road from her home toward the county road, but when she came to the fence line between her property and Mrs. Elder’s, she found that the gate had been removed and two steel posts had been driven into the road between the gate posts. Four strands of wire had been stretched across the road and attached to the steel posts. Mrs. Parker later saw that the gate at the county road had also been wired shut. Sometime before this, bad relations had developed between Mrs. Parker and Mrs. Elder’s daughter and son-in-law, Vada and Robert Dalton. The Daltons, who are defendants in this action, had wired the gates shut. Mrs. Parker filed this action seeking injunctive relief and damages.
I
Did the District Court err by concluding that the subject road was a public road by reason of and pursuant to 43 U.S.C. Section 932?
In 1866, Congress enacted Revised Statute Section 2477 which read as follows:
“The right of way for the construction of highways over public lands, not reserved for public uses, is granted.”
That section was in effect during the years pertinent to litigation of this issue. 43 U.S.C. Section 932 (repealed 1976). Section 2477 was explained in State ex rel. Dansie v. Nolan (1920), 58 Mont. 167, 172-73, 191 P. 150, 152:
“Section 2477 of the Revised Statutes of the United States goes no further than to grant a right of way for the construction of a highway across public lands . . . The grant is but an offer of the right of way for the construction of a public highway on some particular strip of public land, and can only become fixed when a highway is definitely established and constructed in some one of the ways authorized by the laws of the state in which the land is situated.” Section 1339, RCM (1915) (previously Section 1337, RCM (1907)), described the ways authorized by the State of Montana for establishing public highways:
“All highways, roads, lanes, streets, alleys, courts, places and bridges laid out or erected by the public or now traveled or used by the public, or if laid out or erected by others, dedicated or aban doned to the public, or made such by the petition [sic, should read ‘partition’] of real property, are public highways.”
Montana law recognized the existence of highways by prescription when used by the public for the appropriate statutory period of limitation. State v. Auchard (1898), 22 Mont. 14, 16-17, 55 P. 361, 362, overruled on other grounds, Reid v. Park County (Mont. 1981), 627 P.2d 1210, 1213, 38 St.Rep. 631, 634. The applicable statute of limitations for purposes of this case was 10 years. Sections 4571 and 6432, RCM (1907). Additionally, the public use “must be shown to have continued over the exact route claimed ....’’ Dansie, 191 P. at 152; see also Montana Ore-Purchasing Co. v. Butte & Boston Consol. Mine Co. (1901), 25 Mont. 427, 65 P. 421.
This Court shall not set aside findings of fact made by a district court unless those findings are clearly erroneous. Rule 52(a), M.R.Civ.P. If there is substantial credible evidence to support the findings, those findings are not clearly erroneous. See City of Billings v. Billings Firefighters (1982), 200 Mont. 421, 430-31, 651 P.2d 627, 632; Olson v. Westfork Properties, Inc. (1976), 171 Mont. 154, 157, 557 P.2d 821, 823.
After thorough review of the record, we conclude that the plaintiff failed to establish use by the public of the exact route claimed over public land for the 10 year period prior to 1927 when the patent was issued by the United States to Mr. Elder. Because there is not substantial credible evidence to support the District Court’s finding that the road was in place, was in use, and was a granted public road by reason of and pursuant to 43 U.S.C. Section 932, we conclude that the finding was clearly erroneous.
II
Did the District Court err by concluding that the plaintiff had a road right of way by reason of prescriptive easement?
To establish a prescriptive easement, the owner of the dominant tenement must establish an open, notorious, exclusive, adverse, continuous, and uninterrupted use by the owner or successors in interest for the statutory period. Rathbun v. Robson (1983), 203 Mont. 319, 322, 661 P.2d 850, 852. The element of adverse use is established by presumption if all other elements of the claim are demonstrated. Garrett v. Jackson (1979), 183 Mont. 505, 508, 600 P.2d 1177, 1179. Then the burden shifts to the owner of the servient tene ment to show that the use was merely permissive, not adverse. Garrett, 600 P.2d at 1179.
The District Court concluded that Mrs. Parker had presented evidence sufficient to establish the presumption of adverse use. We conclude that substantial evidence supports the District Court’s determination.
Mrs. Elder argues that she properly rebutted the presumption of adverse use by establishing that Mrs. Parker’s use of the road has always been a permissive use. “A disputable presumption may be overcome by a preponderance of evidence contrary to the presumption.” Rule 301(b)(2), M.R.Evid. The District Court concluded that Mrs. Elder had failed to establish permissive use by a preponderance of credible evidence. The issue before us is whether the court’s determination was clearly erroneous. Rule 52(a), M.R.Civ.P.
Mrs. Elder contends that she met her burden by presenting “extensive evidence” of permissive neighborhood usage of the road. She argues that the Elders granted permission for use of the road as a route to the school house across the county road. However, Mrs. Schwalbe, a witness the lower court found to be “most credible,” testified that her family (the plaintiff’s predecessors in interest) and a number of other families were using the road in 1917 before the Elders ever moved to the area.
Mrs. Elder also argues that she demonstrated that her family exercised control over the road sufficient to overcome the presumption of adverse use. She relies upon Mrs. Parker’s testimony that she would not have placed shale upon the road in 1979 had Mr. Elder objected. Mrs. Parker testified that she called Mr. Elder to see if he had any objection to her putting shale on the road, and he had none. However, she also testified that she never sought permission to either use or shale the road, that her call concerning shaling the road was merely a “neighborly act.”
Another point of evidence relied upon by Mrs. Elder is her own deposition testimony that her husband had denied an earlier request by Mr. Parker to shale the road. The lower court did not find that this testimony outweighed the presumption of adverse use, and we do not find error in the court’s conclusion. Mrs. Elder was testifying about an alleged conversation between her husband and Ralph Parker, both of whom are deceased.
Lastly, Mrs. Elder contends that the two gates across the road, together with all other evidence presented, was sufficient evidence to establish permissive use. The presence of gates may be strong evi dence of mere license. Kostbade v. Metier (1967), 150 Mont. 139, 145, 432 P.2d 382, 386. However, the evidence supports the court’s finding that the gates were used to control cattle. They were not used to control travel over the road. This evidence was not sufficient to rebut the presumption. Kostbade, 432 P.2d at 386.
We conclude that Mrs. Elder has failed to show that the District Court was clearly erroneous in finding that she had not established permissive use by a preponderance of evidence. We affirm the District Court’s determination that Mrs. Elder had failed to rebut the presumption of adverse use.
Mrs. Elder argues that Mrs. Parker had failed to prove adverse use. We agree with the District Court’s conclusion that adverse use need not be proved independent and apart from the presumption of adverse use. Unless properly rebutted, the presumption stands. Rule 301(2), M.R.Evid.
Finally, Mrs. Elder argues that the road has changed in location over the years; therefore, the prescriptive easement must fail. The same argument was discussed in Scott v. Weinheimer (1962), 140 Mont. 554, 562, 374 P.2d 91, 96:
“Although neither the owner of the dominant estate, nor the owner of the servient estate, may ordinarily change the location of all or part of a right of way, without consent of the other, the location may be changed by mutual consent of both parties and such consent may be implied from their acts and acquiescence.”
Mrs. Parker testified that although the road had changed slightly, the changes were apparent to everyone and the Elders never objected. It is clear from the evidence that the Elders acquiesced in the changes in the road. The lower court found that the changes had been agreed to by the parties or their predecessors in title. We conclude that substantial credible evidence supports this finding.
We affirm the court’s holding as to Issue II, that plaintiff had a road right of way by reason of prescriptive easement.
Affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE and MR. JUSTICES HARRISON, SHEEHY, McDONOUGH, HUNT and GULBRANDSON concur.
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This appeal is from a judgment entered in the District Court for Deer Lodge County, on March 20, 1978, in a tax title proceeding. Appellant appeals from the decree quieting title in respondent and respondent asserts that attorney fees should be awarded.
On April 6, 1964, the Montana Hotel Corporation, as owner of the Marcus Daly Hotel in Anaconda, Montana entered a construction contract with Thomas Lutey, doing business as Lutey Construction Company. The contract provided that Lutey Construction Company (Lutey) was to remodel the hotel and build a motel on adjacent lots.
Lutey completed work in 1965 and being unpaid for part of the contract, on October 25 of the same year, filed a mechanic’s lien against the hotel and motel properties. Other contractors were in the same position and also filed liens.
In a foreclosure action commenced by the other contractors on-April 19, 1967, Lutey, the Montana Hotel Corporation and others were named as defendants. Lutey cross-complained and his lien, in the amount of $56,070 was foreclosed by a default judgment entered on March 2, 1977. The judgment recited that Lutey had a “first valid and subsisting lien upon the interest of the Montana Hotel Corporation.”
Meanwhile, Montana Hotel had leased the property upon which the motel was to be built from Torgerson Brothers, Inc. with the understanding that it would be built. The motel was built but the corporation did not pay its property taxes for 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972 or 1974 and the property was struck off to Deer Lodge County in the amounts assessed.
On January 27, 1976, Eugene Higgins, a respondent in this action, paid the taxes, received a certificate of tax assignment on the hotel property, and published notice of intent to apply for a tax deed to that property. On May 12, 1976, Montana Hotel Corporation assigned its leasehold interest in the motel property to Higgins. On May 27, 1976, Higgins paid the back taxes, penalties and interest accrued which pertained to the buildings and improvements on the motel property. The county treasurer considered the motel building and improvements to be personal property and did not issue a certificate of tax assignment.
On February 11, 1977, Higgins entered into a contract with Marouf Carpenter, a respondent in this action, whereby Carpenter obtained an option to purchase the motel property. The contract provided that Carpenter would not have to purchase until satisfied that Higgins’ leasehold could be transferred free and clear of all liens and encumbrances. Carpenter began operation of the motel on February 15, 1977 and at the time of trial was still running the Marcus Daly Motel.
Between April 6, 1977 and August 11, 1977, Higgins and Carpenter made expenditures totaling $33,840.66 which, for purposes of this decision, will be assumed to be expenses incurred in maintaining and improving the motel property.
On August 18, 1977, Higgins filed his complaint in two counts seeking to quiet title in the hotel property (Count I) and to procure a tax deed to and quiet title in the motel property (Count II). A show cause hearing was subsequently held and the court ordered that a payment of $56,756.32 was necessary to redeem the motel buildings and improvements. Lutey deposited this amount with the clerk of court on October 6, 1977 and filed his answer to the complaint. He asserted that he was, by the filing of his mechanic’s lien and the foreclosure thereon which has remained unsatisfied, a lienholder and therefor a proper redemptioner. Lutey did not assert an interest in the hotel property.
The trial court adopted Higgins’ findings of fact and conclusions of law. Count I of the action is not included in this appeal. With regard to Count II, the District Court held that Higgins was entitled to a certificate of tax assignment under section 84-4138, R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-17-303 MCA, and that because of laches, Lutey was estopped from redeeming the property. The court ordered that Lutey’s deposit be returned to him and improvements be issued to Higgins. Although the complaint prayed for attorney fees, no evidence was produced at trial upon which to base an award and none were awarded.
The following issues are raised on appeal:
(1) Whether laches will apply to bar a redemptioner in an action to procure a tax deed.
(2) Whether in an action to procure a tax deed a redemptioner must reimburse the plaintiff for improvement and maintenance expenses incurred in addition to the taxes, penalties and interest paid by the plaintiff.
(3) Whether attorney fees are available when the issue is pleaded but not raised at trial or made part of the trial court’s judgment.
Under Montana law, when property taxes are not paid, the property is sold at a tax sale pursuant to the procedure set forth in section 84-4117 et seq., R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-17-101 et seq. MCA. When there is no purchaser at the sale, the property is sold or struck off to the county for the amount of tax due. Section 84-4124, R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-17-207 MCA.
After this has occurred the county may assign its interest to anyone who pays the taxes due on the property plus penalties, costs and interests. It then issues the assignee a certificate of tax assignment. Section 84-4138, R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-17-303 MCA. In this case no certificate was issued but it was agreed by the parties that Higgins, upon his payment of the amounts due was entitled to one and we shall proceed as if it had in fact been issued. The assignee does not have title to the property; rather he has an inchoate right which can ripen into a title which is free from all encumbrances. Johnson v. Silverbow County (1968), 151 Mont. 283, 287, 443 P.2d 6; Jensen Livestock Co. v. Custer County (1942), 113 Mont. 285, 295, 124 P.2d 1013.
Title of the property in the form of a tax deed may be obtained in either of two ways. The purchaser or his assignee may employ the statutory method as outlined in section 84-4151 et seq., R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-18-202 MCA, whereby notice of the intention to procure a tax deed must be given to all potential redemptioners. The second method is to bring a civil action in the county where the property is located. Section 84-4162 et seq., R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-18-301 et seq. MCA. Respondents used the judicial method and the code sections pertinent there to govern our decision.
In judicial proceedings to procure a tax deed all parties who have a recorded interest in the property are to be made defendants. Section 84-4163 et seq., R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-18-302 MCA. It is also provided that:
“. . . Any defendant to the action may make redemption of the lands from the tax sale by paying the total amount of delinquent taxes and penalties which plaintiff has paid, with interest thereon at 8 % a year from date of payment, together with costs of the action. Upon such payment, a certificate of redemption shall be issued by the county treasurer to the defendant so paying, and thereupon the action shall be dismissed . . .” Section 84-4166, R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-18-305 MCA.
Respondents’ contention that Lutey is barred by laches from redeeming the property is premised on two sets of circumstances. They first assert that the delay between the filing of Lutey’s mechanic’s lien in 1965 and its foreclosure in 1977 constitutes laches. In effect, they urge this Court to ignore Lutey’s “valid and subsisting lien” and would have us set aside the default judgment which foreclosed that lien. Respondent Higgins’ interest in the motel property was obtained in May 1976 when the Montana Hotel Corporation assigned its lease to him. He was thus in privity with a party to the foreclosure action, In re Smith’s Estate (1921), 60 Mont. 276, 299, 199 P.696, and because his interest was obtained after the commencement of the foreclosure action but before final judgment was rendered therein, the proper mode of attack is by appeal. Wight v. Chandler (10th Cir. 1959), 264 F.2d 249, 253; Teisinger v. Hardy (1929), 86 Mont. 180, 190, 282 P. 1050.
A collateral attack on a judgment, such as undertaken here, is possible only if it is “void on its face and it appears affirmatively from the judgment role (sic) that the court did not have jurisdiction or committed an act in excess of jurisdiction.” Moxley v. Vaughn (1966), 148 Mont. 30, 34, 416 P.2d 536, 538. No such showing has been made herein. The fact that this foreclosure was decreed by default is of little consequence; it “is as conclusive against collateral impeachment as any other form of judgment.” 49 C.J.S. Judgments §§ 404.
Respondents’ second argument with regard to laches is that once Lutey was notified of Higgins’ intent to procure a tax deed for the hotel property he delayed his attempt to redeem the motel property and thereby induced respondents to make expenditures. Notice of intent to apply for a tax deed to the hotel property was just that; it was not notice of intent as to the motel property. Once Lutey was notified of the judicial proceeding as to the motel property he did not delay in asserting his statutory right of redemption.
Having determined that Lutey may redeem the property, we now turn to the question of the amount necessary to accomplish the redemption. Respondents argue that since this is an action to quiet title, section 81-4158, R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-18-401 MCA, applies and Lutey must pay not only the delinquent taxes, penalties and interest, but also the maintenance and improvement expenses incurred. The respondents in this action have a certificate of tax assignment; this is not title to the property. Johnson v. Silver Bow County (1968), 151 Mont. 283, 287, 443 P.2d 6. None of the expenses they incurred were under color of title and no reimbursement is necessary. This is a judicial proceeding to procure, not to protect, a tax deed. Thus, section 84-4166, R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-18-305 MCA. governs and Lutey, as redemptioner must pay “the total amount of delinquent taxes and penalties which plaintiff has paid, with interest thereon at 8% a year from date of payment, together with costs of the action.”
When a tax deed is sought through civil action, “the court shall allow the successful party his costs to be fixed by the court including a reasonable attorney’s fee.” Section 84-4167, R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-18-306 MCA. Lutey is the successful party in this action. Niles v. Carbon County (1977), 174 Mont., 20 568 P.2d 524, 527. Respondents, as the parties from whom redemption is made, are entitled to “Costs of the action”. Section 84-4166, R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-18-305 MCA. Because costs do not include attorney fees, Tomten v. Thomas (1951), 125 Mont. 159, 165, 232, P.2d 723, and because respondents were not successful parties, any award of attorney fees to them would be improper.
Since no evidence was offered on attorney fees at trial, we remand the case for a determination of Lutey’s costs and attorney fees under section 84-4167, R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-18-306 MCA, and also respondents’ costs up until October 7, 1977, the date Lutey redeemed. Section 84-4166, R.C.M. 1947, now section 15-18-305 MCA.
Reversed and remanded.
MR. JUSTICES DALY, HARRISON, SHEA and SHEEHY, concur.
|
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Defendant appeals from a judgment rendered by the District Court, Yellowstone County, sitting without a jury, that plaintiff may proceed to levy execution against certain mining equipment, title to which the court concluded was held by defendant Elmer Hergert as involuntary trustee for Montana Mining and Development Company, now defunct, a corporation of which Hergert was a director.
In the fall of 1973, one James M. “Mike” Morgan and several investors, including defendant-appellant, Elmer Hergert, joined together for the purpose of forming a mining venture. Morgan owned a lease on mining property near Virginia City, Montana. The lease and the actual working of the mine were to be Morgan’s contribution to the venture, while the other parties were to invest capital. Appellant Hergert contributed a total of $30,000; a check for $15,000 on October 31, 1973, and another check for the same amount two and one half months later on January 14, 1974. The other investors contributed much smaller sums. The initial structure of the venture was such that each investor received for his in-, vestment a percentage interest in the lease owned by Mike Morgan.
On November 1, 1973, Morgan used some of the invested capital to make a $5,000 down payment on a piece of equipment know as a trommel, or washing plant, for use in the mining operation. The remaining balance on the trommel was to be paid in two major in stallments, with a $6,000 payment due in 60 days and the remaining balance of $11,000 due in late spring or 1974.
In February 1974 the mining venture was incorporated as “Montana Mining & Development Co.” A bank account was opened in the corporate name, into which the invested funds were deposited. No formalities of incorporation other than the filing of articles, however, were ever complied with; no bylaws were adopted, no meetings held, no stock certificates issued. Appellant Hergert’s name appeared in the articles of incorporation as a director of the corporation, but he never performed any functions in that capacity or received any salary or dividends.
The actual operation of the mines was conducted by Mike Morgan and his father. It was they who purchased the mining equipment and incurred the expenses of the venture, and only they were authorized to write checks on the corporation’s account. No transfer to the corporation of the lease owned by Mike Morgan, and supposedly divided into percentages among the investors, was ever made.
A meeting of the investors in the venture was held on November 14, 1974. The meeting revealed that the Morgans had been less than efficient in operating the mine. They had accumulated substantial past due indebtedness and had failed to make the payments on the trommel. The trommel was to be repossessed the next day. To avoid this eventuality, it was agreed that appellant Hergert would obtain a loan and pay off the balance on the trommel. Hergert contacted his banker and was informed that he could borrow the necessary funds only if title to the trommel would be in his individual name. The loan was made and appellant paid the balance due on the trommel of $12,000 plus $682 interest, receiving in return a bill of sale reflecting that he was its individual owner.
The original purchase price of the trommel was $22,000. At the time Hergert took title in his individual name, $9,940 had been paid towards that purchase price; $5,000 by Mike Morgan on November 1, 1973 (prior to incorporation) from the funds invested by Hergert, and $3,500 in cash and $ 1,440 in gold by the corporation during the year 1974.
Among the obligations incurred by Morgan in the operation of the mine was one for the purchase of equipment from Tri:State Equipment, Inc. This was a matured obligation, due and payable, at the time “ownership” of the trommel was assumed by Hergert. When Montana Mining and Development Co. failed to meet this obligation, the account was assigned for collection to respondent, Montana Association of Credit Management. A complaint demanding judgment on the account in the sum of $4,494.47 was filed in the District Court on March 11, 1975. Judgment by default was entered in favor of Montana Association of Credit Management on April 9, 1975, for $4,583.28, the amount due plus interest.
To satisfy the default judgment, Montana Association of Credit Management attempted under a writ of execution to attach the property of Montana Mining and Development Company. The mining company was insolvent and the only piece of equipment of any significant value used in its operation was the trommel. When respondent served notice of attachment under execution on the trommel, however, Hergert denied that the insolvent corporation had any interest in it. He maintained that the bill of sale issued to him in his individual name he had paid off the balance due on the trommel was conclusive that it was not an asset of the corporation and could not be attached to satisfy the corporate debts.
On December 30, 1976, a complaint was filed in the District Court, Yellowstone County, by respondent Montana Association of Credit Management in an attempt to free the trommel for attachment. The complaint named both the corporation and Elmer Hergert, individually and as involuntary trustee for the corporation, as defendants. It was framed as two “claims”, predicated on two separate although interrelated theories.
The first “claim” alleged that the other investors had agreed that Hergert was to take title to the trommel in the name of the corporation, but not individually. Thus, thus it was argued, Hergert was in violation of his fiduciary duty as a director in denying any interest of the corporation in the trommel. The second “claim” alleged that the transfer to Hergert of the title to the trommel “rendered the Defendant corporation insolvent, was given without adequate or fair consideration, and in bad faith with respect to the Defendant corporation on the party of the Defendant Hergert.” No statutory authority was cited in the complaint, but the language quoted from the second claim is taken from section 29-104, R.C.M.1947, now section 31-2-311 MCA, of the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act (UFCA).
The single prayer for relief encompassing the two “claims” requested, in pertinent part:
“1. That the Defendant, Montana Mining & Development Co., be adjudged to be the owner of and entitled to possession of the [trommel] ...
“2. That the Defendant, Elmer Hergert, be declared to hold the same in trust for said Defendant.
“3. That it be adjudicated herein that Plaintiff holds a valid lien by attachment upon said property.
“4. That the Defendant, Elmer Hergert, be required to execute a proper instrument of transfer of the legal title to said property to the Defendant corporation, and that both Defendants be required to surrender possession of said property to the Sheriff of the County of Madison, State of Montana, subject to Writ of Execution levy and sale . . .”
On March 1, 1977, Hergert filed an answer to the complaint, specifically denying the allegations and praying that it be dismissed. No responsive pleading was ever filed on behalf of the corporation and default was entered against it.
Trial of the claims against Hergert was had on August 16, 1977 before Judge Charles Luedke. Extensive findings of fact and conclusions of law were subsequently entered concluding, in summary, that the transfer of the trommel to Hergert by the corporation was voidable with respect to plaintiff because it was made without fair consideration at a time when the corporation was insolvent and was therefore in bad faith as to the creditors of the cor poration as a matter of law. From the judgment subsequently entered ordering that plaintiff may proceed to levy execution on the trommel, this appeal has been brought.
We find this appeal to be entirely without merit. Because there are several matters of some consequence raised by appellant which we discuss further below, we will not go so far as to say the appeal is frivolous. The simple fact is, however, that here an insolvent corporation transferred its only major asset to appellant for approximately half of the asset’s value. Seen from another perspective, appellant took title in his own name to a piece of property in which the corporation had more than $9,000 equity and gave the corporation nothing for that equity. The result of the transaction was that the rights of creditors who had relied on the responsibility of the corporation and its management in extending credit to them were infringed. This is clearly a proper case to disregard or set aside the conveyance as fraudulent under the UFCA.
Because plaintiff’s complaint stated one of its claims in terms of an involuntary trust arising in Hergert for violating his fiduciary obligations as a director of the corporation, much of the argument in appellant’s brief is directed to the applicability on these circumstances of section 86-210, R.C.M.1947, now section 72-20-111 MCA, the statute concerning involuntary trusts. It is clear from the District Court’s findings and conclusions, however, that the case was decided on the basis of the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act (UFCA) rather than on the involuntary trust theory. Therefore, appellant’s arguments in this regard are superfluous and will not be rebutted herein.
The issues we must address to properly resolve this appeal are as follows:
1. Whether Montana Assocation of Credit Management was a proper part to the action.
2. Whether the attached property which is the subject of this suit was a corporate asset.
3. Whether there was sufficient evidence presented to support a finding of constructive fraud under the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act.
4. Whether the District Court was correct in its findings that less than fair consideration was paid for the trommel.
Hergert argues that plaintiff was not a proper party to the action because it was not a creditor of the corporation but merely an assignee of Tri-State Equipment Company. The validity of the instrument by which Tri-State Equipment Company assigned its claim against Montana Mining & Development to plaintiff Company for collecton was not questioned by appellant. All that is necessary to constitute a plaintiff the “real party in interest” within terms of a statute authorizing him to sue is that he be vested with legal title, and hence an assignee of a cause of action for collection may sue. Rae v. Cameron (1941), 112 Mont. 159, 114 P.2d 1060; Washington Water Power Co. v. Morgan Electric Co. (1968), 152 Mont. 126, 448 P.2d 683.
The issue of whether the trommel was a corporate asset merely goes to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the court’s finding to that effect. Hergert contends that the trommel was not a corporate asset because it was purchased some three months prior to incorporation, with funds supplied by him. He further argues that the only evidence at trial that the trommel was a corporate asset was an unaudited balance sheet prepared by Mike Morgan and supported only by Morgan’s self-serving testimony. Respondent rebuts these contentions by pointing out that Hergert’s funds were invested in the venture, not in the trommel, and that substantial payments on the trommel were made after incorporation with funds drawn from the corporate bank account and with gold produced by the corporation utilizing the trommel in the corporate enterprise. “The standard [of] review in a nonjury case is simply to determine if there is substantial evidence to support the findings of the trial court.
This Court will not reverse such findings of fact unless there is a clear preponderance of evidence against the findings.” Hayden v. Snowden (1978), 176 Mont. 169, 576 P.2d 1115, 1117, citing Merritt v. Merritt (1974), 165 Mont. 172, 177, 526 P.2d 1375. “.. . the credibility and weight given to the witness, especially where the evidence is conflicting, is a matter for the District Court’s determination in a nonjury case.” Olson v. Carter (1977), 175 Mont. 444, 572 P.2d 1238, 1239, citing Miller v. Fox (1977), 174 Mont. 504, 571 P.2d 804. We find no error.
The remaining two issues of whether there was sufficient evidence to support a finding of constructive fraud under the UFCA and whether the District Court correctly found that Hergert had not paid fair consideration for the trommel are interrelated and will be addressed together. Prefatorily, we note that appellant’s arguments, both in his brief and during oral presentation, relied on a line of authority represented by Polk v. Polk (1972), 210 Kan. 107, 449 P.2d 1142, for the proposition that constructive fraud can only be found where certain “badges of fraud”, such as intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors, or cooperation between a grantor and grantee to that end, are present. Polk did not arise under the UFCA and has no bearing on this case. The UFCA declares certain conveyances to be fraudulent regardless of the presence or absence of any actual intent to defraud. 37 Am.Jur.2d Fraudulent Conveyance § 3.
Montana has adopted the UFCA as Title 29, Chapter 1, R.C.M.1947, now Title 31, Chapter 2, part 3, MCA. Section 29-104, R.C.M.1947, now section 31-2-311 MCA, provides:
“Every conveyance made and every obligation incurred by a person who is or will be thereby rendered insolvent is fraudulent as to creditors without regard to his actual intent if the conveyance is made or the obligation is incurred without a fair consideration.”
It is beyond dispute that a corporation is a “person” within the meaning of the UFCA. See Vol. 7A Uniform Laws Annotated, Fraudulent Conveyance Act § 4 Note 32. Thus, the only questions the District Court faced in reaching its conclusion here were whether Montana Mining & Mining Development Company was insolvent at the time Hergert took title to the trommel in his own name or was rendered insolvent thereby, and whether the conveyances to Hergert was made without fair consideration.
In a trial memorandum submitted to the District Court in conjunction with this action, Hergert admits that the corporation was insolvent at the time he “purchased” the trommel. Trial Memorandum of Elmer Hergert, p. 6, line 6-7. There is therefore no issue as to sufficiency of the evidence in that regard.
As to the issue of fair consideration, the UFCA provides:
“Fair consideration is given for property, or obligation,
“(a) When in exchange for such property, or obligation, as a fair equivalent therefor, and in good faith, property is conveyed or an antecedent debt is satisfied, or
“(b) When such property, or obligation is received in good faith to secure a present advance or antecedent debt in amount not disproportionately small as compared with the value of the property, or obligation obtained.” Section 29-103, R.C.M.1947, now section 31-2-303 MCA.
Hergert directs our attention to White v. Nollmeyer (1968), 151 Mont. 387, 443 P.2d 873, where we said that the test to be applied to determine fair consideration for purposes of the UFCA is “whether the disparity between the true value of the property transferred and the price paid is so great as to shock the conscience and strike the understanding at once with the conviction that such transfer never could have been made in good faith.” Nollmeyer, 151 Mont. at 406, 443 P.2d at 883. This language in Nollmeyer is taken from Hart-Parr Co. v. Schafer (1925), 73 Mont. 429, 236 P. 675, and applies to the phrase “adequate consideration” in relation to an alleged fraudulent conveyance under the law in existence prior to enactment of the UFCA. It sets a much more stringent standard for finding a lack of fair consideration under the UFCA than do the authorities generally, and we hereby repudiate it.
Under the UFCA:
“What is a ‘fair consideration’ must, of course, be determined on the facts and circumstances of each particular case, and the question must be determined from the standpoint of creditors. A ‘fair consideration’ may be defined generally as one which fairly represents the value or the property transferred; and, as against creditors, a consideration that is merely good and valuable will not support a conveyance which will render the grantor insolvent. In general, the test of what constitutes a fair consideration would seem to be whether or not the conveyance renders the debtor execution proof ... It is also essential that the consideration be not only fair, but that it pass into insolvent’s estate.” 37 C.J.S. Fraudulent Conveyances § 140.
Applying these standards to the circumstances present here, it is apparent to us that the District Court was correct in its conclusion that Hergert did not give fair consideration when he assumed ownership of the trommel in his own name. In order to determine fair consideration, however, “the value ot the property on the date of the transfer is the critical date against which the validity of the transfer must be tested.” 37 Am.Jur.2d Fraudulent Conveyances § 18. The District Court’s findings in this case did not include a specific finding of the value of the trommel on the date Hergert assumed ownership. Respondent contends that even in the absence of such a specific finding, the surrounding circumstances were sufficient to support the conclusion that less than fair consideration was paid because at the time Hergert paid $ 12,000 and took title to the trommel in his own name, only a year had passed from the time its original purchase price was set at $22,000. Hergert, on the other hand, argues that without a specific finding of the value of the trommel on the date of the transfer to him, the court had no basis to determine whether or not the consideration paid was “fair”. He contends that the District Court’s failure to make such a specific finding requires reversal, and cites Bailey v. Leeper (1956), 142 Cal.App.2d 460, 298 P.2d 684, in support of that contention. Hergert has misconstrued Bailey; the case stands for just the opposite principle. In a suit to set aside a fraudulent conveyance, where the disparity between value received and obligations assumed is so great that the trial court would and should have made the same decision, failure to make a specific finding of the value of the property transferred as of the date of the transfer is not reversible error. Bailey v. Leeper, supra. We hold that the circumstances present here fall within this rule.
Section 29-109, R.C.M.1947, now section 3-2-321 MC.A, provides in pertinent part:
“(1) Where a conveyance or obligation is fraudulent as to a creditor, such creditor, when his claim has matured, may as against any person except a purchaser for fair consideration without knowledge of the fraud at the time of the purchase, or one who has derived title immediately or mediately from such a purchaser,
“(a) have the conveyance set aside or obligation annulled to the extent necessary to satisfy his claim, or
“(b) disregard the conveyance and attach or levy execution upon the property conveyed.”
The judgment entered here by the District Court ordered that plaintiff may proceed to levy execution against the trommel. This is a remedy clearly within paragraph (l)(b) above. The District court has properly applied the UFCA in all respect. The judgment appealed from is affirmed.
MR. JUSTICES DALY, HARRISON, SHEA and SHEEHY concur.
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Defendant Robert Martz appeals his plea of guilty and subsequent conviction of tampering with physical evidence, a felony, in violation of Section 45-7-207, MCA. Martz plead guilty to the charge on January 19, 1987, in the Sixth Judicial District, Park County, in accordance with a plea agreement and was released on his own recognizance until the sentencing hearing, scheduled for February 2, 1987. Martz was arrested for various misdemeanor crimes before sentencing. At the sentencing hearing, the District Court refused the suspended sentence recommended by the State. Martz received a sentence of four years in prison. We affirm.
Defendant raises four issues on appeal:
1. Whether the District Court properly denied defendant’s motion for new counsel.
2. Whether defendant received effective assistance of counsel.
3. Whether the District Court properly accepted defendant’s guilty plea to the felony charge of tampering with physical evidence.
4. Whether the defendant was entitled to withdraw his guilty plea following the District Court’s rejection of the plea agreement.
At 1:10 a.m. on November 1, 1986, Robert Martz was arrested in Livingston, Montana, for obstructing a police officer. While being booked, the police officer discovered in Martz’s pocket a cellophane packet containing a green substance. Martz attempted to wrest the packet from the police officer and a struggle ensued. Martz gained control and swallowed the packet. He was then charged by information with the felony of tampering with physical evidence, in violation of Section 45-7-207(l)(a), MCA. The defendant later claimed that he was intoxicated at the time of arrest.
Defendant appeared initially on November 14, 1986, before Park County District Court Judge Byron Robb. At the appearance Public Defender Dan Yardley was appointed counsel to Martz. Judge Robb told defendant that if Martz negotiated a plea agreement with the State, according to Section 46-12-204, MCA, the court had no duty to accept a recommended sentence and was not bound to allow any guilty plea withdrawal. Defendant was then arraigned on November 21, 1986, and plead not guilty to the counts charged in the information. On December 29, 1986, Yardley filed a motion to disqualify Judge Robb for prejudice against the defendant. Judge Robb denied the motion on the grounds that (1) the defendant failed to submit an affidavit in support of the motion, as required by Section 3-1-805, MCA, and (2) there was no evidence of prejudice by the District Court.
Martz filed a motion pro se for dismissal of Yardley as his counsel claiming Yardley was incompetent in the area of criminal law. The motion was filed also on the grounds of prejudice and conflict of interest claiming Dan Yardley’s brother Jack had prosecuted Martz previously, causing Jack to adversely influence Dan’s counseling.
The District Court denied the motion after holding a hearing sua sponte to discuss defendant’s reasons for his motion. Judge Robb stated there was no prejudice simply because Dan Yardley and Jack Yardley were brothers and Jack Yardley had prosecuted Martz in a completely separate action. In addition, the District Court also appointed Jack Yardley to act as co-counsel for Martz.
On January 16, 1987, the State and Martz negotiated a plea agreement in which defendant would plead guilty to the charges of tampering with physical evidence in exchange for a recommendation to Judge Robb by the State of a four-year suspended sentence.
Martz entered a" change of plea on January 19, 1987, after a de tailed colloquy between Judge Robb and Martz. The District Court informed the defendant of his right to an attorney and inquired as to whether he was satisfied with the representation. The District Court addressed the right to jury trial, the maximum penalty for the crime, and the charges filed. After accepting Martz’s guilty plea, the District Court directed that defendant be released on his own recognizance until sentencing.
On January 24, 1987, prior to the sentencing hearing, defendant was arrested and charged with several misdemeanors, including theft and resisting arrest.
Sentencing was held February 2, 1987. After inquiring into the crimes charged to defendant while on his own recognizance, Judge Robb explained that he did not think a suspended sentence was proper under the circumstances and sentenced defendant to four years in the Montana State Prison.
The first issue brought forth on appeal is whether the District Court properly denied appellant Martz’s request for new counsel. Appellant claims that Dan Yardley is (1) incompetent in the field of criminal law, and (2) was prejudiced in his representation because he was unduly influenced by his brother Jack, who prosecuted Martz previously. In the hearing held sua sponte by Judge Robb, the defendant was informed that Dan Yardley had been a practicing attorney for thirty years and had handled criminal cases in the past. He was therefore regarded as competent counsel.
Judge Robb also addressed the complaints of prejudice. According to the court, Jack Yardley had been employed in the past as both county attorney and public defender and understood well “representing people on both sides of the table.” Prejudice and conflict of interest would be present only if Jack Yardley’s prosecution of Martz and the charges at issue overlapped. The District Court denied the motion because the proceedings were entirely separate.
It is within the sound discretion of the trial court to rule on the substitution of counsel. Absent a showing of abuse of that discretion, the decision will not be overturned. State v. Long (1983), 206 Mont. 40, 45, 669 P.2d 1068, 1071, citing Good v. United States (9th Cir. 1967), 378 F.2d 934, 935.
When considering a motion for substitution of counsel, the trial court must inquire adequately into the complaint of the defendant and must discover whether the conflict was so great that it resulted in a total lack of communication. Brown v. Craven (9th Cir. 1970), 424 F.2d 1166; United States v. Mills (9th Cir. 1979), 597 F.2d 693. The District Court discovered that although Martz and Dan Yardley did not have a “meaningful relationship,” they had discussed the case at length. Morris v. Slappy (1983), 461 U.S. 1, 103 S.Ct. 1610, 75 L.Ed.2d 610. Martz charges that Yardley gave little encouragement of winning the case. But the court found that this was evidence that Yardley and Martz had communicated and was sufficient to warrant retaining Yardley as Martz’s counsel. We hold that the District Court properly denied the motion for substitution of counsel.
Issue two is whether the defendant received effective assistance of counsel from Dan Yardley and Jack Yardley. Appellant claims that his case was prejudiced because Dan and Jack Yardley were brothers and Jack would influence Dan into giving poor representation. Also, Jack Yardley was his attorney now even though Martz had been prosecuted by him before.
The court found no merit to the accusation that Dan Yardley’s representation was insufficient. Martz himself admitted at the change of plea proceedings that he was not dissatisfied with his attorney. The District Court inquired into the effectiveness of counsel:
“The Court: And you have had some question about Mr. Yardley’s ability or competency to advise you concerning the matter, do you feel satisfied at this time with his services to you?
“Mr. Martz: Yes.
“The Court: And has he in fact gone over and discussed with you the written agreement here, the acknowledgment of rights?
“Mr. Martz: Yes.
“The Court: Do you feel that you do understand it all right?
“Mr. Martz: Yes.
“The Court: Any questions that you would have about it?
“Mr. Martz: None.”
Appellant now claims that he was prejudiced because his counsel failed to file an affidavit with the motion for disqualification of Judge Robb and failed to investigate all possible defenses. However, we held in State v. Forsness (1972), 159 Mont. 105, 110, 495 P.2d 176, 178, and State v. Rose (1980), 187 Mont. 74, 89, 608 P.2d 1074, 1082:
“Claimed inadequacy of counsel must not be tested by a greater sophistication of appellate counsel, nor by that counsel’s unrivaled opportunity to study the record at leisure and cite different tactics of perhaps doubtful efficacy. Success is not the test of efficient counsel, frequently neither vigor, zeal, nor skill can overcome the truth.” Martz’s own words show that the assistance of counsel was sufficient.
Appellant also contends that Jack Yardley, who was appointed co-counsel after Judge Robb denied the motion, could not adequately defend Martz because Yardley had previously prosecuted him. Appellant relies heavily on In Re Petition of Lucero (1972), 161 Mont. 136, 504 P.2d 992, in which this Court held there was prejudice between the defendant and his attorney where the attorney had originally filed the charges in the same case as the acting deputy county attorney. But here, there is no prejudice. Jack Yardley’s prosecution of Martz was a completely separate case from the one at issue. In Petition of Pepperling (1973), 162 Mont. 524, 525, 508 P.2d 569, 570, it was stated that:
“It is not the law that the one-time prosecution of a defendant by a former county attorney forever prohibits that attorney from defending that individual on a separate and distinct criminal charge.” Where the District Court found no prejudice, we hold that Jack Yardley was properly appointed as co-counsel for appellant Martz, and that received effective assistance of counsel.
Issue three is whether the District Court properly accepted defendant’s plea of guilty to tampering with physical evidence. Section 46-16-105, MCA, provides that:
“(1) Before or during trial, a plea of guilty may be accepted when:
“(a) the defendant enters a plea of guilty in open court; and
“(b) the court has informed the defendant of the consequences of his plea and of the maximum penalty provided by law which may be imposed upon acceptance of such plea.”
The plea given, according to Section 46-16-105, MCA, must be a voluntary and intelligent choice after the defendant has heard defense alternatives open to him as affirmatively disclosed by the record. State v. Lance (1982), 201 Mont. 30, 651 P.2d 1003; Schantle v. Crist (1980), 188 Mont. 176, 612 P.2d 673; Yother v. State (1979), 182 Mont. 351, 597 P.2d 79.
Appellant argues that the court did not adequately inform him of his alternatives to a guilty plea and, therefore, prevented him from making a voluntary and intelligent choice. However, in the initial appearance by Martz on November 14, 1986, Judge Robb informed Martz that if he made a plea bargain agreement with the State, the court was not bound by the recommended sentence, nor was the court bound to allow the defendant to withdraw the guilty plea. Also, the colloquy between Judge Robb and Martz demonstrates that the appellant made a well-informed decision:
“The Court: All right. In regards to the matter, Mr. Martz, I want to try to make certain you do understand your rights concerning the matter. I had previously set the case for a jury trial on February 2, which is about two weeks away. And of course notwithstanding anything that has occurred up to this time you are entitled to that jury trial to determine your guilt or innocence in this case if you want, you are aware of that?
“Mr. Martz: Yes.
“The Court: In the event of a jury trial, Mr. Martz, you understand, of course, it is up to the jury alone to decide your guilt or innocence and not me?
“Mr. Martz: Yes.”
After the appellant entered a plea of guilty, the court continued its colloquy:
“The Court: ... I previously advised you [at the initial appearance] of the penalty prescribed by our State law, and I would readvise you, Mr. Martz, that that, of course, is up to ten years in the State Prison or a fine of up to $50,000.00 or both, you are aware of that possible penalty still?
“Mr. Martz: Yes.
“The Court: And in the event I did not accept or approve the plea bargain agreement you realize that possible penalty could still be imposed?
“Mr. Martz: Yes.”
Therefore, appellant was informed of his constitutional rights and made aware of the possible alternative pleas and their consequences.
The appellant contends that the foregoing colloquy was not sufficient. Martz claims that he was unaware of Section 45-2-203, MCA, which allows the court to take into consideration the defense of intoxication, where the existence of a mental state is an element of the offense. According to appellant, in order for him to make a voluntary and intelligent decision, the court must inform him of all available defenses. However, in State v. Day (1981), 195 Mont. 151, 155-156, 635 P.2d 568, 571, we held that:
“A discussion of defense strategy goes beyond the realm of trial court duty. If trial courts had to discuss potential defenses with an accused, the judge would have to advise the accused regarding potential constitutional challenges, as well as affirmative defenses ex isting under statutes. These responsibilities are vested in defense counsel and not in the trial judge.”
Here, the District Court informed Martz of his constitutional rights, the consequences of a guilty plea, the possible maximum penalty involved, and that the court could not involve itself in the plea agreement and was not obligated to accept the recommended sentence. This is sufficient under Section 46-16-105 and fulfills the requirements for a voluntary and intelligent plea.
The last issue is whether the defendant was entitled to withdraw his plea of guilty following the District Court’s rejection of the recommended sentence. Review of a motion to withdraw a guilty plea requires the consideration and balancing of relevant factors:
“(1) the adequacy of the interrogation by the District Court of the defendant at the entry of the guilty plea as to the defendant’s understanding of the consequences of his plea, . . . and (3) the fact that the defendant’s plea was apparently the result of a plea bargain in which the guilty plea was given in exchange for dismissal of another charge ...”
State v. Huttinger (1979), 182 Mont. 50, 54, 595 P.2d 363, 366.
We have already established that the inquiry by the trial court was sufficient, that the plea was a result of a plea bargain agreement, and also that the defendant fully understood the circumstances and consequences of making the guilty plea.
“. . . the granting or refusal of permission to withdraw a plea of guilty and substitute a plea of not guilty rests in the discretion of the trial court and is subject to review only where an abuse of discretion has been shown.”
State v. Nance (1947), 120 Mont. 152, 164, 184 P.2d 554, 560; State v. Doty (1977), 173 Mont. 233, 566 P.2d 1388, 1930. We rely on the discretion of the trial court in denying the attempted withdrawal of the guilty plea.
Appellant contends that Section 46-12-204, MCA, which lists the requirements of plea bargains, is unconstitutional. Section 46-12-204 provides:
“(1) The defendant shall enter a plea of guilty or not guilty to the indictment, information, or complaint. If the defendant refuses to plead to the indictment, information, or complaint, a plea of not guilty must be entered.
“(2) The court may refuse to accept a plea of guilty and shall not accept the plea of guilty without first determining that the plea is voluntary with an understanding of the charge.
“(3) (a) A plea bargain agreement is an agreement between a defendant and a prosecutor that in exchange for a particular plea the prosecutor will recommend to the court a particular sentence. A judge may not participate in the making of, and is not bound by, a plea bargain agreement. If a judge does not impose a sentence recommended by a prosecutor pursuant to a plea bargain agreement, the judge is not required to allow the defendant to withdraw a plea of guilty.
“(b) Before a judge accepts a plea of guilty, he must advise the defendant:
“(i) of all the provisions of subsection (3)(a);
“(ii) of the punishment as set forth by statute for the crime charged;
“(iii) that prior to entering a plea of guilty, the defendant and his counsel should have carefully reviewed Title 46, chapter 18, and considered the most severe sentence that can be imposed for a particular crime; and
“(iv) that the judge may impose any sentence allowed by law.”
Appellant alleges that because the judge would not allow him to withdraw his guilty plea after rejecting the recommended sentence, he deprived defendant of his constitutional rights. It is understood that defendant waives certain constitutional rights by pleading guilty, among those the right to trial and the right against compulsory self-incrimination. Boykin v. Alabama (1969), 395 U.S. 238, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274. If the defendant makes a voluntary and intelligent plea, he knowingly waives these constitutional rights, regardless of whether or not the judge accepts the recommendation of the State. Where there has been a proper colloquy regarding the defendant’s rights and liabilities of a guilty plea, where he has been informed of his constitutional rights, where the defendant is aware that he is giving up those rights, and where the plea bargain agreement is clear as to its limitations, then the judge does not have to accept a guilty plea withdrawal attempt. Section 46-12-204, MCA, is not unconstitutional.
Next the appellant argues that the trial court rejected the plea agreement and, therefore, the plea of guilty itself. However, the judge accepted the plea of guilty in this case, but rejected the recommended sentence by the State. Section 46-12-204, MCA, clearly states that the judge does not have to accept a recommendation by the State and does not have to allow a withdrawal of the guilty plea.
The language in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, Rule 11(e) is similar to Section 46-12-204, MCA. Under Rule 11(e)(1)(B) the government can make a recommendation with the understanding that such recommendation is not binding on the court. In interpreting Rule 11(e), the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in United States v. Henderson (9th Cir. 1977), 565 F.2d 1119, held that a judge could accept the plea of guilty and reject the recommendation by the State without being bound to allow withdrawal of the plea.
The District Court in the case on appeal, accepted the plea of guilty, but rejected the recommended sentence. According to the District Court, because Martz had committed a series of misdemeanors while on his own recognizance, he was not worthy of the prosecution’s recommended sentence. “[I]t is the sole province of the trial court to determine whether a motion to withdraw a guilty plea should be granted.” In re Matter of Hardy (1980), 188 Mont. 506, 509, 614 P.2d 528, 531. On these grounds the court properly denied the motion to withdraw the guilty plea.
Affirmed.
MR. JUSTICES WEBER, SHEEHY, HUNT and McDONOUGH concur.
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MR. JUSTICE HUNT
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Defendant, John Mark Oman, was convicted in the District Court, Eighteenth Judicial District, County of Gallatin, on May 31,1984, of felony assault. He was sentenced on June 21, 1984, to a three-year deferred imposition of sentence and 60 days in jail on work release with credit for time served. The defendant appeals from his conviction.
We affirm.
The defendant raises two issues for our review:
1. That the District Court erred in granting the prosecution’s motion in limine to prohibit testimony regarding previous civil child protective actions involving the minor child, Crystal Simmons; and
2. That the jury’s verdict was not supported by substantial credible evidence.
In January 1984, Cindy Simmons and her daughter, Crystal Simmons, were living in the home of defendant, Mark Oman. On January 16,1984, Cindy Simmons sought shelter for herself and her child in the Gallatin County Battered Women’s Shelter. When Simmons went to the shelter, and on several occasions immediately thereafter, she told several persons that Oman had hit both her and her 14-month-old daughter in the face. At the shelter several people, who testified at the trial, personally observed that both Cindy and her child had swollen lips and mouths as a result of the blows she attributed to Oman.
On January 27, 1984, Cindy Simmons went to the Gallatin County Sheriff’s Office and made a statement against Oman. Thereafter, Oman was arrested, charged with misdemeanor and felony assault in violation of Section 45-5-201(l)(a), M.C.A. On February 21, 1984, Oman entered pleas of not guilty to both counts of the information. On May 21, 1984, upon motion of the State, the charge of misdemeanor assault against Oman was dismissed because Simmons recanted her story. The State, however, proceeded to trial on May 31, 1984, with respect to the felony assault charge.
At trial Simmons testified that her statement to the Sheriff’s Department was false and that the events she described in the statement never occurred. Simmons testified that by January 16, 1984, she had become very angry with Oman and wanted to move out of his home, but had no money of her own, no place to go and no relatives in town with whom she could stay. As a result, Simmons contacted Bozeman’s Help Center and was given the name of the Battered Women’s Network. By reasons of her report that she had suffered physical violence in her home, Simmons was allowed to stay at the shelter free of charge.
At the same time Simmons was admitted to the Shelter for lodging, she was counseling with a Gallatin County social worker. Simmons testified that the counselor threatened her that if she did not pursue an assault charge against Oman, she would be sent to Boulder or Warm Springs and her daughter, Crystal, would be taken away from her and put up for adoption. Simmons also testified that she informed the counselor that what she had told the shelter about being struck by Oman was not true and that the counselor had insisted she continue her story and further it by telling it to the police. At the trial, the counselor denied making any such statements.
Simmons accounted for her daughter’s injured lip by testifying that the injury occurred a couple of days prior to January 16, 1984, while Crystal was with the church babysitter. Simmons’ explanation for her own injured lip was that it was caused while rough-housing with a friend, Eric Ayers.
Prior to trial, the prosecution presented a motion in limine to prevent Oman’s counsel from offering testimony regarding civil court proceedings for child protective actions. The District Court granted the motion in limine. The civil proceeding which the motion in limine referred to was a child protective action filed by the Gallatin County Welfare Department in 1983 seeking the permanent removal of Crystal Simmons from the home of her natural parents, Cindy and Don Simmons, and seeking to terminate their parental rights. The case was heard and Crystal was returned to her parents in December 1983.
Issue No. 1. Did the District Court err in Granting the Prosecution’s Motion in Limine.
Oman’s contention on this issue is that there was a proceeding that unsuccessfully sought to remove Crystal Simmons from her mother’s custody and this was highly relevant to show that Cindy Simmons pressed charges against Oman only out of fear that her daughter would still be taken from her. Oman argues that such evidence was highly relevant to the issue of his guilt or innocence in that it would have helped the jury understand Cindy Simmons’ primary motive for her reporting that Oman had assaulted her and her daughter, and why she then changed her story at trial. In granting the motion in limine the trial judge determined the subject matter of the prior child protective actions was 1) not relevant and 2) its introduction would only serve to confuse the issues.
It is well settled that the trial judge has latitude of discretion in passing on the admissibility of evidence. State v. Gray (Mont. 1983), [202 Mont. 445,] 659 P.2d 255, 257, 40 St.Rep. 199, 202; State v. Pendergrass (1978), 179 Mont. 106, 112, 586 P.2d 691, 694; State v. Rollins (1967), 149 Mont. 481, 484, 428 P.2d 462, 464. The trial judge’s determination of the admissibility of evidence is subject to review only for abuse of discretion. State v. Stokes (1981), 195 Mont. 321, 325, 637 P.2d 498, 500; State v. Medicine Bull (1968), 152 Mont. 34, 45, 445 P.2d 916, 922. Rule 402 of the Montana Rules of Evidence states in pertinent part: “Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.”
Rule 401 of the Montana Rules of Evidence defines relevant evidence in the following manner:
“Relevant evidence means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Relevant evidence may include evidence bearing upon the credibility of a witness or hearsay declarant.”
The test of relevance is whether an item of evidence will have any value, as determined by logic and experience, in proving the proposition for which it is offered. State v. Fitzpatrick (1980), 186 Mont. 187, 207, 606 P.2d 1343, 1353. Generally, whatever naturally and logically tends to establish a fact in issue is relevant, and that which fails to qualify in this respect is not relevant. Monaco v. Cecconi (1979), 180 Mont. 111, 119, 589 P.2d 156, 161; Brion v. Brown (1959), 135 Mont. 356, 363, 340 P.2d 539, 543. The District Court has broad discretion to determine whether or not the evidence is relevant. Without a showing that the District Court has abused its discretion, this Court will not overturn the District Court’s determination of relevancy. McConnell-Cherewick v. Cherewick (1983), [205 Mont. 75,] 666 P.2d 742, 744, 40 St.Rep. 1106, 1108; State v. Close (Mont. 1981), 623 P.2d 940, 948, 38 St.Rep. 177, 187.
We find no evidence in the record to indicate that the District Court abused its discretion in determining the offered evidence was irrelevant.
Having determined that the trial court judge’s exclusion of testimony regarding the prior child protective actions was proper, the other matters that Oman raised with respect to the application of Section 41-3-205, MCA, regarding confidentiality of the prior child protective actions, and his Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses need not be considered.
Issue No. 2: Was the jury’s verdict supported by substantial credible evidence.
The test applied by this Court where sufficiency of the evidence is an issue on appeal in a criminal case, whether the trial is by jury or not, is the substantial evidence test. This test is met if a reasonable mind would accept the evidence as supporting the conclusion reached. In applying this test the evidence is viewed in a light most favorable to the prevailing party. The weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses is exclusively the province of the trier of fact. If the evidence conflicts, it is within the province of the trier of fact to determine which shall prevail. See, State v. Berklund (Mont. 1985), [217 Mont. 218,] 704 P.2d 59, 42 St.Rep. 1147, 1149; State v. Green (Mont. 1984), [212 Mont. 20,] 685 P.2d 370, 371-372, 41 St.Rep. 1562, 1564; State v. Johnson (1982), 197 Mont. 122, 127, 641 P.2d 462, 465. If the substantial evidence test is not met, this Court will set the verdict or judgment aside. Berklund, 704 P.2d at 62, 42 St.Rep. at 1149; State v. Merseal (1975), 167 P.2d 410, 415, 538 P.2d 1366, 1368. In addition, the judgment will be disturbed when the evidence is so inherently incredible that no reasonable person ought to accept it as true. State v. Radi (1978), 176 Mont. 451, 461, 578 P.2d 1169, 1176; State v. Crockett (1966), 148 Mont. 402, 407, 421 P.2d 722, 724-725.
We hold that there is sufficient evidence to support the jury verdict. Despite Simmons’ testimony at the trial contradicting her previous statements, there was relevant evidence that a reasonable mind would accept as adequate to support the jury’s finding that defendant was guilty as charged. Evidence showed that in January 1984, Cindy Simmons and her daughter, Crystal, were living in the home of Oman. By January 1984, the relationship between Simmons and defendant had eroded significantly. On January 16, 1984, Simmons sought shelter for herself and her child in the Gallatin County Battered Women’s Shelter. At the Shelter and immediately thereafter, Simmons told several persons she and her daughter had been violently beaten by Oman. Also when Simmons appeared at the Shelter with her daughter, they both had swollen lips and mouths from the beatings Simmons attributed to Oman. On January 27, 1984, Cindy Simmons went to the Gallatin County Sheriff’s Office and made a statement against Oman for the beating.
We affirm.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE and MR. JUSTICES MORRISON, WEBER and HARRISON concur.
|
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JUSTICE GRAY
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Julia Kay Bryant (Julia) appeals from the deemed denial by the Eighth Judicial District Court, Cascade County, of her motion to set aside its order granting Jeffrey Richard Bryant’s (Jeffrey) Rule 59, M.R.Civ.P., motion and its subsequent order nunc pro tunc. Jeffrey cross-appeals from the District Court’s findings, conclusions and order of August 30, 1994, the order on his Rule 59 motion and the order nunc pro tunc. We affirm.
We restate the issues on appeal and cross-appeal as follows:
1. Is Julia’s appeal properly before us?
2. Did the District Court err in denying Julia’s motion to set aside?
3. Did the District Court err in denying Jeffrey’s request for reimbursement of visitation-related transportation expenses?
The marriage of Julia and Jeffrey was dissolved by the District Court’s final decree entered October 23, 1991. The decree approved and incorporated the parties’ written Dissolution Agreement (Agree ment) in which, among other things, Julia and Jeffrey agreed that they would have joint custody of their minor children and that Julia would be designated the children’s primary physical custodian with liberal visitation rights in Jeffrey. The Agreement also established child support and provided that Julia and Jeffrey would share equally in the costs of transportation for visitation.
Julia subsequently moved to modify child support and other provisions of the decree relating to the children’s medical expenses and day care costs; in addition, she sought to make Jeffrey solely responsible for transportation expenses related to his visitations with the children. Jeffrey also moved to modify child support and requested the District Court to determine the amount of transportation cost reimbursement owed by Julia pursuant to the decree. On August 30, 1994, after a hearing on the motions, the court entered its findings, conclusions and order increasing Jeffrey’s child support obligation, determining that Jeffrey was not entitled to reimbursement for any of the visitation-related transportation costs claimed under the 1991 decree and making Jeffrey solely responsible for future visitation-related costs incurred in transporting the children between Power and Great Falls. Julia served notice of entry on September 2, 1994.
Jeffrey subsequently filed a timely Rule 59(g), M.R.Civ.P, motion to amend the District Court’s findings, conclusions and order relating primarily to child support. On October 31, 1994, the court executed its findings, conclusions and order granting Jeffrey’s motion to amend. The order was filed on November 4, 1994.
Jeffrey then moved the District Court to enter an order nunc pro tunc for the sole purpose of attaching to the October 31 findings, conclusions and order the child support guideline calculations adopted by reference therein. The court entered the order nunc pro tunc on November 14, 1994.
On December 7, 1994, Julia moved the District Court to set aside its findings, conclusions and order on Jeffrey’s Rule 59 motion and its subsequent order nunc pro tunc. She contended that the order dated October 31, 1994, but not filed until November 4, 1994, was void for lack of jurisdiction and, as a result, that the subsequent order nunc pro time also was void. In essence, a grant of Julia’s motion would result in reinstatement of the District Court’s August 30,1994, order. The court did not rule on Julia’s motion to set aside within 45 days and, therefore, the motion was deemed denied on or about January 22, 1995.
On February 15, 1995, Julia filed a notice of appeal. Jeffrey subsequently filed a notice of cross-appeal.
We note at the outset, for clarity, that this case predates our recent amendments to Rules 59 and 60(c), M.R.Civ.P., increasing from 45 to 60 days the period during which a district court must rule on a motion made under those rules.
1. Is Julia’s appeal properly before us?
Julia’s February 15, 1995, notice of appeal states that she appeals from the denial of her motion to set aside the District Court’s order granting Jeffrey’s Rule 59 motion to amend and its related order nunc pro tunc. Her notice also states her intention to appeal directly the court’s orders on Jeffrey’s Rule 59 motion and nunc pro tunc. On appeal, however, Julia argues only the denial of her motion to set aside the earlier orders. Therefore, we do not address either procedurally or substantively her purported direct appeal from the District Court’s earlier orders.
Jeffrey argues that Julia’s appeal is untimely and, on that basis, not properly before us. His argument is premised on his characterization of Julia’s December 7, 1994, motion as a motion to alter or amend which, pursuant to Rule 59(g), M.R.Civ.P., must be served within 10 days after service of notice of entry of the judgment or order at issue. Because Julia’s December 7, 1994, motion was not served within 10 days of service of the notice of entry of the District Court’s order nunc pro time on November 17,1994, Jeffrey contends that Rule 5(a)(1), M.R.App.P., required Julia to file her notice of appeal within 30 days of November 17, 1994. Under Jeffrey’s theory, her failure to do so renders this appeal untimely.
The basis for Jeffrey’s characterization of Julia’s motion as a Rule 59(g), M.R.Civ.P., motion to alter or amend is not readily apparent. Julia clearly denominated her motion a “Motion to Set Aside.” Moreover, she argued therein that the District Court did not timely rule on Jeffrey’s Rule 59(g), M.R.Civ.P., motion to amend and, therefore, that its order granting Jeffrey’s motion must be set aside as void for lack of jurisdiction.
Rule 60(b)(4), M.R.Civ.P., authorizes a motion to set aside an order or judgment on the grounds that the order was void. We repeatedly have held that the time period mandated by Rule 59, M.R.Civ.P., for a district court’s action on a post-trial motion thereunder is jurisdictional and that a court’s failure to act within the mandated period divests the court of jurisdiction. Wallinder v. Lagerquist (1982), 201 Mont. 212, 216-18, 653 P.2d 840, 842-43 (citations omitted); In re Marriage of Sell (1981), 193 Mont. 88, 91, 630 P.2d 222, 224 (citation omitted). An order not within the jurisdictional time limits of Rule 59, M.R.Civ.P., is “a nullity” (Marriage of Sell, 630 P.2d at 224) and such an order “can be assailed on appeal or by motion to set it aside. ..." Evans v. Oregon Short Line R. Co. (1915), 51 Mont. 107, 112, 149 P. 715, 717.
We conclude that Julia’s December 7, 1994, motion was a Rule 60(b)(4), M.R.Civ.P., motion to set aside the District Court’s October 31 and November 14,1994, orders as void for lack of jurisdiction. Her motion was deemed denied on or about January 22, 1995, pursuant to Rules 60(c) and 59, M.R.Civ.P., and her notice of appeal was filed within 30 days thereafter as required by Rule 5, M.R.App.P. We hold, therefore, that Julia’s appeal from the denial of her motion to set aside was timely and that her appeal is properly before us.
2. Did the District Court err in denying Julia’s motion to set aside?
The District Court executed its order granting Jeffrey’s Rule 59(g), M.R.Civ.P., motion to amend on October 31, 1994, the forty-fifth day after the motion was filed. The order was filed four days later. Julia contends, on these facts, that the court did not timely rule on Jeffrey’s motion to amend under Rule 59, M.R.Civ.P., and, therefore, that the court lacked jurisdiction to act thereafter. On that basis, she argues that her motion to set aside both the court’s order and its subsequent, related order nunc pro tunc should have been granted.
Rule 59(g), M.R.Civ.P., requires a district court to “determine” or “rule on” a motion to alter or amend within the 45 days provided in Rule 59(d), M.R.Civ.P., for ruling on a motion for a new trial. The motion is deemed denied if the district court fails to do so. Rule 59(g), M.R.Civ.P. Moreover, as discussed briefly above, our cases are clear that the 45-day period contained in Rule 59 is mandatory; a court’s failure to timely act divests the court of jurisdiction and renders any later order a nullity. See Pierce v. ALSC Architects, P.S. (1993), 259 Mont. 379, 381-82, 856 P.2d 969, 971; Cowles v. Sheeline (1993), 259 Mont. 1, 16, 855 P.2d 93, 102; Marvel Brute Steel Bldg. v. Bass (1980), 189 Mont. 480, 483, 616 P.2d 380, 382.
Rule 59(g), M.R.Civ.P., does not define the terms “determine” and “rule on” contained therein. Both terms, however, are commonly understood — in both the everyday and legal sense — to mean “decide.” In common parlance, “deciding” is synonymous with both “ruling” and “determining.” American Heritage Dictionary (3d ed. 1990). In legal terms, when a judge rules on a matter, it is meant that the judge decided the matter; a court’s “determination” is its decision. Black’s Law Dictionary 450 (6th ed. 1990). Thus, the plain meaning of the words “determine” and “rule on,” as used in Rule 59(g), M.R.Civ.P., encompasses only the court’s decision.
Julia calls our attention, however, to the following additional language in Rule 59(d), M.R.Civ.P.:
The decision on the motion may be entered in the minutes of the court, or may be made in writing in chambers or in any county in the state where the judge may be, and be filed with the clerk of court in the county where the action is pending.
It is clear that this language provides for the manner in which the court’s ruling is to be made of record. It is equally clear, however, that this language does not require the court’s decision to be entered in the minutes or, if made in writing, filed with the clerk of court within the 45-day period provided in Rule 59 for making the decision. Indeed, nothing in Rule 59, M.R.Civ.P., specifically requires that the court’s decision on a Rule 59 motion be made of record within the specified period for acting on the motion. To insert such a requirement where none exists would be an improper exercise of this Court’s function. See § 1-2-101, MCA.
Julia cites to no case in which we have held that a district court’s timely ruling under Rule 59, M.R.Civ.P., includes a requirement that the decision be made of record within the 45-day period, and we have located none. We do observe that both Marvel and Cowles might be read to stand for such a holding and to support Julia’s argument here. Therefore, for purposes of clarity, we address those cases briefly.
In Marvel, we discussed at some length the effect of an order on a Rule 59 motion and the interplay between the timing of such an order and the timeliness of an appeal from that order. Marvel, 616 P.2d at 382-83. Our specific language concluded that the untimely order on a Rule 59 motion was a nullity “because it was issued after the time had expired under Rule 59, within which to rule on a motion for a new trial.” Marvel, 616 P.2d at 382 (emphasis added). In Cowles, we cited to Marvel for the principle that “[a]n order denying a motion is a nullity where it is issued after the time for ruling on the motion has expired.” Cowles, 855 P.2d at 102 (citation omitted) (emphasis added).
Both Marvel and Cowles clearly stand for the well-established principles that the Rule 59, M.R.Civ.P., time limit is mandatory and that a district court’s failure to act on a Rule 59 motion within the specified time limit divests the court of jurisdiction to act on the motion. Neither, however, presented the issue of whether a ruling on a Rule 59 motion must be both executed and made of record to be timely and, therefore, within the court’s jurisdiction, under Rule 59, M.R.Civ.P. Rather, close scrutiny of those opinions indicates that our use of both “ruling” and “issuance” in Marvel and Cowles was inadvertent and arose from the facts of those cases; it was not material to our decisions on the issues squarely presented in those cases. We conclude that Marvel and Cowles constitute neither controlling precedent for Julia’s argument in this case nor persuasive authority for a result which would vary from our plain meaning analysis of Rule 59, M.R.Civ.P.
Here, the District Court determined and ruled on Jeffrey’s Rule 59 motion on October 31, 1994, when it signed its findings, conclusions and order thereon. October 31 was the forty-fifth day after the filing of Jeffrey’s motion. We conclude, therefore, that the District Court timely ruled on Jeffrey’s motion under Rule 59(g), M.R.Civ.P., and, therefore, that the court acted within its jurisdiction. As a result, we hold that Julia’s Rule 60(b), M.R.Civ.P., motion to set aside the court’s order as void for lack of jurisdiction properly was denied.
3. Did the District Court err in denying Jeffrey’s request for reimbursement of visitation-related transportation expenses?
Jeffrey contended that, pursuant to the parties’Agreement and the final decree of dissolution, he was entitled to reimbursement from Julia of $1,248 as her one-half share of transportation expenses incurred in driving to and from Great Falls from his residence in Power, some 20 miles away, to pick up and return the children for visitation. Julia resisted the claim and also sought to make Jeffrey solely responsible for both past and future visitation-related expenses.
The District Court made the following finding:
6. [Jeffrey] has claimed reimbursement for transportation of the children for his visitational purposes. Though [Jeffrey] was able to pick-up [sic] the children, after work (in Great Falls), to take them to his home, and though he was able to return the children from his home in Power when he returned to work in Great Falls, often times, for his own convenience, he’d have his present spouse do the transportation. Such was an unnecessary and unreasonable waste of time and expense. Additionally, the parties did not reasonably contemplate the transportation between Great Falls and Power as a reimbursable expense within their “Dissolution Agreement.” [Emphasis added.]
“Reasonableness” is a question of fact. Reeves v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co. (1996), [275 Mont. 152], 911 P.2d 839, 842 (citation omitted). We review a district court’s findings of fact to determine whether they are clearly erroneous. In re Marriage of Brownell (1993), 263 Mont. 78, 81, 865 P.2d 307, 309 (citation omitted).
Julia and Jeffrey’s Agreement awarded the parties joint custody of the children, with Julia designated as the children’s primary custodian and liberal visitation rights in Jeffrey. Visitation specifically was provided to Jeffrey “every other weekend and one day per week where he will pick the children up after work and then deliver them to school the following day, if applicable.” Additional minimum visitation of two weeks in the summer and alternating holidays also was specifically provided. With regard to costs, the Agreement provided that Julia and Jeffrey would either meet approximately halfway between the place where visitation was to take place and the children’s residence or share equally in the cost of transportation for visitation. The Agreement was made part of the final decree of dissolution.
At the hearing on the parties’ motions, Julia testified that Jeffrey drives into Great Falls from Power every weekday for work. Both during the week and for weekend visitations, he picks the children up after school and takes them home with him to Power and then returns them to Great Falls when coming in to work the next day or, after weekends, on Monday mornings. She added that Jeffrey’s current wife Robin frequently comes in and picks up the children, rather than having Jeffrey do it, and that Jeffrey had told her that he simply did not want to pick up the children himself because he did not desire to talk to her or go to her house. In Julia’s view, Robin’s trips were unnecessary.
Jeffrey’s testimony was not dissimilar. He testified that, while he usually brought the children into Great Falls with him on school days, Robin most often picked them up when they were to go to Power and then brought them back into town. According to Jeffrey, this transportation arrangement avoided day care, allowed him to avoid going to Julia’s home, and permitted the children to bond with their stepbrother and half-sister. He testified that his claim for reimbursement included mileage charges for the times he picked the children up after work and then returned them to Great Falls upon going to work the next day. Robin also testified that she most often picked up the children in Great Falls and returned them after the visitation.
Jeffrey’s evidence regarding the number of miles upon which he based his claim for reimbursement also was presented through Robin, who kept calendars of the visitations and tracked who did the driving on each occasion. According to the exhibit she had prepared, mileage for one of Jeffrey's round trips with the children was 41.6 miles. When Robin drove into Great Falls to pick the children up and take them to Power, and Jeffrey returned the children to Great Falls, 62.4 miles were charged; when Robin drove into town to get the children, brought them to Power, returned the children to Great Falls and then drove herself back to Power, 83.2 miles were charged. The current IRS-authorized rate for business mileage reimbursement was used to calculate the total of $2,496, reimbursement of one-half of which was sought from Julia.
Thus, the evidence regarding visitation-related transportation costs or expenses is not in substantial conflict. It reflects that, for the most part, Jeffrey could pick up and return the children in conjunction with his own commuting to work in Great Falls. By his own testimony, Julia should not be responsible for his work-related transport. However, he did not deduct the mileage for the trips he actually made with the children from the mileage for which he sought reimbursement from Julia and he offers no explanation for why those “costs” constitute visitation-related transportation expenses.
Nor did Jeffrey deduct mileage for the trips Robin made; indeed, Robin’s trips added significant amounts to the mileage he claimed. The undisputed testimony was that Jeffrey could have made most of the trips himself in conjunction with his work-related commutes to and from Great Falls. Such trips would not involve visitation-related expenses. The fact that he chose not to do so on most occasions, for his own comfort and convenience and to add to the time available for the various children in his and Robin’s household to bond, does not allow him to convert Robin’s trips into a visitation-related expense upon which to base a claim for reimbursement from Julia.
The record before us contains substantial evidence supporting the District Court’s finding that the transportation costs for which reimbursement was sought were unreasonable. The District Court did not misapprehend the effect of the evidence and we are not left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.
We conclude that the District Court’s finding regarding the reimbursement claim is not clearly erroneous. On that basis, we hold that the District Court did not err in denying Jeffrey’s request for reimbursement of visitation-related transportation expenses.
Affirmed.
CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE, JUSTICES TRIEWEILER, HUNT and NELSON concur.
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On December 22,1992, the Defendant’s sentence was revoked and he was sentenced to five (5) years for Felony Assault. The Defendant is adjudged a dangerous offender for purposes of parole with credit for 74 days time served. Prior to being considered for release the Defendant must complete an alcohol treatment program and the Defendant will not be eligible for parole until successful completion of the treatment program has been achieved.
On May 6,1993, the Defendant’s application for review of that sentence was heard by the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
The Defendant was present and proceeded pro se. The state was not represented.
Before hearing the application, the Defendant was advised that the Sentence Review Division has the authority not only to reduce the sentence or affirm it, but also to increase it if such is possible. The defendant was further advised that there is no appeal from a decision of the Sentence Review Division. The defendant acknowledged that he understood this and stated that he wished to proceed.
After careful consideration, it is the unanimous decision of the Sentence Review Division that the sentence is affirmed.
The reason for the decision is the sentence imposed by the District Court is presumed correct pursuant to Section 46-18-904(3), MCA. The Division finds that the reasons advanced for modification are insufficient to deem inadequate or excessive as required to overcome the presumption per Rule 17 of the Rules of the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
Hon. Thomas McKittrick, Chairman, Hon. G. Todd Baugh, and Hon. John Warner, Judges
The Sentence Review Board wishes to thank Mr. Kearney for representing himself in this matter.
|
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ME. JUSTICE CASTLES
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from an order of the district court of the twelfth judicial district denying probate to an instrument propounded as the last will and testament of Byron Connelly. Byron Connelly, the deceased, will hereinafter be referred to as the testator. Vivian Connelly, sister of the testator, was proponent and Lorraine Connelly, wife of the testator, was contestant of the purported will in the proceedings to determine if the instrument was entitled to probate. The matter was heard before the district court without a jury and the court found that the instrument was not entitled to probate since it “was not executed and attested in the manner required by law.”
The sole issue in this case is whether the order of the district court was correct, and this involves a consideration of the evidence and law in relation to the requirements for the proper execution of a will.
The instrument was signed by the testator and by two subscribing witnesses, Frank May and Eay ICuka. There was an attestation clause which was worded as follows: ‘ ‘ The foregoing instrument, consisting of two pages including the page signed by the testator, was at the day and year hereof, by the said Byron Connelly, signed, sealed, published and declared to be his last will and testament in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have signed the same as witness thereto.” There was also substantial, uncontroverted, evidence to prove that all three signatures were genuine.
It appeared from the sheriff’s return that the subscribing witness, Ray ICuka, was outside of Hill County at the time of the hearing and his testimony was not given at the hearing. The only witness who testified as to the facts surrounding the execution of the instrument ivas the subscribing witness, Frank May, who was called as a witness by the proponent of the instrument. Upon direct examination the testimony of Frank May, concerning the circumstances that surrounded the execution of the will was given as follows:
“Q. I am showing you the purported will of Byron Connelly, deceased, which was filed in this Court on April 23, 1958. I will ask you if you recognize the signature of Byron Connelly? A. Yes.
“Q. That’s Byron Connelly’s signature on that instrument? A. Yes. It isn’t exactly like his signature. The last name doesn’t look like it, but it is his signature. I can tell that.
“Q. The signature, Frank E. May, is yours? A. Yes.
“Q. And Ray E. Kuka is the other witness? A. Yes.
“Q. And do you recall signing this will for Mr. Connelly? A. No, I don’t. Not especially. I know it’s my signature.
“Q. At that time, did Mr. Connelly request you to witness this instrument? A. He must have. Yes, he did.
“Q. And at that time, was Mr. Kuka there? A. I wouldn’t know for sure.
‘ ‘ Q. But you do know that you and Ray Kuka witnessed this will? A. I know that I did. * * *
“Q. At the time that Mr. Connelly signed this will, did he request you to witness his signature to his will? A. I don’t remember whether Mr. Connelly signed it when I was there or not.
“Q. Was his signature on it at the time you signed it? A. I don’t remember.
“Q. I will read this attestation clause to you: ‘The fore going instrument, consisting of two pages including the page signed by the testator, was at the day and year hereof, by the said Byron Connelly, signed, sealed, published and declared to be his last will and testament in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have signed the same as witness thereto.’ Do you understand that attestation clause ? A. Yes.
£ £ Q. And you have signed your signature under that attestation clause? A. Yes.
££Q. And those are the facts at the time you signed, to the best of your recollection, is that correct ? A. I suppose, yes. * * *
“Q. At the time that Mr. Connelly executed this will, is it your opinion that he wasn’t acting under duress, fraud, or undue influence, is that correct? A. Well, yes, he knew what he was doing.
££Q. It was his own act and deed when he signed the will? He volunteered that this was his own will? A. Yes.
££Q. And not the will of anyone else? A. No.”
On cross-examination this subscribing witness testified as follows:
££Q. Now getting back to this will, did you see Byron Connelly sign the will? A. Gosh, I don’t remember. I wouldn’t swear that I did or didn’t.
££Q. As a matter of fact, Frankie, isn’t it a fact that Byron from time to time would push something up to you and would ask you to sign it? A. Yes, on several occasions he signed a will.
££Q. And you don’t know whether this is the last one you signed or not, do you? A. No, I wouldn’t swear to it that that is the last one.
££Q. Asa matter of fact, there’s another will that hasn’t been signed at all?. A. I have it here in my pocket.
££Q. But that one was never signed? A. No.
££Q. Byron wrote a lot of wills, three or four that you know of, and you probably signed some of them, didn’t you? A. I know I signed two or three, maybe more.
“Q. Did he tell you that this is my last will and testament, and I am asking you to sign it as a witness? A. I know of one will I signed.
“Q. Gould that he this one? A. No, not that one.
“Q. Did Byron tell yon this was his last will and testament before you signed this? A. I think the lawyer told me that it was his will.
“Q. Was Byron there when you signed it? A. I don’t know. I can’t remember whether he was or not.
“Q. You are pretty sure that Kuka wasn’t there, aren’t you? A. I don’t know.
‘£ Q. And where is Kuka now ? A. I think he is on his vacation.
"Q. When did he go, do you know? A. A week ago last Thursday, probably the 3rd of July.
“Q. Did you say that you didn’t see Kuka sign this will? A. I don’t remember whether I saw him sign it or not.
"Q. In some of the other wills you remember, was the other witness there when you signed it? A. I don’t remember that either.
"Q. Do you remember the date of this will? A. No, I don’t. I think it’s 1956, in February, but the exact date in February I don’t recall, but that would be two years ago last February. # =» #
"Q. I don’t remember whether I asked you this or not. Did you see Byron sign this document? A. I can’t remember.
"Q. You don’t know? A. No, I don’t.” Emphasis supplied. Upon redirect examination this witness testified:
“Q. Mr. May, I will show you a signature made on the lower right-hand corner of the first page of the will. Do you identify that as Byron Connelly’s signature? A. It looks like it.
“Mr. Ettien: That’s all. Thank you.
“The Court: Was it there when you signed it? A. I don’t know whether it was or not.
“The Court: All right.’’
Prom this testimony it can be seen that the subscribing witness, Prank May, was quite uncertain as to what the circumstances surrounding the execution of the instrument actually were.
Throughout the original hearing in this case it appears that the district court was understandably concerned about the testimony of the subscribing witness, Frank May, and wanted to have the testimony of the other subscribing witness, Ray Kuka, concerning the circumstances surrounding the execution of the instrument offered into evidence. This is demonstrated by the following excerpts of the conversation between the court and the attorney for the proponent, Mr. Ettien:
“Mr. Ettien: Please the Court, I have to establish the signature of Mr. Kuka, and I thought Mr. May could do that, and I’ve asked for someone to come up from the bank—
‘ ‘ The Court: I want Mr. Kuka. Mr. May was certainly very indefinite as to whether they were together when this will was signed. There is enough question about this will that I want to hear from him, Mr. Kuka, what he knows and what he can remember. So you can put in all your evidence today, and we will continue the hearing until such time as he can be here, but put all your other evidence in now.
“Mr. Ettien: We rest at this time. The sheriff’s return shows that Mr. Kuka is out of the county.
“The Court: I will take your word for that, but I know he will be available.
“Mr. Ettien: At this time I will object to a continuance, it being shown that Mr. Kuka is outside the county and the statute provides that the testimony of — •
“The Court: If you want me to decide on the evidence you’ve got in here, it’s all right with me.
“Mr. Angstman: I think we better have it settled right now, Judge.
“Mr. Ettien: We stand on that, your Honor.
‘ ‘ The Court: All right. Go ahead with your case. * * #
“Mr. Ettien: Your Honor, as to the signature of Ray Kuka, I have got a man—
“The Court: I think it is Mr. Kuka’s signature, but there are certain things that have to be proven, and I am willing to let you have time to prove them, but you can’t prove them today by someone else.
“Mr. Ettien: Would you be willing to stipulate that that is Ray’s signature?
“Mr. Angstman: No. I would like to have the Judge—
“The Court: I have a decision to make, and I am not going off half-cocked on this thing.
“Mr. Ettien: I appreciate that, your Honor, but from the standpoint of the record, I would like to have Mr. Kuka’s signature simply identified as his signature, or anyone else that I can get from the bank, if you want to agree to that?
“Mr. Angstman: I don’t know whether it is or not.
“The Court: I want to know what happened. These people signed this, but I haven’t been able to find out how yet. Maybe Mr. Kuka has a better recollection of what happened than Mr. May.
“Mr. Ettien: If you can go ahead, Mr. Angstman—
“The Court: There are some essential things in connection with this will, whether the witnesses were both there and signed in the presence of each other at the request of the testator, who said it was his will. Now, you haven’t proved that so far. I have given you an opportunity to bring Mr. May and Mr. Kuka up here. You are fighting your own proposition, and I am trying to help you.
“Mr. Ettien: We will go ahead and stand on the testimony, and if Mr. Angstman will go ahead and put in his case, then we can establish the signature of Mr. Kuka.
‘ ‘ The Court: He can do that when he gets here himself.
“Mr. Ettien: But I have to do it now, Your Honor.
“The Court: All right. Bring up your witness. I want the entire proof. * * *
“The Court: You want to stand on what you have got in here?
“Mr. Ettien: The proponent will stand on the testimony that has been introduced at this time, and moves that the will be — •
“The Court: You don’t want the opportunity to produce Mr. Kuka?
“Mr. Ettien: We are satisfied the way it is, your Honor. Would the court like briefs on this?
“The Court: I don’t want anything. You haven’t proven the will yet.
“Mr. Ettien: We stand on the will.
“The Court: You propose it with the understanding that I gave you the opportunity to produce the other witness?
“Mr. Ettien: The record shows that Mr. Kuka is not in Hill County.
“The Court: The record doesn’t show that he can’t be produced. I say, I am willing to give you the opportunity to produce the other witness to the will, and you say you don’t want it?
“Mr. Ettien: I simply contend we satisfied the requirements of the statute. We stand, your Honor.
“The Court: The admission of the will is denied.”
IÍ.C.M. 1947, § 91-107, provides for the execution of a written will as follows:
1 ‘ Every will, other than a nuncupative will, must be in writing; and every will, other than a holographic will, and a nuncupative will, must be executed and attested as follows:
“1. It must be subscribed at the end thereof by the testator himself, or some person in his presence and by his direction must subscribe his name thereto;
“2. The subscription must be made in the presence of the attesting witnesses, or be acknowledged by the testator to them to have been made by him or by his authority;
“3. The testator must, at the time of subscribing or acknow ledging- the same, declare to the attesting witnesses that the instrument is his will; and,
“4. There must be two attesting witnesses, each of whom must sign his name as a witness, at the end of the will, at the testator’s request, and in his presence.”
The question arises as to whether this statute was complied with in the instant ease. There must be compliance with all four of these requirements for a will to be validly executed. In re Bragg’s Estate, 106 Mont. 132, 76 P.2d 57. It appears that there was compliance with requirement number one in section 91-107. However, there seems to be substantial question whether there was compliance with the other three numbered requirements. In respect to requirement number two the subscribing witness, Frank May, testified that he could not remember whether the subscription of the testator was made in the presence of the subscribing witnesses or acknowledged by the testator to have been made by his authority. As to requirements number three and four of section 91-107 the testimony of this subscribing witness is very uncertain and we repeat one portion of his testimony on cross-examination as follows:
“Q. Bid he tell you, that this is my last will and testament, and I am, ashing you to sign it as a witness? A. 1 know of one will I signed.
“Q. Gould that he this one? A. No, not that one.
‘! Q. Bid Bryon tell you, this was his last will and testament before you signed this? A. I think the lawyer told me that it was his will.” Emphasis supplied.
In this portion of his testimony it appears that the witness is actually declaring that the testator did not say that this instrument was his last will but that the lawyer did and that the testator did not request the attesting witnesses to sign the will.
We agree with the rule that the attestation clause raises a presumption of due execution of the will where the signatures are genuine. In re Bragg’s Estate, supra; In re Woodburn’s Estate, 128 Mont. 145, 273 P.2d 391. See also In re Sword’s Estate, 129 Mont. 165, 284 P.2d 674. We also agree that the attestation clause has evidentiary value Avhere the witnesses are not available and that mere want of recollection of AAdtnesses is not per sc eAddence of noncompliance with the statute. In re Bragg’s Estate, supra. This court has held that the right to make a will depends upon the consent of the legislature and there must be strict compliance with the statute, In re Noyes’ Estate, 40 Mont. 178, 105 P. 1013, but we Imve also declared that substantial compliance with the statute is sufficient and where, by actions or circumstances, it is shoivn that the will is that of the testator and that he is requesting the witnesses to sign as subscribing Avitnesses the exact words are not required. In re Miller’s Estate, 37 Mont. 545, 97 P. 935; In re William’s Estate, 50 Mont. 142, 145 P. 957; In re Silver’s Estate, 98 Mont. 141, 38 P.2d 277; In re Bragg’s Estate, supra.
In the instant ease the proponent of the instrument has established its prima facie validity as a will by proving the existence of the attestation clause and the fact that the signatures are genuine. The burden was then shifted to the contestant of the instrument to prove that execution was not proper. In re Bragg’s Estate, supra. The contestant of the instrument did not offer any witnesses of her own to testify that the execution of the will was insufficient. However, the contestant can also sustain her burden of proof by cross-examination of the witnesses of the proponent. It appears that she has done so in this case by her cross-examination of the subscribing witness, Frank May.
From all the facts and circumstances present in the instant case we conclude that the order of the district court was correct. The testimony of the subscribing witness, Frank May, was very uncertain and in some respects he testified, upon cross-examination, that the instrument was not declared to be the will of the testator, by the testator, nor did the testator request the witnesses to sign the instrument as subscribing witnesses. The other subscribing witness, Ray Kuka, was not produced by the proponent of the will since the sheriff’s return showed him to be outside of the county at the time of the hearing. However, it appeared that Mr. Kuka was on vacation at the time and would be back within the county in a short time. The district court made it quite clear that it preferred to have the testimony of Mr. Kuka offered into evidence before reaching* its decision and offered to continue the ease until he could be produced as a witness but the proponent chose not to have his testimony produced and objected to a continuance. At this stage the district court was justified in determining that the execution of the will had not been proven.
The proponent having failed in the lower court to prove that the proffered will was executed as required by our statutes, the judgment there entered denying its admission to probate was correct and is affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HARRISON, THE HONORABLE VICTOR H. FALL, District Judge, sitting for MR. JUSTICE ANGSTMAN, and THE HONORABLE EMMET GLORE, District Judge, sitting for MR. JUSTICE BOTTOMLT, concur.
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MR. JUSTICE BOTTOMLY
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from the judgment and amended judgment entered in the above-entitled cause in favor of plaintiffs and against defendants, in the district court of the seventh judicial district of the State of Montana, in and for Dawson County High School Building District No. One bond election held on September 19, 1959, in which judgment and decree the district court ordered:
“It is ordered, adjudged and decreed that the Defendants, their attorneys, agents, servants and employees are hereby permanently and perpetually restrained and enjoined from issuing and selling any bonds as authorized by the Dawson County High School Building District No. One bond election held on the 19th day of September, 1959;
“It is further ordered, adjudged and decreed that the Defendants, their attorneys, agents, servants and employees are hereby permanently and perpetually restrained and enjoined from levying any tax assessment for the construction of a new high school and for the purchase of any property for the site of said new high school;
“It is further ordered, adjudged and decreed that the defendants, their attorneys, agents, servants and employees are hereby permanently and perpetually restrained and enjoined from further collecting or attempting to collect any and all taxes levied or assessed by the defendants for the construction of the new high school in said High School Building District No. One of Dawson County, Montana, and from holding any election for the purpose of selecting any site for the said new high school and from collecting or attempting to collect a tax and assessment in this cause and from enforcing or attempting to enforce it in any way whatever ;
“It is further ordered, adjudged and decreed that the defendants, their attorneys, agents, servants and employees are hereby permanently and perpetually restrained and enjoined from holding or causing to be held an election for the selection of a site for the said new high school as involved in this cause. ’ ’
And in the amended judgment and decree, the court further ordered:
“It is ordered, adjudged and decreed that the bond election held on the 19th day of September, 1959, is null and void and of no effect.”
This nullifying Order, Judgment, Decree and injunction is based entirely on the grounds and for the reason that the election irregularities charged in the complaint and proven by a preponderance of evidence and, in fact, admitted by the defendants, are in direct violation of the school election laws of the State of Montana; that said irregularities were fatal in the instant ease, not merely immaterial.
Appellants contend there was a common sense compliance with the school election laws, and that such laws should be liberally construed.
This election was a school bond election, held by the board of trustees of Dawson County High School, which is also the Board of Trustees of the High School Building District No. One of Dawson County, Montana, held September 19, 1959, to determine a very important matter to every taxpayer, as to whether or not the said Board of Trustees be authorized to issue bonds in the amount of $1,600,000 bearing interest at a rate not to exceed six percent per annum, during a period not exceeding twenty years. The proceeds from the sale of said bonds to be used in erecting and equipping a new high school, and for the purchase of a site for said high school.
The respondents contend that the mandatory provisions of the school bond election laws were not complied with by the judges and clerks of said election. This being a school bond election the laws enacted by our Legislature must be complied with. They are clear, concise and written in the English language, and are plain and unambiguous. This court has said many times when the intent of a law is clear and unambiguous, it means exactly what it says, and needs no interpretation. The school board election law is such a law and the necessary sections of the general election laws necessary for completion are also unambiguous.
The district judge was correct in his judgment and in ordering that the temporary restraining order and injunction be made permanent.
Either the sanctity of the ballot must be preserved and the legislative mandate enforced or we have no law and only agreement in this case as to how the election should be conducted. The legislature in mandatory language set forth the rules and the judges and clerks of school elections must follow them.
Section 75-1612, B..C.M.1947, provides:
“At every election held under this act, a poll-list shall be kept by the judges and clerk at each polling-place, and immediately after the close of the polls the judges shall count the ballots, and if there be more ballots than votes cast the judges must draw by lot from the ballots, without seeing them, sufficient number of ballots to make the ballots remaining correspond •with the number of votes cast. The clerk shall write down in alphabetical order in a poll-book provided for that purpose the name of every person voting- at the time he deposits his ballot. There shall also be provided a tally-list for each polling-place; after the ballots have been counted and made to agree with the poll-list the judges shall proceed to count them. The clerk shall enter in the tally-list the name of every person voted for as trustee, and the term, and tally opposite his name the number of votes cast for him, and at the end thereof set down in a column provided for that purpose the whole number of votes he received. The judges and clerk shall sign a certificate to said tally-list, setting forth the whole number of votes east for each person or trustee, designating the term, and they shall verify the same as being- correct, to the best of their knowledge, before an officer authorized to administer oaths. No informality in such certificate shall vitiate the election, if the number of votes received for each person can reasonably be ascertained from said tally-list. Said books and tally-lists shall be returned to the board of trustees of the district, who shall canvass the vote and cause the clerk of the district to issue a certificate of election to the person or persons elected, designating their term, a copy of which must be forwarded to the county superintendent of schools. School trustees are hereby authorized to administer oaths to judges of election.”
The requirements of this section were admittedly not complied with, but on the contrary, the judges and clerks in receiving the ballots at the dose of the election adjourned, taking the ballots from the place where they were cast and the purported election held, to the office of the superintendent of the high school, where, according to the record they took the ballots from the box, turned them right side up, and placed all of the “yes” ballots in one pile and all of the “no” ballots in another separate pile, before the ballots were counted. Then, they disqualified sufficient of the “no” ballots so that the result was that the “yes” ballots carried, whereas, and where by, the above section says and commands in no uncertain terms that before the ballots are counted, the voted side must not be seen until the ballots are counted and compared with the list of voters, then they may proceed to count the “yes” and “no” ballots.
The foregoing holding of this election is an absolute contradiction and violation of the above statute, which is admitted. The foregoing violation is only one of the several violations which the district court pointed out. The judge of the lower court did not need to reach or consider the constitutional question raised in the lower court and on this appeal as the statutory requirements on the holding of a school bond election were not complied with. Therefore, we need not consider nor pass upon the constitutional question thereon raised. We will not prolong this opinion, as it would simply encumber the record. Suffice to say that upon the holding of another election, the board of trustees will see to it that the constitutional limitations and statutes will be complied with.
Because of the foregoing facts and circumstances which were brought out fully in the record, and which the district court interpreted correctly, we uphold its judgment in every particular, and in the rendering of the permanent injunction of which we approve. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed and the cause is remanded for compliance with this opinion. It is so ordered.
MR. JUSTICE ADAIR concurs.
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MR. JUSTICE DALY
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The defendant, Maret Brown, appeals from a judgment issued by the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, Missoula County, upon a jury conviction for felony theft as provided in section 45-6-301(3), MCA. Defendant was sentenced to eight years in the Montana State Prison with all but ninety days suspended.
This case arises out of the burglary of a mobile home owned by Robert White and located near Arlee, Montana. White had moved to Alaska with his family and left his mobile home to be sold by a real estate agent. In June 1980, the real estate agent discovered that someone had broken into the mobile home and garage. The agent notified the Lake County Sheriff’s department and on June 30 went through the home with Lake County deputy sheriff, Randy Merryman.
On July 25, 1980, White found out in a conversation with his brother that the mobile home had been burglarized. White quit his job and moved his family back to Arlee, Montana. White and officer Merryman then went through the home and the garage, making a list of the personal property that was stolen, which included a welding torch owned by White.
White told an acquaintance, Jim Fleischauer, that his torch had been stolen. A couple of weeks later, Fleischauer telephoned White and told him that he had his torch. Fleis-chauer said he had purchased the torch from one Louis Goodsell. White and Fleischauer went to see Goodsell. Goodsell said he had purchased the torch from the defendant, Maret Brown.
According to the testimony of White, Fleischauer, and Goodsell, the three then went to the house of the defendant, Maret Brown. They went up on defendant’s closed-in porch and knocked on his door. When Brown answered the door, White introduced himself and asked defendant if he had a receipt for the torch he had sold Goodsell. Defendant said he had a receipt and invited White inside the house. White refused, saying he would remain on the porch.
While on the porch, White, noticed that some of his stolen belongings, sleeping bags, air mattresses, a grinding wheel, a shovel, and a red box, were lying in the corners of the porch. White told Fleischauer and Goodsell to go get a search warrant.
Fleischauer and Goodsell returned with a deputy sheriff but no search warrant. The officer asked defendant if they could search his house; defendant refused. The officer then went to get a search warrant.
A search warrant was obtained upon information given by White. Several officers and White returned to defendant’s house late that evening and completed the search. White accompanied the officers in the search. The officers seized all the items that they felt White had positively identified. Defendant was very upset when the officers came to the house and stated that he owned everything on the porch. A short time into the search, after White had identified a few personal items such as a blender and an iron that had a personal inscription on it, defendant was arrested.
The sole issue raised by defendant on appeal is whether a warrantless search conducted by White, Fleischauer and Goodsell was in violation of defendant’s rights under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, and defendant’s right of privacy as provided in Section 10, Art. II of the Montana Constitution.
It is very important here to note that defendant does not raise the issue based upon the facts related above. He does not claim that an unconstitutional search occurred when White and his companions were invitees on the defendant’s porch and saw several of White’s possessions in plain view.
Rather, defendant claims that the unconstitutional search occurred earlier in the afternoon. The only evidence on the record that White and his companions were at the defendant’s residence earlier in the afternoon comes from the testimony of the defendant’s father. The father of the defendant testified as follows:
“Q. What time in the afternoon did you observe something, and tell us what you observed? A. Oh, it was around one, two o’clock somewheres in there, maybe a little later, I noticed a car drive up to Goodsell’s. Two guys got out and walked over to Goodsell’s house. Louis came out and they talked. From there they went to Maret’s house.
“Q. They? Who’s they? A. The two guys that got out of the car was White and Fleischauer, or whatever you call him, and Louis Goodsell.
“Q. The three of them? A. Three of them, yes.
“Q. What happened, then? A. They went down to Maret’s house. They went in, White and Goodsell went in the porch.
“Q. Did you see them go into the door? A. Yes, I did.
“Q. What made it interesting that you would watch them? A. Maret was not home at that time, and I didn’t know what was going on. I was curious.
“Q. Did you watch it? A. I watched them.
“Q. How long were they in there? A. Five to ten minutes.
“Q. That’s inside at least, inside the porch? A. They was inside out of sight on the porch.
“Q. When they came out, did you say anything to them? A. No. They went over to Goodsell’s to their car.
“Q. Then what did you observe? A. Well, they stood there and talked, and finally they went back. I don’t know, I think they drove out onto Stone Street.
“Q. Did you have occasion that day to see those men, again? A. Yeah, later on that day they returned. I noticed one with the sheriff, and Maret was home at that time.”
The above testimony does not support a claim that White and his companions conducted a search of defendant’s residence. The father’s testimony only indicates that White and his companions may have entered defendant’s porch and were there for five to ten minutes. Nothing on the record suggests that a search took place during this time. The conviction must therefore be affirmed since “[w]e will not consider representations of parties after the fact or representations dehors the records.” State ex rel. Woodahl v. District Court (1975), 167 Mont. 514, 518, 540 P.2d 312, 314. See also State v. Rumley (1981), Mont., 634 P.2d 446, 38 St.Rep. 1351A; and State v. Lamb (1982), Mont., 646 P.2d 516, 39 St.Rep. 1621.
The judgment of the Distict Court is affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL and JUSTICES HARRISON, SHEEHY, SHEA and WEBER concur. .
MR. JUSTICE MORRISON concurs in the result.
|
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MR. JUSTICE CASTLES,
delivered the Opinion of ‘ the Court.
This is an appeal from a judgment entered upon findings of fact and conclusions of law, the court sitting without a jury. The judgment was for cancellation of an oil and gas lease unless drilling of a well was commenced in thirty days. The judgment also found no damages due plaintiff, but awarded costs. The plaintiffs appealed. No appeal was made by defendants.
Plaintiffs, appellants here, are landowners who will be referred to simply as the lessor. The defendants have diverse interests including the working interest in an oil and gas lease and will be referred to simply as the lessee.
The lease of the West one-half of Section 24, T. 32 N., R. 58 E., M.P.M. contained 320 acres. This half section lease became two parts, the NW^ and the SW14, each containing 160 acres. These quarter sections were assigned tract numbers, and became numbers 28 and 38 respectively. This area is in the Dwyer Field in Sheridan County. In October 1960, the Oil and Cas Commission established a 160 acre spacing, the permitted well location for each spacing unit would be in the approximate center of the SE% of each spacing unit of 160 acres.
The lessee of Tract 28 drilled a well which became a producing oil well on March 6, 1961, and is known as Olson No. 1. It has been producing since. Tract 38, however, was not drilled, and is the subject of this action.
The action was for a partial cancellation of the lease, that is, as to Tract 38, and as mentioned before the judgment decreed cancellation. The appeal, however, concerns that part of the claim for relief for damages for breach of an implied covenant to protect the leased premises from drainage by strangers to the lease.
The district court having ordered cancellation of the lease on Tract 38 unless drilling were commenced within 30 days, and no appeal from this having been made, we are only concerned with the damage feature. To put the issue as simply as possible it is this: The lessor argues he has been damaged by drainage by strangers to the lease, viz., wells in the adjacent 14 sections, Tract 27, Tract 39, and Tract 29. More specifically that his Tract 38 has been damaged. (Tract 28, belonging to the lessor, is producing).
The lessee responds under these three general headings:
(1) That the lessor failed to notify or demand the drilling of a well on Tract 38 or to notify the lessees of an alleged breach of the implied covenant;
(2) Lessee acted as an ordinary prudent operator in not drilling a well on Tract 38; and
(3) Proof of damages is lacking.
The district court found, in effect, that the lessor had failed to prove damages.
We shall approach our discussion in what may seem to be a rather tortuous route. We say tortuous route because the usual and normal discussion of lease rights and cancellations for failure to drill are absent here. The lessee had paid rentals and royalties and had apparently done everything required except to drill Tract 38. The Dwyer Field originally comprised some 37 sections of land. The discovery well was completed January 8, 1960. In 1961, fourteen wells were completed. In 1962, five wells were completed and the last well in December 1962 was a dry hole. In the Spring of 1963 the lessee here decided not to drill further. Wells in the Dwyer Field were expensive and whether commercial production could be had on Tract 38 is at least questionable. The lessee determined such commercial economic production could not be had.
The Dwyer Field, with a water drive pressure, runs generally southwest to northeast. The Field has a common source of supply or a “pool” and the drainage pattern is circular. The limits of the Field have been fairly well established. In the SE14 of the NE*4 of Section 26 a well was abandoned and is used to dispose of salt water and to maintain pressure. In the NW14 of the NE!4 of Section 25, “an exception” location was granted (being a direct diagonal offset of Tract 38), and it resulted in a “dry hole”. The geologists and engineers testified that Tract 38 likely had oil under part of it, that it was being drained by wells in Tracts 28, 27, 29 and 39, all lying immediately to the north and east. These same witnesses generally agreed that Tract 28, Olson No. 1, was also draining other adjacent tracts. The conclusion of the district court generally is that Tract 28 was draining Tract 38, and the lessor being the same, such lessor was not being damaged; or put another way that, under the only evidence presented, the lessor of Tracts 28 and 38 was getting all he was entitled to. Going back to Tract 38 having oil under it, the geologists and engineers for the lessee concluded that drilling Tract 38 in the approved location would result in a “dry hole” or at best a non-economic well.
Now then, as to the evidence presented on the matter of damages by drainage, the only witness to support the burden of proof on the loss by failure to drill on Tract 38 and whether such a well would be an economic undertaking was one Dois Dallas. ¥e should note here that the lessor, appellant, takes great pains to distinguish between an “implied covenant to protect the acreage from drainage” from an “implied covenant to develop.” He refers us to Sullivan’s Handbook on Oil and Gas, pp. 169-191. As we view the issue, and as the district court viewed it, we need not carefully distinguish the nature of the implied obligations.
Mr. Dallas, the lessor’s witness, used a mathematical computation based upon:
(1) an estimate of reserves of an Engineering Committee report;
(2) an estimate of reserves from the Oil and Gas Commission report; and
(3) an Engineering Committee’s proposed parameter percentages.
The Engineering Committee mentioned was a group of engineers representing the working interests in the Dwyer Field, including the lessee here, who agreed upon and proposed parameter percentages. This Committee assigned, in percentages to the nearest tenth, 3.8 percent to Tract 38 and 7.7 percent to Tract 28 for a total of 11.5 percent to the leased premises. The Committee’s report was made in anticipation and preparation for a “Unitization Agreement” which was never adopted.
Using the 3.8 percent as to Tract 38, the lessor then mathematically projected that percentage to the reserves and reasoned that this projected amount, giving allowance for certain other factors, was the loss by drainage and proof of damage.
The respondent lessee argues strenuously, and objected strenuously to the testimony on grounds of competency and hearsay, that such evidence was no proof at all, but we need not rule on that.
The district court, as to these matters made the following findings:
“XII. That Tract 38 is being drained by Tract 28 and other tracts not owned by plaintiffs and defendants.
“XIII. That the defendants, together with their operators * * * met with the engineers of the different corporations having operating oil interests in the Dwyer Field for the purpose of formulating possible unit parameters for the Dwyer Field and participated in a meeting on June 16, 1964, of the Dwyer Field Engineering Committee, where possible unit parameters were agreed upon by the participants, including xilaintiffs. * * *
“XVI. That the unit parameters so agreed upon were published and submitted to the operators and owners of all the field and was not approved by all the operators; that subsequent engineering committees have met, and the latest proposed unit agreement would completely eliminate Tract 38 as a participating unit in the Dwyer Field.* * *
“XVIII. That for the purpose of these Findings, the Court has adopted the parameters * * *, said parameters being 7.6769 percent as to Tract No. 28 and 3.7385 percent as to Tract No. 38, making a total parameter of 11.4154 percent, the parameter assigned to the lands described.”
Observing first, that we are unimpressed with the rationale of parameters that were never adopted as proof of anything, yet we fail to see wherein the district court was in error in its result. The lessee, plaintiff, would adopt the parameter percentages individually for each tract, and use only one of them to prove loss on Tract 38, but ignore the other on Tract 28 which would and did prove that actual production on Tract 28 was more than the combined parameter percentages.
Olson No. 1 on Tract 28, between March 1961 and July 1967 actually produced 353,164 barrels of oil out of a total Dwyer Field production of 3,524,182 barrels, or an average ten plus percent. The parties would not stipulate to the actual figures over-all, but it was admitted and the district court found, that the total production of Olson No. 1 from Tract 28 was in excess of the total parameter percentages of both Tracts 28 and 38. Assuming that the parameter percentages were proper evidence in this case, then they must be applied consistently; that is, the lessor, plaintiff, would be entitled only if the unitiization agreement were in fact adopted. In that event he would have received less than actual production on Tract 28 and more than actual production on Tract 38. Thus, under the theory used, the trial court was correct in adding the two parameter percentages to determine whether or not there was any damage caused by the breach of the implied covenant to protect.
We are aware that we have not cited any-ease law to support our thesis, but none is required. "What we have done is to follow through on the lessor’s own theory and evidence, but require it to be consistently applied as did the trial court. After the trial court’s initial findings, supplemental findings found as before stated, that the actual production of Olson No. 1 on Tract 28 exceeded the total parameter percentages assigned on the proposed unitization formula for both Tracts 28 and 38, and thus there were no damages proven.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
MR. JUSTICES HASWELL, ADAIR and JOHN CONWAY HARRISON, and LeROY L. McKINNON, District Judge, concur.
HONORABLE LeROY McKINNON, District Judge, sitting in place of MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON.
|
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MR. JUSTICE DALY
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Defendant Brad Huttinger appeals from the order of the District Court of Cascade County, the Honorable H. William Coder, denying his motion to withdraw a plea of guilty to the charge of deliberate homicide. The District Court postponed sentencing pending the final disposition of this appeal. Huttinger remains at Warm Springs State Hospital where he was sent pending sentencing-
On July 9, 1976, Huttinger was charged with the crimes of deliberate homicide and aggravated kidnapping in the stabbing death of an elderly Great Falls woman. The District Court ordered a psychiatric evaluation of Huttinger which was conducted on August 4, 1976. The reporting psychiatrist, Dr. Ronald Hughes, concluded that on the date of the crimes charged that Huttinger, although under the influence of a variety of psychoactive drugs, “knew the difference between right and wrong insofar as it is related to the charges against him” and did not “lack the ability to adhere to the right.” (Ultimately, however, Dr. Hughes recommended that Huttinger be hospitalized in the maximum security ward at Warm Springs State Hospital.)
On December 3, 1976, Huttinger entered a plea of not guilty to the offense charged. On February 14, 1977, Huttinger allegedly changed his plea to guilty on the charge of deliberate homicide in exchange for a dismissal of the charge of aggravated kidnapping.
Immediately after the February 14 proceedings, Huttinger was sent to Warm Springs State Hospital for a complete psychiatric evaluation. The examining psychiatrist, Dr. William Alexander, concluded:
“Summary: There is no evidence of organic involvement. Patient is felt to be psychotic because of his flat affect, his intellectual deterioration, and his inability to handle abstract concepts. His actual illness is quite well encapsulated. He seems to be a compulsive type who has a great deal of interna] hostility which is barely controlled most óf the time. He has a great difficulty in trying to sort out his feelings about his normal passivity in relationship to the occasional outbursts of aggression. There is a great deal of anxiety which is related to his fears of losing control over himself.
“Patient is aware of the nature of the charges against him and has the ability to assist his lawyer in his own defense. He is also aware of the criminality of his actions. Because of his severe emotional problems he has been unable to conduct himself according to the requirements of the law. He is able to have a particular state of mind which is an element of the offense charged.
“Diagnosis: Schizophrenia, paranoid type.”
In a clarifying letter received on July 25, 1977, Dr. Alexander wrote to the District Court:
“In my opinion, at the time of the incident, this patient was unable to conduct himself according to the requirements of the law because of his severe, chronic, emotional illness which probably started in very early childhood but was certainly present eight years ago, and for which he has, to my knowledge, never received treatment.”
On September 1, 1977, the District Court sentenced Huttinger to 100 years in prison without parole. Huttinger appealed the sentence and on April 10, 1978, this Court, in an unreported per curiam order, vacated the sentence pursuant to a stipulation of counsel and remanded the case for resentencing.
Huttinger thereafter filed a Motion for Leave of Court for Motion to Withdraw Plea of Guilty on May 26, 1978. At a hearing on this motion, Huttinger asserted that, prior to originally entering his plea of guilty to the charge of deliberate homicide, he had not been informed of the availability of the possible defense of insanity or that other factors present at the time of the crime charged might serve to mitigate his sentence. The State presented testimony of Huttinger’s attorneys at the time of entry of his plea of guilty to the effect that they had discussed the insanity defense with Huttinger and he had rejected it.
On August 10, 1978, the District Court entered findings, conclusions, and an order denying Huttinger’s motion. Huttinger appeals.
The issue presented for this Court’s review is:
Did the District Court abuse its discretion in denying Huttinger’s motion to withdraw his plea of guilty?
This appeal requires a balancing of three conflicting factors or aspects involved in a criminal defendant’s attempt to withdraw a previously entered plea of guilty. The three factors of which we speak are (1) the adequacy of the interrogation by the District Court of the defendant at the entry of the guilty plea as to the defendant’s understanding of the consequences of his plea, (2) the promptness with which the defendant attempts to withdraw the prior plea, and (3) the fact that the defendant’s plea was apparently^ the result of a plea bargain in which the guilty plea was given in exchange for dismissal of another charge, in this case, aggravated kidnapping, a felony. All three factors, among others, have been discussed in the determination of whether a District Court should allow the withdrawal of a guilty plea.
Before discussing these particular factors, we first state some general principles governing the withdrawal of a guilty plea. The right of a criminal defendant to a trial by jury is safeguarded by Art. II Sections 24 and 26 of the 1972 Montana Constitution. Section 95-1606(e) R.C.M. 1947, now section 46-12-204 MCA, states in part:
“The defendant shall enter a plea of guilty or not guilty to the indictment, information or complaint. If the defendant refuses to plead to the indictment, information or complaint a plea of not guilty must be entered.
“The court may refuse to accept, a plea of guilty and shall not accept the plea of guilty without first determining that the plea is voluntary with an understanding of the charge.”
More specifically, section 95-1902, R.C.M. 1947, now section 46-16-105(2) MCA, states in part:
“At any time before or after judgment the court may for good cause shown permit the plea of guilty to be withdrawn and a plea of not guilty substituted.”
“There is no set rule or standard which can be relied on in any given case where a motion is made to withdraw a guilty plea.” State v. Lewis (1978), 177 Mont. 474, 582 P.2d 346, 352. “Each case must be examined on its own record . . .” State v. Griffin (1975), 167 Mont. 11, 21, 535 P.2d 498, 503.
“The granting or refusal of permission to withdraw a plea of guilty and substitute a plea of not guilty rests in the discretion of the trial court and is subject to review only upon a showing of an abuse of discretion. State v. Nance (1947), 120 Mont. 152, 184 P.2d 554.
“A plea of guilty will be deemed involuntary where it appears that the defendant was laboring under such a strong inducement, fundamental mistake, or serious mental condition that the possibility exists he may have plead guilty to a crime of which he is innocent.” State ex rel. Gladue v. Eighth Judicial District (1978), 175 Mont. 509, 575 P.2d 65, 66.
If, however, there is any doubt that a plea is not voluntary, the doubt should be resolved in the defendant’s favor. On application to change a plea, all doubts should be resolved in favor of a trial on the merits. State v. Doty (1977), 173 Mont. 233, 566 P.2d 1388, 1391.
With these general principles in mind, we proceed to an examination of the three factors described above.
Adequacy of District Court’s Interrogation. For ease of analysis, we find it helpful to set forth the complete transcript of the hearing at which Huttinger allegedly made his guilty plea:
“THE COURT: Ladies and Gentlemen, this Court will now be in session. This is the State of Montana against Brad William Huttinger, Cause No. 6857 A. Mr. Barron, you are representing the defendant, Mr. Huttinger, in this matter?
“MR. BARRON: I do.
“THE COURT: And it is of course understood at this point in time you wish to enter a change of plea in this case; is that correct?
“MR. BARRON: Yes, your Honor. Mr. Huttinger would ask leave to withdraw his plea of Not Guilty to Deliberate Homicide.
“THE COURT: You understand what a plea of guilty entails in this matter, do you not, Mr. Huttinger?
“MR. HUTTINGER: Yes; I do.
“THE COURT: You understand that change of plea, you waive your right to remain silent? You understand that?
“MR. HUTTINGER: Yes.
“THE COURT: You understand that you waive your right to counsel to represent you in this matter? You understand that?
“MR. HUTTINGER: Yes.
“THE COURT: You waive your right to a jury trial, you understand that?
“MR. HUTTINGER: Yes.
“THE COURT: You also understand that you waive your right to compel attendance of witnesses to appear and testify on your behalf; you understand that?
“MR. HUTTINGER: Yes.
“THE COURT: You understand the penalty for Deliberate Homicide in the State of Montana is imprisonment in the Montana State Prison, Deer Lodge, for a term not to exceed one hundred years; you understand that?
“MR. HUTTINGER: Yes.
“THE COURT: It is also the court’s understanding, Mr. Barron, that there have been some negotiations with regard to dismissal of the other count of Aggravated Kidnapping; is that correct?
“MR. BARRON: That is correct, your Honor. We are informed by Mr. Bourdeau he will dismiss the Aggravated Kidnapping charge.
“THE COURT: Mr. Bourdeau?
“MR. BOURDEAU: Yes, your Honor. At this time the prosecution will orally move the Court for permission to dismiss the charge of Aggravated Kidnapping heretofore filed in this action.
“THE COURT: Okay. At this point in time, Mr. Huttinger, it is incumbent upon the Court to ascertain and make a factual basis for the plea of guilty. You understand what the Court is indicating now?
“MR. HUTTINGER: Yes.
“THE COURT: You do at this time admit, after waiving your rights, that there was a deliberate homicide committed on the date alleged?
“MR. HUTTINGER: Yes.
“THE COURT: All right, Mr. Huttinger. The Court will accept your plea of Guilty to Deliberate Homicide, and the Court will also accept the County Attorney’s motion to dismiss the Aggravated Kidnapping in this matter. By virtue of the nature of this case, Mr. Huttinger, the Court will order a pre-sentence investigation, and it is the Court’s understanding at this point in time from your counsel, Mr. Barron, that he would like to have, as a part of the pre-sentence investigation, an examination by Dr. Alexander at the Warm Spring State Hospital; is that correct?
“MR. BARRON: That’s right, your Honor.
“THE COURT: The Court will accept a plea of Guilty in this matter, Mr. Huttinger. I will set the hearing on the sentencing March 14, 1977, at 2 P.M. and the Court will order you transferred to Warm Springs for an examination prior to the sentencing.
“MR. BARRON: Your Honor, there have been two reports received by the Court, one psychological evaluation, one psychiatric evaluation from our Mental Health Clinic here. I would like permission from the Court to have the Clerk copy those and furnish me with copies, and as a part of the pre-sentence report, we would also like to have Mr. Huttinger’s reports from Miles City and Twin Bridges in order to make it a complete report to the Court.
“THE COURT: All right. For purposes of sentencing have the Court file made available to you.
“MR. BARRON: Thank you.
“COURT ADJOURNED.” (Emphasis added.)
Review of this transcript reveal several serious inadequacies. At the most basic, it appears that Huttinger never really did admit, in so many words, that he committed any deliberate homicide, only that such a homicide was committed. Neither did he actually plead guilty to any.offense at all; he only asked “leave to withdraw his plea of Not Guilty.”
Beyond these perhaps technical or semantic discrepancies, however, there are more serious flaws. Never was the name of the victim stated or the date or place of the alleged offense specified; nothing to identify the particular crime to which Huttinger allegedly was pleading specifically appears in the transcript. The underlying facts of the offense were not stated or admitted. In short, Huttinger did not plead anything to any offense specified in any manner.
Further, the District Court did not ascertain particularly that defendant was satisfied with his appointed counsel or that he thought his counsel was competent. Finally, the voluntariness of the guilty plea is called further into question by the fact that immediately after entry of the plea, Huttinger was sent to Warm Springs State Hospital for psychiatric examination and treatment. He remained at Warm Springs for over six months before being sentenced and is currently being held at Warm Springs pending this appeal. The question naturally arises, was Huttinger competent to enter any plea?
In State v. Lewis, 582 P.2d at 352, we held:
“. . . when in the sentencing procedure, the District Court carefully, as here, examines the defendant, finds him to be competent, and determines from him that his plea of guilty is voluntary, he understands the charge and his possible punishment, he is not acting under the influence of drugs or alcohol, he admits his counsel is competent and he has been well advised, and he declares in open court the facts upon which his guilt is based, then a plea of guilty accepted by the District Court on the basis of that examination will be upheld ...”
When compared to these standards, the interrogation of Huttinger by the District Court in the instant case falls short on all counts.
There is one other respect in which the District Court interrogation is inadequate. In State v. Azure (1977), 175 Mont. 189, 573 P.2d 179, this Court vacated the judgment and sentence and instructed the District Court to allow the withdrawal of the guilty plea. We stated as our rationale:
“The District Court made no inquiry as to whether defendant understood that by purposely or knowingly causing the death of Randy Lewis he may have committed either deliberate homicide or mitigated deliberate homicide. Nor was defendant informed that if he went to trial on the charge of deliberate homicide, he would have the right to present evidence of mitigation, and if the jury accepted his version of the offense and convicted him of mitigated deliberate homicide, the maximum sentence he could receive would be a 40 year prison term.
“When an accused pleads guilty to the crime of deliberate homicide charged under Montana’s statutory scheme which sets out distinct kinds of criminal homicide, it is of vital importance that the record discloses the defendant had a full understanding of the precise kind of homicide to which he plead. Absent such a showing, this Court will not assume the plea was made ‘with an understanding of the charge.’
“Because the District Court did not determine whether defendant understood the differing elements and effects of deliberate homicide and mitigated deliberate homicide, we hold that acceptance of his plea of guilty was improper. The District Court should have granted defendant’s motion for leave to withdraw the guilty plea.” 573 P.2d at 183.
We conclude that the instant appeal is governed by Azure, at. least so far as consideration of the adequacy of the District’s Court’s interrogation. In neither case was the defendant informed of the differing elements of homicide, although in both cases the District Court knew, or should have known, of possible evidence of mitigating circumstances — in both cases the defendant was under the influence of drugs and alcohol and possibly suffering from mental distress or instability. In both cases, the defendant appeared in court with appointed counsel and entered a plea of guilty to the charge of deliberate homicide. When compared to the District Court interrogation found inadequate in Azure, the interrogation of the defendant here is even less sufficient.
The State’s argument that we should not retroactively apply Azure (or presumably Lewis) is not persuasive. While it is true that Azure was decided after the original entry of the guilty plea, it was decided before Huttinger’s motion to withdraw his plea and before he had been sentenced.
Even more important, however, is that the equities of the situation and the ends of justice favor application of these later cases to the instant appeal. By applying them, we are not releasing Huttinger from his possible criminal liability. Rather, the case would merely go to trial/ As we stated in Doty, 566 P.2d at 1391.
“Here, any irregularity and doubt should have been resolved by the trial court in favor of defendant, in his motion for a change of plea; then that doubt could properly be resolved by a jury. Only through trial on the merits following a change of plea would the ends of justice best be served in this case.”
In any event, the rules stated in Azure and Lewis are not new. The law in both cases can be traced back through many decisions over many years. See, e.g., State v. Casaras (1937), 104 Mont. 404, 66 P.2d 774; State v. Nance (1947), 120 Mont. 152, 184 P.2d 554; State v. McBane (1954), 128 Mont. 369, 275 P.2d 218.
Having concluded that the interrogation of Huttinger by the District Court was inadequate for determining whether his guilty plea was voluntarily given, we proceed to consideration of the effect of the two additional factors specified earlier.
Timeliness of the Motion to Withdraw. In State v. Lewis, 582 P.2d at 352, and State v. Sattler (1976), 170 Mont. 35, 549 P.2d 1080, 1081, this Court held that a claim of laches may lie against a motion to withdraw a guilty plea in cases where the records upon which the plea of guilty was entered are missing, the witnesses are unavailable, or evidence has been disposed of. The State asserts that laches should similarly bar Huttinger’s motion here.
Huttinger first entered his guilty plea on February 14, 1977. He thereafter was sentenced to 100 years in prison without parole on September 1, 1977. This sentence was vacated by this Court on appeal by stipulation of counsel, and the cause remanded for resentencing on April 10, 1978. Six weeks later, on May 26, and before he had been resentenced, Huttinger filed his motion for withdrawal of plea.
This sequence indicates defendant’s position here is stronger than that found to justify a claim of laches in Lewis. Cf. State v. Nance (1947), 120 Mont. 152, 184 P.2d 554 (one month between entry of guilty plea and motion to withdraw held not reasonably timely.) In Lewis over one year elapsed between the date of sentencing and the date of the motion to withdraw plea, with no record of an intervening appeal to the Supreme Court. In the instant case, while eight and one-half months elapsed between the date of sentencing and the motion to withdraw, there also was the intervening appeal and reversal of the sentence. Huttinger promptly proceeded to make his motion to withdraw after the first sentence was vacated and before the new sentence was pronounced. Neither has the State presented any evidence that records are lost, evidence missing, or witnesses unavailable as was done in Sattler. In fact, part of the record on appeal are the police reports made during the investigation of the homicide.
“The generally accepted rule is that in order to receive favorable consideration an application to withdraw a plea of guilty should be made within a reasonable time.” State v. Nance, 120 Mont. at 165, 184 P.2d at 561. Section 95-1902, R.C.M.1947, now section 46-16-105(2) MCA, provides that withdrawal may be made “[a]t any time before or after judgment.” In State v. McBane, 128 Mont, at 377, 275 P.2d at 222, Justice Freebourn specially concurred stating:
“Being guaranteed the right to a trial by jury, there is no sound reason, since the state gives up nothing, why a defendant charged with a felony should be denied the ‘sacred’ right to a trial by jury, where after plea of guilty but before the commencement of his sentence he demands such right.”
Huttinger’s motion, made before final sentencing and before he actually started serving his sentence, was timely.
Plea bargaining. In exchange for Huttinger’s plea of guilty to the charge of deliberate homicide, the Cascade County Attorney agreed to a dismissal of a charge of aggravated kidnapping although no written record of this plea bargain was made. This Court has stated many times that “ * * it will not lend its assistance to an accused criminal in escaping the obligations of his agreement after accepting the benefits thereof.’ ” State v. Sattler (1976), 170 Mont. 35, 37, 549 P.2d 1080, 1081. Accord, State v. Nance (1947), 120 Mont. at 166, 184 P.2d at 561.
■ This is undoubtedly the most troubling aspect of this appeal and is the factor weighing most strongly against allowing Huttinger to withdraw his guilty plea. We conclude, however, that it does not outweigh the other factors which favor allowing withdrawal.
This conclusion is based on several grounds. First, as noted earlier, immediately after entry of his guilty plea, Huttinger was sent to Warm Springs State Hospital for psychiatric evaluation and treatment. He remained at Warm Springs for over six months before being sentenced. After sentencing, Huttinger was transferred to Warm Springs for further, treatment. He is now in Warm Springs pending this appeal. In all, since July 1976 when he was first charged, Huttinger has spent nine months in the State Hospital and only six months in the State Prison. Therefore, there is now, and there was at the time of his guilty plea, a serious question as to Huttinger’s competency to enter into any plea bargain.
Second, at the hearing on the motion to withdraw his guilty plea, Huttinger and his adoptive parents both testified that the possibility of a defense based on mental disease or defect was not presented or discussed by either of his appointed counsel. While this testimony was contradicted by testimony from the attorneys involved, it does raise a question as to whether Huttinger was satisfied with the competency of his attorney. This goes to the issue of whether Huttinger was aware of all his options before entering into the plea bargain. As noted earlier, whether the defendant was satisfied with his attorney’s competency is one of the areas that should be investigated by the District Court at the time it accepts a guilty plea. State v. Lewis, 582 P.2d at 352. This investigation was not undertaken by the District Court in this case.
Similarly, nowhere does it appear that Huttinger was advised of the fact that he could introduce evidence in mitigation of the deliberate homicide charge. He was not informed, in a sense, of all the elements of the plea bargaining arrangement. It is conceivable that had he known that the deliberate homicide charge, carrying a maximum term of 100 years of perhaps death, could have possibly been reduced by the introduction of mitigating circumstances to mitigated deliberate homicide carrying a maximum of 40 years, Huttinger might have decided not to enter into the plea bargain. See, State v. Azure, supra.
We emphasize again that doubts in cases involving motions to withdraw a guilty plea should be resolved in favor of allowing withdrawal and trial on the merits. Taking all the factors involved in this case and resolving doubts in favor of the defendant, we conclude that the District Court abused its discretion in refusing to allow Huttinger to withdraw his guilty plea.
The judgment of the District Court is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL and JUSTICES SHEA and SHEEHY concur.
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MR. JUSTICE METCALF:
The decedent, Catherine Harper, was the insured under three endowment insurance contracts, all of which matured during her lifetime. All three contracts are alike in so far as the question here presented is concerned. One of the policies which will be used as an example matured as an endowment -policy on August 30, 1944. Mrs. Harper became entitled to the face value of $10,000 plus $811 accrued dividends. Under the terms of her policy she could be paid in one lump sum or she could exercise any one of four designated optional modes of settlement. She chose to exercise Option 1: “By the Company’s holding the proceeds as a principal sum payable at the death of the payee, the Company meanwhile paying monthly interest (with a final interest payment to the date of such death) at three per cent a year plus participation in excess interest at such rate as the Company may determine for each year.”
A supplementary contract was issued by the company designating contingent payees to receive the principal sums upon the death of the primary payee; permitting Mrs. Harper to designate other contingent payees in the event of the prior death of the named payees and providing for withdrawal of the fund at Mrs. Harper’s pleasure.
Mrs. Harper died on October 19, 1947, and the principal sum of $10,811, together with accrued interest of $44.07 was paid to the contingent payees.
The proceeds of these three supplementary contracts were omitted from the final, report and petition to have inheritance tax determined and the state board of equalization objected. The answer of the administratrix asserted that the proceeds were insurance and therefore exempt under R. C. M. 1947, section 91-4406, as interpreted by In re Fligman’s Estate, 113 Mont. 505, 129 Pac. (2d) 627.
The trial court overruled the state’s objections and issued its order determining tax, refusing to tax the proceeds from the endowment policies. From this order the state has appealed.
The question is whether the proceeds of life insurance policies which have matured as endowments, and which are left with the insurance company at a fixed rate of interest in accordance with one of the optional modes of settlement, are within the insurance exemption of section 91-4406, supra.
This court in Re Fligman’s Estate, supra, held that annuity contracts,are within the insurance exemption. Counsel for the respondents insist that the supplementary contracts at bar are annuities and therefore under that decision exempt.
However, an examination of the contracts discloses that the Fligman case is not in point.
The Fligman case was concerned with “Single Premium Annuity ’ ’ contracts. Two of the contracts were 1 ‘ Refund Annuity ’ ’ contracts. The third was a contract for a life annuity beginning at the age of 65 taken out when the annuitant was 56. Fligman died before he reached the retirement age and the payment to his beneficiaries was under a “death benefit” proviso in the policy.
In the instant case we are concerned with an entirely different contract. In an annuity contract there is a fixed annual return in “periodic payments which represent a combined return of capital and interest. ’ ’ Igleheart v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 7 Cir., 174 F. (2d) 605, 607. The “Annuity has as its basic function the systematic liquidation of the principal. ’ ’ Ibid, 174 F. (2d) at page 606, citing Huebner Life Insurance, pp. 154, 155.
A life annuity is based on the life expectancy of the recipient so that if he lives out his expectancy he will receive the entire principal sum plus interest. Each annual payment is partly a return of capital and partly interest on the capital retained.
In the instant case Mrs. Harper receives an annual interest but the principal sum is unimpaired. No matter what her life expectancy she received a fixed three per cent interest and at her death the named beneficiaries receive the principal intact. There was never a return of any part of the principal invested. The capital was never depleted. The return of some part of the principal investment is the characteristic that distinguishes an interest contract from an annuity contract. Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Meyer, 6 Cir., 139 F. (2d) 256.
At the time these endowment policies matured Mrs. Harper could have received the amount in a single sum. She could have withdrawn it and invested it in bonds, put it in a savings account or bought other property. She would have received a greater or less return depending upon the risk. Instead she elected to exercise the option of leaving the entire amount to which she was entitled with the company. The payment for the detention of the money was interest and not an annuity. R. C. M. 947, sec. 47-122; Blum v. Higgins, D. C., 57 F. Supp. 140.
While it is not exactly correct to say that she constructively received the maturity value of the endowment policies, Blum v. Higgins, D. C., 57 F. Supp. 140, 143, the effect after exercising the option of leaving the money with the company on interest is to make an investment at that rate. Blum v. Higgins, 2 Cir., 150 F. (2d) 471, 160 A. L. R. 1093. The life insurance part of the contract is at an end. The primary payee could leave the money with the company indefinitely or she could withdraw it at any time she chose. This is in effect a liquid investment at interest and the equivalent of an equal sum of cash. Blum v. Higgins, 2 Cir., 150 F. (2d) 471, 160 A. L. R. 1093.
Since this was an investment at interest during Mrs. Harper’s lifetime and only passed to the named contingent benefici aries upon ber death, it was a transfer intended to take effect at or after death and should be taxed as such.
The order determining the inheritance tax is reversed and the cause remanded to the district court with directions to include the proceeds of the three supplementary insurance contracts in the decedent’s estate and assess the tax accordingly.
ME. CHIEF JUSTICE ADAIE and ASSOCIATE JUSTICES ANGSTMAN, FEEEBOUEN and BOTTOMLY concur.
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Plaintiff appeals from an adverse judgment in an action to cancel a lease following a nonjury trial in the District Court of Lewis and Clark County.
The Prairie County State Grazing District was created pursuant to the Grass Conservation Act, section 46-2301 et seq. R.C.M. 1947, now section 76-16-101 et seq. MCA. In conserving Montana’s rangeland resources, the Grazing District procures available land and allocates it to its members for use in their individual farming or ranching businesses. It does not use the land itself.
Under a 1965 lease, the Grazing District was the lessee of a tract of state land lying within Prairie County. This land was allocated to David Hess and two other individuals who used it for their personal ranching enterprises.
In early 1975 with the termination of the lease, the Department of State Lands, acting on behalf of the Montana Board of Land Commissioners, requested competitive bids for the lease of the tract. Appellant submitted the only bid. It was based on a 26% crop share with a guaranteed minimum of $2,000 per year. After appellant’s bid was opened, an administrative hearing was held where the Grazing District challenged it as unreasonable. The Department determined the bid to be bona fide and the highest bid received.
The Grazing District, as the existing lessee, was holder of a preference right under section 81-405(1), R.C.M.1947, now section 77-6-205(1) MCA which provides:
“If other applications have been received, the holder of the lease has the preference right to lease the land covered by his former lease by meeting the highest bid made by any other applicant.
The right was exercised and the new lease was awarded to the Grazing District. In the summer of 1975 the land was subleased to David Hess.
Appellant sought to have the lease and sublease set aside and to have the District Court order the Department of State Lands to award the lease to him. His basic argument, both at trial and on appeal, is that the preference right unconstitutionally prevents the State from obtaining full market value for the land. We limit our decision to the facts of this case and hold the preference statute to have been unconstitutionally applied.
The proposition that public land is held in trust for the people is well settled. State ex rel. Thompson v. Babcock (1966), 147 Mont. 46, 54, 409 P.2d 808; Toomey v. State Board of Land Commissioners (1938), 106 Mont. 547, 559, 81 P.2d 407. The State Board of Land Commissioners, acting through the Department of State Lands must adhere to a fiduciary standard somewhat higher than that of the oridinary businessman. State ex rel. Thompson v. Babcock 147 Mont. at 54, 409 P.2d 808. In addition, this “trust-like” standard is constutionally defined.
“No land or any estate or interest therein shall ever be disposed of except in pursuance of general laws providing for such disposition, or until the full market value of the estate or interest disposed of, to be ascertained in such manner as may be provided by law, has been paid or safely secured to the state.” 1972 Mont.Const., Art. X § 11(2) See Also 1889 Mont. Const. Art. XVII, § 1. (Emphasis supplied.)
The legislature is thus given authority to determine the method by which full market value is ascertained. The statutes dealing with the leasing of state land will pass constitutional muster as long as the concept of full market value is nor abrogated. Rider v. Cooney (1933), 94 Mont. 295, 310, 23 P.2d 261.
In exercising its constitutional authority, the legislature has provided that full market value shall encompass the concept of sustained yield. Section 81-401, R.C.M.1947, now section 77-6-101 MCA. Sustained yield is the policy which favors the long term pro ductivity of the land over the short term return of income. State ex rel. Thompson v. Babcock, supra.
The preference right seeks to further this policy by inducing the State’s lessees to follow good agricultural practices and make improvements on the land. This is accomplished by guaranteeing that the lessees will not lose the benefits of their endeavors by being outbid when their leases terminate. They are preferred and may renew their leases by meeting the highest bid submitted.
Where the preference right does not further the policy of sustained yield, it cannot be given effect. In such a situation, full market value can be obtained only by pure competitive bidding. Here, the Grazing District, the holder of the preference right, does not even use the land; it cannot use good agricultural practices or make improvements thereon. Likewise, the actual user of the land, who as a member of the Grazing District is prevented from bidding on the lease, is not motivated to further the policy of sustained yield, there is no guarantee the Grazing District will exercise its preference right and moreover, if it does, the actual user is not assured the land will be allocated to him.
To allow the preference right to be exercised in this case would be to install the Grazing District as the trustee of the land. It, rather than the Department of State Lands, would decide who will occupy the land but it would not be bound by a constitutional or fiduciary duty. Under such a scheme, the policy of sustained yield would have no place.
To allow an existing lessee who does not use the land to exercise a preference right constitutes an unconstitutional application of the preference right statute, section 81-405(1), R.C.M. 1947, now section 77-6-205(1) MCA. The only way full market value can be obtained in such a situation is by pure competitive bidding.
Accordingly, the judgment of the District Court is reversed.
MR. JUSTICES DALY, SHEA, HARRISON and SHEEHY concur.
|
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JUSTICE HUNT
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Appellant, Swandal Ranch Company, appeals the November 1994 judgment of the Sixth Judicial District Court, Park County, granting Park County a prescriptive easement to ‘Wallrock Road.”
We affirm.
The sole issue raised on appeal is: did the District Court err in concluding that Park County had established a county road through the Swandal Ranch by prescriptive use?
FACTS
The Swandal Ranch Company (SRC) owns Sections 29 and 30, Township 4 North, Range 8 East, in Park County, Montana. The predecessors to SRC, Neis and Thora Swandal, acquired title to the land in 1946. In 1993, SRC commenced action to quiet title to a stretch of roadway on the ranch, which is commonly referred to as Wallrock Road.
Wallrock Road begins at Highway 89, about three miles north of Wilsall, Montana, and continues through the Swandal Ranch in Sections 29 and 30 until it reaches a point in neighboring Gallatin County. Sometime between 1990 and 1992, SRC began locking a gate at the entrance of its land on Wallrock Road.
SRC then began proceedings to quiet title to Wallrock Road against the Park County Commissioners and Park County (Park Comity). Park County answered SRC’s complaint by asserting that the county had established a public easement through prescriptive use and pursuant to the statutory process. According to SRC’s brief, prior to trial SRC moved for summary judgment on Park County’s claim of an easement by statutory process and the District Court granted the motion. The issue of the county’s claim to an easement by statutory process has not been raised in this appeal.
The owners of the property adjoining SRC’s land, Robert H. Burns and family (Burns), were granted permission to intervene as defendants. The Burns alleged they held a private easement to Wallrock Road based on prescriptive use.
A bench trial was held in August 1994. Witnesses testified that Wallrock Road was used by area landowners, hunters, loggers, and recreationists. Park County introduced the maintenance records for Wallrock Road. A Park County employee testified that the county had maintained the road from 1956 to 1989, this included installing a culvert in the mid-1950’s. Maintenance ceased after SRC began locking the gate to the entrance of the ranch.
Other evidence included area maps that identified Wallrock Road as a county road. Park County also presented a 1950 declaration by Park County Commissioners that Wallrock was a county road, and the subsequent publication of the Commissioners’ meeting minutes containing this declaration in a local newspaper.
Following the trial, the District Court concluded that the Burns had not established a prescriptive easement to the road, but that Park County had. Judgment was entered and Wallrock Road was declared a Park County road.
SRC appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A district court’s findings of fact will not be set aside unless they are clearly erroneous. Rule 52(a), M.R.Civ.P.; Glenn v. Grosfield (1995), [274 Mont. 192], 906 P.2d 201, 202. Conclusions of law by a district court are reviewed to determine whether the tribunal’s interpretation of the law is correct. Public Lands Access, Inc. v. Boone and Crockett (1993), 259 Mont. 279, 283, 856 P.2d 525, 527.
DISCUSSION
Did the District Court err in concluding that Park County had established a county road through the Swandal Ranch by prescriptive use?
On appeal, SRC argues that Park County’s claim of a prescriptive easement to Wallrock Road fails for two reasons. First, SRC contends Park County failed to prove the element of adversity necessary to establish a prescriptive easement. Second, SRC alleges that the public use of Wallrock Road was permissive and therefore could not ripen into prescriptive use.
In Montana, a prescriptive easement is created by operation of the law. See Woods v. Houle (1988), 235 Mont. 158, 160-62, 766 P.2d 250, 252. To establish either a public or private easement by prescription, the party claiming the easement must show “open, notorious, exclusive, adverse, continuous and uninterrupted use of the easement claimed for the full statutory period. The statutory period is five years.” Section 70-19-404, MCA; Unruh v. Tash (1995), 271 Mont. 246, 250, 896 P.2d 433, 435. The elements of prescriptive easement have been defined through case law. See Rappold v. Durocher (1993), 257 Mont. 329, 849 P.2d 1017; Lemont Land Corp. v. Rogers (1994), 269 Mont. 180, 887 P.2d 724.
In prior cases, this Court has discussed the public acquisition of a prescriptive easement to a private road:
That the public may acquire the right by prescription to pass over private land is undisputed and such is the law in Montana. To establish the existence of a public road by prescription it must be shown that the public followed a fixed and definite course continuously and uninterruptedly for the prescribed statutory period together with an assumption of control and adverse to the owner...
Granite County v. Komberec (1990), 245 Mont. 252, 257, 800 P.2d 166, 169.
SRC first contests the District Court’s findings and conclusions with respect to the requirement of adversity. Specifically, SRC argues that the evidence presented by Park County failed to prove the element of adversity.
In order for a claim to be adverse, “the use of the alleged easement must be exercised under a claim of right and not as a mere privilege or license revocable at the pleasure of the owner of the land; such claim must be known to, and acquiesced in by, the owner of the land.” Rappold, 849 P.2d at 1019 (citing Keebler v. Harding (1991), 247 Mont. 518, 521, 807 P.2d 1354, 1356-57).
In support of its argument, SRC argues that evidence regarding the declaration of Wallrock Road as a county road was misconstrued by the District Court. This evidence was used by the District Court in Finding of Fact No. 58:
That the action of the Park County Commissioners specifically declaring that portion of the Wallrock Road traversing Sections 29 and 30 of Township 4 North, Range 8 East as a county road on October 3, 1950, and published in the Livingston Enterprise on Monday, November 27, 1950, a newspaper of general circulation in Park County, was sufficient to give the Plaintiffs and their predecessors in interest, actual knowledge of the adverse use and hostile claim of Park County...
SRC contends that the County Commissioner’s 1950 declaration of Wallrock Road as a county road and the subsequent publication of its meeting minutes in the local newspaper were not intended to assert an adverse claim to Wallrock Road. Instead, SRC contends that the Commissioners made the 1950 declaration merely to facilitate a related land purchase, and that the Commissioners did not intend to put the affected landowners on notice of an adverse claim.
Park County has conceded that the October, 1950 action by the County Commissioners was legally inadequate to create a county road through the statutory process. Park County’s claim to statutory easement was dismissed by partial summary judgment prior to trial, and has not been raised for review on this appeal.
In spite of this, the evidence regarding the 1950 declaration and subsequent publication of the minutes is relevant to a claim of prescriptive easement. Regardless of the intent of the Commissioners, this evidence can be used to support a finding that SRC had knowledge of Park County’s adverse claim to Wallrock Road in 1950.
Next, SRC argues the evidence of the maintenance of Wallrock Road was intermittent and nonexclusive, and therefore does not support the element of adversity.
However, the record indicates that the maintenance was not “intermittent” rather, that it was performed on a regular basis every year. While the records were not available for the entire period from 1950 to 1992, a Park County employee, Robert Youngberg, testified that he had either graded or directed the maintenance of Wallrock Road to the Gallatin County line from 1956 until his retirement in 1989. The county discontinued maintenance only after SRC began locking the gate to the entrance to the ranch on Wallrock Road. Additional evidence established that Park County had improved the road by installing a culvert on Wallrock Road in Section 29 in the mid-1950’s.
Furthermore, the 1950 declaration and records of road maintenance represent only a portion of Park County’s evidence supporting the element of adversity. Park County provided other evidence indicating adverse use. Several witnesses testified that the road was used to support logging and timber hauling, provide access to seasonal residences, and to haul livestock. The county presented several maps, including a “Clerk Recorders Map” of 1936, and a 1960 State of Montana document entitled “Montana County Maps,” both of which delineate the road through Sections 29 and 30 as a Park County road.
A District Court’s findings of fact must be supported by substantial evidence, which is the amount of relevant evidence a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Wallace v. Department of Fish, Wildlife & Parks (1995), 269 Mont. 364, 371, 889 P.2d 817, 822. In this case, a review of the entire record provides the necessary relevant evidence to support the District Court’s finding of adversity. Therefore, we conclude that Park County did not fail in proving the element of adversity in its claim to a prescriptive easement.
SRC’s second contention is that the use of Wallrock Road was permissive and could not be subject to a prescriptive easement. In Montana, if an owner shows permissive use, no easement can be acquired since the theory of prescriptive use is based on adverse use. Public Lands, 856 P.2d at 527.
Once the party seeking the easement has established all of the elements of prescriptive easement the burden is then on the owner to show that the use was permissive. See Rathbun v. Robson (1983), 203 Mont. 319, 322, 661 P.2d 850, 852; Warnack v. Coneen Family Trust (1994), 266 Mont. 203, 879 P.2d 715. In this case, SRC does not contest the other elements for establishing a prescriptive easement besides the element of adversity. Having previously determined that the District Court’s conclusion of adversity was a correct interpretation of the law, it becomes SRC’s burden to establish that the use of the road was permissive. Rathbun, 661 P.2d at 852.
In support of this contention, SRC argues that it was local custom and accommodation for neighbors to pass freely over one another’s property. In Montana, neighborly accommodation and courtesy are permissive in nature and therefore the use cannot be construed as adverse. Public Lands, 856 P.2d at 528. SRC argues that witnesses, including the Burns and the Swandals agree that the shared use of the road was an agreeable neighborly practice.
In contrast, Park County presented members of the general public, besides the neighboring Burns, who testified that they had not sought permission from SRC to use Wallrock Road. Furthermore, Park County argued that prior to the annual maintenance of Wallrock Road, county employees did not contact the Swandals for permission to grade the road. Park County also argues that SRC’s theory of “neighborly accommodation” does not apply in this situation because Park County is not claiming a private prescriptive easement. Therefore, by its very nature, “neighborly accommodation” is not relevant.
At trial, both sides presented evidence as to whether use of the road was permissive or adverse. A review of the record shows that Park County submitted substantial evidence to show the use of the road was not permissive, this Court has held that a district court sitting as a fact finder, is in the best position to determine whether use was permissive or adverse. Granite, 800 P.2d at 169.
The District Court found and we agree that the substantial evidence supports a finding that the use of Wallrock Road was not neighborly accommodation, and was therefore not permissive.
Affirmed.
CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE, JUSTICES TRIEWEILER, LEAPHART and ERDMANN concur.
|
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MR. JUSTICE DOYLE
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from the District Court of the Second Judicial District, in and for the County of Silver Bow and from a decree made by the Honorable T. E. Downey, one of the judges of that court on March 28, 1961. This judgment quieted title to a house and lot in Silver Bow County and the defendant was summarily denied the right to make any appearance.
The facts are briefly that on February 19, 1960, Gertrude P. Van Orden, a widow, executed a grant deed to the Widows and Orphans Home, Veterans of Foreign Wars of Eaton Rapids, Michigan. The deed was notarized as by law provided.
Gertrude P. Van Orden died intestate on April 19, 1960, and the deed in question was filed for record on May 31, 1960, and recorded in the book of deeds in Silver Bow County.
On May 6, 1960, Montana L. Williams was appointed admin istratrix of the estate of Gertrude P. Van Orden and she filed a quiet title action which included the land described in the grant deed on October 5, 1960. The affidavit for publication of summons is dated October 6, 1960, and recites on its face that its purpose is for procuring a “decree of court to cancel, rescind and declare null and void a certain purported deed from Gertrude P. Van Orden to the Widows and Orphans Home, Veterans of Foreign Wars of Baton Rapids, Michigan.”
On November 15, 1960, and within the time allowed by the statutes, John W. Mahan, Attorney in Helena, Montana, appeared by demurrer, as follows:
“Comes now the defendant, Veterans of Foreign Wars National Home, a Michigan corporation, and demurs to the complaint on file herein on the grounds and for the reason that the same fails to state a cause of action against the defendant, Veterans of Foreign Wars National Home, or at aH.”
On November 22, 1960, a praecipe was filed for the default of all of the defendants named in the canse of action for failure to appear or answer. On the same day an entry of default judgment was made against the Widows and Orphans Home, Veterans of Foreign Wars of Baton Rapids, Michigan, by the clerk of the District Court of Silver Bow County.
On November 28, 1960, an affidavit of disqualification was filed against the Honorable T. B. Downey, then the presiding judge by the defendant corporation.
On November 29, 1960, a motion was filed by the plaintiffs’ attorneys to strike the affidavit of disqualification submitted to the court without argument and taken under advisement. The court on March 24, 1961, granted the motion to strike the affidavit of disqualification and overruled the demurrer without leave to further plead. On March 28, 1961, the court heard testimony and made and entered a decree quieting title to. the property described in the complaint, which decree recites among other things that the defendant herein failed to demur, answer or otherwise plead or appear in said action within the time allowed by law, and the decree further cancelled, rescinded, held null and void and no force and effect the deed dated February 19, 1960, wherein the deceased Gertrude P. Van Orden conveyed title to real property to the Widows and Orphans Home, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Baton Rapids, Michigan, and gave title to the plaintiffs herein. From this decree quieting title and holding for naught the grant deed in question, the defendant has appealed.
There are three specifications of error relied upon.- (1) That the District Court erred in striking the affidavit of disqualification filed in said cause by John W. Mahan, as attorney for the Veterans of Foreign Wars National Home; (2) that the District Court erred in striking the demurrer of the defendant and appellant, Veterans of Foreign Wars National Home, from the file; and (3) that the District Court erred in granting the decree of qniet title on the hereinbefore described real property in favor of the plaintiffs and respondents.
To quote in its entirety the affidavit of disqualification under section 93-901, R.C.M.1947, as amended, would unnecessarily lengthen this opinion but it is the opinion of this court that the Honorable T. B. Downey lost all jurisdiction of this cause on November 28, 1960, except as to the arrangement of the calendar and the power of calling in another district judge to sit and act in the proceedings. This disposes of the first specification of error. See State ex rel. Coleman v. District Court, 120 Mont. 372, 186 P.2d 91.
As to the second specification, section 93-3301, R.C.M.1947, states:
“When defendant may demur. The defendant may demur to the complaint within the time required in the summons to answer, when it appears upon the face thereof, either: * * *
“6. That the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action * *
The defendant did appear in the action to answer the published summons and did demur to the said cause of action with particular reference to that part of the quiet title statute (R.C.M.1947, § 93-6204) “all persons, known or unknown, claiming, or who might claim, any right, title, estate, or interest in, or lien or encumbrance upon, the real property described in the complaint, or any thereof, adverse to plaintiff’s ownership, or any cloud upon the plaintiff’s title thereto, whether such claim or possible claim be present or contingent, including any claim or possible claim of dower, inchoate, or accrued.” It would appear that the scrivener of the deed made an error in misnaming the Widows and Orphans Home, Veterans of Foreign Wars, of Eaton Rapids, Michigan, whereas the specific legal name is “Veterans of Foreign Wars National Home, a Michigan Corporation”. This misnomer is one of the reasons for this matter being before this court.
R.C.M.1947, § 93-2828, states:
“When other parties must he brought in. The court may determine any controversy between parties before it, when it can be done without prejudice to the rights of others, or by saving their rights; but when a complete determination of the controversy cannot be had without the presence of other parties, the court must then order them to be brought in. And when, in an action for the recovery of real or personal property, a person not a party to the action, but having an interest in the subject thereof, makes application to the court to be made a party, it may order him to be brought in, by the proper amendment.”
If the plaintiffs were unaware of the existence of the Michigan Corporation which was the defendant herein, the plaintiffs should have asked for a continuance and framed pleadings to bring in the corporate defendant, or under this section bring them in by order of the Court. See Board of Railway Com’rs. v. Reed, 102 Mont. 382, 58 P.2d 271.
The Colorado Supreme Court in Mulvey v. San Juan Metals Corporation, 102 Colo. 1, 7, 75 P.2d 1044, 1046, was confronted with nearly the identical situation. That court speaking:
“* * * One of the grounds for striking defendant’s answer was that he was not a party. If he appeared in response to the published summons, he at once became a party as named and designated by the Code. It speaks of such persons in no other terms than as those who may be thus made parties to such actions. Regardless of what Mulvey’s status might have been technically termed, he was a person before the court claiming an interest. He was not required to obtain leave to defend; he was summoned for that purpose. A summons was published, directed as much to him, if he appeared, as though he had been named therein. The command of the summons was that he appear and defend or judgment would be taken against him as on default. When defendant appeared and did the thing required, and as summoned, plaintiff, who was seeking to have all such interests as defendant claimed adjudicated, at the same time contended that he had no right to appear and answer, but was required to do something different or follow some other procedure. The glaring inconsistency of plaintiff’s position defeats the sincerity of its intentions. ’ ’ Emphasis supplied.
It was error to strike the demurrer and the contention by the plaintiffs that the defendant is required to intervene is not well-taken in law.
The trial judge was without jurisdiction after the filing of the affidavit of disqualification and the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded to the District Court with directions to call in another judge to assume jurisdiction.
It is so ordered.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON and MR. JUSTICES ADAIR and JOHN C. HARRISON concur.
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MR. JUSTICE JOHN C. HARRISON,
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
A summary judgment rendered in favor of a third party defendant was the prelude to this appeal.
On June 25, 1964, an employee of the respondent while in the course of his employment was electrocuted when a drill rig he was operating came in contact with the appellant’s power line. The deceased employee, Jacob Lesofski, had been employed by the respondent as a powder man to drill and blast rock in the construction of the highway. During the construction, the appellant utility company was required to relocate its power lines due to the relocation of the highway. At the time of the accident, Lesofski moved his drill rig to a rock outcropping located beneath and to the north of appellant’s power line. At that time the power line was not energized, but Lesofski was told by one of appellant’s foremen that the line would soon be re-energized and that he, Lesofski, should stay away from the conductor. At that time Lesofski said he would do so, and he told appellant’s foreman that the next (and last) hole he had to drill was some distance from and beneath the power line. About an hour after this conversation the power line was re-energized for a short time and it then went off. It was then discovered by one of appellant’s employees that the top six inches of the drill rig boom, extended vertically, was touching the power line. Lesofski’s body was discovered near the compressor, which was operated by the drill rig, and the investigation showed his abdomen had come in contact with the air compressor during the time the line had been energized causing his electrocution. The respondent, John Paola, Inc., a corporation, carried workmen’s compensation as provided by Title 92, R.C.M.1947, and fully discharged its obligations to the beneficiaries of the employee.
Thereafter, the widow of the deceased, in her own right and as guardian ad litem for her children, brought an action against the appellant claiming damages. Prior to the trial of the damage action, and nearly a year and one-half after the commencement of the law suit, the appellant filed a third-party complaint against the respondent seeking money damages for the cost of the defense and for any award or settlement incurred or made in the suit by the widow. This third-party complaint was based upon an indemnity agreement in a contract between respondent and the State Highway Commission for the road project on which deceased was working at the time of his death. Respondent refused to defend the case which was thereafter settled by the appellant who obtained a release from the widow and reserved its third-party claim against the respondent.
The only issue for this court’s determination is whether the appellant has a claim under the 1962 Road and Bridge Specifications of the Montana Highway Department contract.
The respondent at the time of the accident, was under contract with the State Highway Commission to construct a portion of the Sleeping Child Hot Springs road south of Ham ilton, Montana. The contract provisions relating to the indemnity clauses are part of the standard specifications common to all highway construction projects which are set forth in a pamphlet of 460 pages divided into 97 different sections. The pertinent provisions of the specifications are found in Article 07.16 (A) and provide:
“(A) General. When and where the contractor’s operations are adjacent to or in the same area as the properties, underground service facilities and other service lines, and particularly gas lines and cables carrying high voltage electrical current, belonging to public utility companies or other persons, or are adjacent to other property which might be damaged resulting in considerable repair expense, work shall not be commenced until an arrangements necessary for the protection thereof have been made. * * * The contractor and his surety shall be solely and directly responsible to the owners and operators of such properties for any damage, injury, expense, loss, inconvenience or delay, or for any suits, actions, or claims of any character brought on account of any injuries or damages which may result from the carrying out of the work to be done under any contract and, if required by The Commission, he and his subcontractors shall furnish Protective Public Liability and Property Damage insurance to each corporation, company, partnership, or individual owning or operating any of the properties affected, in guarantee of this responsibility.”
It is the position of the- appellant utility company that this indemnity clause was for the benefit of the deceased workman.
This court has long recognized the legality of indemnity clauses and that they should be liberally construed in favor of the party intended to be indemnified. Western Construction Equipment Co. v. Mosby’s Inc., 146 Mont. 313, 406 P.2d 165; Union Electric Co. v. Lovell Livestock Co., 93 Mont. 577, 20 P.2d 255; Gary Hay & Grain Co. v. Carlson, 79 Mont. 111, 255 P. 722.
It should be noted however that in this case the respondent had no contract of any sort with the appellant; nor had there been any bargaining by the appellant against its own negligence between the parties. To contend that we should liberally construe the contract of respondent with the State Highway Commission to include the appellant’s negligent acts would in our opinion annul the recognized rule that to indemnify a party against his own negligence it must be expressed in “clear and unequivocal terms.”
Further considering the language of section 07.16(A), here relied upon by the appellant, it should be noted that the very beginning sentences of the Specifications refers to the respondent’s own negligence. Obviously, what is intended by the language of the Specifications is that the respondent is responsible for any damages to any property or persons that occur in the course of the construction. This clearly calls for insurance on the part of the respondent to cover personal injuries and death claims and property damage coverage, and cannot be liberally construed to cover appellant under the facts present in this ease, absent “clear and unequivocal” language which would have given them that coverage.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON, and MR. JUSTICES HASWELL, ADAIR and CASTLES, concur.
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ORDER
On October 21, 1985 the petitioner, the State Bar of Montana, filed in this Court its petition for the adoption of an Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts Program (IOLTA) through the vehicle of amendments to Rule 1.15 of The Rules of Professional Conduct adopted by this Court on June 6, 1985.
As set forth in its petition, the State Bar of Montana has held meetings with local bar associations throughout the state explaining the IOLTA program, the Board of Trustees has unanimously endorsed the program, and the program was submitted to a vote of the membership of the State Bar after notice at its annual meeting in June of 1985 where it was approved by an overwhelmingly affirmative vote. The Court has been advised that IOLTA programs have been adopted in more than two thirds of the states.
According, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED:
1. By and under the authority vested in the Supreme Court of the State of Montana in Article VII, Section 2 (3) of the Constitution of the State of Montana, we do hereby adopt and promulgate amendments to Rule 1.15 of the Rules of Professional Conduct attached hereto establishing an Interest On Lawyer Trust Accounts Program (IOLTA).
2. The amendments hereby adopted shall be in force as of the date of this Order.
3. A copy of this Order shall be published in the Montana Reports as soon as practically possible; the Clerk of this Court shall forward a copy of said Order and Rules to each district judge in the State of Montana, and to each clerk of the District Court of the State of Montana; the Clerk shall further send a copy of these Rules to each federal district judge sitting in the District of Montana and to the Clerk of the United States District Court. A copy shall also be furnished to the State Bar of Montana at its office in Helena, Montana; and the State Bar of Montana shall publish a copy of the Order in The Montana Lawyer as soon as practically possible.
We direct the Clerk of this Court to furnish to West Publishing Company a copy of this Order with a request that the Order be published in the Pacific Reporter, both advance sheets and permanent bound volumes, in accordance with the custom followed by West Publishing Company. In addition, we direct the Clerk of this Court to furnish to State Reporter a copy of this Order with the request that the Order be published in the State Reporter in accordance with its custom.
DATED this 31st day of October, 1985.
s/J.A. Turnage, Chief Justice s/John Conway Harrison, Justice s/Fred J. Weber, Justice s/Frank B. Morrison, Justice s/John C. Sheehy, Justice s/L.C. Gulbrandson, Justice s/William E. Hunt, Sr., Justice
AMENDMENTS TO RULE 1.15 RELATING TO SAFEKEEPING PROPERTY, OF THE SUPREME COURT OF MONTANA’S RULES GOVERNING THE STATE BAR OF MONTANA
RULE 1.15 Safekeeping Property
(d) Nothing in these Rules shall prohibit a lawyer or law firm from placing clients’ funds which are nominal in amount or to be held for a short period of time in one or more interest-bearing accounts for the benefit of the charitable purposes of a Court-approved Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program.
(e) (1) Unless an election not to do so is submitted in accordance with the procedure set forth in subsection (5) of this Rule, a lawyer or law firm with which the lawyer is associated who receives client funds shall maintain a pooled interest-bearing depository account for deposit of client funds that are nominal in amount or expected to be held for a short period of time. Such an account shall comply with the following provisions:
(i) The account shall include only clients’ funds which are nominal in amount or are expected to be held for a short period of time.
(ii) No interest from such an account shall be made available to a lawyer or law firm.
(iii) The determination of whether clients’ funds are nominal in amount or to be held for a short period of time rests in the sound judgment of each attorney or law firm.
(iv) Notification to clients whose funds are nominal in amount or to be held for a short period of time is not required.
(2) Any interest-bearing trust account established pursuant to subsection (1) of this Rule may be established with any financial institution which is authorized by federal and state law to do business in the state in which the lawyer’s or law firm’s office is situated and which is a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, or successor agencies. Funds deposited in such accounts shall be subject to withdrawal upon request and without delay.
(3) Lawyers or law firms depositing clients funds which are nominal in amount or to be held for a short period of time in an interest-bearing depository account under subsection (1) of this Rule shall direct the depository institution:
(i) to remit interest or dividends, net of any service charges or fees, on the average monthly balance in the account, or as otherwise computed in accordance with the institution’s standard accounting practice for other depositors, at least quarterly, to the Montana Law Foundation.
(ii) to transmit with each remittance to the Montana Law Foundation a statement showing the name of the lawyer or law firm for whom the remittance is sent and the rate of interest applied.
(3) The Montana Law Foundation shall maintain records of each remittance and statement received from depository institutions for a period of at least three years and shall, upon request, promptly make available to a lawyer or law firm the records and statements pertaining to that lawyer’s or law firm’s account.
(4) All interest transmitted to the Montana Law Foundation shall, after deduction for the necessary and reasonable administrative expenses of the Montana Law Foundation for operation of the IOLTA program, be distributed by that entity for the following purposes:
(i) providing legal services to the poor of Montana, who would otherwise be unable to obtain legal assistance;
(ii) promoting a knowledge and awareness of the law:
(iii) improving the administration of justice; and
(iv) for the reasonable costs of administration of interest earned on clients’ trust accounts under this Rule.
The Montana Law Foundation shall have authority to make distributions for the above-enumerated purposes in whatever proportions it deems appropriate.
(5)(i) A Lawyer or law firm that elects to decline to maintain accounts described in subsection (1) of this Rule for the twelve months following the effective date of this Rule shall submit a Notice of Declination in writing to the Clerk of this Court on or before December 1, 1985. Any such submission need not be renewed for any ensuing year.
(ii) Notwithstanding the foregoing, any lawyer or law firm may petition the Court at any time and for good cause shown may be granted leave to file a Notice of Declination at a time other than those specified above. An election to decline participation may be revoked at any time by filing with the Clerk of this Court a request for enrollment in the program.
(iv) A lawyer or law firm that does not file with the Clerk of this Court a Notice of Declination in accordance with the provisions of this Rule shall be required to maintain accounts in accordance with subsection (1) of this Rule.
|
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On March 26, 1992, the Defendant was sentenced to ten (10) years for Felony Assault; seven (7) years with five (5) years suspended for Criminal Endangerment; five (5) years all suspended for Felony Theft; all sentences shall be served consecutively. The Defendant is given credit for 23 days time served; three (3) years for the use of a dangerous weapon; said three (3) years is to be served consecutively with the above sentences. It was further ordered that the sentences herein are to run concurrently with the sentence in Hill County, dated March 2,1992, in Cause No. DC-91-061. Plus conditions listed in the March 26, 1993 Judgment.
On July 23,1993, the Defendant’s application for review of that sentence was heard by the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
The Defendant was present and represented himself. The state was not represented.
Before hearing the application, the Defendant was advised that the Sentence Review Division has the authority not only to reduce the sentence or affirm it, but also to increase it if such is possible. The defendant was further advised that there is no appeal from a decision of the Sentence Review Division. The defendant acknowledged that he understood this and stated that he wished to proceed.
After careful consideration, it is the unanimous decision of the Sentence Review Division that the sentence shall remain the same as originally imposed.
The reason for the decision is the sentence imposed by the District Court is presumed correct pursuant to Section 46-18-904(3), MCA. The Division finds that the reasons advanced for modification are insufficient to deem inadequate or excessive as required to overcome the presumption per Rule 17 of the Rules of the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
Hon. Thomas McKittrick, Chairman, Hon. G. Todd Baugh, and Hon. Robert Boyd, Judges
|
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PER CURIAM.
Following investigations conducted and a raid by members of the attorney general’s force accompanied by other law enforcement officers on the premises known as the “Club Lounge” the main entrance whereof is No. 14 North Main Street in Helena, Montana, Melvin E. Magnuson, Esq., the county attorney of Lewis and Clark county, on leave first granted by the district court of said county, on July 1, 1949, filed therein three separate informations against the defendant Lewis M. Saginaw charging him, with having committed the crime of misdemeanor at the above premises on three separate dates by violating the laws of the state prohibiting gambling, being district court criminal cases Nos. 2547, 2549 and 2550.
The information in the instant case, being district court case No. 2547, charges:
‘ ‘ That at the County of Lewis and Clark, in the State of Montana, on or about the 23rd day of April A. D. 1949, and before the filing of this information, the said Lewis M. Saginaw did have in his possession and under his control and did permit to be placed, maintained and kept in those certain premises commonly designated as the ‘ ‘ Club Lounge, ’ ’ the entrance to which is No. 14 North Main St., in the City of Helena, County of Lewis and Clark, State of Montana, certain gambling implements and equipment, to-wit:
“1 Black Jack Table 1 Crap Table (complete)
“1 $1.00 Slot Machine 1 Roulette Wheel
“1 $0.50 Slot Machine 1 Roulette Table
“1 $0.25 Slot Machine
“1 $0.10 Slot Machine
“1 $0.05 Slot Machine
said premises being a place where liquor is sold, contrary to the form, force and effect of the statute in such case made and provided and against the peace and dignity of the State of Montana. ’ ’
July 16, 1949, defendant was arraigned, waived the reading of the information and the statutory time in which to plead and entered a plea of “Not Guilty” to the above charge.
No trial jury was then in attendance in such court nor did either of the district judges thereafter summon any trial jury until in the spring of 1950 when a trial jury was summoned to report for duty commencing April 17, 1950.
April 4, 1950, on oral motion of defendant’s counsel, the district court, Hon. A. J. Horsky, district judge, presiding, made and caused to be entered in the minutes of the court the following order for the dismissal of district court criminal case No. 2547, viz.: “In this action defendant’s motion to dismiss came on to be heard this day. Present the state through Melvin B. Magnuson, Esq., county attorney, and defendant through counsel Sherman "W. Smith, Esq., "Whereupon said motion being submitted, court ordered that said action be and the same is dismissed upon the ground and for the reason that the above named defendant was duly subpoenaed by the Grand Jury in session in Lewis and Clark County, Montana, and that the above named defendant answered said subpoena and was duly sworn and, under oath, testified as to all of the matters and things involved in the above-entitled charge; that under Section 94-2423 of the Revised Codes of Montana of 1947, and under Section 11178 of the Revised Codes of Montana of 1935, the defendant herein is immune from prosecution and cannot be prosecuted.”
April 7, 1950, Hon. George W. Padbury, Jr., another judge of the same court, ordered that the above order so made three days previous by Judge Horsky be rescinded.
The following day, April 8, 1950, defendant’s counsel filed a written notice of motion to dismiss the information upon the grounds: (1) That defendant’s testimony before the subsequently empaneled grand jury rendered him immune from prosecution for the offense charged in the information by reason of the provisions of R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-2423, supra; and (2) that defendant had not been brought to trial within sis months after the filing of the information against him as contemplated by the provisions of R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-9501, subd. 2.
April 10, 1950, defendant’s second motion to dismiss the information came on for hearing with both Judge Horsky and Judge Padbury presiding, the minute entry of such hearing signed by both judges reading as follows: “In this action defendant’s motion to dismiss the Information herein regularly came on to be heard this day. Present Melvin E. Magnuson, Esq., county attorney, and defendant in person and by counsel Sherman W. Smith', Esq. Whereupon defendant, Lewis M. Saginaw was called, duly sworn and being on the stand ready to testify, counsel for the state interposed an objection to any testimony being received on the basis of the provisions of Section 11830, and decision on the objection was reserved until final submission of the matter. Whereupon defendant was sworn and testified that pursuant to a subpoena duly issued and served on him he appeared before the Grand Jury and testified fully and fairly as to all of the matters and things involved in the above entitled charge. Whereupon said motion and objections to introduction of testimony were submitted and taken under advisement.”
April 20, 1950, Judge Padbury made and caused to be entered in the minutes of the court an order of dismissal reading: “In this action defendant’s motion to dismiss the information herein having been heretofore heard and submitted, court ordered that said action be and the same is dismissed upon the ground and for the reason that the above-named defendant was duly subpoenaed by the Grand Jury in session in Lewis and Clark County, Montana, and that the above named defendant answered said subpoena and was duly sworn and, under oath, testified as to all the matters and things involved in the above entitled charge; that under Section 94-2423 of the Revised Codes of Montana of 1947, and under Section 11178 of the Revised Codes of 1935, the defendant herein is immune from prosecution and cannot be prosecuted.”
This is an appeal by the state from the order and judgment for the defendant dismissing the information and declaring the defendant Saginaw immune from prosecution thereunder.
The two judges of the district court of the first judicial district are of equal rank. Each is a duly elected, qualified and acting district judge of the same district court. Each has equal jurisdiction and powers and we find no authority whatever for Judge Padbury to attempt to rescind, vacate or nullify any order, decree or judgment of Judge Horsky as was attempted in the instant case.
As before stated the information was filed July 1, 1949, while the grand jury was not impaneled until July 25, 1949.
The provisions of section 94-2423 of the Revised Codes of Montana of 1947, on which the defendant and the district court rely, make no reference whatever to grand juries. They speak of persons “attending or testifying or producing * * * books, papers, documents, or * * * things, before any court or magistrate upon any investigation, proceeding or trial * * *.” They also provide that “no person shall be prosecuted «= * * for or on account of any transaction, matter or thing concerning Avhich he may so testify * * *.” (Emphasis supplied.) The words “so testify” refer and relate to testimony given before a “court or magistrate.” In construing this statute it is not the office of the judge to insert or read into the statute the words “grand jury.” See: R. C. M. 1947, sec. 93-401-15; Clark v. Olson, 96 Mont. 417, 432, 31 Pac. (2d) 283; State ex rel. Replogle v. Joyland Club, 124 Mont. 122, 220 Pac. (2d) 988.
The record before us affirmatively shows that on April 10, 1950, the defendant Saginaw, accompanied by his attorney, voluntarily appeared before the two district judges and there, over the objections of the county attorney, voluntarily testi fied concerning his appearance and testimony before the grand jury. Nowhere does the record show that the defendant, when appearing before the grand jury, made any objection to being sworn or to testifying before that body; hence, even though it should be assumed that the provisions of section 94-2423 were broad enough to include testimony before a grand jury, still the record would fail to show that defendant claimed either privilege or immunity when called before the grand jury or that in this case he is entitled to claim immunity from prosecution on the information which the county attorney had filed against him before the grand jury was either drawn, summoned or impaneled.
In People v. Lauder, 82 Mich. 109, 46 N. W. 956, 959, it was contended that because the defendant was compelled to appear before a grand jury and give testimony, the indictment against him should be abated. In denying such motion or plea the court said: “The real complaint made by the plea is that Lauder was subpoenaed to appear before the grand jury, and he appeared in obedience thereto; that he was sworn, was interrogated, and answered all questions. He states that all this was done without having the aid and advice of counsel, and ‘because he did not have the assistance of counsel to bring out all the facts and circumstances of the case ’ he testified to facts material and necessary to prove the truth of the charges. As he was not upon trial for any offense, no exception can be taken to his not having the assistance of counsel; and, as he made no objection to testifying on account of privilege, I do not see why that should be appealed to as a ground for quashing the indictment. In People v. King, 28 Cal. 265, the respondent was subpoenaed before the grand jury, and gave testimony against himself. This was made the ground of a motion to quash the indictment. In deciding this point, the court said: ‘So far as the motion was based upon the ground that the defendant had testified against himself before the grand jury is concerned, it is only necessary to say that we know of no rule of law which made it illegal for him to testify if he felt inclined to do so, nor do we know of any rule of law which makes the voluntary testimony of the defendant before the grand jury a ground for setting aside the indictment’.”
The law as stated in the above case on this point is approved and followed in People v. Butler, 221 Mich. 626, 192 N. W. 685, 687; People v. Sanford, 252 Mich. 240, 233 N. W. 192, 196; Pick v. State, 143 Md. 192, 121 A. 918, 920 (a well considered case on very similar facts); Siklek v. Commonwealth, 133 Va. 789, 112 S. E. 605, 27 A. L. R. 135; In re Lemon, 15 Cal. App. (2d) 82, 59 Pac. (2d) 213, 216.
A similar situation arose in the case of State v. Burrell, 27 Mont. 282, 70 Pac. 982, affirmed in Burrell v. State of Montana, 194 U. S. 572, 24 S. Ct. 787, 48 L. Ed. 1122, where it was held the defendant was not immune from prosecution on account of his testimony before a referee in bankruptcy.
If, as shown above, an indictment cannot be quashed upon the showing made by the defendant at the hearing on his motion to quash, it certainly would not warrant the quashing of an information filed by the county attorney against defendant, by leave of court, before the empaneling of the grand jury before whom he thereafter appeared and voluntarily testified. The court erred in dismissing the information upon the ground stated in the orders of the district court of April 4, 1949, and April 20, 1949, and such orders cannot be sustained.
The Constitution of Montana provides: That right and justice shall be administered without sale, denial or delay (Art. Ill, see. 6); that in each judicial district where two or more counties are united the judges thereof shall fix the terms of court (Art. VIII, sec. 17); that there shall be at least four terms of court a year held in each county (Art. VIII, sec. 17); and that in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right to a speedy trial (Art. Ill, sec. 16).
R. C. M. 1947, sec. 93-315, provides: “Juries for the trial of causes must be called on the first Monday of every alternate ■month, if the judge so directs, and opener if the public business requires. In each district where two or more counties are united the judge thereof must fix the term of court in each county of his district * * * and there must be at least four terms a year in each county * * * nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the calling of a special term of court, with or without a jury, when in the opinion of the presiding judge the same is necessary. * * ®” Emphasis supplied.
The county of Lewis and Clark and the county of Broad-water comprise the first judicial district of this state (R. C. M. 1947, sec. 93-301) and both the Constitution (Art. VIII, see. 17) and the Codes (R. C. M. 1947, sec. 93-315) require that there shall be at least four terms of court a year held in each county of the district.
The information herein charges a misdemeanor alleged to have been committed on or about the 23rd day of April 1949. For such an offense the county attorney was required to file a complaint or information within one year after its commission (R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-5703) and this county attorney Magnuson did.
On July 16, 1949, upon the defendant’s plea of “Not Guilty” the case was at issue and ready for trial and it become the duty of the district judges to set it down for trial on some certain day, in the order in which it appears on the calendar (R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-7013) and thereafter with reasonable dispatch, to call a jury to try the ease as required by both Constitution and statute.
The penalty that attaches for failure, neglect or omission to comply with the above mandates of the Constitution and statutes is to render the information subject to dismissal and thus permit the accused to escape the penalty of the law and thwart the law enforcement officers in the performance of their duties.
R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-9501, provides: “The court, unless good cause to the contrary is shown, must order the prosecution to be dismissed * * *. If a defendant, whose trial has not been postponed upon his application, is not brought to trial within six months after the * * * filing of the information.”- (Emphasis supplied.)
Here on July 1, 1949, the district court granted leave to the county attorney to file three separate informations against the defendant. With these three separate criminal cases pending against defendant, the district judges allowed nine months to pass after plea before causing any trial jury to attend upon the court, the first case to be tried by jury after the filing of such information having commenced on May 3, 1950.
The second ground stated in defendant’s written motion for dismissal heard on April 10, 1950, was that defendant had not been brought to trial within six months after the filing of the information (94-9501, supra). The record fails to show whether or not this ground was urged at the hearing on the motion and the court’s order of dismissal of April 20, 1950, fails to show any ruling on such second ground. These facts suggest that possibly the second ground of the written motion may have been waived by defendant or, that the court may have deemed that there was “good cause” and sufficient reason to excuse its delay in bringing the defendant to trial as authorized under certain facts and circumstances by the provisions of R. C. M. 1947, sections 94-9502 and 94-9503. As to circumstances and conditions held sufficient to justify a delay in bringing a case to trial, see 22 C. J. S., Criminal Law, sees. 471 and 472, pp. 722, 724.
Under the facts disclosed by the record before us we hold that the provisions of R. C. M. 1947, section 94-2423, do not render defendant immune from prosecution under the information herein. As to whether or not “good cause” was shown (sec. 94-9501) sufficient to justify the trial court’s failure to bring the defendant to trial within six months after the filing on July 1, 1949, of the information, the record fails to show and the district court made no finding or ruling thereon.
The order of April 20, 1950, dismissing the information is vacated and reversed and the cause is remanded to the district court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion, —remittitur to issue forthwith.
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PER CURIAM.
This is an original proceeding in which the applicants seek a supervisory writ under the provisions of Rule 17, M.R.App. Civ.P. From the application it appears that an action is pending in the respondent district court wherein the applicants are defendants and they have individually pleaded counterclaims, and cross-claims and they state that the questions here presented are of law only, that being whether the counterclaims, and cross-claims of the defendants and cross-plaintiffs are 80> related to the defense of the amended complaint filed by the-plaintiff as to be inseparable therefrom.
In the amended complaint of the plaintiff in the district court it is alleged that the defendants on May 23, 1967 ordered from plaintiff certain parts of the value of $2,115.53 to be used on an aircraft owned by the defendants; plaintiff shipped the parts, to the defendants who subsequently installed the parts on the aircraft and refused to pay for them ,and plaintiff seeks payment.
All three of the defendants by separate answers admit the ordering, value and use of the parts; two of the defendants in their counterclaims, among other things, alleged the aircraft, crashed on May 5, 1967 because of engine failure.
On December 20, 1968 plaintiff moved for a separate trial for the reason that the defendants filed counterclaims against plaintiff alleging liability of the plaintiff on matters unrelated to the claim stated in the amended complaint and that defendants filed cros-claims against two foreign corporations which cross-claims related to the liability counterclaim filed against plaintiff. That' appearance was made on behalf of plaintiff in defense of the counterclaims by counsel other than plaintiff’s original counsel by reason of liability insurance coverage of the plaintiff and that such counsel have entered appearances on behalf of the cross-defendants. Further that to require plaintiff to proceed with its amended complaint as part of the whole .action will cause plaintiff great delay and inconvenience.
On May 1, 1969 the district court granted a separate trial to plaintiff and set the trial for June 16, 1969, such trial to be limited to the issues presented by the amended complaint and answers thereto, and as to any other issues raised by the pleadings they remain a part of the main action, to be tried when the main action is tried.
Rule 42(b), M.R.Civ.P. provides:
“Separate Trials. The court in furtherance of convenience or to avoid prejudice may order a separate trial of any claims, cross-claim, counterclaim, or third-party claim, or of any separate issue or of any number of claims, cross-claims, counterclaims, third-party claims, or issues.”
At the time of the adoption of this rule it was identical with the Federal rule. The 1966 amendment of the Federal rule •added as a ground for separate trials that this “will be conducive to expedition and economy.” In the 1968 pocket part to Vo. 2B, See. 943, p. 66, Barron and Holtzoff Federal Practice .and Procedure, the authors state: “Since it is so clear that this was properly considered as a factor under the former rule, the ■amendment appears on its face quite unnecessary.” This comment expresses our view so Federal decisions under their Rule 42(b) would still be guide lines for our consideration when interpreting our own Rule 42(b).
In the same work, Sec. 943, p. 186, it is stated:
“* # * Rule 42(b) gives the court virtually unlimited freedom to make such orders as trial convenience requires. An exhaustive study of the practical operation of the rule concludes: * * on the whole the separate trial has proved a very flexible and useful instrument for preventing confusion, avoiding prejudice, and providing a convenient method of disposing of litigation as fairly and quickly as possible. The rule serves its purpose in modern pleading.’ ”
Again in Sec. 944, p. 198, the authors state:
“Where the complain contains several claims, these may be tried separately. Similarly a separate trial may be ordered of independent issues raised by a counterclaim, a third-party claim, or a cross-claim.”
In Smith v. Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., 31 F.R.D. 239, the U. S. District Court for the S. D. New York observed that upon defendants impleading third-party defendant, plaintiff who claims impleading would cause delay, may move for separate trial of third-party claim under Rule 42(b), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
We have examined many of the authorities cited in Barron and Holtzoff Federal Practice and Procedure and Moore’s Federal Practice, and we appreciate the position taken by the applicant that it is the interest of efficient judicial administration which is to be considered, rather than the wishes of the parties and that the trial piecemeal of the separate issues in a single suit is not to be the usual course.
However, it appears here that the district judge gave lenthy consideration to the matter and unless a clear abuse of discretion exists, which certainly does not appear here, we should not disturb his ruling.
For these reasons the application for a supervisory writ is denied and the proceeding dismissed.
|
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On March 22, 1993 the Defendant was sentenced to Count I, forty (40) years for Robbery. In addition the Defendant shall receive an additional sentence for the use of a dangerous weapon of ten (10) years which shall run consecutive to the forty year sentence. For Count II, twelve (12) years with ten (10) years suspended for Burglary, plus conditions as listed in the March 22, 1993 Judgment. This sentence shall run consecutive to the previously imposed sentence for Count I. The Defendant is given credit for 228 days time served and shall be designated a dangerous offender.
On July 23,1993, the Defendant’s application for review of that sentence was heard by the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
The Defendant was present proceeded pro se. The state was not represented.
Before hearing the application, the Defendant was advised that the Sentence Review Division has the authority not only to reduce the sentence or affirm it, but also to increase it if such is possible. The defendant was further advised that there is no appeal from a decision of the Sentence Review Division. The defendant acknowledged that he understood this and stated that he wished to proceed.
After careful consideration, it is the unanimous decision of the Sentence Review Division that the sentence shall remain the same as originally imposed.
The reason for the decision is the sentence imposed by the District Court is presumed correct pursuant to Section 46-18-904(3), MCA. The Division finds that the reasons advanced for modification are insufficient to deem inadequate or excessive as required to overcome the presumption per Rule 17 of the Rules of the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
Hon. Thomas McKittrick, Chairman, Hon. G. Todd Baugh, and Hon. John Warner, Judges
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DECISION
The application of the above-named defendant for a review of the sentence of 10 years for first degree burglary with provision that 88 days jail imprisonment is not to affect parole eligibility, imposed on March 27th, 1969, was fully heard and after a careful consideration of the entire matter it is decided that:
The sentence be and remain as originally imposed, except that it is specifically directed that defendant’s 88 days imprisonment in the county jail prior to confinement in the State Prison shall be credited to the defendant as though already served in the State Prison at the time of reception and shall be so used in computing the date when defendant may be considered for parole eligibility.
Respecting the specific direction concerning defendant’s 88 days jail imprisonment, it is our opinion that the law permits no other way of treating the same. Section 95-2315, R.C.M. 1947,; State v. Zachmeier, 153 Mont. 64, 453 P.2d 783, 26 St. Rep. 210.
As to any contention that the sentence is longer than average. Assuming it is, that does not of itself indicate that the sentence is excessive. “Average” denotes an arithmetical mean arrived from unequal figures. Reduction of sentences to “average”, would reduce the “average”, finally resulting in either no sentence at all, or, if the shorter sentences were correspondingly increased, to one fixed sentence for all. Either of these results would be contrary to the present belief that a sentence should be fitted so far as possible to the particular individual. Accepting this belief, the sentencing problem does not yield to the use of averages, dealing as it does with widely differing human beings and their widely varying actions. Presuming as we do that the sentencing judge was correct in his assessment of the situation, we are unable to say that the imposed sentence, aside from the specific direction concerning defendant’s 88 days jail imprisonment, was not proper, reasonable, and sufficiently lenient, the individual, the crime, and sentencing goals kept in mind, particularly when it is considered that the crime carries a possible penalty of 15 years imprisonment and defendant has a record of 4 prior felony convictions, one for 1st degree burglary and 3 for 3 counts of uttering and delivering fraudulent checks, which, if used, could have resulted in imprisonment without limit. That a partner in the crime charged received but 5 years is no indication that the sentence here was improper.
We thank John L. Hilts, Esq., of the Montana Defender Project for his assistance to the defendant and to the Court.
SENTENCE REVIEW DIVISION
Philip C. Duncan, chairman; Paul G. Hatfield, Jack D. Shanstrom, member.
|
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MR. JUSTICE HASWELL
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal by plaintiff from an adverse judgment in a claim and delivery action. The ease was tried in the district court of Cascade County before the Honorable R. J. Nelson without a jury.
The trial court held that plaintiff’s claim failed for insufficiency of evidence and was barred by laches. We agree.
Plaintiff secured money from defendant’s decedent, Lela Gore, to refinance a Lincoln automobile. By reason thereof, plaintiff became indebted to Lela Gore in the sum of $2,569.45. As evidence of this indebtedness, plaintiff gave Lela Gore her promissory note for $3,019.44 covering the principal sum plus interest, repayable in 24 equal monthly installments of $125.81 commencing October 20, 1959.
In addition, plaintiff executed two documents, one of which was entitled “Conditional Sales Contract” and the other denominated “Special Power of Attorney.”
The “Conditional Sales Contract” and the promissory note were both contained in one document relating to the Lincoln automobile. It provided, among other things, that (1) title to the Lincoln would remain in Lela Gore until the note was paid in full, and (2) in case of default by plaintiff in any of the payments due on the note, Lela Gore could take possession of the Lincoln thereby terminating plaintiff’s rights therein and could retain all payments previously made as liquidated damages.
The “Special Power of Attorney” gave Lela Gore the power to sign title transfer documents to the Lincoln on behalf of plaintiff.
Lela Gore credited plaintiff with payments on the note totalling $631.50. The last credit given was on April 21, 1960 covering partial payment of the February installment on the note. All payments were made by Harry Spencer who was plaintiff’s husband at the time the indebtedness was created but who was divorced by plaintiff shortly thereafter. The Lincoln was used extensively by Harry Spencer in his employment before the divorce and exclusively by him thereafter.
On July 26, 1960, Lela Gore took possession of the Lincoln from Harry Spencer, through the sheriff, based on her claim ■of right to do so by reason of plaintiff’s default in payments •due on the note. At this time the reasonable market value ■of the Lincoln was $2,200.00. Lela Gore subsequently sold her car to her sister at private sale for $2,300.00.
Plaintiff claims she was not delinquent in payments on "the note at the time the Lincoln was taken by Lela Gore. She ■contends that Lela Gore deducted a total of $754.75 from the ■earnings of Harry Spencer at Don’s Modem Builders and failed to credit this amount on the note as agreed. Had this sum been credited, the note would have been prepaid to August 20, 1960, and Lela Gore would not have been entitled to possession of the car on July 26.
On September 9, 1960, plaintiff filed suit against Lela Gore demanding recovery of possession of the Lincoln or its value together with damages. There was sporadic and intermittent activity on the suit for approximately four years during which time Lela Gore died. Subsequently the executor of her estate was substituted as defendant and the case was tried on June 5, 1967. Judge Nelson entered findings of fact, conclusions of law, and judgment for defendant. After denial by the court of plaintiff’s motion to amend the findings, conclusions, and judgment, plaintiff appealed from the judgment.
Although plaintiff assigns several issues for review, the basic underlying issues can be reduced to two, summarized as follows: (1) What was the total amount paid on behalf of plaintiff on the note? (2) Does laches bar plaintiff’s claim?
The trial court found that plaintiff was entitled to total credits on the note of $631.50 consisting entirely of payments by and credits to Harry Spencer. Plaintiff attacks this finding contending that the uncontradicted testimony of Harry Spen cer establishes additional payments by him on the note totalling $754.75. It is plaintiff’s position that the trial court either (1) excluded this testimony under the so-called deadman’s statute (section 93-701-3, R.C.M.1947, or (2) ignored it. In either event, according to plaintiff, the trial court committed error and its finding on payments cannot stand.
It must be noted that Harry Spencer’s testimony is based on alleged direct transactions and oral communications with the deceased, Lela Gore. Rulings were reserved by the court, on defendant’s objections to the admissibility of this testimony under the deadman’s statute. It cannot be determined from the record whether the trial court ultimately excluded this testimony or not.
We find it unnecessary to determine whether Harry Spencer’s testimony as to direct transactions and oral communications with Lela Gore is inadmissible in evidence under the deadman’s statute or not. Assuming, arguendo, that all of Harry Spencer’s testimony is admissible, it does no more than create a conflict in the evidence as to total payments made on the note.
His testimony tends to prove that Lea Gore deducted an additional $754.75 from his earnings at Don’s Modern Builders where she handled the books, wrote the checks, was his “boss,” and generally operated the business; that she agreed to apply this amount on plaintiff’s note; and that she failed to do so.
Harry Spencer’s testimony is directly refuted by Lela Gore’s answers to plaintiff’s interrogatories given prior to her death. She states that “No monies owed to Harry Spencer by Don’s Modern Builders were ever applied on the obligation owed by Edith Spencer to the defendant.” This answer was read into evidence at the trial by plaintiff’s counsel.
Additionally, written receipts signed by Lela Gore showing payments by Harry Spencer on the note in the total amount of $631.50 were introduced in evidence at the trial by plaintiff. These written receipts showed payments on the dates, in the amounts, and credited to the particular monthly installments indicated by Lela Gore in her answers to plaintiff’s interrogatories and as found by the trial court. No other receipts were produced nor was any explanation offered.
Finally, defendant introduced in evidence a written statement dated July 1, 1960, signed by Harry Spencer acknowledging that he had no monies due him from Don’s Modern Builders. The explanation offered was that Harry Spencer signed this to avoid a lien by one of his creditors.
The function of the Supreme Court is to determine whether there is substantial evidence to support the finding of fact of the trial court on the total payments made on the note. Eliason v. Eliason, 151 Mont. 409, 443 P.2d 884; White v. Nollmeyer, 151 Mont. 387, 443 P.2d 873; Bender v. Bender, 144 Mont. 470, 397 P.2d 957; Kyser v. Hiebert, 142 Mont. 466, 385 P.2d 90. This Court will not reverse the trial court’s findings of fact unless there is a clear preponderance of the evidence against such findings. Eliason v. Eliason, supra; Studer Const. Co. v. Rural Special Impr. Dist., 148 Mont. 200, 418 P.2d 865; Duffie v. Metro. San. & Storm Sewer Dist., 147 Mont. 541, 417 P.2d 227; Kosel v. Stone, 146 Mont. 218, 404 P.2d 894; Larsen Farms v. City of Plentywood, 145 Mont. 509, 402 P.2d 410. There being substantial evidence to support the trial court’s findings of fact as to payments on the note and no clear preponderance of the evidence against such finding, we will not disturb it upon appeal.
No other findings of fact by the trial court is properly before us as an issue on this appeal. The case was tried in the district court on the twin issues of payments on the note and plaintiff’s laches. No other objections to the findings or requests for additional findings' on any other issue were made in the trial court. Upon appeal, this Court will consider for review only those questions raised in the trial court. Clark v. Worrall, 146 Mont. 374, 406 P.2d 822; State Highway Comm’n v. Milanovich, 142 Mont. 410, 384 P.2d 752; State Highway Comm’n v. Yost Farm Co., 142 Mont. 239, 384 P.2d 277.
We hold, therefore, that there is sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s findings, that these findings support the conclusion of law that plaintiff has failed to sustain her burden of proof in support of her claim, and that the findings of fact and conclusions of law of the trial court support the judgment.
While we believe that the trial court’s holding is correct that plaintiff’s laches also bar her claim for relief, it is unnecessary to discuss this issue in view of our holding on the first issue presented for review. We have examined the other issues assigned for review by plaintiff and find them wholly without merit.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON, and MR. JUSTICES JOHN C. HARRISON, ADAIR and CASTLES, concur.
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MR. JUSTICE HARRISON
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Petitioner brought this action in the District Court, Silver Bow County, seeking a writ of mandamus and a declaratory judgment against respondent Department of Revenue. Respondent moved for a change of venue to Lewis and Clark County. The District Court, Honorable James D. Freebourn presiding, denied the motion. Respondent appeals.
The pertinent facts are:
Petitioner is the Silver Bow County Assessor. By his application for a writ of mandamus and affidavit in support, petitioner contends respondent is responsible to pay him the full amount of his salary, alleged to be $13,347 per year, and has refused to do so. Respondent paid petitioner at a rate of only $12,706 per year.
Respondent’s motion for change of venue and the affidavit of its director allege that all payroll functions of the Department of Revenue are carried out at its headquarters in Lewis and Clark County.
The single issue is whether the District Court erred in denying respondent’s motion for change of venue.
The parties agree that sections 93-2906(1) and 93-2902(2), R.C.M.1947, are applicable to a determination of proper venue in this case. Section 93-2906(1) provides:
“The court or [the] judge must, on motion, change the place of trial in the following cases:
“1. When the county designated in the complaint is not the’ proper county.”
Section 93-2902(2) provides:
“Actions for the following causes must be tried in the county where the cause, or some part thereof, arose, subject to the like power of the court to change the place of trial:
“ * * *
“2. Against a public officer, or person[s] specially appointed to execute his duties, for an act done by him in virtue of his office; or against a person who, by his command or in his aid, does anything touching the duties of such officer.”
The Department of Revenue contends the cause of action arose in Lewis and Clark County because the alleged wrongful acts by department officials occurred in that county. Petitioner responds that the salary was allegedly set in Silver Bow County, and the wrong ’occurred when petitioner received his check for the wrong amount, also in Silver Bow County.
There is no dispute that a change of venue pursuant to the statutes heretofore noted is not a matter of discretion with the District Court, but is mandatory if the county in which the action was filed “is not the proper county.” Guthrie v. Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, (1977), 172 Mont. 142, 561 P.2d 913.
Our decision in Guthrie also establishes the general test relating to proper venue:
“Thus the answer to the question of proper venue under section 93-2902(2), R.C.M.1947, lies in the analysis of two dependent variables, the nature of the cause of action and the time and place where it springs into existence.” 561 P.2d 916.
The cause of action herein, although incorporating a claim for relief in the form of declaratory judgment, is essentially one of mandamus. We note the District Court found as a fact that the instant action is for mandamus. It is clear petitioner seeks to establish a duty on the part of the respondent to pay the full amount of his salary, and the neglect or refusal of the respondent to do so.
It is the general rule that venue in a mandamus action is proper in the county where the public official, whose act the' petitioner seeks to compel, resides. In Lunt v. Division of Workmen’s Compensation, (1975), 167 Mont. 251, 537 P.2d 1080, the plaintiff applied for a writ of mandate to compel the Division to set a hearing on his claim for compensation benefits. This Court held venue was proper in Lewis and Clárk County, where the Division is headquartered and from which it operates, rather than the county in which the hearing would take place. In so holding, the Court relied on State ex rel State Dry Cleaners’ Board v. District Court, (Okl.1959), 340 P.2d 939, 942, which held:
“ * * Since the cause of action arises where the neglect or refusal on the part of the public official takes place, it might be argued that the alleged neglect in this case took place in Nowata County where the Board failed to hold the hearing. However, we are of the opinion that in an action for mandamus the cause of action arises in the county where the public officially resides. It is at that place where he officially refuses to act or neglect to act.’ ” 167 Mont. 254, 537 P.2d 1081.
In discussing our holding in Lunt in the case of Guthrie, we stated:
“ * * * [In Lunt] the action was for mandamus. It is difficult to imagine mandamus, based as it is on neglect or refusal by a public official to perform a ministerial duty, which did not arise as the Court said in Lunt ‘ “* * * in the county where the public official officially resides. It is at the place where he officially refuses to act or neglects to act.” ’ ” 561 P.2d 916.
Here, petitioner contends the alleged wrong occurred in Silver Bow County when petitioner began receiving paychecks for less than the claimed amount. We conclude, however, that the alleged wrongful act on the part of respondent, i.e., the neglectful or intentional failure to pay the full amount of wages allegedly due petitioner, occurred in Lewis and Clark County, hence giving rise to petitioner’s cause of action in mandamus.
The District Court erred in denying respondent’s motion for a change of venue. The cause is reversed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL, JUSTICES DALY, SHEA and SHEEHY concur.
|
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MR. JUSTICE HUNT
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Defendants, Craig A. Stevens and Stevens Construction, Inc., appeals the decision of the District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial District, Yellowstone County, ordering that the defendants pay the plaintiff, William K. Schultz, nineteen thousand eight hundred dollars ($19,800.00) plus 10 percent interest from May 21, 1984, as a result of the promissory note executed by Stevens on behalf of himself and the Stevens Construction, Inc. We affirm and remand.
The sole issue on appeal is whether the District Court erred in interpreting the promissory note and mortgage executed between the plaintiff Schultz and the defendants Stevens and Stevens Construction, Inc.
Plaintiff-respondent, William K. Schultz, was a licensed realtor in Billings from approximately 1982 to 1985. Schultz was looking at houses when he first met defendant-appellant, Craig A. Stevens, in 1981 or 1982. At that time, Schultz owned Lots 21 and 22 in Block 1, Lillis Heights Subdivision and Stevens expressed an interest in purchasing these two lots. Stevens purchased these lots and eventually built a house on Lot 22. Schultz subsequently had Stevens build a house for him on Lot 18 for resale but instead moved into the house himself.
While building Schultz’s house on Lot 18, Stevens expressed an interest in building a house on another lot owned by Schultz. Schultz agreed to convey by warranty deed this lot, Lot 4, Block 1, Lillis Heights Subdivision, to Stevens for $19,800. Prior to delivering the deed to Lot 4 to Stevens, Schultz had Stevens execute a promissory note and mortgage that was dated May 21, 1984. The promissory note executed by Stevens reads as follows:
“For Value Received the undersigned CRAIG A. STEVENS AND STEVENS CONST. INC., OF BILLINGS MONTANA, promise to pay to the order of William K. Schultz, of Billings, Montana, the sum of Nineteen Thousand Eight Hundred ($19,800.00), as follows:
“The aforementioned amount shall, together with interest thereon the annual rate of 10%, shall be due and payable in a single payment upon sale of the House to be constructed on Lot — 4 Block — I Lillis Hts. Sub. . . .
“If this Note is not paid when due, and is placed by the holder in the hands of an attorney for Collection through legal proceedings or otherwise the undersigned shall pay a reasonable attorney’s fee to such . . . [holder], together with the costs and reasonable expenses of collection.”
Stevens signed the promissory note for himself individually and for Stevens Construction, Inc. Stevens is the sole owner of the Stevens Construction, Inc. The mortgage was never acknowledged or recorded.
Before Stevens could begin building the house on Lot 4, he had to obtain a construction loan. He obtained this loan from the First Bank Billings (Bank). Stevens did not disclose to the Bank his previous obligation to Schultz as evidenced by the signed promissory note and accompanying mortgage.
When the building of the house was approximately two-thirds finished, Schultz listed the house for sale, advertised it, and held open houses. Before the house was sold, Schultz retired from the real estate business. After his retirement, Schultz’s only contact with the house was when he occasionally drove by the house.
In the meantime, sometime prior to December, 1985, Stevens’ construction loan became delinquent. Stevens then conveyed Lot 4 and the house to the Bank in consideration for the cancellation of the construction loan obligation of Stevens. The lot and house was deeded to the Bank on January 27, 1986. Schultz received no notice of this transfer and conveyance of real property.
Schultz first became aware that something had “happened” with the house when he noticed on one of his drives by the house that the “For Sale” sign had been removed. In early April, 1986, upon further inquiry, he learned that the property had been transferred to the Bank. The Bank would not allow Schultz to purchase its interest because of a pending sale of the property. The Bank sold the property by deed dated April 22, 1986. Schultz subsequently filed this action in the Thirteenth Judicial District Court, Yellowstone County.
The District Court found that the promissory note signed by Stevens is valid, legally binding and unambiguous; that the note is in default and is due and payable in full with 10 percent interest stemming from May 21, 1984; and that pursuant to the terms of the promissory note, Schultz is entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs.
The issue raised on appeal is whether the District Court erred in interpreting the promissory note and mortgage executed by Stevens on behalf of himself and the Stevens Construction, Inc.
Stevens argues that the intentions of the parties should be introduced by extrinsic evidence because the term “sale” is ambiguous and subject to interpretations. More specifically, Stevens argues that the transfer of the property to the Bank was not a sale within the intentions of either party when they contracted on May 21, 1984. Stevens also argues that the sale anticipated by the parties was a sale by Stevens, not a sale which occurred after the property had been deeded back to the Bank. We disagree.
General principles of contract law are applicable in this instance. A basic principle in contract law, codified by statute, is that “words of a contract are to be understood in their ordinary and popular sense . . . unless used by the parties in a technical sense or unless a special meaning is given to them by usage . . . .” Section 28-3-501, MCA. Webster’s Dictionary defines the term sale as “the transfer of ownership of and title to property from one person to another for a price.” Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 1037 (1984). Black’s Law Dictionary cites cases defining “sale” as “[a] contract whereby property is transferred from one person to another for a consideration of value, implying the passing of the general and absolute title, as distinguished from a special interest falling short of complete ownership.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1503-04 (4th ed. 1968) (citing Arnold v. North American Chemical Co. (1919), 232 Mass. 196, 122 N.E. 283, 284; Faulkner v. Town of South Boston (1925), 141 Va. 517, 127 S.E. 380, 381).
In the present case, Stevens transferred absolute title to Lot 4 and the house to the Bank. In exchange for the title to the property, the Bank gave valuable consideration by releasing Stevens from his construction loan debt to the Bank and the costs and expenses of the foreclosure. A transfer of property in exchange for valuable consideration constitutes a sale. In light of the above, the transaction between Stevens and the Bank regarding Lot 4 and the accompanying house is a sale.
Stevens nonetheless argues that extrinsic evidence is needed to show the intentions of the parties. However, the intentions of the parties are evidenced by the language used in the instruments, Glacier Campground v. Wild Rivers, Inc. (1978), 184 Mont. 543, 182 Mont. 389, 547, 597 P.2d 689, 692, and as discussed above, the ordinary and popular usage of the term “sale” includes the transfer of the property to the Bank. The introduction of any such extrinsic evidence would only create ambiguity that otherwise does not exist. Stevens also argues that the term “sale” is ambiguous. We disagree. Ambiguity exists only when a contract taken as a whole in its wording or phraseology is reasonably subject to two different interpretations. Martin v. Laurel Cable TV, Inc. (Mont. 1985), [215 Mont. 229,] 696 P.2d 454, 457, 42 St.Rep. 314, 317; Souders v. Montana Power Co. (1983), 203 Mont. 483, 486, 662 P.2d 289, 290. Upon applying the basic principle that the words of a contract are to be understood in their ordinary and popular sense, no ambiguity exists.
We affirm the District Court’s decision and remand this matter to the District Court for a determination of costs, and reasonable attorney fees arising as a result of this appeal.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE and MR. JUSTICES WEBER, McDONOUGH and GULBRANDSON concur.
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JUSTICE GRAY
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
The Estate of Richard A. Smith (Estate) appeals from the judgment entered by the Second Judicial District Court, Silver Bow County, on its order dismissing the Estate’s complaint with prejudice. We reverse and remand.
The issue on appeal is whether the District Court abused its discretion in dismissing the Estate’s complaint with prejudice pursuant to Rule 37(b)(2)(C), M.R.Civ.P.
This is the second time that this case has been before us on appeal. The facts underlying the Estate’s complaint are set forth in Smith v. Butte-Silver Bow County (1994), 266 Mont. 1, 878 P.2d 870, and need not be repeated here. In Smith, the primary issues on appeal related to prosecutorial immunity and amendment of pleadings; we reversed the District Court on the former issue and affirmed it on the latter. Smith also presented the issue of whether the District Court erred in dismissing the Estate’s action without prejudice under Rule 37, M.R.Civ.P, for failure to comply with its orders compelling discovery and requiring a psychological examination of Richard Smith’s children. Smith, 878 P.2d at 876. We declined to address the propriety of that dismissal due to the inadequacy of the record and the court’s language indicating that it dismissed without prejudice in order to facilitate our review of rulings not appealable under Rule 1, M.R.App.P. Smith, 878 P.2d at 877. We vacated the order of dismissal without precluding the availability on remand of further proceedings on that issue. Smith, 878 P.2d at 877.
On remand, Butte-Silver Bow County (County) again moved the District Court to dismiss the Estate’s complaint based on the alleged discovery abuses which were the basis of the earlier dismissal. The District Court denied the County’s motion on February 21, 1995, and, in doing so, rejected the County’s reliance on discovery abuses alleged to have occurred prior to the appeal. The court gave the Estate thirty days from the date of its order denying the motion to dismiss “to adequately answer or supplement the discovery requests” and required the Estate to “[p]rovide complete answers to all unanswered interrogatories and fully disclose all experts, their opinions and the basis for those opinions in accordance with Rule 26, M.R.Civ.P.” The court warned that “[i]f this order is not fully complied with, then the court will be left with no other alternative but to dismiss this case with prejudice or impose other appropriate sanctions.”
On February 24, 1995, the Estate moved for an order of clarification, requesting the District Court to specifically list “any further evidence” to be provided to the County. Approximately ten days later, the Estate provided the County with “Plaintiff’s Rule 26(b)(4) Disclosure” stating that the opinions of its expert witnesses were based on facts and materials set forth in their depositions.
The District Court issued an order of clarification and memorandum (hereinafter “clarification order”) directing the Estate to provide to the County:
1. The names of individuals who provided care to the minor children from January 1, 1989 through June, 1991;
2. Information about Richard Smith’s Social Security Benefit Claim for a leg injury; and
3. Information about [the Estate’s] expert witnesses, their opinions and basis for them or in the alternative this Court must reopen the depositions of [the Estate’s] experts to answer questions about the basis of their opinions.
In response to the clarification order, the Estate provided the required information regarding the children’s caregivers and the leg injury claim. With regard to the expert witness information, the Estate stated that:
[the Estate] has previously supplied information about it’s [sic] expert witnesses to the [County]. This may have been overlooked by the court. The information previously supplied by [the Estate] complies fully with Rule 26, MRCP. Another copy of that information is provided to the court herewith.
In June of 1995, the County moved to dismiss the Estate’s complaint pursuant to Rule 37, M.R.Civ.P., for alleged discovery abuses. The District Court granted the County’s motion and subsequently entered judgment dismissing the Estate’s complaint with prejudice. The Estate appeals.
Did the District Court abuse its discretion in dismissing the Estate’s complaint with prejudice pursuant to Rule 37(b)(2)(C), M.R.Civ.P.?
It is important at the outset to recognize the salutary purposes underlying the availability of Rule 37, M.R.Civ.P., sanctions for discovery abuses and the respective roles of the district courts in imposing — and this Court in reviewing — such sanctions. While trial courts traditionally were reluctant to impose discovery-related sanctions, concerns relating to crowded dockets and the overall responsibility for maintaining fair and efficient judicial administration had reversed that trend by the 1970s. See Owen v. F.A. Buttrey, Co. (1981), 192 Mont. 274, 277-78, 627 P.2d 1233, 1235. Indeed, since 1981, it has been this Court’s position that dilatory abuse of discovery must no longer be dealt with leniently and that the transgressors of discovery abuses should be punished rather than encouraged repeatedly to cooperate. See Owen, 627 P.2d at 1235. ‘When litigants use willful delay, evasive response, and disregard of court discretion as part and parcel of their trial strategy, they must suffer the consequences.” Owen, 627 P.2d at 1236.
Rule 37, M.R.Civ.P., provides trial courts with a means to prevent an excessive back-log of cases. See Dassori v. Roy Stanley Chevrolet Co. (1986), 224 Mont. 178, 180, 728 P.2d 430, 431. Moreover,
[t]he trial judge is in the best position to know ... which parties callously disregard the rights of their opponents and other litigants seeking their day in court[] [and] is also in the best position to determine which sanction is the most appropriate.
Dassori, 728 P.2d at 431. As a result, we generally defer to the decision of the trial court regarding Rule 37, M.R.Civ.P., sanctions. See Eisenmenger v. Ethicon, Inc. (1994), 264 Mont. 393, 402, 871 P.2d 1313, 1319.
Here, the District Court determined that the Estate failed to comply with its post-remand orders requiring disclosure of expert opinion information in compliance with Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i), M.R.Civ.P., and dismissed the Estate’s complaint with prejudice. We review a district court’s imposition of sanctions for discovery abuses to determine if the court abused its discretion. Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1319 (citing First Bank (N.A.)-Billings v. Heidema (1986), 219 Mont. 373, 711 P.2d 1384).
DISCOVERY ABUSE
Before discussing the propriety of the District Court’s imposition of sanctions under Rule 37, M.R.Civ.P., it is necessary to address the Estate’s contention on appeal that no discovery abuse exists in this case. The Estate contends that the only information not provided to the County was the amount of time one of its expert witnesses, Dr. Paul F. Cimmino, spent researching for this case. We disagree.
Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i), M.R.Civ.P., provides that
[a] party may through interrogatories require any other party to identify each person whom the other party expects to call as an expert witness at trial, to state the subject matter on which the expert is expected to testify, and to state the substance of the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected to testify and a summary of the grounds for each opinion.
(Emphasis added). In its order of dismissal and accompanying memorandum, the District Court concluded that “1) [the Estate] did not provide the substance of facts which [sic] the experts were expected to testify; and 2) [the Estate] omitted a summary of the grounds for each opinion” in violation of its order and Rule 26(b)(4), M.R.Civ.P.
The Montana legislature adopted this rule from Rule 26, Fed.R.Civ.P. See Rule 26, M.R.Civ.P., Compiler’s Comments. The underlying policies of Rule 26 are to eliminate surprise and to promote effective cross-examination of expert witnesses. See Smith v. Ford Motor Co. (10th Cir. 1980), 626 F.2d 784, 792-93 (citing 28 U.S.C., Rule 26, Fed.R.Civ.P., Advisory Committee Notes).
Before an attorney can even hope to deal on cross-examination with an unfavorable expert opinion he must have some idea of the bases of that opinion and the data relied upon. If the attorney is required to await examination at trial to get this information, he often will have too little time to recognize and expose vulnerable spots in the testimony.
Smith, 626 F.2d at 794 (citation omitted).
Review of the Estate’s Rule 26 disclosure reflects that the Estate identified each person it expects to call as an expert witness and stated the general subject matter on which each expert is expected to testify as required by Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i), M.R.Civ.P. The District Court did not conclude, and the County does not argue, otherwise.
Regarding the “substance of facts” to which its expert witnesses are expected to testify, the Estate provided the following statements:
1. Dr. Ruey-Lin Lin... will testify that the decedent herein was not a hard-core criminal, had a relatively minor history, and would have rehabilitated himself, or been rehabilitated, at or near the age of thirty-five.
2. Thomas Rozza ... will testify that the Defendant’s county attorney failed to meet acceptable corrections standards in protecting the decedent’s life, and that the Defendant’s jail failed to meet acceptable corrections standards in protecting the decedent’s life.
3. Dr. Paul Cimmino ... will testify that, had the decedent lived, any antisocial aspects of his personality would have lessened and been brought under control... [and] his abuse of drugs and alcohol would have been brought under control. He will also testify as to the loss suffered by the children upon the death of their father.
4. Dr. John Brower ... will testify as to the present value of the earnings the decedent might have expected, had he lived.
These broad statements indicate the general topics on which the Estate’s experts are expected to testify. They do not, however, provide the substance of facts to which the Estate’s expert witnesses will testify, as required by Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i), M.R.Civ.P.
Concerning the bases of its expert witnesses’ opinions, the Estate stated in its Rule 26 disclosure that those opinions are based upon the “facts and information set forth in [their] deposition [s] which [are] in the possession of [the County], and upon [their] training and experience.” The Estate also referred the County generally to the treatises upon which its expert witnesses relied. The Estate did not provide any further explanation or information concerning the bases or grounds for its expert witnesses’ opinions.
These statements by the Estate add nothing to “the substance of the facts” and the “summary of the grounds for each opinion” which are required to be disclosed by Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i), M.R.Civ.P. More over, nothing in Rule 26, M.R.Civ.P., permits a party to decline to comply with the Rule and a court order requiring compliance therewith on the basis of that party’s belief or opinion that the opposing party already possesses the required information.
Having submitted its disclosure, the Estate obtained the court’s clarification order explicitly requiring it to provide its experts’ opinions and the bases for those opinions. The District Court expressly noted therein that “[w]hile [the County] previously deposed [the Estate’s] experts, [the Estate’s] attorney at the depositions of certain experts instructed the experts not to answer relevant questions about the basis of their opinions.”
The Estate did not provide any additional information relating to its expert witnesses in response to the District Court’s clarification order. Instead, it merely stated that it had previously supplied the required information regarding those witnesses to the County and that the information supplied “complies fully with Rule 26, MRCP[;]” it referred the court to its “Rule 26(b)(4) Disclosure.”
This final response essentially ignored the clarification order which the Estate requested and received, and totally failed to comply therewith. In light of the court’s clear awareness that the expert witness depositions had been taken, and the court’s clear determination that those depositions had not produced the required information about the bases of the experts’ opinions, the Estate’s response appropriately could be characterized — in the vernacular — as “in your face.” Whatever counsel’s intent in framing his client’s response to a clear court order may have been — whether gamesmanship with the County or disdainful “one-upmanship” with the District Court — the Estate’s response did not comply with the explicit requirements of the court’s clarification order.
We conclude that the Estate’s expert-related responses to the District Court’s initial order on remand satisfied neither the “substance of the facts” requirement nor the “summary of the grounds for each opinion” requirement of Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i), M.R.Civ.P. We also conclude that the Estate’s response to the District Court’s clarification order totally failed to comply with the expert witness-related portion of that order. Therefore, we hold that the Estate committed discovery abuses after remand.
REVIEW OF SANCTIONS
Rule 37(b)(2), M.R.Civ.P., provides, in relevant part:
If a party ... fails to obey an order to provide or permit discovery, ... the court in which the action is pending may make such orders in regard to the failure as are just and among others the following:
....
(C) An order ... dismissing the action ....
After concluding that the Estate failed to obey its clarification order, the District Court dismissed the Estate’s complaint with prejudice. We review the District Court’s dismissal of the Estate’s complaint pursuant to Rule 37(b)(2)(C), M.R.Civ.P., to determine if the court abused its discretion. See Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1319.
Acknowledging both the discretionary nature of a trial court’s decisions on sanctions for discovery abuse and the availability of the dismissal sanction under Rule 37, M.R.Civ.P., the Estate argues that dismissal was an abuse of the District Court’s discretion under these facts. It relies on the District Court’s statement accompanying the clarification order that, in the event the Estate failed to provide the expert-related information to the County, the court would reopen the Estate’s expert witness depositions. The County, on the other hand, relies on Eisenmenger, and Landauer v. Kehrwald (1987), 225 Mont. 322, 732 P.2d 839, in urging us to accord proper deference to the District Court’s dismissal with prejudice. The County also contends that the instant case presents a more compelling case for the dismissal sanction than Eisenmenger.
Eisenmenger and Landauer clearly stand for the proposition that we generally defer to the decision of the district court regarding the appropriate sanction for discovery abuses. See Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1319; Landauer, 732 P.2d at 840. Those cases, however, are factually distinguishable from the present case and do not mandate a conclusion that the sanction of dismissal was properly applied here.
In Eisenmenger, a broken suture following surgery caused the plaintiff to have a stroke and suffer other severe complications. The plaintiff filed a medical malpractice claim against the doctor and hospital and a products liability claim against Ethicon, Inc. Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1315. In 1988, Dr. Olcott, who later became Ethicon’s expert witness, reviewed the Eisenmenger case and generally advised Ethicon’s counsel of his opinions regarding the doctor and hospital’s possible culpability in the case based on certain acts and decisions. Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1319.
In June of 1990, Ethicon responded to a detailed discovery request from the plaintiff. Despite the plaintiff’s request that Ethicon set forth the factors it contended contributed to the broken suture and the plaintiff’s resulting stroke, Ethicon failed to disclose the opinions provided by Dr. Olcott two years earlier. Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1319. Indeed, Ethicon did not disclose Dr. Olcott as a potential expert witness until August of 1991. Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1319. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the doctor and hospital approximately six months later. Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1320-21.
Ethicon did not make Dr. Olcott available for deposition until one month after the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the doctor and hospital. Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1321. The plaintiff then deposed Dr. Olcott, and his testimony supported a theory that the doctor or the hospital could have caused the broken suture. Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1315. The plaintiff subsequently moved the district court for sanctions against Ethicon pursuant to Rule 37, M.R.Civ.P., for its failure to disclose this relevant information in discovery requests dating back to 1988. Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1315.
The district court determined that Ethicon made a “knowing concealment” of the expert’s testimony and stated that, had Dr. Olcott’s testimony been available, it was “very doubtful” that the doctor, and hospital’s motion for summary judgment would have been granted. Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1315. Concluding that the plaintiff had suffered extreme prejudice due to Ethicon’s discovery abuses, the district court entered a default judgment against Ethicon on the issue of liability. Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1315.
In reviewing the propriety of the default sanction, we set forth at some length the record before us regarding Ethicon’s failure to timely disclose Dr. Olcott’s opinions, update discovery responses or make Dr. Olcott available for deposition. On the basis of that record, we determined that “severe prejudice had already occurred to [the plaintiff], and the [district] court had few options for appropriate and meaningful sanctions against Ethicon.” Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1321. We also determined that the record supported the district court’s finding that Ethicon’s failure to respond to discovery requests was willful and in bad faith and caused severe prejudice to the plaintiff on an issue central to the case. Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1321. We held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in entering a default judgment on the issue of liability against Ethicon. Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1321.
Thus, in Eisenmenger, the plaintiff was foreclosed from seeking compensation from two potentially responsible parties due to Ethi con’s “knowing concealment” of Dr. Olcott’s opinion. As a result of Ethicon’s egregious conduct, the plaintiff was severely prejudiced. See Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1321. Under such extreme circumstances, no other sanction could have remedied the severe prejudice suffered by the plaintiff.
Here, we are not confronted with the extreme and irreparable circumstances which existed in Eisenmenger. Certainly any incidental prejudice to the County due to delay and the necessity of repeated motions does not rise to the level of extreme prejudice suffered by the plaintiff in Eisenmenger. Moreover, unlike Eisenmenger, sanctions other than dismissal were available in this case to remedy the limited prejudice to the County. Indeed, the District Court provided for one such sanction when it stated that it would reopen the Estate’s expert witness depositions as an alternative to the Estate providing the ordered expert-related information. In addition, upon reopening the depositions, the District Court could have required the Estate to pay the expenses incurred by the County as a result. See Rule 37(b), M.R.Civ.P.
Finally, Ethicon’s “knowing concealment” in Eisenmenger was far more egregious than the Estate’s inadequate Rule 26 disclosure and response to the District Court’s clarification order in this case. In Eisenmenger, Ethicon totally concealed Dr. Olcott’s opinion (see Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1321) and, as a direct result, the plaintiff was foreclosed from pursuing a viable claim against the doctor and hospital. Here, the Estate disclosed the identity of its expert witnesses and the general topics on which they are expected to testify at trial. Thus, although the Estate’s conduct in this case clearly violated the court’s order of clarification and is strongly disapproved, it does not rise to the level of discovery-related misconduct present in Eisenmenger. Since neither the nature or extent of discovery abuse nor the resulting prejudice is of the magnitude of that present in Eisenmenger, Eisenmenger does not compel a conclusion that imposition of the dismissal sanction was appropriate here.
In Landauer, the plaintiff filed a claim against the defendant to recover lost rental income. The defendant served requests for production of the plaintiff’s federal and state income tax returns for specified years. Landauer, 732 P.2d at 839. When the plaintiff did not provide the returns, the defendant filed a motion to compel production. The district court ordered the plaintiff to produce the returns within twenty days and the plaintiff failed to comply. Landauer, 732 P.2d at 840. The defendant again moved the court to compel production. The court ordered the plaintiff to provide the returns within ten days and warned that failure to comply would result in dismissal of his complaint with prejudice. Landauer, 732 P.2d at 840. The plaintiff timely produced his federal, but not his state, returns and the district court dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint with prejudice pursuant to Rule 37(b), M.R.Civ.P. Landauer, 732 P.2d at 840. We determined that, under those circumstances, the district court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing the plaintiff’s complaint. Landauer, 732 P.2d at 841.
Similar to the district court in Landauer, the District Court in this case warned in its initial post-remand order that if the Estate failed to comply, “then the court will be left with no other alternative but to dismiss this case with prejudice or impose other appropriate sanctions.” However, the Estate then moved the District Court to clarify that order and the court issued a clarification order wherein it modified its prior warning, at least with regard to the expert witness information, by requiring that the Estate provide the expert-related information “or in the alternative this Court must reopen the depositions of [the Estate’s] experts to answer questions about the basis of their opinions.”
The record before us demonstrates that the Estate provided two of the three categories of information set forth in the District Court’s clarification order; it also provided part of the ordered expert witness information. Notwithstanding its specific warning of the sanction which would result from the Estate’s failure to provide the ordered expert-related information, however, the District Court dismissed the Estate’s complaint with prejudice.
Thus, in both Landauer and the present case, the parties were expressly warned of the consequences for failure to comply with the court’s discovery-related order. In Landauer, the district court imposed the consequence of which it had warned — dismissal with prejudice — and we determined that the court had not abused its discretion. See Landauer, 732 P.2d at 841. In this case, however, the District Court imposed consequences much more severe than those of which it had expressly warned. Landauer does not, therefore, compel a conclusion that the sanction of dismissal with prejudice was appropriate here.
We reaffirm our policy that, in reviewing the imposition of Rule 37 sanctions, we generally must defer to the decision of the district court. See Eisenmenger, 871 P.2d at 1319. When parties fail to comply with court orders enforcing the rules of discovery, they must suffer the consequences. See Owen, 627 P.2d at 1236. The extent of the “conse quences” imposed by a district court, however, should relate to the extent and nature of the actual discovery abuse and the extent of the prejudice to the opposing party which results therefrom. Moreover, where a court expressly warns of the consequences to follow from a party’s failure to comply, the court should impose sanctions accordingly.
Here, the Estate’s failure to comply with ordered discovery was totally insupportable, but relatively limited, as was the prejudice to the County. Thus, the dismissal sanction bears little relationship to the nature and extent of the discovery abuse and the resulting prejudice in this case. Most importantly, the District Court’s imposition of the ultimate sanction of dismissal was a marked, and significant, departure from the specific consequences of which it had elected to warn the Estate.
Discovery abuse tactics, especially in this era of crowded dockets, deprive other litigants of an opportunity to use the courts as a serious dispute-settlement mechanism. See First Bank (N.A.)-Billings, 711 P.2d at 1386 (quoting G-K Properties v. Redevelopment Agency, Etc. (9th Cir. 1978), 577 F.2d 645, 647). Rule 37, M.R.Civ.P., provides a necessary tool for district courts to manage crowded dockets. Dismissal of an action with prejudice, however, is the “most severe in the spectrum of sanctions provided by statute or rule[;] ... [it] must be available to the district court in appropriate cases ....” National Hockey League et al. v. Metropolitan Hockey Club, Inc., et al. (1976), 427 U.S. 639, 643, 96 S.Ct. 2778, 2781, 49 L.Ed.2d 747, 751 (emphasis added). Such a severe sanction is inappropriate where, as here, the court has stated in its order that the sanction for noncompliance will be something other than dismissal.
The District Court’s frustration with the Estate’s attorney is evident in its order of dismissal and entirely understandable. This case, only one of hundreds on the District Court’s docket, has consumed a great deal of the court’s resources for more than five years and the discovery phase apparently remains uncompleted. Under the record before us, however, we hold that the District Court abused its discretion in dismissing the Estate’s complaint with prejudice.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE, JUSTICES TRIEWEILER and LEAPHART concur.
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The Department of Health and Environmental Sciences (DOH) appeals from a judgment entered in the District Court of Gallatin County which mandated issuance of a license from DOH for petitioner’s junkyard business. The Department of Highways and the other respondents did not appeal from the judgment.
In April 1976, petitioner was charged in the Gallatin County Justice Court with operating a motor vehicle wrecking facility without having it properly shielded from public view. He was convicted, by a jury, of the charge on August 10, 1977. The Justice of the Peace ordered petitioner to shield his facility within six months.
In 1977, petitioner applied for a license for his facility from DOH. The application was denied because petitioner’s facility was not properly shielded. On February 17, 1977, petitioner instituted this action for a writ of mandate to obtain a license for his facility from DOH. Following a hearing, the District Court entered find ings of fact, conclusions of law and judgment. On August 29, 1977, the District Court amended the findings in form but not in substance.
The District Court found that petitioner was entitled to a writ of mandate; that he had no legal obligation to fence or screen his facility; that the Department of Highways had a legal obligation to fence or screen the facility; that DOH rule MAC 16-2.14(2)— SI4261, which requires motor vehicle wrecking facilities to be shielded from public view to obtain a license, is void as being in conflict with sections 32-4513, R.C.M.1947, et seq.; that the criminal prosecution against petitioner was void; and that petitioner was entitled to a license and recovery of his attorney fees.
The court entered its judgment on August 8, 1977. Following denial of a motion for new trial, DOH appeals.
In its appeal, DOH has raised three issues for our consideration which can be summarized in one: Did the District Court err in issuing a writ of mandate?
Petitioner here is subject to two licensing statutes because his motor vehicle wrecking facility is located within 1,000 feet of a primary highway. The two statutes are: Junkyards Along Roads Act, Title 32, Chapter 45, R.C.M.1947; and, Motor Vehicle Wrecking Facilities Act, Title 69, Chapter 68, R.C.M.1947. The licensing authority for each of these acts is DOH.
The Junkyards Along Roads Act specifically requires a facility to be shielded from public view as a condition of licensing. Section 32-4517, R.C.M.1947. The act does, however, grant an exception to this shielding requirement for facilities in existence prior to July 1, 1967. Section 32-4518. This section provides that the shielding of such facilities shall be carried out by the Department of Highways, if feasible. If not feasible, the Department is to move the facility.
Prior to 1977, the Motor Vehicle Wrecking Facility Act did not have any specific statutory provisions for shielding such facilities. It did have a provision authorizing DOH to establish rules for the administration and enforcement of the act. Section 69-6808, R.C.M.1947. Pursuant to this section DOH adopted its shielding rule, MAC 16-2.14(2) — S14261. In 1977, this rule was made a part of the act. Section 69-6808(6).
Petitioner brought this action so that he could get the necessary license for his facility. DOH argues that the court erred in granting the writ. They claim that as long as petitioner’s facility is not shielded, they cannot give him a license. To give him a license, according to DOH, would contravene the purpose of both statutes. Accordingly they contend then that the judgment of the District Court must be reversed. We disagree.
This Court has held that the granting of a writ of mandate is a matter of discretion to be determined by the District Court and will be sustained on appeal unless there is a showing that the District Court abused its discretion. State ex rel. Browman v. Wood (1975), 168 Mont. 341, 543 P.2d 184. In this case, DOH has not shown us that the court abused its discretion in granting the writ.
A writ of mandate will issue only where the person seeking to invoke it is entitled to have the defendant perform a clear legal duty and there is no speedy or adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law. State ex rel. Swart v. Casne (1977), 172 Mont. 302, 564 P.2d 983. Ordinarily mandamus will not lie to compel the performance of a discretionary function. State ex rel. Butte Youth Service Center v. Murray (1976), 170 Mont. 171, 551 P.2d 1017. However, if there has been such an abuse of discretion as to amount to no exercise of discretion at all, mandamus will lie to compel the proper exercise of powers granted. Barnes v. Town of Belgrade (1974), 164 Mont. 467, 524 P.2d 1112.
The grant or denial of a license to operate a junkyard facility or motor vehicle wrecking facility involves the use of discretion on the part of DOH. DOH has a clear legal duty to grant petitioner a license if his facility is in compliance with the law. Admittedly, petitioner’s facility does not have the required shielding. However, that is due to no fault of his own. As the District Court found, the Department of Highways, not petitioner, has the legal duty to shield his facility. Thus, for DOH to deny petitioner a license be cause his facility is not shielded when another agency of this state is obligated to shield the facility, amounts to no exercise of discretion at all on the part of DOH. Petitioner was entitled to a writ of mandate as it was his only adequate remedy.
Nonetheless, the District Court committed a technical error in the judgment which was entered. In its findings of fact, the court found that the Department of Highways had the legal obligation to shield petitioner’s facility because petitioner’s facility was in existence before July 1, 1967. The court found that the shielding of this facility was feasible. However, in the judgment, the court did not order the Department of Highways to shield petitioner’s facility. Such an order should have been a part of the judgment.
An appellate court has the authority to modify a judgment in mandamus proceedings. 55 C.J.S. Mandamus, § 374; People ex rel. Cahokia U. S. D. v. East St. Louis S. D. (1972), 6 Ill.App.3d 511, 285 N.E.2d 487; Bussie v. Long (LaApp.1973), 286 So.2d 689.
Therefore, the judgment of the District Court is modified to the extent that the Department of Highways is ordered to shield petitioner’s facility to bring it into compliance with the acts in question here. As so modified, we affirm.
MR. JUSTICES DALY and HARRISON concur.
MR. JUSTICE SHEEHY deeming himself disqualified did not participate in this cause.
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On May 22, 1991, the Defendant was sentenced to forty (40) years for Sexual Intercourse Without Consent. It was recommended of the Court to the Parole Board that the Defendant shall complete the sexual offender treatment program and the anger management program at the Montana State Prison before being eligible for parole.
On July 23,1993, the Defendant’s application for review of that sentence was heard by the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
The Defendant was present and was represented by Stacy Laqua, Legal Intern from the Montana Defender Project. The state was not represented.
Before hearing the application, the Defendant was advised that the Sentence Review Division has the authority not only to reduce the sentence or affirm it, but also to increase it if such is possible. The defendant was further advised that there is no appeal from a decision of the Sentence Review Division. The defendant acknowledged that he understood this and stated that he wished to proceed.
After careftd consideration, it is the unanimous decision of the Sentence Review Division that the sentence shall be affirmed as originally imposed.
The reason for the decision is the sentence imposed by the District Court is presumed correct pursuant to Section 46-18-904(3), MCA. The Division finds that the reasons advanced for modification are insufficient to deem inadequate or excessive as required to overcome the presumption per Rule 17 of the Rules of the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
Hon. Thomas McKittrick, Chairman, Hon. G. Todd Baugh, and Hon. John Warner, Judges
The Sentence Review Board wishes to thank Stacy Laqua, Legal Intern from the Montana Defender Project for her assistance to the defendant and to this Court.
|
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JUSTICE GRAY
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Laurence Mikesell (Laurence) appeals from the opinion and order entered by the Fourth Judicial District Court, Missoula County, empowering the Social Security Administration (SSA) to garnish his social security benefits for delinquent child support and maintenance payments due Carol Mikesell (Carol) pursuant to their dissolution decree. Addressing only a portion of the order, we reverse.
The sole issue on appeal is whether the District Court erred in concluding that social security benefits may be garnished for unpaid maintenance accruing after a corresponding child support obligation terminates, but remains unpaid.
Laurence and Carol married on December 17, 1965, in Missoula, Montana. Their one child, Teddi, was born in 1973. In 1991, Carol petitioned for dissolution of the marriage and, after Laurence failed to appear or answer, the District Court entered his default and a final dissolution decree. Laurence moved to set aside the decree entered on his default, the District Court denied the motion and Laurence appealed. We affirmed in In re Marriage of Mikesell (1993), 257 Mont. 482, 850 P.2d 294.
The final decree designated Carol as Teddi’s primary residential parent while Teddi completed high school and required Laurence to pay $250 per month child support for that seven-month period. It also required him to pay Carol $500 per month maintenance for five years. Laurence did not make any of the child support or maintenance payments.
In 1995, Carol moved the District Court for an order determining child support and maintenance arrearages. Laurence responded by admitting that Carol’s calculations of the arrearage amounts were correct. The District Court entered an order determining child support arrearages of $1,750 and maintenance arrearages of $21,000 through March of 1995, for a total amount due Carol of $22,750, plus interest.
Carol subsequently requested the District Court to issue an order directing the SSA to withhold the total delinquent child support and maintenance amounts from Laurence’s social security benefits. Laurence contended that his benefits could be garnished only for maintenance which accrued during the seven months of court-ordered child support while Carol was Teddi’s custodial parent. The District Court granted Carol’s request and empowered the SSA to withhold the total amount of unpaid child support and maintenance. Laurence appeals.
Did the District Court err in concluding that social security benefits may be garnished for unpaid maintenance accruing after a corresponding child support obligation terminates, but remains unpaid?
We clarify at the outset that Laurence does not challenge the District Court’s order insofar as it relates to garnishment of his social security benefits for the seven months of child support and for the seven months of maintenance which became due during the time Carol was Tfeddi’s residential custodian. Thus, we do not address that portion of the District Court’s order authorizing garnishment of Laurence’s social security benefits for child support in the amount of $1,750 ($250 x 7) and maintenance in the amount of $3,500 ($500 x 7).
Generally, social security benefits are exempt from “execution, levy, attachment, garnishment, or other legal process. ...” 42 U.S.C. § 407(a). The statute “imposes a broad bar against the use of any legal process to reach all social security benefits.” Dean v. Fred’s Towing (1990), 245 Mont. 366, 371, 801 P.2d 579, 582 (citing Philpott v. Essex County Welfare Bd. (1973), 409 U.S. 413, 93 S.Ct. 590, 34 L.Ed.2d 608). However, legal process brought for the enforcement of a party’s legal obligations to provide child support or make maintenance payments is a specific exception to the broad exemption from garnishment provided to social security benefits by 42 U.S.C. § 407.42 U.S.C. § 659. Section 659 does not create a statutory right to relief via garnishment; it merely removes the obstruction of sovereign immunity from a garnishment proceeding otherwise authorized by state law. See Williamson v. Williamson (Ga. 1981), 275 S.E.2d 42, 45, cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1097, 102 S.Ct. 669, 70 L.Ed.2d 638.
In Montana, both property exempt from execution and specific exceptions to those exemptions are contained in § 25-13-608, MCA. Subsection (1) of the statute exempts federal social security benefits to which the judgment debtor is entitled from execution; subsection (2) provides in pertinent part:
(2) Veterans’ and social security legislation benefits based upon remuneration for employment, as defined in 42 U.S.C. 662(f), are not exempt from execution if the debt for which execution is levied is for:
(a) child support; or
(b) maintenance to be paid to a spouse or former spouse if the spouse or former spouse is the custodial parent of a child for whom child support is owed or owing and the judgment debtor is the parent of the child.
Section 25-13-608, MCA.
The District Court concluded that § 25-13-608(2)(b), MCA, permits social security benefits to be garnished for all unpaid maintenance if child support amounts remain owing. In doing so, the court rejected Laurence’s argument that the statute does not authorize garnishment for maintenance which became owing after Carol ceased to be Teddi’s custodian. We review a district court’s conclusion of law to determine whether it is correct. Carbon County v. Union Reserve Coal Co. (1995), 271 Mont. 459, 469, 898 P.2d 680, 686 (citation omitted).
The resolution of the issue before us rests on the proper interpretation of § 25-13-608(2)(b), MCA. In construing a statute, “the office of the judge is simply to ascertain and declare what is in terms or in substance contained therein, not to insert what has been omitted or to omit what has been inserted.” Section 1-2-101, MCA. The intention of the legislature must be pursued. Section 1-2-102, MCA. If the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, it requires no further interpretation; we will not resort to other means of interpretation unless the legislature’s intent cannot be determined from the plain words of the statute. Clarke v. Massey (1995), 271 Mont. 412, 416, 897 P.2d 1085, 1088 (citation omitted).
Under § 25-13-608(2)(b), MCA, social security benefits can be garnished for maintenance to be paid to a spouse or former spouse under the following three conditions: 1) the spouse or former spouse is the custodial parent of a child; 2) child support is owed or owing for that child; and 3) the judgment debtor is the parent of the child for whom child support is owed or owing. We address the conditions in reverse order.
The third condition, that the judgment debtor be the parent, is clear and unambiguous. Moreover, that Laurence satisfies this condition is not in dispute.
The second condition, that child support is owed or owing, provided the basis for the District Court’s conclusion that Laurence’s social security benefits could be garnished for the entire amount of unpaid maintenance. “Owed” is defined as “[t]o be bound to do ... something, especially to pay a debt;” “owing” means “[u]npaid.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1105 (6th ed. 1990). This clear and unambiguous condition also is satisfied here by the $1,750 in court-ordered child support which Laurence concedes remains unpaid.
The first condition contained in § 25-13-608(2)(b), MCA, limits garnishment of social security benefits for maintenance to maintenance to be paid to a former spouse who “is” the custodial parent of the child for whom child support is owed. The language of the statute clearly and unambiguously requires the former spouse to be the custodial parent during the period the maintenance to be paid, and for which social security benefits can be garnished, accrues.
In interpreting statutes, we must give language its plain meaning. Stansbury v. Lin (1993), 257 Mont. 245, 249, 848 P.2d 509, 511 (citation omitted). Moreover, we cannot properly interpret a statute so as to omit any portion thereof. See § 1-2-101, MCA. Reading all portions of the statute at issue together, we conclude that § 25-13-608(2)(b), MCA, authorizes garnishment of a parent judgment debt- or’s social security benefits for maintenance to the extent that the maintenance is or was to be paid to the former spouse while the former spouse was the custodial parent of the child to whom child support is due and owing.
In this case, child support for Teddi from Laurence was ordered in 1991 for a seven-month period. None of that child support was paid and it remains owed and owing under § 25-13-608(2)(b), MCA. Maintenance from Laurence to Carol also was ordered in 1991, but for a period of five years; like the child support, none of the maintenance was paid. However, Carol was Teddi’s custodial parent for only seven months of the period during which maintenance was to be paid to her. Thus, the three conditions under which social security benefits may be garnished for maintenance pursuant to § 25-13-608(2)(b), MCA, were satisfied only during the seven-month period for which Carol was Teddi’s custodial parent. After Carol was no longer Teddi’s custodial parent, the first condition of § 25-13-608(2)(b), MCA, for garnishment of social security benefits for maintenance — that the maintenance accrue while the former spouse is the custodial parent— was no longer satisfied.
We conclude that Laurence’s social security benefits can be garnished for maintenance only for the amount of maintenance which accrued during the period that Carol was Teddi’s custodial parent. We hold, therefore, that the District Court erred in concluding that social security benefits are subject to garnishment for all maintenance that accrues while an unpaid child support obligation exists.
Reversed and remanded for the entry of an order consistent with this opinion.
CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE, JUSTICES HUNT, ERDMANN and NELSON concur.
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Appeal from a judgment of the district court of Gallatin County in favor of the plaintiff and from an order denying a new trial.
The cause was tried before a jury and from the record it appears that on February 13, 1957, plaintiff, Byron L. West-fall, purchased a 1952 used Hillman automobile from Robert F. Dye, Inc., a retail automobile dealer doing business in Bozeman, Montana for $495. As a down payment, plaintiff was allowed a total of $200 for a 1937 Ford truck and a 1949 Ford automobile. The balance of $295 was financed by a conditional sales contract which the dealer, Robert F. Dye, Inc., assigned to General Motors Acceptance Corporation. As a part of the same transaction, Robert F. Dye, Inc., purchased a dual interest accident insurance policy from the defendant, Motors Insurance Corporation.
Especially relevant to this action is the fact that by the terms of the aforementioned insurance policy, the insured, i. e., the plaintiff and General Motors Acceptance Corporation as their interests may appear, would receive, in the event of collision or upset, the actual cash value of the insured vehicle at the time of the loss, less $50.
On February 23, 1957, ten days after the purchase, the plaintiff was involved in an accident, which rendered the Hillman automobile a total loss. At the time of the accident $330 was owing to General Motors Acceptance Corporation, the assignee of the conditional sales contract.
On February 28, 1957, the plaintiff related the facts surrounding the accident to W. A. Wood, an adjuster for the defendant insurance company. Based on his investigation of the accident, Wood submitted a report to the defendant company, in which report he ascertained the total loss to the insured to be $330, which amount purportedly represents the actual cash value (designated to be $380) of the insured vehicle at the time of the loss, less $50.
The last page of the aforementioned report contains a Loss or Damage Agreement and a Bill of Sale. Included in the Loss or Damage Agreement is a provision whereby the undersigned plaintiff in consideration of the payment of $330 by the defendant corporation agrees to release and discharge the defendant insurance company from further liability. The Loss or Damage Agreement with the release included therein and the Bill of Sale transferring title of the car to the defendant insurance company were signed by the plaintiff on February 28, 1957. The record indicates that the plaintiff had read and was familiar with the aforementioned agreements before he executed them. However, the plaintiff testified that, at the time he signed these instruments, defendant’s adjuster Wood represented to him that the latter “would either get something out of it [plaintiff’s interest in the insurance policy] or have a car,” and, relying on these representations, plaintiff executed the Loss or Damage Agreement and the Bill of Sale.
Subsequently, defendant insurance company paid to General Motors Acceptance Corporation $330, the balance owing on the conditional sales contract. Plaintiff received a cheek for $9.81, which sum represented the unearned portion of the insurance premium.
Contending that he did not receive the “something” promised to him at the time he executed the Loss or Damage Agreement with the release contained therein and the Bill of Sale, plaintiff brought this action for compensatory and punitive damages.
Plaintiff asserts that on February 28, 1957, defendant’s adjuster Wood fraudulently represented the actual value of the demolished Hillman at the time of the loss to be $380, when he knew the true actual value to be $495; plaintiff further asserts the defendant’s adjuster Wood fraudulently represented to him that there would be “something” left over for plaintiff, Wood knowing this to be untrue. For his cause of action plaintiff alleges that, in reliance upon these fraudulent representations, he executed the Loss or Damage Agreement with the release included therein and the Bill of Sale, thereby suffering the damage for which he now prosecutes this action.
Defendant contended this was an action upon a voidable release and at the trial offered instructions to that effect; however, the district court refused to instruct on the question of release and proceeded on a tort theory based on fraud. The cause was submitted to the jury and their verdict was in favor of plaintiff, in the sum of $115 actual damages, plus $750 punitive damages. Defendant’s motion for a new trial was denied.
Two issues must be considered herein: (1) whether the trial court erred in assuming this to be a tort action, and refusing to instruct the jury as regards the law of release; and, (2) whether the trial court erred in submitting the issue of punitive damages to the jury.
Necessary to a disposition of the first issue is an understanding of the law concerning the nature of a release. This court has held a release to be an affirmative defense which must be specially pleaded. Collier v. Field, 2 Mont. 320, 324, (1875); Betor v. Chevalier, 121 Mont. 337, 344, 193 P.2d 374 (1948).
In the present ease the defendant Motors Insurance Corporation has specially pleaded the release in its answer. Also, it must be conceded that the fact of release is established in this case by virtue of defendant’s adjuster’s report which contains a written Loss or Damage Agreement with a release, voluntarily signed by the plaintiff, included therein.
R.C.M.1947, § 58-509, provides: “An obligation is extinguished by a release therefrom given to the debtor by the creditor, upon a new consideration, or in writing, with or without new consideration.”
From the language of the above-quoted statute, it is seen that a release is a type of contract. Applying contract law to determine the validity of a release, this court has noted that a release is the verisimilitude of a contract. Koerner v. Northern Pacific Ry., 56 Mont. 511, 519, 186 P. 337. Accordingly, we agree with the authorities who hold that a release is a contract, and, as such, is subject to rescission for the same reasons as other contracts, including fraud or mistake of fact. See Matthews v. Atchison, T. & S. F. Ry., 54 Cal.App.2d, 549, 129 P.2d 435, 441 (1942).
We have held that a release executed under fear of imprisonment is voidable, because such a contract wants the voluntary assent of the party to be bound by it. Williams v. Thomas, 58 Mont. 576, 194 P. 500 (1920). For the same reason, a release procured through fraud is voidable. Since there are facts in the record indicating possible fraud practiced on the plaintiff by defendant’s adjuster Wood, which facts may be sufficient to render the release in question voidable, we must inquire into whether or not the district court was squarely faced with the issue of voidable release.
In his reply, plaintiff alleges that the release pleaded by defendant’s answer was procured through fraud hence, an issue of fact concerning a voidable release was raised under the provisions of R.C.M.1947, § 93-4904. Whether or not there is sufficient fraud to avoid the release is for the jury to determine under proper instruction.
We hold the district court was in error in refusing to instruct the jury on the law of release and the judgment must be reversed.
In Chicago, M., St. P., & P. R. Co. v. Busby, 41 F.2d 617, (9th C.C.A., 1930) the Court of Appeals, on a tort claim for personal injuries arising out of an accident occurring in Montana, held that a release may be avoided for mistake or fraud in an action at law. The Court did not have to inquire into whether or not the parties were entitled to have the equitable issue of voidability first determined, because the entire issue of nonexecution of the release, fraud, and mistake were submitted to the jury without objection.
Anticipating the desirability of having the issue of void-ability of the release in the present case first determined, we see no reason why, under proper instruction, the jury cannot first decide the question of fraud in procurement of the release; then, if the jury finds the release to have been procured through fraud, they may decide whether or not the defendant has breached the insurance contract.
The district court instructed the jury that it could properly assess exemplary damages against the defendant for the sake of example, and by way of punishment, if the defendant has been guilty of fraud. R.C.M.1947, § 17-208, provides: “In any action for a breach of an obligation not arismg from contract, where the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice, actual or presumed, the jury, in addition to the actual damages, may give damages for the sake of example, and by way of punishing the defendant.” (Emphasis added).
Having held the release in question to be a contract, we are inexorably led to the conclusion that the provisions of the above-quoted statute preclude the awarding of exemplary damages in the present case.
Plaintiff cites Hobbs v. Smith, 27 Okl. 830, 115 P. 347, 34 L.R.A., N.S., 697, where the Oklahoma Supreme Court in construing an exemplary damage statute identical to ours held punitive damages proper in an action arising out of a contract for the sale of hogs, where the defendant knowingly sold diseased hogs to the plaintiff in violation of a penal statute. While neither agreeing with nor condemning the holding of that case, we need only say that perhaps the compulsion to punish and make an example of the defendant is greater in the Hobbs case than it is in this case.
In any event, we think the following language of the California Supreme Court is applicable to the situation presented here. In speaking on the issue of exemplary damages, the California court said: “(A)n award [for punitive damages] may not be granted in an action based on a breach of contract even though the defendant’s breach was wilful or fraudulent.” Crogan v. Metz, 47 Cal.2d 398, 303 P.2d 1029, 1033. In the Crogan ease, even though the complaint is phrased in language of fraud, the action is based on breach of contract for money had and received, and the injury is defendant’s failure to perform the contract.
Likewise, if plaintiff Westfall suffered any injury in this case, it resulted from defendant’s failure to perform the insurance contract by misrepresenting the amount of the actual value of the demolished Hillman at the time of the loss. “Actual value at the time of the loss” is a question of fact for the jury; misrepresentation of this fact in addition to other facts tending to show fraud by defendant’s adjuster may be cumulatively sufficient to entitle the plaintiff to avoidance of the release and actual damage resulting therefrom, but in no event is the plaintiff entitled to punitive damages.
Reversed and remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
MR. JUSTICES DOYLE, CASTLES and JOHN C. HARRISON concur.
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MR. JUSTICE HARRISON
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is a special proceeding involving the effect of a bankruptcy on a default judgment and a motion to dissolve a stay order.
On September 7, 1976, plaintiff brought an action in the District Court, Cascade County, to recover damages for personal injuries suffered in an automobile accident, due to the alleged negligence of defendant. At the time of the accident, defendant was insured by Guaranty National Insurance Company.
On September 22, 1976, defendant filed a petition in bankruptcy, naming plaintiff as a creditor, thus effecting a stay of the state court action under Rule 401(a), Fed.R.Bankr.P. Notwithstanding the stay, on December 13, 1976, plaintiff secured a default judgment against defendant in state court.
On January 7, 1977, defendant’s discharge in bankruptcy was entered, having the effect of releasing defendant from liability in tort to plaintiff. In February 1977, defendant made an application to the state court to set aside the default judgment on the grounds that the judgment had been entered in violation of the stay occasioned by the filing of the petition in bankruptcy, and that the amended complaint upon which judgment was entered had not been served upon defendant. Defendant also moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim. On July 21, 1977, the state district court entered an order denying defendant’s motion to set aside the default judgment.
Defendant then went to bankruptcy court and, following a hearing, obtained an order from said court, dated August 18, 1977 providing:
“That [plaintiff], his agents and attorneys, are hereby enjoined from taking further action in Cause #81788-B, District Court, Eighth Judicial District, Cascade County, State of Montana, and said judgment purportedly entered in that case is hereby declared to be null and void against this bankrupt.”
Plaintiff thereupon appealed the order of the bankruptcy judge, Honorable Orville Gray, to the United States District Court, Great Falls Division. That Court, Honorable Russell E. Smith presiding, entered an order dated April 24, 1978, in essence affirming the decision of the bankruptcy court, and indicating that the decision would not.affect any action plaintiff might have against defendant’s carrier, Guaranty National.
On August 19, 1977, within 30 days of the order of the state district court denying his motion to set aside the default judgment, defendant appealed the order to this Court. In order to prevent a waiver of his rights on appeal and litigation of a moot issue, defendant applied to this Court for an order staying proceedings in this appeal.
This Court, on September 8, 1977, entered an order temporarily staying proceedings on appeal pending oral argument. Following a hearing before this Court on October 5, 1977, this Court, on October 7, 1977, entered an order continuing the initial stay order.
On May 9, 1978, plaintiff filed a motion with this Court that the stay order be rescinded, that defendant’s carrier be required to comply with the rules of appellate civil procedure, and that if the carrier should desire to further appeal the order of July 21, 1977, denying defendant’s motion to set aside the default judgment, it be required to post an undertaking on appeal and a supersedeas bond.
Defendant, responding to the motion, contends that the order of Judge Smith affirming the bankruptcy court, has the effect of setting aside the default judgment, thus allowing defendant to defend against plaintiff’s claim on the merits. Not wishing to jeopardize his right to appeal from that portion of the order of July 21, 1977 rejecting his assertions of failure to state a claim and failure to serve the amended complaint, defendant contends he will proceed on this appeal only when so ordered by this Court and, thereupon, file the appropriate undertaking for costs on appeal as prescribed by Rule 6, M.R.App.Civ.P. Defendant resists filing a supersedeas bond on the grounds of his discharge in bankruptcy and the order of Judge Smith interpreting the effect thereof.
The stay order of this Court is ordered dissolved and the cause is remanded to the District Court with directions to dismiss the default judgment against the defendant as determined by Judge Smith.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL and JUSTICES SHEA and SHEEHY concur.
|
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On June 3,1993, the Defendant was sentenced to ten (10) years for the revocation of Issuing a Bad Check. The Defendant shall be given credit for time already served in various jails, the amount of time which will be determined by the Defendant’s probation officer.
On September 24,1993, the Defendant’s application for review of that sentence was heard by the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
The Defendant was present and represented himself. The state was not represented.
Before hearing the application, the Defendant was advised that the Sentence Review Division has the authority not only to reduce the sentence or affirm it, but also to increase it if such is possible. The defendant was further advised that there is no appeal from a decision of the Sentence Review Division. The defendant acknowledged that he understood this and stated that he wished to proceed.
After careful consideration, it is the unanimous decision of the Sentence Review Division that the case shall be remanded back to the sentencing judge in Cascade County to determine the amount of credit that shall be given for time served and the reasons therefore.
The reason for the decision is because the record is incomplete.
Hon. Thomas McKittrick, Chairman, Hon. G. Todd Baugh, and Hon. John Warner, Judges
|
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WRIT OF CERTIORARI
PER CURIAM.
TO THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT, STATE OF MONTANA, IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF LAKE, DEPARTMENT NO. 1, EMMET GLORE PRESIDING:
WHEREAS, HERBERT J. FUCHS, Petitioner in the above-entitled Cause, on the 19th day of September, 1969, having-filed his Application for Writ of Certiorari or Other Appropriate Writ with this Court for the purpose of reviewing the Sentence imposed upon him by the Respondent District Court in the above-captioned matter, to-wit: To serve ten (10) days-imprisonment in the Lake County Jail as punishment for contempt of court, which Sentence is reflected in the minute entry of Cause No. 6356 on file with the Clerk of Court, Lake-County, Montana, and
WHEREAS, Petitioner’s Application having been properly filed before this Court and after argument by his counsel having been heard and the District Court file having been reviewed, and
WHEREAS, it is apparent on the face of the minute entry that the Sentence of the Respondent District Court exceeds the jurisdiction vested in it by Section 93-9810, R.C.M.1947.
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED, that this Writ, of Certiorari issue modifying the Judgment of Contempt made against HERBERT J. FUCHS in Cause No. 6356, on file with the Lake County Clerk of Court and that the Sentence therein imposed be reduced to the statutory maximum of 5 days.
|
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal by plaintiff-carrier, R. G. Walter, d/b/a City Transfer and Storage, from an order and judgment entered in the district court of Flathead County which sustained an August 2, 1965 order of the Board of Railroad Commissioners (hereinafter called the Board), dismissing the complaint of plaintiff and entering judgment for the defendants. This order and. judgment determined that the authority contained in Montana Railroad Commission Intrastate Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity No. 2081 (hereinafter referred to as MRC 2081) issued to plaintiff did not include the authority to transport “petroleum or petroleum products” within the meaning of the term “commodities” as found in MRC 2081.
MRC 2081 authorized plaintiff to transport “heavy equipment, tractors,, power shovels, merchandise and commodities” as a class “C” carrier, subject to the following limitation: “Hauling must be limited to the type requiring heavy duty trucking.”
Plaintiff-carrier was apprehended by a fieldman of the Board prior to December of 1964, at which time the carrier was in the process of transporting petroleum or petroleum products for hire upon a public highway. Following a request by plaintiff to the Board for an interpretation of the term “commodities” as contained in MRC 2081, plaintiff was informed that it did not include authority to transport petroleum or petroleum products. Subsequently a request was made that a meeting be held between the Board and. the carrier to discuss MRC 2081, and thereafter, on April 12, 1965, plaintiff-carrier requested that a public hearing be held in order to interpret the scope of the authority contained within MRC 2081.
At the hearing administrative notice was taken of all records on file with the Board relevant to MRC 2081. These files included the original application, the transcript of the original hearing and other records indicating successive transfers which concluded with the transfer to the plaintiff.
Following the public hearing the Board issued its Order No. 3138, holding that the term “commodities” as contained in MRC 2081 is a general phrase limited by the scope of the preceding specific property types enumerated in the certificate; that the general language relates solely to the preceding specific language; and therefore the general language of the term “commodities” referred only to such additional commodities that would be of the same type or kind as those specifically set forth preceding the term “commodities”.
As a result of this order plaintiff filed a complaint in the district court of Flathead County asking review of the Board’s action and sought to require the Board to determine that MRC 2081 included authority to haul “petroleum or petroleum products”. After hearing oral arguments the district court issued the order and judgment from which plaintiff appeals.
This appeal raises two interrelated issues for determination by this Court: (1) whether the Board erred in making its original determination as to the scope of the authority granted under MRC 2081, and (2) whether Board Order No. 3138 was just, reasonable and proper.
Plaintiff argues that the term “commodities” as used in MRC 2081 includes all items of commerce and thus on its face includes “petroleum or petroleum products”. Further, plaintiff contends that the words must stand by themselves because MRC 2081 is unambiguous, and therefore, the Board erred in referring to the transcript of the original application for the certificate. With this contention we cannot agree.
Whether the Board erred in making its original determination as to the scope of the authority granted under MRC 2081 must be answered with reference to the authority vested in the Board by the laws of Montana. Section 8-103, R.C.M.1947, provides in part:
“(a) The board of railroad commissioners is hereby vested with power and authority, and it is hereby made its duty to supervise and regulate every motor carrier in this state; * * ®. The board shall have power and authority by general order or otherwise to prescribe rules and regulations in conformity with this act applicable to any and all motor carriers.”
Section 8-112, R.C.M.1947, provides in part:
“Any right, privilege or certificate held, owned, or obtained by any motor carrier may be sold * * # as other property only by the authorization of the board. The board may issue the certificate, * * * and may attach to the exercise of the rights granted by such certificate such terms and conditions as in its judgment the public convenience and necessity may require. When a certificate has once been issued * * * such certificate shall continue in force until terminated by the board for cause * * (Emphasis added)
From the foregoing it is readily apparent that the Board is authorized, and has the duty, to administratively supervise every motor carrier in the state and may, in its discretion, upon the issuance of any certificate, attach such terms and conditions as in its judgment may be required. If at sometime after issuance of a certificate the Board finds it necessary to refer to previous proceedings in the exercise of this administrative function, including the transcript of the original application, there is nothing to prevent such reference.
Turning then to an interpretation of the word “commodities” as used in MRC 2081. In Petroleum Carrier Corp. v. Black, 51 M.C.C. 717 (1950), the Interstate Commerce Commission (hereinafter referred to as the Commission) was faced with a very similar question. In that case, at p. 718, the carrier’s certificate granted the authority to transport:
“Machinery and machinery parts, road construction machinery, contractor’s equipment, structural and reinforcing steel, and commodities requiring special equipment * (Emphasis added)
The Commission, applying the rule of ejusdem generis held that the phrase “commodities requiring special equipment” did not include “petroleum or petroleum products”, concluding that “commodities” referred to the general type of things commonly transported by machinery carriers. '
Further, the Commission in discussing this said at p. 722 :
“Moreover, application of the ejusdem generis rule lends support to this construction. The principle is stated in 28 C.J.S. [Ejusdem p.] 1049 as follows:
“ ‘Literally, “of the same kind or species.” A well-known maxim of construction, to aid in ascertaining the meaning of a statute or other written instrument, the doctrine being that, where an enumeration of specific things is followed by some-general word or phrase, such general word or phrase is to be held to refer to things of the same kind, as in the case of a “clean-up” phrase, such as the term “otherwise” with respect to á classification which immediately precedes it.’
“It too lends support to the conclusion that it was not the purpose of the certificate to authorize a type of service different from that commonly performed by machinery carriers.”
In the instant case the Board, having in its original determination applied the doctrine of ejusdem generis, found that the term “commodities” was a general phrase limited by the scope of the preceding words. This finding was upheld by the district court. It was the opinion of that court that:
“* * * the issuance of a certificate that sets forth specific items to be transported, limits the ‘catch all’ words merchandise and commodities to those various and sundry items directly related to the specific items set forth in the certificate.”
With this finding this Court agrees.
Under provisions of sections 8-115 and 72-125, B.C.M.1947, orders of the Board will not be disturbed on review unless they are found to be unjust and unreasonable. Further, section 72- 132,.R.C.M.1947, provides that a Board order shall be deemed prima facie just, reasonable, and proper. In the absence of a showing to the contrary by the plaintiff, it is assumed the order was just and reasonable. The district court found the order of the Board to be just and reasonable and we concur.
The order and judgment of the district court is affirmed.
MR. JUSTICES CASTLES and BONNER, concur.
MR. JUSTICE HASWELL, being disqualified, took no part in this Opinion.
|
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the district court of Gallatin County reversing an order of the Workmen’s Compensation Division (the Division). The Division had denied the petition of respondent, Maxine Rasmussen, for additional workmen’s compensation benefits for an old injury she sustained on October 14, 1969, while employed by Gibsons in Bozeman, Montana.
The hearing before the Division was held first on June 11, 1973, and again on August 22, 1973, when it was concluded. At this hearing the following evidence was presented: Respondent testified that on October 14, 1969, she suffered an injury to her back during the course of her employment with Gibsons In Bozeman; that the' Industrial Accident Board (now the Workmen’s Compensation Division) compensated her for wages lost from October 16 through October 27, 1969, and for medical ■expenses incurred from October 20 through December 8, 1969; that she returned to work at Gibsons after October 27, 1969, but persistent back trouble compelled her to quit during the .summer of 1970; that in June, 1970, during a train ride to Oregon her back problems intensified and she thereafter visited a ■chiropractor in Oregon who gave minor relief; that on August 3, 1970, she commenced work at Arteraft Printers in Bozeman, but to lift anything and back pain from just sitting caused her to quit on October 30, 1970; that from December 1970, to September, 1971, she attempted several light housekeeping jobs, but was forced to quit all of them on account of her back; that in December, 1971, she obtained employment on Tom Holdsworth’s ■egg farm near Bozeman, but her back bothered her doing the work; that in June, 1972, she took another trip to Oregon, but the sitting bothered her so severely that she could hardly walk, and when she returned home she was unable to lift anything; that in July, 1972, Holdsworth finally let her go because her back simply would not permit her to do any work; that on July 14, 1972, she filed a claim with the Division alleging an injury ■or a recurrence thereof on July 5, 1972; that she knew Holds-worth did not carry workmen’s compensation insurance but he did carry medical insurance that he thought might cover her, but she was unfamiliar with the procedures for filing workmen’s ■compensation claims.
Dr. De Heetderks, who treated respondent for her 1969 injury at Gibsons, diagnosed respondents’ condition then as a muscle strain and released her from his care in December, 1969. Respondent did not see a doctor again until sometime in 1972, but testified that was because Dr. De. Heetderks said she would just have to live with her condition. After seeing Dr. De Heetderks again in 1972, respondent also visited Drs. Varberg, Humherger, and Robinson at different times beginning in June 1972, and ending April 1973. Dr. Humberger testified that respondent told him she was unsuccessful in work because of back pain; that in December 1972, he diagnosed respondent’s condition as a possible herniated disc; but that he could not say with any degree of certainty whether there was a causal relationship between the injury sustained by respondent on October 14, 1969 and her ondition in July 1972, but more will be said about this hereafter.
On the basis of this evidence, the Division found that a preponderance of credible evidence failed to sustain a finding of proximate cause between respondent’s present disability and her injury of October 14, 1969, and concluded that respondent was not entitled to further workmen’s compensation benefits.
Despondent timely petitioned for a rehearing but the Division on October 30, 1973, denied the petition. Thereafter respondent perfected an appeal to the district court under the provisions of section 92-833, B.C.M. 1947.
The hearing before the district court was held on January 14, 1974. In addition to having the certified record of the Division, the district court heard testimony from respondent, Dr. Humberger, Boberta Adams, a former co-worker of respondent’s at Artcraft, and Tom Holdsworth, her last employer. Despondent’s testimony was more orderly than that heard by the Division, but in substance contained nothing new except for the fact she had undergone surgery for a herniated disc after the Division proceedings had closed.
Adams testified that respondent complained of back trouble after only two weeks at Artcraft and again before she quit. Holdsworth testified that respondent told him about her back problems before she took the job; that respondent thereafter continued to complain about her back, which became, progressively worse, especially after her June 1972, trip to Oregon; and that since respondent felt she had aggravated the old injury suffered at Gibsons, after he found she was not covered "by Ms own medical insurance he advised her to reopen the matter with the Division.
Dr. Humberger testified that on November 7, 1973, he performed surgery on respondent for removal of a herniated disc; that the herniated disc could be related back to the 1969 injury •at Gibsons; and that the symptoms in general of respondent’s hack trouble dated back to the injury at Gibsons.
The district court found that respondent continued to suffer from and complain of intermittent low back pain from the time ■of her injury at Gibsons in 1969 to the present; that this condition prevented her from working at length at any job; and that a preponderance of the evidence established that respondent’s present back condition was causally related to the injury •at Gibsons. The court concluded that appellant Universal Underwriters Insurance Company was responsible for any compensation due respondent and that the cause should be remanded to 'the Division in order to determine the extent of respondent’s •disability and the amount of her award.
It is from this decision that appellants appeal.
Two issues are presented to us for review: (1) Did the district court abuse its discretion in admitting additional evidence ? (2) Was there a preponderance of credible evidence to support the findings and conclusions of the district court?
A district court has authority to take “additional evidence” in the workmen’s compensation cases it hears on appeal from “the Division. Section 92-834, R.C.M. 1947 provides:
“* * * The court may, upon the hearing, for good cause ■shown, permit additional evidence to be introduced, but, in the •absence of such permission from the court, the cause shall be heard on the record of the board, as certified to the court by it. The trial of the matter shall be de novo, and upon such trial the ■court shall determine whether or not the board regularly pursued its authority, and whether or not the findings of the board ■ought to be sustained, and whether or not such findings are reasonable under all the circumstances of the case.”
It should be noted that appellants timely objected'to all the “additional evidence” in the instant case — the testimony of respondent, Adams, Holdsworth, and Dr. Humberger.
We think respondent’s testimony as a whole is beyond the scope of “additional evidence” as that term is used in the statute. Except for clarifying a few dates and relating the fact of her subsequent back operation, respondent simply gave a repeat of her performance before the Division. Similar testimony has met with our approval in the past, but only because of exigent circumstances not present here. See, for example Best v. London Guarantee & Acc. Co., 100 Mont. 332, 47 P.2d 656 (claimant neither personally present nor represented by counsel, board’s decision denying compensation was based on insurance carrier’s version of the facts) and Tweedie v. Industrial Accident Board, 101 Mont. 256, 53 P.2d 1145 (claimant not represented by counsel at board hearing, evidence adduced was 80> incomplete and confusing that an intelligent decision could not have been reached).
On the other hand, the testimony of Adams, Holds-worth, and Dr. Humberger is additional evidence for good cause shown. Dr. Humberger did nothing else than report respondent’s medical condition from the close of the Division hearing to the date of the district court hearing. It is well settled that the district court may receive evidence bringing the factual record up to date. Sykes v. Republic Coal Co., 94 Mont. 239, 244, 22 P.2d 157. Appellants contend that respondent was negligent in failing to have Adams and Holdsworth testify before the Division and consequently has not demonstrated “good cause” under section 92-834, R.C.M. 1947. Had these witnesses merely corroborated respondent’s testimony that she often suffered back pain after the injury at Gibsons in 1969, we might be inclined to agree. However, Adams and Holdsworth also spoke to the important issue of whether there was an intervening injury which could have been responsible for respondent’s back trouble. The testimony of Holdsworth is particularly significant in this regard •.
“Q. Prior to Mrs. Rasmussen commencing work for you, did she tell you about any of her previous background? A. Yes. She applied for the job and I told her we would like her to look over the job and see what she was expected to do. She ■did come out and overlook the work. She told me at that time she had been injured while working at Gibsons, that she thought she would be able to handle the job, and she would like to try.
“Q. Did she say anything about her back bothering her at that time? A. Not specifically at that particular time. She said she had been injured at Gibsons, and that her back had bothered her. And again she didn’t say it was at that particular time. She just said she hoped she would be able to handle this particular work.
“* # #
“Q. After she worked for you for awhile, did she complain about her back? A. Yes, she did.
“Q. Do you recall when this was, first? A. She complained of her back just gradually. And in watching her work, I could see her back was bothering her. We began to restrict the type of work that she was doing. In other words, there are certain jobs in the processing plant, the candling job, there is no lifting at all. In unloading the egg processing machines, the lifting is very restricted. We began to restrict the amount of the area in which she worked. She began to complain very severely of her back problems after she came back from this ■vacation. Her work then was restricted entirely to the candling. And after a short while, it became apparent she couldn’t do that, and had to quit.” (Emphasis added)
Obviously this testimony lends independent support to Dr. Humberger’s opinion that a causal relationship existed between respondent’s back trouble in 1972 and her injury at Gibsons in 1969. In short, the testimony took on added relevance in light of what Dr. Humberger had to say at the district court hearing. Respondent could not reasonably have foreseen this at the time the Division conducted its proceedings; accordingly, appellants’' objection on this point is not well taken.
We think the district court could find a preponderance of credible evidence to sustain respondent’s claim, both from the additional evidence presented at the district court hearing and the record of the Division.
The crucial element of respondent’s case was whether she could show that her back trouble in 1972 was causally related to her injury at Gibsons in 1969. Dr. Humberger testified at the district court hearing that in his opinion, based on a medical history of respondent and the fact of her operation for a herniated disc, such a causal relationship did indeed exist. This opinion was supported not only by the testimony of Adams and Holdsworth, as discussed above, but also by two other doctors. Dr. De Heetderks wrote a letter dated September 1, 1972, to Douglas Drysdale, respondent’s attorney, wherein he stated in substance that in 1969 he felt respondent’s injury at Gibsons was relatively minor and apparently resolved itself; that his examination of respondent in 1972 was inconclusive as to the nature and cause of her back difficulties then; and that he referred respondent to Dr. Yarberg who, after examination felt she might have some discogenic disease. The last paragraph of his letter, however, qualifies any uncertainties Dr. De Heetderks may have had and clearly supports Dr. Humberger’s opinion:
“It is difficult to say with certainty whether or not the low back trouble of October, 1969 is related to the July, 1972 back problems. However, if the patient truly does have discogenie disease in the low back area, it very probably is related. I would encourage you to consult with Dr. Yarberg on this matter.” (Emphasis added)
On October 6, 1972, Dr. Varberg also wrote to Drysdale and related his examination of respondent. He concluded with this paragraph:
“It is highly likely there is a casual relationship between the accident of October 14, 1969 and her present condition. If she does undergo a myelogram and this is positive toward this disease then it would be my opinion that there is a direct causal relationship between the incident of October 14, 1969 and her present condition. I would have to reserve an absolute definite opinion, however, until the myelogram was accomplished.” (Emphasis added)
While the results of the myelogram were not positive, there is no getting around the fact that respondent in November, 1973, was found to have a herniated disc and underwent surgery for that reason. It does not seem unfair to say Dr. Varberg would concur in Dr. Humberger’s opinion as to the cause of respondent’s back trouble.
The Division in deciding against respondent apparently gave considerable weight to the fact that before filing the present claim against Gibsons respondent filed a claim against Holds-worth who carried no workmen’s compensation insurance. This action might imply that respondent was aware she suffered a new injury while working at Holdsworth’s and that the claim against Gibsons was founded upon something less than good faith. At the Division hearing respondent explained she really did not know the correct procedures for filing a workmen’s compensation claim; but the Division was not convinced. However, we think the record is replete with evidence from which the district court could find assurance respondent was telling the whole story. For one thing, both Adams and Holdsworth testified that respondent complained of back trouble during her employment with Artcraft and the egg farm. For another, the Division’s interoffice communications of July 10 and July 28, 1972, reveal that respondent phoned the office to inquire about eligibility for workmen’s compensation benefits, saying she “(was) having difficulty with her back resulting from her accident of October 14, 1969” and “did not feel she had a new injury but that it was a recurrence of the accident she had on October 14, 1969, while employed by Gibsons * *
The ease of Vetsch v. Helena Transf. & Stor. Co., 154 Mont. 106, 460 P.2d 757, was relied on by the Division as controlling, but in our view this reliance is misplaced because of factual distinctions from the instant case. Yetsch involved a workmen’s compensation claimant who in 1964 fell on a flight of stairs. He claimed injury to his back and elbows, but the accident was not reported or compensated as an industrial accident. Eventually he quit Helena Transfer & Storage over a commission dispute. Thereafter during a period of more than two years claimant worked for nine firms as a heavy construction worker. He never complained to any of these employers of back trouble, nor did. he ever give it as a reason for quitting. During the winter of 1967, claimant strained his back while shoveling snow. In holding that claimant failed to show the 1964 fall was the proximate cause of his present condition, the Court stressed the fact that claimant subsequently performed heavy construction work and his working ability was not impaired until after the winter of 1967. Here the situation is very different: (1) respondent suffered a previous industrial accident and received benefits therefor; (2) she thereafter regularly complained of back trouble to subsequent employers; and (3) she attempted to do only relatively light work, and her back would not even permit her to do that for any length of time.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
ME. JUSTICES JOHN C. HAEEISON and CASTLES concur.
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MR. JUSTICE JOHN C. HARRISON
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the District Court for Missoula County, ■ Montana, denying the plaintiff, Doretta A. Running’s application for leave to file a complaint in quo warranto against the defendant, Blanche Jacobson.
This action was brought by the plaintiff, Doretta A. Running, pursuant to R.C.M.1947, § 93-6401, et seq., to test the right of the defendant, Blanche Jacobson, to occupy the "office” of Clerk of the Board of Trustees of School District No. 40, Frenehtown, Missoula County, Montana.
The petition for leave to file a complaint in quo warranto alleges: That on April 15, 1961, the plaintiff was, at a duly and regularly called meeting of the Board of Trustees of School District No. 40, Missoula County, Montana, appointed clerk of said board; that the term of her appointment, as fixed by law, was to run from April 15, 1961, until the third Saturday in April, 1962; that she qualified for the position by subscribing to the oath and filing the bond prescribed by law; that she entered into and upon the discharge of her duties on April 15, 1961, and continued to carry out such duties until July 14, 1961; that from and after her appointment she never resigned, abandoned or forfeited the "office” of clerk, nor has such "office” ever been abolished, nor has she ever been removed or displaced from such "office” by the judgment of any court; that on July 14, 1961, the defendant, Blanche Jacobson, well knowing the premises aforesaid, unlawfully usurped the "office” of Clerk of the Board of Trustees of School District No. 40, and entered into and upon the exercise of all the powers and duties incidental thereto; that by such unlawful usurpation, the defendant became possessed of said "office” contrary to law; that from and since July 14, 1961, the defendant has unlawfully held said "office,” the plaintiff being during all such time the legal and lawfully appointed clerk; and that from and since said date, the defendant has refused and still does refuse "to allow the Plaintiff to hold and execute said office or to receive the emoluments or to enjoy the rights, privileges and emoluments thereof.”
It is the contention of the plaintiff that, as clerk of the Board of Trustees of School District No. 40, she was a public officer and therefore could be removed only for cause after notice and after an opportunity to be heard as provided by R.C.M.1947, Chapter 55 of Title 94 (Removal of Officers Otherwise than by Impeachment), and R.C.M.1947, § 75-1832.
The defendant contends that the clerk of the board of trustees of a school district is not a public officer, nor is she employed to a set term, but that she is merely an employee with administrative duties, and as such may be removed without notice or an opportunity to be heard. The defendant further contends that since quo warranto will lie only as against an officer, and not an employee, that the application by the plaintiff for leave to file a complaint in quo warranto was by the lower court properly denied.
The sole question raised by this appeal, therefore, is whether the position of Clerk of the Board of Trustees of School District No. 40 is a public office or an employment and whether the occupant thereof is a public officer or an employee.
In State ex rel. Boyle v. Hall, 53 Mont. 595, 600, 165 P. 757, this court said:
“Courts and text-writers have undertaken to define the term ‘public office,’ and to prescribe certain criteria by which to determine whether, in a given instance, a public office is involved, but their efforts have been expended with rather indifferent success. The tests applied and found sufficient in one case have proved altogether inapplicable in another. The authorities are, however, quite generally agreed that the character of the functions to be performed is a primary consideration, if not a determining factor. 23 Ency. of Law (2d Ed.), 323. The duties attached to the position must concern the public directly, and must be imposed by public authority — not by contract. Meehem on Public Officers 1-6; Throop on Public Officers, 3, 4; Wyman’s Administrative Law, § 44. The duties must be pub- lie in the sense that they comprehend the exercise of some portion of the sovereign power and authority of the state, either in making, administering, or executing the laws. Eliason v. Coleman, 86 N.C. 235; Commonwealth v. Bush, 131 Ky. 384, 115 S.W. 249. They must be public, also, in the sense that they imply the element of personal responsibility, as distinguished from the merely clerical acts of an agent or servant. Attorney General v. Tillinghast, 203 Mass. 539, 89 N.E. 1058, 17 Ann.Cas. 449. In other words, a public officer is a part of the personal force by which the state thinks, acts, determines, and administers to the end that its Constitution may be effective and its laws operative. People [ex rel. Rodgers] v. Coler, 166 N.Y. 1, 59 N.E. 716, 52 L.R.A. 814, 82 Am.St.Rep. 605. While the elements of fixed term and compensation cannot be said to be indispensable to a public office, they are indices the presence of which points to the existence of such a position, and the absence of which indicates to some extent the contrary conclusion.” Emphasis supplied.
. In the case of State ex rel. Barney v. Hawkins, 79 Mont. 506, 528, 257 P. 411, 418, 53 A.L.R. 583, this court stated:
“* * * we hold that five elements are indispensable in any position of public employment, in order to make it a public office of a civil nature: (1) It must be created by the Constitution or by the Legislature or created by a municipality or other body through authority conferred by the Legislature; (2) it must possess a delegation of a portion of the sovereign power of government, to be exercised for the benefit of the public; (3) the powers conferred, and the duties to be discharged, must be defined, directly or impliedly, by the Legislature or through legislative authority; (4) the duties must be performed independently and without control of a superior power, other than the law, unless they be those of an inferior or subordinate office, created or authorized by the Legislature and by it placed under the general control of a superior officer or body; (5) it must have some permanency and continuity, and not be only temporary or occasional. In addition, in this state, an officer must take and file an official oath, hold a commission or other written authority, and give an official bond, if the latter be required by proper authority.” Emphasis supplied. See also State ex rel. Nagle v. Page, 98 Mont. 14, 37 P.2d 575; State ex rel. Nagle v. Kelsey, 102 Mont. 8, 55 P.2d 685; State ex rel. Dunn v. Ayers, 112 Mont. 120, 113 P.2d 785.
If any one of the five elements, recited in State ex rel. Barney v. Hawkins, supra, is absent in a public service position, such position is an employment and not a public office, and the occupant thereof is an employee and not an officer. All the elements must be present.
In the case at bar, the first element is present but the second element is lacking. (It is not necessary for us to discuss whether the other three elements are present.) Unless there was delegated to the clerk of the board of trustees of a school district some of the sovereign functions of government “to be exercised for the benefit of the public,” the clerk’s position is not a public office. This court in State ex rel. Barney v. Hawkins, supra, quoting from Mechem on Public Offices and Officers, § 4, p. 5, said:
“ ‘The most important characteristic which distinguishes an office from an employment or contract is that the creation and conferring of an office involves a delegation to the individual of some of the sovereign functions of government, to be exercised by him for the benefit of the public; that some portion of the sovereignty of the country, either legislative, executive or judicial, attaches, for the time being, to be exercised for the public benefit. Unless the powers conferred are of this nature, the individual is not a public officer” Emphasis supplied.
The clerk of the board of trustees of a school district does not perforin any of the sovereign functions of government. His duties, which are set forth in R.C.M.1947, Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19, and 39, of Title 75, are confined to matters of administrative detail. R.C.M.1947, § 75-1604, for example, provides that the clerk must receive, file and post the names of all the candidates for membership on the school board; R.C.M. 1947, § 75-1605, provides that in districts of the second and third classes the clerk must post election notices and must notify the judges of the election of their appointment; and R.C.M. 1947, § 75-1608, provides that, in districts of the first class the clerk must post election notices and must, if so directed by the board of trustees, have the election notices published “in some newspaper in the county.”
Manifestly, these duties do not comprehend a delegation of any part of the sovereign authority of the state, or authorize the exercise in the clerk’s own right of any sovereign power or any prescribed independent authority of a governmental nature. Neither do any of the other statutory duties of the clerk lead to such a conclusion.
We hold, therefore, that the plaintiff was not an officer but an employee, within the generally accepted legal definition of the term, and that consequently the rule applicable to removal of public officers does not apply and the application for leave to file a complaint in quo warranto against the defendant was by the lower court properly denied.
The judgment appealed from is affirmed. It is so ordered.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON and MR. JUSTICES ADAIR, CASTLES and DOYLE concur.
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Plaintiff Thelma L. Fraunhofer appeals from an order of the District Court of the Eighth Judicial District, Cascade County, the Honorable Joel G. Roth presiding, granting defendant’s motion to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
This case involves an attempt by plaintiff to have a divorce decree declared void ab initio and to have herself declared to be the widow of Omar C. Fraunhofer; or, as an alternative, to have a purported property settlement agreement between the parties rescinded and to have the District Court determine a fair and equitable division of the property; or, as an alternative, to have the alimony and maintenance provisions of the decree of divorce modified because of substantial and continuing changed circumstances.
On February 9, 1971, Omar C. Fraunhofer commenced an ac tion for divorce, Civil Cause Number 72791-C, against his then wife, Thelma L. Fraunhofer, on the grounds of extreme cruelty, in the District Court of the Eighth Judicial District, Cascade County. On February 19, 1971, Thelma L. Fraunhofer executed an agreement, which was later incorporated in the divorce decree, along with an Admission of Service, Waiver of Time to Appear, and Consent to Judgment. On March 25, 1971, a decree of divorce was granted to Omar C. Fraunhofer in the District Court.
As part of the decree, the agreement between the parties respecting property and alimony payments was approved by the court and incorporated by reference in the decree of divorce. This agreement noted that the parties were married on June 28, 1948; that “the WIFE [had] assisted the HUSBAND in his farm and ranch operations and [had] contributed greatly to the maintenance of the property owned by her HUSBAND”; that the parties had carefully considered their separate rights and interests; and that they had each been represented by attorneys throughout the negotiations which resulted in the agreement. The agreement then provided that the husband would pay the wife $33,000 “as and for ALIMONY,” to be paid in the following manner:
“A. The sum of Fifteen Thousand and no/100 Dollars ($15,000.00) upon the execution of this Agreement.
“B. The balance of Eighteen Thousand and no/100 Dollars ($18,000.00) shall be paid in equal monthly payments of Three Hundred and no/100 Dollars ($300.00) commencing March 1, 1971, and thereafter on the first day of each succeeding month until the sum of Eighteen Thousand and no/100 Dollars ($18,000.00) has been paid in full. This will require sixty (60) monthly payments.”
The agreement went on to provide that the sixty monthly payments would be paid regardless of the marital status of the wife, and regardless of whether the husband or wife died prior to payment in full of all sixty payments.
In return Thelma Fraunhofer agreed to transfer all stock in Montana Plumbing held jointly or solely in her name, and all interest in farm machinery, equipment, and personal property located on the ranch property to Omar Fraunhofer.
No appeal was taken from the decree, and the final installment under the agreement was paid on February 1, 1976. On January 3, 1977, Omar Fraunhofer died, and Donald L. Price, plaintiff’s brother, was appointed personal representative of his estate on January 10, 1977. Almost nine months later, on October 24, 1977, Thelma Fraunhofer filed a motion in Civil Cause Number 72791-C, Omar C. Fraunhofer v. Thelma L. Fraunhofer, for substitution of decedent’s personal representative to defend against her attached petition. The petition raised essentially the same claims as the complaint in the instant case, but the District Court denied the motion on November 10, 1977, finding there was no pending claim or cause. Thelma Fraunhofer did not appeal that order.
On December 8, 1977, plaintiff filed a complaint commencing this action against decedent’s personal representative. The complaint consisted of three claims. The first claim attacked the divorce decree and the settlement agreement on grounds of fraud. It asked that the decree and agreement be declared void and that plaintiff be adjudged the widow of the decedent and thereby entitled to all of the benefits accorded a surviving spouse. The second claim attacked only the settlement agreement, asking that the agreement be rescinded and a new division of property be made between plaintiff and the decedent. The third claim affirmed both the decree and the agreement, alleged a change in circumstances, and asked that the provision in the settlement agreement providing for “alimony” be modified in light of the changed circumstances.
Defendant moved to dismiss the complaint, and his motion was granted with leave to amend on February 17, 1978. On March 9, plaintiff filed an amended complaint which included further allegations. The amended complaint added essentially two allegations to the previous complaint. First, it alleged that the fraud, duress, and undue influence attributed to decedent continued from the time of execution of the agreement until decedent’s death. Sec ond, it alleged that decedent, and then defendant, made assurances to plaintiff that she “would be taken care of.”
On May 31, 1978, two claims of the amended complaint and a substantial portion of the third claim were dismissed by order of the District Court. Plaintiff appeals from that order. She contends that the District Court erred in granting defendant’s motion to dismiss with respect to each of the three claims. We will discuss each claim separately, in the order they were presented to the District Court.
Before addressing the claims directly, however, we must first mention some of the rules regarding the role of the District Court in reviewing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
Rule 12(b)(6), M.R.Civ.P., provides in pertinent part:
“. . . the following defenses may at the option of the pleader be made by motion: ... (6) failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted . . .”
The general accepted rule is that “a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of acts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” Conley v. Gibson (1957), 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 102, 2 L.Ed.2d 80, 84; Wheeler v. Moe (1973), 163 Mont. 154, 161, 515 P.2d 679, 683; Kielmann v. Mogan (1970), 156 Mont. 230, 233, 478 P.2d 275, 276. For purposes of the motion to dismiss, the complaint is to be construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and its allegations are taken as true. Jenkins v. McKeithen (1969), 395 U.S. 411, 421, 89 S.Ct. 1843, 1849, 23 L.Ed.2d 404, 416-17.
In addressing plaintiff’s first claim in its order dismissing the initial complaint, the District Court stated the following as its reasons:
“In Montana the period of limitations applicable to claims grounded in fraud is two (2) years under Section 93-2607(4) and the same period, by analogy, is applicable to the equitable defense of laches. From the face of Plaintiff’s complaint it is clear that (at the latest) the time of the events triggering the running of this period of limitations is February 19, 1971 with respect to the attack on the Property Settlement Agreement and March 25, 1971 for the attack on the Decree. The period within which Plaintiff’s action must be filed therefore expired February 19, 1973 or at the latest March 25, 1973.
“. . . Plaintiff’s complaint contains no allegation of justification or reasons for Plaintiff’s failure to take action with respect to the alleged fraud and duress within the two (2) year period of limitations ... It is this Court’s conclusion that all of her claims are barred by the State [sic] of Limitations as well as by Plaintiff’s laches, grounds for which conclusion appear satisfactorily from the face of Plaintiff’s complaint.
“In addition, this Court’s earlier order in the divorce proceeding denying Plaintiff’s motion therein is res judicata as to her rights on all claims in this action . . .”
In the amended complaint, filed subsequent to this order, plaintiff included allegations to meet the court’s concerns:
“The duress, menace, fraud, force, and undue influence on the part of Omar C. Fraunhofer, as alleged in Paragraph V, d., of this Claim, continued from the time of the divorce and settlement agreement to the time of the death of Omar C. Fraunhofer. In addition, Omar C. Fraunhofer represented to plaintiff during the period from the time of the divorce to the time of his death that he would see to it that she was always taken care of. Further, after Omar C. Fraunhofer’s death, Donald L. Price represented to plaintiff, through a third party, that she would be taken care of financially. For these reasons, plaintiff did not institute legal proceedings or otherwise assert her rights before October of 1977, and did not bring this action, pursuant to Section 91A-3-804, RCM, 1947, as amended, until the date of the original complaint herein. Defendant is therefore astopped [sic] from asserting any defense bearing on the timeliness of plaintiff’s complaint.”
In response to these further allegations, the District Court, in its order dismissing plaintiff’s amended claim, stated:
“The Court concludes that these allegations do not fulfill the requirements of Rule 9b and 9f of the Montana Rules of Civil Procedure with respect to a pleading of fraud with particularity and allegations of matters of time and place in a cause where the existence of defenses of the statute of limitations and laches are so apparent on the face of the Complaint. The amendments to Plaintiff’s Complaint therefore have not cured the defects in the original Complaint and the Court accordingly adopts the conclusions set forth in its earlier order.”
Rule 9(b) M.R.Civ.P., provides:
“(b) Fraud, Mistake, Condition of the Mind. In all averments of fraud or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other condition of mind of a person may be averred generally.”
Rule 9(f), M.R.Civ.P., provides:
“(f) Time and Place. For the purpose of testing the sufficiency of a pleading, averments of time and place are material and shall be considered like all other averments of material matter.”
Taking the latter rule first, we note that “Rule 9(f) does not require specificity in pleading time and place, but provides only that when specific allegations are made, they are material; whether or not specificity is required is to be determined under the general rules as to pleading.” Moore’s Federal Practice, Vol. 2A, ¶ 9.07, p. 1961. Rule 9(b), M.R.Civ.P., then, applies to this situation.
With respect to the requirements of Rule 9(b), M.R.Civ.P., we note the following:
“Of primary importance in understanding the particularity requirement of Rule 9(b) is the recognition that it does not render the general principles set forth in Rule 8 entirely inapplicable to pleadings alleging fraud; rather, the two rules must be read in conjunction with each other. It should be kept in mind that Rule 8(a) requests ‘a short and plain statement of the claim’ for relief . . . Thus, it is inappropriate to focus exclusively on the fact that Rule 9(b) requires particularity in pleading fraud. This is too narrow an approach and fails to take account of the general simplicity and flexibility contemplated by the rules.
“The sufficiency of a particular pleading under Rule 9(b) depends upon a number of variables. For example, the degree of detail required often turns on the context in which the fraud is alleged to have occurred . . . Perhaps the most basic consideration in making a judgment as to the sufficiency of a pleading is the determination of how much detail is necessary to give adequate notice to an adverse party and enable him to prepare a responsive pleading.” Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 1298, p. 406-07, 410, 415.
We find that plaintiff’s first claim for relief in the instant case which alleges fraud upon the court is sufficiently detailed in the amended complaint to satisfy the particularity requirements of Rule 9(b), M.R.Civ.P.
We further find that the additional allegations in the amended complaint are adequate, when considered, as they must be, in the light most favorable to plaintiff, to defeat the statute of limitations and laches defenses mentioned in the District Court’s first order.
At one point in its original order, the District Court stated the following:
“. . . it is this Court’s conclusion that Plaintiff’s unexcused failure to act within the period of limitations, or prior to the full performance of the settlement agreement, and particularly prior to the decedent’s death, severly [sic] prejudiced the Defendant’s ability to defend Plaintiff’s purported claims.”
As noted previously, the additional allegations of plaintiff’s amended complaint effectively meet the defenses of statute of limitations and laches. Furthermore, the District Court, by adopting this rationale by reference in its second order, has made an improper finding of fact when it referred to plaintiff’s “unexcused failure to act.” This clearly contradicts the allegations of the complaint. Finally, as to the effect of decedent’s death, we have stated, when faced with similar circumstances:
Death of one of the parties to a divorce action, after decree therein, does not deprive the trial court of its power to purge its records of a void or voidable decree procured by fraud practiced upon it.” Gillen v. Gillen (1945), 117 Mont. 496, 504, 159 P.2d 511, 514.
The only other reason the District Court gave for dismissing the first claim of plaintiff’s amended complaint was “that plaintiff’s efforts to set aside the Decree of divorce with respect to her status so as to be restored to the rights of a surviving spouse . . . are barred by Section 91(A)-2-802(2)(a) of the Revised Codes of Montana (1947) . . .” Section 91A-2-802(2)(a), now section 72-2-103(2)(a) MCA, provides:
“(2) ... a surviving spouse does not include:
“(a) a person who obtains or consents to a final decree of judgment of divorce from the decedent or an annulment of their marriage, which decree or judgment is not recognized as valid in this state, unless they subsequently participate in a marriage ceremony purporting to marry each to the other, or subsequently live together as man and wife ...”
Along these lines we find that the phrase “which decree or judgment is not recognized as valid in this state,” refers to procedural defects which might be found in an otherwise valid decree. The phrase does not contemplate decrees obtained through fraud upon the court. As a result, section 91 A-2-802 does not apply to a situation involving lack of voluntariness, a situation like that presented in the instant case.
Consequently, we find that the District Court erred in dismissing plaintiff’s first claim.
In dismissing plaintiff’s second claim, the court stated:
“. . . the second claim in Plaintiff’s Complaint seeking recission of the property settlement agreement also fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted because Plaintiff has accepted the full benefits of that agreement and decree confirming it but has failed to tender return of those benefits or allege any such offer to restore those benefits to the decedent or to his estate . . .”
The requirement of return of benefits referred to originates in section 13-905, R.C.M.1947, now section 28-2-1713 MCA. Howr ever, we find that plaintiff’s second claim more closely resembles a claim under section 48-330(l)(b)(ii), R.C.M.1947, now section 40-4-208(l)(b)(ii) MCA, which provides in pertinent part:
“(b) . . . The provisions as to property disposition may not be revoked or modified by a court, except:
“(ii) if the court finds the existence of conditions that justify the reopening of a judgment under the laws of this state.”
When so stated, plaintiff’s second claim states a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant to Rule 60(b), M.R.Civ.P., which provides in pertinent part:
“On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or his legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons: ... (3) fraud (whether heretofore denominated intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party . . . This rule does not limit the power of a court ... to set aside a judgment for fraud upon the court.”
Therefore, we find that the District Court erred in dismissing plaintiff’s second claim for relief.
Turning to plaintiff’s third claim, the District Court failed to state its reasons for dismissing the third claim in its order granting defendant’s motion to dismiss. In its prior order, the District Court stated the following with respect to the third claim:
“. . . There is no allegation that a creditor’s claim for modification of ‘alimony’ was presented to the personal representative of the decedent’s estate and refused as required by Section 91(A)-3-803 [91A-3-803] of the Revised Codes of Montana (1947) for claims other than those founded in tort. Failure to allege presentation of that claim alone is a sufficient bar to this claim. Further, it is apparent from the face of the Property Settlement Agreement itself under the decisions in Montana that this is a fully integrated property agreement with the result that whether or not the payment to Thelma L. Fraunhofer is denominated ‘alimony’, the payment is not subject to modification. Such a conclusion is also supportable under the Montana Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act by virtue of the admonition contained in the agreement itself against modification by the parties and the fact that no portion of the payment remained unpaid at the time the request for modification was made.”
Section 91A-3-803(2), R.C.M. 1947, now section 72-3-803(2) MCA, provides in pertinent part:
“(2) All claims against a decedent’s estate . . . which arise at or after the death of the decedent, . . . founded on contract or other legal basis, are barred against the estate, the personal representative, and the heirs and devisees of the decedent, unless presented as follows:
“(a) a claim based on a contract with the personal representative, within four (4) months after performance by the personal representative is due;
“(b) any other claim, within four (4) months after it arises.” This provision, however, does not apply when plaintiff’s allegations are taken as true, specifically the following:
“. . . after Omar C. Fraunhofer’s death, Donald L. Price represented to plaintiff, through a third party, that she would be taken care .of financially. For these reasons, plaintiff did not institute legal proceedings or otherwise assert her rights before October of 1977, and did not bring this action, pursuant to Section 91A-3-804, RCM, 1947, as amended, until the date of the original complaint herein. Defendant is therefore astopped [sic] from asserting any defense bearing on the timeliness of plaintiff’s complaint.” Taking this allegation as true, as we must when considering a motion to dismiss, we find that section 91A-3-803)(2) does not render plaintiff’s claim deficient at the pleading stage.
The next question we must address is whether this is a fully integrated property settlement or alimony. The fact that the agreement employed the term alimony and was drafted by decedent’s attorney indicates that the District Court in the instant case has made an impermissible finding of fact at the pleading stage. The parties’ settlement agreement must be construed and enforced according to the terms employed. A court has no right to interpret the agreement as meaning something different from what the parties intended as expressed by the language they saw fit to employ. Jones v. Flasted (1976), 169 Mont. 60, 64, 544 P.2d 1231, 1233.
The next question we face, then, is, providing plaintiff is able to prove at trial that this payment was alimony, can the payment be modified when it is currently, in effect, zero dollars.
Section 48-330(l)(a), R.C.M.1947, now section 40-4-208(1 )(a) MCA, provides in pertinent part:
“(1) ... the provisions of any decree respecting maintenance or support may be modified by a court only as to installments accruing subsequent to the motion for modification . . .
“(a) upon a showing of changed circumstances so substantial and continuing as to make the terms unconscionable ...”
We find nothing in this statute which requires that there be payments currently accruing. The language of the statute precludes modification of payments whose due date has passed but that is all. The fact, therefore, that plaintiff is not currently receiving payments under the original decree does not of necessity preclude her from ever receiving an additional award of maintenance. This is especially true in light of the various allegations of fraud contained in the complaint.
Finally, the District Court stated in summary that its “. . . earlier order in the divorce proceeding denying Plaintiff’s motion therein is res judicata as to her rights on all claims in this action...” The issues presented in the instant case by plaintiff’s amended complaint were not raised in that action. That order dismissing the claim filed in the divorce proceeding then, could not have been the result of an adjudication of the merits of the issues in the instant case and could not be res judicata as to them.
The order of the District Court granting defendant’s motion to dismiss is reversed, and plaintiff’s complaint is reinstated for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL and JUSTICES DALY and SHEEHY concur.
MR. JUSTICE SHEA did not participate.
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DECISION
The application of the above-named defendant for a review of the sentence of 15 years for the crime of robbery imposed on June 8, 1967, was fully heard and after a careful consideration of the entire matter it is decided that:
The sentence be and remain as originally imposed.
Contention is made that the sentence is longer than average,, which is said to be 11 years. Assuming that it is, that does not of itself indicate the sentence is excessive. “Average” denotes an arithmetical mean derived for unekual figures. Reduction of sentences to “average” would reduce the “average” finally resulting in either no sentence at all, or, if the shorter sentences were correspondingly increased, to one fixed sentence for all. Either of these results would be contrary to the present belief that a sentence should be fitted^ so-far as possible to the particular individual. Accepting this belief, the sentencing problem does not yield to the use of averages, dealing-as it does with widely differing human beings and their widely varying actions. Presuming as we do that the sentencing judge was correct in his assessment of the situation, we are unable to say that the imposed sentence was not proper, reasonable, and sufficiently lenient, the individual the crime, and sentencing goals kept in mind, particularly when it is considered that defendant used a gun (whether or not it was loaded) in committing the robbery,, that the statute provides for imprisonment without limit, and the defendant has a record of one prior felony conviction, a parole-violation, and a dishonorable discharge from the United States Air Force.
We thank Professor David J. Patterson, Acting Director of the. Montana Defender project, for his assistance to the defendant and to the Court.
SENTENCE REVIEW DIVISION
Philip C. Duncan, chairman; Paul G. Hatfield, Jack D. Shanstrom..
|
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DECISION
The application of the above-named defendant for a review of the sentence of five years for Obtaining Money by False Pretenses imposed on October 28th, 1966, was fully heard and after a careful consideration of the entire matter it is decided that:
The sentence be and remain as originally imposed.
The presumption being that the sentencing judge was correct in his determination, we are unable to say that this sentence was not proper, reasonable, and sufficiently lenient, the crime, the individual, and the sentencing goals kept in mind, particularly when it is considered that the crime carries a possible penalty of 14 years imprisonment, and the defendant has a record of 4 prior felony convictions, which, if used, could have resulted in imprisonment for life or years without limit. It is further noted that he is a parole violator with respect to his present sentence.
SENTENCE REVIEW DIVISION
Philip C. Duncan, chairman; Paul G. Hatfield, Jack D. Shanstrom.
|
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MR. JUSTICE HUNT
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
A. R. and W. R. appeal an Order of the Cascade County District Court requiring them to pay $28.80 per day for the care of their adopted daughter, L.R., in a foster care institution known as the Achievement Home. The court determined the parents were financially able to contribute to L.R.’s placement costs based upon A.R.’s monthly income, and his wife, W.R.’s ability to work.
The sole issue raised by appellants is whether the District Court abused its discretion in setting the parent’s support obligation at an excessively high level.
We reverse with instructions.
In 1976, A.R. and W.R. adopted a seven-year-old daughter, L.R. The District Court determined she was a youth in need of care, and she was removed from her home when she was 15 years old. Her adoptive parents then attempted to relinguish custody of her and to terminate their parental rights and obligations.
At the time of the financial support hearing, L.R. was residing at an institution known as the Achievement Home, in Great Falls. Her cost at the Achievement Home was $28.80 per day (approximately $875.00 per month). The cost of regular foster care in a private home would be between $300 and $350 per month. L.R. was placed in the more expensive Achievement Home because of difficulty finding a foster home for a child of her age, and because of L.R.’s difficulty in adapting to a private foster home. In an order entered subsequent to its original order, the District Court refused to modify L.R.’s placement in the Achievement Home.
In arriving at its finding that the parents were financially able to support L.R. in the Achievement Home, the District Court relied on Section 41-3-1124(3), MCA, which provides in part:
“If the court determines that the parents are able to contribute to the support of the youth . . ., the court shall issue an order directing the parents or guardian to make specified payments to the department to the extent considered appropriate under the circumstances.”
Further, we note in A.R.M. Section 46.5.692:
“PARENTAL CONTRIBUTION COMPUTATION (1) For purposes of determining whether a parent is financially able ... to support the child in a youth care facility and for purposes of determining a recommended amount of contribution, the department hereby adopts and incorporates by reference ARM 42.6.101 through ARM 42.6.108, which sets forth the formula for determining the suggested minimum monthly child support contribution for purposes of child support enforcement purposes.”
A.R.M. Section 42.6.101(4) defines “[m]onthly gross available re sources” as “the sum of monthly income and Vi % of assets.” From In this amount is deducted an allowance for each person living in the home and financially dependent upon the parents. The resulting figure is used to determine the suggested support contribution.
On this appeal, the parents assert that the District Court erred by including as income, the wife’s “ability to work” as this is a speculative condition. In its finding of fact No. 5, the District Court provided: “[W.R.] is not working at the present time, but has worked in the past.” Finding of fact No. 8 provided: “[A.R. and W.R.] are financially able to support the cost of [L.R.’s] placement in at the Achievement Home based on [A.R.’s] monthly income and [W.R.’s] ability to work.” The parents cite our opinion in Gall v. Gall (1980), 187 Mont. 17, 20, 608 P.2d 496, 498, which provides:
“[t]he conditions and circumstances of the parties must be examined and determined at the time of the modification hearing, and may not be based upon mere speculative future conditions or possible conditions.”
We reiterated the point in Duffey v. Duffey (Mont. 1981), 631 P.2d 697, 38 St.Rep. 1105, when we vacated an order which premised increased child support on the speculation that certain social security benefits “were sure to increase in the future.” While both Gall and Duffey address the child support obligation between divorced parents, and the present case involves a child support obligation of parents who are still married, we see no substantive distinction which would preclude an analogy to the present case determination that the amount of support should not be based upon speculative conditions.
In order to affirm an order of the District Court, substantial credible evidence must exist in the record supporting its conclusions. The court concluded-the support order was based in part on its finding No. 8 of “[W.R.’s] ability to work.” However, nothing in the record supports that finding. The only relevant reference is on the parents’ financial statement, which provided: “[A.R.’s] income is our only income since [W.R.] is not working.”
The obligation of support cannot be based upon speculative conditions. But a parent’s ability to contribute is a legitimate consideration in determining the amount of an obligation of support. In the present case, the allegations that W.R. is able to work are not supported by record evidence, and without more, amount to mere speculation.
We reverse with instructions to conduct a hearing on W.R.’s ability to contribute to L.R.’s support.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE and MR. JUSTICES SHEEHY, MORRISON and HARRISON concur.
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MR. JUSTICE CASTLES
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from an order of the eighteenth judicial ■district, in and for Gallatin County, denying appellant’s motion for reinstatement.
The facts of this appeal involve two lawsuits filed at approximately the same time. The first suit, titled Destination Enterprises v. Beach, Gallatin County cause No. 19073, was filed on August 5, 1970. This suit was to establish title to the land in question as well as for money damages for reasonable rental of the real property and for an injunction. Beach was represented in this action by the law firm of Morrow, Nash & Sedivy of Bozeman.
The present suit, from which this appeal arises, Beach v. Destination Enterprises, cause No. 19079, was filed on August 10, 1970. The suit was also to establish title to the real property but was also for money damages for certain labor, ex-pensees and certain promissory notes. Although the two cases duplicated each other, cause No. 19079 was for additional claims for money due. Beach was represented in this action by the law firms of St. Clair, St. Clair, Hiller & Benjamin of Idaho Falls, Idaho, and the law firm of Berg, Angel, Andriolo & Morgan of Bozeman as local counsel.
An answer and cross-claim was filed in cause No. 19073. The cross-claim was for title to the real property or in the alternative, for a money judgment for money expended on the real property.
In cause No. 19079, summons was issued and served on Destination Enterprises on August 11, 1970. Destination appeared by its attorney and filed a motion to dismiss on September 23, 1970. On October 5, 1970, the motion to dismiss was overruled and Destination was allowed twenty days within which to answer or further plea.
The trial of cause No. 19073 was held on March 29, 1972. Beach was present in open court together with his attorney in cause No. 19073, James H. Horrow. At the trial, in open court, the attorney for Destination moved to dismiss cause No. 19079 for failure to prosecute. This motion was granted without objection from Beach or Mr. Morrow. All parties and the court relied on the fact that cause No. 19079 was abandoned by Beach. He elected to pursue cause No. 19073.
A minute entry of the dismissal was sent to the attorneys of record in cause No. 19079 on March 29, 1972.
The next action on cause No. 19079 was on August 16, 1973, when Allen L. McAlear of Bozeman was added as counsel of record for Beach. On August 21, 1973, a motion for reinstatement of the cause was filed. This motion was denied on September 6, 1973. This appeal is taken from the order denying the motion for reinstatement.
Beach has presented four issues to this Court on appeal. We resolve this appeal, however, by holding that a timely appeal was not taken from the order dismissing the case and, as such, this Court is without jurisdiction to hear the appellant’s case on the merits.
An analysis of the appellant’s brief clearly shows that his objection is to the dismissal of the case. The appellant’s legal position is that the case should not have been dismissed for the various reasons stated in his brief. Yet the order dismissing the case stood unchallenged for over seventeen months.
The order granting the motion to dismiss was an appealable order. In the ease of Prentice Lumber Company, Inc. v. Hukill, 161 Mont. 8, 504 P.2d 277, 279, 29 St.Rep. 1029, where a motion to dismiss was granted, but judgment was not entered pursuant to the order, this Court stated:
“* * * Accordingly, we hold that an order dismissing a complaint and denying leave to amend is equivalent to a final judgment for purposees of appeal.”
Appellant had a right to appeal the order dismissing his lawsuit. That right was lost through inaction. He cannot now revive his right to an appeal by his motion for reinstatement.
It should be noted that this was not an involuntary ■dismissal granted without notice. The motion for’ dismissal was made in open court during the trial of the companion .suit. Beach and his attorney in the companion suit were present. The order was granted without objection. Notice of the order of dismissal was immediateely given to the attorneys •of record in this suit. The facts support the conclusion that this was done as part of the strategy in the trial of the companion case and that there was an intentional abandonment •of this lawsuit. This conclusion is supported by the fact that It was seventeen months later, when a new attorney entered •the case, before any action was taken to avoid the dismissal.
The appeal is dismissed.
ME. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HAEEISON, and ME. JUSTICES DALY, HASWELL and JOHN C. HAEEISON concur.
|
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DECISION
The application of the above-named defendant for a review of the sentence of ten years, imposed on January 2, 1968, was fully heard and after a careful consideration of the entire matter it is decided that:
(1) The sentence be and remain as originally imposed by the sentencing court.
The reason for the above decision is that the sentence appears proper and sufficiently lenient in that defendant was convicted of robbery punishable by not less than 1 year imprisonment with no limit, yet received a sentence of but 10 years with eligibility for parole consideration in November, 1969, after being received January 2, 1968, although he has a record of one prior felony conviction for which he received a one year suspended imposition of sentence during which time he committed this crime. We thank Dale L. Keil, Esq., of the University Defenders for his assistance to the defendant in this case.
SENTENCE REVIEW DIVISION
Philip C. Duncan, chairman; Paul G. Hatfield, Jack D. Shanstrom.
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MR. JUSTICE HASWELL
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal by plaintiff from a judgment of the district court of Valley County quieting title in defendants to certain land and cancelling two instruments under which plaintiff claims title. The case was tried before the Honorable Thomas Dignan, district judge, without a jury.
Plaintiff is Alvin G. Eliason, who brought this action to quiet title in himself to the subject land; he will hereafter be referred to as plaintiff Alvin or merely as Alvin. One of the defendants is Albert H. Eliason, the uncle of plaintiff Alvin, who was adjudged in the instant case to be the owner of the land; he will hereafter be referred of the land; he will hereafter be referred to as defendant Albert or as Albert. The other defendant is Leo W. Shellerud, the lessee of the land from Albert subsequent to the events forming the basis of this action; he will be referred to as defendant Shellerud.
The land in question is a half section of. agricultural land near Opheim, 301 acres of which are tillable. It was defendant Albert’s homestead and, over the years, sometimes Albert had farmed it himself and sometimes he had leased it to others for farming. In November or early December, 1961, defendant Albert was visiting plaintiff Alvin and his wife at their home in Canton, South Dakota, at which time conversations were had regarding this land. The substance of these conversations is sharply in conflict. According to plaintiff Alvin, a conversation occurred one night in the kitchen of their home at which time defendant Albert said “It’s getting to where I don’t want to farm that place up there anymore. I want to dispose of it and I’ll make you folks a proposition. If you will farm it for ten years and give me a third of the crop and pay the taxes on it, we’ll make that kind of a deal;” and on the following morning Alvin accepted this proposal. Alvin’s wife generally substantiated this conversation but did not mention any conversation concerning payment of taxes. Ac cording to defendant Albert, on the other hand, they did talk about farming the land but no agreement of any kind was made at that time. Alvin had indicated that he would “like to get ahold of some land” and defendant Albert had said “maybe I can fix it so you can” and that he thought he could get Alvin “this piece of land the easy way.” No conversation was had concerning a sale, gift or lease of the land at that time “but we figured, of course, it would have to be a lease.”
Shortly thereafter defendant Albert left for California, returning to Alvin’s house in Canton in February, 1962. At this time Albert offered to sell his farm machinery to Alvin for cost and Alvin was going to come to Montana and farm the land. Alvin came to Montana about April 1, 1962, and he and Albert- seeded the land. On April 16, after the crop was in, they went to a Glasgow attorney and signed a 12 year lease wherein Alvin was to farm the land, pay Albert one-third of the crop as rental, pay the taxes on the land, and “farm said lands annually in a good and workmanlike manner” and “summerfallow said lands not planted to crops, in accordance with local custom.” They returned to the attorney’s office on April 27, at which time Albert refused to sign a “crop contract for sale of land,” the substance of which provided for Alvin to purchase the land for $12,000 without interest payable in annual installments of one-third of the crop on the land to be credited against the purchase price with any unpaid balance payable by December 31,1973. Alvin testified he had never seen the contract until the time of trial'. On this same date Albert signed a warranty deed on the land to Alvin and placed it in escrow with the attorney. The attorney also ■ drafted an “Escrow Agreement” which he signed providing he would hold the deed and deliver it to Alvin “upon the happening of one of the following named events: (1) Upon April 1, 1974, or (2) The death of said Alr ber't H. Eliason which ever of said events first occur.” Neither Albert nor Alvin signed the “Escrow Agreement” although both were furnished copies by the attorney. The most that can be said of these agreements beyond their express terms is that the evidence surrounding the circumstances, conversations and agreements between Albert and Alvin leading to their preparation is vague in many particulars and conflicting in others.
With Albert’s assistance per agreement between the two of them, Alvin farmed the land in 1962, retaining his employment with the John Deere implement dealer, in Canton, South Dakota. In 1963, 1964 and 1965 Alvin farmed the land himself, made improvements on the house and buildings, paid the taxes -on the land, and gave Albert his one-third share of the crop.
■ From 1962 onward Alvin would spend part of the year on the farm near Opheim farming the land and the balance of the year he would live in Canton working at other employment. Additionally, during part of this time, at least, and including 1966, plaintiff Alvin was farming an additional 800 acres of land leased from another.
In 1966, everything continued normally as before until Alvin and his wife left the farm in September, after the harvest had been completed and the summerfallowing done, and returned to South Dakota. The evidence is conflicting as to the condition of the summerfallow at the time Alvin left and as to whether the land had been summerfallowed “in accordance with local custom.” After Alvin left, Albert looked over the land, was dissatisfied with the summerfallowing that had been done, hired and paid defendant Shellerud to do additional summerfallowing,-paid the 1966 taxes, and served Alvin with a notice of cancellation of the lease by reason of Alvin’s failure to farm the land “in a good workmanlike manner” and to summerfallow “in accordance with local custom.” This notice of cancellation of the lease was given in November, 1966, and also advised Alvin of Albert’s intention to lease the land to' someone else. On January 3, 1967, defendant Albert leased the land to defendant Shellerud. In May, '1967, Alvin- was still in possession of the land, was served with a notice to quit, but he remained in possession.
During the period of time that Alvin was farming the subject land, he made certain improvements to the residence and other buildings thereon at a cost of approximately $880 for1 materials, exclusive of his labor. He also purchased two granaries at a cost of about $100. Additionally, Alvin purchased. Albert’s used farm machinery at the cost to Albert without interest and paid Albert approximately $2,000 for it in irregular payments from time to time during this period. The trial court found that the improvements to the farm were ordinary repairs that any tenant would make and that the farm machinery purchased by Alvin was the “minimal amount required to farm the lands that the plaintiff was farming.”
On March 17, 1967, Alvin commenced this action against Albert and Shellerud to quiet title in himself to the land in question, to bar and enjoin defendants Albert and Shellerud from asserting any interest therein, and to make them respond in damages for any wrongful withholding of possession of the land. Defendants answered by general denial and pleaded four counterclaims against plaintiff Alvin: (1) unlawful detainer, (2) ejectment, (3) an action to quiet title in themselves to the subject land, and (4) an action to reform the “Escrow Agreement” and to remove the cloud on the title created thereby. Trial was had before Judge Dignan, sitting without a jury, who subsequently entered findings of fact, conclusions of law, and a judgment (1) declaring the written lease between Albert and Alvin null, void and cancelled, (2) declaring the warranty deed from Albert to Alvin null, void and can-celled, (3) requiring Alvin to pay Albert the 1966 taxes, (4) permitting Alvin to remove two granaries on the land, (5) quieting title in Albert to the land, subject to Shellerud’s lease, and (6) requiring Alvin to deliver up to Albert possession of the land including improvements (except the two granaries). •and growing crops. Plaintiff Alvin appealed from this judgment.
The issues presented by plaintiff Alvin for review upon this appeal can be summarized in the following manner:
(.1) Did Albert agree to convey the subject land to Alvin?
\2) If so, what was the substance of such agreement?
(3) 'What relief is Alvin entitled to under such agreement?
At the outset it should be noted that plaintiff Alvin’s claim for relief herein is bottomed on the existence of an oral agreement or contract by defendant Albert to convey the subject land to Alvin. Although more will be said later in this opinion concerning the written lease, the warranty deed, and the “Escrow Agreement,” all of plaintiff Alvin’s claims of ownership of the land flow from one source — an oral agreement or contract claimed to have been made in Canton, South Dakota, in November or early December, 1961, wherein Albert agreed to convey the land to Alvin.
The district court made the following findings of fact concerning this oral agreement:
“That in November or December of 1961 and again in February of 1962, in Canton, South Dakota, the defendant, Albert H. Eliason, and the plaintiff had conversations concerning the farming of defendant’s lands involved in this action. There is no satisfactory proof before this Court as to what the agreement was, if any, made at that time.”
The district court also entered the following conclusion of law (in part) relating to this oral agreement:
“That the plaintiff failed in his burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence to prove an agreement to convey the lands described in Paragraph I of the Findings * *
The function of the Supreme Court in this respect is to determine whether there is substantial evidence to support this finding of fact (section 93-216, R.C.M.1947; White v. Nollmeyer, 151 Mont. 387, 443 P.2d 873, 25 St.Rep. 466; Bender v. Bender, 144 Mont. 470, 397 P.2d 957; Kyser v. Hiebert, 142 Mont. 466, 385 P.2d 90) and will not disturb the trial court’s findings of fact unless there is a clear preponderance of the evidence against such findings. Studer Const. Co. v. Rural Special Impr. Dist., 148 Mont. 200, 418 P.2d 865; Duffie v. Metro. San & Storm Dist., 147 Mont. 541, 417 P.2d 227; Kosel v. Stone, 146 Mont. 218, 404 P.2d 894; Larsen Farms v. City of Plentywood, 145 Mont. 509, 402 P.2d 410. Additionally the Supreme Court determines whether the trial court’s conclusions of law are supported by its findings of fact. Section 93-216, supra; Bender v. Bender, supra.
In the instant case the district court found, in effect, that no oral agreement between plaintiff Alvin and defendant Albert in Canton was proved. We find it unnecessary to set out the evidence on this in detail in this opinion. Suffice it to say that the evidence on this point was sharply conflicting, not only from the standpoint of the direct testimony of the parties who participated in the discussion but also from the subsequent conduct of the parties. In our view there is nothing in the subsequent conduct of plaintiff Alvin, Alvin’s wife, or defendant Albert, apart from statements attributed to one by the other, that indicates whether there was an agreement by Albert to convey the land to Alvin or not. As we view it, the existence of such an agreement is dependent largely, if not entirely, upon the credibility of the three participants in the conversations in Canton and the weight to be given their testimony. The credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony is a matter for the district court’s determination in a non-jury case (Notti v. Clark, 133 Mont. 263, 322 P.2d 112; Ballenger v. Tillman, 133 Mont. 369, 324 P.2d 1045) and the Supreme Gourt will sustain such determination by the trial court based on substantial conflicting evidence. Hammond v. Knievel, 141 Mont. 433, 378 P.2d 388 ; Havre Irrig. Co. v. Majerus, 132 Mont. 410, 318 P.2d 1076. The trial court, having observed and considered the appearance of the witnesses upon the witness stand, their manner of testify ing, their apparent candor or want of candor, in addition to the testimony itself, is in a better position than this Court to decide questions of credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Under the circumstances disclosed here the trial court having determined that no agreement by Albert to convey to Alvin was proved and there being substantial evidence to support such finding, we will not disturb it upon appeal.
There being no agreement made by defendant Albert in Canton to convey the land to plaintiff Alvin, and plaintiff Alvin’s claim for relief being premised on such an agreement, plaintiff Alvin’s claim of ownership herein must fail. Without such agreement there is no consideration for the deed placed in escrow. Alvin was not required to pay or do anything more to secure the deed than he was already required to pay or do under the lease.
The question of a gift from Albert to Alvin by reason of execution of the deed and delivery to the escrow holder under the escrow instructions is not in issue in this ease. Nowhere in the briefs or oral argument is that contention raised by Alvin. Alvin’s claim was tried and appealed on the basis of a contract or agreement by Albert to convey the land to him; at no time was any contention made that Albert was making a gift of the land to Alvin.
Because there was no consideration moving from Alvin to Albert for the deed or for the escrow and because the question of gift is not an issue in this case, the deed was null, void and subject to cancellation. It was so declared by the trial court in its findings. We will not disturb these findings because they are based on substantial evidence.
We pass on to consideration of Alvin’s rights under the lease. The lease is clearly invalid and unenforceable. Section 67-408, R.C.M.1947, provides, in part, as follows: “No lease or grant of agricultural lands for agricultural purposes, for a longer period than ten (10) years, in which shall be reserved any rent or service of any kind, shall be valid * * *.” Snch a prohibited lease is completely void; it is not valid for the 10 year permitted term and void as to the excess prohibited term. 17 A.L.R.2d 570; Waldo v. Jacobs, 152 Mich. 425, 116 N.W. 371. It is generally held that a tenant holding under a void lease of agricultural land who pays an annual rental to the landlord is a tenant from year to year. Coleman v. Fletcher, 238 Mo.App. 813, 188 S.W.2d 959; 51 C.J.S. Landlord & Tenant § 135, page 732; Phelan v. Anderson, 118 Cal. 504, 50 P. 685; 30 Cal.Jur.2d, Landlord and Tenant § 42, page 169. In Montana it has been held that entry by a tenant under an invalid oral lease may create a tenancy from year to year, month to month, or a tenancy at will depending upon the circumstances (Roseneau Foods, Inc. v. Coleman, 140 Mont. 572, 374 P.2d 87), the presumption being a year to year tenancy. Section 42-203, R.C.M.1947. Accordingly we hold that where, as here, a tenant rents agricultural land under an invalid lease, pays an annual rental, and there is no usage or circumstances to the contrary, a year to year tenancy is created. The terms of the invalid lease, except as to the duration of the tenancy, are implied in law to the year to year tenancy thus created. Hyatt v. Romero, 190 Md. 500, 58 A.2d 899, and cases therein cited; Stores Building Corporation v. Conover, 204 Va. 457, 132 S.E.2d 458. Thus the requirement that Alvin farm the subject land “in a good workmanlike manner” and that he summerfallow it “in accordance with local custom” is implied in law to his year to year tenancy.
The trial court found that Alvin breached this condition of his tenancy by reason of his failure to summerfallow the land which was badly in need of it due to wild oats and a,s a consequence failed to farm it “in a good and husbandlike manner.” Here again, the evidence is conflicting. According to plaintiff Alvin and his witness, Berland, such was not the case. On the other hand, the testimony of both defendants, the photographs submitted in evidence, and the testimony of several other witnesses called by both parties tend to substantiate this finding. Applying the rules heretofore announced in this opinion concerning our review of the findings of the trial court based on conflicting evidence, we will not disturb such findings where they are supported by substantial evidence unless there is a clear preponderance of evidence against them. Accordingly, the trial court’s findings on this point will not be disturbed. Alvin’s tenancy was validly terminated under the “notice of cancellation” and the “notice to quit” and because it was clearly not renewed.
Plaintiff Alvin further argues that equity will not enforce a harsh forfeiture under the circumstances of the instant case. Although this is undoubtedly a general equitable principle, it is not one of universal application to all cases. Assuming, without deciding, that a harsh forfeiture was involved in this case, the principle would be inapplicable here because the breach involved is in the nature of damage or waste to the land and the equities of the owner of the land must be taken into consideration. Here there is substantial evidence, not only of volunteer growth on the land that was summerfallowed, but growth of wild oats that were in the process of “heading out” with consequent damage over a period of years to the remaining land that was not summer-fallowed. Equity does not ordinarily relieve against a forfeiture involving a breach of a covenant involving waste or damage to the land. 32 Am.Jur., Landlord and Tenant, § 893, page 756; Anderson v. Hammond, 19 Or. 446, 24 P. 228; Pfitzer v. Candeias, 53 Cal. App. 737, 200 P. 839. While we have assumed for the purpose of this discussion that a harsh forfeiture was involved here, its existence is questionable in the instant case.
We also note that plaintiff Alvin’s contentions of an estoppel and that he is entitled to specific performance are bottomed on proof of an agreement or contract by Albert to convey the land to Alvin which is absent in this ease. Plaintiff Alvin’s arguments relative to the statute of frauds and part performance are immaterial here because the statute of frauds was not pleaded in this case nor were the court’s findings in any way based thereon.
We have noted the remaining arguments contained in plaintiff Alvin’s brief and have examined the evidence, findings and judgment of the district court and find that the latter should be affirmed in all respects.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON and MR. JUSTICES ADAIR, CASTLES and JOHN CONWAY HARRISON, concur.
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"PER CURIAM.
Relator brought proceedings to abate a nuisance as defined in R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-1002 alleged to exist at the Pennsylvania Building, 30 West Park Street in Butte. The complaint specifically described the premises in question and alleged that some of the defendants as owners and others as lessees and occupants were using the premises for the purpose of conducting lotteries and gambling games therein.
The particular paraphernalia used for such purposes was. specifically described.
To the complaint were attached as exhibits the affidavits of two special investigators employed by the attorney general. These affidavits set out that among other alleged gambling activities the affiants saw the game of Keno or Bordo played on the premises in question three or four named dates in each of the months November and December 1949 and January 1950; the affidavits explain in detail how the game was played and show that a large number of persons participated therein, the prizes consisting of money.
Upon the filing of the complaint and the affidavits attached thereto the court issued a temporary injunction restraining defendants during the pendency of the action from permitting, conducting, or maintaining the business constituting a nuisance as described in the complaint upon the premises therein described. It restrained defendants from removing or interfering with the gambling paraphernalia and other fixtures on the premises until further order of the court; it ordered the sheriff or any peace officer to seize and take possession of such gambling paraphernalia and to remove it from the premises and ordered the premises closed for all purposes until further order of the court.
Before the temporary injunction was served upon defendants, it was set aside.
It appears from the record that on the same day that the complaint was filed and the temporary injunction was issued, defendants proceeding under R. C. M. 1947, sec. 93-4211, and as this court has held they had the right to do, State ex rel. Bottomly v. District Court, 115 Mont. 400, 143 Pac. (2d) 559, presented an affidavit of Rose Powers, secretary of the 30 Club, in opposition to the temporary injunction. So far as the game of Bordo is concerned, this affidavit sets forth that during the times mentioned in the affidavits of the special investigators the 30 Club was operating that game, which game had by a judgment of the district court of the second judicial district been declared legal and that it was conducted and operated in conformity with Chapter 298, Laws of 1947, now R. C. M. 1947, sec. 84-5702, and that each and every section of Chapter 298 was complied with; that only such games were conducted in the premises as were duly licensed by the state of Montana and the tax, if required by the state, was paid.
The affidavit recites also that affiant “verily believes and has been advised by the attorneys for said corporation, that if an order to show cause be issued herein and defendants allowed to present their case to said court, that said defendants will be able to prove that each and every act that has been done during the times mentioned in said complaint and affidavits, and each and every act that is being now done, has been and is being done under and by virtue of the authority of the Laws of the State of Montana, and in compliance with such laws. ’ ’
On the strength of this affidavit defendants asked for an order to show cause and that the premises be opened for the purpose of conducting any lawful business pending the hearing of the order to show cause.
Plaintiff objected to the granting of the order to show cause and to the opening of the premises principally upon the ground that the affidavit contained no facts justifying the opening of the premises but contained merely conclusions of law.
The court overruled the objections and ordered the temporary injunction quashed and withdrawn and issued an order directed against defendants to show cause why an injunction should not issue.
The order to show cause fixed a time for hearing and enjoined defendants from removing the gambling paraphernalia described in the complaint from the premises involved and from operating and conducting ‘ ‘ any of the games of chance described in the complaint contrary to the laws of the State of Montana upon said premises.”
Plaintiff requested that the order to show cause should enjoin defendants from operating and conducting ‘ ‘ any of the games of chance described in said complaint or any gambling contrary to the laws of the State of Montana upon said premises. ’ ’
Plaintiff appealed from the order and obtained from this court an injunction preserving the status quo pending the appeal.
Defendants have filed a motion to dismiss the appeal contending that the order is not an appealable one under R. C. M. 1947, see. 93-8003.
The motion to dismiss the appeal is denied. The order is tantamount to one dissolving an injunction and refusing to grant another.
Instead of abating the nuisance described in the complaint, the order in effect allows defendants to proceed with their operations leaving it np to them to determine whether their operations were or are contrary to law.
The proceedings were brought under E. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-1002 et seq. That section in part provides: “ * *' * any building wherein gambling is carried on or occurs, contrary to any of the laws of the state of Montana * * * is a nuisance which shall be enjoined, abated, and prevented as hereinafter provided, whether the same be a public or private nuisance.”
Section 94-1004 provides: ‘ ‘ The complaint in such action must be verified unless filed by the county attorney. Whenever the existence of such nuisance is shown in such action to the satisfaction of the court or judge thereof, either by verified complaint or affidavit, the court or judge shall allow a temporary writ of injunction to abate and prevent the continuance or recurrence of such nuisance. ’ ’
Under this section of the statute plaintiff was entitled to the writ as first granted. The complaint and affidavits show at least prima facie that the premises of defendants constituted a nuisance per se in that unlawful gambling or lotteries were being conducted therein. Defendants of course have the right to show otherwise. They are entitled to be heard on the questions presented by the affidavit submitted on their behalf.
But until the hearing is had on the order to show cause, the temporary injunction first entered by the court should have remained in effect and the premises should have been kept closed to preserve the status quo until a hearing was had.
The court erred in quashing the temporary injunction order without first having a hearing under an order to show cause.
The temporary restraining order first entered by the court is ordered reinstated pending hearing on the questions presented by the affidavit submitted on behalf of defendants.
When the court reinstates its order the temporary injunction order made by this court will be dissolved.
The equipment, apparatus and paraphernalia seized under the order of this court shall by order of the district court be held by the sheriff until after hearing the questions presented by the affidavit of Eose Powers.
Eemittitur to issue forthwith.
|
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MR. JUSTICE HUNT
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
The Western Fire Insurance Company (Western) appeals an order of the Yellowstone County District Court denying Western’s motion for summary judgment, and granting The Travelers Insurance Company’s (Travelers) motion for summary judgment.
We affirm.
The facts of this case are not in dispute. On August 13, 1976, Willard Jacobson was injured while installing an overhead garage door. Jacobson filed a complaint naming the manufacturer and seller of the door as defendants. His complaint asserted that the accident was caused by the negligent and defective design and construction of a spring apparatus in the door. The defendants filed a third party complaint against Harsco Company as manufacturer of a metal plate used in the spring apparatus. Seaport Manufacturing Company was the actual manufacturer of the metal plate which allegedly was defective and caused the injury. However, subsequent to the accident, but prior to the filing of the complaint, Harsco had acquired Seaport by merger. Therefore, Harsco was properly named as a defendant. Harsco was insured by Travelers. Prior to the merger, and at the time of Jacobson’s injury, Seaport was insured by Western. Travelers settled the lawsuit with Jacobson, and then began the present action against Western seeking reimbursement of the money paid to Jacobson in settlement of the claim.
Western does not argue the reasonableness of the settlement, and concedes that its policy covers the loss paid to Jacobson. The only issue raised by Western is whether the District Court erred in not apportioning the loss between the two insurance companies proportionate to their respective policy limits.
Western cites Bill Atkin Volkswagon, Inc. v. McClafferty (Mont. 1984), [213 Mont. 99,] 689 P.2d 1237, 41 St.Rep. 1981, for the proposition that the loss should be divided between the two companies. The Atkin case involved an automobile accident caused by the driver of a loaner car belonging to Atkin Volkswagon. We found that both the driver’s own insurance policy and Atkin’s policy covered the accident. Both policies contained an excess coverage clause, so both parties argued that the opposing party’s policy provided primary coverage. We held that the loss should be apportioned between the two companies proportionate to their respective policy limits. While apportioning the loss was appropriate in that case, it is not appropriate in the present case. In Atkin, both insurance policies covered the same accident. In the present case, only Western’s policy covered Jacobson’s injury.
The policies offered by Western and Travelers were both “occurrence” policies, meaning that coverage was determined at the time the injury occurred. When Jacobson was injured, Western was the only company insuring Seaport, and the only company obligated to pay any claim arising from the accident.
Section 35-l-806(e), MCA, provides that after a merger, a claim against the merged corporation can be directed against the surviving corporation. Therefore, Harsco was properly named as a defendant. However, that does not mean that Travelers, as Harsco’s insurer, was obligated to pay the claim. As the District Court found in its order and memorandum, “[t]he liability of the insurance company for the injury was fixed at the time of the accident and at that time, the insurance company for the merged Seaport Corporation was available to take care of this claim.” As authority, the District Court cited Aetna Life and Casualty v. United Pacific Reliance Insurance Companies (Utah 1978), 580 P.2d 230.
The Aetna case is nearly identical to the present case. In Aetna, an individual was injured by a product made by Regina Grape Products Company. At that time Regina was insured by defendant, United Pacific. After the accident, Regina merged with Heublein, a company insured by plaintiff, Aetna. The injured party sued Heublein. Aetna settled with the injured party and then sued United Pacific for indemnification. The trial court granted Aetna’s motion for summary judgment. In its opinion affirming the trial court’s order, the Utah Supreme Court stated that:
“. . . inasmuch as the merger of corporations results in the transfer of liabilities of the merged corporation (Regina) and also all of its rights, the logical conclusion is that the surviving corporation (Heublein) simply stands in the same position as that occupied by the merged corporation (Regina) prior to the merger. Therefor [sic], inasmuch as Heublein is to be held responsible for the liability of Regina, it is entitled to the protection which Regina had (that is, its insurance with United Pacific) at the time of the accident, and that, as an asset of Regina, such coverage passed to Heublein as the surviving corporation.” Aetna, 580 P.2d at 232.
The reasoning and analysis of the Aetna opinion are equally appropriate in the present case. Section 35-l-806(d), MCA, provides that all the rights and privileges of the merged corporation (Seaport) are passed to the surviving corporation (Harsco). Among those rights are Seaport’s rights under its insurance policy with Western. Because both policies were “occurrence” policies, liability was determined at the time the injury occurred. When Jacobson was injured, Western was the only company insuring Seaport and the only company liable for any claim arising out of that injury. After the merger, Harsco acquired all of Seaport’s rights, including its rights of coverage under the insurance policy. Therefore, Western is obligated to indemnify Travelers for the cost of the Jacobson settlement. The order of the District Court is correct.
Affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE and MR. JUSTICES HARRISON, WEBER and GULBRANDSON concur.
|
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On October 5,1992, the Defendant’s five (5) year sentence for Domestic Abuse and Resisting Arrest was revoked and the Defendant was ordered to serve the remainder of the sentence in the Montana State Penitentiary. The Defendant is allowed credit for the time from June 29,1992 to September 28,1992. It was a condition that if Defendant is paroled, he not be paroled to Hill County.
On May 6,1993, the Defendant’s application for review of that sentence was heard by the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
The Defendant was present and proceeded pro se. The state was not represented.
Before hearing the application, the Defendant was advised that the Sentence Review Division has the authority not only to reduce the sentence or affirm it, but also to increase it if such is possible. The defendant was further advised that there is no appeal from a decision of the Sentence Review Division. The defendant acknowledged that he understood this and stated that he wished to proceed.
DATED this 6th day of May, 1993.
After careful consideration, it is the unanimous decision of the Sentence Review Division that the sentence imposed shall remain the same.
The reason for the decision is the sentence imposed by the District Court is presumed correct pursuant to Section 46-18-904(3), MCA. The Division finds that the reasons advanced for modification are insufficient to deem inadequate or excessive as required to overcome the presumption per Rule 17 of the Rules of the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
Hon. Thomas McKittrick, Chairman, Hon. G. Todd Baugh, and Hon. Robert Boyd, Judges
The Sentence Review Board wishes to thank Mr. Blythe for representing himself in this matter.
|
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On January 14, 1993, the Defendant was sentenced to Count I, ten (10) years for Criminal Endangerment; Count II, ten (10) years for Criminal Endangerment; the sentences shall be served concurrently to each other. The Defendant is given credit for 107 days time served and is hereby designated as a dangerous offender and deemed ineligible for parole.
On May 7,1993, the Defendant’s application for review of that sentence was heard by the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
The Defendant was present and was represented by William A. Hritsco, Legal Intern from the Montana Defender Project. The state was not represented.
An objection was made by Dave Stenerson, Teacher’s Assistant, from the Montana Defender Project, to disallow consideration of the County Attorney's letter because it was received only moments prior to the hearing and they are not prepared to counteract or investigate the information received. The objection was sustained by the Sentence Review Board due to untimeliness of the letter.
DATED this 7th day of May, 1993.
Before hearing the application, the Defendant was advised that the Sentence Review Division has the authority not only to reduce the sentence or affirm it, but also to increase it if such is possible. The defendant was further advised that there is no appeal from a decision of the Sentence Review Division. The defendant acknowledged that he understood this and stated that he wished to proceed.
After careful consideration, it is the unanimous decision of the Sentence Review Division that the sentence shall remain the same as originally imposed, however, the ineligibility for parole is hereby removed.
The reason for the decision is there was no property damage and no personal injury. In light of these facts, the Board finds the removal of the ineligibility for parole is appropriate.
Hon. G. Todd Baugh, Acting Chairman, and Hon. John Warner, Judge.
DISSENT: THE HONORABLE THOMAS MCKITTRICK DISSENTS. Judge McKittrick finds that the records supports the original sentence imposed. Judge McKittrick specifically notes that this is the seventh (7th) felony conviction for this Defendant.
The Sentence Review Board wishes to thank William A. Hritsco, Legal Intern from the Montana Defender Project for his assistance to the defendant and to this Court.
|
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MR. JUSTICE SHEA
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Plaintiff, the State of Montana, appeals from an order of the Missoula County District Court granting defendant’s motion to dismiss proceedings for an evidentiary hearing on suspension of defendant’s driver’s license and ordering that his driving privileges be restored to him. The motion was granted without notice or opportunity to be heard and was further based on a misreading of section 32-2142.2(a), R.C.M.1947, now section 61-8-403 MCA. We reverse and remand the case for a hearing on the merits.
Defendant was arrested for driving while intoxicated and, according to the arresting officer, refused to submit to a breath test as required by Montana’s implied consent law, section 32-2142.1, R.C.M.1947, now section 61-8-402 MCA. Pursuant to this statute the Montana highway patrol board later requested surrender of defendant’s driver’s license for a period of sixty days beginning May 17, 1978.
On May 31, defendant petitioned the District Court for a hearing pursuant to section 32-2142.2(a), and on June 1, obtained an order staying suspension of his license. On July 20, the District Court scheduled the hearing for August 3.
On August 1, defendant filed in the District Court and served on the county attorney a single page document entitled “motion to dismiss”. The motion sought dismissal of the August 3 hearing for the court’s failure to set a hearing within thirty days of written notice to the county attorney of defendant’s petition for a hearing. At the bottom of this document, language stating that the motion was granted and that defendant’s driving privileges be reinstated was typed in for the court’s signature. The next day, August 2, the court granted defendant’s motion by signing the combination motion and order. The State appeals.
The determinative issues on appeal are whether the District Court erred: (1) by denying the State an opportunity to be heard in resisting the motion and relief sought, and (2) by granting the motion on the basis of a misinterpretation of section 32-2142.2(a), R.C.M. 1947, now section 61-8-403 MCA.
The court granted defendant’s motion only one day after he filed it in the District Court and served a copy on the State. In effect, the court granted an ex parte motion to dismiss, and the adverse party was not given notice or opportunity to be heard.
Rule No. 11(1) of the Uniform Rules for District Courts of Montana states:
“MOTIONS:
“1. Upon serving and filing a motion under Rule 12, M.R.Civ.P., or within five days thereafter, the moving party shall serve and file a brief. The adverse party shall have ten days thereafter within which to serve and file an answer brief. A reply brief may be served and filed within ten days thereafter. Upon the filing of briefs, the motion shall be deemed made and submitted and taken under advisement by the Court, unless the Court orders oral argument of said motion . . .
“Failure to file briefs within the prescribed time shall subject such motion to summary ruling, and the failure to file a brief by the moving party shall be deemed an admission that, in the opinion of counsel, the motion is without merit, and such failure to file a brief by the adverse party shall be deemed an admission that in the opinion of counsel, the motion is well taken ...”
Although this rule specifically governs procedure for motions in civil actions, we believe the substance of its provision for notice and opportunity to be heard by the adverse party should be observed in criminal proceedings to ensure fundamental fairness and a fully informed court. Since the State was given no such notice or opportunity to be heard in this case, the court erred in granting defendant’s motion.
This error is compounded by the fact that the order of dismissal was based on an obvious misconstruction of section 32-2142.-2(a), R.C.M. 1947, now section 61-8-403 which provides:
“. . . Right of appeal to court, (a) Any person whose license or privilege to drive has been suspended, as hereinbefore authorized, the board shall immediately notify such person in writing and such person shall have the right to file a petition within thirty (30) days thereafter for a hearing in the matter in the .district court in the county wherein such person shall reside and such court is hereby vested with jurisdiction and it shall be its duty to set the matter for hearing upon thirty (30) days’ written notice to the county attorney of the county wherein the appeal is filed . . .” (Emphasis added.)
The State contends the phrase “it shall be [the District Court’s] duty to set the matter for hearing upon thirty days written notice to the county attorney” requires thirty days written notice to the county attorney before the hearing is held, rather than requiring a hearing be set within thirty days of the filing of a petition. We agree. The statute clearly requires that the county attorney be given at least thirty days written notice before the matter can be heard. Dismissal was therefore doubly in error.
In conclusion, we must add one word of caution. In light of the fact that the.court order was so manifestly in error, procedurely and substantively, the State should more properly have moved for reconsideration by the District Court, rather than taking an appeal to this Court. By seeking all possible resolution of such matters in the District Court, economy and efficiency of the judicial process is better achieved.
The cause is reversed and remanded to the District Court for a hearing on the merits.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL, and JUSTICES DALY, HARRISON and SHEEHY concur.
|
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JUSTICE TRIEWEILER
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from an order of the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District, Madison County, dismissing plaintiffs’ petition to invalidate a municipal mail ballot election.
The issue on appeal is whether the District Court erred in its determination that Virginia City complied with all statutory election procedures. We affirm the District Court.
Prior to December 4, 1990, the Town of Virginia City decided, through its City Council, to submit to the voters a resort tax proposal pursuant to § 7-6-4461, et seq., MCA. The council voted to conduct the election by mail ballot as provided for in § 13-19-101, MCA. On December 4, 1990, the Election Administrator of Madison County submitted a written plan for a mail ballot election to the Secretary of State, pursuant to § 13-19-205, MCA. The plan was approved, and the election was scheduled for February 5,1991. Notice of the election and the date of closing of registration was published, and registration was closed on January 7, 1991. Ballots were printed and mailed to the registered voters. The election was held as scheduled, and the proposed tax ordinance was approved by a margin of 53 to 47. The results were certified the following day.
On April 9, 1991, 63 days later, plaintiffs filed a petition to invalidate the mail ballot election. They alleged that the election was prematurely held, that a number of voters had not met the residency requirements outlined in the local ordinances of Virginia City, and that the return of ballots by persons other than the actual electors violated §§ 13-19-106(4), 13-19-306, -307, and -308, MCA (1989).
Ahearing was held on April 23,1991. The matter was orally argued and briefed, and on May 7, 1991, the District Court entered it Findings of Fact, Opinion, and an Order dismissing the petition. Plaintiffs appeal the District Court Order.
Plaintiffs allege that the court erred in upholding the election due to “the Election Administrator’s non-compliance with the personal delivery requirements of the Mail Ballot Election statutes.” Plaintiffs state that the requirements of §§ 13-19-106(4) and 13-19-306 through -308, MCA, were not met. Section 13-19-106, MCA (1989), provides the general requirements for a mail ballot election. It reads in part:
(1) Official ballots must be prepared and all other initial procedures followed as otherwise provided by law.
(2) An official ballot must be mailed to every qualified elector of the political subdivision conducting the election.
(3) The elector shall mark the ballot at home and place it in a secrecy envelope.
(4) The elector shall then place the secrecy envelope containing his ballot in a retum/verification envelope and shall return it by mailing it or delivering it in person to a place of deposit designated by the election administrator so that it is received prior to a specified time on election day.
Plaintiffs contend that subsection (4) of the statute requiring that the elector return the ballot by mail or in person is mandatory. The term “in person” is used in several sections of the chapter.
The record discloses that 19 of the ballots tallied by the election administrator (including ballots by two of the plaintiffs) were delivered by persons other than the elector. The Madison County Voter Official Register shows that 17 of the ballots were delivered by family members of the elector. The two remaining ballots were delivered by an employee of the Election Administrator’s office for persons who were disabled and unable to do so themselves.
Plaintiffs state that the language of the mail ballot election statutes mandates personal delivery if mail return is not used, and that these provisions exist to prevent voter fraud or other election abuses. Plaintiffs contend that any deviation from this requirement invalidates the election.
We agree with plaintiffs’ contention that the provisions of Montana’s mail ballot election chapter are designed to curb election abuses. However, we do not agree that a rigid adherence to the statutory provisions is essential to sustain an election result.
In this case, no evidence has been adduced that any voter fraud occurred. The election administrator testified that she complied with the elector verification procedures of § 13-19-310, MCA, and the valid ballot requirements of § 13-19-311, MCA. She testified that all ballots were sealed in the appropriate envelopes, with the voter affidavit signature on each return/ verification envelope, and that each signature corresponded with that on the voter registration card.
This Court stated in Thompson v. Chapin (1922), 64 Mont. 376, 209 P. 1060, that “[t]he departure from the law in matters which the Legislature has not declared of vital importance must be substantial in order to vitiate the ballots.” (Quoting Boyd v. Mills (1894), 53 Kan. 594, 37 P. 16.)
In Wilks v. Mouton (Cal. 1986), 722 P.2d 187, the California court was faced with a similar question. The statute directed the voter to return the ballot by mail or in person. Forty-six absentee ballots were delivered by parties other than the elector. The court refused to invalidate the election, stating:
We do not agree, however, that the voters’ and deputy county clerks’ inadvertent violation of this provision requires that we dis enfranchise the voter in the face of a trial court finding that there was no fraud or tampering with the challenged ballots. As we said above, the trial court found that in each case the third party-delivered the ballot at the voter’s request and after the voter had signed and sealed the envelope and that there was no tampering.
Wilks, 722 P.2d at 195. In Wilks, when a designee was told he would not be allowed to deliver the ballots, he simply walked outside and deposited the ballots in a mailbox, meeting the letter of the law for election integrity. The court noted that the case was “a perfect illustration of the injustice in nullifying votes because on noncompliance with technical and sometimes ambiguous rules” governing the balloting process. Wilks, 722 P.2d at 195, n.9.
Plaintiffs had the burden of proving a substantive defect in the election by clear and convincing evidence. Absent any hint of fraud, the fact that ballots were delivered by family members does not constitute a substantial deviation from the guidelines set forth in the chapter.
Plaintiffs also contend that the District Court erred in upholding the election results where a number of voters failed to qualify as electors under applicable ordinances. Specifically, plaintiffs state that § 1.04.030 of the Virginia City Ordinance Book disqualified a number of nonresident voters. The statute provides that “[t]he term ’resident’ shall mean any person who has resided within the town of Virginia City for at least thirty (30) days prior to the election.”
Plaintiffs interpret this statute to mean that an individual must reside within the city in the month prior to the election.
A sounder interpretation is that an individual must reside within the city for a minimum of 30 days in order to establish residency. Plaintiffs’ interpretation is burdensome and would effectively disenfranchise many voters in a town that is comprised in great part of seasonal residents. Section 13-1-112, MCA, gives further guidance. It states in part:
For registration or voting, the residence of any individual shall be determined by the following rules as far as they are applicable:
(1) The residence of an individual is where his habitation is fixed and to which, whenever he is absent, he has the intention of returning.
(4)An individual does not lose his residence if he goes into another state or other district of this state for temporary purposes with the intention of returning unless he exercises the election franchise in the other state or district.
(8) A change of residence can be made only by the act of removal joined with intent to remain in another place.
No evidence was offered by the plaintiffs that any elector exercising their voting right had voted elsewhere or did not intend to return to Virginia City. Further, plaintiffs failed to timely challenge any elector’s right to vote, as provided for in §§ 13-13-301 or 13-2-404, MCA, or challenge the registration of any elector, as provided in § 13-2-403, MCA. The District Court properly disallowed plaintiffs’ challenge which came some 60 days after the election, and failed to show that any elector was not a resident, as determined by §13-1-112, MCA. Accordingly, we affirm the District Court.
JUSTICES HARRISON, HUNT, McDONOUGH and WEBER concur.
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MR. JUSTICE MORRISON
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Harry Cain (respondent) filed this action on September 9, 1983, in the District Court of the Sixteenth Judicial District, seeking damages for injuries he received while working as an electrical subcontractor for Cleatus Stevenson (appellant). The jury awarded respondent $107,999.77. This appeal followed.
Respondent was the electrical subcontractor on a six-plex apartment building under construction in Ashland, Montana. Appellant was the owner of the building and the general contractor. Respondent was hired to complete the “rough-in” electrical work. He furnished his own tools and worked under his own time schedule.
By December 15, 1982, the day of the accident, respondent had been working at the construction site for approximately three days. On that day he came to work with his employee, Jim Miller. The weather was very cold and there was snow and ice on the ground.
The split-level building under construction did not have steps from the ground level to the second floor where respondent was working. The second floor entrance was approximately 3 to 4 feet above the ground so respondent propped his own 4-foot ladder against the wall. Respondent used the ladder to enter and exit the building several times that morning. At about 10:00 a.m., he attempted to exit the building but found his ladder to be missing. There was a concrete cinder block placed below the entrance which some of the workers used as a step. Respondent stepped down on the cinder block. The block was covered with ice, causing his foot to slip. He fell, hitting his buttocks on the block. Pain in his lower back and buttocks resulted. The pain did not subside and he was forced to leave work early.
The pain continued for three weeks, at which time respondent saw a doctor who referred him to an orthopedic specialist. Two days after consulting the specialist, surgery was performed for what respondent understood to be an excision of a ruptured disc.
This action followed. On December 6, 1984, a jury verdict was rendered finding appellant 82 percent negligent and respondent 18 percent negligent. Respondent was awarded $107,999.77. The District Court entered judgment on the verdict. Appellant raises the following issues:
1. Whether the District Court was in error in ruling that the safe place to work statutes, Sections 50-71-201 and 50-71-202, MCA, create a duty running from a general contractor/owner to a subcontractor when the subcontractor retains substantial control over his means of access to the building where he works.
2. Whether the District Court was in error in ruling that respondent did not have the burden of proving damages by medical expert testimony.
3. Whether the District Court was in error in not reducing the jury’s award of damages by the jury’s finding of comparative negligence on the part of respondent.
SAFE PLACE TO WORK
It is well established in Montana that an employer must provide employees with a safe place to work. Section 50-71-201, MCA. This obligation has been extended from general contractors to employees of subcontractors when the general contractor controls job safety or has a non-delegable duty of safety arising out of contract. Stepanek v. Kober Construction (Mont. 1981), 625 P.2d 51, 38 St.Rep. 385. Shannon v. Howard S. Wright Const. Co. (1979), 181 Mont. 269, 593 P.2d 438. However, appellant argues that this obligation does not extend from general contractors to subcontractors because subcontractors are able to control and influence the safety of their work place.
The District Court instructed on the safe place to work law found in Sections 50-71-201 and 50-71-202, MCA:
“50-71-201. Employer to furnish and require safety devices and practices. Every employer shall furnish a place of employment which is safe for employees therein and shall furnish and use and require the use of such safety devices and safeguards and shall adopt and use such practices, means, methods, operations, and processes as are reasonably adequate to render the place of employment safe and shall do every other thing reasonably necessary to protect the life and safety of employees, [emphasis added]
“50-71-202. Employer to provide and maintain safe place of employment. (1) An employer who is the owner or lessee of any real property in this state shall not construct or cause to be constructed or maintained any place of employment that is unsafe.
“(2) Every employer who is the owner of a place of employment or lessee thereof shall repair and maintain the same as to render it safe.”
Appellant argues that these safe-place-to-work statutes only apply to situations where the claim presented is brought by an employee of a subcontractor and the general contractor has control over safety. Respondent was not in an employer-employee situation because he was a subcontractor. Therefore, the safe place to work instructions should not have been given.
We must determine if the language of Section 50-71-201, MCA, “a place of employment which is safe for employees,” includes subcontractors in the category of employees. We believe it does.
It was the intent of the Legislature to include contractors in the definition of “employee.” Section 92-411, R.C.M. (1947). We havé already determined that Sections 50-71-201 and 50-71-202, MCA, were intended to cover employees of subcontractors. Stepanek, supra. If a subcontractor is incorporated then the subcontractor individually is an employee of the corporation and is covered. However, under appellant’s rationale, if the subcontractor is not incorporated then he is not an employee and is not covered. We cannot believe this was the intent of the Legislature.
Section 50-71-202, MCA, makes no mention of “employees,” but simply requires employers to provide a safe place of employment. Likewise, the emphasis in Section 50-71-201, MCA, is on the “place of employment” rather than the status of the worker. Respondent, as a subcontractor, was entitled to a safe place to work. The District Court did not err by instructing the jury on Sections 50-71-201 and 50-71-202, MCA.
MEDICAL EXPERT TESTIMONY
Appellant argues that respondent was required to prove damages by expert medical testimony. Respondent did not produce a medical expert at trial, and appellant made a motion for directed verdict. The trial court denied the motion. Appellant maintains this was error.
The trial court correctly denied the motion for directed verdict. A claimant is competent to testify as to his past and present condition. Respondent’s testimony was sufficient for the jury to determine whether there was an injury. However, respondent’s testimony, standing alone, is not sufficient to prove permanency where disputed and where not apparent from the injury itself. Likewise, lay testimony is not sufficient to establish cause for those aspects of an injury not apparently related to the accident in question.
In Zegman v. State (N.Y. 1979), 416 N.Y.S.2d 505, this rule was stated as follows:
“. . . claimant was clearly competent to testify to her past and present condition. (Vincent-Wilday, Inc. v. Strait, 273 App.Div. 1054, 79 N.Y.S.2d 811.) The Court does not however construe such testimony as sufficient to establish either the permanency of the injury or the possibility of future pain. [Citations omitted.]”
Zegman, 416 N.Y.S.2d at 506.
Not all injuries require medical expert testimony to prove permanency or causation. It has been held that medical testimony is not necessary to prove permanent injuries or their cause where the nature of the injury is such that laymen can plainly see, or infer from the injury, its cause and that it will be permanent, such as loss of a limb. Respondent’s back injury was not such an injury.
Coryell v. Conn (1979), 88 Wis.2d 310, 276 N.W.2d 723, addresses the issue of permanency of injuries as follows:
“Where, as here, an injury is subjective and a layman cannot know if it will continue, expert medical testimony is necessary with regard to permanency and future pain and suffering. Diemel v. Weirich, 264 Wis. 265, 268, 58 N.W.2d 651 (1953).
“ ‘. . . Only a medical expert is qualified to express an opinion to a medical certainty, or based on medical probabilities (not mere possibilities), as to whether the pain will continue in the future, and, if so, for how long a period it will so continue . . . .’ Id. at 268, 58 N.W.2d at 652-653.”
Coryell, 276 N.W.2d at 727.
In the similar case of Clifford v. Opdyke (1978), 156 N.J.Super. 208, 383 A.2d 749, the court found that presenting the issue of permanent injury to the jury was prejudicially erroneous:
“The question of the prognosis of an injury and probable permanent disability is one necessarily within the ambit of expert medical opinion (except for disabilities which are apparent to a layman, such as an amputated body member). And the burden of proving such permanency by competent medical testimony rests of course with plaintiff.”
Clifford, 383 A.2d at 752.
The trial court presented to the jury the issue of permanent injury in instruction number 26. Appellant objected. Because of inadequate proof to support the instruction, it was error to give it. There must be a new trial, but only on the issue of damages.
Finally, respondent was found to be 18 percent negligent, however, the trial judge failed to reduce his award by this amount. The new damage award shall be reduced by 18 percent, pursuant to Section 27-1-702, MCA.
The judgment is vacated and the cause remanded for a new trial on damages only.
MR. JUSTICE WEBER, GULBRANDSON, SHEEHY and HUNT concur.
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OPINION AND ORDER TO DISMISS APPEAL
Plaintiff, Jerry L. Krusemark, filed a notice of appeal after the District Court, Park County, granted the motion for summary judgment of defendants, First Security Bank of Livingston, Montana. The order granting the motion is dated November 3, 1978. However, to date the District Court has not entered judgment on the order.
On December 26, 1978, First Security Bank, one of four defendants in the above-captioned action, moved to dismiss plaintiff’s appeal, contending that it had been prematurely filed.
Rule 54(b), Mont.R.Civ.P., provides:
“(b) JUDGMENT UPON MULTIPLE CLAIMS OR INVOLVING MULTIPLE PARTIES. When multiple claims for relief or multiple parties are involved in an action, the court may direct the entry of a final judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay and upon an express direction for the entry, of judgment. In the absence of such determination and direction, any order or other form of decision, however designated, which adjudicates less than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of less than all the parties shall not terminate the action as to any of the claims or parties, and the order or other form of decision is subject to revision at any time before the entry of judgment adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of all the parties.”
First Security Bank contends that the District Court has not entered a final judgment in its favor, as required by Rule 54(b), and consequently, the District Court’s order granting the motion for summary judgment is not appealable under Rule 1, Mont.R.App. Civ.P.
Krusemark resists the motion to dismiss by analogizing the order in this case with an order dismissing a complaint and denying leave to amend, which we held to be equivalent to a final judgment for purposes of appeal in Prentice Lumber Co. v. Hukill (1972), 161 Mont. 8, 504 P.2d 277.
“In a multiple claims action, if the district court adjudicates one or more but less than all of the claims and does not execute its certificate, i.e., does not make an ‘express determination’ and an ‘ex press direction,’ then the adjudication lacks finality”. 6 Moore’s Federal Practice § 54.04[3-6] at pp. 159-160.
Montana’s Rule 54(b), as its Federal counterpart, requires the trial court to determine that there is no just reason for delay and direct the entry of judgment before judgment will be final as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties in a multiple claim or multiple party action.
“The discretionary power to certify or to decline a certificate, in connection with an adjudication fully disposing of one or more but fewer than all of the multiple claims or parties, is lodged in the district court because of its first hand knowledge of the litigation. And while this power is subject to appellate supervision for abuse it will normally be respected by the appellate courts.” 6 Moore’s Federal Practice § 54.04[3-10] at p. 164.
It should be noted that in the federal system, a trial court abuses its discretion in certifying a judgment as final under Rule 54(b) if it fails to articulate its reasons for the certification. Allis Chalmers Corp. v. Philadelphia Electric Co. (C.A. 3 Pa. 1975), 521 F.2d 360, 32 A.L.R.Fed.751.
In the instant case, the District Court has resolved the dispute between Krusemark and one of the defendants. However, the District Court does not have to enter judgment on its decisions until the entire case is resolved. Krusemark’s contention that the District Court’s order is substantially the same as a final judgment and therefore appealable under the Prentice Lumber rule, is insufficient because here we must follow a well-defined rule of civil procedure. The judgment here is not final until Rule 54(b) has been complied with.
The appeal is dismissed without prejudice.
|
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MR. JUSTICE SHEEHY
delivered the opinion of the Court.
On June 8, 1978, the Commission on Practice (established by this Court in 1965 to aid the Court in its duty to discipline attorneys) filed a complaint against Robert L. Johnson, of Lewistown, Montana. Johnson has been admitted to practice in Montana since 1957.
The complaint is framed in two counts. The first count relates to Edward V. Brabender and his wife Frances Brabender, who allege that they hired Johnson (hereafter “attorney”) to represent them in connection with difficulty they were having with their mobile home which they had recently purchased. The Brabenders allege they were informed by the attorney that he had commenced a lawsuit on their behalf but that in fact the suit was not commenced until after the running of the statute of limitations; and that on a motion for summary judgment their suit was dismissed on that ground and others.
The second count of the complaint relates to Lester J. Heller and his wife, Virginia Ann Heller of Winifred, Montana, who had in 1967 entered into a contract for deed as sellers with Arthur S. Osburnsen and Lucille F. Osburnsen, husband and wife, for the sale of a ranch located in Fergus County. The complaint alleges that a problem arose in interpreting the language of the contract. The Hellers had brought an action for declaratory judgment to determine the amount of money owed by Osburnsens to Hellers for the purchase of the ranch. The Hellers had prevailed in the District Court, and on three subsequent trips to the Montana Supreme Court as well as the Federal District Court in Montana and thereafter, on appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals of the United States. The Hellers contend that the attorney violated the Canons of Professional Ethics by asserting a position and conducting defenses on behalf of his clients which he know would serve merely to harass or maliciously injure the Hellers.
The attorney filed his answer to the complaint against him on June 29, 1978. He denied the essential allegation made by the Brabenders as to his representation of them, and with respect to the Hellers, denied their allegations and further contended that count 2 did not conform to the procedural requirements before the Commission on Practice and that the complaint had been filed against him at the sole instigation of Bradley B. Parrish, attorney for the Hellers, and not for any legitimate purpose of the Hellers.
The hearing was set before the Commission on Practice in Great Falls, Montana, on Thursday and Friday, November 9 and 10, 1978. Thereafter the Commission rendered its report, findings of fact and recommendations with the Clerk of this Court on March 16, 1979. In its report, the Commission found that the charges leveled against the attorney were substantially true and recommended that the attorney receive a public censure in open court from this Court at a date and time to be set hereafter. The attorney filed his exceptions to the report, in essence denying the factual findings of the court, and denying that any of the findings of the Commission stated sufficient facts to constitute breaches of the Canons of Professional Ethics.
What we said in Matter of Goldman (1978), 179 Mont. 526, 588 P.2d 964, 974, 975, has pertinence here:
“Ultimately, the discipline of a member of the Bar falls upon this Court. We have that power and duty inherently and by virtue of constitutional provisions (1972 Mont. Const., Art. VII, § 2). It was to aid us in the exercise of that power and the performance of that duty that the Commission on Practice was established in 1965. Once the Commission has made its report and findings to us, it is still our duty to weigh the evidence upon which the findings rest.. . It is the burden of the attorney to demonstrate that the findings are not supported by the evidence or the recommendations are erroneous or unlawful. The attorney has the burden to show the charges are not sustained by convincing proof and to a reasonable certainty.
“When, as here, the findings rest on testimonial evidence, we are reluctant to reverse the decision of the Commission, which is in a better position to evaluate conflicting statements after observing the demeanor of the witnesses and the character of their testimony. (Citing a case.)”
We have reviewed the findings of fact of the Commission and the transcript and exhibits upon which those findings are based. The findings of the Commission are solidly supported in the evidence.
Briefly, it appears that the Brabenders hired the attorney when they purchased a mobile home manufactured by Kit Manufacturing Company of Caldwell, Idaho, the purchase order agreement being made with Falls Mobile Home Center, Inc., of Great Falls, Montana. The mobile home was defective and in early December 1971 the Brabenders employed the attorney in connection with their difficulties over the mobile home. Representatives of the manufacturer and the mobile home dealer met and proposed repairs with the respondent Johnson. Brabenders contend that they were dissatisfied with the suggested repairs and wanted a lawsuit commenced respecting this. In the years subsequent to December 1, 1971, the Brabenders made frequent telephone calls and personal visits to learn the status of their supposed lawsuit. They were told by the attorney in 1972 that the lawsuit had been filed and in October 1972 the attorney told them it was “on the steps of the courthouse.” The attorneyotold them to be patient, that the case was on the calendar, that the attorney was trying to “hurry it up” in the courts. On October 8, 1976, when the Brabenders were advised that there had been a levy on their bank account arising out of the mobile home contract, they got in touch with another attorney and learned that no lawsuit had been filed on their behalf until February 20, 1976.
The Brabenders lost the suit in District Court. On appeal to this Court, in Brabender v. Kit Mfg. Co. (1977), 174 Mont. 63, 568 P.2d 547, they lost their appeal. The reasons given in our Opinion on that case relate to the statute of limitations, laches and failure to properly make recision as grounds for denying relief, to the Brabenders. All of these defenses can be laid at the feet of the attorney here.
The record shows that the Brabenders, concerned about their case, frequently made telephone calls and otherwise communicated with the attorney about the progress of their lawsuit. They were assured that an action had been filed, but that it was being delayed in the courts. As we indicated, the attorney did not insitute a lawsuit on behalf of the Brabenders until after the applicable statute of limitations had run.
In the Hellers’ case, a dispute arose between the Hellers and the Osburnsens as to the amount that was due under the contract for the purchase of real estate. The Hellers commenced a declaratory judgment action in Fergus County against Osburnsens, who were represented by the attorney. The District Court rendered judgment which the Osburnsens, represented by the attorney, appealed to the Montana Supreme Court. There, this Court affirmed the District Court in Heller v. Osburnsen (1973), 162 Mont. 182, 510 P.2d 13. Thereafter, the Hellers petitioned the Fergus County District Court for an accounting. Osburnsens, represented by the attorney, again resisted. The Fergus County District Court rendered its findings of fact, conclusions and judgment which was again appealed by the Osburnsens through the attorney. The District Court was again affirmed in Heller v. Osburnsen (1975), 168 Mont. 232, 541 P.2d 1032.
After this affirmance, a disagreement arose between the counsel representing Hellers, and this attorney, concerning the scope and meaning of the stipulation intended to facilitate settlement. This resulted in a third appeal, in 1976, wherein this Court again held in favor of the Hellers. Heller v. Osburnsen (1976), 169 Mont. 459, 548 P.2d 607. In that case, this Court assessed damages for a frivolous appeal in favor of Hellers’ attorney in the sum of $1,000. The decision was rendered on April 12, 1976. Johnson refused pay ment on August 12, 1976, andonAugust 18, 1976, the attorney for Hellers filed a Motion for Disciplinary Action against the attorney. The $1,000 was then paid, as ordered, and those proceedings apparently terminated.
On February 9, 1977, the attorney prepared a complaint verified by his clients as plaintiffs, against the Hellers, The First National Bank of Lewistown, the District Court of the Tenth Judicial District and the Supreme Court of the State of Montana, its then Chief Justice, and caused it to be filed in the District Court of the United States for the District of Montana. The attorney asserted federal jurisdiction claiming deprivation of civil rights. He charged the Montana Supreme Court with being coercive and arbitrary, and disputed the findings in the previous Heller actions which related to the amount due under the Heller contract. The complaint was dismissed on the merits and with prejudice. Osburnsen v. Heller (1977), 34 St.Rep. 193.
In addition to the findings by the Commission on Practice of this Court, the local Grievance Commission also examined the Bra-benders’ cause, and found that this attorney had been employed by the Brabenders in late 1971, that he misled them in the belief that he had actually filed a case, and he represented the delay in bringing it to trial was because of crowded dockets and court calendars. The Commission on Practice further found that the attorney failed to obtain full factual knowledge of the Brabender case as required by Canon 8, Canons of Professional Ethics, that he handled a legal matter without preparation adequate in the circumstances and he fully neglected a legal matter entrusted to him, both in violation of Disciplinary Rules 6-101 (A)(2) and (3).
The Commission found, in connection with Hellers, no factual or legal justification for the action which he filed in Federal Court other “than a vitriolic venting of his anger”. It found that in spelling out a diatribe against lawyers in his oral testimony and, in his various letters and pleadings, he did likewise with respect to fellow lawyers, the district judge, and the Supreme Court. Thereby he violated the preamble in Canon 1, Canons of Professional Ethics and his actions wére prejudicial to the administration of justice in violation of Disciplinary Rule 1-102(A)(5), Canons of Professional Ethics; that he violated Disciplinary Rule 7-102(A)(l) and (2) by taking action that served merely to harass or maliciously injure another and by advancing a claim or defense that is unwarranted under existing laws; that he apparently violated Disciplinary Rule 7-106(A) by advising that his client should disregard the rulings of the courts made in the course of a proceedings; that he violated Disciplinary Rule 7-106(C)(6) by engaging in undignified or discourteous conduct which is degrading to the Court; and that he violated the spirit at least of Disciplinary Rule 8-102(B) by making accusations against judges with no showing that they were true and that he was not making false accusations.
In Goldman, we stated:
“We start with the proposition that an attorney must during the period of his authority to practice before the Bar of this State so conduct himself that he evinces a good moral character, a trustworthy nature and a true commitment to fair dealing with his clients, and with others on behalf of his clients. Fair dealing and honesty should be the trademarks of an attorney . . . These are the qualities which are essential for admission to the Bar, and if the attorney lapses from or ceases to possess those qualities, he or she is subject to our discipline, even to removal from the Bar.” 588 P.2d at 974.
The matters brought out in the record in this case indicate that the attorney does not possess, or has lapsed from, the qualities of honesty and fair dealing. It is certain that he was not honest in his representations to the Brabenders. It is equally certain that he lost his sense of fair dealing and trustworthiness in the Hellers case. The purpose of a lawsuit is to end the dispute among the parties, not to prolong it. When an attorney refuses to accept the decisions of the courts in which he practices, and by frivolous appeals and other actions, he continues to stir up new or fancied wrongs, he does not serve the best interests of his own clients, and he visits unnecessary expense and anxiety upon the adverse parties. Such actions call into question the temperamental fitness of the attorney to practice law. The Commission on practice, having an opportunity to observe him, decided that the punishment of public censure in open court should be sufficient. It is apparent that the Commission on Practice is hopeful that an otherwise talented lawyer will have learned from the results of his own indiscretions. The attorney has .no previous disciplinary record. We concur, therefore, in the findings and conclusions contained in the report of the Commission on Practice, and will order public censure of the attorney at a date and place to be set by us with a warning to the attorney that he is now on his good behavior as to his dealings with his clients, and as to his respect for the orderly disposal of legal proceedings.
IT IS ORDERED, and it is the judgment of this Court that the attorney, Robert L. Johnson, of Lewistown, Montana, shall receive a public censure in open court on a date and at a time to be set hereafter.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL and JUSTICES DALY and SHEA concur.
MR. JUSTICE HARRISON did not participate in this action.
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE ADAIR:
Plaintiff brought this suit to have a warranty deed and a contemporaneously executed contract declared to constitute a mortgage and, from an adverse decree, has appealed.
Frances Victoria Clarke owned certain land in Ravalli county, subject to the lien of a mortgage to the Federal Land Bank of Spokane, dated July 28, 1923.
Installment payments called for by the mortgage and taxes on the property becoming delinquent, the bank, in the spring of 1938, commenced suit to foreclose its mortgage. Summons issued and was duly served upon Mrs. Clarke, defendant in the action. Thereafter an amended complaint was filed and an alias summons was issued and served upon Mrs. Clarke, but she failed to appear or make answer to either the original or the subsequently issued alias summons.
"While the suit was pending Mrs. Clarke contacted the bank and its agents and was advised by them that the bank would accept cash in the amount of the past due installments in discharge of the delinquencies and that upon receipt of such payment would call off its foreclosure suit. Thereupon Mrs. Clarke endeavored to raise the necessary money but was unable to do so until some time in August 1938. In the meantime, to-wit, on July 30, 1938, Mrs. Clarke’s default was entered and a decree of foreclosure was rendered ordering the sale of the mortgaged land to satisfy the sum of $5,293.49, adjudged to be due on the bank’s note and mortgage.
Upon learning of the action so taken against her in the foreclosure suit Mrs. Clarke filed therein a motion for an order to set aside her default and vacate the decree. While such motion was pending and undetermined, to-wit, on September 6, 1938, Mrs. Clarke, as grantor, made, executed and delivered to Swift H. Chamberlain a warranty deed purporting to convey to him and to his son Robert S. Chamberlain, as grantees, the title, in fee to all of the land described in the bank’s mortgage, stating therein that the deed is subject to such mortgage.
For the above conveyance, Swift H. Chamberlain paid the sum of $1,500.00 of which amount $1,307.00 went to the Federal Land Bank of Spokane to satisfy the mortgage delinquencies in full and the balance of $193.00 to Mrs. Clarke and he also paid the delinquent taxes on the property in the amount of $664.06.
Also on September 6, 1938, the Chamberlains and Mrs. Clarke entered into a written contract granting Mrs. Clarke the privilege to purchase the land at any time within one year for the sum of $1,500.00 with interest.
On September 9, 1938, the district court granted Mrs. Clarke’s motion in the foreclosure suit and made and entered an order setting aside her default, vacating the decree and restoring the bank’s note and mortgage to their former standing as valid and outstanding obligations. The Chamberlains entered into possession of the land and at all times since the fall of 1938 have continued in such possession.
By written assignment dated March 25, 1939, and thereafter duly recorded in the office of the county clerk and recorder of Ravalli county, Mrs. Clarke sold, assigned, transferred and set over unto Ray Vert of San Francisco, California, “all of her right, title, claim and interest in and to that certain agreement made and entered into by and between Swift H. Chamberlain and Robert S. Chamberlain * * * as parties of the first part and Frances Victoria Clarke, * * # as the party of the second part, wherein and whereby the said parties of the first part agreed to sell and convey to the said party of the second part” all of the lands described in the warranty deed to the Chamberlains.
Neither Mrs. Clarke nor her assignee Ray Vert exercised any right under the contract and neither made any payment thereon within the time prescribed therefor or at all and on September 7, 1939, the Chamberlains by written notice directed to Mrs. Clarke and to Vert, notified them that the Chamberlains “have elected to exercise their option to terminate the said agreement, and any interest you, or either of you, may have therein is can-celled.”
In the year 1947, both Frances Victoria Clarke and Swift H. Chamberlain died.
On March 1, 1948, the plaintiff George Clarke, as administrator of the estate of Frances Victoria Clarke, deceased, instituted this action against Robert S. Chamberlain individually and as administrator of the estate of Swift H. Chamberlain, deceased, and four other defendants, viz., Ray Vert and wife, the wife of Robert S. Chamberlain and the widow of Swift H. Chamberlain, deceased. The defendants Vert defaulted but the other four defendants made answer to which plaintiff filed a reply.
A trial before the court sitting without a jury resulted in findings of fact, conclusions of law and decree for the answering defendants.
Plaintiff assigns twelve specifications of error. The first four specifications are directed against the decree; the last four are directed against the trial court’s conclusions of law while specifications numbered 5 to 8 inclusive urge as error the making of the trial court’s findings of fact designated II, IV, VIII and IX. No error whatever is assigned on the making of the court’s findings numbered I, III, V, VI and VII.
The court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law read:
“Findings of Fact:
“I. That prior to July 30, 1938, Frances Victoria Clarke was the owner in fee simple of that certain real property described in the pleadings, the descriptions being here omitted, the same constituting one ranch property. This property was subject to a mortgage in favor of the Federal Land Bank of Spokane, and on this date said Bank, because of many defaults following a foreclosure of the mortgage, obtained a decree of foreclosure and sale to secure the then amount due the Bank of $5,293.43. At that time such property was also encumbered by taxes for the four years immediately past in the total amount of $664.06. Had a sale then been made under such foreclosure decree, Mrs. Clarke would have had one year’s time in which to redeem from the sale.
“II. At the time of such decree of foreclosure, such ranch property, consisting of about 140 acres, had been rented for some, considerable time, and the land was in a rundown condition. The dwelling house, barn and other buildings thereon were likewise out of repair and in bad shape for want of upkeep; and for these reasons, and others appearing in these findings, such entire ranch property did not have a cash value very much in excess of what was due the Land Bank, the taxes and the cost of putting the entire property in shape for proper operations.
“III. That after such foreclosure decree of the Land Bank, Mrs. Clarke moved to vacate the decree, and the Land Bank then agreed to accept a payment of $1,200.00 to reinstate the mortgage and vacate the decree of foreclosure, the Bank insisting that whatever deal Mrs. Clarke made to secure the necessary money, she should protect herself for the one year’s time that she would have had to redeem had a foreclosure sale taken place.
“IV. On September 6, 1938, Mrs. Clarke sold and transferred all this property by deed to Swift Chamberlain and- Bobert ■ S. Chamberlain for a consideration of $1,500.00, and subject to all encumbrances. At that time.the’Chamberlains-borrowed such $1,500.00 from one Adam Horning, and of such amount they paid to the Land Bank $1,307.00 for vacating their foreclosure decree, and $193.00 direct to Mrs. Clarke. They at the same time, in order to give Mrs. Clarke the same length of time as she would have had in redeeming from the foreclosure sale, executed the contract, Exhibit 1, as a conditional resale contract to her, or as an option to her, to purchase back the property. Nothing can be found in this contract which obligated Mrs. Clarke to pay the Chamberlains such $1,500.00 except that she was to pay such amount ‘as the purchase price for said property.’ The contract itself provided the remedy to the Chamberlains, and that was that if the $1,500.00 was not paid back to them, with interest, that the contract could be terminated by them and all of Mrs. Clarke’s title and interest canceled. This was done by the Chamberlains promptly at the expiration of one year, by the letter to Mrs. Clarke and to the Verts, Defendants’ Exhibit 9. In no way was ■ any debt created by Mrs. Clarke to the Chamberlains, and in no way could the Chamberlains have compelled Mrs. Clarke to take -this land or brought suit against her on any promise of hers to pay any fixed amount.
• “V. In November, 1938, the Chamberlains took possession of all such ranch property and have so been in possession to this day. They put the land in shape, fixed up all of the buildings, dug a very expensive well. They have made all the payments to the Land Bank and paid all the back taxes and the taxes since then. The improvements they put on alone cost them $6,000.00, and they have enjoyed this property as their own to the present time.
“VI. On October 2, 1940, Mrs. Clarke employed a firm of attorneys in Hamilton to bring suit for her to recover possession of four horses, or their value, which were left on that same ranch by her and are mentioned in the contract, Exhibit 1. But no action of any kind was started such as the present one to have that deed of hers declared a mortgage. This ease was tried by the Court on December 12, 1941, and the findings and judgment were in favor of Mrs. Clarke, and she recovered the full value of those horses by judgment, issued execution, and the judgment was later satisfied by the Chamberlains. At the time of this trial Mrs. Clarke lived at the hotel in Hamilton, walked some four blocks to the courthouse and back without any difficulty, seemed to be in very fair physical condition, and very active and alert.
“VII. On or about December 10, 1942, Mrs. Clarke employed J. D. Taylor as her attorney, which resulted in Mr. Taylor writing Swift Chamberlain the letter, copy of which has been received in evidence as Plaintiff’s Exhibit 8. At that time the Chamberlains consulted with Mr. Taylor and offered even then to allow Mrs. Clarke to repurchase the land, offered to reinstate her option and to accept from her what they had put into the property in cash and to let her have the ranch. This was communicated to Mrs. Clarke, and she took no action.
“VIII. In February, 1939, Mrs. Clarke executed a deed to the Verts of all of her interest and estate in such property and an assignment to them of the contract Exhibit' 1, for which she was to receive from the Verts $500.00 in cash and be given a right to live on the property for the rest of her life. The Verts came up from California and investigated this ranch, but took no action, to repurchase this property or to redeem the property from the Chamberlains. At that time Mrs. Clarke’s only right, regarding such property, was the right to exercise her option to repurchase it, and as this was not done by her nor by the Verts, the Verts obtained no right, title or interest to the property from Mrs. Clarke because Mrs. Clarke had none.
“IX. Both the plaintiff and the defendants, in the briefs submitted to this Court, produced authorities at rather great length on the question of whether laches appear in this action, and in this particular this Court makes the further following findings:
“(a) The notice of the cancellation of this contract, Exhibit 1, was given on September 7, 1939.
“(b) The Chamberlains borrowed the $1,500.00 to save this farm from foreclosure sale, when they bought the farm. They did not borrow money in order to loan money.
“ (c) The Chamberlains have been in possession of this ranch property since November, 1938.
“(d) The payments to the Land Bank on its mortgage and the payment of all taxes past due in 1938 and to date have been made by the Chamberlains.
“(e) Mrs. Clarke’s suit against the Chamberlains to recover the horses or their value clearly indicates that she did not consider she then had any interest in the land.
“(f) The Vert transactions with Mrs. Clarke, where she was to get $500.00 and a place to live, clearly indicate that is what she considered her then interest in the property.
“(g) The Chamberlains have expended some $6,000.00 in the improvement of the buildings and this property.
“(h) Mrs. Clarke’s son, the present plaintiff, lived in that vicinity all of the time.
‘ ‘ (i) Not until May 21, 1947, was the son appointed the guardian of Mrs. Clarke — not because she was insane, but because she was incompetent to handle her business affairs.
“ (j) On December 17, 1947, the plaintiff here was appointed administrator of his deceased mother’s estate, but did not file this present action until March 1, 1948.
“ (k) On April 5, 1948, the Chamberlains gave a mortgage to the Citizens State Bank of Hamilton to cover previous advances, in the amount of $6,795.35, upon this same ranch property.
“(1) Mrs. Clarke was represented by attorneys in 1940, 1941 and 1942, in business matters relating to the very transactions, or parts of them, with which we are here concerned.
‘ ‘ (m) Mrs. Clarke and Swift Chamberlain both died prior to the time of this trial.
“ (n) The value of this ranch property, considering all of the improvements, and the enhanced values of all property the last few years, of course has increased considerably since 1938, but all due to the expenditures of others than Mrs. Clarke or her representatives.
“ (o) If this transaction is held to be a mortgage, then its lien has long since expired. (Sec. 8267, R. C. M.) Should this in any way be held to be a debt from Mrs. Clarke to the Chamberlains, then it became fully due September 6, 1939, more than eight years before this action was started, to-wit, March 1, 1948, and such debt was barred by our Sec. 9029, and any mortgage secured thereby goes with it.
“Laches appear here against the plaintiff for so unreasonable and unexplained a length of time as to make any equitable relief to the plaintiff a rank injustice to the defendants, and also to innocent third parties.
‘ ‘ From the admissions in the pleadings, the stipulation of the parties, the uncontroverted evidence and the foregoing findings, the Court makes the following
‘ ‘ Conclusions of Law:
“I. That the contract, Exhibit 1, and the deed given at the same time, did not constitute a mortgage; that the defendant Robert S. Chamberlain and the decedent Swift Chamberlain have been the owners of that ranch, unaffected by anything held or owned by Mrs. Clarke, since the cancellation of the contract on September 7, 1939.
“II. That the plaintiff here, representing the Estate of Mrs. Clarke, and such Estate, have no right, title or interest of any kind in and to such ranch property; and likewise, Ray Vert and his wife have no claim, right, title or interest in and to the same.
“III. That the defendants are entitled to a judgment dismissing the plaintiff’s cause of action without any relief whatsoever, and the defendants are also entitled to their costs and disbursements expended in this action.
“IV. That the defendants are not liable to account to the plaintiff in any way whatsoever as to any rents, issues or profits of such ranch property since they have been in possession, and there shall be no further proceedings in accounting or otherwise, relating to any and all of such transactions,”
Rehearing denied January 3, 1951.
Decree
The decree adjudges: That the warranty deed and contract of September 6, 1938 did not constitute-a mortgage; that the Chamberlains have been the owners of the land, unaffected by anything held or owned by Mrs. Clarke since the cancellation of the contract on September 7,1939; that the estate of Mrs. Clarke and plaintiff as representative of such estate, have no right, title, estate or interest of any kind in or to the described land; that the defendants Ray Yert and wife have no claim, right, title or interest in or to the land; that defendants are not liable to account to plaintiff for any rents, issues or profits of the land; that defendants are entitled to a judgment of dismissal and for their costs and disbursements.
In our opinion the admissions in the pleadings, the stipulation of the parties and substantial evidence received at the trial sustain the findings of fact made which are determinative of the cause and the court’s conclusions and its decree are warranted by the law as applied to the material facts found. Compare: Morrison v. Jones, 31 Mont. 154, 77 Pac. 507; L. R. A. 1916B, 226, note; Robitaille v. Boulet, 53 Mont. 66, 161 Pac. 163; Johnson v. Opheim, 67 Mont. 126, 214 Pac. 951; Lewis v. Bowman, 113 Mont. 68, 121 Pac. (2d) 162, and note in 173 A. L. R. 337.
Finding no merit in the specifications assigned, the decree is affirmed.
ASSOCIATE JUSTICES FREEBOURN, ANGSTMAN, METCALF and BOTTOMLY, concur.
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE ADAIR:
On April 14, I960, J. Henry Clinton and wife entered into a written contract with Ferd Miller and wife wherein the Clintons agreed to sell and the Millers agreed to purchase lot numbered 15 in block numbered 15 of the Lockey Addition to the city of Helena, Montana, for an agreed consideration, one-third whereof was paid upon the signing of the contract with the balance to be paid by the Millers upon the delivery to them of a .warranty deed conveying a merchantable title, free and clear of all encumbrances and liens.
The Clintons delivered to the Millers a duly certified abstract of title to the lot prepared by 'a qualified licensed abstracter which abstract the Millers then submitted to their attorney for examination and opinion. After examining the abstract the attorney declined to approve the title and wrote his clients as follows:
“Mr. and Mrs. Ferd Miller
Route 1
Helena, Montana “Dear Mr. and Mrs. Miller:
“I have examined the Helena Abstract and Title Company’s abstract No. 2612 covering Lot 15 in Block 15 of the Lockey Addition to the City of Helena. The matters in this opinion are based entirely upon tbe information contained in that abstract.
“Tbe title to said premises is in J. H. Clinton subject to the following defects:
“In 1873, a bond for deed was given to Jacob D. Tietzen and A. N. Rand and that interest assigned to Thomas Perry and Peter Larkin. Peter Larkin, thereupon deeded to Richard Ho-back and Henry Pflaume. Richard Hoback and Henry Pflaume never disposed of their interest. The other interest passed to Charles W. Cannon and Robert C. Wallace. The name Wm. Carr appears in the abstract in that transaction and William Carr deeded so that some interest in said premises still remains in Thomas Perry, Wm. Carr, Richard Hoback, Henry Pflaume, Charles W. Cannon and Robert C. Wallace.
“Sam’l Schwab received the deed to that property in 1882 and deeded the same as Samuel Schwab. There is no presumption that an abbreviation of a man’s name is one and the same person whose name is written out.
“By deed dated April 25, 1876, and recorded January 29, 1880, Peter Larkin conveyed his interest to other parties as appears on page 11 of the abstract. He was not joined in this conveyance by his wife, nor is there any affidavit that I can find in the abstract indicating that he was a single man at that time. It follows that there is an outstanding dower interest in the wife of Peter Larkin in the absence of proof that he was not married.
“The county took title to the within property by Tax Deed dated October 31, 1929, and by deed dated April 11, 1936, conveyed the same to R. C. Hoffman, who in turn, with his wife, by deed recorded February 6, 1946, conveyed the same to J. H. Clinton, of Helena, Montana, the present owner. J. H. Clinton thereafter filed an action to quiet title to said property in himself. There are several procedural errors in the quiet title proceedings which may be briefly enumerated as follows:
“1. The concluding phrase of the named defendants which is inserted for the obvious purpose of coming within the provisions of Section 93-6204, R. C. M. 1947, fails to show a comma after tbe word estate. Tbe statute provides for tbe ‘adding in tbe caption of the complaint in such action tbe words’ and it would seem that tbe foregoing makes absolute compliance with tbe wording in tbe statute mandatory.
“2. On page 77 of tbe abstract and following there appears tbe affidavit for tbe Order for Publication of Summons. Section 93-6207, R. C. M. 1947, provides that tbe ‘Plaintiff’ may obtain such an order by filing with tbe Clerk of tbe Court an-affidavit stating that ‘be’ has made diligent search and etc. There is nothing in tbe section of tbe statute quoted which authorized tbe attorney for tbe plaintiff or any other person to make an affidavit on bis behalf. It would follow that tbe person authorized by the statute has not been tbe proper party to make tbe affidavit.
“3. On page 72 of the abstract there is tbe bare statement that tbe Lis Pendens was filed October 9, 1946. Section 93-6205, R. C. M. 1947, would seem to require proof in tbe record of tbe Clerk of tbe Court of tbe filing of the Lis Pendens with tbe Clerk and Recorder. I do not believe that tbe record shows any such proof having been made.
“4. Section 93-6206, R. C. M. 1947, provides, among other things, that an affidavit must be filed for Publication of Summons ‘upon tbe return of tbe summons showing due personal service within tbe state’ and etc. Tbe original Summons in this action, according to page 84 of tbe abstract, was filed with tbe Clerk December 9, 1946. Tbe affidavit for Publication of Summons was filed October 25, 1946, and tbe Order was issued -the same day, as appears on pages 77 and 79 of tbe abstract. It follows that tbe original summons was not filed with tbe Clerk of tbe Court until subsequent to tbe time when tbe Order of Publication was made and by reason thereof tbe entire proceedings regarding publication were in violation of tbe statute and valued less.
“5. Section 93-3020, R. C. M. 1947, provides that tbe sheriff or other person serving tbe Summons shall make due and legal return of such service and file the same with the Clerk of the Court not more than ten days after the making of such service. The returns of the several sheriffs who served the Summons shows that the last service made was by the sheriff of Cascade County and that he served a copy of the Summons and Complaint on the first and second days of November, 1946. The Summons not having been filed until December 9, 1946, more than ten days had elapsed which is a fatal defect to the proceedings.
“By reason of the foregoing several defects in the title it is my opinion that J. H. Clinton does not, at this time, have merchantable title to the foregoing property.
“Bespectfully submitted,”
[and signed]
Upon receipt of the above opinion the Millers refused to perform their contract and thereupon, on June 6,1950, J. H. Clinton and wife as plaintiffs commenced this action against Ferd Miller and wife as defendants for a declaratory judgment determining the rights and duties of the plaintiffs and defendants under their contract.
Appearing in the action by their said attorney the defendants Miller urged the same objections to Clinton’s title as are set forth in their attorney’s opinion. The cause was tried to the court sitting without a jury, witnesses were examined and documentary evidence received, including the abstract of title, following which the court made written findings of fact and conclusions of law wherein it found and held each of the listed objections to the title to be without merit and in conformity thereto on July 20, 1950, rendered its decree adjudging: That none of the objections made by defendants to Clinton’s title is valid; that none casts any cloud upon such title; that the plaintiffs are the owners in fee simple and entitled to the possession of the property; that such title is merchantable and that upon the delivery to them of proper deed of conveyance the defendants shall forthwith perform their obligations under the contract.
From the decree so entered the defendants Miller have ap pealed, assigning 13 specifications of error, 11 whereof challenge the trial court’s findings while the remaining two challenge its conclusions.
Title to Lot 15. From September 22, 1913, to January 21, 1926, the duly recorded fee simple title to lot 15 was in State Investment Company, a Montana corporation, to which corporation the lot was assessed. The corporation failed to pay the state and county taxes levied against the property for various years including those for the year 1925 and on January 21, 1926, after due notice given, the lot was sold to Lewis and Clark county for delinquent taxes. There was no redemption from the tax sale and no assignment of the tax sale certificate and on October 31, 1929, by duly recorded tax deed the county treasurer granted the lot to the county. The record title thereafter continuously remained in the county until April 11, 1936, on which date, by duly recorded bargain and sale deed it conveyed the lot to R. C. Hoffman and thereafter Hoffman and wife by deed acknowledged December 5, 1945, conveyed, remised, released and quit claimed the lot unto J. H. Clinton, who, according to the testimony, thereupon entered into possession of and improved the property and has since continued as its owner and paid the taxes thereon.
Quiet Title Action. On October 9,1946, J. H. Clinton, as plaintiff commenced an action in the district court of Lewis and Clark county to quiet his title to lot 15 and other described real property. The complaint shows that the action is against 66 specifically named defendants, including the county of Lewis and Clark, the city of Helena, State Investment Company, an expired Montana corporation, Richard Loekey, Jr., the sole surviving trustee for the stock holders and creditors of said State Investment Company, and that it is also against all persons unknown who might make any adverse claim, the concluding phrase of the caption of the complaint reading: “the unknown heirs and devisees of the defendants, if any there be, and all other persons, unknown, claiming or who might claim any right, title, estate or interest in, or lien or encumbrance upon, the real property described in the complaint, or any thereof, adverse to plaintiff’s ownership, or any cloud upon plaintiff’s title thereto, whether such claim or possible claim be present or contingent, including any claim or possible claim of dower, inchoate or accrued, Defendants.” It will be noted that there is no comma after the word “estate” in the above quoted phrase nor should there be.
On the day of the filing of the complaint, summons issued and proper written notice of the pendency of the action was filed in the office of the county clerk and recorder. The original summons, the summons published and the lis pendens, each and all bear the identical title and caption stated in the complaint.
“Procedural Errors.” Defendants’ counsel objects to Clinton’s quiet title proceedings because of what he terms “procedural errors” enumerated as follows: (1) Failure to show a comma after the word “estate” in the above quoted concluding phrase of the caption to the complaint and summons; (2) the making and filing by plaintiff’s attorney of the affidavit for the order for publication of summons; (3) failure to file with the clerk of court documentary proof of the filing of lis pendens in the office of the county clerk and recorder; (4) failure to file the original summons with the clerk of court prior to filing the affidavit for publication of summons, and (5) failure to file the original summons with the clerk of court within either 10 or 15 days after the making of service.
None of the foregoing constitutes a “procedural” error and none invalidates Clinton’s quiet title proceedings, his decree nor his title to the property involved.
The Missing Comma. It is well nigh impossible to imagine a more frivolous hairsplitting objection or contention than that the absence of a comma in the caption of a complaint or summons in a quiet title action constitutes a “procedural error” affecting the jurisdiction of the court, rendering the proceedings defective and either adversely affecting or invalidating plaintiff’s decreed title to real property.
In the above quoted concluding phrase of the caption are 15 commas. None is either necessary, material or of any moment. Bach and all well could have been omitted without doing any violence whatever to either the statute, the proceedings or the title.
No magic attends upon copying from the statute the exact phrase word for word and mark for mark. The phrase is not exclusive nor is its use mandatory. Precisely the same results may be achieved by employing other and fewer apt words.
A comma is a point used to mark the smallest structural divisions of a sentence, or a rhetorical punctuation mark indicating the slightest possible separation in ideas or construction. Black’s Law Dictionary, Deluxe 3rd Ed., p. 356.
Punctuation is no part of the English language. It is always subordinate to the text. Never must punctuation marks of themselves be permitted to control the meaning of the text of a legislative enactment. The words of the act control the punctuation marks and not the punctuation marks the words.
“The presence or absence of a comma, according to the whim of the printer or proof reader, is so nearly fortuitous that it is a wholly unsafe aid to statutory interpretation.” Erie R. Co. v. United States, 6 Cir., 240 F. 28, 32. Compare: McPhail v. Gerry, 55 Vt. 174; United States v. York, C. C., 131 F. 323; Traveler’s Ins. Co. v. Pomerantz, 124 Misc. 250, 207 N. Y. S. 81, 86; United States v. Shreveport Grain & Elevator Co., 287 U. S. 77, 82, 53 S. Ct. 42, 77 L. Ed. 175; In re Schilling, 2 Cir., 53 F. 81; Hammock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co., 105 U. S. 77, 22 L. Ed. 1111; Cushing v. Worrick, 9 Gray 382, 75 Mass. 382; Albright v. Payne, 43 Ohio St. 8, 1 N. E. 16.
The statute in question was originally enacted in 1915 by the Fourteenth State Legislative Assembly. There was and is no comma after the word “estate” in this Act as passed by that assembly. See page -2 line 17 of original enrolled House Bill No. 342 on file in the office of the secretary of state. Bead section 2 of Chapter 113 of the official published Session Laws of 1915 at page 251.
Who sought to improve upon the grammar and punctuation of the 1915 legislature by inserting a comma after the word “estate” and whence came such individual’s authority to make such “amendment” we shall not here stop to inquire. Suffice it to say however, that the added comma not only makes for bad grammar but apparently tends to so befuddle hypertechnical title examiners as to render them uncertain if not wholly incapable of determining whether its absence from a busy lawyer’s pleadings and papers may not deprive the court of jurisdiction and “jeopardize” various and sundry land titles throughout the state of Montana. The title examiner’s assignment is not to examine the abstract and records for mistakes in orthography, punctuation and grammar but to determine therefrom the condition of the title involved. The law disregards trifles, R. C. M. 1947, sec. 49-125, and so must title examiners and the courts. There is no merit in defendants’ two specifications grounded upon the “missing” comma.
Affidavit by Attorney. Section 2, subd. 6870d of Chapter 113, Session Laws of 1915 at page 252 provides that in a suit to quiet title the plaintiff may obtain an order for the service of summons upon all unknown claimants or possible claimants by publication, “upon filing with the clerk of the court an affidavit showing that he has made diligent search and inquiry for all persons who claim, or might claim, any right, title, estate, or interest in, or lien, or encumbrance upon” the described real property and that he “has specifically named as defendants in such action all such persons whose names can be ascertained.” Compare R. C. M. 1947, sec. 93-6207.
In the quiet title suit the above mentioned affidavit was made and filed by plaintiff’s attorney of record in the action. Counsel for the defendants Miller assert that there is nothing in the above statute that authorizes the plaintiff’s attorney to make the affidavit on behalf of his client. No express authority is required. The attorney’s retainer carries with it the presumptive authority to file any and all necessary pleadings and papers in the action including, in the absence of a statute prohibiting, the authority to make affidavits on behalf of his client as to facts and matters of which the attorney has peculiar and personal knowledge.
A party to an action or proceeding in court may appear therein in his own proper person or he may appear by an attorney at law but he cannot do both. A party having an attorney of record in an action or other proceeding in court must be heard in court through such attorney and as a general rule the court has ho power or authority of law to recognize anyone in the conduct or disposition of the case except the attorneys of record therein. Endresse v. Van Vleet, 118 Mont. 533, 536, 169 Pac. (2d) 719.
The relation of attorney and client is a relation of agency. The maxim, “qui facit per alium, facit per se,” i. e. “He who does an act through another is deemed in law to do it himself” applies and enunciates the general doctrine on which the law relative to the rights and liabilities of principal and agent depends. The one for whom the action is taken is the principal and the one who is to act is the agent. Restatement of the Law of Agency, sec. 1, p. 7.
In 2 Mechem on Agency, 2nd Ed. at pages 1736-1738, the author, speaking of the implied authority of attorneys at law, says:
“Section 2160. Has general control of conduct of suit. — A party employs an attorney to conduct and manage his cause in court because he himself lacks the learning, experience and ability necessary to its successful prosecution, and because he believes that the attorney possesses these qualifications. The object sought is the prosecution or defense of the cause, and the authority to accomplish this is confided to the attorney. As in other cases, this authority must carry with it all the incidental and auxiliary powers which are reasonable and proper to carry the main power into effect. Much of the procedure in the case is governed by rules of court with which the attorney is familiar, and which it is his duty to observe. The orderly conduct of the cause requires that the settled course of practice shall be adhered to, with which the attorney, and not the client, is presumed to be acquainted.
“When, therefore, a party puts his cause into the hands of an attorney, the latter is necessarily vested with large, if not exclusive authority, to control the conduct and management of the suit in all matters which pertain to the remedy, and which do not involve the substantial rights of the client. For the due and orderly conduct of the cause, the court holds the attorney responsible, and these matters the client, while he has an attorney of record, has no right to interfere with or to control.
“Section 2161. Presumption of authority. — So whatever the attorney does in the prosecution of the remedy, if it be not done fraudulently or eollusively, is said to be binding upon the client, although it may result disastrously to him, and he must find his remedy in an action against the attorney. And this rule is not confined to the proceedings had in court, but includes all acts, whether done in or out of court, necessary or incidental to the prosecution or defense of the suit, and which affect the remedy only and not the cause of action. * * *
“Section 2162. What included. — It is obviously impracticable to detail all of the acts which the attorney at law, by reason of his employment, has implied authority to do respecting the conduct of the cause, but as incidental to his authority to manage and control the general course and conduct of the cause, the attorney of record has been held to have implied power:—
“a. To make such affidavits as are required in the progress of the cause, when the facts are within his knowledge. * * * ”
1 Thornton on Attorneys at Law, sec. 251, pp. 460, 461, sets forth the general rule, namely: “In the absence of statutory regulation to the contrary, an attorney may make an affidavit for his client, providing he has sufficient knowledge of the facts; in such case, however, the affidavit should show the reason for the party’s failure to make it personally, though in some states no such showing is required, the attorney’s authority being presumed, or provable by extrinsic evidence.”
In accord with the foregoing rules our Code of Civil Procedure providing for the making of affidavits of verification by a party litigant provides such affidavits may also be made by the agent or attorney of the party, if the party is absent from the county where the attorney resides,.“or is from any other cause unable to” make the affidavit in which ease it must state that the deponent is the agent or attorney of the party and the reasons why such affidavit is made by such agent or attorney. E. C. M. 1947, sec. 93-3702.
Section 93-6207 does not say that the plaintiff must personally make the affidavit nor does it say that the plaintiff must personally file it.
There is nothing in sections 93-3013, 93-6206 or 93-6207, E. C. M. 1947, that precludes plaintiff’s attorney from either making or filing the affidavit. In his affidavit plaintiff’s attorney deposes that he is an attorney for the plaintiff and as such more familiar with the matters, facts and things therein stated than is plaintiff for which reason he makes the affidavit for the plaintiff and then follows a rather complete and comprehensive statement of specific acts and things personally done by the affiant in making the required search and inquiry.
It has long been the custom and general practice in this juris diction for the plaintiff’s attorney to .personally make the required search and inquiry or to see that same is properly done and thereafter to make and file the required affidavit and we find no statutory prohibition against such practice. Compare: State ex rel. Allen v. Napton, 24 Mont. 450, 454, 62 Pac. 686 construing section 731 and section 1942, Code of Civil Procedure of 1895, now E. C. M. 1947, sections 93-3702 and 93-9003; State ex rel. Kolbow v. District Court, 38 Mont. 415, 100 Pac. 207; Shattuck v. Myers, 13 Ind. 46, 74 Am. Dec. 236; Weigel v. Hohn, 45 Ariz. 81, 39 Pac. (2d) 933; Collins v. Streitz, 47 Ariz. 146, 54 Pac. (2d) 264; Evans v. Hallas, 64 Ariz. 142, 167 Pac. (2d) 94.
Lis Pendens. Defendants contend that the records fail to show proof to the clerk of the court of the filing in the office of the county clerk and recorder of lis pendens in the quiet title action.
The records in the office of the county clerk and recorder show that at 10:45 o ’clock a. m. on the day the suit to quiet title was commenced, proper lis pendens in the action was filed in such office where it was given Document Number 18487. The abstracter found such record and devoted three pages of his abstract to showing the contents of the Us pendens so filed.
Additionally the records and papers in the quiet title suit on file in the office of the clerk of the district court show that in such suit the district court expressly found that “it further appearing to the court by due proof that notice of pendency of this action was filed in the office of the county clerk and recorder on the 9th day of October 1946, being the date of the filing of the complaint” etc.
Defendants cite It. C. M. 1947, section 93-6205, but this section specifies no particular or exclusive kind of proof to establish the fact that lis pendens was filed in the county clerk’s office. It merely provides that before “any order for the publication of summons is granted as hereinafter provided” the plaintiff shall file proper notice of the pendency of the action in the office of the county clerk and recorder, the order referred to being that provided for in R. C. M. 1947, section 93-6207.
Defendants may not close their eyes to the facts appearing in the records of Lewis and Clark county showing timely filing in the designated office of proper lis pendens and their contention, which ignores these publicly recorded facts, cannot be sustained.
Filing Summons. Defendants assign as error the district court’s holding that the statutes do not require that the original summons be physically filed with the clerk of court prior to the filing of the affidavit for an order for the publication of summons.
R. C. M. 1947, section 93-6202, provides that the provisions of sections 93-3001 to 93-3020, inclusive, are applicable to actions to quiet title and thus is R. C. M. 1947, section 93-8013 relating to the publication of summons made applicable to such actions.
We find no provision in either section 93-3013, 93-6206 or 93- 6207 that says that the original summons with the return thereon must first be filed with the clerk of the court before an order for publication may be obtained. Section 93-6207 provides the plaintiff may obtain the order “upon filing with the clerk of the court an affidavit” showing the facts called for and sufficient compliance is effected when as here plaintiff’s attorney makes and files “an affidavit” stating such essential facts.
Return of Summons. There were 66 specifically named defendants in the quiet title action and plaintiff’s attorney was charged with the responsibility of making due search and inquiry as to the whereabouts of such defendants to the end that jurisdiction be obtained over the person of each.
The summons is the process by which the defendant is sum- moned into court. The purpose of serving a summons is to give notice to the defendant and thereby afford him the opportunity to defend himself or his property — an essential to due process of law. Haggerty v. Sherburne Mercantile Co., 120 Mont. 386, 186 Pac. (2d) 884.
Process is employed only to obtain jurisdiction over the person of the defendant. State ex rel. Murphy v. Second Judicial District Court, 99 Mont. 209, 41 Pac. (2d) 1113. That jurisdiction is acquired at the instant the summons is served and before any proof of such service has been made. Compare State ex rel. Duckworth v. District Court, 107 Mont. 97, 80 Pac. (2d) 367.
After the summons is served and jurisdiction over the person of defendant is thus obtained orderly procedure dictates that evidence be supplied of the fact that service has been made. Where summons is personally served upon a defendant by a sheriff the latter is required to make a statement in writing of what has been done by him in making such service which statement is usually either endorsed on the summons or attached thereto. This written statement constitutes the officer’s “return.” Haggerty v. Sherburne Mercantile Co., supra; Schmidt v. Schmidt, 108 Mont. 246, 89 Pac. (2d) 1020. Such “return” is merely the evidence by which the court, the litigants, their attorneys or others interested are informed that the defendant has been served. Compare Smith v. Hamill, 111 Mont. 585, 112 Pac. (2d) 195. However it is not the “return” or other evidence or proof of service which gives the court jurisdiction over the person of the defendant but it is the fact of service that confers such jurisdiction. Haggerty v. Sherburne Mercantile Co., supra; State ex rel. Duckworth v. District Court, supra.
B>. C. M. 1947, section 93-3020 makes it the duty of the sheriff or other person serving a summons “to make due and legal return of such service, and file the same with the clerk of the court * * * not more than ten days after the making of such service, where the same was made in the county in which such action * * * is pending, and not more than fifteen days after the making of such service, when the same was made outside of the county in which such action * * * is pending.” The statute further provides: “Any failure to make and file such return as required may be punished as a contempt of court.” Such is the penalty that attaches for failure to comply with the provisions of section 93-3020, supra, and not loss of jurisdiction over the defendant served.
The original summons in Clinton’s quiet title action has attached thereto the separate return of the sheriff of each of three counties in the state. The return of the sheriff of Lewis and Clark county dated October 10, 1946, shows that he received the summons on October 9, 1946, being the day it was. issued and that he personally served it on numerous specifically named defendants. The return of the sheriff of Flathead county shows that he received the summons on October 19, 1946, and after making due and diligent search and inquiry for two of the named defendants was unable to find them in his county for the reason that both were then in the state of California.
The return of the sheriff of Cascade county shows that he received the summons on October 26, 1946, and that he personally served the same on one named defendant on November 1, 1946, and on another named defendant on November 2, 1946.
On December 9, 1946, the original summons with the above returns thereon was filed with the clerk of court together with the summons published and the printer’s affidavit showing such publication and praecipe for the entering of the default of all defendants except Lewis and Clark county and the city of Helena they having appeared by answer.
Defendants contend that the failure to file the original summons with the clerk of court within fifteen days after November 2, 1946, whereon the sheriff of Cascade county made his last service “is a fatal defect to the proceedings.” There is no merit in the contention. The mere failure or omission to file the original summons with the various returns thereon within the time specified in section 93-3020, supra, does not affect the district court’s jurisdiction in any particular nor is it an irregularity which prevents that court from conducting and completing the quiet title action in a due, orderly and proper manner. No defendant in the suit has been deprived of any right by the failure to sooner file the original summons with the clerk of court. Compare: Haggerty v. Sherburne Mercantile Co., supra; Bourgeious v. Santa Fe Trail Stages, 43 N. M. 453, 95 Pac. (2d) 204; Riker v. Kilinski, 309 Pa. 188, 163 A. 526; Federal Land Bank v. Brinton, 106 Utah 149, 146 Pac. (2d) 200; In re Estate of Newman, 75 Cal. 213,16 Pac. 887, 7 Am. St. Rep. 146.
This jurisdiction has long been committed to the rule that a valid tax title is a new and paramount title created by the sovereign and that a tax deed given pursuant to a valid and regular tax sale extinguishes titles, liens and collateral interests subordinate to the dignity of the tax lien.
Thus, assuming the tax sale to be valid and regular as the dis-' triet court adjudged it to be, a new and paramount title free from all estates and encumbrances was conveyed by the tax deed of October 31, 1929.
Bonds for Deed. Notwithstanding these facts defendants object to possible “interests” that may have been derived through three instruments dated March 31, 1873, each termed a “Bond for Deed” and each conferring the right to engage in placer mining on certain described portions of the ground comprising an unpatented placer mining claim the legal title whereof was then vested in the United States Government.
Each “Bond for Deed” shows that it is nothing more than an executory agreement to execute in the future and only after the issuance of patent, a conveyance which would convey to the obligees the mining title being simply the right to mine but expressly reserving bed rock and the title to all the ground after mined out provided, of course, that on or before the day on which the obligor’s title be perfected or patent issue to them the obligees shall have paid to the obligors the sum agreed upon.
The records show no deeds by any of the obligors to any of the obligees conveying the mining title to any of the placer ground.
A bond for deed does not purport to convey the title to the obligee. It is not a conveyance of the legal title. It is merely an executory contract to convey and puts no title into the obligee so long as the contract remains executory. When the conditions of the bond are fulfilled by the obligee then and not until then does he have the right to demand a deed of conveyance vesting in him the title to such property as is called for by the contract.
The “Bonds for Deed” here under consideration do not contemplate any conveyance of the title to either bed rock or to the surface rights in any part of the placer mining claim — but on the contrary such title is expressly reserved from the conveyance to be made and executed after patent and upon the performance of the conditions imposed by the bonds. The bonds created no lien on the surface rights so reserved by the obligors but merely created a $1,000 contract liability in the event the obligors should refuse to allow the obligees to enter upon and mine the described portions of the placer claim.
It was not until May'29, 1879, being more than six years after the execution of the “Bonds for Deed” that patent for. the placer claim issued to the four original locators they being the obligors in the bonds.
Had the obligors violated their contract then the obligees or their successors in interest were required to institute suit within eight years to enforce their rights thereunder. The record shows no such suit or proceeding and the right to maintain any such action has long since been barred by the provisions of It. C. M. 1947, section 93-2603.
Peter Larkin. Defendants specify as error the district court’s finding that Peter Larkin was a single man on April 25, 1876, when he executed an instrument purporting to sell and transfer a specified undivided interest apparently claimed by him by reason of being an obligee named in one of the aforesaid bonds for deed.
The bonds for deed were not conveyances and they passed no title to the obligees hence no title to the land passed by virtue of the sale and transfer by the obligee Larkin.
Should the instrument executed-by Larkin in 1876 be treated as a deed to real property the presumption provided for in R. C. M. 1947, section 39-131, must be indulged. Such statute reads: “When a deed to real property has been made, executed and acknowledged prior to the year 1.900 by a grantor without recital in the body of the deed or acknowledgment as to whether or not the grantor is married or single, and the wife of such grantor, if any, not joining in the conveyance, or otherwise releasing or conveying her dower, the presumption shall be that the person conveying such land had no wife living at the date of such conveyance and that such land was conveyed free of all right of dower, inchoate or vested.” Also see R. C. M. 1947, see. 93-2504.
“Sami. Schwab.” By deed recorded May 31, 1882, an undivided one-quarter interest in the original placer mining claim was conveyed to “Sami. Schwab” and nine days later the same undivided interest in the same placer claim was conveyed by a deed executed by “Samuel Schwab.”
Ten years before either of the above deeds was given this court held that it is sufficient to describe a party by any known and accepted abbreviation of his Christian name. Kemp v. McCormick, 1 Mont. 420 at page 423. Also see Mining Securities Co. v. Wall, 99 Mont. 596 at page 604, 45 Pac. (2d) 302; R. C. M. 1947, sec. 93-3908; 38 Am. Jur., Name, sec. 8, p. 599.
Every title examiner should know that there are certain standard abbreviations, derivatives and nicknames for the more common Christian names which the courts have long recognized as interchangeable with the full name such as Alex, for Alexander, Bill or Wm. for William, Bob for Robert, Dan for Daniel, Geo. for George, Jno. or Jack for John, Jos. or Joe for Joseph, Sami. — Sam 1 or Sam for Samuel, Thus, or Tom for Thomas, etc.
But says defendants’ attorney: “There is no presumption that an abbreviation of a man’s name is one and the same person whose name is written out. ’ ’ There is little need to rely on any presumption here for the abstract of title shows a duly recorded correction deed to ‘ ‘ Samuel Schwab ’ ’ as grantee executed by the same grantors who gave the first deed to “Sami. Schwab” as grantee and that such subsequently executed correction deed expressly recites: “This indenture is executed for the purpose of correcting certain defects in a deed executed, by the said parties * * *= which said deed was '* * * recorded * * * on the 31st day of May 1882, in Book ‘Y’ of Deeds, page 120,” the deed referred to being the deed running to “Sami. Schwab” grantee.
It is the function of an attorney at law retained to pass upon a title to determine from the abstract, or from the original records and instruments, if his employment extends to them, where the title rests, and what liens or encumbrances, if any, exist against the property involved. An attorney so employed must be held to have undertaken to use a reasonable degree of care or skill and to possess to a reasonable extent the knowledge requisite to a proper performance of Ms duties and he will be held liable to his client for injury resulting as a proximate consequence from the want of such knowledge and skill or from the failure to exercise such care. Such title examiner should be familiar with the statutes and decisions of his own state and he must apply the settled rules of law that should be known to all conveyancers.
The district court’s final decree entered December 9,' 1946, quieted the plaintiff Clinton’s title and adjudged: That he is the true and lawful owner, in fee simple of the- described property; that his title is good and valid “and that the title of the said J. H. Clinton thereto is adjudged to be quieted against all claims, demands or pretention of all of the defendants in the caption specifically above named, and all other defendants, and all other persons unknown, which and who are hereby perpetually enjoined, stopped and debarred from asserting or setting up any claim or right of title whatever in or to or claim to or against said land and premises, or any part thereof, or lien thereon, adverse to the said J. H. Clinton.”
The foregoing decree became and is final. It may not be collaterally attacked. It specifically adjudges Clinton’s title and is determinative not only of his rights in the property but also of the rights of all those who may claim under and through him. The defendants Miller are merely parties to an executory contract of sale and purchase which they refuse to perform. Hence in the instant suit against the Millers the plaintiff Clinton and wife are merely “shadow boxing” with themselves. Clinton and wife most certainly are not entitled to again petition the same court for a second decree to again adjudge Clinton’s title to be good and valid and to adjudge counsel’s objections to such decreed title to be invalid and that none thereof “casts any cloud upon plaintiff’s title” as is prayed for in their complaint in this suit. The Clintons however, are not without an adequate remedy. The contract expressly obligates the purchasers to pay the $400 balance still owing on the agreed purchase price and a money judgment in such sum doubtless could be obtained in a proper action brought therefor. However, no such money judgment was either sought or given in the instant action.
The entire proceeding is frivolous and an imposition on the courts. The decree entered herein on July 20, 1950, does not and it cannot supply to Clinton any better title than was and is adjudged to him in the decree entered in his quiet title action entered on December 9, 1946. Clinton has a good and merchantable title acquired: (1) Through the deed of conveyance from the Hoffmans; (2) through adverse possession for much' longer than the statutory period, and (3) through the valid final decree entered in his quiet title action.
This court finds no merit in the appeal nor in the action and directs that the cause be remanded to the district court-with directions to set aside the decree and dismiss the suit, the respective parties litigant to bear their own.costs, both in the district court and on appeal. It is so ordered.
MR. JUSTICES METCALF, BOTTOMLY and FREEBOURN, concur.
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MR. JUSTICE SHEEHY
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from the District Court, Nineteenth Judicial District, Lincoln County, on a judgment against Marjorie C. Swanson who was discharged from her employment as a nurse-anesthetist at St. John’s Lutheran Hospital in Libby. She brought her action in the District Court upon the ground that she had been wrongfully dismissed from her employment because she had asserted her rights under former section 69-5223, R.C.M. 1947, now section 50-5-502 through -505 MCA.
Former section 69-5223, has been'referred to in briefs before this Court, as it was during its legislative history, as the “conscience statute”. For ease of reference, we will use that term here, although the Court implies nothing by the use of that term. The conscience statute defined certain rights of medical persons who are confronted with sterilization procedures as a part of their employment. Specifically, the conscience statute includes these provisions:
“69-5223 . . .
“(2) All persons shall have the right to refuse to advise concerning, perform, assist, or participate in sterilization because of religious beliefs or moral convictions. If requested by any hospital or health care facility, or person desiring sterilization, such refusal shall be in writing signed by the person refusing, but may refer generally to the grounds of ‘religious beliefs and moral convictions’. The refusal of any person to advise concerning, perform, assist, or participate in sterilization, shall not be a consideration in respect to staff privileges of any hospital or health care facility, nor a basis for any discriminatory, disciplinary, or other recriminatory action against such person, nor shall such person be liable to any person for damages allegedly arising from such refusal.
“[3] It shall be unlawful to interfere or attempt to interfere with the right of refusal authorized by this section, whether by duress, coercion or any other means. The person injured thereby shall be entitled to injunctive relief, when appropriate and shall further be entitled to monetary damages for injuries suffered.”
The Court notes parenthetically that the legislature adopted virtually the same provisions with respect to abortion procedures in former section 94-5-620, R.C.M.1947, now section 50-20-111 MCA.
The two-fold purpose of the conscience statute is plain: (1) It mandates that no person can be compelled to participate in sterilization against his moral or religious principals; (2) It prohibits firing any person for refusing to participate in sterilization on such grounds. The law is statewide in its effect, embracing as well the largest metropolitan hospitals and clinics and the smallest hospital or medical office in Montana.
Marjorie Swanson is a Certified Registered Nurse-Anesthetist (CRNA) who was employed by the hospital for eight years prior to discharge in her professional capacity as a nurse-anesthetist. In the four years preceding August 1977, she had assisted professionally in twenty surgical procedures that involved sterilizations and in the year preceding August 1977, six such procedures.
On August 19, 1975, she assisted professionally in a surgical procedure that was listed on the surgery schedule in the hospital as a “D and C”, a dilatation and curetage. Immediately prior to the operation, in examining the chart of the patient, she had discovered that an abortion permit was required by the hospital medical staff for this particular procedure. Nevertheless, she went ahead professionally and gave anesthetic to the patient. During the course of the procedure she observed that a human fetus was removed from the uterine lining of the patient, part by part, by the use of instruments. Her observation of the dissection and removal of the fetal tissues caused her to be “horrified and very upset”.
August 19, 1977 was a Friday. Over the weekend, she learned that a procedure described as a bilateral partsalpingectomy, a tubal ligation, was scheduled for Tuesday, August 23, 1977. The operation had been listed on the surgical schedule posted by the hospital on August 10, 1977, but the anesthetist first became aware of it over the weekend immediately preceding the Tuesday operation date. On Monday, August 22, 1977, at about 10:00 a.m., she advised the administrator of the hospital, Dan Wigart, that she would not participate in the tubal ligation, which is a sterilization procedure. The administrator “tried to convince [her] that [she] could participate in it”. He also indicated that she should be able to assist at therapeutic abortions. Wigart asked her to withhold making a final decision until he had spoken to her local priest, and she said she would also speak to him, although Wigart reported “she did have a sense of finality in it at that time.”
Rev. Charles Strom testified that on the afternoon of August 22, at about 3:00 p.m. he was approached by Dan Wigart who asked him for his help and “sounding out about her attitude on sterilize tion”. In fact, Dan Wigart testified in part:
“. . . She repeated two or three times Tf I have to resign, I will. But I am not going to do tubal ligations’. I asked her to give me some background on this. I asked her to withhold her final decision until I talked to Father Strom and Dr. Seifert, and also the two physicians who were involved in the D & C. I made every attempt to try to reduce her anxiety about the procedure. I felt that there were other factors that were bothering her. And I hoped that Father Strom would have talked to her and supported her from the standpoint that participation in a tubal ligation does not represent direct participation. This is something that Dr. Seifert and I had talked about that same morning.”
At 7:00 p.m. that evening, Marjorie Swanson called Wigart and informed him that her mind was made up and she was not going to participate in tubal ligation.
Thereupon Wigart obtained the services of a nurse-anesthetist from Bonners Ferry, Idaho, and the surgery went ahead as scheduled.
At 4:30 p.m. on August 23, 1977, Wigart telephoned Marjorie Swanson at her home and informed her that she was discharged from her position as nurse-anesthetist at the hospital. She requested that he give her a written statement of the reasons for her discharge. He did so, sending her a letter in full as follows:
“23 August 1977
“Marjorie Swanson
“Rt. 2, Box 556
“Libby MT 59923
“Dear Marj:
“This is to confirm our telephone conversation of August 23, 1977 wherein I informed you that St. John’s Lutheran Hospital will continue to pay your salary for two weeks until September 6, 1977 at the usual rate.
“I sincerely regret having to terminate your services. However, your untimely refusal to perform customary and needed services puts me in a position where I have few viable alternatives.
“I wish you the very best in all future endeavors and I will pray that God leads you in a direction in which you can perform satisfactorily and grow as an individual within the limits of your conscience.
“Sincerely,
“Dan Wigart”
No request was made by the hospital, nor by the person desiring sterilization, that Marjorie Swanson state in writing her grounds for refusal. At the trial, when asked upon what basis she did not wish to participate in the tubal ligation, she replied, “on moral and religious grounds”.
After her discharge, appellant was paid by the hospital from August 23, 1977 through September 6, 1977 representing two weeks pay.
On Wednesday, August 24, 1977, Wigart, in his office, told Nurse Marlys Mongan, an employee of the hospital, that the dismissal of Marjorie Swanson was upsetting to him “because in the last three months he thought Marge had really come along as being a good team member”.
On Wednesday evening, August 24, 1977, at a nurses meeting, Wigart said, “Marge had refused to give anesthetic for tubal ligation that was scheduled on Tuesday morning and that he had no alternative but to give her two weeks notice.” He stated no other reasons for her dismissal.
In a subsequent conversation with Rev. Strom, either on Thursday, August 24 or Thursday, September 1, 1977, Wigart indicated his feelings toward the state law concerning sterilization. Rev. Strom testified:
“During those two conversations Dan Wigart first advised me about his experience in California. His experience with a union and then went into the idea that he changed his mind about the going for the union doings, and that he now was very conservative and certainly was not union minded. And he saw the state law in the same category, and that it was his job to not let unions or state laws interfere with the operation of the hospital.”
Marjorie Swanson filed her complaint against the hospital on September 13, 1977, alleging that she had been discharged because of her refusal to participate in the sterilization procedure. Defendant filed its answer on November 22, 1977, and trial was had before the court, sitting without a jury on February 15, 1978. On April 5, 1978, the court entered its findings of fact and conclusions of law ruling against plaintiff Swanson. On April 11, 1978, Swanson moved to amend the findings of fact and conclusions of law and judgment or in the alternative for a new trial and these motions were denied on April 13, 1978. Timely notice of appeal was filed on April 17, 1978.
Swanson presents four issues for review:
1. The District Court finding that Swanson was an “employee of questionable value” is irrelevant and against the evidence.
2. The District Court erred in concluding that Swanson, having participated in sterilization procedures in the past was precluded from refusing to participate on August 22, 1977.
3. The District Court erred in concluding that Swanson’s rights under the conscience statute are outweighed by her employer’s necessities, and her inability to maintain herself as an effective employee.
4. The District Court erred in holding that Swanson was required to cite her reasons for nonparticipation of the sterilization procedure at the time of her refusal.
THE ISSUE THAT SWANSON WAS “AN EMPLOYEE OF QUESTIONABLE VALUE”
In its finding no. 5, the District Court found that Swanson was an employee of “questionable value” to the hospital for several reasons, including (a) when Swanson did not get the raise she expected, she did not talk to the administrator “for a day” and informed the administrator that he could find another anesthetist; (b) that Swanson abrasivly handled a situation involving blood supplied from the hospital laboratory outside of the scope of her duties, causing disharmony; (c) Swanson argued about proceeding with a tonsillectomy procedure in such a manner as to upset the physician and cause disharmony; (d) it was constantly necessary for the administrator to assure Swanson that she was a “team member” capable of holding up her end of the hospital work; (e) the hospital had difficulty with Swanson because she made excessive demands, had difficulties with other employees, failed to recognize authority, refused to stay with patients recovering from anesthesia and maintained outdated drugs; and (f) in order to effectively operate a hospital, it is necessary that harmony prevail and that the staff act as a team and that Swanson did not so act.
All of the foregoing reasons utilized by the District Court to determine that Marjorie Swanson was an employee of questionable value were irrelevant, because they were outside of or not included in the August 23, 1977 letter of Wigart to Swanson stating the reasons for her discharge. The letter had been delivered in accordance with the demand of the discharged employee. Under section 41-1311, R.C.M.1947, now section 39-2-801 MCA, upon such demand, the employer must furnish to the discharged employee a “full, succinct and complete reason of discharge”. The letter of August 23, 1977 was the employer’s compliance with that statute. The writing required of the employer by former section 41-1311 is known as a “service letter” (51 C.J.S. Labor Relations § 15, p. 588). A statute such as former section 41-1311 becomes a part of any employment contract entered into by an employer and an employee in the State of Montana. Brinks Inc. v. Hoyt (8th Cir. 1950), 179 F.2d 355, 358. The wording of such service letter statutes varies from state to state, but generally it is held that such a statute requires valid, clear and true reasons for the discharge, or a statement of the “real, honest and factual” reasons. Cumby v. Farmland Industries, Inc. (Mo. App. 1975), 524 S.W.2d 132, 135. Where, as in Montana, the purpose of the statute is to prevent “blacklisting”, it is our duty to interpret former section 41-1311 requiring a “full, succinct and complete” statement to mean exactly what it says. Therefore, in the case at bar, the only reason which could be considered by the District Court was the reason set forth in thé letter of August 23, 1977, her “untimely refusal to perform customary and needed services.” The other reasons found by the District Court that made the employee one of questionable value were irrelevant because those reasons were not contained in the August 23, 1977 letter defining the reasons for her discharge.
Moreover, the finding by the District Court of other reasons for her discharge not set out in such letter are not supported by the evidence. The finding that Marjorie Swanson did not get the raise she expected in April 1977, that she did not talk to the administrator and that she informed him he could find another anesthetist, is based on evidence to which an objection was sustained by the District Court during the trial. It is not a part of the record.
The clear weight of the evidence relating to the situation involving blood from the laboratory is on Marjorie Swanson’s side. The attending physician, in a surgical procedure, had ordered whole blood and instead, the laboratory sent packed cells. Because she objected that the laboratory was not following the physician’s orders, eventually the laboratory began sending whole blood as ordered. Her objection may have caused disharmony with the laboratory, but she felt it was within her professional competence to alert the staff about the problem. She is not to be blamed for alerting the hospital to a disregard of the doctor’s orders.
The finding relating to the tonsillectomy procedure is again not based on the evidence. In this case, the patient had an elevated temperature and as an anesthetist, she refused to be responsible for administering anesthetic to a patient in that condition. This was completely within her competence. When she refused to go along with that procedure unless the hospital would accept the responsibility, the administrator of the hospital refused to accept it, under the undisputed evidence.
Moreover, these incidents all occurred in October or November 1976, except for her pay raise dispute which occurred in April 1977.
As to the general findings of the court that Marjorie Swanson made excessive demands, had difficulties with other employees, failed to recognize authority, refused to stay with patients recovering from anesthesia, and maintained outdated drugs, none of these are supported by the evidence. Her only demands related to her wage negotiation; the only employee of the hospital appearing to testify, testified in her favor; Swanson recognized the authority of the administrator and of the doctors by becoming a good team member; and the questions with respect to patients recovering from anesthesia and maintaining outdated drugs were refuted by her. No other evidence was produced of any kind by the hospital to indicate that answers to the line of questioning addressed to her on those points were otherwise than what she answered.
Finally, the finding that Marjorie Swanson was not a good “team member” is against the clear weight of the evidence. Marjorie Swanson testified that Dan Wigart had told her that she was a good employee, and a good team member; on the day of her firing, Dan Wigart told Rev. Strom, concerning her job performance, that during the past few months she has done a fine job and that they had no complaints, and that she was becoming a good team member. Marlys Mongan, a fellow employee, testified Dan Wigart had told her that in the last three months he thought that Marge had really come along as a good team member. But the most telling evidence is the testimony of the administrator himself who said:
“Q. During the summer of 1977, say from May, 1977, until the time of Marge Swanson’s discharge, did you tell Marge Swanson that she was really a member of the team?
“A. Yes, I did.
“Q. Did you tell her this on more than one occasion?
“A. Yes, I did.
“Q. During the summer of 1977, did you ever tell Marge Swanson that she was a good employee?
“A. Yes, I did.
“Q. Did you tell Marge Swanson that she was a good employee on more than one occasion?
“A. Yes.
“Q. During the summer of 1977, did you ever tell Marge Swanson that she was doing good work?
“A. Yes, I did.”
When viewed against the state of the record, the finding that Marjorie Swanson was not a good “team member” cannot stand.
Finally, however, the findings of the District Court citing other reasons for her discharge cannot stand in the face of the over whelming evidence that the single and only reason for her discharge was her refusal to participate in a tubal litigation. In addition to all of the events and actions by the administrator surrounding plaintiff’s discharge that we have set forth above in stating the facts of this case, there is the testimony of the administrator that had she participated in the sterilization procedure, she would not have been discharged. Therefore, regardless of any other reasons that may have existed for her discharge, and had they existed, it is nevertheless true that she was discharged on August 23, 1977, for her refusal to participate in a tubal litigation, a sterilization procedure. Her discharge constitutes a violation of former section 69-5223.
Another factor in this connection is that in April 1977 the contract of employment of Marjorie Swanson was renewed. The renewal took place after the events which are now claimed as reasons for her dismissal. Not only was her contract renewed, but she was given a substantial raise of $1,000 (true, she had demanded more). Her renewal in that manner, without warning of the necessity of improvement, or any indication of dissatisfaction with her past services, shows that there is little substance to the now claimed reasons for her discharge.
Where there is no substantial basis for District Court findings and if a clear and satisfactory showing is not made to support the findings, this Court will set such findings aside. Magelssen v. Mouat (1975), 167 Mont. 374, 538 P.2d 1015, 1019; Kasala v. Kalispell Pee Wee Baseball League (1968), 151 Mont. 109, 439 P.2d 65; Judson v. Anderson (1945), 118 Mont. 106, 165P2.d 198.
Both parties cite the United State Supreme Court case of Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle (1977), 429 U.S. 274, 97 S.Ct. 568, 50 L.Ed.2d 471, in support of their positions. Our examination of this case leads us to the conclusion that it bolsters Marjorie Swanson’s case. In Mt. Healthy, Doyle an untenured teacher, had previously been involved in an altercation with another teacher and in arguments with cafeteria employees, swearing incidents with students, the making of obscene gestures, and had conveyed through a telephone call to a local radio station, the substance of a new school rule relating to the dress code of teachers. Thereafter, adopting a recommendation from the superintendent, the School Board advised respondent that he would not be rehired, citing his lack of tact in handling professional matters with specific mention of the radio station and the obscene gesture incident. Doyle brought an action against the School Board for reinstatement or damages claiming that the refusal to rehire him violated his rights under the First and Fourth Amendments. The Federal District Court found that the telephone call was clearly protected under the First Amendment and that because it played a substantial part in the School Board’s decision not to rehire Doyle, Doyle was entitled to reinstatement with back pay. The District Court was affirmed by the court of appeals, Doyle v. Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education (1975), 6th Cir., 529 F.2d 524. The United States Supreme Court vacated the decision and remanded the case upon the ground that the constitutionally-protected conduct may not have played a substantial part in the decision not to rehire the teacher and amounted to a constitutional violation justifying remedial action. The Supreme Court required that the District Court should go on to determine whether the Board of Education had shown by a preponderance of the evidence that it would have reached the same decision even in the absence of protected conduct of the teacher. 429 U.S. at 287, 97 S.Ct. 568.
Applying the rationale of the Mt. Healthy decision to the case at bar, it is clear from the testimony of the administrator, Dan Wigart, that Marjorie Swanson would not have been discharged in the absence of her refusal to participate in tubal ligations, which is protected conduct under former section 69-5223. There is no question in this case that the claimed reasons found by the District Court were not sufficient in August 1977 to bring about her discharge, as far as the employer was concerned; there is also no question that her refusal to participate in the sterilization did bring about her discharge. As a matter of fact, under the rationale of Mt. Healthy, once Marjorie Swanson established that her discharge was brought about in substantial part by her refusal to participate in the sterilization, it then became the burden of the hospital to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that it would have discharged her without the exercise of her protected conduct. The hospital did not meet this burden under the state of the record.
SWANSON’S PARTICIPATION IN PAST STERILIZATIONS
The second issue we discuss is whether Marjorie Swanson is precluded from refusing to participate in sterilization procedures by reason of her past participation in such procedures. The hospital argues that because she had participated in the past, her refusal on August 22, 1977 to participate further demonstrated she had “flexible” religious principles and scruples. Because we are interpreting this statute for the first time and as far as we can determine, no other court has interpreted such a statute, we have no guidelines by way of legal precedent on this argument. Former section 69-5223 makes no differentiation with respect to the right of refusal and it is “unlawful to interfere or attempt to interfere with the right of the refusal authorized” by the section. Given the propensity of the human conscience to define its own boundaries and the fact that such boundaries might be widened or limited by experience, it seems natural that a person’s concept of the propriety or morality of a procedure or situation might change from time to time. The right given by the statute is unqualified, irrespective of past participation.
WHETHER THE RIGHT TO REFUSE IS OUTWEIGHED BY OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
The third issue that we address relates to the conclusions of law adopted by the District Court. In both of these conclusions, the District Court determined that Swanson’s right to refuse to participate in sterilization was “outweighed” by considerations outside the scope of her conscience.
The first conclusion of the District Court was that the right of refusal to participate in sterlization was “far outweighed” by the rights of the hospital under the circumstances of this case to maintain its standards as an effective employer and operator of the only hospital in an isolated geographic area. The District Court bases this conclusion upon its findings that substitute nurse-anesthetists available to replace Swanson must be procured from Bonners Ferry, Idaho, a 55 mile distance or Kalispell, Montana, a 90 mile distance; that such substitutes are employed at other hospitals and available only when their schedules do not conflict; that continual arrangements for substitutes are unacceptable to the hospital because of traveling and scheduling difficulties; that uncertainty results in the hospital as to when a sterilization procedure might be accomplished, that are detrimental to patients; and that the cost of substitutes is greater, and is an additional burden to the hospital and to the hospital patients.
By so concluding, the District Court reads into former section 69-5223 provisos that the legislature itself did not see fit to include. Instead, the legislature said, “All persons shall have the right to refuse ... to participate in sterlization ...” The statutory right is unqualified, and it may not be qualified or limited by the District Court on other considerations.
It is noteworthy that the hospital does not attack the validity or constitutionality of section 69-5223. By accepting the statute as constitutional, the hospital must accept the statute in the way it is written, which in this case means it applies to “all persons” irrespective of their geographic location and the discomfitures that might result from the exercise of the statutory right.
Secondly, the District Court concludes that the right of Swanson under the conscience statute is “far outweighed” by her inability to maintain herself as an effective employee of the defendant. We assume this means that by exercising her right of refusal, the employment duties that Marjorie Swanson would ordinarily perform in the operating room must be handled by someone else in sterilizations and therefore she is not an “effective employee”. Again, former section 69-5223 admits of no such limitation or qualification, nor may the statutory rights of Marjorie Swanson be so weighed because to do so would emasculate her statutory rights.
WHETHER EMPLOYEE MUST CITE MORAL OR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AT THE TIME OF REFUSAL
The fourth issue relates to the finding of the District Court that on August 22, 1977, when Marjorie Swanson informed the administrator that she would not participate in the tubal ligation, she “did not cite moral or religious beliefs as controlling her at that time”. Aside from the overwhelming evidence that all parties knew at the time why she was refusing to participate, the finding is irrelevant. Under former section 69-5223, she was not required to state her reasons unless “requested by [the] hospital”. No such request occurred here. Moreover, if requested, under the statute she could refer generally “to the grounds of religious beliefs and moral convictions”. She did this the only time she was asked, during the trial before the District Court. Even upon request, under the statute, she is not required to state the precise commandment, dogma, or tenet that leads to her refusal. The intent of the legislature in so providing is manifest: a person’s conscience about sterilization need not be related to any particular religion, cult, or sect, but may be a part of the person’s indefinable concept of the natural law, not easily explained in. an A-B-C fashion.
In like manner, the finding of the Court that neither party may have been aware of the existence of the statute at the time is also irrelevant. If “ignorance of the law is no excuse”, neither is it an escape hatch.
UNTIMELINESS OF THE REFUSAL
There is but one remaining factor to discuss with respect to her refusal, that is whether the exercise of that refusal by her was untimely. This is a legiminate issue to examine because it is a ground within the Wigart letter of August 23, 1977, giving the hospital’s reason for her discharge. The District Court made no finding or conclusion regarding this factor, except to note that the tubal ligation had been scheduled by a member of the medical staff on August 10, 1977 for 8:00 a.m. on August 23, 1977 and that on August 22, 1977 at approximately 10:00 a.m. Marjorie Swanson informed the hospital’s Wigart of her refusal.
Upon being so informed, the hospital administrator did not immediately begin to seek a nurse-anesthetist substitute, although he admits that when he was first informed, he found in her a “sense of finality”. Instead he hoped to talk her out of it, apparently, by convincing her that she was not “participating” in the sterilization if she did not wield the instrument. Because of his requested delay in her decision, she did not finally inform him until approximately 7:00 p.m. In spite of this, however, he was able to obtain the services of a nurse-anesthetist from Bonners Ferry, and the surgery went on as scheduled.
Thus, there was no evidence in the record which would support a finding of untimeliness. Sterilization is an elective procedure, at least in this case. There is no showing in the evidence that the hospital was unduly prejudiced, nor the patient was endangered. The attending doctor testified over objection that in his opinion such notice of refusal would not be timely unless given at the commencement of the employment. This obviously must be rejected because it would lead to the very recrimination that former section 69-5223 was established to prevent. In light of the record therefore, we have no occasion here for us to determine whether in a proper case an untimely notice might outweigh the statutory right of a person to refuse to participate in a sterilization procedure.
CONCLUSION AND DISPOSITION
We find therefore, that Marjorie Swanson, having a statutory right to do so, validly refused to participate in the sterilization procedure. Having done so, she was entitled to the further protection of the statute that her refusal should not be a consideration in respect to staff privileges nor a basis for any discriminatory, disciplinary or other recriminatory action against her. Here firing because of her refusal is exactly the kind of recrimination that is countermanded by the conscience statute.
She would be entitled to reinstatement to her position provided that the term of her employment contract would have continued to the present time. However, it was Marjorie Swanson’s contention that her employment at the hospital was for a period of one year, from April 1977 through April 1978. Since that time has passed, we cannot order that she be reinstated to her position.
Under section 50-5-504(2) MCA, she is entitled “to monetary damages for injuries suffered”. It is the function of the District Court to determine the amount of and kind of monetary damages to which she is entitled.
Reversed and remanded to the District Court with instructions to undertake such further proceedings as are necessary to enter a judgment in favor of Marjorie Swanson and to determine the damages she has sustained.
MR. JUSTICES DALY and SHEA concur.
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JUSTICE HUNT
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Carl Larson appeals the September 1995 judgment of the Workers’ Compensation Court denying his claim for permanent total disability benefits for his work related hernia condition.
We reverse and remand.
On appeal, Larson raises several issues which we have consolidated and restate as follows:
1. Did substantial evidence exist to support the Workers’ Compensation Court’s finding that Larson had a reasonable prospect for employment within his normal labor market, thus precluding him from receiving permanent total disability benefits?
2. Did the Workers’ Compensation Court err in not applying Brurud v. Judge Moving & Storage (1977), 172 Mont. 249, 563 P.2d 558?
3. Did the Workers’ Compensation Court err by not requiring the insurer to comply with the “Coles” criteria as set forth in Wood v. Consolidated Freightways (1991), 248 Mont. 26, 808 P.2d 502?
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
Appellant, Carl Larson, was a parts manager for Yellowstone Ford Truck Sales in Billings, Montana, and had been working in the truck-parts business for thirty years prior to 1981. On August 22, 1980, Larson suffered a non-work related heart attack and did not work for several months. Following a series of operations, he returned to work full time in the spring of 1981. In addition to this heart condition, Larson had several other significant health problems including degenerative disc disease and a frozen left shoulder. In 1977, Larson underwent surgery to have portions of his stomach removed due to peptic ulcer disease. Following this surgery he suffered an incisional hernia.
In July 1981, following his return to work after his heart attack, Larson suffered a left inguinal hernia after lifting a heavy truck spring. CIGNA, the insurer for Yellowstone Ford, accepted liability for the injury and paid both medical benefits and temporary total disability benefits. Larson had surgery to repair the hernia in September 1981, and returned to work on October 5, 1981. On October 23, 1981, Larson’s treating physician, Dr. Kobold, noted that he considered Larson’s inguinal hernia “one hundred percent healed.” In December of the same year, Larson was laid off because of his inability to perform his job. Yellowstone Ford’s general manager said Larson’s physical condition made him unable to carry out his assigned duties.
In January 1982, Larson underwent heart surgery to replace a mitral valve. In his deposition, Larson testified that he had planned on working until he was 65, but following his lay off he did not seek employment.
In May 1982, Larson complained to Dr. Kobold of pain in his groin region. Dr. Kobold thought the pain may be related to Larson’s back condition, and referred him to an orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Daniels. After examining Larson, Dr. Daniels wrote Dr. Kobold informing him that he did not think that Larson’s pain was a result of a nerve-root problem. In June 1982, an associate of Dr. Kobold, Dr. McGahan, found a recurrence of the inguinal hernia symptoms and scheduled a follow-up appointment. However, Larson did not return for further treatment until December 1984.
Beginning in 1982, various medical reports and testimony indicate that Larson continued to suffer pain in the groin region. The inguinal hernia was surgically re-repaired in early 1985, again in 1986, and a fourth time in 1987. The medical bills for these subsequent hernia repairs were all paid by CIGNA. In September of 1992, Larson submitted a claim for additional compensation benefits for the hernia.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
In October 1994, the Workers’ Compensation Court denied Larson’s claim for benefits concluding that Larson’s non-work related heart condition preceded the industrial injury. Because he had been rendered permanently totally disabled prior to suffering the industrial injury, the Workers’ Compensation Court determined he was not entitled to recover permanent total disability benefits. Claimant appealed that decision.
In May 1995, this Court reversed the Workers’ Compensation Court’s decision. Larson v. CIGNA Insurance Co. (1995), 271 Mont. 98, 894 P.2d 327 (Larson I). In Larson I, this Court adopted the rationale set forth in a Washington case and later used in an Alaskan decision. See Shea v. Department of Labor and Industries (Wash. Ct. App. 1974), 529 P.2d 1131; Ensley v. Anglo Alaska Construction (Alaska 1989), 773 P.2d 955. In Shea, the claimant had been rendered disabled as a result of a degenerative vascular disease as early as 1961. Then, in 1964, the claimant had suffered a permanently disabling industrial injury. The Washington Court concluded that although other circumstances may have rendered the claimant disabled, he was not precluded from receiving benefits as a result of his second permanently disabling injury. Shea, 529 P.2d at 1134.
We remanded Larson I for proceedings consistent with that opinion and asked for specific findings and conclusions “as to whether Larson’s subsequent, inguinal hernia constituted an independent, totally disabling work related condition.” Larson I, 894 P.2d at 330-31. In September 1995, the Workers’ Compensation Court reconsidered the case and again found that Larson was not entitled to permanent total disability benefits. Again, Larson appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Workers’ Compensation Court’s findings of fact are presumed to be correct and will be affirmed if supported by substantial evidence. Wunderlich v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. (1995), 270 Mont. 404, 408, 892 P.2d 563, 566; Sullivan v. Aetna Life & Cas. (1995), 271 Mont. 12, 15, 894 P.2d 278, 280.
The statutes in effect on the date of injury must be applied when determining benefits. Buckman v. Montana Deaconess Hosp. (1986), 224 Mont. 318, 321, 730 P.2d 380, 382. Larson suffered an industrial injury on July 15, 1981. Therefore, the workers’ compensation laws of 1979 apply. Under these laws, workers’ compensation claims were to be liberally construed in favor of the injured worker. Section 39-71-104, MCA (1979); Stokes v. Delaney & Sons, Inc. (1964), 143 Mont. 516, 519-20, 391 P.2d 698, 700.
ISSUE ONE
Did substantial evidence exist to support the Workers’ Compensation Court’s finding that Larson had a reasonable prospect for employment within his normal labor market, thus precluding him from receiving permanent total disability benefits?
Larson filed for workers’ compensation benefits in 1992, claiming the work related injury he had suffered in 1981 left him permanently disabled. In both its original 1994judgment and again in 1995, the Workers’ Compensation Court decided Larson was not entitled to permanent total disability benefits.
The claimant bears the burden of establishing a right to compensation. DuMont v. Wickens Bros. Constr. Co. (1979), 183 Mont. 190, 201, 598 P.2d 1099, 1105. In this case, Larson had the burden of establishing that he was permanently totally disabled within the definition of the statute that reads as follows:
“Permanent total disability” means a condition resulting from injury as defined in this chapter that results in the loss of actual earnings or earning capability that exists after the injured worker is as far restored as the permanent character of the injuries will permit and which results in the worker having no reasonable prospect of finding regular employment of any kind in the normal labor market.
Section 39-71-116(13), MCA (1979).
This definition contains both medical and non-medical components. Wood v. Consolidated Freightways (1991), 248 Mont. 26, 29, 808 P.2d 502, 504. The non-medical component of the definition requires that a claimant establish “no reasonable prospect for employment in the normal labor market.” Section 39-71-116(13), MCA (1979). In order to establish that the claimant had no reasonable prospect of employment in a normal labor market he must introduce substantial credible evidence of (1) what jobs constitute his or her normal labor market, and (2) a complete inability to perform the employment and duties because of his or her work related injury. Metzger v. Chemetron Corp. (1984), 212 Mont. 351, 355, 687 P.2d 1033, 1035. Once the claimant has presented evidence affirmatively showing that he cannot return to work in his normal labor market, the burden of proof shifts to the employer to show that suitable work is available. Metzger, 687 P.2d at 1036.
Here, the Workers’ Compensation Court’s 1995 judgment acknowledges the Metzger test. In doing so, the court rejected Larson’s argument that he was an “odd-lot” employee. An “odd-lot” employee is an individual who has suffered total disability to the extent of being unemployable in the labor market. As an odd-lot employee, a claimant is excused from introducing affirmative evidence in satisfaction of the Metzger test, thus shifting the burden to the employer to show suitable employment. See 2 Arthur Larson, Workers’ Compensation Law Desk Ed., § 57.51 at 10-54, 55; Brurud v. Judge Moving & Storage (1977), 172 Mont. 249, 563 P.2d 558.
Having rejected Larson’s odd-lot argument, the Workers’ Compensation Court did not make a finding as to whether Larson carried his burden to show no reasonable prospect of employment under the Metzger test. Instead, the court found that Larson had presented a prima facie case for permanent total disability, not for his work related hernia condition but, for his non-work related heart condition. The court then found that even if Larson was an odd-lot claimant, CIGNAhad established that he was employable despite his industrial accident.
After considering Larson’s work history, in combination with his work related injury, superimposed upon a myriad of pre-existing conditions, we disagree. Substantial credible evidence does not support a finding that Larson had a reasonable prospect for employment following his 1981 injury pursuant to § 39-71-116 (13), MCA (1979).
In this case, two rehabilitation counselors and two physicians offered testimony on Larson’s prospect of finding regular employment in his normal labor market. Only one of them, Ms. Hooper, a rehabilitation counselor, .testified at trial. Both physicians testified by deposition. To the extent a decision is based on medical reports and depositions, this Court sits in as good a position as the Workers’ Compensation Court and we review the evidence de novo. White v. Ford, Bacon & Davis Texas, Inc. (1992), 256 Mont. 9, 13, 843 P.2d 787, 789; McIntyre v. Glen Lake Irrigation Dist. (1991), 249 Mont. 63, 67, 813 P.2d 451, 454.
Initially, there is no question that Larson could not return to a position in the auto-parts industry. Dr. Kobold, Larson’s treating physician, testified that from 1982 on, he would not have allowed Larson to work in any position requiring heavy lifting. The Workers’ Compensation Court found that Larson’s inguinal hernia precluded him from returning to any sort of job in this field.
Outside of heavy labor positions, the court adopted Ms. Hooper’s analysis of what constituted Larson’s “residual labor market.” Ms. Hooper testified that Larson had numerous skills that could be transferred to sedentary or light duty positions. At trial, she testified that Larson could have found a position in sales, specifically in a retail setting such as a hardware store or in real estate or insurance telemarketing. Ms. Hooper also discussed Larson’s avocation as a woodworker. She indicated that there were a few woodworking jobs that fell within Larson’s physical restrictions.
Even with Larson’s transferable skills, however, Ms. Hooper acknowledged that Larson faced significant barriers due to his “light duty” restrictions, in addition to his age (58 yrs). Ms. Hooper testified that without the appropriate assistance, she thought that it would be “real difficult” for Larson to go out and seek employment after going through a medical process that focused on the things that Larson could not do. Ms. Hooper then testified that overcoming this difficulty would necessitate the use of rehabilitative services. Larson did not receive rehabilitative services. Instead, Larson considered himself to be retired following his lay off.
A review of Larson’s work history reveals no telemarketing experience. Ms. Hooper also explained that the majority of the woodworking positions were classified as heavy labor, and that finding an appropriate position would require substantial research and employer contacts. As for the sales positions, Ms. Hooper admitted that she had not done any job analyses or research to determine the availability of these types of jobs. At trial, she stated that she had not identified any “specific” jobs which would have been available to Larson after his lay off.
Ms. Gordon, the other rehabilitative counselor, testified only by deposition. In her report, she identified occupations for which Larson was vocationally qualified, and which were also supported by labor-market data. It was Ms. Gordon’s opinion that Larson had lost 100% of the jobs in his normal labor market.
In reaching her conclusion, Ms. Gordon prepared several job analyses using Larson’s 1993 physical capabilities. These job analyses were then used by counsel for both parties when deposing the testifying physicians. Dr. Kobold approved of only one job analysis, that of general salesperson in a hardware store. The Workers’ Compensation Court referred to this approval in its findings of fact.
One of the physical demands of this position, however, was the ability to lift 26 to 50 pounds. This amount exceeds the physical restrictions placed on Larson by both doctors. When this was pointed out to Dr. Kobold, he qualified his approval and stated that he would still restrict Larson to a 30 pound lifting maximum. The other physician who reviewed Ms. Gordon’s job analyses did not approve of any of the positions, including the general salesperson position.
Factually, we consider this case to be similar to Brewington v. Birkenbuel (1986), 222 Mont. 505, 723 P.2d 938. In that case, the claimant was around the same age as Larson and had also worked in heavy labor his entire life. Also like Larson, the claimant in Brewington did not receive any rehabilitative services. The Workers’ Compensation Court determined that the claimant could have secured a position as a foremen. We concluded, after considering the medical evidence as well as the claimant’s lifetime work history, that the foreman position was not within the claimant’s abilities. We held that the evidence supported the conclusion that the claimant was rendered permanently totally disabled by his industrial accident. Brewington, 723 P.2d at 941.
In the present case, the court’s findings fail to mention Larson’s additional health problems outside of his heart condition and inguinal hernia. As mentioned above, before suffering the hernia, Larson was diagnosed with degenerative disc disease and a frozen left shoulder. Larson also suffered from an unrelated incisional hernia resulting from surgery to have portions of his stomach removed due to peptic ulcer disease.
In the depositions, witnesses were asked to restrict their opinions to a consideration of the inguinal hernia condition, or in the alternative, a consideration of the heart condition and the hernia. Larson’s heart condition was specifically factored out upon remand in Larson I but, as we have previously stated, the employer takes his employee subject to the employee’s physical condition at the time of employment. Bond v. St. Regis Paper Co. (1977), 174 Mont. 417, 420, 571 P.2d 372, 374. It is clear from the evidence that Larson suffered from several physical impairments besides the hernia and the heart condition.
In addition, the medical depositions and records reveal that Larson had a history of pain since 1982. Dr. Kobold testified that he recalled Larson suffered from an “inordinate amount of pain.” Dr. Kobold referred Larson to Dr. Daniels, an orthopedic surgeon, to determine if Larson’s pain was in his back and therefore amenable to a nerve block. Dr. Daniels determined the pain was not related to a nerve-root problem. Dr. Daniels also noted that Larson had an abdominal bulge, which is indicative of a hernia. In June 1982, the first recurrence of the inguinal hernia was diagnosed.
Subsequently, Larson entered a pattern of repair and recovery for his inguinal hernia. He underwent surgery in 1985, 1986 and for a fourth time in 1987. Dr. Kobold stated it would appear that the hernia never healed correctly. In 1988, Larson received a TENS unit (a pain management device). CIGNA paid for this device and the related supplies. CIGNA also paid for all of Larson’s subsequent surgeries, acknowledging that the surgeries were all related to the original industrial injury in 1981.
The Workers’ Compensation Court was unpersuaded that this pain would have deterred him from finding employment. However, in past cases, this Court has considered a substantial degree of continuing pain resulting from an injury when determining permanent total disability. See Robins v. Anaconda Aluminum Co. (1978), 175 Mont. 514, 521, 575 P.2d 67, 71; Cleveland v. Cyprus Indus. Minerals (1981), 196 Mont. 15, 19, 636 P.2d 1386, 1388. We have also held that a claimant’s ability to perform a few odd jobs for a short period of time does not preclude a finding of permanent total disability. Jenson v. Zook Bros. Construction Co. (1978), 178 Mont. 59, 62-63, 582 P.2d 1191, 1193.
In summary, the record offers only qualified approval of the general salesperson position by only one of the testifying physicians. There were no job analyses for any of the other mentioned positions, and the record lacks discussion of Larson’s ability to perform at these positions without the aid of rehabilitative services. At the time of the injury, Larson was a 58 year old man, with a lifetime of experience in heavy labor, and with multiple health problems.
We hold that the Workers’ Compensation Court lacked the substantial evidence necessary to conclude Larson had a reasonable prospect for employment. For this reason, we reverse the Workers’ Compensation Court.
ISSUE 2
Did the Workers’ Compensation Court err in not applying Brurud v. Judge Moving & Storage (1977), 172 Mont. 249, 563 P.2d 558?
Prior to adopting the Metzger test, this Court decided Brurud, 563 P.2d 558. In Brurud, this Court determined that whereas the claimant must show there is no reasonable prospect of employment, this does not translate into the burden of showing a reasonable effort to secure employment. Brurud, 563 P.2d at 560.
In Brurud, the claimant was 58 years old at the time of injury. With a high school education, he had worked his entire adult life doing heavy labor. In concluding that the claimant was permanently disabled for the purpose of receiving benefits, the Division (now the Department of Labor and Industry) found no reasonable prospect of the claimant finding regular employment in the labor market. We affirmed the Workers’ Compensation Court in that case, agreeing that in some situations it would be futile for an employee to make a concerted effort to secure employment.
However, this case is not the same as Brurud. CIGNA has never contested that Larson had made a reasonable effort to find employment. Instead, CIGNA attempted to prove Larson’s “reasonable prospect for employment” in the normal labor market.
We hold that the Workers’ Compensation Court did not err by not applying Brurud in its analysis of this case.
ISSUE 3
Did the Workers’ Compensation Court err by not requiring the insurer to comply with the “Coles” criteria as set forth in Wood v. Consolidated Freightways (1991), 248 Mont. 26, 808 P.2d 502?
The “Coles” criteria originated in a 1984 Workers’ Compensation Court opinion. Coles v. Seven-Eleven Stores (1985), 217 Mont. 343, 704 P.2d 1048. In Coles the insurer had converted a claimant’s benefits from temporary total to permanent partial benefits. At that time, the Workers’ Compensation Court found that insurers are statutorily obligated to determine the “nature and extent of an injured worker’s disability” before such a conversion of a claimant’s benefits. See Lindquist v. Sletten Construction Co., decided January 12, 1984, W.C. Docket No. 1851. The court then concluded that an insurer’s failure to investigate prior to conversion warranted the imposition of a penalty. By way of anticipation, the Workers’ Compensation Court then listed the “minimum information” necessary to discharge the insurer’s duty of investigation as:
(1) a physician’s determination that the claimant is as far restored as the permanent character of his injuries will permit;
(2) a physician’s determination of the claimant’s physical restrictions resulting from an industrial accident;
(3) a physician’s determination, based on his [or her] knowledge of the claimant’s former employment duties, that he can return to work, with or without restrictions, on the job on which he was injured or another job for which he is fitted by, age, education, work experience, and physical condition;
(4) notice to the claimant of receipt of the report attached to a copy of the report.
This list became the Coles criteria. Coles, 704 P.2d 1048.
Claimant argues that the Workers’ Compensation Court erred in not requiring CIGNA to comply with the Coles criteria. He contends compliance is required under Wood, 808 P.2d 502. In Wood, an injured claimant was receiving temporary total disability payments when the insurer terminated these benefits with a letter in 1988. This letter did not include any medical or vocational reports. The Workers’ Compensation Court used the Coles criteria to examine whether the insurer had met the minimum burden necessary to discharge the duty to investigate the nature and extent of the claimant’s injuries.
The facts here are different, however. Larson returned to work. When a claimant returns to work, he or she is no longer experiencing a loss in wages and, therefore, the insurer can rightfully terminate temporary total disability benefits without proceeding with an investigation under § 39-71-609, MCA (1979), which reads as follows:
Denial of claim after payments made or termination of benefits by insurer ... If an insurer determines to deny a claim on which payments have been made ... during a time of further investigation or, after a claim has been accepted, ... it may do so only after 14 days written notice to the claimant ... However, if an insurer has knowledge that the claimant has returned to work, compensation benefits may be terminated as of the time the claimant returned to work.
Since the duty of investigation was statutorily discharged, the Coles criteria do not apply in this case.
We hold that the Workers’ Compensation Court did not err by not applying the Coles criteria to determine the insurer’s burden of proof in Larson’s claim for permanent total disability benefits.
Reversed and remanded with instructions to enter judgment in favor of the claimant and for any further proceedings necessary in accordance with this opinion.
JUSTICES NELSON, TRIEWEILER and LEAPHART concur.
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MR. JUSTICE WEBER
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
A motion to determine the existence of a joint tenancy was filed in the probate proceedings in the District Court of Park County. An appeal was taken from the order determining that the checking account, cattle, cattle brands and brokerage account did not pass to the surviving partner in his capacity as surviving joint tenant. We affirm the District Court:
The issues are:
1. Did the District Court err in holding that the bank checking account in the names of William Palmer and Robert Palmer as joint tenants was partnership property?
2. Did the District Court err in holding that the cattle branded with a brand registered in the names of “William Palmer or Robert Palmer” were partnership property?
3. Did the District Court err in holding that a brokerage account, registered in the name of William Palmer for which Robert Palmer signed a document as a joint tenant, was partnership property?
Following are pertinent facts contained in the uncontested findings of fact of the District Court.
Robert Palmer (Robert) died on November 8, 1981. For many years prior to Robert’s death, he and his brother, William, operated and conducted a partnership called “Palmer Brothers.” The partnership was engaged in the business of raising livestock and feed, conducting a feedlot operation, and buying and selling cattle on ran chlands about 10 miles northeast of Livingston in Park County, Montana. William and Mildred, his wife, resided on the ranch for many years prior to Robert’s death, while Robert resided in Livingston. Robert married Constance on September 21, 1979, and Constance is Robert’s sole heir at law. For many years prior to Robert’s death, Robert and William owned a checking account in First Bank Livingston, in which they deposited all receipts and the proceeds from cattle sales and other income, and from which they paid all partnership debts and obligations. Additional facts will be set forth in our discussion of the checking account issue. William and Brad Palmer, son of William, claimed the proceeds in the checking account at the time of Robert’s death as surviving joint tenants. Constance contends that the balance is a part of the partnership assets and should be accounted for in the partnership. Because of the or brand certificate, William claims that the brands and any cattle carrying them passed to him as surviving joint tenant, and to Mildred as his successor in interest. Constance claims the property is part of the partnership’s assets and should be accounted for in the partnership. In 1979, William opened a commodity or brokerage account with Merrill Lynch. William claims the Merrill Lynch account as his sole property, or as surviving joint tenant if the account is found to be joint, while Constance claims the account is part of the partnership assets.
The District Court pointed out that William testified that his relationship with Robert was very close and they got along well both as friends and as business partners until the last few years of Robert’s life, when his personality changed and he did erratic things. Constance testified that Robert and William were not friendly for several years before Robert’s death, although she acknowledged that Robert named William as personal representative in his 1977 will. Another brother, Maro Palmer, testified that Robert had told him William was trying to take the business away from him and that Robert’s behavior had not changed until a few weeks before death. Brad Palmer testified that William and Robert got along well with only normal disagreements until the last year or so when Robert became unable to make decisions and lost his judgment. A neighboring rancher testified that the brothers got along well and he never saw any disagreement.
The District Court found that the partnership income tax returns for 1972 through 1981, with 1974 missing, showed that the partnership paid all of the expenses of operating the ranch, including huge sums for purchasing and feeding livestock, interest on loans, taxes, vet care and trucking, from the Palmer Brothers’ checking account; that all partnership income, including profits from cattle sales, was deposited in that account; and that the partners split equally any net profits or losses. The District Court further found that neither brother had any individual source of income.
The evidence established that the bank account was opened in joint tenancy form in 1947, and the Palmer Brothers’ partnership commenced business in 1949.
Following Robert’s death on November 8, 1981, Brad Palmer was appointed as personal representative of his estate under Robert’s will of February 7, 1977. Constance, as sole heir of Robert, petitioned the court to terminate the appointment of Brad as personal representative. She was appointed as personal representative of the estate of Robert on February 24, 1982, and continued in that capacity. William filed a petition to determine joint tenancies in the probate proceeding. A hearing was held, testimony was submitted and evidence was introduced by both sides. By Order Ruling on Motion dated March 7, 1984, the District Court denied the motion of William to determine the checking account, cattle, cattle brands and brokerage accounts passed to him as surviving joint tenant. The court further determined that all of such items of personal property were the partnership property of Palmer Brothers and were to be accounted for by William as surviving partner, or his successors, to Constance, the personal representative of Robert’s estate. William and Mildred, his wife and successor, appealed from the Order.
I
The issues presented require us to consider the provisions of the Uniform Partnership Act as adopted in 1947. Because there are few Montana cases which constitute authority on the legal issues before us, we have found it necessary to review the historical background of partnerships and partnership property.
John Collyer’s A Practical Treatise on the Law of Partnership, originally published in England in 1832, contains an illuminating discussion of the history of the law of partnership which was well developed by cases in both England and the United States by 1830. Based upon a number of English and American cases cited in the footnotes, the treatise discusses the treatment of partnership property upon the death of one partner. The analysis is a clear forecast of the Uniform Partnership Act approach as developed almost 100 years later:
“From what has been already observed as to the want of survivor-ship among partners, it follows, that, upon the decease of one of several partners, his share of the movable stock and effects of the partnership, subject to the partnership debts, devolves to his personal representatives, who thereupon become, both at law and in equity, tenants in common with the surviving partners. Although, for the purpose of encouraging trade, it is held that the harsh doctrine of the jus accrescendi, which is an incident of joint tenancy at the common law, does not apply to the partnership property, yet on the decease of one of the partners, as the surviving partner stands chargeable with the whole of the partnership debts, the interest of the partners in the partnership property shall be deemed so far a joint tenancy as to enable the surviving partner to take the property by survivorship, for all purposes of holding and administering the estate, until the effects are reduced to money and the debts are paid. When the debts are all paid, the effects of the partnership reduced to money, and the purposes of the partnership accomplished, the surviving partner shall be held to account with the representatives of the deceased for his just share of the partnership funds.”
J. Collyer, A Practical Treatise on the Law of Partnership Sec 129, at 117-118 (4th Amer. ed. 1853) (hereinafter cited as Collyer). In substance, this provides that upon death of a partner, his share of partnership property, subject to partnership debts, passes to his personal representative who becomes a tenant in common with the surviving partner. Further, because the surviving partner is chargeable with the whole of the partnership debts, the surviving partner is deemed to take the property by survivorship in order to administer the partnership. Finally, when the debts are paid and the partnership purpose is accomplished, the surviving partner must account to the personal representative of the deceased partner for his just share of that which remains.
The cases referred to in Collyer emphasize the contradiction between the cases decided in equity courts, where forms of ownership did not control, and courts of law, where the form of ownership of property as tenants in common or as joint tenants with right of survivorship controlled. In a partnership, even though the property was held as joint tenants, in equity survivorship would not be allowed notwithstanding the form of the deed. The treatise states as follows:
“Where lands are conveyed to certain persons, as joint tenants, for the purposes of a trade or an adventure, in equity there will be no survivorship in such property, notwithstanding the form of the conveyance.”
Collyer, Section 134 at 122. (Emphasis supplied.) The text develops this theory further, stating at Section 135:
“The rules and principles by which partners hold real estate, purchased by them with partnership funds and for partnership purposes, have been considerably discussed in America, . . . Several late decisions in Massachusetts have established the doctrine for that State, that when real estate is purchased by partners, with the partnership funds, for partnership use and convenience, although it is conveyed to them in such a manner as to make them tenants in common, yet, in the absence of an express agreement, or of circumstances, showing an intent that such estate shall be held for their separate use, it will be considered and treated, in equity, as vesting in them in their partnership capacity, clothed with an implied trust, that they shall hold it until the purposes for which it was so purchased shall be accomplished, . . . Upon the dissolution of the partnership, by the death of one of the partners, the survivor has an equitable lien on such real estate for his indemnity against the debts of the firm, and for securing the balance that may be due to him from the deceased partner, on settlement of the partnership accounts between them; and the widow and heirs of such deceased partner have no beneficial interest in such real estate, . . . until the surviving partner is so indemnified.”
Collyer, Sec 135 at 123-24 (emphasis supplied). The use of equitable principles to disregard the legal form of joint tenancy ownership or tenancy in common ownership was clearly stated in the case of Hoxie v. Carr (1832), 1 Sumner 173, by Mr. Justice Story:
“In cases where the real estate is purchased for partnership purposes, and on partnership account, it is wholly immaterial, in the view of a court of equity, in whose name or names the purchase is made, whether of one partner or all; whether in the name of a stranger, or of one of the firm. In either case, let the legal title be vested in whom it may, it is in equity deemed partnership property, and the partners are the cestuis que trust. A court of law may, nay, must, view it, in general, only according to the legal title.”
See Collyer, Sec 135, at 125. This doctrine that real property acquired with partnership funds will be regarded in equity as partnership property was affirmed in Connecticut and Virginia. The author emphasizes that these principles are founded on sound policy and obvious justice and that their correctness appears incontestable.
Joseph Story, in his Commentaries on the Law of Partnership, stated the rules under which partnership real and personal property are held by the surviving partner as trustee notwithstanding legal title:
“But, however the title may stand at law, or in whosoever name or names it may be, the real estate belonging to the partnership will in equity be treated, as belonging to the partnership, like its personal funds, and disposable and distributable accordingly; and the parties, in whose names it stands, as owners of the legal title, will be held to be trustees of the partnership, and accountable accordingly to the partners, according to their several shares and rights and interests in the partnership, as cestuis que trust, or beneficiaries of the same. Hence in equity, in case of the death of one partner, there is no survivorship in the real estate of the partnership; but his share will go to his proper representatives . . .”
“Upon this point there has been a diversity of judicial opinion,. . . some judges holding, that in such a case it retained its original character of real estate, and passed to the heirs or devisees accordingly; and others holding, that it was to be treated throughout, as partnership property, and therefore as personalty, and belonged to the executor or administrator. The doctrine under these circumstances must be considered, as open to many distressing doubts.”
J. Story, Commentaries on the Law of Partnership Sections 93 & 94 at 138-40, (5th ed. 1859) (hereinafter cited as Story).
As is apparent, the doctrine was not universally accepted. Nonetheless Joseph Story further concluded that there was no reason to distinguish between realty and personal property so far as the partners are concerned:
“Nor is there in reality, as between the partners themselves, any diiference, whether the partnership property, held for the purposes of the trade or business, consists of personal or movable property, or of real or immovable property, or of both, so far as their ultimate rights and interests therein are concerned.”
Story, Section 92 at 137.
This rationale was restated by James Kent in 1873:
“(2) Stock in Land — If partnership capital be invested in land for the benefit of the company, though it may be a joint tenancy in law, yet equity will hold it to be a tenancy in common, and as forming part of the partnership fund; and the better opinion would seem to be, that equity will consider the person in whom the legal estate is vested as trustee for the whole concern, and the property will be entitled to be distributed as personal estate.”
3 J. Kent, Commentaries *37. (Emphasis supplied.)
In our present case, William based his claim primarily on the form of ownership of the joint tenancy checking account and the wording contained in a brand certificate. Had this case been considered in England or the United States prior to 1900, the predominant view would have been that legal title alone could not control and that equity would properly consider the assets to be under the control of the surviving partner for purposes of winding up the partnership, with William’s claim being limited to his share of the partnership assets after the winding up and dissolution.
The foregoing is a summary of the law of the United States in existence at the time of the promulgation of the Uniform Partnership Act in 1914. That Act was adopted in Montana in 1947. We will now review the pertinent portions of the Uniform Partnership Act as adopted in Montana.
Section 35-10-203, MCA, contains a critical definition of partnership property:
“Partnership property. (1) All property originally brought into the partnership stock or subsequently acquired by purchase or otherwise on account of the partnership is partnership property.
“(2) Unless the contrary intention appears, property acquired with partnership funds is partnership property.”
Constance contends that under this section, all of the property in question was acquired with partnership funds and is therefore partnership property.
Section 35-10-501, MCA, spells out the property rights of a partner:
“Classification of property rights of a partner. The property rights of a partner are:
“(1) his rights in specific partnership property:
“(2) his interest in the partnership; and
“(3) his right to participate in the management.”
It then becomes necessary to consider the nature of a partner’s interest in specific partnership property. The nature of a partner’s rights in specific partnership property is spelled out in Section 35-10-502, MCA:
“(1) A partner is co-owner with the other partners of specific partnership property holding as a tenant in partnership.
“(2) The incidents of this tenancy are such that:
“(a) A partner, subject to the provisions of this chapter and to any agreement between the partners, has an equal right with the other partners to possess specific partnership property for partnership purposes but has no right to possess such property for any other purpose without the consent of the other partners.
“(d) On the death of a partner that partner’s right in specific partnership property vests in the surviving partner .... Such surviving partner or partners . . . has no right to possess the partnership property for any but a partnership purpose.
“(e) Provided the proceeds of a deceased partner’s interest are included in the assets of the decedent’s estate, such property is not subject to a lien of the surviving spouse for his or her elective share or a lien for or allowances to surviving spouses, heirs, or next of kin.”
The nature of the partner’s interest in the partnership is his share of profits and surplus. Section 35-10-503, MCA, provides:
“Nature of partner’s interest in the partnership. A partner’s interest in the partnership is his share of the profits and surplus and the same is personal property.”
The dissolution and winding up of the partnership are also controlled by the Act. Section 35-10-602, MCA, states:
“Partnership not terminated by dissolution. On dissolution the partnership is not terminated but continues until the winding up of partnership affairs is completed.”
With regard to the causes of dissolution which are pertinent for this case, Section 35-10-603(4), MCA, specifies that “the death of any partner” is a cause for dissolution of the partnership. In the present case, the death of Robert caused a dissolution of the partnership.
With regard to the winding up of the partnership by William as surviving partner, Second 35-10-609, MCA, states:
“Right to wind up. Unless otherwise agreed, the partners who have not wrongfully dissolved the partnership or the legal representative of the last surviving partner, not bankrupt, has the right to wind up the partnership affairs. However, any partner, his legal representative, or his assignee, upon cause shown, may obtain winding up by the court.”
Following a dissolution, a partner has a right to have partnership property applied to discharge partnership liabilities and the surplus paid in cash to the respective partners. Section 35-10-610, MCA, states in pertinent part:
“Rights of partners after dissolution to application of partnership property or to continue business. (1) When dissolution is caused in any way, except in contravention of the partnership agreement, each partner as against his copartners and all persons claiming through them in respect of their interests in the partnership, unless otherwise agreed, may have the partnership property applied to discharge its liabilities and the surplus applied to pay in cash the net amount owing to the respective partners . . . .”
Section 35-10-612, MCA, sets forth the rules for settling accounts and distribution after dissolution. In substance, as here applicable, the assets of the partnership are to be applied first to the creditors of the partnership, second to any liabilities owing to the partners other than for capital and profits, third to partners in respect of capital and last to the partners in respect of profits.
With this background, we will now consider the specific issues raised by the parties.
II
Did the District Court err in holding that the bank checking account in the names of William Palmer and Robert Palmer as joint tenants was partnership property?
The District Court’s findings show that at Robert’s death, William and Robert owned a checking account in which they deposited all receipts and proceeds from cattle sales and all other income and from which they paid all partnership debts and obligations, including checks to themselves for salary and other profits. The checks and deposit slips for the account were identified only as “Palmer Brothers.” The signature card for that account was signed by William and Robert in 1947 upon forms showing that this was a joint tenancy account with rights of survivorship. The checking account was the sole bank account used by the partnership. Several years before Robert’s death, Brad Palmer also executed the signature card. As a result, there were three signatures shown on the card at the time of Robert’s death.
In arguing that the court erred in holding that the bank account was not joint tenancy property, William argues that under State Board of Equalization v. Cole (1948), 122 Mont. 9, 195 P.2d 989, the signing of a joint tenancy signature card is sufficient to settle the intent on the part of the donor to make a gift in a joint tenancy. Following that case, William relies upon Casagranda v. Donahue (1978), 178 Mont. 479, 585 P.2d 1286 in which this Court stated that where intention is clearly expressed on the face of the signature card, additional evidence is unnecessary.
William also relies on the recent case of Anderson v. Baker (1982), 196 Mont. 494, 641 P.2d 1035, where we held that statements on signature cards were not conclusive where a depositor during her lifetime raised the issue of the ownership of the funds in a joint tenancy account. We therefore concluded that additional evidence may be examined to ascertain the true intent of the parties. In Anderson, the depositor had made written demand for the return of the deposit books and had filed suit to quiet title to the funds prior to the depositor’s death. William then argues that the proper conclusion should be that the signature card is determinative of intent to create a joint tenancy unless one party raised the issue by affirmative action during his lifetime. William points out that the record does not show any affirmative act on the part of Robert to terminate the joint tenancy prior to his death, and therefore concludes that the joint tenancy in the checking account should be upheld.
Constance in turn contends that there is substantial evidence to support the findings of the District Court that all of the moneys in the account were partnership funds, and that the account was used exclusively for more than 30 years as the only partnership account. Citing Jensen v. Jensen (Mont. 1981), 629 P.2d 765, 38 St.Rep. 927, and Speer v. Speer (Mont. 1982,) [201 Mont. 418,] 654 P.2d 1001, 39 St.Rep. 2204, Constance argues that the court will not substitute its judgment for the trier of fact, and we will consider only whether substantial credible evidence supports the findings and conclusions, leaving the credibility of witnesses and weight accorded to their testimony to the District Court.
Our review of the evidence discloses that there is clear and substantial evidence to support the findings on the part of the District Court. As a result, we agree with the conclusion of the District Court that the checking account was a partnership checking account and that the funds in the account were partnership funds. This is consistent with Section 35-10-203, MCA, which provides that property acquired with partnership funds is partnership property. As a result, we also conclude that the partnership account is to be classed as specific partnership property under the provisions of Section 35-10-501, MCA, and following sections.
William contends that the evidence is insufficient to overcome the joint tenancy form of the account as created in 1947 by the signature card. We do not agree with that contention. Partnership property by its very nature must be treated differently than property of individuals. Section 70-1-306, MCA, states there are three types of ownership of property by several persons:
The ownership of property by several persons is either of:
(1) joint interests;
(2) partnership interests;
(3) interests in common.
As pointed out in the history regarding partnership property, the rule established in courts of equity after several hundred years of experience was to disregard the form of ownership of property acquired by partners and treat property acquired by the partnership. That certainly is the foundation for provisions of the Uniform Partnership Act such as Section 35-10-203, MCA, which provides that all property acquired by purchase or otherwise on account of the partnership is partnership property. That conclusion is strengthened by Section 35-10-502, MCA, which provides that a partner is a co-owner of specific partnership property vested in William upon Robert’s death, and William had no right to possess the partnership property “for any but a partnership purpose.” This contradicts the suggestion that the surviving partner becomes the owner of the property by survivorship in his own right and independent from the partnership.
Succeeding sections spell out how a surviving partner must apply funds from a partnership account to various liabilities of the partnership. After the partnership liabilities have been discharged, the surplus is divided between the partners. In this case, the surplus would be distributed one-half to the personal representative of Robert’s estate and the remaining one-half to the successor in interest of William.
It is clear that the incidents of the property rights in the bank account as a tenant in partnership are directly contradictory to the rights which a joint tenant with right of survivorship has in a joint tenancy account. Although Section 35-10-203, MCA, specifies that property acquired with partnership funds is classed as partnership property “unless the contrary intention appears,” we conclude that the 1947 execution of a joint tenancy signature card does not constitute sufficient evidence of a contrary intention. That would have been an appropriate conclusion over 100 years ago and is consistent with the provisions of the Uniform Partnership Act today.
We affirm the holding of the District Court that the checking account did not pass to William and Brad, as the surviving joint tenants.
Ill
Did the District Court err in holding that the cattle branded with a brand registered in the names of “William Palmer or Robert Palmer” were partnership property?
William argues that because the cattle brands were registered in the name of William or Robert, a joint interest was created, resulting in joint tenancy ownership of the cattle themselves.
In its findings of fact, the District Court pointed out that Robert and William owned two livestock brands which originally were registered to William and Robert. In 1971, the brands were changed to William or Robert. The court found that during Robert’s lifetime the partners branded all of the partnership cattle with one or the other of these two brands, and that all of the cattle were acquired through partnership funds.
We conclude that the same rationale applies here as with the checking account. Here it is clear that the cattle were acquired with partnership funds and are to be classed as partnership property, unless a contrary intention appears.
William Palmer contends that his testimony evinces a contrary intention:
“Q. Bill, what is your understanding of the nature of the ownership of these brands that you had with Bob, did you hold them as joint tenants or as tenants in common?
“A. Joint tenants.
“Q. What is your understanding of the effect of a joint tenancy ownership of property?
“A. That we had them, and in case one person, the survivor, had the total.
“Q. Can you tell me what word or words in the registration certificate indicate to you that the brands were held as joint tenants rather than tenants in common?
“A. Or rather than and.
“Q. Can you tell me how that word came to be there?
“A. Yes. That was put there rather than and so if anything happened to one or the other it would go to the surviving person.” Notwithstanding the wording of the brand certificate, the District Court found William Palmer’s testimony inconsistent and unbelievable. Conclusion of law E states:
“It is anomalous and inconsistent for William Palmer to contend: (1) that the partnership assets of little value belonged to the firm, but that those having any considerable value were owned as joint tenants with right of survivorship; and (2) that assets purchased with partnership funds and used by the firm were not partnership property.”
The District court concluded that it was the intent of the partners that the partnership property would not pass to the surviving joint tenant. Conclusion of law C states:
“It was the apparent intent of the partners, William and Robert Palmer, as determined from their actions and the use made of the checking account, cattle, cattle brands and brokerage accounts, that such property was and continued to be partnership assets, that it did not pass to William J. Palmer as surviving joint tenant, but must be accounted for forthwith to the personal representative of Robert’s estate in the winding up and dissolution of the partnership.”
We hold there is substantial credible evidence to support the court’s conclusions.
We affirm the order of the District Court which determined that the cattle and cattle brands were partnership property.
IV
Did the District Court err in holding that a brokerage account, registered in the name of William Palmer for which Robert Palmer signed a document as a joint tenant, was partnership property?
William argues that the opening information sheet for the brokerage account demonstrated that William was to be the owner. He further points out that Robert and William’s signatures appeared on a “Authorization to Transfer Customer’s Segregated Funds” in joint ownership form, indicating an intention on both of their parts that the brokerage accounts were to be joint accounts. We find it unnecessary to settle this factual question.
The District Court found that the original deposits to the original account as well as all subsequent deposits were made with funds withdrawn by William from the partnership checking account and not from any of William’s personal money. That finding is not disputed. In addition, the court found there was no evidence to indicate Robert ever made similar or equal withdrawals to establish brokerage accounts or other investments in his individual name. We again conclude that as to the brokerage account, as property acquired with partnership funds, it became partnership property unless a contrary intention appears. William failed to show such a contrary intention.
We conclude that mere form of ownership of the brokerage account, either in the name of William alone or in the name of William and Robert as joint tenants, would not be sufficient to show such a contrary intention.
Following the rationale established for the other property, we affirm the order of the District Court in its determination that the brokerage accounts were partnership property and did not pass to William as a surviving joint tenant.
We also affirm the holding of the District Court that all of the above-described items of property are determined to be partnership property of Palmer Brothers which are to be regularly accounted for by the surviving partner, or his successor in interest, to the personal representative of the estate of Robert.
MR. JUSTICE HARRISON, SHEEHY and HUNT concur.
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MR. JUSTICE HUNT
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Neola B. and John R. Kanvick appeal an order of the District Court, Thirteenth Judicial District, Yellowstone County, denying their petition for a right to visit their granddaughter.
We affirm.
The issues on appeal can be framed as follows:
1. Did the District Court have the authority to entertain a petition in a custody action for visitation of a grandchild by the natural paternal grandparents?
2. Did the District Court err when it considered evidence of sexual abuse by the natural father?
3. Did the District Court abuse its discretion in concluding that unsupervised visitation by the natural paternal grandparents was not in the best interest of the grandchild?
Debra H. Reilly, respondent, and Glenn R. Kanvick, appellants’ son, were granted a decree dated March 4, 1983 dissolving their marriage. During the marriage, they had one minor child, K.R., whom the court placed in the mother’s custody. The mother later remarried. The appellants (Kanvicks) enioved regular and un supervised visits with K.R. until approximately July, 1985. At that time, the mother would only allow visits in her home.
On January 24, 1986, the Kanvicks filed a petition for visitation requesting the court to order that K.R. be allowed overnight stays each month and day visits each month and holidays. In a separate adoption proceeding brought by K.R.’s new stepfather, Glenn Kanvick’s parental rights were terminated and the stepfather was allowed to proceed with his adoption of K.R. without the father’s consent. The adoption was granted May 2, 1986. On February 11, 1987, a hearing was held on the Kanvicks’ petition. The court denied the petition by order dated November 17, 1987.
The respondent mother has raised the issue of whether the District Court had the jurisdiction to adjudicate the question of grandparents’ visitation rights after K.R. had been adopted by her stepfather. This is a question of first impression- in Montana that must be treated with the utmost care and consideration as it involves relationships between and the rights of the natural and adopting parents of a child.
The focus here is on the interplay between two statutes. The first is Section 40-9-102, MCA, which allows the District Court to grant grandparents reasonable visitation. It reads in pertinent part:
“(1) Except as provided in subsection (5), the district court may grant to a grandparent of a child reasonable visitation rights.
“(2) Visitation rights granted under this section may be granted only upon a finding by the court, after a hearing, that the visitation would be in the best interest of the child.
“(5) This section does not apply if the child has been adopted by a person other than a stepparent or a grandparent. Visitation rights granted under this section terminate upon the adoption of the child by a person other than a stepparent or a grandparent.”
In apparent conflict with the above statute is the statute concerning the final effect of an adoption decree, Section 40-8-125, MCA. The relevant section of this statute reads:
“(2) After a final decree of adoption is entered, the natural parents and the kindred of the natural parents of the adopted child, unless they are the adoptive parents or the spouse of an adoptive parent, shall be relieved of all parental responsibilities for said child and have no rights over such adopted child or to his property by descent and distribution.” (Emphasis added.)
We must resolve the apparent conflict between Section 40-9-102Í2L which gives grandparents visitation rights if it is in the best interest of the child, and Section 40-8-125(2), which appears to abrogate those rights upon adoption. Because this Court has not decided this narrow issue we seek guidance from other jurisdictions.
Under the common law, grandparents had no right to visit their grandchildren without parental consent. Ex parte Bronstein (Ala. 1983), 434 So.2d 780, 782. The majority of courts have generally adhered to this rule especially when faced with a situation where the child has been adopted. See Matter of W.E.G. (Alaska 1985), 710 P.2d 410; In re Adoption of Schumacher (Ill.App. 1983), 458 N.E.2d 94; Bronstein; Mead v. Owens (Ga.App. 1979), 254 S.E.2d 431.
The rationale behind this position is best summed up in Schumacher:
“The majority view is persuasive, as there is no indication that the Illinois statutory provisions for grandparent visitation were intended to override the adoption laws .... However, as a grandparent’s status as such is derived from the relationship between the child and the natural parent (In re Adoption of Gardiner (Iowa 1980), 287 N.W.2d 555; see People ex rel. Bachleda v. Dean (1971), 481 Ill.2d 16, 268 N.E.2d 11), an adoption, which terminates the rights of the natural parent, also removes the basis for the relationship of the grandparent and thereby ends the status on which the statutory right to visitation rests. (In re Adoption of Gardiner (Iowa 1980), 287 N.W.2d 555.) Further, the mere existence of a statute permitting court-ordered grandparent visitation under certain circumstances should not be allowed to defeat the adoption statute’s basic premise of the complete severance of ties between the child and the natural family. (See 287 N.W.2d 555; Browning v. Tarwater (1974), 215 Kan. 501, 524 P.2d 1135.) Therefore, the grandparent visitation provision should be construed as subject to the adoption laws, such that a completed adoption proceeding supersedes any rights which could have been obtained pursuant to Section 607(b) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Ill.Rev.Stat. 1981, ch. 40, par. 607(b)). See In re Adoption of Gardiner (Iowa 1980), 287 N.W.2d 555; Browning v. Tarwater (1974), 215 Kan. 501, 524 P.2d 1135; see also Bikos v. Nobliski (1979), 88 Mich.App. 157, 276 N.W.2d 541.”
458 P.2d at 97-98.
While this is the majority view, there are indications that even the majority recognizes the harshness that may result. Judge Shulman of the Georgia Court of Appeals, concurring specially in Mead, stated:
“I must agree with the legal premise set forth in the opinion in this case. However, I feel compelled to raise a voice in the hope that in a more enlightened time, the strong and natural love that grandparents have for their grandchildren will be recognized to a greater extent and that their rights to implement that affection will be legally enlarged.”
254 S.E.2d at 432.
Similarly, Alabama Supreme Court Justice Shores stated, specially concurring in Bronstein:
“I agree that the common law does not recognize, and never has, any right of visitation by grandparents. I hope, however, that the Legislature will address this issue and pass legislation extending to grandparents a right to retain and maintain a relationship with the children of their children. Precious little remains of the family structure, which played such a vital part in the development of this nation. It seems unconscionable to allow its further fragmentation.”
434 So.2d at 784.
Accordingly, many states are taking a less stringent approach in harmonizing their adoption and grandparent visitation schemes.
One of the earliest cases which does this is Mimkon v. Ford (N.J. 1975), 332 A.2d 199, in which the New Jersey Supreme Court held that the grandparent visitation statute created an independent action in the grandparents and therefore their rights were in no way dependent upon nor derived from the natural parent’s relationship with the child. 332 A.2d at 201-02. By reading the adoption statute and visitation statutes in pari materia, the court distinguished between situations where the adoptive parents were non-relatives or strangers to the child and where the adoption was done by a natural parent and step parent couple. In the adopting step parent scenario, reasoned the court, “the policy of insulating the adoptive child from his natural parents is not so clearly compelling as it would be in other situations.” Mimkon, 332 A.2d at 203.
Illinois takes a concomitant view:
“In adoptions by a natural parent and that parent’s new spouse, the policy concern with maximizing the pool of adoptive parents is greatly diminished, since the act of becoming a stepparent most often occurs without regard to adoption and in spite of regular visitations between the child and the noncustodial natural parent. If an adoption then ensues, the rights and obligations of the natural nar ent are terminated to the same degree as in an adoption by strangers. Termination of the parental relationship is, however, a legal fiction, since no act of law can nullify a biological relationship. There is no reason to extend that legal fiction to include a termination of a grandparental relationship unless it is in the child’s best interest to do so . . . . Absent an adoption of an infant by strangers, there is no reason to assume from the outset that termination of a grandparental relationship is in an adopted child’s best interest; nor is there any reason to view grandparental visitation as an ‘unnecessary intrusion’ in the lives of a reconstituted family.”
Lingwall v. Hoener (1985), 108 Ill.2d 206, 91 Ill.Dec. 166, 170, 483 N.E.2d 512, 516.
This Court finds the reasoning of the Lingwall case persuasive and adopts that view. Section 40-9-102, MCA, gives a clear indication of intending to differentiate between situations where adoption is done by strangers and where it is not. Subsection (5) states succinctly that any rights obtained under subsection (1) are terminated upon adoption of the child by anyone other than a stepparent or grandparent, i.e., a stranger or relative further removed from the immediate family unit. While Montana law does not permit visitation by a natural parent whose child has been adopted, Matter of C. P. (Mont. 1986), [221 Mont. 180,] 717 P.2d 1093, 1095, 43 St.Rep. 728, 731, we see no clear intent of the legislature nor a public policy which mandates a similar result for the natural grandparents of that child where the adoption is done by a stepparent. Therefore, we hold that the District Court had the jurisdiction to adjudicate the merits of this matter. Respondents’ further argument that the Kanvicks should have brought their petition in the adoption proceeding is without merit as the court in a dissolution has broad powers to determine all the problems of dissolution including division of property, support, and custody in which the matter of visitation is inherent. See In re Marriage of Wilson (1980), 186 Mont. 290, 296, 607 P.2d 539, 542; Section 40-4-208, MCA; Section 40-4-211, MCA; Section 40-4-217, MCA. Having thus disposed of the jurisdictional issue, we move on to the merits of the Kanvicks’ appeal.
The Kanvicks complain that in its decision the District Court relied upon certain intimations that K.R.’s natural father had sexually abused her and that these intimations were neither proven nor testified to as being accurate. Because the father often lived in the grandparents’ home, the court concluded that the Kanvicks would be unable to protect K.R. from her father.
Evidence of sexual abuse was testified to by a clinical psychologist, Dr. Veraldi, who had been treating K.R. The Kanvick, psychologist testified to the psychological effects of such abuse on a child’s sense of security and trust in her current custodian. Specifically, the doctor testified as follows:
“Q. What was the purpose of [K.R.] coming to see her? A. Her mother brought her in because she believed that [K.R.’s] behavior and some of her statements indicated that she may have been sexually abused.
“Q. Did you talk to [K.R.] about that? A. Yes, I did.
“Q. Did you reach an opinion as a result of your work with the child? A. During the course of my sessions — not immediately, but during the course of my sessions, yes, [K.R.’s] behavior indicated some concerns about sexual problems, and [K.R.] made — later made statements to me that she had been touched in a sexual manner, a manner that made her feel uncomfortable by her father.”
No objection was made to these statements.
Dr. Veraldi was careful to thoroughly discuss the psychological harm done to and the resulting needs of a sexually abused child.
“THE WITNESS: There are a number of short and long-term consequence's on the child, but one of the most significant is a loss of a sense of security and a real fear that something has happened to the child and is very upsetting to them, but they can’t control it. The adults that should be protecting them are not protecting them so you have what’s called a betrayal of trust. This interferes gradually on a long-term basis with all relationships, because the trust is lost.
“A: One of the most important things that should happen when a child discloses abuse is adults who have care of that child need to believe that child, otherwise the betrayal of trust becomes even more serious. It doesn’t just pertain, then, to the offender, it pertains to all other adults that the child should be able to rely on so that to regain the trust of a child that says ‘So and so touched me in a way that made me feel uncomfortable,’ it is important that you believe that child.”
Dr. Veraldi testified as an expert witness under Rule 703, M.R.Evid., which reads:
“The facts or data in a particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or inference may be those perceived by or made known to him at or before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in a particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence.”
Thus, an expert is allowed to rely upon the report and opinions of other doctors, Matter of G. S. (Mont. 1985), [215 Mont. 384,] 698 P.2d 406, 409-410, 42 St.Rep. 451, 455, hearsay, Azure v. City of Billings (1979), 182 Mont. 234, 255, 596 P.2d 460, 471-472, and those facts she or he has garnered through an independent investigation. State v. Hallam (1978), 175 Mont. 492, 501, 575 P.2d 55, 61. The credibility of the source of the opinion goes to its weight and not its admissibility. Azure, 596 P.2d at 472. The District Court properly considered the doctor’s testimony in making its decision.
Lastly, the Kanvicks assert that the District Court abused its discretion in holding that visitation by the Kanvicks was not in K.R.’s best interest.
Section 40-9-102(2), MCA, allows the court to grant a grandparent visitation rights only after a finding that the visitation would be in the child’s best interest. The District Court chose not to allow visitation in this matter because the natural father lived with his parents, the Kanvicks, a majority of the time and that the Kanvicks were not able to ensure that he would not interfere with their visits with his daughter. Mr. Kanvick testified that he had no plans to restrict his son’s comings and goings from the Kanvick home. He also testified that his son stays at the home between three and seven days a week or “whenever he feels like it.” Testimonial evidence presented by respondent’s expert reveals that due to the possibility of sexual abuse any contact with K.R.’s father could result in severe psychological damage to K.R. We will not reverse the District Court absent clearly erroneous findings which result in an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Goodman (Mont. 1986), [222 Mont. 446,] 723 P.2d 219, 220, 43 St.Rep. 1410, 1412; Rule 52(a), M.R.Civ.P. The District Court did not discount the beneficial effects of the Kanvicks’ relationship with their grandchild and encouraged K.R.’s mother to continue to allow visits in her home. The court, however, did recognize that a regular visitation schedule could most likely force K.R. to visit her natural father as well. It did not abuse its discretion by refusing such a schedule.
AFFIRMED.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE and MR. JUSTICES HARRISON, SHEEHY and GULBRANDSON concur.
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MR. JUSTICE SHEEHY,
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Frank Shultz, Jr. appeals from an order of the District Court, Second Judicial District, Silver Bow County, granting summary judgment to respondent Frank Shultz, Sr. We remand to the District Court.
This is an action to set aside the Decree of Settlement and First and Final Account and to compel the guardian to make a correct accounting. In 1969, Frank Schultz, Jr., then 17 years old, was in jured in an automobile accident. Suit was brought on his behalf against the driver of the car in which he was a passenger. The suit was settled for $25,000. On December 8, 1970, the District Court appointed Frank, Sr. as guardian of his son, Frank, Jr. On March 30, 1973, the father filed his First and Final Account. The account showed $24,900 had been received in settlement of the claim and a balance of .43 remained. The account contained no vouchers or receipts. The matter was set for hearing before the District Court on April 24, 1973. The son, who was then 21, was not personally notified of the hearing. Notice was posted in three places in Silver Bow County. At the hearing, the District Court entered a decree of settlement and discharged the father from further duties as guardian.
On July 26, 1976, the son hired counsel to investigate the whereabouts of the guardianship funds. On September 9, 1976, Frank, Jr. joined the Marine Corps and except for occasional leaves, he was out of the state until 1981. Gradually, the son became dissatisfied with the efforts of his counsel to obtain relief, and in October 1979 while on leave in Montana, he hired a different attorney. The new attorney filed a petition to set aside the decree of settlement of the First and Final Account and to compel the guardian to make a correct and complete accounting on February 8, 1980.
The District Court granted summary judgment for Frank Shultz, Sr. on the basis that the petition was not filed within the two-year statute of limitations for actions based on fraud. Section 27-2-203, MCA, states:
“The period prescribed for the commencement of an action for relief on the ground of fraud or mistake is within 2 years, the cause of action in such case not to be deemed to have accrued until the discovery by the aggrieved party of the facts constituting the fraud or mistake.”
The District Court held the son became aware of the fraud either in 1976 when he retained legal counsel or in 1977 when he received a copy of the status of the account, thus he had until 1978 or 1979 to commence proceedings.
However, the District Court did not take into account the effect of the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Civil Relief Act of 1940, 50 U.S.C. Section 525 (1982). It states:
“The period of military service shall not be included in computing any period now or hereafter to be limited by any law ... for the bringing of any action or proceeding in any court... by or against any person in military service . . . whether such cause of action or the right or privilege to institute such action or proceeding shall have accrued prior to or during the period of such service . . .
It appears that Frank, Jr. joined the service on September 9, 1976. The record does not disclose when he left the service. We remand this case to the District Court for reconsideration in light of the Soldier’s and Sailors’ Civil Relief Act of 1940, 50 U.S.C. Section (1982).
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE and MR. JUSTICES WEBER, GULBRANDSON and HUNT concur.
|
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MR. JUSTICE CASTLES
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from a judgment of conviction of the crime of grand larceny entered upon a jury verdict. No motion for a new trial was made in the court below.
The defendant was charged by information with the crime of grand larceny in the larceny of an automobile, together with five prior convictions of felonies. He plead not guilty to the charge and plead “true” to the charge of prior felonies. Trial was had before a jury.
The facts giving rise to the charge were that defendant and one Hillesheim, a ranch laborer from near Belt, were drinking together in various places in Great Falls on November 15, 1960. That evening the two of them parked Hillesheim’s car behind the James Hotel and then went to defendant’s room in the Great Falls Hotel to sleep.
When Hillesheim awoke the next morning the defendant and the keys to HiResheim’s car were gone. After a search around Great Falls, Hillesheim reported the car as stolen.
Defendant was apprehended in Anaconda, some 200 miles distant, on November 16 with the car in his possession. Testimony was introduced that defendant had been trying to sell the car both in Anaconda and Butte.
The defense consisted of testimony by the defendant that he had Hillesheim’s permission to take the ear.
Although defendant’s brief does not conform to our rules in many respects, we shall endeavor to analyze what appear to be the specifications relied upon on this appeal. Although defendant made no motion for a new trial after the verdict and judgment, he argues in his brief that the verdict was contrary to the law and evidence. Such argument cannot be considered since it would have been grounds for a motion for a new trial. (See State v. Ritz, 65 Mont. 180, 211 P. 298; State v. English, 71 Mont. 343, 229 P. 727.)
Defendant states in Ms brief, “tbe principal question presented by the appeal in this regard is whether it was error to admit evidence of other allegedly similar offenses which was offered and received for the limited purpose of showing a pattern and design and the intent of the defendant in connection with the offense of wMch he is charged.”
During the course of the cross-examination of the complaining witness Hillesheim, by defendant’s counsel, information was elicited about another sale of an automobile on the same day as the charge here involved. Then later, the exchange cited as error is as follows, defendant’s counsel being Mr. Merrill.
“Q. "Which car did he sell? A. One that belonged to Bill Stringer.
“MB. HALL: Objection, calling for a conclusion of the witness.
“THE COUBT: Objection overruled.
“Q. (By Mr. Merrill) That night, were you present when he sold the car? A. No.
“MB. MEBBILL: I request that the answer be stricken and the Jury be instructed to pay no attention to it.
“THE COUBT: Overruled.”
Now, on appeal counsel urges that the answer should have been stricken because it was hearsay. It comes too late on appeal. Also, it was in response to his own cross-examination, and he is not in position to complain. See State v. Wakely, 43 Mont. 427, 117 P. 95.
In the course of the cross-examination of the complaining witness, defendant’s counsel brought out that the defendant used other names, aliases. The next State witness was one John Gress, the manager of the Great Falls Hotel who brought out that defendant signed the hotel register as Bob Evans on one occasion, then as Bobert Sorenson on another occasion. Then the State brought out from the witness details concerning the sale of the other automobile brought out previously by de fendant’s counsel on cross-examination of the complaining witness. The appellant specifies error as to that evidence, but no argument or authority is cited to support the allegations of error. Therefore we are not called upon to answer each contention.
In the course of the State’s case, it was brought out by defendant’s counsel on cross-examination of the complaining witness that the defendant was the same person who used many aliases. He signed the hotel register as Bob Evans and as Robert Sorenson. ITe signed other papers as Robert Sorenson, or as Woods. The defendant’s specifications of error go to testimony or exhibits which attach, in the main, to the connection of defendant as a person to the various names used. All of the evidence, seemingly objected to, went to this proof but significantly did not amount to testimony of similar offenses; nor were the incidents put forth as offenses at all. The testimony was in its nature merely a connecting up of various names to the defendant and evidence of prior sales of automobiles.
The defendant offered an instruction as follows:
“The jury are instructed evidence has been introduced in this case, with reference to a purported sale of an automobile allegedly sold by the defendant to the witness, William Stenger, and thereafter sold to a third party, by the defendant;
“The jury are instructed that such evidence is not evidence of the guilt or innocence of the defendant herein with reference to the crime with which he is charged in the Information herein, but that such evidence was admitted for the limited purpose of showing the propensity of the defendant to sell an automobile not the property of the defendant.
“THE COURT: No. 16?
“MR. HALL: We object that it is covered by our instructions that we are giving about ‘purpose for which it. may be considered’, State’s Proposed Instruction 37-A. We object on the grounds it is covered.
“THE COURT: It will be given.
“GIVEN AS: Instruction No. 10.”
We have endeavored to understand just what the appellant-claims as error in this regard or how he was prejudiced thereby but being unable to do so find that the appellant has not sustained the burden of pointing out the error.
Next, defendant alleges error in giving or refusing certain instructions. Again we point out that appellant’s brief does not comply with our rules by setting out the instructions complained of, or in most situations no proper objection was made.
However, to get to what appellant urges as the principal question attempted to be raised we shall examine the Court’s instruction No. 9 even though no objection was raised. The Court instructed:
“Evidence was offered for the purpose of showing the defendant committed other alleged acts involving a fraudulent intent other than the one alleged against him in the Information and for which he is now on trial. Such evidence was received not to prove distinct offenses or continual criminality, but for limited purposes only.
“You may consider such evidence only for such bearing, if any, as it might have on the question whether or not the defendant had fraudulent intent in respect to the alleged Grand Larceny for which he is now on trial; for the purpose of corroboration, or for the purpose of establishing identity. You are not permitted to consider such evidence for any other purpose; as to that purpose for which you are permitted to consider such evidence, you will weigh the evidence as you do all other.”
Appellant urges that this allowed evidence of other offenses to be considered by the jury. Then he cites State v. Merritt, 138 Mont. 546, 357 P.2d 683, and State v. Tiedemann, 139 Mont. 237, 362 P.2d 529, for the rule that evidence of other crimes is not admissible.
As previously remarked, defendant’s counsel brought out the use of aliases by the defendant and the sale of another car on the same day as the offense charged. The State’s witnesses testified that defendant not only took the complaining witnesses’ car to Anaconda and Butte, but that he tried to sell it, having in his possession the title. The evidence, restricted by the court’s Instruction No. 9 was admissible.
In State v. Merritt, supra, and State v. Tiedemann, supra, we recognize the exception to the general rule by stating in State v. Merritt:
“One exception to the general ride is where evidence of other crimes tends to establish a common scheme, plan or system and where such other crimes are similar to, closely connected with and not too remote from the one charged, and also where they are so related that proof of one tends to establish the other.”
Assuming that the evidence complained of here did establish another offense, it was necessary to connect up the aliases used by defendant in this crime with the defendant and to explain the evidence elicited on cross-examination by the defendant’s counsel. The court’s Instruction No. 9 limited the use of the evidence even more than would have been required, thus appellant cannot complain.
We have examined the record carefully and find no reversible error. The judgment is affirmed.
ME. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON and MR. JUSTICES JOHN C. HARRISON and DOYLE concur.
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PER CURIAM.
The writ is denied and the proceeding is ordered dismissed.
|
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PER CURIAM:
Petition for writ of habeas corpus filed by Stanley Richard Erickson, an inmate of the Montana State Prison, appearing pro se.
Petitioner alleges that on or about the 8th day of June, 1961, he was tried and convicted in Cascade County district court of the crime of robbery with a prior felony conviction and was thereafter committed to the State prison for a crime of burglary, together with a prior felony conviction. He contends therefore that though he was convicted of a felony he has been serving a sentence which was erroneously and illegally imposed upon him; that by virtue of section 94-101-15, sub-divs. 3 and 4, R.C.M.1947, he should be discharged from the prison.
To ascertain the fact situation herein this court has examined the original court file of the district court of Cascade County. From it we observe that petitioner was charged by an amended information with the crime of robbery, together with a prior conviction of felony. He was represented by court-appointed counsel and tried before a jury which returned a verdict finding petitioner “Guilty of the crime of robbery as charged in the information.” He was sentenced on June 12, 1961, to a term of 20 years in the state prison; the commitment is entitled “CONVICTED OF ROBBERY, TOGETHER WITH A PRIOR CONVICTION OF A FELONY.” As pertinent here it reads in part:
“The County Attorney, with the defendant and his counsel, Edward Borer, caine into Court. The defendant was duly informed by the Court of the nature of the information filed against him for the crime of Robbery, Together with a Prior Conviction of a Felony a crime committed on the 8th day of May, A.D.1961, and of his arraignment and plea of ‘not guilty’ as charged in said information, of a jury trial and the verdict of the jury on the 8th day of June A.D.1961, ‘Guilty as charged in the information.’ The defendant was then asked if he had any legal cause to show why judgment should not be pronounced against him to which he replied that he had none. And no sufficient cause being shown or appearing to the Court thereupon the Court renders its judgment: That whereas the said STANLEY RICHARD ERICKSON having been duly convicted in this court of the crime of Burglary, Together with a Prior Conviction of a Felony a crime, committed in the County of Cascade, State of Montana, on or about the 8th day of May A.D.1961;
“NOW THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED, and this does order, adjudge and decree, that the said defendant is guilty of the offense charged in the information herein; that is, of the crime of Burglary, Together with a Prior Conviction of a Felony a crime * *
The prior conviction of petitioner for a felony was for the crime of burglary and it is apparent that in the preparation of the judgment the crime for which petitioner was convicted was erroneously designated in the latter two instances as burglary instead of robbery. In truth, and in fact, petitioner was convicted of robbery, was sentenced for robbery. Following his trial in the district court, he appealed to this court but no question was raised as to this inadvertence. See State v. Erickson, 141 Mont. 118, 375 P.2d 314.
This court has previously had called to our attention a similar situation wherein the judgment in a criminal case erroneously described the crime of which the defendant was convicted. See State v. Dietz, 135 Mont. 496, 497, 343 P.2d 539, wherein the court stated:
“Here the record shows, as pointed out in the dissenting opinion written by Mr. Justice Adair, that the jury found defendant guilty of an attempt to commit the crime charged, whereas the judgment recites that defendant was convicted of the infamous crime against nature. This recitation in the judgment was evidently an inadvertence.
“Counsel for defendant does not predicate any error on the part of the court in the respect above noted. The point was not raised in the trial court and probably for a good reason. Had it been called to the attention of the trial judge he doubtless would have corrected the judgment. It is axiomatic that the court has the power to correct its judgment so that it speaks the truth. Power & Bro., Ltd. v. Turner, 37 Mont. 521, 97 P. 950. The point is not pressed upon us for we would no doubt do what other courts have done, viz., remand the case for the correction of the judgment in this respect. People ex rel. Weed v. Whipp, 352 Ill. 525, 186 N.E. 135; LaGore v. Ramsey, Mo.1939, 126 S.W.2d 1153; McWilliams v. Walker, 209 Iowa 769, 229 N.W. 183; People v. Brown, 312 Ill. 63, 143 N.E. 440.
“Defendant would then find himself in exactly the same situation in which he now is. The amount of the punishment is well within the limits of the law for one guilty of an attempt to commit the infamous crime against nature coupled with a prior conviction of which defendant pleaded guilty. The punishment for the infamous crime against nature is not less than five years. The maximum could be any number of years. The punishment for an attempt is one-half of the longest term for the offense attempted. R.C.M.1947, § 94-4711. That could have been fifteen and one-half years or more ’without reference to the prior conviction, and where there is a prior conviction the punishment cannot be less than ten years. R.C.M.1947, § 94-4713.
“With these considerations in mind it is not strange that able counsel for defendant did not raise this point either in the trial court or here. In the dissenting opinion, reference is made to the case of State v. Shambo, 133 Mont. 305, 322 P.2d 657, as sustaining the contention that the judgment here cannot stand. That case does not touch upon the point here involved. The jury’s verdict here was and is sustained by the evidence. By it, defendant was found guilty of an attempt to commit the infamous crime against nature. The judgment, reciting as it does that defendant was convicted of the infamous crime against nature, is erroneous. It is subject to correction by the trial court, but to do so does not require the granting of a new trial, nor is it ground for releasing and discharging defendant. Had defendant sought correction of the judgment either in the trial court or here, no doubt he would have been granted that right.”
This reasoning applies here, petitioner is not entitled to be discharged under the provisions of section 94-101-15, R.C.M. 1947.
To make the record speak the truth we will transmit copy of this memorandum opinion to the district court of Cascade County with directions to that court to correct its judgment of conviction nunc pro tunc so that it reflects the truth and having done so that it transmit a certified copy thereof to the warden of the state penitentiary at Deer Lodge, Montana, and to the petitioner.
It is so ordered.
|
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DECISION
The application of the above-named defendant for a review of the sentence of three years, imposed on December 17, 1968, was fully heard ■ and after a careful consideration of the entire matter it is decided that:
(1) The sentence be and remain as originally imposed by the sentencing court.
The reason for the above decision is that the sentence appears proper and sufficiently lenient in that the defendant was convicted on 6 counts of uttering and delivering fraudulent checks, each punishable by imprisonment for not more than 5 years or by a fine of not exceeding S5000, or both, yet received a sentence of but 3 years on each count to run concurrently with eligibility for parole consideration in July, 1969, after being received December 17, 1968, although he has a record of 3 prior felony convictions and 1 parole violation.
SENTENCE. REVIEW DIVISION
Philip C. Duncan, chairman; Paul G. Hatfield, Sid G. Stewart.
|
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MR. JUSTICE JOHN C. HARRISON
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
The plaintiff-respondent mother brought this action to recover custody of two minor children from the defendant-appellant father. Following certain procedural steps the trial court found for the mother and ordered the children returned to the State of Washington, the mother’s residence. This appeal resulted from the trial court’s judgment.
The two minor children, sons aged 15 and 13, had been awarded to their mother by a divorce decree obtained in superior court of Stevens County, Washington, in 1960. The appellant was granted visitation rights although the decree specified that the children were not to be taken outside the jurisdiction of the Washington court without the court’s permission. Both parties to this action have remarried and the appellant left the State of Washington and became a resident of Lincoln County, Montana.
Early in the year 1967, the respondent wrote to appellant to tell him that the boys would like to spend a month or six weeks with him in Montana, and this was agreeable to her; appellant went to Washington on May 27th and returned with the boys. No court order was obtained in Washington to remove the boys as it was agreeable to both parties that the boys spend some time in Montana.
The respondent testified that at the time appellant and the boys left for Montana the appellant agreed to return the boys to their Washington home within a month to five weeks, but stated that she would have to come for them if it was inconvenient for him to make the return trip.
At the end of the time agreed upon the boys were not returned to Washington resulting in several phone calls and one letter concerning whether the boys could stay with the appellant for the school year 1967-68. The appellant testified the respondent gave the boys permission via the letter to remain in Montana for the school year and also told him that it was all right during a telephone conversation. The respondent testified that had the appellant allowed her to see and talk with the boys and to have known they were all right she might have allowed them to remain for the school year, bnt the appellant refused to let her see the boys until she signed an agreement. When this demand was made, well after the four to six week period that appellant was entitled to have the boys, either by decree or agreement, the respondent began this action to have the boys returned to her.
In reponse to the respondent’s complaint appellant answered and counterclaimed with allegations that the respondent had transferred the care, custody and control of the two minor children to him; that she had consented to their remaining with him for the school year 1967-68.
Throughout the hearing the trial court attempted to limit the hearing to the very narrow issue of whether or not respondent consented, at either the time of the taking of the children or at any subsequent time, to appellant keeping the children either indefinitely or through the school year.
The court found for the respondent mother and the appellant raises the following issues on appeal:
1. It was error not to admit testimony relating to the welfare of the children and the fitness of the parties as parents.
2. It was error to enter a judgment based upon a Washington decree without formal proof of such decree having been offered.
3. It was error to find that the Washington decree was entitled to full faith and credit.
The sole issue before the trial court and now this Court is whether or not the decree of the Washington court should be recognized.
First, we note that we find no merit in appellant’s complaint that the Washington decree was not presented at the time of trial. A copy was attached to the complaint which was served on the appellant, exemplified copies of the decree and modification were given the court at the initial hearing and the record is full of testimony referring to the decree with no objections on the part of the appellant. It was the court, not the appellant, who noted that the decree had been inadvertently not admitted into evidence and properly made it a part of the record.
Appellant bases his entire appeal on this Court’s opinions in State ex rel. Lessley v. District Court, 132 Mont. 357, 318 P.2d 571; and Application of Enke, 129 Mont. 353, 287 P.2d 19. We find that the Enke case is controlling but neither Enke or the Lessley case support the appellant’s position for here the court found, and properly so, the so-called agreement between the appellant and respondent did not exist.
In Enke the children were removed from California to Montana by. agreement at the time of the original decree and this was made part of the decree. They lived in Montana for many years as opposed to the six weeks in the instant case. In the Lessley case the mother in direct written communications to the father had given up custody in Utah and had requested that the father take the children to Montana to live with him, but the parties had not attempted to secure modification of the Utah decree. This is not the fact situation here.
Here, we have minors who are residents of the State of Washington subject to a custodial order of the courts of that state who are temporarily residing in Montana and the trial court recognized that the Washington decree controlled their custody. Article IV, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States provides: “Full faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Eecords and judicial Proceedings, of every other State.”
This Court in a case similar in facts to the case at bar, said: “The mother, who was awarded the custody of the children, had the right to fix their residence. * * * And the mother’s residence determines that of the children. # * Certainly they were residents of the State of Oregon when the Oregon court awarded the custody to their mother. * # **The Oregon court had jurisdiction to decree the custody of the children in the divorce action. That decree is entitled to full faith and credit here. # * * Any question of the fitness of the mother to have the care and custody of the children and her claimed abandonment of them should have been brought to the attention of the Oregon court before the award of custody was made.” Butts v. Collins, 129 Mont. 440, 289 P.2d 949.
So it is here. If there is any question of respondent’s fitness, that is for the court in Washington to decide for there the jurisdiction lies.
We have carefully examined the other alleged errors and find them without merit.
The decision of the trial court awarding the children to the respondent is affirmed. The trial court is directed to issue an order returning the performance bond and releasing respondent from that obligation.
MB. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HABBISON and MB. JUSTICES HASWELL, ADAIB and CASTLES, concur.
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an original proceeding in which the petitioner seeks an appropriate writ.
Generally.; the application contained these allegations: That a civil action was filed in the District Court of Glacier County against Ray Abercrombie, doing business as Abercrombie Construction Company, and Jerry Abercrombie, seeking damages for personal injuries received in an accident. At the time of the accident, the plaintiff, one French, was employed by,the National Tank Company which had. a contract to lay pipe .in a trench which Ray Abercrombie was digging for Humble Oil Company. Jerry Abercrombie was an employee of his.father, Ray Abercrombie. Ray Abercrombie carried a policy of liability insurance with the petitioner National Union Insurance Companies of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, hereinafter referred to as National. National entered upon the defense of the suit for Ray Abercrombie and also extended to Jerry Abercrombie what is known as a “courtesy defense” under a written agreement which provided that National assumed no responsibility as to any judgment against defendant Jerry Abercrombie and also could withdraw the courtesy defense upon notice.
National engaged professional legal services to defend the French suit and on December 26, 1967, though its agency, sent an “excess letter.” to Ray Abercrombie advising him that his coverage was limited to the amount set forth in the policies and the amount sought in the suit exceeded such amount and if he desired another attorney to represent him above the policy limits he should engage one.
Ray Abercrombie consulted his personal counsel; said counsel thereupon entered into a series of communications directed to defending counsel; appeared at a pre-trial conference “specially” and “not as counsel of record;” and in the course of said hearing joined with French’s counsel in putting Ray Abercrombie on the witness stand, inquiring into matters pertaining to the' insurance coverage and excess exposure, neither of which were issues in the case and had nothing to do with the pre-trial conferencce.
Defending counsel strenuously objected to this procedure and to the comments of personal counsel, contending that he was not a counsel of record and had no authority to appear and, further, the procedure constituted a direct challenge to defending counsel’s authority to represent Ray Abercrombie and the same was devastating so far as the relationship between attorney and client was conccerned. Within a few days after this pre-trial conference concluded, Ray Abercrombie’s personal counsel, by letter to defending counsel, directed the addition of other parties defendant.
Thereafter defending counsel, being of the opinion that the professional relationship of attorney and client between themselves and Ray Abercrombie could no longer be carried on within the concept of that relationship, sought to withdraw and substitute present defending counsel. Personal counsel refused to permit Ray Abercrombie to consent to this substitution. Present defending counsel, however, were added as counsel of record and then defense counsel filed formal motion for leave to withdraw and this motion was granted by the court.
During the time the motion was pending before the court National notified Jerry Abercrombie, who was being represented by the same personal counsel as his father, that it was withdrawing its courtesy defense and that he should engage his own attorney. Thereafter present defense counsel filed a motion to withdraw as attorneys of record for Jerry Abercrombie and, at the time noticed for hearing thereon, personal counsel appeared as “special counsel” and filed a motion in opposition thereto. The motion to withdraw as attorneys of record for Jerry Abercrombie was denied by the court.
Because the order of the district court denying the motion-for leave to withdraw was not an appealable order and petitioners had no other plain, speedy or adequate remedy, this. original proceeding was instituted on April 9, 1968. Following an ex parte presentation this court issued an order to show cause on the same day and the return day was later continued at the request of the parties and came on to be heard on May. 8, 1968.
The respondents, being the district court and the acting judge thereof, Jerry Abercrombie, and his personal counsel, filed a joint answer in which, inter alia, they alleged that no policy of insurance had been delivered to Ray Abercrombie; that while the petitioner insurance company had entered upon a full and complete defense of the French suit, that the insurance company had contracted to insure both Ray B. Abercrombie and Jerry Abercrombie “for full coverage” against liability; that the signature of Jerry Abercrombie to the “courtesy defense agreement” was obtained as a result of misunderstanding and ignorance on the part of Jerry Abercrombie as to the terms of the policy or policies which were not issued or delivered; that the alleged “courtesy defense agreement” is without consideration, unethical, unconscionable, contrary to public policy, sham, frivolous, deceitful, and null and void.
It is further alleged that the sending and delivery of the “excess letter” three and one-half weeks before trial, after an action has been pending for over two years, is a violation of duty of good faith on part of insurer, negligent, unethical, unconscionable, unjustified, contrary to public policy, overreaching, grossly inequitable, and a void- act insofar as the insureds are concerned.
It is further alleged that nothing contained in any . communications from personal counsel was detrimental to the defense strategy but, on the contrary, served to enlighten defense counsel. Respondents prayed that the petition be denied. While many other allegations appear in the answer, those mentioned will suffice for our discussion of the issue involved.
. We will refer to the exhibits annexed to the petition that are - pertinent. First, we have the excess letter from the insur anee company to Ray B. Abercrombie which, after commenting that the damages' sought are in excess of the liability limits of the policy, states: “You may; if you wish, engage your personal attorney, at your own expense, for the protection of your interests beyond the limits of coverage afforded by your policy.
“All information concerning the case in our possession is at all times, at your request, available to you, or your attorney.” The names and address of the defense attorneys were also stated.
On January 2, 1968, a letter was written to defense counsel on the letter head of personal counsel, signed by Ray Abercrombie, which requested that the personal attorney be furnished with all correspondencé and investigative reports. On January 10, 1968, defense counsel advised Ray Abercrombie by letter that they were sending to the personal attorney all of the correspondence and investigative reports which they deemed. pertinent and advised further they would be glad to talk to him and to his personal counsel at any time.
Under date of January 11, 1968, the personal attorney wrote defense counsel advising that Ray B. Abercrombie, doing business as Abercrombie Construction Company of Cut Bank, Montana, and Jerry Abercrombie must hold the insurance company completely responsible and liable for a full defense to, and full indemnity against, the entire demand of the French suit by reasons of their conduct in the matter.
The grounds for the demand were listed as (1) that while the French case was commenced December 28, 1965, and the insurer has proceeded to conduct a full defense thereof as to the entire demand in the complaint up to the present time, yet no opportunity had been given insureds to participate in any proceedings, including discovery; (2) that the undated excess letter of December 26, 1967, two years after commencement of the action was the first time that the Abercrombies were informed a complete defense was not being conducted; (3). that the policy of insurance ordered by Abercrombies was never delivered to Abercrombies and .that the two policies written to cover the period October 10, 1964 to October 10, 1965, were incorrect as to the amount and not as ordered; (4) bad faith, breach of contract, lack of interest and sincerity on the insurer’s part; (5) bad faith and fraud on the insurer’s part in misleading and tricking Jerry Abercrombie into signing the purported waiver agreement; (6) failure of insurer to enter into any compromise settlement negotiations; (7) failure of the insurer to bring in as third party defendant, the National Tank Company, the employer of French. This letter further stated: “This is to further inform you that in view of the foregoing. Abercrombies are not going to employ special counsel for themselves to assist in any portion of the defense of this action as this is the insurer’s full, legal, moral and equitable responsibility at this point.”
On January 12, 1968, personal counsel appeared at the pretrial conference as hereinbefore alleged by petitioners.
. On January 16, 1968, personal counsel wrote defense counsel stating that he felt Humble Oil Company should be made a third party defendant and.asked that this be done.
Defense counsel on January 17, 1968, wrote personal counsel in response to his letter of January 11, 1968, that the insurance company was willing to extend a defense and coverage to Eay Abercrombie, doing business as Abercrombie Construction Company, up to the policy limits of $50,000, in accordance with the terms of the contract of insurance. However, they advised that Jerry Abercrombie was an employee of the Abercrombie Construction Company and is not covered or insured for the accident involved. They further advised that the fact situation, with respect to the insurance policies which personal counsel had related, was not correct and gave an explanation why. After detailing the views of defense counsel on the matters at issue, defense counsel referred to possible breach of the policy provisions by personal counsel to the detriment of the insured because of the unorthodox actions of personal counsel. The letter closed with the expression that it was hoped personal counsel would be willing to cooperate with defense counsel in the defense of the lawsuit for the benefit of the defendants.
On January 19, 1968, personal' counsel replied to defense counsel’s letter of January 17, 1968, and stated that he could not agree with the statements concerning the insurance policies or the facts and that the matters mentioned in previous correspondence still stood and were confirmed. In addition to the other matters, personal counsel stated that Humble Oil Company and National Tank Company should be brought into the action as third party defendants and if the insurance company refused to do so it must be responsible .for the conséquences. He further stated: “It should not be necessary for us to inform a competent defense law firm such as yours of the manner and procedure necessary to bring in a third party defendant. We demand that you do so.”
■ On January 24, 1968, defense counsel addressed this letter to personal counsel:
“By reason of the relationship which have come into existence since you interposed ‘specially’ in this case on behalf of Bay Abercrombie and Jerry Abercrombie, we are of the opinion that a serious conflict of interests exists as between the insurance company and the Abercrombies, and that it is no longer proper for us to represent either.
“The situation is such that it is necessary for each party to be represented by separate attorneys who can deal at arms length.
“We have advised the insurance company by telephone today and they have agreed that we may withdraw as attorneys of record in this case and that we may refer the matter for defense to the law firm of Poore, McKenzie, Both & Bobischon, Silver Bow Block, P. O. Box 341, Butte, Montana, 59701.
■ “Enclosed is form of substitution of attorneys to be signed by the Abercrombies, consent to the substitution of attorneys signed by me and agreement to be substituted to be signed by Poore, McKenzie, Roth and Robischon. I shall assume that either you or the Poore, McKenzie firm will give notice of substitution to the attorneys for the plaintiff.”
On January 25, 1968, personal counsel wrote defense counsel:
“This will acknowledge your letter of January 24, 1968, Which was just now handed to me. ■ I have sent you a telegram advising that demand is made for protecting Abercrombies against the statute of limitations on bringing in as third party defendants National Tank Company and Humble Oil.
“This is to remind you that since the Insurance Company National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has assumed the complete defense of this action in the past and on the basis of the other grounds herefor which we have pointed out to you in previous correspondence, this Insurance Company is held liable and responsible by Abercrombies for full indemnity against the loss here and the pending action.
“At this point Abercrombies are in no position to agree or disagree with any matters concerning the handling of this case. The Insurer has assumed this on a 100% basis and this STANDS.
“This is to therefore specifically advise that Abercrombies cannot take any action whatsoever towards the matters of substitution of attorneys. The Insurer acts at its own peril in this regard and in our opinion this is further evidence of lack of good faith and further lack of adequate protection for the insured as required under any insurance agreement.
“We trust that you realize that the amount demanded in this action can clearly wipe out a lifetime of hard work on the part of the Abercrombies if the plaintiffs are successful. As you must realize there are many possibilities of success here for the plaintiff. With such risk and exposure we will continue to do our utmost to protect Abercrombies at all times and only wish that the Insurer had the same attitude.
“Be advised that Abercrombies will continue to lend their full cooperation and assistance in any regard which is requested.
“We are herewith returning to you unsigned, the proposed substitution documents.”
There appears little need to go further in discussing other exhibits and the transcript of the so-called pre-trial conference. It seems clear to this Court that while personal counsel stresses his desire to cooperate with the insurance counsel he consistently interjects his own views as to the proper procedure to be followed and not only suggests that such course be followed but demands that it be. Where one is acting in the capacity of personal counsel for an insured and in such position having the confidence of his client, to critically and consistently imply that such client’s interest is not being protected by other counsel employed by the insurance carrier to defend his interest in pending litigation, the only result is the destruction of the professional relationship.
If it be true that the course of defense tactics being followed in this cause by counsel for the insurer are incorrect and thereby injury and damage is suffered by the insured, they can be compensated for by appropriate action. Appropriate action is not denying defense counsel the right to withdraw a “courtesy defense,” actually such withdrawal would greatly strengthen the position of the contended insured, if it later appears that he was actually an insured. By this comment we express no opinion as to the relationship existing at any time heretofore, or at this time, between Jerry Abercrombie and the insurance carrier.
Respondent district court was in error when it denied the motion to permit present counsel to withdraw as attorneys of record for Jerry Abercrombie.
Let a writ of supervisory control issue.
ME. JUSTICES HASWELL, ADAIE, CASTLES and JOHN CONWAY HAEEISON, concur.
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Defendant appeals from an order of the District Court, Ravalli County, entered on April 8, 1977. In this order the court “clarified” its earlier order of October 6, 1975, regarding the testing procedure to be used to determine the organic content of peat material.
Plaintiff in the present suit is M. V. “Si” Smith and defendants are Sam T. and Alice I. Foss, husband and wife, and their son, John. In 1968, this Court held that Smith’s lessor was entitled to extract peat from Foss’s property and to the use of surface lands reasonably necessary or incidental to the extraction of peat. State ex rel. Foss v. District Court (1968), 152 Mont. 73, 446 P.2d 707.
Peat basically consists of organic material, minerals (reduced to ash when tested), and water. Because the water content of peat can be easily changed (e. g. by flooding or drying), the percentage of organic material and ash can vary drastically.
Smith filed this present suit in September, 1972 alleging that the Fosses deliberately flooded the peat deposits and access thereto, which prevented Smith from selling any peat. He sought actual and exemplary damages. In November, 1974, the District Court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law finding that the Fosses had deliberately and maliciously prevented Smith from harvesting and selling peat. The District Court awarded Smith both actual and exemplary damages. Judgment was entered accordingly.
In its findings and conclusions, the court determined that Smith was entitled to harvest peat which was “sixty (60) percent or more organic material as determined by a heat or ignition test.” (Finding No. XI, Conclusion No. 3, Nov. 19, 1974). This determination resulted in further controversy between the parties.
The new controversy surrounded the testing procedure to be used to determine the organic content of peat. The October 6, 1975 order was an attempt to end this controversy. In that order, the court specified that the testing procedure to be used was the “ignition method for testing ‘peat’ as set forth in the Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, (AOAC), 11th Edition, 1970.” The court adopted this testing procedure because the parties had agreed to use this testing method.
However, this order did not end the controversy between the parties. Controversy arose then as to whether the court’s order meant that the samples were to be tested “air dried” or “as received” (not allowing for moisture evaporation). Using the “air dried” method, the samples tested averaged well above 60 percent organic matter. Using the “as received” method, none of the samples were above 60 percent.
As a result of this further controversy, Smith, on May 4, 1976, moved the District Court to amend its order of October 6, 1975, to specify that the testing should be conducted on air-dried samples. On April 8, 1977, the court entered an order finding that its earlier order of October 6, 1975, was ambiguous and that the time limitations of Rules 59 and 60, M.R.Civ.P., did not apply to this proceeding. The court then “clarified” its earlier order by specifying that the samples should be air-dried prior to testing. Thereafter, defendants brought this appeal.
On appeal, defendants have raised four issues which may be summarized into one: Where plaintiff’s motion to amend, filed on May 4, 1976, was barred by the time limits in Rules 59 and 60, M.R.Civ.P., which would deprive the District Court of jurisdiction to amend the October 6, 1975 order?
Defendants’ position is that the District Court’s order of April 7, 1977, amended the October 6, 1975 order. They argue that this was an impermissible amendment because plaintiff did not move to amend within the time limits of Rule 59, M.R.Civ.P. Further, they argue that plaintiff’s motion was not timely under Rule 60, which deals with vacating judgments. Defendants maintain that since the October 6, 1975 order was a final order the time limits in the rules must be adhered to be in order to put an end to litigation.
On the other hand, plaintiff argues that the October 6, 1975 order was an interlocutory order that simply decided the testing procedure to be used. He argues that, since it was an interlocutory order, the time limits in Rules 59 and 60, M.R.Civ.P., have no aplication. Further, he argues that the court had the authority to clarify any ambiguity in the October 6, 1975 order. He contends that the April 7, 1977 order clarified the ambiguity in the October 6, 1975 order.
We hold that the District Court’s order of October 6, 1975 was an interlocutory order. In that order, all the court did was approved the testing procedure the parties had agreed upon. The court was not making any final determination of the dispute between the parties because it had done so in the judgment of November, 1974.
In the judgment, the court had said that plaintiff “* * * may remove peat of all types and varieties [from defendants’ property], which is sixty (60) percent or more organic material as determined by a heat or ignition test”. The District Court’s order of October 6, 1975, was entered to enforce this judgment. This order set out a procedure for determining if the peat, which was being removed, was 60 percent organic. Thus, this order was not a final order, but an interlocutory order to enforce the earlier judgment.
After the October 6, 1975 order was entered establishing a testing procedure, the parties disagreed over the testing procedure. Defendants maintained that the samples were to be “as received” for testing, while plaintiff contended that the samples were to be “air dried” for testing. The court had to end this dispute and enforce its judgment. Therefore, the court entered the April 8, 1977 order, to again enforce the judgment.
“‘Every court has inherent power to enforce its judgments and decrees, and to make such orders and issue such process as may be necessary to render them effective, and this power is not affected by the fact that the decree is final.’” Fuller v. Gibbs (1948), 122 Mont. 177, 183, 199 P.2d 851.
We hold that this inherent power of the court to enter such orders as are necessary to enforce a judgment is not to be limited by the time limits in Rules 59 and 60, M.R.Civ.P. That is because such orders are interlocutory orders, and not final ones.
“ * * * So long as a court has jurisdiction over an action, it should have plenary power over its interlocutory orders and should be able to revise them when it is consonant with justice so to do. Court control over an interlocutory order should not be subject to the restrictions of Rule 60(b).” 7 Moore’s Federal Practice ¶60.-20, p. 242.
Both orders were entered to enforce the court’s judgment that plaintiff was entitled to remove peat that was 60 percent organic. The first order, October 6, 1975, did not obtain the result it was intended to. This necessitated the court’s revising this order on April 8, 1977, which was designed to enforce the judgment and end the dispute between the parties.
A court must be able to enforce its judgments. A party that has obtained judgment in his favor must be able to obtain enforcement of the judgment. This power of the court and right of a party are not to be frustrated by the time limits in the Rules of Civil Procedure.
Accordingly, the order of the District Court is affirmed.
MR. JUSTICES DALY, HARRISON, SHEA and SHEEHY concur.
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MR. JUSTICE CASTLES
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the District Court of the Seventeenth Judicial District in favor of the defendants. The appellant will be referred to as the plaintiff and the respondents as the defendant.
The plaintiff, Elsie Grant, brought an action on a complaint in three causes of action. The first was a quiet title action, the second an action to have a deed declared a mortgage, and the third to have a contract for deed cancelled as a elond on title. The third canse of action was abandoned just prior to the trial. The first cause of action has since been abandoned. Various motions and objections were made at and during the course of the trial that have no bearing on this appeal so they will not be set out.
So far as it is important to this opinion, the defendants are in effect just one, Jacob Pattison, and will be referred to as defendant. The general factual background shows that plaintiff owned a 960 acre farm, partly cultivated and partly range land. Prior to January 31, 1949, at various times, plaintiff purchased from defendant farm machinery and had previous advances of credit. Based upon these advances of credit, plaintiff gave defendant a mortgage on the lands in controversy dated January 31, 1949, recorded February 2, 1949. This mortgage secured the repayment of $8,100 in three annual installments of $2,700 on principal plus eight percent interest with installments due on September 1, 1949, 1950, and 1951. No payments were made. Two and one-half years later, plaintiff and defendant discussed a settlement of their business in the office of Thomas Dignan, who was defendant’s attorney. There apparently were some differences between the parties as to the amount of the indebtedness; but, in all events shortly prior to May 25, 1951, a figure of $10,600 was arrived at, and Mr. Dignan was instructed to prepare a deed and bill of sale to defendant in full satisfaction of the existing indebtedness. At the same time the attorney was instructed to prepare a contract for deed from defendant to plaintiff covering the land and machinery whereby plaintiff was to buy back the property for $10,600 payable $1,500 on November 1, 1951; $2,500 on November 1, 1952, 1953, and 1954, and $1,600 on November 1, 1955, with interest on the unmatured balance at eight percent.
On May 25, 1951, the quitclaim deed to the defendant was executed and delivered, and thereafter recorded on June 11, 1951. The bill of sale also was executed and delivered. It is clear, too, from the testimony and as found by the District Court, that the contract for deed, mentioned above, to repurchase the property was executed and delivered.
We say it is clear that this contract for deed was executed and delivered. We should mention though that plaintiff disputed this at the trial, but in a deposition taken on August 14, 1959, admitted it. Plaintiff at the trial insisted that the contract was one for a price of $15,000 in six installments with interest at ten percent. No contract such as this was produced, the trial court disbelieved it; and our reading of the very unsatisfactory evidence concerning it causes us to agree with the trial court.
At this time, there was a cancellation of the existing indebtedness, the pre-existing mortgage for $8,100 was satisfied of record on August 7, 1961, and the transaction was confirmed by a letter of plaintiff to defendant on August 7, 1951.
Plaintiff never made any payments as called for in the contract for deed. On January 29, 1952, defendant caused a notice of cancellation of contract to be served upon plaintiff by registered mail. That notice, in accordance with the terms of the contract, gave plaintiff notice that she was in default and gave sixty days, until April 2, 1952, to pay the purchase price. The return receipt for the registered notice was signed by plaintiff on February 1, 1952. No payments were made and defendant took possession of the land. Since 1952 he has paid all the taxes, leased it, sold parts of it and in every way exercised complete dominion. This, without question by plaintiff, although plaintiff and defendant continued to have business dealings on a monthly basis.
In 1958 and 1959, a speculative land boom was generated by the Glasgow Air Base. At that time, plaintiff then became interested and filed her complaint on May 5, 1959, asserting as previously set out that the deed was in fact a mortgage.
The trial court made extensive findings of fact. Briefly stated these findings were:
1. That on May 25, 1951, Elsie Grant was indebted to Jacob Pattison in the sum of $10,600; on that day Elsie Grant agreed to execute the quitclaim deed and bill of sale in full satisfaction of her indebtedness; that it was understood that Jacob Pattison by the deed became the absolute owner of the land subject to the written contract to repurchase.
2. That on May 25, 1951, the sum of $10,600 was not disproportionate to the value of the property transferred.
3. That the quitclaim deed and bill of sale were executed, pursuant to the agreement, on May 25, 1951, and that contemporaneously there was executed the contract for deed and with specific provision for cancellation upon default.
4. Upon execution of the deed the pre-existing indebtedness was cancelled and satisfied, the notes were redelivered to Elsie Grant; later, on August 7, 1951, the previous mortgage was satisfied of record and Elsie Grant confirmed the settlement in writing.
5. Elsie Grant made no payment on the Contract for Deed, it was properly cancelled according to its terms and Jacob Pattison went into possession on or about April 19, 1952; thereafter Pattison and those claiming under him, were in exclusive possession, had all benefits of the land and paid all taxes delinquent and current.
6. After May 25, 1951, Elsie Grant never claimed the quitclaim deed to be a mortgage; she did farm the land in 1951 under her contract for deed but voluntarily gave up possession after the cancellation and made no claim whatsoever after Jacob Pattison went into possession about April 19, 1952, until the part of the lands adjacent to the Glasgow Air Force Base suddenly boomed in value in the Spring of 1959.
7. That on or about December 26, 1958, the three sons of Jacob Pattison became the owners of an undivided three-fourths of the tract adjacent to the Air Base for a valuable consideration and without any notice of Elsie Grant’s present claims.
The specifications of error challenge certain of the findings of fact from the record, but as we have already indicated, there is substantial credible evidence to sustain the District Court. In fact the evidence overwhelmingly supports the trial court’s findings.
But one contention of the appellant’s specifications of error need be considered here. Appellant urges that the deed in question was, in fact, a mortgage. She urges the doctrine that ‘ ‘ once a mortgage always a mortgage” applies.
However, this court has ruled on this matter contrary to appellant’s contentions. In Donohoe v. Landoe, 126 Mont. 351, 355, 251 P.2d 560, 562, the situation is quite similar to the one here. This court set forth the rules as follows:
“* # * In approaching a consideration of the questions before us we keep in mind that the burden of proof is on him who alleges that a deed absolute on its face is a mortgage to establish the fact by clear and convincing evidence. Lewis v. Bowman, 113 Mont. 68, 121 P.2d 162; Elling v. Fine, 53 Mont. 481, 164 P. 891, Ann.Cas.l918C, 752. This is the rule also in other jurisdictions. 59 C.J.S. Mortgages, § 53, p. 93.
“As to the burden of proof, Murray v. Butte-Monitor T.M. Co., 41 Mont. 449, 110 P. 497, 112 P. 1132, held that the usual rule that the person asserting a deed to be a mortgage has the burden of proof is not applicable to a situation where there is a contemporaneous agreement to reconvey. Here we have such an agreement to reconvey, but this case differs from the Murray case in that here there was a mortgage on the very property in question in existence when the deed was made. If the deed was not what.it purports to be, then it is difficult to conceive of any purpose in making the deed and contract to re-convey.”
In the instant case, there was a deed and a contract to reeonvey.
In Donohoe v. Landoe, supra, this court then went on to say in 126 Mont, at pp. 358, 359, 251 P.2d at p. 563:
“If there is no debt left to be secured as here, then obviously there would be no occasion for any security. Morrison v. Jones, 31 Mont. 154, 77 P. 507. There being no existing indebtedness, the instruments must be taken as they purport to be on their face, viz., a conveyance amounting to a sale with the option in plaintiffs to repurchase. [Citing authorities.]
“The rule is stated in 1 Jones on Mortgages, § 316, pp. 386, 387, as follows: ‘The existence of the debt is the test. If an absolute conveyance be made and accepted in payment of an existing debt, and not merely as security for it, an agreement by the grantee to reconvey the land to the grantor upon receiving a certain sum within a specified time does not create a mortgage, but a conditional sale, and the grantee holds the premises subject only to the right of the grantor to demand a reconveyance according to the terms of the agreement.’
“And in 1 Jones on Mortgages, § 318, pp. 396, 398, it is stated: ‘Where an absolute deed is executed in consideration of a precedent debt, accompanied by an agreement to reconvey to the grantor upon payment of the consideration, a decisive test whether the transaction constitutes a mortgage or a conditional sale is found in the question whether the debt was discharged by the deed or subsisted afterward. An absolute deed delivered in payment of a debt is not converted into a mortgage merely because the grantee therein gives a contemporaneous stipulation binding him to reconvey, on being reimbursed, within an agreed period, an amount equal to the debt and the interest thereon. If the conveyance extinguishes the debt and the parties so intend, so that a plea of payment would bar an action thereon, the transaction will be held an absolute or conditional sale, and not a mortgage.
“ * * The test, therefore, in eases of this sort, by which to determine whether the conveyance is a sale or a mortgage,, is to be found in the question whether the debt was discharged or not by the conveyance. If in the subsequent transactions of the parties there is no recognition in any way of the relation of debtor and creditor, and the vendee for a considerable period. holds possession without paying interest or rent, these facts go to show that there is only an agreement for repurchase and not a mortgage.’ ”
These rules apply here. There was no debt left to be secured. The evidence of indebtedness was given to the plaintiff. The mortgage was satisfied of record. The plaintiff confirmed it all by letter. We cannot conceive of any more clear-cut evidence than was presented.
Additional factors such as the finding that the consideration for the deed was not disproportionate to the value of the property transferred also appear. Because of our holding as to the deed not being a mortgage, it is not necessary to consider the further matters claimed as error. Whether or not the other defendants were innocent purchasers for value, whether the plaintiff was estopped by laches, whether the complaint and proof were insufficient for want of an offer to pay the alleged debt, and whether the action was barred by the statute of limitations need not be considered since they, and each of them, would only be additional reasons for affirming the judgment of the District Court.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON and MR. JUSTICES ADAIR, DOYLE, and JOHN C. HARRISON concur.
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MR. JUSTICE CASTLES
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from a summary judgment granted in favor of the Milk Control Board against Hartford Accident & Indemnity Company in the district court of Lewis and Clark County.
The Montana Milk Control Board, hereinafter referred to as the respondent, brought this action against the bonding company, hereinafter referred to as the appellant, pursuant to section 27-426, R.C.M.1947.
In 1959, the appellant issued a milk distributor’s bond to the Thompson Dairy Company, Inc. of Billings, Montana. Said bond was filed with the respondent board and renewed annually by the dairy. During a routine audit of Thompson Dairy in September, 1963, the board found that the dairy had underpaid its producers in the amount of $29,102.30 over a period from April, 1962 through September, 1963. The dairy protested these findings and an administrative hearing was held by the board on January 13, 1964. The board concluded that the amounts of the claimed underpayments by the dairy to its producers was $23,814.27. On February 7, 1964, Thompson Dairy filed a petition for review on the board’s ruling with the clerk of court in Yellowstone County. However, the petition was never presented to the court, nor was notice ever served upon the Milk Control Board. On March 9, 1965, the board made a voluntary appearance in said case and on July 12, 1966, an administrative rehearing was held. The board made the same findings as it did at the January, 1964 hearing.
The appellant was first officially notified of the claim against the dairy and the potential claim on its bond by letter on February 1, 1967. When this action was instituted, the dairy was in solvent. Complaint in this matter was filed by the board on February 27, 1967.
The sole question presented to this Court is whether or not this action was barred by the running of the statute of limitations. Appellant contends that between the discovery of the shortage of payment in September, 1963, until suit was brought against them in February, 1967, more than three years had elapsed. Therefore, under either the two year statute of limitations in section 93-2607 (1) R.C.M.1947, or the three year statute of limitations in section 93-2605(3) R.C.M.1947, the appellant’s motion for summary judgment should have been granted.
The cause of action does not accrue so as to start the statute of limitations running until the plaintiff has a right of action. The respondents in this case had no right of action until the dairy had exhausted its administrative remedies. Section 27-426, R.C.M.1947, provides as follows:
“* * * Said bond shall be to the state in favor of every producer of milk. In case of failure of the distributor to pay any producer or producers for milk in the manner required by this act, the board shall proceed forthwith to ascertain the names and addresses of all producer-creditors of such distributor, together with the amounts due and owing to them and each of them by such distributor, and shall request all such producer-creditors to file a verified statement of their respective claims with the board. Thereupon the board shall bring an action on the bond on behalf of said producer-creditors * *
In this proceeding the bonded distributor of milk indulged in administrative and court proceedings over a three year period, with the intent to ultimately modify and reduce the amount found due and owing to its producers. The last formal act prior to the filing of this action was the issuance of Supplemental Findings, Conclusions, and Rulings in the Montana Milk Control Board, dated January 9, 1967. The ascertainment of the amounts due each producer-creditor did not occur until January, 1967 and this action was filed in February, 1967, well within the scope of any statute of limitations.
Furthermore, a milk distributor’s bond is intended to protect milk producers who sell milk to licensed distributors and assure them that they will be paid. It would be unjust to construe the statute of limitations in a maimer defeating the very purpose of this bonding statute. The appellants contend that they had no official notice of the suit until February, 1967, yet the voluminous records of this case indicate that they had knowledge of the administrative proceedings with the board much earlier. This Court also cannot say that appellant was prejudiced by the delay caused due to extensive administrative and court proceedings on the part of the distributor.
The judgment is affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON, and MR. JUSTICES HASWELU, JOHN C. HARRISON, and BONNER, concur.
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DECISION
The application of the above-named defendant for a review of the sentence of twenty-five years for Robbery imposed on November 17, 1951, was fully heard and after a careful consideration of the entire matter it is decided that:
The sentence be reduced to twenty-three years.
Although the presumption is that the sentencing judge was correct in his determination, and it is true that the sentence in this case could have been for life or years without limit, nevertheless, it has been made to appear to this Court that the interests of justice, the individual, the crime, and the sentencing goals kept in mind, would be just as well served by making possible present consideration for parole of the defendant with some desirable period of his sentence remaining for supervision. This comparatively small sentence reduction should accomplish that end.
In reaching the conclusion we have, account has been taken of the fact that at the time of sentencing, he had no prior criminal record, yet he received more than twice the number of years usually given for the crime under such a condition. It should also be remarked that at one time defendant was paroled and while on parole suffered other felony convictions.
Contention of the defendant that he has been improperly deprived of good time allowance earned since his conviction is beyond the power of this Court to consider. Its power is limited to “* * review the judgment so far as it relates to the sentence imposed * Section 95-2503, R.C.M. 1947.
SENTENCE REVIEW DIVISION
Philip C. Duncan, chairman; Paul G. Hatfield, Jack D. Shanstrom.
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PER CURIAM.
Original proceeding.. Relators filed application for an appropriate supervisory writ. Counsel were heard in argument and the matter submitted. - ■ . .
The relief sought is refused and the proceeding-is ordered dismissed. '
|
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MR. JUSTICE HARRISON
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from an Order of the District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial District, County of Yellowstone, adjudging Bakker to be an habitual traffic offender and directing him to surrender his drivers license to the Montana Highway Patrol.
The complaint was filed seeking to declare defendant an habitual traffic offender. Thereafter the order to show cause was issued by the District Court requiring him to appear on August 12, 1981. Defendant secured counsel and appeared before the Honorable William J. Speare, sitting without a jury, who deteremined that defendant was an habitual traffic offender under the provisions of our code.
Bakker is a twenty-nine year old truck driver employed by Wymont Beverages. His sole means of support is that of driving trucks. His driving record, as introduced at the hearing showed an accumulation of a status of thirty (30) habitual offender points. The thirty (30) points represent an accumulation of ten (10) speeding violations under the provisions of Section 61-8-312, MCA. These violations occurred between January 15, 1979, and April 20, 1981. During that period the record indicated that the Montana Highway Patrol had corresponded with the defendant warning him of the accumulation of points and counseling him about future violations and the possible loss of his license.
Following post-trial motions for a new trial and to amend findings of fact and conclusions of law, and denial of same, the defendant filed his notice of appeal. The District Court entered an order, pursuant to a stipulation between the parties, staying judgment pending a decision by this Court.
The sole issue before this Court is whether Section 61-8-312, MCA, has been preempted by provisions of Section 61-8-304, MCA.
Three sections of our code are before us in considering the issue presented.
“Declaration of speed limits — exception to the rule. The attorney general filed with the secretary of state a speed limit for all motor vehicles on all public streets and highways in the state whenever the establishment of such a speed limit by the state is required by federal law as a condition to the state’s continuing eligibility to receive funds authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1973 and all acts amendatory thereto or any other federal statute. The speed limit may not be less than that required by federal law, and the attorney general shall by further proclamation change the speed limit adopted pursuant to this section to comply with federal law. Any proclamation issued pursuant to this section becomes effective at midnight of the day upon which it is filed with the secretary of state. A speed limit imposed pursuant to this section is an exception to the requirements of 61-8-303 and 61-8-312, and speed in excess of the speed limit established pursuant to this section is unlawful notwithstanding any provision of 61-8-303 and 61-8-312.” Section 61-8-304, MCA.
“Speed restrictions — basic rule. (1) A person operating or driving a vehicle of any character on a public highway of this state shall drive it in a careful and prudent manner, and at a rate of speed no greater than is reasonable and proper under the conditions existing at the point of operation, taking into account the amount and character of traffic, condition of brakes, weight of vehicle, grade and width of highway, condition of surface, and freedom of obstruction to view ahead, and he shall drive it so as not to unduly or unreasonably endanger the life, limb, property, or other rights of a person entitled to the use of the street or highway.
“(2) Where no special hazard exists that requires lower speed for compliance with subsection (1) of this section, the speed of a vehicle not in excess of the limits specified in this section or established as authorized in 61-8-309, 61-8-310, 61-8-311, and 61-8-313 is lawful, but a speed in excess of those limits is unlawful:
“(a) 25 miles per hour in an urban district;
“(b) 35 miles per hour on a highway under construction or repair;
“(c) 55 miles per hour in other locations during the nighttime, except that the nighttime speed limit on completed sections of interstate highways is 65 miles per hour.
“(3) ‘Daytime’ means one-half hour before sunrise to one-half hour after sunset. ‘Nighttime’ means at any other hour.
“(4) The speed limits set forth in this section may be altered by the highway commission as authorized in 61-8-309, 61-8-310, and 61-8-313.
“(5) The driver of a vehicle shall, consistent with subsection (1), drive at an appropriate reduced speed when approaching and crossing an intersection or railway grade crossing, when approaching and going around a curve, when approaching a hill crest, when traveling upon a narrow or winding roadway and when a special hazard exists with respect to pedestrians or other traffic or by reason of weather or highway condition.” Section 61-8-303, MCA.
“Special speed limitations on trucks, truck tractors, motor-driven cycles, and vehicles towing housetrailers. (1) No person shall operate any truck or truck tractor the gross weight of which exceeds 8,000 pounds at a speed greater than 65 miles per hour on those completed sections of interstate and four-lane divided highways and 60 miles per hour on those completed sections of primary and secondary highways. However, the truck nighttime speed limit shall not exceed that of automobiles as stated in 61-8-303.
“(2) No person shall operate any motor-driven cycle at any time mentioned in 61-9-201 at a speed greater than 35 miles per hour unless such motor-driven cycle is equipped with a headlamp or lamps which are adequate to reveal a person or vehicle at a distance of 300 feet ahead.
“(3) No person shall operate a vehicle which is towing a housetrailer at a speed greater than a maximum of 50 miles per hour.” Section 61-8-312, MCA.
The defendant argues that Section 61-8-312, MCA, has been preempted by the provisions of Section 61-8-304, MCA. In the instant case, action began when the State of Montana charged defendant as an habitual traffic offender. Defendant contends that with the enactment of Section 61-8-304, MCA, by the 1974 legislature, and with its subsequent amendment by the 1979 legislaure, Section 66, Chap ter 421, that under the established rules of statutory construction our legislature clearly intended that Section 61-8-304, MCA, is the controlling statute and preempts Section 61-8-312, MCA, as to speeding offenses. Montana Department of Revenue v. American Smelting and Refining (1977), 173 Mont. 316, 567 P.2d 901, 906; Matter of Senate Bill No. 23, Chapter 491, Montana Session Laws of 1973 (1975), 168 Mont. 102, 540 P.2d 975; Hammill v. Young (1975), 168 Mont. 81, 540 P.2d 971.
We find no argument with the cases cited and have long adhered to the position that in construing a statute the intention of the legislature must be followed, if possible. Section 1-2-102, MCA. However, the intention of legislature must first be determined from the plain meaning of the words used, and if the meaning of the statute can be determined, courts may not go further and apply any other means of interpretation. State ex rel Zander v. District Court (1979), Mont., 591 P.2d 656, 36 St. Rep. 489; Haker v. Southwestern Ry Co. (1978), 176 Mont. 364, 578 P.2d 724. In this case the intent of the legislature can be ascertained from the plain meaning as written.
Section 61-8-304, MCA, makes clear that it is an exception to Sections 61-8-303, MCA, and 61-8-312, MCA, which establish the speed limit at 55 miles per hour. The basic rule statute Section 61-8-303, MCA, provides in subsection (2)(c) that a nighttime speed in excess of 65 miles per hour on the interstate highway is unlawful. The defendant was cited under Section 61-8-312, MCA, which provides that the speed limit for trucks is 65 miles per hour on interstate and four-lane divided highways, and 60 miles per hour on other highways. In addition, it restricts the nighttime speed limit for trucks as the same for automobiles, as stated in Section 61-8-303, MCA.
Here the clear meaning of the statute can be determined according to the plain-meaning rule. As set forth in Sections 61-8-303, MCA, and 61-8-312, MCA, it is obvious that these sections set the speed limits at 60 miles per hour and 65 miles per hour, and that section 61-8-304, MCA, specifically provides that notwithstanding those limits, a speed above 55 miles per hour is unlawful as pursuant to that statute. Therefore, as in this case, a truck exceeding the 55 mile per hour speed limit on a completed section of the interstate, but not exceeding the 65 mile per hour speed limit, would be charged under Section 61-8-304, MCA. However, in the event that the truck exceeded the rate of 65 miles per hour on such a stretch of highway, the driver would be charged under Section 61-8-312, MCA. Rating these two speed limit statutes it is clear that Section 61-8-304, MCA, ensures that it is understood that speeds between 55 and 65 miles per hour are also unlawful. This is made clear by the last sentence of Section 61-8-304, MCA, which indicates that the legislature intended that Section 61-8-312, MCA, remained in effect.
In further clarification of our interpretation as given above, we look to other rules of statutory construction for guidance. That next step in the process of interpretation is looked to the purpose of the statute for guidance in its meaning. See State v. Weese (1982), Mont., 616 P.2d 371, 37 St. Rep. 1620 at 1622.
The purpose of Section 61-8-304, MCA, was simply to put a law on the books that would ensure the continued receipt of federal highway funds, yet, impose no real penalty or hardship on violators. This is evidenced by the minimal $5 (five) fine, and the fact that no points are accessed for violation. See Chapter 60, Laws of Montana (1974). That act provides that the speed limit established by the attorney general shall terminate whenever such speed limit is no longer required by federal law. Section 3, Chapter 60, Laws of Montana (1974).
The purpose of that portion of the statute, or that which is now Section 61-8-304, MCA, was not to revise the statutory scheme relating to speed limits in general. This is made clear by reading of Section 61-8-305(2), MCA, and Section 61-8-306, MCA. Those sections basically provide that the local law may establish lower speed limits than that declared by the attorney general. In addition, to make the intent of the act perfectly clear, Section 7, Chapter 60, Laws of Montana (1974), now codified as Section 61-8-307, MCA, provides:
“This act in no way affects traffic control statutes and violations of existing statutes shall be prosecuted solely as provided therein.”
Obviously, the clear intent of the legislature was to enact a new law when it passed Chapter 60. But, the laws were for a limited purpose, and that purpose was achieved by setting further exceptions to existing traffic laws and without rewriting the entire traffic regulation body of law.
Finally, we note that the appellant argues that Section 61-8-304, MCA, “preempts” other sections, and in so doing, provides for “implied repeal” argument. It has been the long-established rule that repeals by implication are not favorites. Repeals by implication are not favored and courts will make every effort to reconcile the statutes in question to avoid repeals. Kuchan v. Harvey (1978), Mont., 585 P.2d 1298, 35 St.Rep. 1547. See also Lee v. State of Montana (1981), Mont., 635 P.2d 1282, 38 St.Rep. 1729. Mead, Samuel and Co., Inc. v. Dyar (1980), 127 Ariz. 565, 622 P.2d 512.
Based on the above rules of statutory construction, we find it clear that the Montana state legislature did not intend to rewrite the traffic regulations, and that Section 61-8-304 is simply an exception to the other statutes. Here the legislature only passed the section in order to ensure a continued receipt of federal highway funds. Section 61-8-304, MCA, as far as sections 61-8-303, MCA, and 61-8-312, MCA, are concerned, applies only to speed limits between 55 miles per hour and either 60 or 65 miles per hour depending upon the type of highway offense incurred thereon.
The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.
MR. JUSTICES DALY, SHEA, WEBER and SHEEHY, concur.
|
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MR. JUSTICE CASTLES
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the district court of the eleventh judicial district, in the County of Flathead, rendered for the defendant Bank of Columbia Falls as against the plaintiff Evan M. Miller. A default judgment rendered for plaintiff, Evan M. Miller, against the defendant, Pete Walker, lias not been appealed.
In July 1972, A1 Sihrer owned a 1965 Mack logging truck which was mortgaged to the defendant Bank of Columbia Falls ■'(hereinafter referred to as the Bank) for the sum of $5,000. 'On July 18, 1972, Sihrer sold the truck to defendant Walter. Also on July 18, 1972, Walter gave a security interest in the truck to the Bank for a loan of $6,000. $5,000 of this loan went directly to pay off the Bank’s loan to Sihrer. The other $1,000 was deposited into Walter’s checking account with the Bank. This $1,000 arose out of the discussion Walter had with the Bank to the effect that the truck needed a new engine and was for that purpose. On that date, the Bank wrote the following letter:
“bank of COLUMBIA FALLS
“P. O. BOX 280/TELEPHONE (406) 892-3281
COLUMBIA FALLS, MONTANA 59912
“HOWARD AUSTIN, Executive Vice President
“July 18, 1972
“Mr. Pete Walter
“Route 4
“Kalispell, Montana 59901
“Dear Pete:
“This is to advise you that the Bank of Columbia Falls has; committed for a loan of $1,000 for the purchase of the Cummings engine to be used as a replacement engine in your truck. It is understood that this will be put with the $1,000 that you have coming from your accounts receivable for a total of $2,000. to be used in the purchase of this item.
“It is our recommendation that a portion of these funds be held back for a certain number of days to give yourself a chance to install the motor for a trial period. On this basis, we are willing to guarantee these funds to whomever you purchase this engine from subject to the above conditions.
“Very truly yours,
“/s/Howard Austin
“Howard Austin
“Exec. Vice President
“HA/sk”
The district court made the following conclusion of law:
“5. That it was not the intention of the defendant Bank of Columbia Falls that exhibit “A” be a letter of credit or guarantee but a means by which the purchase of said engine could be accomplished.”
Although Walter had previously located an engine in Miller’s, shop in Havre, Austin testified that he did not recall whether there had been any discussion between himself and Walter as. to a particular engine to be purchased with the loan. On July-20, 1972, Walter went to Havre and purchased the engine for $2,000 and a starter for $100. Miller testified that, on the strength of the letter, which he read, he let Walter take the engine and the starter, Walter paying only $1,000 by his personal check at that time. Miller testified that he would not have let Walter take the engine and starter without paying the full price if it had not been for the letter. Miller then attached the letter to the sales slip which he retained.
Walter later installed the engine in the truck. On September 21, 1972, shortly after installation, the Bank repossessed the truck for nonpayment by Walter of his obligation to the Bank. Sometime prior to September 27, 1972, but after the Bank repossessed the truck, Miller contacted Walter about payment of the balance due on the engine and learned of the Bank’s repossession. Miller then contacted the Bank about the matter. On December 29, 1972, the Bank sold the truck to satisfy its security interest.
Miller brought this action in the district court to recover damages for nonpayment of the $1,000 due on the engine and the $100 due on the starter. A default judgment was entered against Walter for the sum of $1,100. Walter is bankrupt. The ease was heard by the court without a jury and judgment was rendered for the Bank. Miller filed a motion to amend judgment to substitute plaintiff’s proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. The court by order dated December 27, 1973, denied Miller’s motion. From the Judgment and order Miller appeals.
The issues raised herein are as follows:
1. Whether the Bank’s letter constitutes a guaranty of the purchase price of the engine purchased by Walter from Miller.
2. If the letter is a guaranty, whether it is binding against the Bank in light of the fact that Miller did not communicate notice of acceptance of the alleged guaranty to Bank.
3. Whether Bank is responsible for payment of the purchase price of the engine merely because it held a security interest in the truck.
From a reading,of the letter that is the subject of this dispute and the facts above enumerated, this Court holds as a matter of law that the letter is a guaranty. Section 30-101, Bi.C.M. 1947, defines “guaranty” to be “* * * a promise to answer for the debt default, or miscarriage of another person.” The Bank specifically uses the word “guarantee”. In addition, the last sentence of the letter is rendered absolutely meaningless if not construed as a collateral promise to another: The Bank had already stated in the first paragraph that they were committed to the loan to Walter. The promise was to answer for the debt of “another”, Walter, in that it was a guaranty “to whomever you purchase this engine from * *
The Bank’s contention that there could be no guaranty because the Bank did not intend the letter to be a guaranty and thus there was no meeting of the minds is without merit. The mutual assent essential to the formation of a contract, in this case a contract of guaranty, must be gathered from the outward objective manifestations of the parties and not by the subjective undisclosed intent of one of the parties. Montana-Dakota Power Co. v. Johnson, 95 Mont. 16, 22, 23 P.2d 956. Wyoming Farm Bureau Mutual Ins. Co. v. Smith, 259 F.Supp. 870, 873 (D-Mont.), aff’d 377 F.2d 918 (9th Cir.); Williston on Contracts, Vol. 1, section 98 (rev. ed. 1936) p. 314.
The Bank next contends that even though the letter is a guaranty, notice of acceptance of the guaranty was not given to the Bank as required by section 30-106, R.C.M. 1947. It reads:
“A mere offer to guaranty is not binding until notice of its acceptance is communicated by the guarantee to the guarantor; but an absolute guaranty is binding upon the guarantor without notice of acceptance.”
Assuming for the purpose of this argument that the letter was not an absolute guaranty but was merely an offer to guaranty, we hold that the notice of Miller’s acceptance was communicated to the Bank at the very latest, shortly after the Bank’s repossession of the truck and that such notice satisfies the requirements of the statute.
In support of our holding, we cite from 1 Corbin on Contracts, Section 68:
“Any attempt to review and criticize the innumerable cases in the field of suretyship and guaranty must be left to monographic treatises on that special topic. The confusion and conflict in that field seem to be due in. large part tó a similar confusion in the general doctrines applicable to all agreements.
“It is beyond question that in many thousands of cases an offer to become guarantor for another has been made in such terms as to induce the offeree to advance money, goods, or services on credit without first sending any notice of acceptance to the offeror. Later,' when demand is made for him to pay the debt of another in accordance with his promise, the guarantor complains of this lack of notice and asserts that his offer was not accepted as the law requires.
“With respect to this, there is nothing peculiar to the relation of suretyship that requires the application of rules different from those applicable in other contracts. One who offers to be surety or guarantor for another can prescribe.or suggest the mode of acceptance, just as in other cases. He can prescribe the giving of notice, by mail or otherwise, if he likes. In very numerous cases, however, he makes no such suggestion; and if the offeree acts as requested, the offer should be held to be accepted.
“In a well known case [Bishop v. Eaton, 161 Mass. 496, 37 N.E. 665], Frank Eaton wrote from Nova Scotia to Bishop in Illinois: “If Harry needs more money, let him have it, or assist him to get it, and I will see that it is paid.’ In reliance on this and at Harry’s request, Bishop indorsed Harry’s note to Stark. This action by Bishop was an operative acceptance that instantly bound Frank Eaton as surety. A telegraphic revocation would have been to late, even though Bishop had not yet written or mailed any notice to Frank that he had complied with the latter’s request. A unilateral contract had been eonsumated by an offered promise requesting action, followed by the offeree’s action as requested. Frank Eaton’s legal duty as surety for Harry may, indeed, be conditional on various events,' including a notice or two, to occur subsequently; but it is not the occurrence of these events that constitutes acceptance of the offer.
‘ ‘ The foregoing reasoning has received much judicial approval; and it is adopted by the American Law Institute. Many of the cases that say that a notice of acceptance is required confuse notice as the required form of acceptance of an offer with a later notice as a condition precedent to the surety’s duty to make payment of the debt.
“An offer to become surety for another may request some promise in return, either by the creditor or by principal obligor. If it does this, a notice that the requested promise is given must be made in order to accept the offer. Mere action in reliance on the surety’s offer would not be enough. * * *”
The Restatement of Security, § 86, in which the terms “guarantor” and “surety” are used synonymously, is in accord:
“Where the surety offers to guarantee an extension of credit to the principal and the credit is extended as the sole consideration for the surety’s promise, the contract is complete upon the extension of credit, but if the surety does not know of the extension of credit and has no adequate means of ascertaining with reasonable promptness and certainty that the credit has been extended and the creditor should know this, the contract of the surety is discharged unless within a reasonable time after the extension of credit the creditor exercises reasonable diligence to notify the surety thereof.”
From the foregoing analysis, it can be readily seen that section 30-106, R.C.M. 1947, is in accord. The statute does not require “acceptance” to be communicated to the guarantor, but merely “notice of its acceptance”. Thus the contract of guaranty was complete when Miller accepted the offer of guaranty by the acts of selling the engine and extending credit to Walter. Thereupon there arose the statutory requirement of notice of acceptance as a condition precedent to the guarantor’s duty to make payment.
Section 30-106, R.C.M. 1947, does not, however, specific within what period of time notice of acceptance must be given by the guarantee to the guarantor. In the absence of such speei fieation, to quote from the Restatement: “* * * the contract of the surety is discharged unless within a reasonable time after the extension of credit the creditor exercises reasonable diligence to notify the surety thereof.” Miller sold the engine to Walter on July 20, 1972. The Bank repossessed the truck on September 21, 1972. Miller contacted the Bank regarding the matter sometime between September 21 and September 27, 1972. The Bank did not sell the truck until December 29, 1972. There is no contention whatsoever that the Bank did not learn of Miller’s acceptance of their offer of guaranty within a reasonable time after his acceptance. Especially is this so in a case such as this where the guarantor is deeply involved financially in the object to which the purchased item is to be attached. There is not, and indeed there cannot be, any contention that the Bank was in any way injured by Miller’s delay in giving notice of acceptance. On a loan of $1,000 for the purchase of the engine, the Bank gained the benefit of a $2,000 engine which it later realized when the truck was repossessed and sold by the Bank. Not only was there no injury, the Bank reaped a windfall.
The Bank next contends that it only guaranteed $1,000 and that its obligation was fulfilled by the deposit of $1,000 in Walter’s checking account. A resolution of this issue turns on the meaning of “those funds” as used in the letter. Miller-testified:
“A. Well, I figured it meant that they had guaranteed the-rest of the purchase price.”
Although he later hedged his answer, to such a point that, this Court is unable to tell what he meant, Mr. Austin’s first, reaction to the question “What does ‘these funds’ mean” was:-.
“A. It goes back to the funds I am talking about in the-first paragraph. These are the funds that we are talking about, in the total picture.”
It is clear that the phrase “these funds” is ambiguous as to-whether it refers to the $1,000 loan, the $1,000 accounts receiv able or tbe $2,000 “total picture”. Any uncertainty in a contract should be interpreted most strongly against the party who caused the uncertainty to exist. Section 13-720, R.C.M. 1947. Thus, we hold that, by guaranteeing “these funds”, the Bank guaranteed the total sum of .$2,000. This interpretation is bolstered by the fact that the Bank did not hand Walter a cashier’s check or in any other way earmark the .$1,000; but, rather, placed it in Walter’s cheeking account to use as he saw fit.
From the view we take of the first two issues raised, it becomes unnecessary to discuss the third issue raised.
The judgment is reversed and remanded the district court with instructions to enter judgment for plaintiff Evan M. Miller against defendant Bank of Columbia Falls in the amount of $1,000.
The judgment is reversed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON and MR. JUSTICES DALY, JOHN C. HARRISON and HASWELL concur.
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PER CURIAM.
On April 26, .1950, Earl E. Foss pleaded guilty to an information filed in the district court of Toole county charging him with the crime of lewd and lascivious conduct involving a 12 year old female child and, thereafter judgment of conviction was rendered and a sentence of five years in the state prison imposed. Since April 26, 1950, Foss has been confined in the state prison serving such sentence. By petition filed dated February 17, 1951, Foss seeks to have this court declare his commitment papers void and to “issue a judgment of one year in Montana State Prison * * * retroactive to April 26, 1950.”
We have checked the representations made in such petition against the records of the district court wherein the sentence was imposed and judgment entered and find that the judgment entered, the minutes of the clerk of the district court and the notes of the official court reporter establish that orderly procedure was followed as prescribed by statute and that a sentence of five years was imposed.
Finding no merit in the petition it is denied and the proceeding dismissed.
|
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MR. JUSTICE WEBER
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Plaintiffs Felix and Florence Miske (Miskes) brought this action in the Seventh Judicial District Court, Wibaux County, for cancellation of an oil and gas lease because of late payment of a bonus rental consideration by Dome Oil to the Miskes. The District Court in a summary judgment found the payment to have been timely. We affirm.
Miskes appeal and raise the following issues:
(1) Did the District Court err in finding the bonus rental payment had been timely paid.
(2) If the bonus rental was not timely paid, would the delay justify a forfeiture of the lease.
Miskes on July 11, 1979, executed an oil and gas lease covering 960 acres of their land to Robert Stirling as lessee. Stirling assigned his interest to Dome Petroleum, which assigned its interest to Dome Oil (Dome). A supplemental agreement executed the same day as the lease provided for a first payment of $4,800, which was made, and a second and final bonus payment of $43,200.00, in the form of a time draft “payable on or before June 24, 1980.” The draft bears the legend “collect directly through First Citizens Bank, Billings, Montana.”
Miskes deposited the draft with their bank, Farmers and Merchants Bank of Beach, North Dakota (Farmers). Farmers forwarded the draft to First Citizens, which received it on April 2, 1980, and notified Dome of the receipt. First Citizens received Dome’s corporate check for payment of the draft on June 23 and deposited it in Dome’s account, setting aside funds for the Miske draft. A First Citizens’ employee made out a cashier’s check and stamped the collection notice “paid” on June 24, the date of required payment under the time draft. Then, noticing the amount of the cashier’s check was wrong, the First Citizens’ employee set the check aside and on June 25 corrected it and mailed it to Farmers. Farmers received the cashier’s check on. June 27; Miskes refused payment on July 1, and ordered the cashier’s check returned to First Citizens. On July 15, 1980, one day before tendering return of original $4,800 payment, Miskes entered into another oil and gas lease with another party on the same property.
I.
Did the District Court err in finding the bonus rental payment had been timely paid?
Both parties agree that First Citizens is a collecting bank. “ ‘Collecting bank’ means any bank handling the item for collection except the payor bank.” Section 30-4-105(d), MCA. Clawson v. Berklund (1980), 37 St.Rep. 892, 610 P.2d 1168. First Citizens was holding the bonus payment draft for the Miskes until it received payment from Dome.
Section 30-4-201(1), MCA, provides:
“Unless a contrary intent clearly appears and prior to the time that a settlement given by a collecting bank for an item is or becomes final (subsection (3) of 3-4-211 and 30-4-212 and 30-4-213) the bank is an agent or a subagent of the owner of the item and any settlement given for the item is provisional.”
The Miskes were the owners of the draft and First Citizens was acting as their agent in the collection of the draft.
The facts as stipulated by the parties, and summarized by the District Court, showed that Dome issued its corporate check payable to First Citizens, and on June 23, 1980, First Citizens received and acknowledged the check and cover letter. The stipulated facts further show that on June 24, 1980, a First Citizens’ employee prepared a cashier’s check for $43,221.00 instead of the correct $43,201.00, and marked the collection notice “paid.” First Citizens then voided the erroneous cashier’s check, and on June 25, 1980, issued a new cashier’s check for the correct amount, stamped the draft paid on June 25, and forwarded the cashier’s check to Farmers by mail.
The parties further stipulated as to the following facts: “That funds sufficient to pay the time draft payable on or before June 24, 1980 to Plaintiffs drawn by Robert L. Stirling as drawer and drawee were received by First Citizens Bank on June 23, 1980 and dedicated for such payment;” In addition, the District Court found the following facts from the stipulated exhibits and the uncontradicted affidavit of Donald Hanson, Vice President of First Citizens:
“16. Payment of time drafts by deposit of a cashier’s check in the U.S. mails on the date the draft is due is a commonly accepted practice within the banking industry and a practice followed in previous transactions between Farmers and Merchants Bank and First Citizens Bank.
“17. The statutory midnight deadline by which First Citizens Bank was obligated to pay or return the draft was at 12:00 midnight on June 25, 1980.”
Section 30-4-211, MCA, describes in paragraph (1) the items which a collecting bank may take in settlement, and these items do not include an individual or corporate check. Miskes’ argument appears to basically be that since Dome sent its corporate check to First Citizens rather than a cashier’s check or other form of remittance specifically authorized in section 30-4-211, MCA, no final payment by Dome was made or could occur until the Miskes actually had cash in hand which, of course, was subsequent to the June 24 due date. In considering the matter of payment, it is also well to distinguish from final settlement as contemplated under the U.C.C. As such, we are not specifically involved here with a question of final settlement.
Under this issue, we are required to determine when payment in fact was made to the Miskes, if at all. We do not find any statutes which deal with the determination of the time when final payment occurs in transactions involving collecting banks such as between First Citizens and Farmers. Farmers and Merchants National Bank v. Boardwalk National Bank, 101 N.J.Super. 528, 245 A.2d 35, cert. den., 52 N.J. 492, 246 A.2d 452 (1968), is a case which is directly comparable to the present fact situation. In the New Jersey case, drafts drawn on a private company were delivered to a collecting bank and subsequently accepted by the drawee. The drawee delivered its company check to the bank in payment of the drafts and the collecting banks stamped the draft “paid” and returned them to the company. The next day the company discovered the drafts had been paid in error, and returned them to the collecting bank and wrote the words “stamped in error” over the paid stamps. The collecting bank then notified the prior endorsers that the drafts were dishonored. A prior collecting bank sued and in ruling that the payment had in fact been made and that the subsequent dishonor was invalid, the New Jersey court in part stated:
“As a collecting bank, Boardwalk was Farmers’ agent authorized to receive payment of the drafts [citing the Uniform Commercial Code section comparable to our section 30-4-201(1), MCA], and obligated to seasonably transmit the payment through appropriate channels to Farmers.
“Payment of an instrument to a collecting bank is the equivalent of payment to its principal, the owner of the instrument, and constitutes an absolute discharge thereof. [Citing 10 Am.Jur.2d, Banks section 697] The payment was final as far as Farmers was concerned . . . “ Farmers, 245 A.2d at 39.
The trial court in the present case entered the following conclusion of law:
“1. First Citizens Bank of Billings is a collecting bank by virtue of the ‘collect directly through’ language contained in the draft. As a collecting bank, First Citizens Bank of Billings acted as an agent for plaintiffs, owners of the obligation, under section 30-4-201(1), Montana Code Annotated (MCA). The first ground for decision in favor of defendants, therefore, is that payment to a duly authorized agent constitutes payment to the principal and discharges the obligation. The dedication of funds from defendant Dome Oils’ account by First Citizens Bank on June 23, 1980, constituted payment of the draft and discharged all liability of defendants on the obligation.”
We adopt the rule of Farmers and Merchants National Bank v. Boardwalk National Bank, and hold that the receipt of the Dome check by First Citizens and the dedication of funds by First Citizens on June 23, 1980, constituted payment of the draft.
Following receipt of payment by Dome, First Citizens was then obligated to send its remittance check by a “reasonably prompt method taking into consideration any relevant instructions, the nature of the item, the number of such items on hand, and the cost of collection involved and the method generally used by it or others to present such items.” Section 30-4-204, MCA. In order to determine if the bank seasonably forwarded its cashier’s check to Farmers, it is necessary to determine the midnight deadline. Section 30-4-104(1)(h), MCA, defines midnight deadline as follows:
“(h) ‘Midnight deadline’ with respect to a bank is midnight on its next banking day following the banking day on which it receives the relevant item or notice or from which the time for taking action commences to run, whichever is later;” (Underscoring added).
Here, the time for taking an action commenced on June 24, 1980, giving First Citizens up to midnight on June 25, its next banking day, in which to mail its cashier’s check. By mailing its cashier’s check before the midnight deadline of June 25, 1980, First Citizens acted in accordance with the instructions given by Farmers and also in accordance with the general practice used by banks as established by the uncontradicted affidavit of Donald L. Hanson which in part stated:
“That it is a commonly accepted practice within the bank ing industry to pay time drafts on the date designated for payment on the time draft by depositing of a cashier’s check in the U.S. mails.
“That First Citizens Bank has had transactions involving time drafts with Plaintiffs’ bank, Farmers and Merchants Bank of Beach, North Dakota, for many years and continues to have such transactions and, further, that such time drafts are normally paid by deposit of a cashier’s check in the U.S. mails on the date the time draft is payable . . .”
We hold that payment by Dome of the bonus rental payment was timely and it is therefore not necessary to discuss the other issues raised by appellant.
We affirm.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL, and JUSTICES SHEA and MORRISON concur.
MR. JUSTICE DALY would reverse.
|
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MR. JUSTICE HARRISON
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the District Court of the Eleventh Judicial District, Flathead County, declaring Dennis D. Thornton guilty of obstructing a peace officer or other public servant, aggravated assault, and escape, in violation of Section 45-7-302, MCA, Section 45-5-202, MCA, and Section 45-7-306, MCA, respectively. We affirm.
On August 31, 1983, in the afternoon, Art Sarnow, an enforcement officer with the Montana Department of Highways, observed a tractor-trailer hauling a skidder and caterpillar which appeared to be overweight and overwidth. Officer Sarnow gave pursuit. He activated the pursuit lights on the top of his patrol car, but the truck did not stop. Officer Sarnow continued to pursue, and at one point drew up along side the truck and motioned to the driver to pull over. Finally, after three miles of pursuit, the truck pulled off the highway onto a private driveway.
Officer Sarnow approached the driver of the truck, Gary Wood, as he emerged from the vehicle and asked him to produce various permits and records. In the meantime, Officer Sarnow observed the passenger in the truck, defendant Dennis Thornton, who went to the rear of the trailer and began unchaining the skidder with the evident intention of removing it from the trailer. Since Officer Sarnow intended to weigh the trailer with his portable scales to determine if it was overweight, he went to the rear of the trailer to ask Thornton not to unload it at this time. When his request was ignored, Officer Sarnow repeated the request. Thornton again ignored Officer Sarnow’s request, and continued to unchain the skidder.
After talking further with Mr. Wood and continuing to observe Thornton unchain the skidder and prepare to remove it, Officer Sarnow returned to Thornton and advised him that he was under arrest for refusing to allow the weighing of the trailer. At this time, Thornton lifted a chain binder above his head and threatened to bash Officer Sarnow’s head-in if he did not get away.
Officer Sarnow retreated from Thornton in fear of his own safety, and called for police assistance on his radio. At this point, Officer Sarnow repeated to Thornton that he was under arrest and should not remove the skidder. Thornton continued to unload the skidder and caterpillar and after doing so, prepared to leave alone in a pickup. Officer Sarnow again informed Thornton that he was under arrest and should not leave. Thornton then left the scene and was later apprehended.
Thornton was subsequently found guilty in Justice Court on October 18, 1983, of the misdemeanor charge of obstructing a peace officer or other public official in violation of Section 45-7-302(1), MCA. Thornton then appealed his conviction to the District Court and the appeal was consolidated with the two felony charges of aggravated assault and escape in violation of Section 45-5-202(l)(c), MCA, and Section 45-7-306(3)(b)(ii), MCA, respectively. A jury trial commenced on March 19, 1984, and Thornton was found guilty of all three charges. He was sentenced to a total of five years imprisonment with two years suspended, and was given two $500 fines. Defendant appeals his convictions.
The following issues are raised by this appeal:
(1) Whether the defendant was entitled to an instruction on resisting arrest?
(2) Whether an escape from “official detention” actually occurred in the present case as required by Section 45-7-306, MCA?
(3) Whether the defendant’s conviction on the three crimes charged constitutes double jeopardy?
The first issue raised by defendant contends that the trial court committed reversible error by not instructing the jury that the offense of resisting arrest was a lessor included offense of aggravated assault. As the defendant correctly points out, it is a basic rule in this state that the trial court’s instructions must cover every issue or theory having support in the evidence. State v. Buckley (1976), 171 Mont. 238, 557 P.2d 283. The defendant also correctly recognizes that:
“. . .a defendant is entitled to instructions on lessor included offenses if any evidence exists in the record which would permit the jury to rationally find him guilty of a lessor offense and acquit him of a greater.” State v. Ostwald (1979), 180 Mont. 530, 538, 591 P.2d 646, 651. However, while the defendant correctly recognizes the law in this area, he fails to apply it to his own case. The facts clearly illustrate defendant was given a lessor included offense instruction which follows the rationale set forth in Ostwald, quoted above.
The trial court record states the following instruction was read and given to the jury:
“A person commits the offense of aggravated assault, a felony, if he purposely or knowingly causes reasonable apprehension of serious bodily injury in another by use of a weapon.
“If you do not find that the defendant purposely or knowingly caused reasonable apprehension of serious bodily injury in another by use of a weapon, but you do find that he purposely or knowingly caused reasonable apprehension of bodily injury in another, you may, nevertheless, find him guilty of the lessor included offense of assault, a misdemeanor.”
The record clearly shows that defendant obtained an instruction on the lesser included offense of simple assault, a misdemeanor. This instruction amply covered defendant’s version of the event as well as resisting arrest could have. Under the facts of this case, there was no material difference between the offenses of resisting arrest and simple assault. Consequently, if the jury had accepted defendant’s version of the event, it could have found him guilty of simple assault and acquitted him of aggravated assault. Defendant was not, as he argues, deprived of his opportunity to have the jury consider his version of the event, because the lesser included offense instruction on simple assault was sufficient for this purpose. In short, defendant suffered no harm by the trial court’s refusal to accept his last-minute proposed instruction on resisting arrest. This Court fails to see how defendant’s situation differs substantially from the rationale set forth and endorsed by defendant in Ostwald, quoted above.
Defendant also presents the case of State v. Gopher (Mont. 1981), 633 P.2d 1195, 38 St.Rep. 1521, as authority for the proposition that he was entitled to an instruction on the lesser included offense of resisting arrest. However, the danger adverted to in Gopher, that the jury would believe defendant guilty of some offense and would convict him of the felony offense because it had no other choice, was not present in the instant case. The jury in the instant case was instructed on the lesser included offense of simple assault. Consequently, the jury, had it believed defendant’s version of the event, could have found him guilty of simple assault. The situation present in Gopher that the jury could have been forced to find the defendant guilty — that is, the jury may not have wanted to let the defend ant’s actions go unpunished so they chose to find him guilty of aggravated assault because the only alternative was acquittal — simply does not exist in the instant case. Therefore, we hold the District Court did not commit reversible error by refusing defendant’s instruction on resisting arrest.
The second issue raised by defendant asks this Court to consider whether an escape from “official detention” actually occurred in the present case. As noted above, defendant was charged and convicted with the offense of escape, a felony, in violation of Section 45-7-306, MCA. Defendant asserts that he was wrongly convicted of this offense because the State never provided any evidence whatsoever that defendant escaped from “official detention” which is a necessary element of the charge of escape. We disagree.
Section 45-7-306(2) and (3)(b)(ii), MCA, define the offense of escape in pertinent part as follows: “A person subject to official detention commits the offense of escape if he knowingly or purposely removes himself from official detention ... by the use or threat of force.” Section 45-7-306(1) further defines in pertinent part that the phrase “official detention” means “detention by a peace officer pursuant to arrest.” In light of these statutes, this Court asserts, and both parties agree, that a valid arrest is an underlying element of “official detention” and also, therefore, is an underlying element of the offense of escape. Consequently, it becomes necessary to examine the facts of this case and the law of Montana to determine if the defendant was placed under a valid arrest.
The pertinent statute in Montana with regard to the method of a valid arrest is Section 46-6-104, MCA. This statute provides in pertinent part: “An arrest is made by an actual restraint of the person to be arrested or by his submission to the custody of the person making the arrest.” Defendant argues because he did not submit to the custody of Officer Sarnow nor was he physically restrained by Officer Sarnow, a valid arrest never occurred. Conversely, the State argues that a physical restraint of the defendant was not a necessary element of a valid arrest. We agree with the State.
Montana has had virtually no reported cases under its arrest statute (Section 46-6-104), but since it was in large part adopted from Illinois some of their cases are instructive. In People v. Ussery (1974), 24 Ill.App.3d 864, 321 N.E.2d 718, 720-721, an Illinois Appellate court outlined the elements of arrest:
“An arrest involves three elements: (1) authority to arrest; (2) as sertion of that authority with intention to affect an arrest; and (3) restraint of the person arrested.” [Citations omitted.]
Clearly, applied to the facts of this case, the first two elements of an arrest are satisfied. Officer Sarnow by statute had authority to arrest the defendant and he obviously asserted his authority with the intention of arresting the defendant. The only remaining question is whether there was restraint of the defendant.
In resolving the question of restraint, there are some, mostly older, cases which hold that an oral statement of arrest without any physical touching is not sufficient for a valid arrest. See 5 Am.Jur.2d Arrest Section 1; People v. Jackson (1968), 98 Ill.App.2d 238, 240 N.E.2d 421. However, most modern courts are examining all circumstances surrounding an arrest, in which case an oral statement may be sufficient. People v. Miller (1980), 89 Ill.App.3d 973, 412 N.E.2d 175; Bey v. State (Fla. 1978), 355 So.2d 850; State v. White (1981), 209 Neb. 218, 306 N.W.2d 906. The Maine Supreme Court recently refused to apply a requirement of physical touching for an arrest:
“Defendant’s counsel concedes that defendant would have been validly arrested if Trooper Gallant had also merely placed his hand on defendant’s arm or shoulder. There is no reason for making the validity of an arrest in the present circumstances turn on such an insignificant formality, reminiscent of the medieval livery of seisin.” State v. Donahoe (Me. 1980), 420 A.2d 936, 938.
Therefore, the view that a physical restraint is a necessary element of an arrest is largely discredited in recent cases. We agree with this position. Furthermore, we assert that the standard for an arrest when there is not a physical restraint of the defendant is whether a reasonable person, innocent of any crime, would have felt free to walk away under the circumstances. Miller, 412 N.E.2d at 179; United States v. Johnson (9th Cir. 1980), 626 F.2d 753; United States v. O’Connor (9th Cir. 1981), 658 F.2d 688. This standard drops any technical requirements for an arrest and the concept of restraint, and instead looks upon all the facts and circumstances of each case.
We agree with the State that where the entire circumstances of this encounter are fairly examined, it is clear that any reasonable person would have considered himself under arrest and not free to walk away. Officer Sarnow was wearing a law enforcement uniform with a badge and had the obvious authority to arrest the defendant; Officer Sarnow advised the defendant he was violating the law; and Officer Sarnow repeatedly told the defendant he was under arrest and should not leave the scene. Consequently, we hold the defendant was properly charged with the offense of escape when he, after being validly arrested, secured his release by threat of physical force or violence.
The third and final issue raised by defendant asks this Court to consider whether the defendant’s conviction on the three crimes charged constitutes double jeopardy. Defendant’s argument on this issue is sketchy, but he appears to be arguing that double jeopardy existed on all three charges because all three charges arose out of the same incident. Defendant apparently fails to understand the concept of double jeopardy and the applicable law in this area.
Defendant’s argument relies upon the holding found in Blockburger v. United States (1932), 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S.Ct. 180, 182, 76 L.Ed. 306, 309, which states:
“The applicable rule is that where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one is whether each provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not.”
The so-called Blockburger rule has been adopted by statute in Montana at Section 46-11-502, MCA.
The first sentence of Section 46-11-502, MCA, states: “When the same transaction may establish the commission of more than one offense, a person charged with such conduct may be prosecuted for each such offense.” The statute goes on to enumerate some exceptions to this statement. Defendant, however, has not indicated which exception he relies on, but his argument appears to center around exception (1). This exception states: “[Defendant] may not, however, be convicted of more than one offense if . . . one offense is included in the other.”
In a series of recent cases this Court has clarified the application of the Blockburger rule and Section 46-11-502. To determine if one offense is includable within another, the analysis looks to the statutory elements, not the particular factual situation. State v. Ritchson (Mont. 1981), 630 P.2d 234, 38 St.Rep. 1015; State v. Wells (Mont. 1983), [203 Mont. 337,] 658 P.2d 381, 40 St.Rep. 127. If each offense contains an element different than the other there is no inclusion, even though there may be a substantial overlap in proof. State v. Madera (Mont. 1983), [206 Mont. 140,] 670 P.2d 552, 558, 40 St.Rep. 1558, 1564, citing Iannelli v. United States (1975), 420 U.S. 770, 785, fn. 17, 95 S.Ct. 1284, 1294, fn. 17, 43 L.Ed. 616, 627, fn. 17.
The criminal offenses involved in this case are aggravated assault, escape, and obstructing a peace officer. It can readily be determined that each of these offenses are separate. The elements of aggravated assault are: (1) purposely or knowingly, (2) cause, (3) reasonable apprehension of serious bodily injury in another, (4) by use of a weapon. The elements of escape are: (1) knowingly or purposely, (2) removing himself from official detention, (3) by use or threat of force, physical violence or weapon, (4) after having been placed under arrest by a peace officer and being subject to official detention. Thus escape and aggravated assault are readily distinguishable: escape requires an arrest and removal from official detention, neither of which is required for aggravated assault; aggravated assault requires a reasonable apprehension of serious bodily injury, whereas escape requires only a use or threat of force, physical violence or weapon.
The misdemeanor offense, obstructing a peace officer, has these elements: (1) knowingly, (2) obstructs, impairs, or hinders, (3) the enforcement of the criminal law, the preservation of the peace, or the performance of a government function. The third element is not common to either of the other offenses and makes it readily distinguishable from the two. Likewise each of the other offenses contains at least one element not common to the offense of obstructing a peace officer: aggravated assault requires a reasonable apprehension of serious bodily injury and escape requires an arrest.
In light of the above discussion, defendant has not shown that the charges against him meet any of the exceptions set forth in Section 46-11-502, including exception (1). In his argument, defendant merely asserts that the different charges were born of the same transaction and thus were a violation of the United States Constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy. However, as Section 46-11-502, quoted above, makes clear, different charges may, and often do, arise from a single or closely related event. The critical inquiry is whether the statutory elements of the various offenses are wholly includable within one another. Here, the offenses of aggravated assault, escape, and obstructing a peace officer, examined by their statutory elements, are not co-extensive. Each has at least one element which distinguishes it from the other offenses. Therefore, this Court holds the defendant’s convictions on the three crimes charged does not constitute double jeopardy.
The convictions of the defendant are affirmed.
MR. JUSTICES WEBER, SHEEHY, GULBRANDSON and HUNT concur.
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MR. JUSTICE
DALY delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal brought by the survivors and the personal representative of the estate of Oscar F. Johnson. Johnson was killed as a result of an automobile collision in Billings, Montana, in July 1976. At the time of the accident, Johnson was a passenger in an automobile driven by John Schaefer and insured by defendant Allstate Insurance Company. Schaefer’s policy with Allstate had a liability limit of $10,000 as well as an uninsured motorist endorsement. The other automobile involved in the accident was not insured.
Johnson’s heirs and personal representative filed claims with Allstate, which in turn offered to pay the claimants the policy limit of $10,000, applicable to the injury or death of one person. The heirs and personal representative contended they were entitled to more compensation, arguing that the Motor Vehicle Safety Responsibility Act, at section 53-438, R.C.M. 1947, now section 61-6-103 MCA, required the insurer to pay at least $25,000 in compensation for Oscar Johnson’s death.
At Allstate’s suggestion, appellants commenced a declaratory action in the District Court, Yellowstone County, seeking to have the policy limits declared to be $25,000 rather than $10,000. The District Court ruled in favor of defendant Allstate’s motion to dismiss on September 7, 1978. In a memorandum accompanying that order, the District Court stated the issue presented to it as whether the law required liability coverage of at least $25,000, regardless of the agreed-upon terms of the policy:
“The complaint seeks to establish that Montana law requires motor vehicle liability coverage for bodily injury to be in the sum of $25,000 regardless of any lesser stated limits in the issued policy ($10,000 in this case) ...”
On appeal the heirs and personal representative present a new theory — namely, that section 40-4403, R.C.M.1947, now section 33-23-201 MCA erttitles them to greater compensation than the stated liability limits of the Allstate policy. Appellants contend that section 40-4403 requires an insurer to provide at least $25,000 per person and $50,000 per accident of uninsured motorist coverage and that they are therefore entitled to $15,000 of that coverage under the uninsured motorist endorsement of Johnson’s policy with Allstate. We conclude that the District Court correctly decided the issue presented to it, and that appellants may not raise, for the first time on appeal, the issue of whether they are entitled to uninsured motorist benefits under Schaefer’s policy.
A. Appellant’s statutory limits argument.
The issue of whether an automobile owner must have a particular amount of liability insurance or liability insurance covering particular situations has been before this Court on several previous occasions. In Northern Assurance Company of America v. Truck Insurance Exchange (1968), 151 Mont. 132, 439 P.2d 760, the issue was whether an exclusion in a liability policy was consistent with the statutory policy of the Motor Vehicle Safety Responsibility Act. The Court reasoned that the exclusion was “not violative of public policy” because the law required liability insurance in only certain specified instances, and that a policy which the owner voluntarily obtained was not subject to the coverage requirements.of the Safety Responsibility Act. 151 Mont. at 136-37, 439 P.2d at 763.
In Boldt v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. (1968), 151 Mont. 337, 443 P.2d 33, an injured plaintiff sought to have a clause in a liability policy declared void because it conflicted with the Safety Responsibility Act, The Court again ruled that the Act’s requirements “are not absolute but are applicable under certain circumstances and are subject to certain limitations and exceptions.” 151 Mont. at 341, 443 P.2d at 35. The Court reasoned that the law required an automobile owner to carry liability insurance as proof of financial responsibility in only certain specified cir cumstances, and otherwise “is not required to post proof of future financial responsibility at all.” 151 Mont. at 343, 443 P.2d at 36. Since an owner may not be required to purchase liability insurance at all, the Court concluded that the requirements applicable to policies issued and certified as proof of financial responsibility had no application to policies which owners .voluntarily obtain. 151 Mont. at 343-44, 443 P.2d at 36. See also, Universal Underwriters Insurance Co. v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. (1975), 166 Mont. 128, 134, 531 P.2d 668, 672.
Appellants argued before the District Court that several amendments to section 53-438 changed the application of the statute making it applicable to all automobile liability policies issued in Montana. They make no mention of that argument in their briefs on appeal, however.
Under the rule established in Northern Assurance and Boldt, the argument that the Safety Responsibility Act requires the insurer to issue liability policies with no less than $25,000 coverage must be rejected. In this case, as in Northern Assurance and Boldt, the owner voluntarily obtained the liability coverage. There is no statutory basis upon which to require this voluntary policy to be construed as providing more than the $10,000 coverage which its terms show.
B. Appellants’ Uninsured Motorist Argument.
Appellants argue that section 40-4403 requires the insurer to provide at least $25,000/50,000 uninsured motorist coverage along with any- liability policy it issues, and that they are entitled to $15,000 compensation from the owner’s uninsured motorist policy with Allstate. Their position is that because the owner had only $10,000 of liability coverage, he was uninsured to the extent of the difference between his liability coverage and the uninsured motorist coverage required by the statute.
A review of the briefs of both parties before the District Court indicates this argument is raised for the first time on appeal. The District Court was presented with, and decided only, the question of whether the Safety Responsibility Act’s coverage re quirements applied to the owner’s liability policy. Therefore, appellants may not now raise the issue of uninsured motorist coverage.
It is well settled that a party “may not change his theory on appeal to this Court from that advanced in the trial court.” Chamberlain v. Evans (1979), 180 Mont. 511, 591 P.2d 237, 240. See also, Sturdevant v. Mills (1978), 177 Mont. 137, 580 P.2d 923, 925, 35 St.Rep. 839, 842. Appellants argue, however, that the theory of uninsured motorist coverage presents a question of law only, and therefore need not be presented to the District Court in advance of the appeal. They urge further that a declaratory judgment action presents a unique situation, because such an action is brought solely for the purpose of determining issues of law, and that an appellate court may consider these issues de novo.
The Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act, section 93-8907, R.C.M. 1947, now section 27-8-312 MCA, provides that “[a]ll orders, judgment and decrees.” Only one Montana decision directly construes section 93-8907 and that decision concerns appellate review of factual findings:
“In a declaratory judgment action . . the district court determines issues of fact in the same manner as issues of fact are determined in other [proceedings]. Section 93-8909, R.C.M.1947. We review the action of the district court the same as in other proceedings. Section 93-8907, R.C.M. 1947.” State Highway Commission v. West Great Falls Flood Control and Drainage District (1970), 155 Mont. 157, 171, 468 P.2d, 753, 761.
Courts in other Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act jurisdictions have considered more precisely the issue of whether an appellant has more latitude to alter his theory on appeal in a declaratory action than in other types of civil actions, and have concluded that he does not. Board of Supervisors of Fairfax County v. Williams (1975), 216 Va. 49, 216 S.E.2d 33, 39, n. 3; City of St. Louis v. Missouri Commission on Human Rights (Mo.1974), 517 S.W.2d 65, 71, Crowe v. Wheeler (1968), 165 Colo. 289, 439 P.2d 50, 53; Goldberg v. Valve Corporation of America (1967), 89 Ill.App.2d 383, 233 N.E.2d 85, 90. In each of these decisions the courts ruled that they would not determine legal issues which the parties failed to present to the trial court, either by objection or by pleadings.
It is clear that appellants here have changed their theory on appeal. At the District Court level, they sought a declaration that section 53-438, R.C.M.1947, required the insurer to provide Schaefer with $25,000 of motor vehicle liability coverage (paragraphs V-VII of complaint, and paragraph 1 of prayer for judgment). On appeal, they state an entirely different theory, involving an uninsured motorist claim: “Because Allstate failed to provide liability coverage equalling the minimum amount set at section 53-438, R.C.M.[1947], (Supp. 1977), Schaefer should be considered an uninsured driver and Velte, et ah, are entitled to recover under the uninsured motorist section of the Allstate policy.” (Emphasis added.) The rule applied to new theories raised' on appeal is the same for actions brought under the Declaratory Judgment Act as it is for other civil actions. Therefore, we will not determine appellants’ uninsured motorist claim.
The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL and JUSTICES HARRISON, SHEA and SHEEHY concur.
|
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HARRISON
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
In this cause a rehearing was granted and it appearing that the opinion heretofore promulgated herein should be redrafted, the same is hereby withdrawn and the following opinion substituted therefor.
This is an appeal by the State Board of Equalization from a judgment of the district court of the thirteenth judicial district whereby assessments by the State Board of Equalization for ad valorem tax purposes of the property of two oil product pipe line companies, the Yellowstone Pipe Line Company, and the Oil Basin Pipe Line Company, were set aside in part as excessive, discriminatory, and in contravention of the provisions of sections 1 and 11 of Article XII, and section 27 of Article III, of the Constitution of Montana, and in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The pipe line compa nies, hereafter referred to as “Yellowstone” and “Oil Basin”, each brought suit to recover taxes paid under protest to the assessor of Yellowstone County, Montana. The causes were consolidated for trial upon stipulation of the parties.
Both pipe line companies appealed from the findings below that their property was correctly placed in Class 7 under section 84-301, R.C.M. 1947, the Montana Classification statute, each contending that its proper classification is Class 4, i. e., “land, town and city lots, with improvements, manufacturing and mining machinery, fixtures, and supplies.1 ’
Since November 14, 1954, Oil Basin has been engaged in business as a common carrier, transporting refined oil products from Billings to Glendive, Montana, via an underground pipe line. Its pipe line extends 234.776 miles through Yellowstone, Treasure, Rosebud, Custer, Prairie, and Dawson Counties. Oil Basin also owns personal property used in its business which is located in Yellowstone County, Montana.
Since September 30, 1954, Yellowstone has been engaged in business as a common carrier, transporting oil products between Billings, Montana, and Spokane, Washington. It owns 440.65 miles of 10 inch pipe in Montana, traversing the counties of Yellowstone, Stillwater, Sweetgrass, Park, Gallatin, Jefferson, Broadwater, Lewis and Clark, Powell, Granite, Missoula, Lake, and Sanders; 4.16 miles of 8 inch pipe in Yellowstone County; 4.20 miles of 4 inch pipe in Yellowstone County, and delivery facilities, pump stations, and other property necessary to its business.
In 1955, both Yellowstone and Oil Basin filed reports with the State Board of Equalization wherein the financial condition of each company was shown along with statements showing the mileage of pipe to be found in the various counties and school districts through which the pipe lines pass.
The State Board of Equalization, hereinafter referred to as the Board, considered the property of both Yellowstone and Oil Basin to be “property * * * which constitute a single and con tinuous property throughout more than one county” within the meaning o£ section 84-901, R.C.M. 1947, and subject to assessment by the Board by virtue of section 84-905, R.C.M. 1947.
The Board then assessed all the properties of Oil Basin at a figure of $3,856,166. From this sum the Board deducted the value of property which had been locally assessed by the county assessors of Dawson and Yellowstone Counties in the amount of $99,750. The remainder $3,756,416 was apportioned among the counties through which Oil Basin’s pipe line pass at the rate of $16,000 per mile. In Yellowstone County, where Oil Basin owned 74.374 miles of pipe line, the Board notified the County Assessor that Oil Basin’s property in Yellowstone County had an assessed valuation of $1,189,984. Further, the Board classified the pipe line property of Oil Basin as property in Class 7, within the meaning of section 84-301, R.C.M. 1947.
The property of Yellowstone in Montana was assessed by the Board at $8,468,250. From this figure, the Board deducted the value of Yellowstone’s property which was locally assessed by the County Assessors of Yellowstone, Gallatin, Lewis and Clark, Missoula, Sanders, Granite, and Sweetgrass Counties in the aggregate of $303,984. The remaining figure, $8,164,266, was apportioned among the counties through which Yellowstone’s pipe line passed at the rate of $18,310 per mile for 10 inch pipe, $16,000 per mile for 8 inch pipe, and $7,000 per mile for 4 inch pipe. Yellowstone’s property in Yellowstone County was assessed at $513,978. Yellowstone’s property also was placed in Class 7 under section 84-301, R.C.M.1947.
Both Oil Basin and Yellowstone applied to the Board for a hearing and petitioned for a reassessment and a reclassification of their respective properties. After a hearing before the Board on September 19, 1955, the Board denied any relief.
Oil Basin’s taxes for Yellowstone County were computed at $37,944.01 for 1955. Oil Basin paid one-half of that sum, $18,- 972.01 on November 30, 1955, under protest, claiming that $16,896.94 of that sum was unlawful. Within 60 days after paying such taxes, Oil Basin commenced this action to recover the taxes paid under protest, joining the Board, Yellowstone County, and the Treasurer and assessor of Yellowstone County as parties defendant.
Yellowstone Pipe Line Company’s taxes for Yellowstone County were computed at $18,313.39. On November 26, 1955, Yellowstone paid this sum under protest, and within 60 days after such payment commenced this action against the same defendants, claiming that $8,745.36 was excessive and unlawfully demanded.
Both causes were consolidated and came on regularly for trial before the court sitting without a jury on August 27, 1958. The court made findings of fact and conclusions of law and entered judgment in favor of both plaintiffs, from which judgment this appeal followed.
This case concerns itself with one of the most complicated and easily misunderstood aspects of taxation in Montana, that is, the assessment of property. Not only this court, but the courts of many other states have been confronted with the problem of judging the legality of assessment procedures. The Constitutions and statutes of the various states differ with respect to the process of assessment for tax purposes. About the most that can be said is that the Constitutions and statutes of all states forbid discrimination among owners of the same type of property. And whether or not the plaintiffs here have been discriminated against by the State Board of Equalization in the assessment of their property is the basic question on this appeal.
To understand the issues in this case, it is necessary to consider first, the overall status of assessment in Montana, and second, the method of assessment used by the State Board of Equalization with respect to property that extends through more than one county and is subject to original assessment by the Board pursuant to sections 84-901 and 84-905, R.C.M. 1947.
' At the trial in the district court, Mr. Edward J. Byrne, a member of the Board, testified at great length as to the status of assessments generally in Montana. Section 84-401, R.C.M. 1947,. requires that all taxable property be assessed at its full cash value. Mr. Byrne testified that for many years there has been a substantial departure from the language of this statute with the result that local property has been and is assessed quite low in many fields. The Board for many years has sought to bridge the gap between assessments among the various counties and has sought to establish some uniformity among the counties. Mr. Byrne stated that the Board, consequently, has been confronted with the alternative of trying to equalize assessments even though the level at which they are fixed is below the statutory requirement of true cash value. As an example of the Board’s attempt to unify assessments even though it may result in an assessment lower than true cash value, Mr. Byrne indicated that the Board has promulgated schedules of oil drilling equipment which set forth the value at which various types of drilling equipment should be assessed. These have been distributed among the various county assessors with the result that now most of this property is uniformly assessed.
The situation remains, however, that much property in the State of Montana is placed on the assessment rolls at only a percentage of its true and actual value, in violation of the statute. Mr. Byrne’s testimony reveals that the Board has been attempting to raise assessments so that all property will eventually be placed on the rolls at its true cash value, in conformity with the statute. The Board also is attempting to do this fairly and uniformly. Hence, if some property has been assessed at a high percentage of its true cash value, the Board will lower the assessment so that it will approximate the percentage at which similar property is placed on the assessment rolls.
In order to accomplish equalization with respect to property that is subject to assessment by the Board originally, the Board applies to what it considers the true cash value of such property what is termed an “equalization factor”. The equalization factor theoretically represents the percentage of true cash value at which similar property is placed on the assessment rolls.
With this background in mind, let us proceed to consider the method of assessment used by the Board with respect to the properties of the plaintiffs herein. For the sake of clarity, let us break down the process by which the Board reaches the figures which it supplied to the Assessor of Yellowstone County, at which the property of the plaintiffs herein was placed on the assessment rolls. The process can be divided into four stages, assessment, allocation, equalization and apportionment. Assessment.
As shown by the testimony at the trial, the first thing the Board did with respect to both plaintiffs here was to take the information that each company had supplied in their reports and attempt to fix the full and true value of each company as an operating unit. This involves application of what is termed the “unit rule of valuation”. The theory of this rule is this: Where property is part of a continuous system which extends through many taxing districts, the proper way to find the true cash value of any part of this property requires that the system as a unit be evaluated. The rationale of this theory is that, where a system is involved, the sum of the value of the parts of the system does not truly represent the total value thereof, and therefore, in order to get a true reflection of the economic value, the system as a whole must be valued as a unit. In order to find the value of the Oil Basin Pipe Line Co. the Board averaged the stock and debt value and the cost of plant and equipment. The stock and debt value was found by adding the value of first mortgage bonds outstanding, the value of sinking fund debentures issued, and the value of Oil Basin’s common stock at market value. First mortgage bonds which were due in one year were not included because the Board, felt that they would not contribute to an accurate picture of the value of the company. Capitalization of net operating income was not computed in the average because the company had been in operation for only a short while and the Board felt that no proper annual estimate of income could be made. The cost of plant and equipment, as indicated by the report of Oil Basin to the Board, was averaged. This average of stock and debt value and cost of plant and equipment was $5,072,908. This, in the Board’s mind, represented the true and full cash value of all the property of Oil Basin Pipe Line Company.
In finding the unit value of Yellowstone Pipe Line’s property, the Board followed a similar procedure. It averaged stock and debt value, 6 percent capitalization of estimated annual income, and the cost of plant and equipment. Stock and debt value was computed by adding the value of common stock at par, the value of serial notes, and by subtracting the sum of over $6 million which the Board felt represented an excessive cost of construction in the light of the fact that Yellowstone had been required to traverse unusually treacherous terrain. By averaging these three elements, the Board estimated the true and full cash value of all Yellowstone’s property at $13,-388,747.
Allocation.
The term “allocation” as used in this case means the process of attributing to the taxing state the value of a portion of an interstate system for tax purposes. Since Oil Basin’s property is located entirely within the State of Montana, no allocation was necessary. But as was said earlier, Yellowstone’s pipe line extended through Montana, Idaho, and Washington. With respect to Yellowstone’s pipe line therefore, the Board was required to determine what portion of Yellowstone’s property is located in Montana. In order to accomplish this the Board averaged three elements: the percentage of Yellowstone’s total cost that was expended for its property located within Montana, the percentage of the total income that was derived in Montana, and the percentage of the total mileage of pipe found in Montana. The resulting average, 85.45 percent was determined to represent the percentage of total value' of Yellowstone’s entire system which should be allocated to Montana for tax purposes. The Board then merely multiplied the total unit value of $13,388,747 by this percentage and found that value of Yellowstone’s property allocated to Montana should be $11,440,684.
Equalization.
As has been heretofore mentioned, the Board attempts to make uniform local assessments and to make uniform assessment of property which is subject to original assessment, by the Board by applying what is termed an equalization factor to true cash value. This is simply the process of determining that property of a certain nature is generally placed on the assessment rolls at a certain percentage of its true and full value. When other property comes before the Board, it attempts to insure that that property will be placed on the assessment rolls at approximately the same percentage of true and full value.
With respect to Oil Basin, the Board applied an equalization factor to what it had determined to be Oil Basin’s true and full value, of approximately 76 percent, thereby determining the value for tax purposes of Oil Basin’s property in Montana at $3,856,166. With respect to Yellowstone, the Board applied an equalization factor of approximately 74 percent to what it had determined to be the value of Yellowstone’s property in Montana of $11,440,684, so that the value of Yellowstone’s property in Montana for tax purposes was determined to be $8,468,250. The Board then subtracted from the full and true value of both systems the value of that property which had been assessed locally. The resulting figure of $3,756,416 for Oil Basin, and $8,164,266 for Yellowstone represents to the Board’s mind, the value of each system in Montana, excluding that property which had been locally assessed.
Apportionment.
Section 84-905 provides:
“The board must assess all the properties described in section 84-901, but franchises granted by the United States must not be assessed, the value of such properties for assessment purposes to be determined upon such factors as the board shall deem proper.
“On or before the second Monday in July, the board shall apportion such assessment to the counties in which the properties are situated.”
Apportionment, then, means the process by which the Board spreads out the total value of a system among the counties through which the system passes. With respect to both pipe lines here involved, the Board accomplished apportionment by dividing the amount to be apportioned by the miles of pipe. The Board then merely found the number of miles of pipe located in each county and multiplied that figure by the value per mile. In the case of Oil Basin, which has 234.-776 miles of 8 inch pipe and property with a total value of $3,756,416, simple arithmetic determined that the pipe would be rated at $16,000 per mile. Since Oil Basin owned 74.374 miles of pipe in Yellowstone County, that county’s share of Oil Basin’s property was computed at $1,189,984.
Yellowstone Pipe Line Company was treated similarly, with the exception that it owned three different sizes of pipe. All the pipe was equated to 10 inch pipe and the total unit value allocated to Montana was then apportioned at a fixed rate per mile of pipe. The Board computed that 10 inch pipe would be rated at $18,310 per mile, 8 inch pipe at $16,000 per mile and 4 inch pipe at $7,000 per mile. In Yellowstone County, where Yellowstone owned 22.83 miles of 10 inch pipe, 4.16 miles of 8 inch pipe and 4.20 miles of 4 inch pipe, by apply ing these rates the county’s apportioned share was determined to be $513,978. .:
In substance the material allegations of Yellowstone’s complaint are: ;
(1) That the full value of all its pipe line property in 1955 did not exceed the sum of $4,901,300; that the true and full value of its 10 inch pipe line did not exceed $11,000 per mile; that the full and true value of its 8 inch pipe line did not exceed $9,000 per mile; that the full and true value of its 4 inch pipe line did not exceed $4,000 per mile.
(2) That notwithstanding this fact, the Board wrongfully and unlawfully assessed all the property of the plaintiff at a figure of $8,468,250; that the Board wrongfully and unlawfully purported to assess plaintiff’s 10 inch pipe at $18,310 per mile, 8 inch pipe at $16,000 per mile, and its 4 inch pipe at $7,000 per mile.
(3) That the assessed valuation was arbitrary and discriminatory and that such properties were assessed at a value far in excess of that at which similar property of other taxpayers was assessed ■ that the assessment was arbitrary, discriminatory, capricious and unreasonable in that the Board made the assessment by using a fundamentally wrong principle of assessment and failed and neglected to make such assessment upon competent and substantial evidence of value and based such assessment on guess, conjecture and surmise; that the valuations are so grossly in excess of true and full value of said property as to be inconsistent with any exercise of honest judgment.
(4) That the Board acted in excess of jurisdiction in purporting to assess property of an oil products pipe line when there is no authority in law.
(5) That the Board wrongfully and unlawfully, and in violation of section 84-301 classified plaintiff’s property in Class 7 under said statute instead of under Class 4, which is the proper and lawful classification.
■ The material allegations of Oil Basin’s complaint are of similar import, with the applicable figures changed.
■The court made separate findings of fact, and conclusions of law with respect to each Pipe Line Company’s case. Yet the findings and conclusions with respect to each plaintiff are of substantially similar import. The substance of these findings which we deem important to set out here with respect to Yellowstone Pipe Line Company are as follows:
(1) That when the State Board assessed plaintiff’s property, it knew that real estate in Yellowstone County and throughout the entire State of Montana was systematically assessed by the county assessors at far less than a true and full value, the state-wide average being 30.55 percent of full and true cash value, the average in the thirteen counties through which plaintiff’s pipe line passed, being 32.57 percent and the average in Yellowstone County being 31.5 percent according to the Seventeenth Biennial Report of the State Board of Equalization for the period beginning July 1, 1954, to June 30, 1956; that the schedules promulgated by the State Board for use by county assessors in assessing certain types of property such as motor vehicles, oil field equipment and supplies, livestock, lumber, neon signs, etc., reflected that such property had been assessed from 50 percent to 70 percent of full cash value; that the schedule which concerned oil field equipment listed pipe lines at the value of $1,000 per inch of diameter per mile, which value, had it been applied to the plaintiff’s pipe line would have resulted in an assessment one-half as great as that which was actually made by the Board in 1955.
(2) That the State Board, in 1955, attempted to ascertain the respective unit values of all the properties of the Montana-Dakota Utilities Company by averaging its respective stock and debt values and the respective values obtained by capitalization of the average net operating income for a five-year period; that as to the Montana-Dakota Utilities Company the Board applied an equalization factor of 68.26 percent to its unit value; that the State Board assigned to the 8 inch pipe line of said utility a value of $9,000 per mile; that the Board assessed the oil pipe line of Interstate Pipe Line Company in 1955 by averaging the stock and debt value and the value represented by a five-year average of operating income capitalized at 6 percent; that the Board allocated the Montana portion of Interstate Oil Pipe Line by multiplying the total unit value found as aforesaid by the average of the percentage of gross operating income in Montana to total gross operating income and the percentage of cost of plant in Montana to total cost of plant, and that the State Board then applied an equalization factor of 62.55 percent to reach the assessed value of that pipe line in Montana.
(3) That the valuation placed on plaintiff’s property by the Board in the sum of $8,468,250 was arbitrary and discriminatory in that such properties were assessed at a value far in excess of that at which similar properties of other taxpayers were assessed by said Board, and in that such properties were assessed at a valuation grossly in excess of that placed upon other taxable property within Yellowstone County belonging to other taxpayers.
(4) That the allocated value of $18,310 per mile placed on plaintiff’s 10 inch pipe was grossly excessive in that said properties were assessed at a greater rate than that used in the assessment in the same year of similar properties of other companies, for example, $9,504 per mile on the 10 inch pipe of one company, and $11,000 per mile on the 10 inch pipe of another; that the pipe of companies other than plaintiff was assessed at values allocated at the rate of $9,000 per mile for 8 inch pipe, and $4,000 per mile for 4 inch pipe, whereas plaintiff’s pipe was assessed at $16,000 per mile for 8 inch pipe and $7,000 per mile for 4 inch pipe.
(5) That the assessed valuation placed on plaintiff’s property by the Board was unreasonable, arbitrary and grossly excessive in that the Board in making such assessment followed a fundamentally wrong principle of assessment in intentionally and systematically applying to the true and full value of plaintiff’s property, an equalization factor of approximately 74 percent, whereas, it well knew that the county assessors of the thirteen counties wherein plaintiff’s property was located, intentionally and systematically have applied an average equalization factor to the true and full value of land and improvements of less than 35 percent.
(6) That the equalization factor assigned to plaintiff’s property by the Board was so grossly in excess of that percentage to true and full value which had been assigned to property generally by the county assessors of the thirteen counties as to be inconsistent with the exercise of any honest judgment and resulted in a tax that contravenes the provisions of sections 1 and 11 of Article XII of the Constitution of Montana, which requires uniformity in an. assessment and taxation and denied to plaintiff the equal protection of the laws in violation of section 27 of Article III of the Constitution of Montana, and the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
(7) That the application to plaintiff’s property of an equalization factor or assessment ratio of 48 percent of its true and full value as determined by the State Board of Equalization will result in an assessed valuation higher than that placed by said State Board on other like properties (excepting the property of Oil Basin Pipe Line Company), but that said equalization factor or assessment ratio of 48 percent will effect a substantially uniform rate of assessment, and that said equalization factor or assessment ratio of 48 percent is eminently just and reasonable; that plaintiff’s property assessed by the State Board of Equalization should not have been assessed by said State Board at more than $5,345,616 and the assessed value of plaintiff’s pipe line property in Yellowstone County, Montana, for the year 1955 should not have exceeded $333,300.
(8) That the State Board classified the pipe line property of the plaintiff in the amount of $8,164,260 as property in Class 7 under sections 84-301 and 84-302.
The court’s findings with respect to Oil Basin Pipe Line Company were substantially the same as those heretofore set out with the exception of the following:
(1) The court found that the assessed valuation of Oil Basin’s property of $3,756,416 was arbitrary and discriminatory; that the assessed valuation of $16,000 per mile placed upon the property of Oil Basin by the Board was grossly excessive in that such properties were assessed at a value in excess of that of which other similar properties were assessed, i. e., $9,000 per mile; that the Board followed a fundamentally wrong principle of assessment in intentionally and systematically applying an equalization factor of approximately 76 percent to the full and true value of Oil Basin’s property to arrive at the assessed value when the Board knew that the county assessors of the six counties wherein Oil Basin’s property was located had intentionally and systematically applied an equalization factor of 37 percent to the true and full value of lands and improvements assessed by them to reach the assessed value; that Oil Basin’s property should not have been assessed by the Board at more than $2,347,760, and that the assessed value of Oil Basin’s pipe line property in Yellowstone County should not have exceeded $743,740.
At the outset it is apparent that the judgments below are in themselves inconsistent. It was held in each case that the properties of respondents were correctly classified as Class 7 property within the meaning of section 84-301, R.C.M. 1947. But it was also held in each case that the assessments were void because, essentially, they were discriminatory and caused respondents’ properties to be placed on the tax rolls at a higher percentage of full and true value than were land and improvements, which were placed on the rolls at less than 35 percent of full and true value, and thus are in contravention of the requirements of uniformity in assessment and taxation as provided for in sections 1 and 11 of Article XII of the Montana Constitution.
It is contended most strongly on this appeal that the application of different equalization factors during- the process of assessment to the properties of respondents is' a violation of the requirement of uniformity as set out in sections 1 and 11 of Article XII of the Montana Constitution and a violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution.
Section 1 of Article XII provides:
“The necessary revenue for the support and maintenance of the state shall be provided by the legislative assembly, which shall levy a uniform rate of assessment and taxation, and shall prescribe such regulations as shall secure a just valuation for taxation of all property, except that specially provided for in this article. The legislative assembly may also impose a license' tax, both upon persons and upon corporations doing- business in the state. ’ ’ Section 11 of Article XII provides:
“Taxes shall be levied and collected by general laws and for public purposes only. They shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax.”
Respondents have cited many cases from other jurisdictions to support their contention. But it must be remembered that it is the Constitution of Montana which is controlling here, and its interpretation is for this court. Interpretation of other state constitutions is not binding upon us in the interpretations of our own Constitution. We may, of course, look to others for guidance, but ours is unique, and our word is final on its meaning.
We have here the duty of construing the meaning of uniformity as set forth in these sections. At the outset, some aspects must be noted which reflect the differences between our Constitution and those of other states.
The rule of uniform taxation according to value does not prevail in Montana. Property with the same value, but of different character, need not be taxed the same. Hilger v. Moore, 56 Mont. 146, 182 P. 477. The purpose of the classification statute, as stated in the Hilger case at page 173 of 56 Mont., at page 483 of 182 P., is “to shift the burden of taxes from property, as such, to productivity, or, in other words, to impose the burdens of government upon property in proportion to its use, its productivity, its utility, its general setting* in the economic organization of society, so that every one will be called upon to contribute according to his ability to bear the burdens, or as nearly so as may be, and to relieve administrative officers from the apparent necessity of continuing the legal fiction of full valuation in the face of contrary facts.” The many cases from other jurisdictions pressed upon us here are of no more use to us than those presented to the court in the Hilger case. In this respect the court at page 172 of 56 Mont., at page 482 of 182 P., there said:
“Decided cases almost without number have been pressed upon our attention, but they are practically without value in this instance. They construe constitutional provisions altogether unlike.our own. Indeed, no other state in the Union has provisions in its Constitution similar to those of ours enumerated above. Some of these may be found in the Constitution of one state; some in another; some of them cannot be found in the Constitution of any other state. A review of these authorities would be a work of supererogation. ’ ’
The Hilger case remains in full force and effect today, and was recently affirmed in Victor Chemical Works v. Silver Bow County, 130 Mont. 308, 301 P.2d 730.
Nor can the interpretation of the Montana Constitution as stated in Hilger v. Moore, supra, be attacked on the ground that it violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The case of Greene v. Louisville & I. R. Co., 244 U.S. 499, 37 S.Ct. 673, 61 L.Ed. 1280, is heavily relied upon by respondents. In that case the United States Supreme Court was construing the Arkansas Constitution which required, at that time, uniformity of taxation according to value, which does not obtain in Montana. And the Supreme Court has subsequently stated that such uniformity restrictions are not to be considered as required by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. In Nashville, C. & St. Louis Ry. v. Browning, 310 U.S. 362, 368, 60 S.Ct. 968, 971, 84 L.Ed. 1254, in referring to the Greene case, the court stated:
“This Court has previously had occasion to advert to the narrow and sometimes cramping provision of these state uniformity clauses, and has left no doubt that their inflexible restrictions upon the taxing powers of the state were not to be insinuated into that meritorious conception of equality which alone the equal protection clause was designed to assure. See Puget Sound Co. v. King County, 264 U.S. 22, 27, 44 S.Ct. 261, 263, 68 L.Ed. 541.” Emphasis supplied.
Similarly, the case of Taylor v. Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co., 6 Cir., 88 F. 350, which is cited in the Greene case, involves an interpretation of the Tennessee Constitution which, at that time, required uniformity in taxation in proportion to value, hence, is inapplicable here.
Respondents also cite Raymond v. Chicago Consol. Traction Co., 207 U.S. 20, 28 S.Ct. 14, 52 L.Ed. 90; Sunday Lake Iron Co. v. Township of Wakefield, 247 U.S. 350, 38 S.Ct. 495, 62 L.Ed. 1154; Sioux City Bridge Co. v. Dakota County, 260 U.S. 441, 43 S.Ct. 190, 67 L.Ed. 340; Bohler v. Callaway, 267 U.S. 479, 45 S.Ct. 431, 69 L.Ed. 745. But in the Nashville case, supra, the court stated, with reference to these same cases: “None denied power to a state to apply different yardsticks to different classes of property.”
Respondents cite In re Farmer’s Appeal, 80 Idaho 72, 325 P.2d 278; McCluskey v. Sparks, 80 Ariz. 15, 291 P.2d 791; Boonville Nat. Bank v. Schlotzhauer, 317 Mo. 1298, 298 S.W. 732, 55 A.L.R. 489, as arising in states having a state constitutional provision identical with section 11, Article XII of our Constitution.
The Idaho Constitution, considered in In re Farmer’s Appeal, supra, does contain a provision in section 5, Article 7 which is similar to section 11, Article XII of our Constitution. But that Constitution does not contain any provision relating to the power of a state board of equalization to adjust and equalize between the classes of property, nor does it contain any express grant such as is found in section 15 of Article XII of the Montana Constitution. Furthermore, the Idaho Constitution contains a provision in section 2 of Article 7, that every person or corporation shall pay a tax in proportion to the value of his, or its property. The Idaho Constitution is substantially different than ours, hence, that case is no authority here.
In McCluskey v. Sparks, supra, an Arizona case where an appeal from a dismissal was before the court, it was stated [80 Ariz. 15, 291 P.2d 793] : “Deliberate and systematic undervaluation of plaintiffs’ property at a figure greatly in excess of the undervaluation of other like properties amounts to a violation of the Arizona, constitution, article 9, section 1, which requires that all taxes ‘shall be uniform upon the same class of property within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax * * (Emphasis supplied.) This ease is no authority for the contention that a difference in the valuation between unlike properties is a violation of such a provision, which is the crux of respondents’ claim here.
Boonville Nat. Bank v. Schlotzhauer, supra, a Missouri case, is likewise no authority here. At the time it was decided, the Missouri Constitution provided, in section 4, of article X: “All property subject to taxation shall be taxed in proportion to its value.” And the Missouri court construed the provision to prohibit classification. It said:
“We have ruled that section 4 of article 10 of the Constitution makes but one class of taxable property.” [317 Mo. 1298, 298 S.W. 737].
The question now becomes, can our Constitution be construed to permit the state board of equalization to give special treatment to similar properties, i. e., utilities and pipe line companies, which may result in a higher assessment with relation to true and full value, than that applied to dissimilar property, i. e., town and city lots, with a different character and productivity. If our Constitution is properly so construed, there is no discrimination in violation of the 14th Amendment. In Nashville, C. & St. Louis Ry. v. Browning, 310 U.S. 362, 368, 60 S.Ct. 968, 972, 84 L.Ed. 1254, supra, the Supreme Court said:
‘ ‘ That the states may classify property for taxation; may set up different modes of assessment; valuation and collection; may tax some kinds of property at higher rates than others; and in making all these differentiations may treat railroads and other utilities with that separateness which their distinctive characteristics and functions in society make appropriate — these are among the commonplaces of taxation and of constitutional law. Kentucky Railroad Tax Cases, 115 U.S. 321, 6 S.Ct. 57, 29 L.Ed. 414; Pacific Express Co. v. Seibert, 142 U.S. 339, 12 S.Ct. 250, 35 L.Ed. 1035; Florida Central & P. R. Co. v. Reynolds, 183 U.S. 471, 22 S.Ct. 176, 46 L.Ed. 283; Southern Ry. Co. v. Watts, 260 U.S. 519, 43 S.Ct. 192, 67 L.Ed. 375; Atlantic Coast Line v. Daughton [Doughton], 262 U.S. 413, 43 S.Ct. 620, 67 L.Ed. 1051; Brooklyn & Queens Transit Corp. v. New York, 303 U.S. 573, 58 S.Ct. 721, 82 L.Ed. 1024. Since, so far as the Federal Constitution is concerned, a state can put railroad property into one pigeonhole and other property into another, the only question relevant for us is whether the state has clone so. If the discrimination of which the Railway complains had been formally written into the statutes of Tennessee, challenge to its constitutionality would be frivolous. If the state supreme court had construed the requirement of uniformity in the Tennessee Constitution so as to permit recognition of these diversities, no appeal could successfully be made to the Fourteenth Amendment.”
Reference should be made to State v. Alabama Power Co., 254 Ala. 327, 48 So.2d 445, cited by respondents. In that case a public utility, the Alabama Power Company, protested the assessment of its property at 60 percent of taxable value while other property was assessed at not over 40 percent. The very question of whether the state constitution allowed this separate classification was presented. In holding that the Alabama Constitution did not allow classification, the Alabama court expressly recognized that in some states the constitutions authorize such classification and that no violation of the Fourteenth Amendment results. Hilger v. Moore, 56 Mont. 146, 182 P. 477, supra, has settled this question in Montana contrary to the position in Alabama, hence, this case is no authority here. It is helpful, however, in disposing of respondents’ argument with respect to the Fourteenth Amendment.
Sections 1 and 11, of Article XII were a part of the Constitution of Montana as ratified by the people on October 1, 1889. Sections 1 and 11 must be construed together with section 15, which refers specifically to the state board of equalization. Section 15 of Article XII, was first amended by Chapter 47, Laws of 1915, as later approved by the People in November 1916, effective on the governor’s proclamation of December 4, 1916. Pursuant to that Constitutional amendment, the state board of equalization was, for the first time, specifically given the power to “adjust and equalize the valuation of taxable property among the several Counties and, the different classes of taxable properly in the same and in the several counties and. between individual taxpayers; supervise and review the acts of County Assessors and County Boards of Equalization; change, increase or decrease valuations made by County Assessors or equalized by County Boards of Equalization and has such authority and may do. all things necessary to secure a fair, just and equitable valuation of taxable property among the Counties and between the different classes of property and individuals.” (Emphasis supplied.)
It was not until 1919 that the classification statute was enacted in section 1, Chapter 51, Laws of 1919. Consequently, before any legislative classification existed, the state board had the power to adjust and equalize valuations among the different classes of property and to do all things necessary to secure a fair, just and equitable valuation between the different classes of property. This necessarily included the power to determine, in the first instance, just what property belongs in the same class.
Section 15 of Article XII was later amended by Chapter 11, Extra. Session Laws of 1921, as adopted by the people in 1922 and effective under the governor’s proclamation of December 14, 1922. By virtue of this amendment, the board’s power was transformed to a duty. The amendment provides in part: “The state board of equalization shall adjust and equalize the valuation of taxable property among the several counties, and the different classes of taxable property in any county and in the several counties and between individual taxpayers; supervise and review the acts of the county assessors and county boards of equalization; change, increase or decrease valuations made by county assessors or equalized by county boards of equalization; and exercise such authority and do all things necessary to secure a fair, just and equitable valuation of all taxable property among counties, between the different classes of property, and between individual taxpayers.”
Once it is seen that the Board had the constitutional power to classify property itself, even before the enactment of the classification statute, can it be said that the classification statute limited that constitutional power to classify property as the needs of a dynamic and progressive economy multiplied so as to promulgate the constitutional intent to spread the burdens of taxation among those who best can bear it according’ to the productivity of their property? As long as the Board treats property of similar nature and productivity the same, can it be said that the constitutional mandate of uniformity is not subserved? We do not think so.
The power granted the Board by the constitutional amendment to Sec. 15, Article XII, to “adjust and equalize the valuation of taxable property among the several Counties and the different classes of taxable property” and to “do all things necessary to secure a fair, just and equitable valuation of all taxable property among counties, between the different classes of property” necessarily included the power to determine what a particular class should include. The legislative enactment of 1919, of what is now section 84-301, did not and could not limit that power. Section 84-301 is patently broad in its terms. Class 4 includes “All land, town and city lots, with improvements, manufacturing and mining machinery, fixtures and supplies, except as otherwise provided by the constitution of Montana, and except as such property may be included in Class Five.”
Under the Constitution, the Board has the power, in adjusting and equalizing taxation between oil pipe lines and other properties, i. e., town and city lots, to recognize pipe lines as a class in itself, and still not violate the requirement of uniformity.
The issues to be decided here, therefore, can be resolved to these:
(1) Is there any substantial evidence to support a finding that the Board utilized a fundamentally wrong principle of assessment or made an error so gross as to be inconsistent with any exercise of honest judgment?
(2) Is respondents’ property properly classified as Class 7 property under section 84-301, R.C.M. 1947?
We shall consider this second issue first. As noted earlier, the district court held that respondents’ properties were correctly classified in Class 7 which includes “All property not included in the six preceding classes.” As Class 7 property, 40 percent of its value was computed as the basis for the imposition of taxes, pursuant to section 84-302, R.C.M. 1947. Respondents claim it is properly Class 4 property and subject to taxation to the extent of only 30 percent of its value, pursuant to section 84-302. Class 4 property includes “All land, town and city lots, with improvements, manufacturing and mining machinery, fixtures and supplies, except as otherwise provided by the constitution of Montana,, and except as such property may be included in Class Five.”
It was stipulated at the trial that respondents’ pipe lines are imbedded in real estate rights-of-way, obtained from the record owners of the fee by written conveyances.
The Board argues that the pipe lines do not improve the real estate, serve no purpose on the land, do not enhance the value of the real estate and may be removed at the pleasure of the respondents.
The respondents argue that their rights-of-way, as easements, are interests in land and that the pipe lines, since they are affixed thereto, are properly termed fixtures or improvements.
Section 67-207, R.C.M. 1947, defines real property as:
“1. Land;
“2. That which is affixed to land;
“3. That which is incidental or appurtenant to land;
“4. That which is immovable by law.”
Section 67-209, R.C.M. 1947, provides:
“A thing is deemed to be affixed to land when it is attached to it by roots, as in the case of trees, vines, or shrubs; or imbedded in it, as in the case of walls; or permanently resting upon it, as in the case of buildings; or per manently attached to what is thus permanent as by means of cement, plaster, nails, bolts, or screws.”
In construing these two statutes, this court said in Montana Electric Co. v. Northern Valley Mining Co., 51 Mont. 266, 271, 153 P. 1017, 1018: “These provisions are identical with like provisions found in the Civil Code of California since 1872, and, with the exception of section 4428 [now R.C.M. 1947, § 67-210], were copied from the proposed draft of a Civil Code prepared for the state of New York by David Dudley Field and his collaborators. The purpose of the Code was not to introduce new rules or definitions into the law, but rather to reduce to concise form the rules of law as they were then recognized and applied by the courts. Reference to New York and California decisions aids in determining the scope which the provisions of our Code above, were intended to have, and from those decisions we deduce the following: (1)
Whether what would otherwise be personal property has become a fixture by reason of its attachment to the soil is primarily a question of intention on the part of the person attaching it; (2) the attachment in the manner indicated in our Code sections above raises a presumption that the one who made the attachment intended the thing affixed to become a part of the realty; this presumption, however, is a disputable one; (3) as a general rule, the manner in which the attachment is made, the adaptability of the thing attached to the use to which the realty is applied, and the intention of the one making the attachment, determine whether the thing attached is realty or personalty. [Citing cases.]”
In considering whether poles of an electric railway line were improvements this court has stated:
“That the poles are not improvements upon the street surely is patent, unless it may be said that they are fixtures. While a thing imbedded in the soil, a pole, ordinarily is a fixture (section 6669, R.C.1921 [now R.C.M. 1947, § 67-209]), certain tests are employed to ascertain whether as a fact, an article attached to the realty is a fixture. Two of the tests are: The use or purpose of the annexation, which is entitled to much weight, and the intention of the party making the annexation, which is generally held to be the chief test. It is said that, if property is placed on land to improve it and make it more valuable, it is generally deemed a fixture, but, if attached for a use which does not enhance the value of the land it remains a chattel. The intention to make an article a permanent accession to the realty must affirmatively and plainly appear; if the matter is left in doubt and uncertainty, the legal qualities of the article are not changed, and it must be deemed a chattel. 11 B.C.L. 1061, 1062. By placing the poles in the streets and roads, the plaintiff did so for the purpose of transmitting power to its cars. The poles are accessory to its business not to the soil in which they stand.” Butte Electric Ry. Co. v. Brett, 80 Mont. 12, 17, 257 P. 478, 480.
Considering then the rules as established by the foregoing authorities, can it be said that the intention of the respondents in placing the pipe in the ground was to make the pipe a permanent part of the realty? They have the right to remove their pipe, and common sense tells us that if the operation were unprofitable they would certainly salvage their pipe. What adaptability of the pipe lines imbedded in the ground exists to the use to which the realty is applied? In our view, the ground is only a foundation upon which the pipes can rest. The line could as easily lie on top of the ground were it not for the maintenance problem brought on by its exposed position and the difficulty of crossing natural and man-made obstructions. Does the pipe line improve the land and make it more valuable? To the contrary the land makes the pipe line more valuable since it removes it from danger of damage were it exposed. To what purpose is the pipe line put? It is used for the transportation of petroleum products and, in our opinion, such use bears no relationship whatever to the use of the realty. There can exist here no presumption that respondents intended the pipe to become a part of the realty bcause the evidence is conclusive that they had no such intention.
While respondents rely upon State ex rel. Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v. Duncan, 68 Mont. 420, 219 P. 638, as supporting their position, that case is clearly distinguishable because it involved improvements located upon the railway right-of-way.
From what has been heretofore said, in our opinion, a pipe line is not a fixture and thus cannot be considered an improvement.
The State Board correctly classified the pipe line in Class 7 of section 84-301.
Turning then to the first issue as heretofore set forth, there exist well-defined principles which serve to guide the review of a decision of the Board of Equalization. It must be borne in mind, that in this discussion we are speaking of the propriety of the method of assessment by the Board, as that term has been heretofore defined.
In the recent case of Treasure State Pipe Line Co. v. County of Toole, 136 Mont. 108, 345 P.2d 162, 164, we said:
“In dealing with plaintiff’s contention it may be well to preface our discussion with certain rules and principles with respect to assessment valuations which are well-established in this state. In the early case of Danforth v. Livingston, 23 Mont. 558, 562, 59 P. 916, 917, this court said * * under the great weight of authority, courts will ordinarily not interfere with the action of these officers [assessing officers] to correct mere errors of judgment. It is only where they act fraudulently or maliciously, or the error or mistake is so gross as to be inconsistent with any exercise of honest judgment, that courts will grant relief. * * * Under the authorities cited, this fact [overvaluation], standing alone, is not sufficient to warrant the relief sought. There is not such an excess in the valuation as to justify a conclusive presumption of fraud or malice on the part of the assessing officer. The value of property is a matter of opinion, and there must necessarily be left a wide room for the exercise of this opinion. Absolute accuracy cannot always be attained. Courts cannot be called upon, in every instance, to settle differences of opinion in this regard between the assessing officer and the property owner. Otherwise, courts would be converted into assessing boards, and, in assuming to act as such, would usurp the powers lodged elsewhere by the law-making branch of the government.’ * * *
“In State v. State Board of Equalization, 56 Mont. 413, 448, 185 P. 708, 713, 186 P. 697, this court said further: ‘* * * in so far as the means to be adopted by them [State Board of Equalization] in arriving at values are concerned, we may not interfere. Those matters are within the discretion of the board, and so long as they are not guilty of fraud, and do not adopt a fundamentally wrong principle of assessment, we cannot interpose, or substitute our judgment for theirs.’ ”
Is there any substantial evidence here to sustain a finding that the Board acted fraudulently or maliciously, pursued a fundamentally wrong principle of assessment, or committed an error so gross as to be inconsistent with any honest judgment? The evidence relied upon most strongly by respondents is that the per-mile rate placed on the pipe lines of respondents exceeds the rates placed on similar properties, and that no inflexible formula was used in arriving at the unit value of each of their properties.
But the fixing of per-mile rates by the Board is only an artificial method of apportionment, as hereinbefore described. Divergence in these figures proves only that the unit values of the compared Companies are different or that the mileage of their pipe lines is different. It does not prove that the method of assessment employed in determining the unit values of respondents’ property is fundamentally wrong or excessive.
The evidence presented below was voluminous concerning the exact method the Board used in finding the unit value of not only respondents’ properties, but with respect to the assessment of similar property. There is not any substantial evidence to support a finding that either the use of the unit rule of valuation, or the use of the stock and bond-income-cost method of valuation resulted in an excessive assessment or is fundamentally wrong. It must be remembered that the Yellowstone Pipe Line Company contended here that the full value of all its pipe line property in 1955 did not exceed the sum of $4,901,300. Their annual report disclosed that this company had invested $17,158,023.42 in its Montana pipe line system. For rate-making purposes the Interstate Commerce Commission had placed a value of $15,683,844.79 upon the Montana portion of its system. The state board arrived at an assessed value upon its Montana system of $8,468,250. In view of these comparisons it must be conceded that the final valuation figure, rather than the individual factors used to arrive at it, do not reflect an excessive assessment as contended. The fact that no inflexible formula was used in assessing all systems in exactly the same manner does not prove that the Board was wrong. Flexibility should be a virtue, with respect to taxation, not a vice.
There is evidence herein which indicates that a different percentage “equalization factor” was applied to the properties of other utilities in 1955, and the court so found. In view of the general assessment situation existing today in Montana, and in view of the Board’s policy of attempting to bring all assessments up to the statutory requirement of full cash value, and to equalize among the counties, we do not think that such divergencies in equalization show such discrimination as is forbidden by the Constitution. Perfect uniformity in taxation can never be achieved, and as long as substantially the same proportion of the same type of property is subjected to taxation, the courts will not interfere. Taxation is a complex and difficult aspect of the law to administer, and as long, as those entrusted with this duty by the people are proceeding in good faith and in a reasonable and just manner, as the State Board has been shown to have acted here, and no substantial discrimination results, it would be an unwarranted interference with the executive branch of the government for the judiciary to substitute their judgment for that of the Board.
Except for that portion correctly holding that respondents’ pipe lines should be classified in Class 7 of section 84-301, R.C.M. 1947, the judgments of the district court are reversed and set aside, and the cause remanded to the district court with instructions to make and enter judgments herein in favor of the appellant and against each respondent consistent with the views expressed in this opinion. Each party to bear their own costs on this appeal.
MR. JUSTICES ANGSTMAN, CASTLES and the HONORABLE LESTER H. LOBLE, District Judge, sitting in place of MR. JUSTICE BOTTOMLY, concur.
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal by defendant from her conviction of criminal trespass to property following a jury trial in the District Court of Gallatin County.
The incident forming the basis of the charge occurred on May 14, 1977, on land owned by the Montana Fish and Game Department near Three Forks, Montana. The complaint charged that defendant Yolanda Blakely “knowingly entered or remained unlawfully, and allowed cattle to enter and remain upon the premises . . .” in violation of section 94-6-203(1 )(b), R.C.M. 1947. This statute is not codified as section 45-6-203(1 )(b) MCA.
Defendant was tried and convicted of this misdemeanor in justice court. She appealed this conviction to the District Court of Gallatin County. She was tried de. novo, convicted by jury, and sentenced to pay a fine of $400.00. She now appeals this latter conviction to this Court.
Defendant lives with her husband and family on a tract of land near Three Forks, Montana where they raise cattle. Adjoining their property on the west is land owned by the Gillespies; adjoining the Gillespie land on the west is a tract of land owned by the Montana Fish and Game Department. All three tracts are bordered on the south by Carpenter’s Lane, an unpaved rural road.
The Fish and Game property was fenced with gates at both the southeast and southwest corners that border Carpenter’s Lane. In April 1977 the southeast gate was locked and wired shut. .Signs were posted at both gates containing Fish and Game Department rules and regulations. One of these rules stated “Livestock grazing allowed only with a lease.” The sign on the southeast gate had been removed prior to the alleged offense, but the sign on the southwest gate had remained in place. Defendant had read at least one of the signs.
During the early part of 1977 because of a feed shortage, defendant allowed he cattle to graze along Carpenter’s Lane. The State’s evidence indicated that both before and after the signs were posted but before May 14, 1977, defendant had been seen herding her cattle along Carpenter’s Lane and then onto the Fish and Game land through the southeast gate; that her cattle had been seen on the property; and that she had been seen driving her cattle away from the property. Defendant denied having ever driven her cattle onto that tract of Fish and Game land.
Defendant testified that on May 14, 1977 she had been grazing her cattle along Carpenter’s Lane but about 5:30 p.m. had locked them in a 60 acre pasture. A Fish and Game warden patrolling the area noticed that the gate on the Fish and Game property was down and cattle were grazing on the property. He went to defendant’s house and told defendant her cattle were on the Fish and Game property.
Defendant contends she did not intentionally place her cattle on the Fish and Game property. She asserts that since her fence and the Fish and Game fence and gate were in such poor condition, the cattle must have wandered out of her property and onto the Fish and Game land. Because of a rainstorm and because she was tired, defendant did not remove her cattle until early the next morning.
At trial there was no direct evidence that defendant had entered the Fish and Game property on May 14, 1977 or that she had driven her cattle onto the Fish and Game land on that date. The evidence was entirely circumstantial.
Defendant has raised several specifications of error. We consider two issues controlling’ (l)the sufficiency of the evidence to support the conviction, and (2) whether trespassing cattle violates the statute.
The complaint charges defendant with violation of section 94-6-203(l)(b), R.C.M.1947, now section 45-6-203(1 )(b) MCA, by reason of two acts: (l)knowingly entering and remaining unlawfully on Fish and Game property, and (2) allowing cattle to enter and remain upon Fish and Game property.
Section 94-6-203(l)(b), 1947 provides:
“Criminal trespass to property. (1) A person commits the offense of criminal trespass to property if he knowingly:
“(b) enters or remains unlawfully in or upon the premises of another.”
A companion statute defines the meaning of the phrase “enter or remain unlawfully”:
“94-6-201. Definition of ‘enter or remain unlawfully’. A person enters or remains unlawfully in or upon .. . premises when he is not licensed, invited, or otherwise privileged to do so. A person who enters or remains upon land does so with privilege unless notice is personally communicated to him by an authorized person or unless such notice is given by posting in a conspicuous manner.”
Defendant did not commit criminal trespass in violation of the statute by knowingly entering or remaining unlawfully on Fish and Game property in this case. It is undisputed that the property was open to the public. Warden Hagenston of the Fish and Game Department so testified. Defendant as a member of the public was entitled to enter and remain upon the property and could commit no crime or unlawful act in so doing. Furthermore there is no evidence that defendant was on the Fish and Game property on the date charged, May 14, 1977. There is a complete failure of proof of unlawful entry or unlawfully remaining on the property by the defendant.
The second act charged against the defendant, viz. allowing cattle to enter and remain upon Fish and Game property, is not. a crime under the statute. There is no mention of trespassing cattle in the statute nor liability of the owner thereof for violation of the statute. The former statute making herding of cattle onto another’s land a criminal trespass was repealed in 1973. Ch. 513, Sec. 32, 1973 Laws of Montana. The cross-reference table relating the repealed statute to the present statute does not expand the scope or plain language of the present statute under which the defendant was charged. This table was not enacted by the legislature and has no force of law. The legislature simply repealed the old statute and enacted a new one that makes no mention of a crime by trespassing livestock. The new statute clearly applies only to a “person” by its express language and makes only personal entry or remaining on the premises by a person a crime.
The landowner is not left without remedy for trespassing cattle under Montana law. A civil remedy for damage is provided. Section 46-1409, R.C.M. 1947, now section 81-4-215 MCA. A criminal remedy for malicious mischief is provided where a person herds cattle onto another’s land and causes damage. Section 94-6-102, R.C.M. 1947, now section 45-6-101 MCA. Available remedies under Montana law do not include a criminal sanction under section 94-6-203(l)(b), R.C.M. 1947, now section 45-6-203(1 )(b) MCA.
The remaining specifications of error need not be discussed in this opinion as none would change the result in the case.
Reversed and dismissed.
MR. JUSTICES DALY, HARRISON, SHEA and SHEEHY concur.
|
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MR. JUSTICE SHEEHY
delivered the opinion of the Court.
On the afternoon of September 18, 1973, Hardin City patrolman Harvey Kern observed three men sitting in a truck behind the Big Horn Bar in Hardin, Montana. They were passing a bottle from one person to another. Patrolman Kern watched the men for approximately fifteen minutes before one of the men got out of the truck and left the scene. The patrolman then approached the vehicle and informed the occupants of the city ordinance which prohibited public possession of an open bottle containing an alcoholic beverage. After informing the men of their rights, patrolman Kern arrested them and took them to the Hardin City Jail where they were searched and incarcerated.
One of the men was Melvin Pretty On Top,- a Native American. He had been arrested numerous times in the past for alcohol-use offenses. On this occasion it appeared to the patrolman that Pretty On Top had been drinking, but that he was in control of his body. He did not stagger and he was coherent.
On the morning after his arrest, Pretty On Top pleaded guilty to the open-bottle charge. The Police Court imposed a $100 fine. Because Pretty On Top was unable to pay the fine, he was returned to the jail to serve time at a rate of $10 per day.
The Hardin City Jail is used almost entirely for detoxification. Of the 300 persons incarcerated in the jail for a twelve month period immediately preceding September 1973, 98 percent were jailed on alcohol-use offenses. Of these offenders, 95 percent of those jailed were Native Americans. The jail is inspected, but not searched, numerous times each day by the police chief and the officers on duty. Visiting hours are from 8:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m. Visitors are permitted to go back to the cell and talk to prisoners through the bars. Before doing so, the visitor is asked to remove his coat and leave behind packages, but a search of the visitor is not made. Overall, the security maintained by the authorities depends on the jail population. Since the jail is used primarily for detoxification, minimum security is usually maintained.
On September 22, at 6:03 p.m., four days after his arrest, Melvin Pretty On Top committed suicide by stabbing himself in the throat, neck and chest with a wooden paring knife. None of the authorities knew how Pretty On Top obtained the knife or how long he possessed it prior to his death. However, one of the trusties (a prisoner who receives $5.00 credit each day for doing janitorial work in the cell and reporting anything unusual to the officer on duty) knew that Pretty On Top had the knife in his possession, but failed to inform anyone.
Pretty On Top’s wife, Regina, had asked to see her husband approximately one hour before his death, but her request was denied because visiting hours had ended. This was the only record of anyone attempting to visit Pretty On Top.
Hardin City Police Chief Robert Hamilton observed Pretty On Top each day before his death during inspections. His general demeanor, attitude and activities were normal. Pretty On Top did not have a history of mental disease or emotional disturbances, nor had he attempted suicide previously.
On January 2, 1974, Regina Pretty On Top and the administratrix of Pretty On Top’s estate (plaintiffs) filed a complaint in District Court, Big Horn County, alleging that Pretty On Top’s death was caused by the negligence of defendants City of Hardin and Police Chief Robert Hamilton in failing to exercise due care in the maintenance and supervision of the jail facility.
On October 28, 1975, defendants moved for summary judgment, stating:
“The City of Hardin arid Robert Hamilton submit that the undisputed facts do not support any theory of liability and therefore they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Three independent and equally supportable reasons are here presented in support of motion for summary judgment.
“1. The defendants breached no duty owed to the deceased.
“2. The suicide of Melvin Pretty On Top was not foreseeable by any defendant.
“3. The suicide of Melvin Pretty On Top was his own volitional act and as such was a sufficient superceding and intervening act to cut off responsibility for any negligence of the defendant.”
An order granting defendants’ motion for summary Court on September 20, 1978, and this appeal followed.
The ultimate issue to be decided in this case is whether the summary judgment is proper.
A party against whom a claim is asserted may, at any time, move for summary judgment in his favor. Rule 56(b), Mont.R.Civ.P. The judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depo sitions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with any affidavits, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Rule 56(c), Mont.R.Civ.P.
The party moving for summary judgment has the burden of establishing the absence of any genuine issue of material fact and the party opposing the motion must come forward with evidence supporting the existence of a genuine fact issue. Hollinger v. McMichael (1978), 177 Mont. 144, 580 P.2d 927.
In the case before us, the District Court considered the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and the parties’ briefs before granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment. For purposes of testing the propriety of the summary judgment, defendants do not dispute the material facts found in the court’s file. Those material facts are set forth above.
Actionable negligence arises only from a breach of legal duty, and to sustain an action for damages resulting from negligence, the complaint must allege the duty, its breach, the damages, and that the breach of duty was the proximate cause of the injury. Richie v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co. (1954), 128 Mont. 218, 272 P.2d 728.. Related to these basic rules of negligence law is the rule that a defendant who could not reasonably foresee any danger of direct injury resulting from his conduct or any risk from an intervening force is not negligent. Mang v. Eliasson (1969), 153 Mont. 431, 458 P.2d 777.
A jailer owes a duty to the prisoner to keep him safe and to protect him from unnecessary harm. Reasonable and ordinary care must be exercised for the life and health of the prisoner. Porter v. County of Cook (1976), 42 Ill.App.3d 287, 355 N.E.2d 561, see also: 79 A.L.R.3d 1210; 60 Am.Jur.2d, Penal and Correctional Institutions, § 17, p. 821. As stated in Kendrick v. Adamson (1935), 51 Ga.App. 402, 180 S.E. 647, “A sheriff owes a prisoner placed in his custody a duty to keep the prisoner safely and free from harm, to render him medical aid when necessary, and to treat him humanely and refrain from oppressing him.”
However, “. . . a jailer is not liable to a prisoner in his keeping for injuries resulting from the prisoner’s own intentional conduct [citation omitted.] Absent some possible special circumstances a jailer is'under no duty to prevent the latter from taking his own life.” Lucas v. City of Long Beach (1976), 60 Cal.App.3d 341, 131 Cal. Rptr. 470.
“Special circumstances” form the basis of virtually every decision involving a jailer’s liability for a prisoner’s acts of self-destruction.
In Porter v. County of Cook, supra, the plaintiff had been incarcerated in the Cook County House of Correction for threatening to harm his wife. He was physically examined by a county-employed psychiatrist who recommended “that he be admitted to a hospital immediately as an emergency for the protection from physical harm of himself or others.” The plaintiff was then placed in an isolated cell where he began hearing voices that threatened him. He yelled for the guards to come to his aid and for medication. None came. The voices kept getting worse and worse. In an attempt to drive the voices away, the plaintiff set his mattress on fire. Soon his hair caught on fire and he started screaming. A guard from two tiers above his cell rescued him, but not before he had suffered severe burns on his face and hands. The Appellate Court of Illinois upheld the trial court’s factual determination that the county, which was obligated to provide reasonable care for its prisoners, did not do so when its employees failed to strip the defendant, take away his personal effects, and protect him from harming himself.
In the above-discussed case the defendant knew or should have known that the prisoner was suicidal, thereby satisfying the requirement that “special circumstances” exist before liability will attach. But liability is not limited to cases involving prisoners with suicidal histories. For example, numerous courts have held the jailer responsible for the prisoner’s actions when the prisoner injures himself because he is in a state of helpless intoxication. Decisions stating that a greater duty is owed when a person is so intoxicated as to be incapacitated for physical or mental effort are: Thomas v. Williams (1962), 105 Ga.App.321, 124 S.E.2d 409; Barlow v. City of New Orleans (1970) 257 La. 91, 241 So.2d 501; and Shuff v. Zurich-American Ins. Co. (1965 La.App.), 173 So.2d 392.
Finally, a case arising in the neighboring state of North Dakota provides a clear insight into the problem. In Falkenstein v. City of Bismarck (N.D.1978), 268 N.W.2d 787, the decedent was placed in a cell know as “the hole” following an incident in which he “foulmouthed” a police officer. The next morning the decedent was found dead, hanging from the cell door bars. The North Dakota Supreme Court, noting the Lucas case, held that substantial evidence existed in the record to support a conclusion that the decedent’s suicide was the result of a morbid state of mind proximately caused by his incarceration in “the hole” for an extended period of time.
The North Dakota Supreme Court noted that, “[I]n most situations a death by suicide is not an actionable event because, even though there may have been tortious conduct preceding the suicide, the suicide is ordinarily considered as an intentional act and not the result of the tort. This relieves the original actor of liability.” Therefore, a plaintiff does not have a cause against a jailer for negligently causing the suicide of a prisoner unless “special circumstances” are offered which elevate the jailer’s duty of care and tend to prove that the jailer’s acts or omissions constituted the proximate cause of the suicide, rather than the prisoner’s own intentional conduct. The jailer is not an insurer of the safety of its prisoners. However, once the jailer knows or should know of the suicidal tendencies of a prisoner, a duty arises to provide reasonable care necessary to prevent the prisoner from committing suicide. The rule applies whether the prisoner is mentally anguished, helplessly intoxicated, or temporarily insane because of conditions forced upon him by the jailer.
Melvin Pretty On Top committed suicide four days after being incarcerated in the Hardin City Jail. He did not have a history of mental disease or emotional disturbances, nor had he attempted suicide previously. His conduct and general demeanor while in jail was normal. There is no evidence in the District Court file that Pretty On Top was suffering from delirium tremens.
Plaintiffs contend the defendants were negligent in the supervision and maintenance of the jail facility, thereby permitting the paring knife to be accessible to Pretty On Top. A similar attempt to impose liability was made in Maricopa County v. Cowart) 1970), 106 Ariz. 69, 471 P.2d 265, an action to recover for the suicide of a boy confined in a reformatory. Responding to the allegation that the physical plant was negligently constructed, the Supreme Court of Arizona said:
“. . . [U]nder the general theory of negligence, in order to show liability, the plaintiff must prove a causal connection between the alleged breach of duty and the resulting injury. Here again, the proof is nil that any breach of the detention home’s duty to provide a reasonably safe building, if in fact such a breach was shown, was the proximate cause of the resulting suicide of the deceased. There was absolutely no testimony that the structure produced or contributed to a morbid state of mind of the deceased precipitating his suicide.”
Under plaintiffs’ theory, it would be necessary to prove that the jail’s security policy caused Pretty On Top to commit suicide. Plaintiffs’ contention that the security policy made it possible for Pretty On Top to take his own life is insufficient. Defendants were required to exercise reasonable and ordinary care for Pretty On Top’s life and health. There was nothing before the District Court that tended to prove that the proximate cause of the suicide was anything but the intentional act of Melvin Pretty On Top. Without a showing of “special circumstances” which would elevate the defendants’ duty of care and thereby create the possibility that defendants’ acts were the proximate cause of the death, the District Court was required to follow the general rule that suicide is an intentional act and grant defendants’ motion for summary judgment.
Affirmed.
MR. JUSTICE HASWELL and JUSTICES DALY and HARRISON concur.
|
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MR. JUSTICE ANGSTMAN
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Relator commenced this proceeding under section 93-9002 seeking a writ of review of the action of the respondent Board in issuing Order No. 184 declaring Rosebud County a disease control area for brucellosis and Order No. 184-A declaring the townships of Rosebud County a disease control area for brucellosis.
The affidavit seeking the writ in substance asserts that petitions were circulated in Rosebud County by townships for signatures of owners of cattle; that the county assessor on November 13, 1956, certified that such petitions contained the signatures of not less than 75 percent of the owners of the livestock in the 115 townships enumerated and not less than 50 percent of the species of livestock involved in all the 115 townships enumerated; that the respondent Board acting* on such petitions made the orders sought to be reviewed; that the Board in so doing acted in excess of its jurisdiction in that, among other things, the petitions did not include 75 percent or more of the livestock owners of the species of animals to be tested, and represented less than 50 percent of such species as required by section 46-212; that when the livestock was owned by a corporation no resolution by the corporation authorizing the signing of the petition accompanied the petition; that the assessor in certifying the petitions referred to the assessment roll for 1955, instead of the current roll for 1956, contrary to section 46-213 which, when referring to the assessment roll, had reference to the roll made up under, section 84-503 before the first Monday in July in each year, and delivered to the county clerk as required by section 84-505.
Many other allegations are made in relator’s application which, if true, show that the respondent Board acted in excess of its jurisdiction in making the orders complained of. The court issued a writ of review directing respondent to certify all papers affecting these questions for review by the court. Respondent Board appeared in the district court and filed a motion to quash which challenged the jurisdiction of the district court over the subject of the action and questioned the sufficiency of relator’s affidavit and petition to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. Respondent also filed a return to the writ.
Testimony taken in Cause No. 6486 in the district court of Rosebud County in an action between the same parties (135 Mont. 202, 339 P.2d 487) was stipulated in the record. The court thereupon sustained the motion to quash and dismissed the proceeding with prejudice. The court in its order made reference to the case of State ex rel. Lee v. Montana Livestock Sanitary Board, 135 Mont. 202, 339 P.2d 487, decided May 6, 1959, and said:
“There the Supreme Court of Montana held that the actions of the Board are ministerial in nature and accordingly the Writ herein does not lie. On authority of that ease the Motion to Quash should be granted.”
It is thus apparent that the trial judge based his ruling on this court’s opinion in State ex rel. Lee v. Montana Livestock Sanitary Board, 135 Mont. 202, 339 P.2d 487, supra. In consequence we must now consider the scope of the holding in that case.
The conclusion was reached in that case that prohibition does not lie against a board to restrain ministerial functions even though the statute (section 93-9201) purports to authorize it. It was expressly ruled that the statute purporting to authorize the writ to restrain ministerial acts is unconstitutional.
Respondent contends that the opinion in that case rules this case. The opinion in State ex rel. Lee v. Montana Livestock Sanitary Board, supra, 135 Mont. 202, 339 P.2d 487, expressly limited and restricted the issue there determined.
In that opinion at page 205 of 135 Mont., at page 489 of 339 P.2d, we said:
“The respondent argues that the writ should lie because the establishment of a disease control area is a judicial act requiring decisions as to the danger of the disease and the species of animals subject to the disease. We think, however, that his arguments in this regard do not apply for the issue is not so broad. Actually, the only issue raised in this ease is the validity of the order directed to the respondent requiring him to produce his cattle for testing, and the judicial or ministerial nature of the promulgation of that order presents the question to be decided at this stage of our inquiry.”
Here, it is sought under section 93-9002 to review the order establishing the disease control area upon the several grounds above-indicated, all of which go to the question of the jurisdiction of the Board to proceed.
The question of establishing a disease control area involves the determination of questions as to the danger of the disease and the species of animals subject to the disease. It involves the duty of looking into facts, and acting upon them, not in a way which the law directs but after the exercise of discretion and hence the function is quasi-judicial, Mechem on Public Offices and Officers, § 637, cited and quoted from with approval in State ex rel. Lee v. Montana Livestock Sanitary Board, supra, and in Bair v. Struck, 29 Mont. 45, 74 P. 69, 63 L.R.A. 481, and see Throop on Public Officers, §§ 533, 534, and Bishop on Non-Contract Law, §§ 785, 786. For that reason, the writ here sought is a proper remedy to review the Board’s action.
It is contended, by respondent that since the opinion in State ex rel. Lee v. Montana Livestock Sanitary Board, supra, 135 Mont. 202, 339 P.2d 487, held that the Board’s “actions” were ministerial, this included all actions of the Board. This cannot be so, where as here, the opinion limited and restricted the issue as it did.
But for another reason the writ of prohibition was proper here.
“Prohibition reaches action in excess of jurisdiction as well as action where there is no jurisdiction, and abuse of jurisdiction or power as well as action outside of jurisdiction, although it has been said to be ordinarily employed to restrain an inferior or subordinate tribunal from entertaining a cause or proceeding over which it has no jurisdiction.” 73 C.J.S. Prohibition § 11, pp. 36, et seq.
Here jurisdiction of the Board to do anything depends upon the receipt of a proper petition. Section 46-212, R.C.M. 1947. It is this petition that gives the Board jurisdiction of the subject matter.
A petition was received containing the certificate of the county assessor under section 46-213, but relator challenges the sufficiency of the petition, and that the certificate was based upon the wrong assessment roll as above pointed out. If that challenge be good then defendant Board has no jurisdiction to proceed. It can do no act whether of a quasi-judicial nature or of a ministerial character. Whatever it would do if the petition be subject to the alleged infirmities would be-a nullity.
The sufficiency of the petition may be tested by prohibition.
We hold that the court erred in sustaining respondent’s motion to quash, and in refusing to hear and determine the controversy on its merits.
The order sustaining the motion to quash is set aside and the cause remanded for consideration on its merits.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HARRISON and MR. JUSTICES ADAIR and CASTLES concur.
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
The respondent, William Fulton Stewart, was arrested on March 16, 1973, for possession of dangerous drugs. Respondent made a motion to suppress all evidence seized from his person at the time of his arrest and all evidence discovered and seized at his residence pursuant to a search warrant. 'The district court of Hill County ordered that all evidence ‘obtained by either search be suppressed. The State of Montana has appealed the suppression of the evidence obtained by the .search incident to respondent’s arrest.
Prior to March 16, 1973, respondent’s residence was placed under police surveillance on at least eight occasions. An informant had said that marijuana, a hash pipe, and other drug related paraphernalia could be found there; the purpose of the •surveillance was to determine whether known drug users were frequenting the premises. Among known drug users who were ¡seen at respondent’s residence during this period were Dave Mariani and Harlan Swan.
On March 16, 1973, surveillance was broadened. That after-moon officers Robert Kurtz and James Doxtater went to the Le Havre Inn and positioned themselves where they could view all the activity of respondent at the Westco Service Station, his place of employment. The officers were equipped with a twenty power spotting scope and a pair of binoculars. Throughout this period of surveillance particular attention was paid to the frequent visits of Mariani and Swan to the station. They first came around 4:00 p.m., then between 5:00 and 6:00 p.m., and again around 7:00 p.m. After the second visit Mariani and Swan left the station without the latter’s pickup. At this time respondent went over to the pick-up, removed an object from the cab and placed it in his pocket, and returned to the station. Once inside the station, respondent removed the object from his pocket and picked something out of it. When Mariani and Swan rejoined respondent at 7:00 p.m., respondent again removed the object from his pocket and waved it in the air. Officer Kurtz recognized the object, as a “baggie” containing a dark-colored substance. Immediately thereafter the trio were observed passing the “baggie” among themselves. Based upon these observations and officer Kurtz’s familiarity with marijuana in resale form, the officers proceeded to the station to make arrests. The “baggie” was found in respondent’s right pocket and seized by officer Doxtater. The contents of the “baggie” were later analyzed as marijuana.
The sole issue is whether there was probable cause under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution to arrest respondent without a warrant.
A succinct statement of what constitutes “probable cause” is found in Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175, 69 S.Ct. 1302, 1310, 93 L.Ed. 1879:
“In dealing with probable cause, however, as the very name implies, we deal with probabilities. These are'not technical; they are the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act. The standard of proof is accordingly correlative to what must be proved.
“ ‘The substance of all the definitions’ of probable cause ‘is a reasonable ground for belief of guilt.’ McCarthy v. De Armit, 99 PaSt. 63, 69, quoted with approval in the Carroll opinion, 267 U.S. at 161, 45 S.Ct. at 288, 69 L.Ed. 543. And this ‘means less than evidence which would justify condemnation’ or conviction, as Marshall, C.J., said for the Court more than a century ago in Locke v. United States, 7 Cranch 339, 348, 3 L.Ed. 364. Since Marshall’s time, at any rate, it has come to mean more than bare suspicion: Probable cause exists where ‘the facts and circumstances within their [the officers’] knowledge and of which they had reasonable trustworthy information [are] sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that’ an offense has been or is being committed. Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 162, 45 S.Ct. 280, 288, 69 L.Ed. 543.”
Applying these principles to the case at bar, we conclude there was sufficient probable cause for respondent’s arrest. It should be noted that this case is not one in which probable cause stands or falls with the reliability of an informant. Any usefulness the informant here may have had in the beginning was long since dissipated by the subsequent chain of events. What probable cause does rest upon is good police work by the ■officers. Consider the record:
1. The officers had established surveillance to observe possible drug traffic at respondent’s place of employment.
2. Known drug users were seen there several times.
3. Respondent was observed removing an object from the vehicle of one of these known drug users.
4. The object was recognized as a “baggie” containing a ■dark-colored substance.
5. The “baggie” was passed around by respondent and these known drug users.
6. At least one of the officers had prior experience in the drug field and knew that “baggies” were commonly used as receptacles for illicit drugs.
In view of the foregoing, it is our view that the officers acted under a reasonable belief that a crime was being committed in their presence.
Accordingly, the order suppressing the evidence seized from respondent’s person at the time of his arrest is vacated and set aside and the cause is remanded to the district court for further proceedings.
MR. JUSTICES CASTLES, DALY, HASWELL and JOHN C. HARRISON, concur.
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MR. JUSTICE HARRISON
delivered the opinion of the Court.
An action was brought by the plaintiffs alleging negligence and maintaining a public or private nuisance. The District court entered summary judgment for the defendants with respect to such claims and the plaintiffs appeal.
The sole issue before the Court is whether the facts as developed on a motion for summary judgment show that a burning slag pile constituted the foreseeable risk of forest and range fire.
The District Court made its decision to grant summary judgment to defendants on the basis of some ten depositions, affidavits and other documents submitted to it. Those depositions and affidavits establish that Republic Coal Company, a/k/a/ Klein Coal Mine, is located four miles south of Roundup, Montana, on Section 36, Township 8 North, Range 25 East M.P.M. A coal mine was operated on this property from 1908-1909 until 1956, when it closed. During this period, slag (rocks, coal, and other mine waste products) was piled in certain areas on the section. One of the slag piles in question is approximately 100 feet high, covered with vegetation, and located on a ridge adjacent to Highway 87. On the afternoon of December 4, 1979, during a severe windstorm, a fire started near this slag pile, and spread four and one-half to five miles aross defendants’ land and onto the plaintiffs’ land.
The trial court found that the slag pile started burning prior to 1950. Red embers were then visible to motorists driving along the highway. In later years the embers disappeared, but fumes indicated that the fire may have moved to deep inside the pile. However, after the coal mine closed the pile was not considered a fire hazard, and no fires were ever reported. When the state built a highway through a portion of the slag in 1961, the fire was apparently dead.
Plaintiffs sued the slag pile owners for failure to construct a fire break or other protection from burning slag. The trial court viewed the premises, considered depositions and affidavits, and granted defendants motions for summary judgment. The court noted that the slag pile had never caused a fire in that area, that flames were never visible on the surface, and that the pile had never been considered a nuisance or hazard. The court then concluded that the defendant’s conduct in leaving the slag pile untouched until 1979 was reasonable, prudent, and did not create an unreasonable hazard.
Plaintiffs contend that other conclusions could be reasonably drawn from the same facts: Fire hazards may exist without flames; and the storage of combustible material on one’s property can reasonably be expected to start a fire.
Rule 56(c), M.R.Civ.P., provides that summary judgment is proper if: “. . . the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” The movant must make a showing that excludes any real doubt as to the existence of any genuine issue of material fact. Harland v. Anderson (1976), 169 Mont. 447, 548 P.2d 613.
This Court in Mang v. Eliasson (1969), 153 Mont. 431, 458 P.2d 777, outlined a landowner’s rights and duties, and a theory of negligence use in great detail. In that case a jury found the defendant negligent in the use of his property. This Court overturned the jury verdict and found as a matter of law that the defendant was not negligent.. The Mang case, supra, arose in the same district and under the same judge as heard this case and he relied on our opinion in Mang in deciding this issue. The following are quotes from Mang which apply to this case:
“Basically the reasonableness of the use of property by its owner must necessarily be determined from the fact and circumstances of each particular case as it arises by the application of appropriate provision or principles of law and the dictates of mutual and reciprocal justice. Further, before negligence can be predicated on any given act, back of that act must be sought and found a duty to the individual complaining, the observance of which duty would have averted the injury. . .
“An additional test of actionable negligence is not what might have prevented a particular accident, but what reasonably prudent men would have done in the discharge of their duties under the circumstances as they existed at the time of the accident. Milasevich v. Fox Western Montana Theatre Corp., 118 Mont. 265, 272, 165 P.2d 195 . . .
ÍÍ
“It has been well said that a defendant who could not foresee any danger of direct injury resulting from his conduct or any risk from an intervening force is not negligent. Taylor v. Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pac. Ry. Co., 142 Mont. 365, 371, 384 P.2d 759; Lencioni v. Long, 139 Mont. 135, 361 P.2d 455.
<<
“ Tn striking this balance — that is, in weighing the likeli hood of harm, the seriousness of the injury and the value of the interest to be sacrificed — the law judges the actor’s conduct in the light of the situation as it would have appeared to the reasonable man in his shoes at the time of the act or omission complained of. Not what actually happened, but what the reasonably prudent person would then have foreseen as likely to happen, is the key to the question of reasonableness * * * ’
“Harper and James, The Law of Torts, supra, at page 1018, state the prevailing view. The obligation of defendants turns on whether:
“ ‘. . . the offending conduct foreseeably involved unreasonably great risk of harm to the interests of someone other than the action . . . [T]he obligation to refrain from . . . particular conduct is owed only to those who are foreseeably endangered by the conduct and only with respect to those risks and hazards whose likelihood made the conduct unreasonably dangerous. Duty, in other words, is measured by the scope of the risk which negligent conduct foreseeably entails.’ ” 153 Mont. 437-38, 458 P.2d at 781.
From the principles of law set forth in Mang, supra, we can find no genuine issues of material facts constituting negligence on the part of the defendants and find no error in the trial court’s granting summary judgment on the issue of negligence.
In addition, plaintiffs argued that section 50-63-103, MCA, applied to the facts of this case.
This Court, in a recent case, DNRC v. Clark Fork Logging Company (1982), Mont., 646 P.2d 1207, 39 St.Rep. 1146, considered the above statute and interpreted the same to apply only to the intentional setting or leaving a fire, the purpose of which is to burn excess forest material. That is clearly not the situation here, and we hold the statute not applicable.
The next issue is whether the slag pile was a public or private nuisance, thereby making the defendants liable.
Section 26-30-101, MCA, defines “nuisance” as: “Anything which is injurious to health, indecent or offensive to the senses, or an obstruction to the free use of property . .
Here the undisputed facts show that the old slag pile existed for many, many years along Highway 83 in full public view. There is no showing that it had ever previously caused fires in the area and there is no showing that it was considered a hazard to neighboring property owners.
This court held in Faucett v. Dewey Lumber Co. (1928), 82 Mont. 250, 259, 266 P. 646, 648 referring to the statutes covering public and private nuisances, that “[t]he foregoing statutes are, in effect, but crystallizations of the common law and are consistent with the general rules which have long been recognized by the courts.”
“ ‘A nuisance per se is generally defined as an act, occupation, or structure, which is a nuisance at all times and under any circumstances, regardless of location or surroundings. Other definitions are: any act or omission or use of property or thing which is of itself hurtful to the health, tranquillity, or morals, or which outrages the decency of the community; that which cannot be so conducted or maintained as to be lawfully carried on or permitted to exist; and, as related to private persons an act or use of property of a continuing nature, offensive to and legally injurious to health and property, or both.’ 39 Am.Jur., Nuisances, Sec. 11, P.289.” McCollum v. Kolokotrones (1957), 131 Mont. 438, 443-444, 311 P.2d 780, 782-83.
Here, for many years open flames were not visible and any burning in the area occurred beneath the surface. For the ten years prior to the 1979 fire, underground burning was less and less obvious to any observer and there have been no complaints to public officials concerning the pile. Therefore, we find no genuine issue of material fact that the slag 'pile was a public or private nuisance.
Whether there was or was not substantial evidence is a matter of law. In Flansberg v. Montana Power Company (1969), 154 Mont. 53, 460 P.2d 263, this Court, considered the granting of a motion for summary judgment and held:
“If there is no evidence of any negligent act or omission by the defendant, a non-suit is properly granted. (Citation omitted.) This rule is equally applicable to a motion for summary judgment under the circumstances disclosed here. 154 Mont, at 60, 460 P.2d at 267.
“When the record discloses no genuine issue as to any material fact, the burden is on the party opposing the motion for summary judgment to present evidence of material and substantial nature raising a genuine issue of fact (Brown v. Thornton, 150 Mont. 150, 432 P.2d 386) and as in this case, the failure to sustain that burden authorizes the granting of summary judgment. 154 Mont. 58, 460 P.2d at 266.
“Whether or not there is substantial evidence presented by plaintiff is a question of law for the court and not a question of fact for the jury.” 154 Mont. 60, 460 P.2d at 267.
This Court has held in a number of cases that the party seeking summary judgment has the initial burden of showing absence of any issue of material fact remaining, and then the burden passes to the opposition to raise such material issue of fact. See, DeWinter v. Capp Homes, Inc. (1973), 162 Mont. 19, 507 P.2d 1061.
For the reasons stated the decision of the District Court is affirmed.
MR. JUSTICES DALY, SHEA, SHEEHY and MORRISON, concur.
|
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MR. JUSTICE WEBER
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Stepfather appeals a judgment of the Yellowstone County District Court which denied his petition for the adoption of E.S.R. We affirm.
The issues are:
1. Did the District Court err in concluding that mother and father had entered into an oral agreement modifying father’s duty to pay $125 per month for the support of E.S.R.
2. Did the District Court err in concluding that the oral modification agreement was a proper basis for its conclusion that father had supported E.S.R. during the previous year, so his consent was necessary under Section 40-8-lll(l)(a), MCA?
Mother and father were divorced in 1980. Mother was granted sole custody of the two minor children, a boy and a girl (E.S.R.). The father’s child support obligation was set at $125 per month per child.
In January or February of 1982, the boy went to live with his father for six months. During that period, the mother agreed to suspend the boy’s child support obligation of $125 per month. This agreement was later reduced to an order of the court.
Father testified that mother also orally agreed to suspend the girl’s support obligation because each parent was totally supporting one child. The mother denied any such agreement.
Stepfather petitioned to adopt E.S.R. and pled that the consent of the father was excused under Section 40-8-lll(l)(a)(v), MCA, by father’s failure to contribute to the support of the child during a period of 1 year before the filing of the petition.
The District Court found that the natural parents had orally modified the child support agreement. The District Court concluded that the father had supported E.S.R. by totally supporting the boy and thus his consent was necessary under Section 40-8-lll(l)(a), MCA.
I
By statute, a child cannot be adopted without the natural parents’ consent, subject to certain exceptions. Section 40-8-lll(l)(a)(v), MCA, provides in pertinent part:
“(1) An adoption of a child may be decreed when there have been filed written consents to adoption executed by:
“(a) both parents, if living . . . provided that consent is not required from a father or mother:
“(v) if it is proven to the satisfaction of the court that the father or mother, if able, has not contributed to the support of the child during a period of 1 year before the filing of a petition for adoption;
The principal issue is whether father has contributed to the support of E.S.R. In order for the stepfather to prevail, he must have proved by clear and convincing evidence that father “has not contributed to the support of the child during a period of one year prior to the filing of the petition and . . . [father] had the ability to contribute . . .” See Matter of Adoption of R.A.S. (Mont. 1984), [208 Mont. 438,] 679 P.2d 220, 223, 41 St.Rep. 451, 453.
II
Did the District Court err in concluding that mother and father had entered into an oral agreement modifying father’s duty to pay $125 per month for the support of E.S.R.?
The District Court’s finding of fact 11 states:
“The evidence regarding the agreement between the natural parents of the minor child is in dispute; after considering the evidence and the demeanor of the parties while testifying, the Court finds that the weight of the evidence supports the testimony of the father that such an agreement was made and the Court finds that such an agreement did exist between the natural parents of the minor child and that the father ... in reliance upon said agreement, did not make the child support payments specified in the decree of dissolution and had such an agreement not been in existence, he would have made the payments for the support of the minor child as specified in the decree of dissolution.”
This Court will not reverse the District Court unless the findings of fact are clearly erroneous. Rule 52(a), M.R.Civ.P., states in pertinent part:
“Findings of fact shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge of the credibility of the witnesses.”
Findings of fact are not clearly erroneous if supported by substantial credible evidence:
“This Court’s function ... is not to substitute its judgment in place of the trier of facts but rather it is ‘confined to determining whether there is substantial credible evidence to support’ the findings of fact and conclusions of law. Although conflicts may exist in the evidence presented, it is the duty and function of the trial judge to resolve such conflicts. His findings will not be disturbed on appeal where they are based on substantial though conflicting evidence.” In re the Support of Rockman (Mont. 1985), [217 Mont. 498,] 705 P.2d 590, 42 St.Rep. 1323, 1325.
Father testified that mother never requested child support payments after she orally agreed to suspend the girl’s support obligation. The record contains evidence that father was current in his child support obligation until the time the agreement took place. Mother testified that there was never an oral agreement, she simply got tired of fighting with father over his duty to support E.S.R. However, mother did testify that her attorney had told her that if father failed to make payments for one year his consent would not be necessary in the stepfather’s adoption of E.S.R.
The record indicates that mother’s attorney had knowledge of father’s belief in the existence of an oral agreement. In October 1982, father’s attorney sent mother’s attorney a letter in response to pending litigation over the property settlement. Among other things, the letter made reference to the oral agreement modifying the child support obligation. Mother testified she never saw the letter.
We conclude the record contains substantial credible evidence to support the District Court’s finding of an oral agreement modifying father’s child support obligation of E.S.R.
Ill
Did the District Court err in concluding that the oral modification agreement was a proper basis for its conclusion that father had supported E.S.R. during the previous year, so his consent was necessary under Section 40-8-lll(l)(a), MCA?
Mother contends that the oral modification agreement is an improper basis for concluding the father has supported E.S.R. because verbal modification of child support decrees is prohibited under Section 40-4-208(2)(b), MCA. That contention might be appropriate if the District Court were considering whether the agreement would be enforceable in an action to recover past due child support payments. However, that is not the issue before this Court. Essentially, the issue is whether the father has contributed to the support of E.S.R. so that his consent was required prior to adoption.
The District Court’s conclusion of law 2 states:
“That. . . [father] has contributed to the support of E.S.R. during the period of one (1) year before the filing of the Petition for Adoption and his consent to the adoption is therefore necessary.”
In an accompanying memorandum, the District Court gave its rationale:
“It is the Court’s view that under the agreement of the parties, both parties have continued to contribute to the support of both children and the mere fact that they have contracted with one another to assume a portion of each other’s obligation does not lessen the fact that they are contributing to the support of each of the children.”
As stated previously, the standard of review is whether there is substantial credible evidence to support the court’s conclusion.
The record contains evidence that the oral agreement provided each parent would totally support one child. Although the father did not actually give the mother child support payments, his conduct of totally supporting one child was, by agreement, the equivalent of financial support for both children.
We conclude there is substantial credible evidence to support the District Court’s conclusion that father had supported E.S.R. during the previous year, so father’s consent was necessary under Section 40-8-lll(l)(a), MCA.
We affirm.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE and MR. JUSTICES MORRISON, SHEEHY and HUNT concur.
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DECISION
The application of the above-named defendant for a review of the sentence of ten years, with all but 2 years suspended, imposed on December 23, 1968, was fully heard and after a careful consideration of the entire matter it is decided that:
(1) The sentence be and remain as originally imposed by the sentencing court.
The reason for the above decision is that the sentence appears proper and sufficiently lenient in that defendant was convicted of 1st degree burglary punishable by not less than 1 nor more than 15 years imprisonment, yet received but a 10 year sentence with all but 2 years suspended, and will be eligible for parole consideration in April, 1969, after being received December 26, 1968, although defendant originally was given a deferred imposition of sentence for 2 years which defendant violated.
SENTENCE REVIEW DIVISION
Philip C. Duncan, chairman; Jack D. Shanstrom, Sid G. Stewart.
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On July 12,1993, the Defendant was sentenced to ten (10) years for the revocation of Issuing Bad Checks, with credit for 94 days time served.
On September 24,1993, the Defendant’s application for review of that sentence was heard by the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
The Defendant was present and represented himself. The state was not represented.
Before hearing the application, the Defendant was advised that the Sentence Review Division has the authority not only to reduce the sentence or affirm it, but also to increase it if such is possible. The defendant was further advised that there is no appeal from a decision of the Sentence Review Division. The defendant acknowledged that he understood this and stated that he wished to proceed.
After careful consideration, it is the unanimous decision of the Sentence Review Division that the sentence shall remain the same as originally imposed.
The reason for the decision is the sentence imposed by the District Court is presumed correct pursuant to Section 46-18-904(3), MCA. The Division finds that the reasons advanced for modification are insufficient to deem inadequate or excessive as required to overcome the presumption per Rule 17 of the Rules of the Sentence Review Division of the Montana Supreme Court.
Hon. Thomas McKittrick, Chairman, Hon. G. Todd Baugh, and Hon. John Warner, Judges
|
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JUSTICE WEBER
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from the Twelfth Judicial District Court, Hill County, affirming a charge of possession of an unlawfully killed game animal in violation of § 87-3-111(1), MCA, against Ruben Horseman. We affirm.
We restate the issues on appeal:
1. Did the District Court err in determining that Ruben Horseman, an enrolled tribal member of the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, had possession of an illegally killed bighorn sheep?
2. Did the District Court err in determining that it had jurisdiction to rule in Horseman’s case?
3. Did the District Court properly conclude that no evidence was presented that demonstrated that any established Rocky Boy’s Indian Reservation’s extradition procedures were violated or that extradition was, in fact, required?
On October 21,1990, Game Warden Mark Earnhardt (Earnhardt) of the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, observed a truck traveling west on a county road in Hill County. The truck had blood runs on the tailgate and was headed for the Rocky Boy’s Reservation. Unable to pursue the vehicle because he was behind a locked gate, Earnhardt radioed Tribal Warden Matt Denny (Denny) on the Rocky Boy’s Reservation for assistance in stopping the vehicle.
Both parties indicate that upon entering the reservation, Ruben Horseman (Horseman) was stopped by Denny who discovered a freshly killed bighorn sheep in the back of Horseman’s suburban. Upon his arrival, Earnhardt issued Horseman citations for possessing an unlawfully killed bighorn sheep, transporting an unlawfully killed bighorn sheep and taking a bighorn sheep without a license.
These charges were brought in Justice Court for Hill County. Horseman’s motion to dismiss the charge of taking of a bighorn sheep was granted by the court because Hill County was an improper venue for a crime committed outside of the county. The record indicates that the sheep was killed in Blaine County. The remaining two charges, possessing and transporting an illegally killed game animal were tried to a jury which found Horseman guilty of both charges on November 13,1991. Horseman was fined $500, ordered to pay $2,000 restitution and had his hunting privileges suspended for thirty months.
Horseman appealed this judgment to the Twelfth Judicial District Court. He filed a pretrial motion to dismiss the charges against him. The District Court granted Horseman’s motion to dismiss the charge of transporting an illegally killed game animal but denied dismissal of the charge of possession of such animal.
On July 17, 1992, Horseman entered a conditional plea of “guilty” pursuant to § 46-12-204, MCA, for the charge of possession of an unlawfully killed game animal in violation of § 87-3-111(1), MCA. Horseman’s conditional plea contained three issues which were subject to appeal:
1. That he had the legal right to kill the animal pursuant to the 1855 Treaty between his tribe, the Gros Ventre, and the United States;
2. That he was unlawfully arrested on the Rocky Boy’s Reservation; and
3. That he was unlawfully extradited from the Rocky Boy’s Reservation.
The District Court accepted Horseman’s plea and found him guilty of possession of an unlawfully killed game animal in violation of § 87-3-111(1), MCA, fined him $500 and suspended his hunting privileges until January 23, 1995. Horseman filed a notice of appeal on August 20,1992.
I
Did the District Court err in determining that Ruben Horseman, an enrolled tribal member of the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, had possession of an illegally killed bighorn sheep?
Horseman argues that 1851 and 1855 Treaties between the Gros Ventre Tribe and the United States reserved the tribal rights to hunt in traditional hunting grounds. According to Horseman, because he killed the sheep on federal land, he is not subject to State regulations.
The State argues that neither the 1851 or 1855 Treaty, nor any subsequent agreement affecting the Gros Ventre Tribe and the Fort Belknap Treaty, reserved a right for tribal members to hunt on ceded land, or other off-reservation land.
Generally, states have jurisdiction to regulate the wildlife within their borders. Baldwin v. Fish & Game Comm’n (1978), 436 U.S. 371, 98 S.Ct. 1852, 56 L.Ed.2d 354. Tribal members are subject to these state laws when they are off-reservation, unless off-reservation hunting and fishing rights have been expressly reserved by the tribe when they ceded lands to the federal government. Oregon v. Klamath (1985), 473 U.S. 753, 105 S.Ct. 3420, 87 L.Ed.2d 542. Therefore, in order for the Gros Ventre Tribe, and hence Horseman, to have the right to be free from state fish and game regulations while hunting off-reservation, the treaties made between the tribe and the United States must specifically reserve this off-reservation privilege.
We note that Horseman mentioned only the 1855 Treaty when he made his conditional plea. He now argues both the 1851 and 1855 Treaty. Neither treaty provides the reservation he argues.
The Treaty of Fort Laramie was signed in 1851 by the United States and various tribes, including the Gros Ventre. The purposes of the 1851 Treaty were to assure safe passage for settlers across lands of various Indian tribes, to compensate tribes for loss of buffalo, other game animals, timber and forage, to delineate tribal boundaries, to promote intertribal peace and to establish a way of identifying Indians who committed depredations against non-Indians. Montana v. U.S. (1981), 450 U.S. 544, 101 S.Ct. 1245, 67 L.Ed.2d 493; Treaty of Fort Laramie, Act of September 17, 1851, 11 Stat. 749. The tribes agreed to stay in their respective territories.
Article 5 is a tribe-by-tribe list of each tribe’s respective territory. At the end of this article is the following paragraph:
It is, however, understood that, in making this recognition and acknowledgement, the aforesaid Indian nations do not hereby abandon or prejudice any rights or claims they may have to other lands; and further, that they do not surrender the privilege of hunting, fishing, or passing over any of the tracts of country heretofore described.
The phrase “heretofore described” limits the tribal hunting privilege to that tract of land specified for each tribe. The tribes’ respective territories, however, continued to get smaller during subsequent treaties.
In 1855, a treaty with the Blackfeet Nation, of which the Gros Ventre was a tribe, set the boundaries of the Blackfeet territory and established a common hunting ground for 99 years. Treaty with the Blackfeet, Act of October 17, 1855, 11 Stat. 657. This is an express reservation for 99 years — which would have ended in 1954. Despite subsequent treaty documents which diminished tribal lands, the hunting privilege would have been retained on this larger tract of land only until 1954, unless expressly revoked before the 99 years had elapsed.
In 1874, the 43rd Congress set up a reservation for the Gros Ventre, Piegan, Blood, Blackfeet and River Crow. Act of April 15, 1874, 18 Stat. 28. The reservation which was set up during the first session of the 43rd Congress in 1874, was reduced in size by the 50th Congress in 1888. Act of May 1, 1888, 25 Stat. 113. Article II of Chapter 213, published in 1888, states that:
The said Indians hereby cede and relinquish to the United States all their right, title, and interest in and to all the lands embraced within the aforesaid Gros Ventre, Piegan, Blood, Blackfeet and River Crow Reservation, not herein, specifically set apart and reserved as separate reservations for them, and do severally agree to accept and occupy the separate reservations to which they are herein assigned as their permanent homes, and they do hereby severally relinquish to the other tribes or bands respectively occupying the other separate reservations, all their right, title, and interest in and to the same, reserving to themselves only the reservation herein set apart for their separate use and occupation.
What followed was the boundaries for the Fort Peck and Fort Belknap reservations. Nothing in Chapter 213 refers to hunting.
Again, in 1896, an agreement was signed between the United States and the Indians of the Fort Belknap Reservation, 54th Congress, Session I. Act of June 10, 1896, Chapter 398, 29 Stat. 350. In this agreement, the Indians once again ceded land to the United States for which they received payment. Nothing in this chapter reserved hunting rights on lands ceded.
Of all the treaties and subsequent amendments, only the 1855 Treaty reserves hunting rights to common hunting grounds. That reservation was for 99 years only and has now been extinguished.
Horseman cites State v. Stasso (1977), 172 Mont. 242, 563 P.2d 562, as precedent for the fact that he as a tribal member is permitted to hunt in “open and unclaimed” lands off the reservation. Stasso interpreted a treaty with the Salish and Kootenai tribes and is not precedent for a separate treaty with the Gros Ventre.
Stasso involved an interpretation of the Treaty of Hell Gate, signed in 1855. The tribes involved in the Hell Gate Treaty specifically reserved the right to hunt and fish in open and unclaimed areas:
The exclusive right of taking fish in all the streams running through or bordering said reservation is further secured to said Indians; as also the right of taking fish at all usual and accustomed places, in common with citizens of the Territory, and of erecting temporary buildings for curing; together with the privilege of hunting, gathering roots and berries, and pasturing their horses and cattle upon open and unclaimed land. (Emphasis added.)
Article II, Treaty of Hell Gate, Act of July 16,1855,12 Stat. 975. The Stasso case interprets “open and unclaimed lands” to include National Forests, where the particular animal in question was killed.
The treaties involved in the case before us do not contain such wording. The 1855 Treaty with the Blackfeet Nation contains the only express reservation of hunting rights and that reservation of rights ended in 1954. Therefore, Horseman was subject to the State game laws while off the reservation.
We hold that the District Court did not err in determining that Ruben Horseman had possession of an illegally killed big horn sheep.
II
Did the District Court err in determining that it had jurisdiction to rule in Horseman’s case?
Horseman argues that the District Court had no jurisdiction to rule in this case because he is a tribal member and the offense took place on tribal land. The State argues that the offense occurred off the reservation and that Horseman was voluntarily placed in State custody by tribal authority.
Horseman filed a pretrial motion with the District Court to dismiss his case for lack of personal jurisdiction to rule on the case. The court denied the motion. Horseman then entered a conditional guilty plea to the District Court pursuant to § 46-12-204(3), MCA:
With the approval of the court and the consent of the prosecutor, a defendant may enter a plea of guilty, reserving the right, on appeal from the judgment, to review the adverse determination of any specified pretrial motion. If the defendant prevails on appeal, the defendant must be allowed to withdraw the plea.
Horseman’s pretrial motion was one to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. We review a district court decision of denial of a motion to dismiss as to whether the court abused its discretion. Gold Reserve Corp. v. McCarty (1987), 228 Mont. 512, 744 P.2d 160.
Horseman, as defendant, had the burden of proving to the court that the alleged offense was committed at a location which deprived the State of jurisdiction to prosecute. Stasso, 172 Mont. at 248, 563 P.2d at 565. The record is devoid of any evidence to indicate that the offense for which Horseman is charged occurred on his own reservation, thus denying Hill County jurisdiction. While Horseman argues that the offense occurred on the reservation, statements included in an appellate brief but which are not in the record will not be considered on appeal. Credit Associates v. Harp (1990), 243 Mont. 281, 794 P.2d 343.
The only hard evidence that exists in this file is found in the three original tickets issued by Earnhardt to Horseman. Those tickets state that all three alleged offenses occurred in Hill County, at a location off the Rocky Boy’s reservation. When disputes involving Indians arise within the state but outside of Indian reservation boundaries, the state may assume jurisdiction over the matter. Application of Bertelson (1980), 189 Mont. 524, 617 P.2d 121. Horseman has provided no evidence that jurisdiction lay with another sovereign other than the State of Montana.
Further, Horseman was not a member of the tribes included within the Rocky Boy’s Reservation; he is a member of the Gros Ventre tribe living on the Fort Belknap Reservation. He is, for purposes of this action, a “non-member” Indian on the Rocky Boy’s Reservation where he was detained. At the time of Horseman’s crime, Indian tribes lacked misdemeanor criminal jurisdiction over nonmember Indians. Duro v. Reina (1990), 495 U.S. 676, 110 S.Ct. 2053, 109 L.Ed.2d 693. Rocky Boy’s tribes, therefore, had no jurisdiction for Horseman’s misdemeanor crime because Horseman was a member of another tribe from the Fort Belknap Reservation.
Duro has now been superseded by federal statute reinstating a tribe’s misdemeanor criminal jurisdiction over non-members. That reinstatement did not take effect, however, until October 18, 1991. The crime with which we are concerned took place in October of 1990, a full year before the tribes regained their misdemeanor criminal jurisdiction over non-member Indians. See Act Nov. 5, 1990, P.L. 101-511, § 8077(d), 104 Stat. 1893; Oct. 9,1991, P.L. 102-124, § 1,105 Stat. 616, was repealed by Act Oct. 28, 1991, P.L. 102-137, § 1, 105 Stat. 646.
We conclude that the District Court had proper jurisdiction to rule in this case. Therefore, we hold that the District Court did not err in assuming jurisdiction over Horseman’s case.
Ill
Did the District Court properly conclude that no evidence was presented that demonstrated that any established Rocky Boy’s Indian Reservation’s extradition procedures were violated or that extradition was, in fact, required?
Horseman argues that he was illegally transported off the reservation. His contention is that the Rocky Boy’s Tribal extradition procedures were not used. The State contends that the act of possessing and transporting an illegally killed game animal occurred off the reservation in Hill County and that Horseman’s arrest and subsequent exit from the reservation occurred with the complete cooperation of tribal authorities.
The District Court determined that Horseman’s arrest occurred with the help and cooperation of tribal authorities. The court then determined that no evidence was presented by Horseman that Rocky Boy’s extradition procedures were violated or that extradition was even required.
Both parties to this action have failed to present to this Court or to the lower court any of the appropriate case law upon which this case must be decided. Three months before Horseman illegally killed the big horn sheep, the United States Supreme Court in a well publicized opinion stated that:
[the] assertion of jurisdiction by the Tribe over an Indian who was not a member would violate the equal protection guarantees of the Indian Civil Rights Act.
Duro, 495 U.S. at 682, 110 S.Ct. at 2058. The Duro Court went on to hold that:
Indian tribes lack jurisdiction over persons who are not tribe members.
Duro, 495 U.S. at 685, 110 S.Ct. at 2059. Thus, according to the law at the time of the crime, the Rocky Boy’s tribes had no misdemeanor criminal jurisdiction over Horseman, a member of the Fort Belknap Reservation.
Although the Duro decision has been superseded by statute, the decision is still good law as it involves tribal sovereignty. The case has been cited as precedent for the proposition that:
Where jurisdiction to try and punish an offender rests outside the tribe, tribal officers may exercise their power to detain the offender and transport him to the proper authorities.
Duro, 495 U.S. at 697, 110 S.Ct. at 2066. See Primeaux v. Leapley (S.D. 1993), 502 N.W.2d 265, 270, and State v. Schmuck (Wash. 1993), 850 P.2d 1332, 1339.
Here, the State offered the Primeaux decision in a “Notice” filed at the eleventh hour on November 12,1993. The notice was an attempt to present this Court with additional “recent” authority in the Horseman case. The “recent” Primeaux decision cited by the State was actually decided in June of 1993, two months before the Horseman action was filed in this Court. It was presented to the Court three months after the August, 1993, filing date of the last brief on appeal. The State’s “Notice” is inappropriate. It does more than simply add a more “recent” authority on an already argued legal theory — it adds a totally new legal argument to the case, heretofore unmentioned in either party’s court documents.
In its appellate briefs, neither party argued the Duro decision which was relied on by the Primeaux court. Nor did either party attach any importance to Horseman’s non-member status at the time of the crime. Neither party mentions tribal sovereignty. The only issue argued on appeal is extradition and whether it was needed or not.
The underlying issue in this case is not whether the formal procedures for extradition were needed or applied correctly, but whether the Rocky Boy’s warden as an officer of the tribe had the jurisdiction under the facts of this case to cooperate with Earnhardt and detain Horseman. The United States Supreme Court has stated that the tribes also possess their traditional and undisputed power to exclude persons whom they deem to be undesirable from tribal lands. Brendale v. Confederated Tribes & Bands of the Yakima Nation (1989), 492 U.S. 408, 109 S.Ct. 2994, 106 L.Ed.2d 343. Subsequent to Brendale, the Duro Court stated that:
Tribal law enforcement authorities have the power to restrain those who disturb public order on the reservation, and if necessary, to eject them.
Duro, 495 U.S. at 697, 110 S.Ct. at 2065-2066.
Earnhardt radioed Denny that the suspect was approaching the reservation and that he could not get to him before he entered the reservation. Earnhardt asked for Denny’s help in stopping the suspect whom he suspected had possession of an illegally killed big horn sheep. Denny stopped Horseman, discovered the sheep, and detained Horseman for several minutes until Earnhardt arrived. We conclude that under the precedent concerning sovereignty of a tribe, the Rocky Boy’s warden acted appropriately within his tribal jurisdiction by detaining and then relinquishing Horseman to Hill County authorities.
We conclude that Horseman has offered no evidence that would indicate that the Chippewa-Cree tribal code applies to the facts of this case. The facts show that a tribal officer detained Horseman upon request from Earnhardt and that according to fundamental principles of tribal sovereignty, the tribal officer had authority to relinquish Horseman to Earnhardt. The record indicates that any consideration of extradition is extraneous to the facts of this case.
We hold the District Court properly concluded that no evidence was presented that demonstrated any established Rocky Boy’s Indian Reservation extradition procedures were violated or that extradition was, in fact, required.
Affirmed.
CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE, JUSTICES HARRISON, GRAY and NELSON concur.
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ORDER
PER CURIAM:
Petitioner Herman Cardinal, an inmate of the State Prison, files in this Court a petition for mandamus, apparent grounds of which are the complaint that he has been given a new number when he was returned to the prison following his conviction of a felony at a time when he was on parole and already had a prison number.
This is a matter entirely within the jurisdiction of the prison authorities, being a matter of administration in that institution.
For that reason the relief sought is denied.
For the information of the Department of Institutions copy of the petition of Cardinal and this Order are geing forwarded to that department.
|
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MR. JUSTICE HARRISON
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from an order and judgment of the District Court, Eighteenth Judicial District, Gallatin County, Montana. The case was bifurcated, the Honorable W. W. Lessley presiding at the bench trial and the Honorable Joseph B. Gary presiding at the hearing on damages. Following the bench trial the court found the plaintiff entitled to possession of two mobile homes and three acres of land, more or less, on which the homes were situated. At the subsequent hearing on damages the court awarded plaintiff treble damages of $4,500 pursuant to Section 70-27-207, MCA, for reasonable rent of the trailer homes and land. The defendant appeals. We affirm.
Plaintiff, Yolanda Blakely, bought, developed, improved and then attempted to sell land. The land in question was leased to defendants, Reider and Dolores Kelstrup, rent-free for five years. During the lease period Blakely assigned her interest in the leased property to the Triple B Trust. The assignment was recorded. The Trust later reassigned the interest to her through a quitclaim deed, which was not recorded. At the end of the lease period Kelstrups refused to vacate the premises and Blakely filed a complaint against them under Montana’s forcible entry and detainer statutes, Title 70, ch. 27, MCA. Kelstrups defended, alleging Blakely was not the proper party to bring the action because she was not the real party in interest, and the action should be dismissed.
Resolution of the case turns on the relationship between the recording statutes and which party is the real party in interest. Kelstrups claim Blakely is not the real party in interest because she did not record the reassignment to her of the interest in the leased property and therefore does not have record title to the property. Kelstrups mistake record title with legal title. The two are not synonymous. A property owner can have valid legal title to property without recordation. The rule is an unrecorded deed affecting title to land is valid between the parties. “An unrecorded instrument is valid as between the parties and those who have notice thereof.” Section 70-21-102, MCA. Recordation is a device to establish priority, but has nothing to do with conveying title. Lawler v. Gleason (1955), 130 Cal.App.2d 390, 279 P.2d 70, 73. The purpose of recording instruments is to give notice to subsequent purchasers and encumbrancers. Unless it is the intention of the parties that recording the deed passes title it does not do so. The record does not disclose such intention.
Documents are recorded to alert those persons who might change their position in reliance on the condition of title, specifically subsequent purchasers and mortgagees. The Kelstrups are holdover tenants. Their only interest in the property was a rent-free five year lease. They do not fall within the scope and protection afforded by the recording statutes. Their legal position is not affected whether Blakely or the Triple B Trust holds title to the property. In any event, Blakely holds title because, though unrecorded, she holds a valid deed from Triple B Trust. If, however, the trust had conveyed a deed to yet another party who recorded it prior to Blakely’s recording, that party’s interest would be superior to Blakely’s and Blakely would not be the real party in interest.
Kelstrups’ argument that Blakely is not the proper party to bring the action due to the earlier assignment is without merit. The law in Montana for over eighty years has been a plaintiff vested with legal title is the real party in interest. Genzberger v. Adams (1922), 62 Mont. 430, 436, 205 P. 658, 660. See also Rae v. Cameron (1941), 112 Mont. 159, 175, 114 P.2d 1060, 1067. Rule 17(a), M.R.Civ.P. provides, “every action shall be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest ...”
Requiring the real party in interest to bring an action protects a defendant from multiple suits. Allowing this judgment to stand will not subject the Kelstrups to multiple suits. Triple B Trust divested itself of any interest in the property and cannot now be heard to claim it was the injured party. To allow it to do so would negate the argument that Blakely is the real party in interest. Dismissing this action would be tantamount to arguing there is no real party in interest, clearly an absurdity. The Kelstrups are subject to the same liability regardless of who owns the property. They are not entitled to the same protection as a subsequent purchaser and certainly are not entitled to more protection. The proper party brought the action. The decision of the District Court is affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE and MR. JUSTICES GULBRANDSON, SHEEHY and MORRISON concur.
|
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MR. JUSTICE DALY
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Plaintiff and appellant Jerome Borkoski filed this medical malpractice and wrongful death action on June 17, 1975, in the District Court, Fourth Judicial District, Missoula County, following the death of his wife, Mary Jane Borkoski, as a result of an automobile accident. Defendants in the action originally were St. Patrick’s Hospital and Drs. Robert Yost and James Gouax. Prior to trial, however, Borkoski settled with St. Patrick’s Hospital for $90,000. The hospital is not involved in this appeal.
Trial commenced on December 12, 1977. On that day, Borkoski argued his motion to permit voir dire examination of prospective jurors as to the influence of a national campaign by leading insurance companies with regard to jury awards. During discovery, it had been determined that the insurance companies through which Yost and Gouax carried their malpractice insurance had been very actively involved in this campaign.
The gist of the advertisements was that large jury awards would result in everyone paying higher insurance premiums. A fair example of these advertisements depicts a “judge” holding a “jury instruction” which states:
“When awarding damages in liability cases, the jury is cautioned to be fair and to bear in mind that money does not grow on trees. It must be paid through insurance premiums from uninvolved parties, such as yourselves.”
Beneath this picture in large type is the statement: “Too bad judges can’t read this to a jury.” The advertisement then describes several cases which the sponsoring insurance company points out as illustrative of “windfall” jury awards. The two-page ad then lists several suggestions to clean Up the “mess” concluding:
“We can ask juries to take into account a victim’s own responsibility for his losses. And we can urge that awards realistically reflect the actual loss suffered — that they be a fair compensation, but not a reward.
“Insurers, lawyers, judges — each of us shares some blame for this mess. But it is you, the public, who can best begin to clean it up. Don’t underestimate your own influence. Use it, as we are trying to use ours.”
The sponsor of this particular ad was Aetna Life and Casualty. ■Dr. Gouax carried his malpractice insurance with Aetna Life and Casualty. Borkoski has presented copies of this and other similar ads which appeared in Time, Newsweek, Sports Illustrated, and Reader’s Digest magazines during the approximate time of the impaneling of the jury.
In his motion Borkoski asked:
“For permission to examine prospective jurors with a line of inquiry to determine whether any prospective jurors have been exposed to, have observed, or are aware of the national campaign by leading insurance companies, directed particularly at prospective jurors, to the effect that large jury verdicts are in fact paid by the general public at large and constituted ‘windfalls’ to the recipients.”
The District Court denied this motion. According to the transcript of the argument on this motion, however, the District Court did allow Borkoski to “inquire as to each juror whether or not they feel that doctors are unnecessarily oppressed by suits or large verdicts . . .” Further, according to an affidavit filed by the attorney for defendant doctors, Borkoski did inquire as to whether each juror was prejudiced against this type of case and whether prospective jurors had read any articles or advertisements about this type of case which would affect their determination of the case. The exact questions asked during voir dire are not available due to lack of transcript.
The trial lasted from December 12 to December 19, 1977. After receiving the case, the jury deliberated approximately forty minutes before returning a verdict in favor of defendants.
Borkoski moved for a new trial on the grounds that he has been denied a fair and impartial jury when his voir dire motion had been denied and that the verdict was not supported by the evidence. The court denied his motion, and Borkoski appeals.
On appeal Borkoski raises two related issues concerning the denial of his voir dire motion. These may be consolidated as follows:
Whether the trial court committed reversible error and denied Borkoski his right to a fair and impartial jury when it refused to allow Borkoski to pursue a line of inquiry on voir dire to determine whether any prospective jurors were biased against Borkoski as the direct result of the national advertising campaigns by leading insurance carriers to the effect that large jury awards are in fact paid by the general public and constitute “windfalls” to the recipients.
By this appeal, Borkoski brings to the attention of this Court a matter of increasing concern to both lay persons and lawyers. See e.g., Time, February 20, 1978, at 65; Business Week, July 31, 1978, at 39; 64 A.B.A.J. 531 (1978). The possibility of serious prejudice resulting to personal injury plaintiffs as a result of the advertising campaign being waged by the insurance companies constrains this Court to reexamine its rules on the propriety of the mention of insurance by attorneys on voir dire. As evidence of the possibility of prejudice, see the psychological study reported at 65 A.B.A.J. 68 (1979) which concludes that “even a single exposure to one of these ads can dramatically lower the amount of award a juror is willing to give.” 65 A.B.A.J. at 69.
Initially, we agree with Borkoski as to the purpose of voir dire examination;
“The purpose of voir dire is simply to enable counsel to determine the existence of bias and prejudice on the part of prospective jurors and to enable counsel to exercise intelligently his peremptory challenges.” State ex rel. Stephens v. District Court (1976), 170 Mont. 22, 27, 550 P.2d 385, 388.
“Although the trial judge may set reasonable limits on the examination, he should permit ‘liberal and probing examination calculated to discover possible bias or prejudice . . .’ ” Barton v. Owen (1977), 71 Cal.App.3d 484, 508, 139 Cal.Rptr. 494, 508 (citation omitted). The reasonable limits to be set must have due regard for the interests of fairness to both parties. Kiernan v. Van Schaik (3rd Cir. 1965), 347 F.2d 775, 778; Langley v. Turner’s Express, Inc. (4th Cir. 1967), 375 F.2d 296, 297.
With these principles in mind, we turn to an examination of this Court’s treatment of the mention of insurance during voir dire.
This court’s opinion of the propriety of inquiry by an attorney into a prospective juror’s relationship to the insurance industry has varied over time. The first case in which the issue was presented was Beeler v. Butte & London Copper Development Co. (1910), 41 Mont. 465, 110 P. 528. In that case, the respondents were permitted to ask each of the prospective jurors whether they had any business relations with the Casualty Company of America. The Court concluded:
“. . . Apparently respondents deemed this information necessary as an aid to the intelligent exercise of their peremptory challenges. It does not appear that either the purpose or tendency of these questions was to inform the jury that the burden of a judgment, if obtained, would fall on an insurance company instead of the defendant, and the company was not afterward mentioned in the case. The first time the question was asked, no objection whatever was made, and we are unable to see how the appellant could have been prejudiced by the examination.” 41 Mont. at 473 110 P. at 530.
Beginning with the very next case on the issue, however, this decision began to be eroded, primarily on the basis of the timeliness of objection to the first question concerning a prospective juror’s business relations with an insurance company. Robinson v. F.W. Woolworth. Co. (1927), 80 Mont. 431, 261 P. 253, overruled on other grounds, Hayward v. Richardson Construction Co. (1959), 136 Mont. 241, 347 P.2d 475; Thomas v. Whiteside (1966), 148 Mont. 394, 421 P.2d 449. Beeler was distinguished:
“. . . the opinion in that case does not say what should have been the ruling of the triál court if objection had been made the first time the question was asked and we say now had that been done in this case the objection would have been valid and, in that event, should have been sustained; to have done otherwise, in such event, would have constituted prejudicial error. On that point, the authorities are divided but the weight of authority and, we believe, sound reason are against the privilege of asking such questions. A venireman’s business, occupation and connections can be learned, in a proper way, on voir dire examination, without bringing into the trial such incompetent matter as the carrying by defendent of indemnity insurance.” 80 Mont. at 443, 261 P. at 257.
Although Robinson was actually decided the same as Beeler because of the failure to interpose an objection the first time the question was asked, the penalty suggested in Robinson was imposed one year later in Wilson v. Thurston Co. (1928), 82 Mont. 492, 495-96, 267 P. 801, 801-02. This Court ordered a new trial because of the prejudice caused when, over seasonable objection, the prospective jurors were asked whether they had any immediate relatives employed by any insurance company.
By 1967, the type of question permitted in Beeler was completely prohibited:
“The first prospective juror examined by counsel for Mrs. Avery was Mrs. Anna Berry. Counsel for Mrs. Avery inquired:
“ ’Q. Now, I am going to ask you if you or your husband are the investors in any insurance companies?’
“At that time an objection was interposed by the City and a motion for mistrial presented. The motion was denied and the voir dire continued.
“This same question was asked of each of the twenty prospective jurors. In some instances, counsel for Mrs. Avery would ask the question as the last question of the prospective juror. The purpose of such questioning was obvious, improper and completely prejudicial.
“The law is well-settled in this state that the action of the lower court in permitting this type of questioning on voir dire was prejudicial and reversible error.” Avery v. City of Anaconda (1967), 149 Mont. 495, 497, 428 P.2d 465, 446. (Emphasis in original.)
Despite this forceful pronouncement in 1967, the Court, in 1973, in effect reversed its position, explaining:
“As a general rule if counsel acts in good faith, he may question prospective jurors on voir dire respecting their interest in, or connection with liability insurance companies. See: Anno. 4 A.L.R.2d 761, 792, et seq. for an exhaustive listing of authorities in support. The rationale behind this general rule as indicated by these cases is that every litigant is entitled to a fair and impartial jury; that to secure this right, counsel for a litigant is entitled to question prospective jurors for the purpose of determining any bias or prejudice on their part; that one of the sensitive areas of juror bias and prejudice relates to the existence or nonexistence of insurance, particularly liability insurance; and accordingly counsel for a litigant is entitled to a reasonable latitude in voir dire examination to expose any such bias or prejudice on the part of a prospective juror and to enable a litigant intelligently to exercise his challenges, limited only by considerations of good faith.” Haynes v. County of Missoula (1973), 163 Mont. 270, 287-88, 517 P.2d 370, 380.
The rule thus adopted enjoys wide, although not unanimous, support among other jurisdictions which have considered the question. Annot., 4 A.L.R.2d 761 and cases cited therein. A slight expansion of this rule which also enjoys fairly wide support involves asking not only whether prospective jurors have a financial interest or connection in the insurance business as stockholders or employees, but also whether they are insurance policyholders in a particular company themselves. E. g., Fowler v. Burks (1974), 42 Ala.App. 14, 288 So.2d 798, 799; Kath v. Brodie (1955), 132 Colo. 338, 287 P.2d 957, 958; Haston v. Hightower (1965), 111 Ga.App. 87, 140 S.E.2d 525, 526; Barrett v. Morris (Mo.App.1973), 495 S.W.2d 100, 103. This latter expansion generally applies only if the insurance company is a named party or is a mutual insurance company in which member policyholders’ premiums are determined directly by the amount of damages paid. The rationale for the rule in the former circumstance is that if the insurance company is a named defendant, the need to keep information about insurance coverage from the jury disappears; in the latter circumstance, where the insurance premium paid by a prospective juror may be directly determined by the amount of damages awarded, the plaintiff is entitled to learn of the juror’s direct financial interest in the outcome.
On the more specific issue presented by Borkoski of whether an attorney may inquire on voir dire into the prospective jurors’ possible belief, formed by reading or hearing insurance company adver tising, news articles, or other outside material, that large jury verdicts will result in larger insurance premiums for them, the cases are far fewer in number. The cases addressing this issue are also far from any sort of agreement.
The jurisdictions of California, Kentucky, Missouri, North Carolina, Texas, and the Court of Appeals for the .Third Circuit hold that such inquiry is prejudicial and if allowed constitutes reversible error. Barton v. Owen (1977), 71 Cal.App.3d, 484, 508, 139 Cal.Rptr. 494, 508; Murrell v. Spillman (Ky.1969), 442 S.W.2d 590, 591; Butcher v. Main (Mo.1968), 426 S.W.2d 356, 360; Maness v. Bullins (1973), 19 N.C.App. 386, 198 S.E.2d 752, 753; Brockett v. Tice (Tex.Civ.App.1969), 445 S.W.2d 20, 22; Kiernan v. Van Schaik (3d Cir. 1965), 347 F.2d 775, 782-83.
The rationale for these decisions varies. In the North Carolina, California and Texas cases, the respective courts held that this type of inquiry improperly conveyed the impression that the defendant was covered by liability insurance. Exemplary of their reasoning is that of the Texas Court of Civil Appeals in Brockett:
“. . . counsel then asked the whole panel ‘whether any of them thought that a verdict in the case would affect their insurance rates.’ The necessary effect of this was to infer that appellant had insurance because a verdict could not possibly affect their rates unless he had insurance. This was error.” 445 S.W.2d at 22.
Accord, Maness, 198 S.E.2d at 753; Barton, 139 Cal.Rptr. at 5°8.
In the Missouri, Kentucky and Third Circuit Court of Appeals cases, the respective courts merely held that exclusion of this type of questioning lies within the discretion of the trial court. (Parenthetically, we note that the other Federal Courts of Appeal which have considered the mention of insurance during voir dire disagree. See, Annot., 40 A.L.R.Fed. 541 (1978); cf. Langley v. Turner’s Express Inc. (4th Cir. 1967), 375 F.2d 296 (any mention of insurance held prejudicial) with Wichmann v. United Disposal, Inc. (8th Cir. 1977), 553 F.2d 1104 (inquiry only as to business involvement with an insurance company is permissible). Kiernan, supra, relied on heavily by Borkoski, does support this latter view. 347 F.2d at 782.)
At the other extreme, the Supreme Court of Arkansas, in a very recent case virtually identical to the instant appeal, has held such inquiry is proper, so long as it is conducted in good faith. King v. Westlake (1978), Ark., 572 S.W.2d 841. The similarity to the instant case as well as the decision by the Arkansas court is contained in the following excerpt:
“The record shows that for sometime preceding the trial date a number of liability insurance companies had run advertisements in Time, The Wall Street Journal and the Smithsonian Institute magazine aimed at jurors in general to the effect that jurors themselves were affected by the verdicts they rendered in that such verdicts resulted in increased premiums. “On voir dire by appel lee’s counsel and in response to questioning a number of potential jurors responded that they had read Time, The Wall Street Journal, or the Smithsonian Institute magazine. All but two of the jurors indicated that they had seen one or more of the advertisements. Thereafter, as abstracted by appellant the record shows:
“ ‘Mr. Eubanks continued:
“ ‘It is improper for either side to imply or suggest that the defendant does or does not have insurance, and the questions I will now direct to you have nothing to do with whether or not the defendant has insurance. The questions I will ask concern your insurance premiums, not insurance in this case. How many of you believe that jury verdicts affect insurance premiums?
“ ‘Your insurance premiums may not be affected greatly one way or the other, but will not the verdicts that you render have some effect on your insurance rates?
“ ‘Venireman Gerald Hudgens responded: Yes.
“ ‘Mr. Eubanks continued:
“ ‘The question I have been building up to is this: Assuming that the verdict you render could cost you a little more or a little less money on your insurance premiums, can you listen to the testimony, the statements of counsel, and the instructions and then put aside the financial interest you have in this case because of your insurance premiums and render a verdict? (All jurors raised their hands.)’ “The voir dire of the jury was obviously in good faith and as such was proper. See Dedmon v. Thalheimer, 226 Ark. 402, 290 S.W.2d 16 (1956), where we held the purpose of voir dire examination is to enable counsel to ascertain whether there is ground for a challenge of a juror for cause, or for a permptory challenge and that so long as counsel acts in good faith, he may, in one form or another question prospective jurors respecting their interest in or connection with liability insurance companies.” 572 S.W.2d at 843-44.
Approaching the issue from a different angle, the Supreme Court of Queens County in New York held that the type of insurance company advertisements at issue herein violated a plaintiff’s right to an impartial jury and constituted jury tampering and therefore could be reinstated. Quinn v. Aetna Insurance Co. (1978), 96 Misc.2d 545, 409 N.Y.S.2d 473. Similarly, the Commissioners of Insurance in Kansas and Connecticut have entered into consent degrees with one insurance company whereby the company agreed to stop publishing similar advertisements in those states. In re Crum and Forster Insurance Companies, Kan., Office of the Commissioner of Insurance, June 28, 1978; In re Crum and Forster Insurance Companies, Conn., Office of the State Insurance Commissioner, August 14, 1978.
Somewhere between the above extremes lie the decisions of courts in Connecticut, Maryland, and Oregon. Lowell v. Daly (1961, 148 Conn. 266, 169 A.2d 888; Kujawa v. Baltimore Transit Co. (1961), 224 Md. 195, 167 A.2d 96; Johnson v. Hansen (1964) 237 Or. 1, 389 P.2d 330. These three jurisdictions held that, on the record before the Court, the inquiry was improper yet indicate that had the proper foundation been laid for the inquiry, it would have been permissible. In the words of the Oregon Supreme Court:
“In the case at bar there was no preliminary showing of any fact that might have made relevant an inquiry concerning bias arising out of the relationship of verdicts and insurance premiums. Where a line of questioning obviously is going to open up prejudicial speculation, e. g., of a racial, religious, political or other emotionally charged nature, the exploration of which will manifestly incite similar speculation upon the part of listening jurors, counsel must be prepared to show the need which might make such an inquiry relevant, or run the risk of an immediate mistrial. Insurance matters should be handled with the same safeguards. In the case before us counsel did not advise the court of the existence of recent institutional advertising, or of other current propaganda calculated to produce bias upon the part of jurors in the local court. Thus there was no occasion to open up the matter of insurance, whether innocently or with scienter. We hold that the inquiry was improper.” fohnson, 389 P.2 at 331. (Emphasis added.)
Accord, Kujawa, 167 A.2d at 98, Lowell, 169 A.2d at 889.
The holdings in these cases are important in our resolution of the situtation such as the one presented in the instant appeal. The attorney for Borkoski did present to the trial court evidence of recent institutional advertising by the very insurance companies involved in the case; advertising carried in popular national magazines at about the time of the drawing of the jury panel; advertising calculated to produce bias upon the part of jurors against awarding large amounts of damages to personal injury plaintiffs such as Borkoski. Under these circumstances, we conclude that a line of inquiry designed to uncover this possible bias should be permitted.
When insurance companies inject the issue of insurance into the consciousness of every potential juror through a high priced advertising campaign, as has been illustrated in this case, they threaten every plaintiff’s right to an impartial jury. 1972 Mont. Const. Art. II, § 26. In such cases, it is only fair that attorneys have some means to secure this right for their clients. Liberal voir dire is the best means to this end. State ex rel. Stephens v. District Court, 170 Mont. at 27, 550 P.2d at 388. See also, comments of University of Illinois Law Professor Jeffrey O’Connell in Time, February 20, 1978, at 65.
Therefore, we hold that in appropriate cases an attorney upon voir dire may inquire of prospective jurors whether they have any business relationship with insurance companies and whether they are policyholders of an insurance company named as a defendant or of a mutual insurance company involved in the case. We further hold that, upon a proper showing of possible prejudice, an attorney may inquire whether a prospective juror has heard or read anything to indicate that jury verdicts for plaintiffs in personal injury cases result in higher insurance premiums for everyone; if so, whether the prospective juror believes such materials; and if so, whether that belief will interfere with the juror’s ability to render a fair and impartial verdict. Depending upon the responses received to these inquires and subject to the discretion of the trial court, limited follow-up inquiries may be made. We decline to hypothesize as to the permissible nature or extent of these follow-up questions at this time. We do conclude, however, that the alleged plan of Borkoski’s attorney to circulate among the jury panel copies of the insurance companies’ advertisements would have been been improper and would have led to the very prejudice against which Borkoski is now arguing. Liber v. Flor (1966), 160 Colo. 7, 415 P.2d 332, 339.
It.is not our intent to ignore the equal right of a defendant to a fair and impartial jury. Therefore, we further hold that, as a prelude to any questions concerning whether a potential juror has read or heard anything to indicate that jury verdicts for plaintiffs in personal injury cases result in higher insurance premiums for everyone, an attorney must ask certain general introductory questions. These initial questions may be approached from two directions: (1) whether the prospective juror has heard or read anything (not necessarily related to insurance) which might affect his ability to sit as an impartial juror (as was done by the trial judge in this case); or (2) whether the prospective juror regularly reads any of the magazines or newspapers in which it has been demonstrated that the insurance advertisements or articles had appeared (as was done in Westlake). An attorney may utilize either or both of these approaches. If, however, no positive responses are received to these introductory inquiries, there is no reason to pursue further the line of inquiry we have approved above.
The foregoing rules are all subject to a showing that counsel is acting in good faith and is not merely attempting to impress on the jury the fact that the defendant may be covered by insurance. Haynes v. County of Missoula, 163 Mont. 287, 517 P.2d at 380. We fully subscribe to the following procedure and statement adopted by the New Mexico Supreme Court in Canter v. Lowry (1961), 69 N.M. 81, 364 P.2d 140, 143:
“. . . the practice which has developed in many jurisdictions of advising the trial court, in the absence of the jury, of the questions proposed to be asked, the purpose thereof, and making of a showing of good faith, is definitely preferred . . . Failure to follow such preferred practice has a tendency to negative a claim of good faith. Contrariwise, the following of such practice would minimize the possibility of any prejudice or injustice to either of the parties in many cases, as well as being a considerable saving of trial time.” (Citation omitted.)
The question of whether the voir dire is in fact being conducted in good faith is thus left to the trial court. State ex rel. Stephens v. District Court, 170 Mont. at 27, 550 P.2d at 388. For the guidance of the trial courts in these matters, we commend to their attention the voir dire approved by the Arkansas Supreme Court in King v. Westlake (1978), Ark., 572 S.W.2d 841, 843-44, and quoted above.
Unfortunately, the foregoing conclusions do not avail Borkoski on this appeal. Even though we accept Borkoski’s arguments, it is undeniable that the purpose of the advertisements was to reduce the amount of damages awarded by a jury. At no point is it suggested, either by Borkoski or in the advertisements themselves, that juries should not find a party negligent in the first place. The ads speak only to damages, not liability. Here, the jury found defendant doctors not liable at all. The jury did not even reach the question of damages. In such a case, Borkoski’s arguments lose their vitality, and any error committed must be viewed as harmless and not grounds for reversal. Rule 61 M.R.Civ.P.
The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL and JUSTICES HARRISON, SHEA and SHEEHY concur.
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ORDER
In 1974, 1975, and 1976, there was widespread newspaper and television publicity concerning Grand Jury investigations concerning alleged improprieties in the operation of the Workmen’s Compensation Division of the State of Montana which could have involved professional misconduct with respect to respondent. The Commission on Practice, with a concurrence of this Court, appointed counsel to investigate the matter and report back to the Commission. Upon consideration of the report, the Commission caused a formal complaint to be filed against alleging violation of the Canons of Professional Ethics during the period of time between August 1, 1970 through Juné 30, 1973 with the respect of the relationship of the respondent with one James J. Carden. This complaint was served on the respondent and was subsequently heard on October 4, 1976, before five members of the Commission on Practice, members Milton Anderson, John Weaver and Cale Crowley deeming themselves disqualified. Oral and documentary evidence was presented in support of the complaint and oral and documentary evidence was submitted by counsel for respondent in his defense.
Following conclusion of the hearing, the Commission on Practice caüsed to be made its report, findings of fact and recommendations with respect to the matter, all as more fully set forth in the Commission’s report, findings of fact and recommendations on file herein. In summary, the Commission found that the conduct of the respondent and his relationship with James J. Carden was a clean-cut violation of the Canons of Professional Ethics. The Commission on Practice recommended to the Court that respondent be publicly censured; the respondent be notified that if any breach of the Canons of Professional Ethics should take place in the future, that the records in this proceeding would be fully considered in determining the nature and extent of the punishment resulting from any future violation.
The Commission’s report, findings of fact and recommendations were dated November 12, 1976, and signed by all members of the Commission.
The Commission’s report, findings of fact and recommendations were duly transmitted to this Court for its consideration. Subsequently the Commission requested that this Court take no action on the same until conclusion of pending legal proceedings against respondent.
Thereafter, at a meeting of the Commission on June 9, 10, and 11, 1977, the Commission reconsidered its recommendation and changed the same to recommend private censure rather than public censure.
Following the conclusion of legal proceedings against respondent, this Court again considered the report, findings of fact and recommendations.
After full consideration of the files and records in this cause, IT IS ORDERED AND ADJUDGED:
1. That the conduct of respondent and his relationship with James J. Carden constituted a violation of the Canons of Professional Ethics and the findings of the Commission on Practice with respect thereto are in all respects affirmed and approved.
2. The original recommendation of the Commission regarding disciplinary action to be taken against respondent dated November 12, 1976, is approved and affirmed-and the subsequent change in recommendation to private censure is expressly disapproved.
3. This cause is remanded to the Commission on Practice for ex ecution of this order-of public censure to be administered by the Commission on Practice in the Courtroom of this Court at the State Capitol at Helena, Montana, within 30 days of the date hereof at a time to be fixed by the Commission.
4. The Clerk is directed to mail a true copy of this order to the respondent personally, his counsel, and to the Chairman and Secretary of the Commission on Practice, and to counsel for the Commission.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL, JUSTICE SHEA and L. C. GULBRANDSON, sitting for Justice Sheehy, and R. D. McPHILLIPS, District Judges, sitting for Justice HARRISON, concur.
MR. JUSTICES HARRISON and SHEEHY deeming themselves disqualified, took no part in this proceeding.
|
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MR. JUSTICE HARRISON
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Plaintiff A. P. Hollinger, d/b/a Hollinger Realty, brought this action to collect a real estate broker’s commission. From an order of the District Court, Missoula County, granting summary judgment to plaintiff, defendant Gladys L. McMichael appeals. Plaintiff cross-appeals from the denial of his motion to amend judgment.
Plaintiff commenced this action by filing a complaint against defendant for breach of contract on April 9, 1976. Defendant answered on June 11, 1976. Defendant took plaintiff’s deposition on June 29, 1976. Plaintiff thereafter made a request for admissions which was answered by defendant.
On November 29, 1976, plaintiff moved for summary judgment, supported by affidavits and a brief. Defendants files an affidavit and memorandum in opposition to the motion. The motion came on for hearing before the District Court on December 16, 1976.
On October 18,1977, the District Court granted summary judgment for plaintiff and awarded him $300 attorney fees. Plaintiff .moved- to amend the judgment to increase the award of attorney fees. Such motion was orally denied by the District Court.
The facts which gave rise to this cause of action are:
On November 7, 1975, plaintiff and defendant executed a standard real estate listing agreement, by which defendant employed plaintiff’s service in procuring the sale of her residence. The agreement provided for a 6% commission.
Plaintiff obtained a written offer on a buy/sell agreement from Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Bratlien on December 23, 1975. Defendant accepted the offer and signed the buy/sell agreement the next day. As the buyers were attempting to procure FHA financing, under which a seller is charged discount points, the parties entered into a second buy/sell agreement, adjusting the purchase price of the residence to take this fact into account. The second agreement was signed by the buyers on December 31, 1975, and by defendant on January 3, 1976. This agreement specified the closing date would be February 1, 1976. “* * * or 30 days beyond the said date shall be allowed for completion of financing * * Defendant recited in her affidavit that at the time she signed the agreement, plaintiff assured her that financing would be approved within a few days.
A financing commitment was obtained from FHA on February 25, 1976. The following day plaintiff called defendant and informed her the loan had been approved and that he was trying to set March 10, 1976 as the date of closing.
According to defendant’s affidavit, plaintiff asked her on March 5, 1976 to sign a document setting the closing date for March 18, 1976, at which time defendant told the plaintiff “the whole deal is off.”
The sale was never consummated. Defendant refused to pay plaintiff any commission. This action followed.
The issues on appeal are:
1) Did the District Court err in granting a summary judgment for plaintiff?
2) Did the District Court err in awarding attorney fees?
First, summary judgment is generally proper where
“* * * there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and * * * the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Rule 56(c), M.R.Civ.P.
The burden is on the movant to establish the absence of any genuine issues of material fact. Bonawitz v. Bourke (1977), 173 Mont. 179, 567 P.2d 32. Where the record, however, discloses the absence of any genuine issue of material fact, the burden is on the party opposing the motion to come forward with evidence supporting the existence of a genuine issue of material fact to be determined at trial. Brabender v. Kit Manufacturing Company (1977), 174 Mont. 63, 568 P.2d 547; Johnson v. Johnson (1977), 172 Mont. 150, 561 P.2d 917; Harland v. Anderson (1976), 169 Mont. 447, 548 P.2d 613.
Defendant argues there exists an issue of fact regarding the reason for the delay in closing the transaction. Plaintiff testified in his deposition that the closing was slated for March at the request of defendant. Defendant’s affidavit suggests it was plaintiff alone who suggested the closing in March. Defendant further argues that she denied in her answer that the buyers had never indicated any intent to “back out” of the transaction. We note the District Court did make this finding of fact: “That any reason for Defendant’s failure to complete the transaction were personal to her.” Defendant contends this amounted to trying an issue of fact on a motion for summary judgment.
Plaintiff responds this was not an issue of material fact. We agree.
It was admited that defendant signed the listing agreement and the buy/sell agreement, and both documents gave plaintiff until March 1st to close the transaction. Plaintiff submitted affidavits from FHA authorities indicating the financing commitment was obtained on February 25, 1976. At that time, plaintiff had performed the conditions precedent to earning his commission under the listing agreement. He had presented defendant with a “ready, willing and able buyer.”
In Diehl and Associates, Inc. v. Houtchens (1977), 173 Mont. 372, 567 P.2d 930, this Court stated:
“It is generally accepted law that a real estate broker is entitled to commissions when he has, in pursuance of his employment and within the time specified in the contract of employment, procured a purchaser able, ready and willing to purchase the seller’s property on the terms and conditions specified in the contract of employment”
Here, it is not disputed that the financing was committed prior to March 1, 1977, and thus occurred within the time specified in the listing and buy/sell agreements. The parties could have closed the sale at any time after that date. Any dispute occurring after that time is irrelevant for the purpose of determining plaintiff’s entitlement to a real estate commission by virtue of the listing agreement. Thus, although there exists a disputed fact in the instant case, we do not deem the factual dispute sufficiently material to preclude summary judgment. The portion of the order of the District Court granting summary judgment for plaintiff is therefore affirmed.
We now discuss the issue of the propriety of the District Court’s award of attorney fees.
Plaintiff, in his brief support of summary judgment, requested attorney fees on the grounds that defendant unreasonably refused to make certain admissions on information and belief when the information was readily available to her, and that such fees were specified in the listing agreement. It appears there was no evidence nor affidavits submitted in support of an award of attorney fees at the hearing on the motion for summary judgment. In its findings, conclusions and order granting summary judgment, the district court award attorney fees to plaintiff in the amount of $300. Although the basis for the award is less than clear, the District Court did find that defendant unreasonably refused to make certain admissions, causing needless expense to be incurred by plaintiff.
In his motion to amend judgment of October 25, 1977, plaintiff submitted an affidavit and itemized bill for $799.69 in attorney fees. The District Court denied the motion and let stand the original $300 award. Plaintiff also submitted an affidavit to this Court setting forth the estimated attorney fees in pursuing this appeal.
Defendant argues that attorney fees should only be awarded upon consideration of the amount and character of the services rendered, in addition to other factors tending to establish a basis for the fees and the reasonableness thereof. Crncevich v. Georgetown Recreation Corp. (1975), 168 Mont. 113, 541 P.2d 56. Since Crncevich this Court in State by and through State Highway Commission v. Marsh (1978), 175 Mont. 460, 575 P.2d 38, has stated the rule to be:
“* * * An award of attorney fees must be based on a hearing allowing for oral testimony, the introduction of exhibits, and an opportunity of cross-examination in which the reasonableness of the attorney fees claimed is demonstrated. * * *”
In light of the authority cited above, it is our view the award of attorney fees herein was clearly improper. It was done without any evidentiary foundation. That portion of the order of the District Court awarding attorney fees to plaintiff is therefore reversed. The cause is remanded to the District Court for an evidentiary hearing on the issue of attorney fees.
The cause is affirmed as to the summary judgment but reversed as to attorney fees.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL, JUSTICES DALY, SHEA and SHEEHY concur.
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HAS WELL
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Defendants appeal from a judgment of the District Court, finding that they were unjustly enriched by plaintiffs’ services and ordering them to make restitution to plaintiffs.
Defendants Herschel and Beatrice Harding were the owners of a 270 acre ranch located in the Yaak area of Lincoln County, Montana. In March 1975, Herschel Harding telephoned the plaintiffs, Lloyd S. R. “Buck” Kidder and his wife, Ella, who were longtime friends of defendants, to see if they would like to come live on their property. In the following weeks Buck and his family met twice with defendant at defendants’ ranch to discuss the matter. The content of their conversations and resulting agreement is in dispute. Buck Kidder claims that in his phone call with Herschel, Herschel asked Buck if he would lease defendants’ farm property and live on it. Buck alleged that their following conversations resulted in an agreement in which the Hardings would lease their ranch to the Kidders for 20 years and would deed them 20 acres of land from a portion of the property on which the Kidders could build a house. Buck was to have complete control of all farming activities, complete use of all farm equipment, retain all income from the haying operation, and raise as many cattle as he wished. In return he was to raise a certain amount of cattle for the Hardings, pay the taxes on the property, pay the Hardings’ utilities when they were not there, and generally to keep the place in order.
Herschel Harding claims that when he phoned Buck, he only asked him if he would move onto his place and take care of it. Both he and his wife were elderly and no longer interested in farming the property. They had children living elsewhere whom they wished to visit occasionally, and only wanted a caretaker to watch their place while they were gone. Herschel alleged that Buck said he would come if Herschel would lease the property to him for 20 years, but that Herschel refused to do so because he was then 70 years old and probably would not be living at the end of the lease. Buck then asked Herschel for a piece of land on which to build a house, but Herschel said he would give him land only if everything turned out satisfactorily. Herschel initially contemplated that Buck could keep his job with the Forest Service, but transfer working stations from Troy to Sylvanite, Montana, so he could commute from the ranch. Buck, however, wanted to work the property if he moved. Consequently, Herschel agreed to let Buck have the hay frony his haying operation and Herschel’s cattle, providing Buck raised a certain number of cattle for him.
Buck quit his job with the Forest Service and in early June, 1975, he and one of his sons moved from Troy to the Hardings’ ranch. His wife Ella continued to work for the Forest Service until she moved to the ranch in August. As part of their agreement Hardings provided the Kidders with a trailer in which to live.
While on the ranch Buck repaired the Hardings’ old farm equipment, repaired broken fences, put up electric fences to keep the cattle in, made temporary repairs to part of the barn roof, cut rails and posts for new fencing, and cut and baled hay. With the help of Louis Nelson and George Powers, he cut timber from a portion of the ranch to clear the area for a highland pasture. From the proceeds obtained from selling the timber, Buck paid Nelson and Powers about $800 each and kept the remaining $800 himself. In addition he cut and baled hay at the neighboring Creesey place and later sold his share of the hay for $700. He also received $750 from a contract with the Forest Service to mow weeds along the highway. After deducting his expenses, Buck gave half the proceeds from this contract, $340, to the Hardings. In October, 1975, a dispute arose between the Kidders and the Hardings over the use of some equipment, after which the Kidders left the Hardings’ ranch. The Kidders claim that Herschel told them to leave; the Hardings claim the Kidders left of their own choice.
On November 20, 1975, the plaintiffs filed suit in District Court, Lincoln County, alleging that defendants leased their property to plaintiffs for 20 years and agreed to deed plaintiffs 20 acres of their land; that plaintiffs were to conduct farm and ranch operations on defendants’ land, to raise cattle, and to pay taxes and utilities for defendants in consideration for the lease and deed; that Buck Kidder quit his job with the Forest Service in reliance upon defendants’ promises and consequently lost wages and his permanent position with the Forest Service; and that plaintiffs worked defendants’ land and made various expenditures in connection with their work. Plaintiffs sought specific performance of the agreement to lease defendants’ ranch and to deed 20 acres of land to them and damages totaling $18,447.90. In the alternative they sought restitution of $18,447.90, resulting from their detrimental reliance upon defendants’ promise and defendants’ unjust enrichment.
At trial plaintiffs presented evidence showing the oral agreements to lease the defendants’ ranch and to deed property to them, evidence of the amount and kind of work they did on the ranch, evidence of the expenditures they made, and evidence of the value of plaintiffs’ services to defendants. After the District Court granted plaintiffs’ motion to amend the pleadings to conform to the evidence presented at trial, specifically to include a theory of recovery under quantum meruit.
On June 9, 1977, the District Court entered its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and judgment. It found, among other things, that defendants had offered to lease their land to plaintiffs for 20 years; that defendants were to deed plaintiffs 20 acres of their land; that in reliance upon defendants’ promises Buck Kidder quit his job with the Forest Service and plaintiffs moved to defendants’ ranch; that plaintiffs performed valuable services for defendants from which defendants benefited; that Buck Kidder paid Louis Nelson $815 and paid George Powers $839.22 for their help on the log ging operations; that plaintiffs made expenditures of $571.71 for which they had receipts and expenditures of $300 for gasoline for which they did not have receipts; and that the reasonable value of a farmland’s services in the Yaak area during summer and fall of 1975 was $400 per month, plus room and board.
The District Court made no findings as to what arrangement existed between the Kidders and the Hardings concerning the timber cutting project, the weed mowing project, and the hay cutting project at the Creesey’s. At trial both Buck and Herschel agreed that the agreement to cut timber was separate from the “base” of the ranch property. Buck alleged that Herschel agreed to give him the proceeds from the sale of the timber for clearing the land; Herschel alleged that the proceeds were to be used to purchase a used “cat” to help with future work as to hay cutting at the Creesey’s. Herschel told Buck that the hay was for sale and told him what percentage of the baled hay to charge for cutting the hay. As to mowing weeds for the Forest Service, no explanation was given why Buck split the proceeds with the Hardings. Buck used the Hardings equipment in both the hay cutting and weed mowing projects.
The District Court did conclude that the oral lease agreement between plaintiffs and defendants for the 20 year lease of defendants’ ranch was unenforceable because of the statute of frauds, but made no conclusion concerning the agreement to deed 20 acres of defendants’ land to plaintiffs. It also concluded that defendants should not be allowed to unjustly enrich themselves at plaintiffs’ expense; that defendants obtained plaintiffs’ services for five months; that plaintiffs’ services had a reasonable value of $2,000 computed on the basis of $400 per month; that defendants were unjustly enriched through the following expenditures by plaintiffs: real estate taxes, $200; farm necessities, $195; payment to Louis Nelson, $815; payment to George Powers, $839.22; miscellaneous expenditures, $534.86; and gasoline expenses $300; and that defendants were unjustly enriched through the use of plaintiffs’ chain saw at a value of $ 150, and through use of plaintiffs’ vehicles at a value of $350. The District Court entered judgment granting plaintiffs $5,384.08, plus interest, from November 1, 1975.
Defendants have raised five issues on appeal but because of our decision in this case we will only discuss the following two:
1. The award to plaintiffs of $5,384.08;
2. The finding that the reasonable value of Buck Kidders’ services was $400 per month?
We will discuss the second issue first. Defendants contend plaintiffs’ expert witness testified that the wage for an experienced ranch hand was $400 per month plus room and board. They argue that plaintiffs presented no evidence that.Buck Kidder was an experienced ranch hand, nor did they present evidence of the value of his services as a logger. They therefore conclude that valuating Buck’s services at $400 per month plus room and board was error.
The record does not support defendants’ argument. Buck Kidder was inexperienced as a ranch hand. At trial plaintiffs established the value of their services to defendants through Robert Stanley, the employment service manager of the State Employment Office in Libby. Although Stanley did testify that the prevailing wage rate for an experienced ranch hand was $400 a month plus room and board, he also testified that wages for an inexperienced ranch hand varied from $300 to $400 a month, plus room and board. He also emphasized that his wage quotes varied considerably depending upon the rancher, the season, and the economic situation. We think this evidence supports the District Court’s finding that the reasonable value of plaintiffs’ services were $400 a month plus room and board.
Defendants’ other specification of error relates to the amount of the award granted to plaintiffs. They claim that the District Court’s $5,384.08 award should be offset by $3,928.75. Defendants argue this sum represents amounts plaintiffs have already received, namely: $2,400 from the sale of timber; $410 from the Forest Service Contract to mow weeds along the highway; $700 from cutting hay at the Creesey’s ranch; $318.75 from 255 bales of Hardings’ hay which Buck sold; and $ 100 representing the value of 80 bales of Hardings’ hay which the Kidders took with them when they left. We agree that the defendants are entitled to offsets for various amounts, but not all that they claim. Additionally, we feel the District Court incorrectly determined other amounts which it included in its award. Consequently, we shall review the entire award made by the District Court.
At trial plaintiffs adopted a theory of quantum meruit and introduced evidence of the monthly value of their services to the defendants. This amounted to $2,000 for the five months which plaintiffs worked for defendants. In addition plaintiffs wrote checks to defendants for the following: $200 for taxes; $170 for feed and grain for the cattle; $25 for the Hardings’ utilities. They presented receipts at trial for miscellaneous expenditures representing repairs on farm equipment and costs of baling time and gasoline totaling $647.86. Seventy dollars of this amount, however, Buck Kidder previously deducted from the payment he received from the Forest Service for mowing weeds and $27.96 was for a new battery which he put into his own pickup. Subtracting these items leaves an amount of $549.90 chargeable to defendants. Buck also testified he spent $300 onigasoline to run the farm equipment for which he had no receipts.-..During the summer plaintiffs used their chain saw for logging and cutting fence posts and rails and defendants used plaintiffs’ vehicles for transportation. The District Court awarded plaintiffs $150. for use of the chain saw and $350 for use of plaintiffs’ vehicles as the reasonable rental value of these items. The uncontradicted evidence does not support these findings. Buck Kidder testified that he used his chain saw for 200 to 300 hours on projects for defendants’ benefit and that based on his prior experience $ 1.50 per hour was a reasonable rental for its use. Defendants did not object to this valuation. We therefore find that a reasonable value of this use was $300. Over defendants’ objection for lack of foundation Buck Kidder also testified that a reasonable rental rate for defendants’ use of his vehicles was $150 per month. Because defendants did not raise this as error on appeal we will accept that valuation. For five months use we find that defendants should be charged $750.
Against this total of $4,294.90 we find that offsets in the sum of $1,838.85, representing monies which plaintiffs have already received, should be deducted. Because plaintiffs adopted the quantum meruit theory on which to proceed, we feel that the income they received from timber cutting, from mowing weeds, and from cutting and baling the Creesey’s hay less their expenses should be charged against the wages awarded under the quantum meruit theory. We feel supported in this approach by the fact the plaintiffs used defendants’ equipment in performing these jobs or have charged defendants for the use of their equipment.
Plaintiffs received $2,400 from the timber cutting project. The District Court, which found that Buck Kidder made payments to George Powers of $839.22, and to Louis Nelson of $815 for their help cutting timber included those amounts in its award, but we find they are not supported by the evidence. Buck testified that he paid Powers about $800 for his work, although we have found no receipts or cancelled checks in the record to verify this amount. We find no evidence to support the additional $39.22 which the District Court allotted. Regarding payments to Nelson, Buck wrote four checks totaling $761.15 and testified he paid him $40 in cash. We therefore find $1,601.15 should be deducted as expenses from the $2,400. Plaintiffs received $750 from mowing weeds for the Forest Service. From this amount Buck deducted $70 as expenses and paid the Hardings $340, leaving him $340. Plaintiffs also received $700 from cutting and baling hay at the Creesey place. Thus the plaintiffs actually received $798.85 from timber cutting, $340 from mowing weeds, and $700 from cutting and baling the Creesey’s hay, totaling $1,838.85, which we shall offset against their award.
Finally, we are offsetting an additional $318.75 for goods which plaintiffs received in kind. Defendants argue that a total of $418.75 should be offset representing 225 bales of Hardings’ hay which plaintiffs sold and 80 bales of Hardings’ hay which they took with them when they left. The hay weighed approximately 50 pounds per bale and was valued at $50 per ton. The unrefuted evi dence shows that the Kidders sold 175 bales of Hardings’ hay, not 255 bales. The value of the 175 bales which they sold and the 80 bales which they took is $318.75.
In conclusion we hold that plaintiffs’ award should be reduced to $2,137.30, plus interest at the rate of six percent per annum from November 1, 1975, until paid.
Let judgment be entered accordingly.
MR. JUSTICES DALY, HARRISON and SHEEHY concur.
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Defendant appeals from his conviction of committing sexual intercourse without consent following a jury trial in the Missoula County District Court.
At the time of the incident in question, the defendant, John David Neel, was an employee of the Holding Company, a disco-dance establishment in Missoula, Montana. On the evening of February 26, 1977, Neel finished work about 8:00 p.m., went home to clean up, and returned to the Holding Company about 10:30 p.m. to have a few drinks. During a dance break, Richard Solberg, the disc jockey at the Holding Company, introduced Neel to a friend of his, Jerri Lynn Hardy.
When defendant discovered that Jerri Hardy and Solberg planned to go to breakfast after the Holding Company closed for the evening, he invited himself along. The three of them left the Holding Company in Jerri’s car, but Solberg then decided that he should go directly home as he was expecting a call from his wife who was out of town at the time.
After Jerri dropped Solberg off at his house, defendant, who had been drinking beer while they were in the car, became pushy and aggressive. He demanded that Jerri take him to her house so he could party and drink more beer. At that point, Jerri drove to several friends’ homes to get help, but none of them were home. Finally, she drove to hér trailer, but defendant refused to leave.
Once inside the trailer, defendant listened to records for awhile and drank more beer. Finally, defendant grabbed Jerri, assaulted her, dragged her into a bedroom, and forced her to have sexual intercourse with him. Afterwards, defendant washed blood off his face from where Jerri had scratched him, told Jerri he was sorry, and asked her not to report the incident to the police. If she did, he said he would get friends to vouch that he had been in a fist fight.
After dropping defendant off near the Missoula City Police station, Jerri drove to the Missoula County Sheriff’s office and reported the incident. While she was at the sheriff’s office, defendant arrived there and Jerri heard him through the office intercom tell the deputies that he had been assaulted by two male Indians. The deputies referred defendant to the city police station, to report the incident.
When he arrived at the police station defendant told police officers that he had been assaulted by two male Indians at approximately 2:30 a.m. that morning, February 26, after he had been dropped off on a downtown street by a young lady. He claimed to have been knocked unconscious and to have come to just before 7:00 a.m. when he reported the incident. When the police officers were informed of the incident involving Jerri Hardy, they determined that defendant matched the description of the person who assaulted her and arrested him.
Defendant was charged by Information in a District Court, Missoula County, with committing sexual intercourse without consent. At trial he relied upon the defense of mental disease or defect excluding responsibility. At the close of the testimony, the District Court refused to submit to the jury defendant’s four instructions concerning that defense. The jury convicted defendant, and pursuant to the persistent felony offender statute, the District Court sentenced defendant to 30 years in prison.
The sole issue defendant raises on appeal is whether he produced sufficient evidence of his alleged mental disease or defect excluding responsibility to justify submitting that issue to the jury.
Defendant contends that Montana’s statutes on mental disease or defect excluding responsibility create two burdens for him: (l)The initial burden of “going forward” with the evidence to put his insanity in issue; and (2) the ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact of his insanity by a preponderance of the evidence. He reasons that once he has produced “some evidence” on the question of his insanity, he is entitled to submit instructions to the jury on the insanity defense and consequently, bear the burden of convincing the jury of the defense by a perponderance of the evidence, citing Davis v. United States. (1895), 160 U.S. 469, 16 S.Ct. 353, 40 L.Ed. 499; United States v. Hartfield, (9th Cir. 1975), 513 F.2d 254, United States v. McCracken, (5th Cir. 1974), 488 F.2d 406; McDonald v. United States, (1962), 114 U.S.App.D.C. 120, 312 F.2d 847; and Tatum v. United States, (1951), 88 U.S.Ap.D.C. 386, 190 F.2d 612. As to what constitutes “some evidence”, defendant proposes that exact quantification is neither feasible nor desirable, but that it means more than a scintilla of evidence yet less than the amount needed to support a directed verdict of acquittal, citing United States v. McCracken, 488 F.2d at 409; McDonald v. United States, 114 U.S.App.D.C. at 122, 312 F.2d at 849; and Hall v. United States, (4th Cir. 1961), 295 F.2d 26, 28. Defendant argues that he did produce sufficient evidence of his insanity to justify submitting the issue to the jury.
The difficulty which defendant’s analysis is that he relies upon cases from federal jurisdictions which do not place the ultimate burden of proving insanity upon the defendant. In the federal system, the government has the ultimate burden of proving sanity, although it is aided in this by a presumption of the defendant’s sanity. If the defendant introduces “some evidence” tending to show his insanity, the government must then produce actual evidence to prove the defendant’s sanity beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. McCracken, 488 F.2d at 409.
In Montana the defendant is also presumed sane. State v. McKenzie, (1978), 177 Mont. 280, 581 P.2d 1204, (Decided June 7, 1978). In contrast to the federal system, however, mental disease or defect excluding responsibility is an affirmative defense which the defendant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence. Section 95-503(a), R.C.M.1947. Therefore, to justify submitting instructions to the jury on that defense, the defendant must introduce “some evidence” on each of its elements. See, State v. Miner, (1976), 169 Mont. 260, 267, 546 P.2d 252, 256.
At the time of the incident in question, the pertinent statute provided:
“95-501. Mental disease or defect excluding responsibility, (a) A person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defect he is unable either to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law.
(b)As used in this chapter, the terms ‘mental disease of defect’ does not include an abnormality manifested only by re-repeated criminal or otherwise antisocial conduct.”
To justify submitting this defense to the jury, defendant must have introduced some evidence showing: (1)That he had a mental disease or defect at the time of the incident; and (2) that at a result of such mental disease or defect the defendant was unable (a) to appreciate the criminality of his conduct, or (b)to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.
At trial defendant, who was then 26 years old, testified that he had been under going psychiatric counseling since the age of four. He was diagnosed as epileptic and hyperkinetic, and since that time had been taking such drugs as Dilantin, Stelazine and Thorzaine to control his behavior. Defendant had been using prescribed drugs for 21 years and had been using illicit drugs such as LSD since 1965. He testified that he suffered from an inability to think correctly, from flashbacks, and from loss of memory due to his use of the prescribed drugs. He considered himself “not very emotionally stable”. In 1972 he received a psychiatric discharge from the Navy.
In the week prior to the incident defendant slept only about 6 hours. At the same time, he worked long hours at the Holding Company. On the night in question he drank from 8:00 p.m. onward during which time he consumed 6 to 8 “double rum and cokes” and several beers. At trial he claimed he had been experienced an amnesic blackout that night and could not remember what happened to him between 1:30 a.m. and 6:00 a.m., when he cane to and found himself lying in the street.
Defendant’s expert, Dean Beisemeyer, was a clinical psychologist who first met defendant in 1968 or 1969, when defendant came to him for therapy. At that time Beisemeyer diagnosed defendant as suffering from anxiety, immaturity, over-dependence, suppressed hostility and possible organicity (brain damage), although Beisemeyer admitted the existence of organicity was never substantiated. When Beisemeyer last counseled the defendant in 1971 or 1972, he felt that most of defendant’s problems were due to emotional disturbance rather than to organicity.
Given hypothetically defendant’s emotional and ego control problems and possible organicity, Beisemeyer testified that alcohol ingestion would reduce those factors suppressing defendant’s aggressiveness, thereby causing his aggressiveness to be manifested. Extended lack of sleep, he thought, would also add to defendant’s lack of control. Under these circumstances Beisemeyer concluded that defendant would have difficulty conforming his conduct to the requirements of law.
We hold as a matter of law this testimony is insufficient to support a conclusion that at the time of the commission of the offense defendant suffered from a mental disease or defect which would exclude his criminal responsibility. The Revised Commission Comment to section 95-501, R.C.M. 1947 (amended 1977) indicates that the defense of mental disease or defect excluding responsibility includes any physical abnormality or subnormality such as emotional deficiencies that have reached the dimension that they can be termed mental disease or defect. Defendant has not shown that this was the case.
Beisemeyer’s diagnosis was based on defendant’s emotional problems between 1968 and 1972, at least five years before the incident involved here. Any emotional problems which defendant may have experienced on the night in question were aggravated by his voluntary ingestion of alcohol and his extended lack of sleep. At trial Beisemeyer refused to conclude that defendant’s hostility constituted a mental disease or defect because “mental disease or defect” was a legal term. Nor was there evidence that defendant was unable to conform his conduct to the requirements of law or to appreciate the criminality of his conduct. Beisemeyer testified only that defendant would have difficulty conforming his conduct to the requirements of law. We hold therefore, that the District Court did not err in refusing to submit defendant’s proposed instructions on the defense of mental disease or defect to the jury.
In its brief the State challenges the correctness of defendant’s proposed instructions. In view of our decision that the District Court was correct in refusing to submit those instructions to the jury, it is unnecessary to discuss the propriety of defendant’s instructions.
Judgment affirmed.
MR. JUSTICES DALY, HARRISON, SHEA and SHEEHY concur.
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