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25861731
|
Hubler
|
Hubler or Hübler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alfred Hübler (1957–2018), research physicist and director of the Center for Complex Systems Research
Anna Hübler (1885–1976), German pairs figure skater
Gary Hubler (1955–2007), crop duster and commercial transport pilot with over 16,000 flight hours from Caldwell, Idaho
Heinrich Hübler (1822–1894), the hornist in the Dresden Royal Court orchestra from 1844 until his retirement in 1891
Howie Hubler is the bond trader responsible for the single largest trading loss in history in the sub-prime crisis of 2008
Jens Hübler (born 1961), retired East German sprinter who specialized in the 100 and 200 metres
John Hubler Stover (1833–1889), U.S. Representative from Missouri
Ludovic Hubler, French hitchhiker, most famous for his 5 year long tour of the world
Mary Hubler, Democratic Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing the 75th Assembly District since 1984
Richard G. Hubler (1912–1981), prolific American author of biographies, fiction and non-fiction
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubler
|
2025-04-06T15:54:52.158315
|
25861800
|
Helme (river)
|
| mouth_elevation | basin_population
| basin_landmarks | progression
| basin_size | discharge1_location
| discharge1_min | discharge1_avg
| discharge1_max | tributaries_right
| tributaries_left | waterbodies Reservoirs: Kelbra Reservoir
| ports | bridges
| custom_label = Navigable
| custom_data = no
| extra =
}}
The Helme () is a river in central Germany that is about long and which forms a left-hand, western tributary of the Unstrut in the states of Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt.
Course
The river rises in Thuringia south of the Harz mountains in the district of Eichsfeld. Its source lies amongst the northern foothills of the Ohm Hills between Weißenborn-Lüderode and Stöckey by the Helmspring. The Helme flows eastwards through the municipalities of Hohenstein and Werther to Nordhausen. Near Heringen the river is joined by the waters of the Zorge from the Harz. Northwest of the Kyffhäuser hills it is impounded into a reservoir and a flood retention basin by the Kelbra Dam in the Goldene Aue. From there the Helme – now in the state of Saxony-Anhalt – continues eastwards flowing through Roßla towards Allstedt, where it then swings south and enters Thuringia again. Near Kalbsrieth, southeast of Artern, it discharges into the Unstrut.
Helme watershed
The Helme watershed (German river index: 5648) together with the Kleine Helme (German river index: 5647.6) has a catchment of approximately 1,364 km<sup>2</sup>, whereby the watershed determination was recorded using the following topographical data: QGIS 3.4 with OSM Topo Map in the date WGS84, pseudo mercator (https://opentopomap.org). Wikipedia only mentions 1318.1 km<sup>2</sup> for the Helme watershed. It is located in central Germany between the southern slopes of Harz and northern slopes of the Kyffhäuser hills on the lowlands of the Goldene Aue. The main flow is from west-north-west to east-south-east, the northernmost section is part of the Unstrut watershed (German river index 564), which in turn is part of the Saale (German River Index 56) and this in turn is part of the Elbe (German River index 5) watershed. The catchment of the Helme encompasses the entire southern Harz region in the north and the Goldene Aue in the middle; while the southern part is fed from a number of smaller hill ranges: in the southwest there are the northern slopes of the hill region south of the towns of Epschenrode - Trebra - Bliedungen - Fronderode, a little further east are the north and east slopes of the Butterberg southwest of Großwerther. The central south of the watershed is formed by the north slope of the Windleite, the Numburg and Kyffhäuser hills. The south-south-east encompasses the north and east slopes of the Hutberg and Weinberg near Artern. The western limit of the Helme catchment area forms the main Elbe-Weser watershed: in the Harz between the Stöberhai mountain and the village of Osterhagen, then through the village of Osterhagen, the Mackenröde Forest and eastern crests of the Silkerode hill country west of Limlingerode, Stöckey and Epschenrode. The far east of the Helme catchment area is formed by the southwest slope of the Hornburg Saddle and heights northeast of the village of Bornstedt (near Eisleben) and Sittichenbach and the north and west slopes of the Ziegelroda Forest. The villages of Osterhagen (in the northwest) and Blankenheim (Mansfeld-Südharz district) (in the northeast) lie directly on the watershed. The easternmost point is between Rothenschirmbach (inside) and Hornburg (already outside the catchment area), both south of Eisleben. The most important towns are the two county towns of Nordhausen and Sangerhausen, the former county town of Artern, the small towns of Bad Sachsa, Ellrich, Heringen/Helme, Kelbra (Kyffhaeuser), Stolberg (Harz) and Allstedt, greater villages like Steina, Walkenried, Ilfeld, Neustadt/Harz, Uthleben, Auleben, Rottleberode, Rossla, Tilleda, Wallhausen (Helme) and Kalbsrieth, and numerous smaller villages. Actually is divided and same time forms the outskirt of the German federal States of Niedersachsen (upper watershed), Thüringen (middle and extreme lower part), and Sachsen-Anhalt (lower part). Most of the local population speak the northern Thuringian dialect.
Current issues with the Helme watershed
(1) Political fragmentation of 3 states, any of them are managing their own natural resources, which means <br>
(2) Impossibility of an sound multidisciplinary integrated Watershed management and so a harmonious regional development; that means <br>
(3) powerful soil erosion and accelerate degradation of once fertile agricultural land, <br>
(4) silting and contamination of very important lakes and multiuse dams, shortening their live span, <br>
(5) Brain-drain, emigration of well educated creative young people, because of high unemployment levels, because is outskirt of places where decisions are made (in the 3 "far away" federal states), because of the creation of artificial superfluous borders between federal states that nobody wants.
See also
*List of rivers of Saxony-Anhalt
*List of rivers of Thuringia
Category:Rivers of Saxony-Anhalt
Category:Rivers of Thuringia
Category:Nordhausen (district)
Category:Kyffhäuserkreis
Category:Rivers of Germany
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helme_(river)
|
2025-04-06T15:54:52.318069
|
25861806
|
Margaret Christensen
|
| othername = Margaret Cristensen, Peg Christenson (credited as)
| birth_place = Beulah Park, South Australia, Australia
| birth_date =
| death_place = Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| death_date =
| children = Sean Scully (son)
| occupation =
| years_active = 1940s-2002
}}
Margaret Christensen (8 January 1921 – 30 November 2009), also credited as Margaret Caristensen and Peg Christensen, was an Australian radio hostess and character actress, who appeared in numerous television series, primarily in guesting roles.
Biography
She started her radio career in the 1940s, hosting both comedy and dramas, and appeared in radio series Blue Hills as Emmie Lawson. She began with movie acting in the 1950s. She appeared in several TV series like Skippy, Division 4, Homicide, A Country Practice and All Saints.
Christensen was the mother of actor Sean Scully.Filmography{|class"wikitable"
| Title
| Year
| Role
|-
| Three in One
| 1955
| Customer (Segment: The City)
|-
| Smiley
| 1956
| Mrs. Greevins
|-
| Smiley Gets A Gun
| 1958
| Ma. Greevins
|-
| The Way Back
| 1958
| unknown role
|-
| Theatre 70 (TV series)
| 1960-1961
| Madge Saul/Mrs. Fenwick
|-
| Probation Officer (TV series)
| 1961
| Mrs. Carmichael
|-
| Compact (TV series)
| 1963
| Shirley Hawkins
|-
| Story Parade. (Tv series)
| 1964
| Woman at Clinic
|-
| The Flying Swan (TV series)
| 1965
| Jo
|-
| Crossroads (TV series)
| 1965
| Sally Morrison/Miss Morrison
|-
| Australian Playhouse (TV series)
| 1966
| Esme Hutton
|-
| Skippy the Bush Kangaroo
| 1969
| Mrs. Woodleigh-Smith
|-
| Lane End (Tv miniseries)
| 1972
| Grandma. Pappas
|-
| Frank and Francesca (TV series)
| 1973
| unknown
|-
|Matlock Police (TV series)
| 1974
| Beverley Jones
|-
|Homicide
| 1966-1974
| Various roles
|-
| Division 4 (TV series)
| 1970-1974
| Various roles
|-
| Number 96
|1975
| Celia Palmer
|-
| Certain Women (TV series)
| 1976
| unknown
|-
| ''King's Men (TV series)
| 1976
| unknown
|-
| Glenview High (TV series)
| 1978
| Virginia Gold
|-
| Barnaby and Me (TV movie)
| 1979
| Doctor
|-
| Doctor Down Under (TV series)
| 1979
| Mrs. Beaunont
|-
| Cop Shop (TV series)
| 1980
| Hilda Perry
|-
| Star of the North (TV movie)
| 1981
| Mum Foster
|-
| Kitty and the Bagman
| 1982
| Band of Hope Lady
|-
|The Pickwick Papers
| 1985
| Voice artist
|-
| Treasure Island (Tv movie)
| 1987
| Voice artist
|-
| Rafferty's Rules'' (Tv series)
| 1989
| Phyllis O'Neal
|-
| A Country Practice (TV series)
| 1991
| Female caller
|-
| G.P. (TV series)
|1994
| Gran.
|-
| Kansas (TV movie)
| 1995
| Verna Mason
|-
| Blue Heelers (TV series)
| 1995
| Venetia Hayes
|-
| Babe: Pig in the City
| 1998
| Haughty Woman
|-
| All Saints
| `1998-1999
| Edna/Carol Birch
|-
| Stinger (TV series)
| 2002
| Alice
|}
References
External links
*
Category:1921 births
Category:2009 deaths
Category:Australian film actresses
Category:Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Category:Actresses from Adelaide
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Christensen
|
2025-04-06T15:54:52.377082
|
25861838
|
Association of Mental Health Providers
|
|remarks }}The Association of Mental Health Providers (AMHP), known until May 2017 as Mental Health Providers Forum (MHPF), is a registered charity based in London and the representative body for voluntary and community sector mental health organisations in England and Wales, working nationally and regionally to influence practice and policy. It aims to improve the range and quality of mental health services by increasing the involvement of the voluntary sector in delivering them, working in partnership with the wider sector and government agencies. Specific projects include the promotion of innovation in the sector, evidencing best practice to achieve the best outcomes for individuals and supporting recovery.
The Association leads a collaboration of voluntary mental health organisations including the Centre for Mental Health, National Survivor User Network for Mental Health (NSUN), the Mental Health Foundation, Mind and Rethink Mental Illness in the Voluntary, Community and Social Enterprise (VCSE) Health and Wellbeing Alliance with the Department of Health and Social Care, NHS England and Public Health England.
The Association's membership consists of voluntary sector organisations providing mental health services in England. The current Chief Executive (since April 2012) is Kathy Roberts, who has a background in health and social care and the voluntary and community sector She succeeded Dr Ian McPherson, previously Director of the National Mental Health Development Unit. The first Chief Executive of the Forum was Judy Weleminsky, who led the organisation from December 2005 to January 2011.
The Association has increased its work to bring the views of mental health service providers into national policy and strategy discussions, working closely with members to inform and implement the 2011 [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/213761/dh_124058.pdf No health without mental health] cross-government mental health strategy. An area of focus from 2014 has been housing provision for people with mental health needs. In September 2014, AMHP published a report outlining successful housing models and a national forum is now established.Mental Health Recovery StarIn 2008 the Association, with Triangle Consulting, worked with service users and the Association's members to develop the Mental Health Recovery Star, part of a family of "Outcomes Stars", which was recommended by the Department of Health New Horizons programme and has been developed for use in adult mental health services. The Recovery Star is a key-working tool that enables staff to support individuals they work with to understand their recovery and plot their progress. It is also an outcomes tool that enables organisations to measure and assess the effectiveness of the services they deliver. It is now being used by many mental health trusts in England and has also been adopted for use by the Mental Health Recovery Service in Queensland, Australia.Digital mapping toolIn 2023, the Association introduced a digital mapping tool to measure mental health provision across England.See also
*Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS)
*Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT)
* Mental health in the United Kingdom
Other UK mental health charities
*Centre for Mental Health
*Mental Health Foundation
*Mind
*Rethink Mental Illness
*Richmond Fellowship
*SANE
*Together for Mental Wellbeing
*Turning Point
Notes
ReferencesFurther reading*
External links
*[https://amhp.org.uk/ Official website]
Category:2005 establishments in England
Category:Charities based in London
Category:Mental health in England
Category:Mental health in Wales
Category:Mental health organisations in the United Kingdom
Category:Organizations established in 2005
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Mental_Health_Providers
|
2025-04-06T15:54:52.496076
|
25861854
|
Richard Mack
|
| birth_place = Arizona, United States
| birth_name = Richard Ivan Mack
| office = Sheriff of Graham County, Arizona
| term_start = 1988
| term_end = 1996
| party Libertarian<br>Republican
| spouse | years active
| occupation = Founder of Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association
| known_for = Printz v. United States
}}
Richard Ivan Mack (born December 27, 1952) is an American political activist, who served as the sheriff of Graham County, Arizona from 1988 to 1996. A former lobbyist for Gun Owners of America, he is known for his role in a successful lawsuit which alleged that portions of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act violated the United States Constitution. Mack is also the founder of Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association and sits on the board of directors of the Oath Keepers.
Career
Law enforcement
Mack spent eleven years with the police department of Provo, Utah, and then moved back to Arizona to run for Graham County Sheriff in 1988. While serving as sheriff, he attended the FBI National Academy and graduated in 1992. Mack did not make the ballot, and incumbent sheriff Kelly Clarke was re-elected.
Oath Keepers and Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association
In 2011 Mack founded the Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association (CSPOA). The organization has a mission similar to Oath Keepers, encouraging members to refuse to enforce laws that they believe are unconstitutional.
The Southern Poverty Law Center included both CSPOA and Oath Keepers on its list of 1,096 anti-government "patriot" groups active in 2013.
Mack v. United States
Mack served as Graham County Sheriff from 1988 to 1996. In 1994 he was recruited by the National Rifle Association of America as a plaintiff in one of nine lawsuits against the Clinton administration over the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act.
Mack v. United States (later restyled to Printz v. United States), a lawsuit against the federal government which alleged that portions of the Act violated the United States Constitution, because they comprised a congressional action that compelled state officers to execute Federal law. These portions were interim provisions until a national instant background check system for gun purchasers could be implemented. In a 5–4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the provisions of the Brady Act in question were, in fact, unconstitutional. Political views Mack is involved in the patriot movement through his role in the Oath Keepers organization and as founder of the Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association (CSPOA).
Mack opposes all gun control laws, telling the program News21, "I studied what the Founding Fathers meant about the Second Amendment, the right to keep and bear arms, and the conclusion is inescapable. There's no way around it. Gun control in America is against the law." To promote his legal theories and views, he is a regular guest speaker at organizations such as the John Birch Society and conspiracy theorist and white supremacist radio shows such as The Political Cesspool and The Alex Jones Show. Mack has also been a public supporter of white supremacists such as Randy Weaver
Personal life
Mack was born in 1952 in Arizona. He is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and attended Brigham Young University, earning a degree in Latin American studies.
In April 2022, Richard Mack's adult son, Richard Solon Mack was charged with child sex abuse.
Bibliography
Mack has authored several books relating to gun laws, ownership and the role that law enforcement should play in America:
* ''The County Sheriff: America's Last Hope
* The Proper Role of Law Enforcement
* From My Cold Dead Fingers: Why America Needs Guns with Timothy Robert Walters (1994)
* The Naked Spy: His Mission Began the Day He Died (2005)
* The Magic of Gun Control (2011),
* Are You a David?'' (2014),
References
External links
* [http://www.sheriffmack.com/ Richard Mack's official website]
*
*
Category:1952 births
Category:20th-century American far-right politicians
Category:Activists from Arizona
Category:American gun rights activists
Category:American political activists
Category:Arizona Libertarians
Category:Arizona sheriffs
Category:Brigham Young University alumni
Category:Bundy standoff
Category:Latter Day Saints from Arizona
Category:Living people
Category:Patriot movement
Category:People from Graham County, Arizona
Category:Texas Republicans
Category:Members of the Oath Keepers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mack
|
2025-04-06T15:54:52.602643
|
25861866
|
Grinnell Herald-Register
|
The Grinnell Herald-Register is a semi-weekly newspaper in Grinnell, Iowa. It was formed February 13, 1936 after the merger of the Grinnell Herald and Grinnell Register. The Herald was founded on August 16, 1871 as a semi-weekly newspaper, and the Register was founded in 1888. The Grinnell Herald, in turn, was founded as the Poweshiek County Herald on March 18, 1868. In 1944, the newspaper was purchased by the Pinder family. It remains a family owned paper as of 2022.
The paper was published by Al and Dorothy Pinder until their deaths. Their daughters, Martha Pinder and Peggy Elliot manage and edit the paper as of 2022.References
Category:Newspapers published in Iowa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinnell_Herald-Register
|
2025-04-06T15:54:52.672013
|
25861881
|
List of Washington Natural Area Preserves
|
This is a list of Natural Area Preserves (NAPs), part of the Washington Natural Areas Program managed by Washington Department of Natural Resources.
Name CountyLocation/GPS CoordinatesNotesMarcellus Shrub Steppe Adams Camas Meadows Chelan Entiat Slopes Chelan Upper Dry Gulch Chelan Washougal Oaks Clark Largest remaining Garry oak forest in Western WashingtonThe Two-Steppe Douglas Kahlotus Ridgetop Franklin Castle Rock Grant Carlisle Bog Grays Harbor Sphagnum bogChehalis River Surge Plain Grays Harbor Goose Island Grays Harbor Island in Grays Harbor, sometimes submergedNorth Bay Grays Harbor Sphagnum bogSand Island Grays Harbor Island in Grays Harbor, sometimes submergedWhitcomb Flats Grays Harbor Island in Grays Harbor, sometimes submergedAdmiralty Inlet Island Located inside Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve; population of threatened golden paintbrushClearwater Bogs Jefferson Sphagnum bogDabob Bay Jefferson Charley Creek King Kings Lake Bog King Sphagnum bogSnoqualmie Bog King Sphagnum bogKitsap Forest Kitsap One of the last old-growth forests in Puget Sound regionBadger Gulch Klickitat Oak savannaCleveland Shrub Steppe Klickitat Columbia Hills Klickitat Monte Cristo Klickitat Trout Lake Klickitat Spring Creek Canyon Lincoln Hamma Hamma Balds Mason Rocky baldsInk Blot Mason Sphagnum bogOak Patch Mason Schumacher Creek Mason Also spelled Schumocher Creek Critically imperiled Sitka alder/skunk cabbage/water parsley communitySkookum Inlet Mason Kennedy Creek Mason and Thurston One of the largest Chum salmon spawning areas in the lower Puget SoundBarker Mountain Okanogan Chopaka Mountain Okanogan surrounding summit of Chopaka MountainDavis Canyon Okanogan Methow Rapids Okanogan Riverside Breaks Okanogan Bone River Pacific Gunpowder Island Pacific Niawiakum River Pacific Willapa Divide Pacific Old-growth forestPoint Doughty San Juan Adjacent to Point Doughty Recreation SiteCypress Highlands Skagit Wetlands and rocky baldsOlivine Bridge Skagit Dwarf forest on serpentine soilSkagit Bald Eagle Skagit , part of Skagit River Bald Eagle Natural AreaColumbia Falls Skamania Threatened Larch Mountain salamander, threatened and sensitive plant speciesPinecroft Spokane Little Pend Oreille River Stevens Bald Hill Thurston Cliffs and rocky balds; over 1,000 plant speciesMima Mounds Thurston Rocky Prairie Thurston Dailey Prairie Whatcom Selah Cliffs Yakima Near Selah Creek Bridge; largest known population of threatened basalt daisy
Notes
Sources
*
Natural Area Preserves
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Washington_Natural_Area_Preserves
|
2025-04-06T15:54:52.868447
|
25861897
|
Sonic interaction design
|
Sonic interaction design is the study and exploitation of sound as one of the principal channels conveying information, meaning, and aesthetic/emotional qualities in interactive contexts. Sonic interaction design is at the intersection of interaction design and sound and music computing. If interaction design is about designing objects people interact with, and such interactions are facilitated by computational means, in sonic interaction design, sound is mediating interaction either as a display of processes or as an input medium.
Research areas
Perceptual, cognitive, and emotional study of sonic interactions
Research in this area focuses on experimental scientific findings about human sound reception in interactive contexts.
During closed-loop interactions, the users manipulate an interface that produces sound, and the sonic feedback affects in turn the users’ manipulation. In other words, there is a tight coupling between auditory perception and action. Listening to sounds might not only activate a representation of how the sound was made: it might also prepare the listener to react to the sound. Cognitive representations of sounds might be associated with action-planning schemas, and sounds can also unconsciously cue a further reaction on the part of the listener.
Sonic interactions have the potential to influence the users’ emotions: the quality of the sounds affects the pleasantness of the interaction, and the difficulty of the manipulation influences whether the user feels in control or not.
Product sound design
Product design in the context of sonic interaction design is dealing with methods and experiences for designing interactive products having a salient sonic behaviour. Products, in this context, are either tangible and functional objects that are designed to be manipulated, or usable simulations of such objects as in virtual prototyping. Research and development in this area relies on studies from other disciplines, such as:
product sound quality;
acoustic ecology, i.e. the relationship, mediated through sound, between living beings and their environment;
film sound;
computer and video game sound;
sound culture, i.e. the study of how the production and consumption of sound have changed throughout history and within different societies.
In design research for sonic products a set of practices have been inherited from a variety of fields. Such practices have been tested in contexts where research and pedagogy naturally intermix. Among these practices it suffices to mention:
bodystorming, especially when combined with vocal sketching, where participants produce vocal imitations to mimic the sonic behavior of objects while they are being interacted with;
theatrical practices, such as theatrical metaphors and dramatic performance;
basic design, based on demonstrations and intersubjectivity;
video prototyping with sonic overlays;
Foley artistry in filmmaking;
acting out sound dramas.
Interactive art and music
In the context of sonic interaction design, interactive art and music projects are designing and researching aesthetic experiences where sonic interaction is in the focus. The creative and expressive aspects – the aesthetics – are more important than conveying information through sound. Practices include installations, performances, public art and interactions between humans through digitally-augmented objects/environments. These often integrate elements such as embedded technology, gesture-sensitive devices, speakers or context-aware systems.
The experience is in the focus, addressing how humans are affected by the sound, and vice versa. Interactive art and music allows researchers to question existing paradigms and models of how humans interact with technology and sound, going beyond paradigms of control (human controlling a machine). Users are part of a loop which includes action and perception.
Interactive art and music projects invite explorative actions and playful engagement. There is also a multi-sensory aspect, especially haptic-audio and audio-visual projects are popular. Amongst many other influences, this field is informed by the development of the roles of instrument-maker, composer and performer merging.
Artistic research in sonic interaction design is about productions in the interactive arts and performing arts, exploiting the role of enactive engagement with sound–augmented interactive objects.
Sonification
Sonification is the data-dependent generation of sound, if the transformation is systematic, objective and reproducible, so that it can be used as scientific method.
For sonic interaction design, sonification provides a set of methods to create interaction sounds that encode relevant data, so that the user can perceive or interpret the conveyed information. Sonification does not necessarily need to represent huge amounts of data in sound, but may only convey one or few data values in a sound. To give an example, imagine a light switch that, on activation would create a short sound that depends on the electric power consumed through the cable: more energy-wasting lamps would perhaps systematically result in more annoying switch sounds. This example shows that sonification aims to provide some information by using its systematic transformation into sound.
The integration of data-driven elements in interaction sound may serve different purposes:
to allow the users to refine their actions via auditory feedback. Example: the sonification-enhanced drilling machine which indicates by sound when a wanted orientation to the wall is reached.
to influence how humans perceive their own body movement.
to create a sonic gestalt for the interaction which allows users to compare the detailed performance on repeated interactions: for instance rowing strokes may be sonified so that the sportsmen can better synchronize their action.
to enable novel functions that would otherwise be not available (e.g. a bottle that displays by sound how much fluid is poured into glasses so that the users can more easily fill the equal amount of liquid in different glasses).
Within the field of sonification, sonic interaction design acknowledges the importance of human interaction for understanding and using auditory feedback. Within sonic interaction design, sonification can help and offer solutions, methods, and techniques to inspire and guide the design of products or interactive systems.
See also
Ecomusicology
List of human-computer interaction topics
Design
Haptic technology
Social interaction
Interactivity Interaction design
Interactive systems engineering
Interaction design pattern
3D interaction
Human–computer interaction
Sound and music computing Soundscape
User interface
User interface design
User-centered design
Usage-centered design
Virtual reality
References
Further reading
Franinović, K., and Serafin, S., Eds. Sonic interaction design. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2013.
Stefano Delle Monache, Pietro Polotti, Davide Rocchesso (2010). A Toolkit for Explorations in Sonic Interaction Design. In: Proceedings of the 5th Audio Mostly Conference: A Conference on Interaction with Sound, 2010, New York (AM '10), , , citation
Eoin Brazil and Mikael Fernström, (2009). Empirically Based Auditory Display Design. In: Proceedings of the SMC 2009 - 6th Sound and Music Computing Conference, 23–25 July 2009, Porto, Portugal. Available: online.
Karmen Franinović, Yon Visell, Daniel Hug, (2007). Sound Embodied: A Report on Sonic Interaction Design in Everyday Artifacts. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Auditory Display, Montréal, Canada, June 26–29, 2007. Available: online.
Ernest A. Edmonds, Alastair Weakley, Linda Candy, Mark Fell, Roger Knott, and Sandra Pauletto, (2005). "The Studio as Laboratory: Combining Creative Practice and Digital Technology Research". International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 63(4–5): 452–481. Available: online.
Ernest Edmonds, Andrew Martin, and Sandra Pauletto, (2004). Audio-visual Interfaces in Digital Art. In: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in computer entertainment technology (ACE '04), Singapore, June 3–5, 2004, pp. 331–336, . Available: online.
Thomas Hermann and Andy Hunt, (2004). The Importance of Interaction in Sonification. In: Proceedings of ICAD Tenth Meeting of the International Conference on Auditory Display, Sydney, Australia, July 6–9, 2004. Available: online.
Niklas Röber and Maic Masuch, (2004). Interacting With Sound: An Interaction Paradigm for Virtual Auditory Worlds. In: Proceedings of ICAD Tenth Meeting of the International Conference on Auditory Display, Sydney, Australia, July 6–9, 2004. Available: online.
External links
Sound and Music Computing
Interactive Sonification
Interactional Sound and MusicCOST Action on Sonic Interaction Design
Sonic Interaction Portal
Category:Design
Category:Multimodal interaction
Category:Sound
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_interaction_design
|
2025-04-06T15:54:52.902897
|
25861920
|
Two Came Back
|
| director = Dick Lowry
| starring = Melissa Joan Hart <br/> Jonathan Brandis <br/> Jon Maynard Pennell <br/> Susan Sullivan
| narrated | music Michael Tavera
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_episodes | producer
| editor | cinematography
| runtime = 90 minutes
| company | budget
| network = ABC
| released =
}}
Two Came Back is a 1997 American television film based on the true story of Deborah Scaling Kiley as told in her book Albatross (1994). Melissa Joan Hart stars alongside Jonathan Brandis. The film premiered on ABC on September 28, 1997.
Plot
Susan Clarkson (Melissa Joan Hart) agrees to go with Jason (Jonathan Brandis) and three other young crew members and deliver a 60-foot sailing yacht from San Diego to Vancouver to a potential buyer. However the over-anxious captain sails off course and the crew runs into some bad weather. While out at sea, the yacht sinks, leaving the crew to fend for themselves against the merciless elements. All trapped on the yacht's dinghy, they find themselves without food, water or supplies and with sharks posing a constant threat to their survival.
Cast
*Melissa Joan Hart as Susan Clarkson
*Jonathan Brandis as Jason
*David Gail as Matt
*Susan Sullivan as Patricia Clarkson
*Jon Pennell as Rick
*Susan Walters as Allie
*Steven Ford as Lieutenant Belwick
*James D. Fields as Susan's teammate
*Elliot Woods as Coast Guardsman
*Tracy Villar as Coast Guardswoman
See also
*Capsized: Blood in the Water, film based on same events
External links
*
Category:American television films
Category:1997 television films
Category:1997 films
Category:Films based on non-fiction books
Category:Seafaring films based on actual events
Category:Films about survivors of seafaring accidents or incidents
Category:Films directed by Dick Lowry
Category:Films scored by Michael Tavera
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Came_Back
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.045543
|
25861948
|
Republic of Baja California
|
}}
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Lower California
| common_name = Baja California|
| image_flag = Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Sonora.svg
| flag_caption = Flag used between 1853 - 1854<br>
| image_map = File:Mapa Mexico 1853 1.PNG
| map_width = 250px
| map_caption = Mexico in 1853. Gray area represents Baja California and red area represents the 1854 Gadsden Purchase.
| status = Unrecognized state
| government_type = Republic|
| event_start = Established
| year_start = 1853
| date_start = November 3
| event_end = Disestablished
| year_end = 1854
| date_end = January 21
| life_span = November 3, 1853 – January 21, 1854|
| p1 = Second Federal Republic of Mexico
| flag_p1 = Bandera Histórica de la República Mexicana (1824-1918).svg
| s1 = Republic of Sonora
| flag_s1 = Flag of the Republic of Sonora.svg|
| capital = La Paz
| leader1 = William Walker
| demonym = Baja Californian (Baja Californiano)
| population_estimate = 8,000 (1853)
}}
The Republic of Lower California, also known as the Republic of Baja California was a proposed state from 1853 to 1854, after American private military leader William Walker failed to invade Sonora from Arizona. Walker wanted to appropriate Sonora, and his claims had both the support of tycoons and government complacency in the United States.
In November 1853 Walker set off with two hundred men to La Paz, where he captured the political head and proclaimed the independence of the Republic of Lower California, a state that never had recognition nor truly existed because Walker had neither full control of the peninsula nor the support of the population. He faced resistance from the Mexican army and from civilians, among them a group led by . In spite of being repulsed from Ensenada and suffering the mutiny of his US troops, Walker declared himself president of the Republic of Sonora, which also included Baja California, and, like his successor, was not there in fact or endorsement. In fact, Walker reached Sonora only in 1854 and when pressured by the United States Navy had to flee to Ensenada, Mexico. In the face of Melendrez's harassment and the desertion of more troops, Walker and the remnants of his filibuster army surrendered to the US military in San Diego. Brought to trial, the judge said he was guilty of violating the Neutrality Act signed between Mexico and the United States after the US invasion of Mexico in 1847. However, Walker was acquitted by the jury. History
William Walker was an American physician and adventurer who settled in California during the gold rush. He had tried to take over the state of Sonora before launching the campaign against Baja California, with the support of American moguls.
Walker left California with 45 American mercenaries on October 15, 1853, with the intention of arriving at Guaymas (Sonora), and occupying the Mexican state. However, one year before, the Mexicans had already repelled an expedition of French filibusters, increased their troops and had military preparedness. Perhaps this made Walker refrain. He chose to first attack and take the Baja California peninsula as a first step to seize Sonora. Aboard the schooner Caroline, Walker's expedition arrived at Cabo San Lucas on October 28 of that year. He moved by sea to La Paz, capital of Baja California territory, which he occupied five days after the capture of Rafael Espinosa, political head of the territory. There, the filibusters hauled down the Mexican flag and hoisted in place a flag of three horizontal stripes, two red and a white center, with two stars representing Baja California and Sonora. On November 3, 1853, the mercenaries proclaimed the independence of the peninsula which they called the Republic of Lower California. Later, the expedition captured Colonel Juan Clímaco Rebolledo, who came to replace Espinosa in the office of a political leader without knowing that the capital of Baja California had been seized by the American invaders.
Since the expedition of reinforcements from California were slow in coming, Walker decided to move its headquarters to the north of the peninsula, near the border with U.S. and the land passage to Sonora, which was the goal of their ambitions and also the US government, which had already expressed its intention to buy northwestern Mexico. In La Paz, there were some clashes between civilian residents and filibusters, Walker played as military victories over the Mexican government, which he accused of being tyrant and decadent. And in Ensenada, the filibusters established their headquarters in what is now the Third and Gastélum streets of that city From there, Walker issued a proclamation to the American people, requesting their support to defend the independence of Baja California, which had a self-appointed president. Many American volunteers joined the call of Walker, to add a number of 253 climbers who arrived in Ensenada on the boat Anita.
See also
* Baja California (disambiguation)
* Filibustering expeditions in Mexico
Notes
References
* Olmeda García, María del Pilar (2010). Baja California. Historia de las instituciones jurídicas. Ciudad de México: Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas UNAM.
* Rosengarten, Frederic (2002). William Walker y el ocaso del filibusterismo. Tegucigalpa: Guaymuras.
External links
*
Baja California
Baja California
Category:Former unrecognized countries
Category:1850s in Mexico
Category:States and territories established in 1853
Category:States and territories disestablished in 1854
Baja California
Category:Separatism in Mexico
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Baja_California
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.234946
|
25861952
|
Frances Newton, Baroness Cobham
|
Frances Newton, Baroness Cobham (1539 – 17 October 1592) was an English aristocratic woman who served Queen Elizabeth I of England as a Lady of the Bedchamber, and was one of her closest female friends. She was the second wife of William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham.
Family backgound
Frances was born in 1539, one of the 19 children of Sir John Newton, Knight, of Barrs Court, Gloucestershire and East Harptree, Somerset, who lived in Gloucestershire and died before November 1568 with will probated on 17 November. Her mother was Margaret Poyntz, a daughter of Sir Anthony Poyntz and Elizabeth Huddersfield. Sir John Newton's surname was originally Cradock and he was of Welsh origin.
Career
Frances entered the service of Elizabeth Tudor before 1558 as a chamberer, and following the latter's accession to the English throne as Queen Elizabeth I, she continued in her service, becoming one of her Ladies of the Bedchamber. Later in Elizabeth's reign, Frances's sisters, Katherine and Nazareth also entered the Queen's service as chamberers.
Marriage and children
On 25 February 1560 at Westminster Palace, Westminster, London, Frances married William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham, whose first wife, Dorothy Neville (d.1559), the daughter of George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny by his third wife, Mary Stafford, had died, leaving him a daughter, Frances Brooke, who married firstly Thomas Coppinger (1546-1580), and secondly Edward Becher.
Upon her marriage, Frances Newton was styled Baroness Cobham as her husband had succeeded to the title of Baron Cobham two years previously.
They made their home at the Brooke family seat, Cobham Hall in Kent, where Queen Elizabeth paid them a visit on 17 July 1560 during her summer progress,<ref name"auto"/> and many years later on 4 September 1573.<ref name"auto"/> Frances was one of the Queen's closest female friends, and Frances preferred to remain at court; however, she returned to Cobham Hall to give birth to her children.<ref name="auto"/>
Together William Brooke and Frances had seven children:
*Maximilian Brooke (4 December 1560 – July 1583), eldest son and heir, who died without issue.
*Elizabeth Brooke (12 January 1562 - 24 January 1597), who married on 31 August 1589 Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, by whom she had issue.
*Frances Brooke (born 12 January 1562), who married firstly, circa 1580, John Stourton, 9th Baron Stourton, (1553–1588), and secondly Sir Edward More (d.1623) of Odiham, Hampshire.
*Margaret Brooke (2 June 1563 – 1621), who in 1584 married, as his second wife, Sir Thomas Sondes (1544–1593) of Throwley, Kent, by whom she had a daughter, Frances Sondes (1592–c.1634), who married Sir John Leveson (d.1613).
*Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham (22 November 1564 – 24 January 1619), married Lady Frances Howard (1566 – July 1628), by whom he had no issue. He was implicated in the Main Plot against King James I.
*Sir William Brooke (11 December 1565 – 1597)
*Sir George Brooke (17 April 1568 – 5 December 1603), who married Elizabeth Burgh (died c. 1637), the eldest daughter and coheir of Thomas Burgh, 3rd Baron Burgh (d. 14 October 1597), by whom he had a son, William (1601–1643), and two daughters, Elizabeth and Frances. He was executed for high treason against King James I. After his death his widow married Francis Reade.DeathLady Cobham died on 17 October 1592 at Cobham Hall, Cobham, Kent, and was buried in the Cobham Parish Church.In art
In 1567, Lady Cobham was painted with her husband, children and sister Johanna in a Cobham family memorial portrait by the Master of the Countess of Warwick.
Notes
References
*
*
*
*
*
* |isbn=978-1449966379 }}
*
Category:Ladies of the Bedchamber
Category:Chamberers at court
Category:1539 births
Category:1592 deaths
Category:16th-century English women
Cobham
Category:16th-century English nobility
Frances
Category:Court of Elizabeth I
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Newton,_Baroness_Cobham
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.263771
|
25861968
|
Rhythm & Blues (Robert Palmer album)
|
Rhythm & Blues is the thirteenth studio album by English singer Robert Palmer. It was first released in Japan in October 1998, before being released elsewhere in 1999, and was his first new release in five years. but did not chart in the US. Palmer's long-term girlfriend Mary Ambrose arranged strings and sang background vocals on "Twenty Million Things", a song from Lowell George's 1979 solo album ''Thanks, I'll Eat It Here''. Sharon O'Neill co-wrote "True Love" and also provided backing vocals on "Twenty Million Things".
The album's only single, "True Love", peaked at No. 94 in the UK.<ref name"auto"/>Track listing
All tracks written by Robert Palmer except where noted.
US track listing
# "True Love" (Robert Palmer, Sharon O'Neill, Alan Mansfield) – 4:19
# "No Problem" – 3:35
# "Let's Get It On" [99] (Marvin Gaye, Ed Townsend) – 4:09
# "Stone Cold" – 4:28
# "Sex Appeal" – 4:34
# "Work to Make It Work" [99] – 3:34
# "All the Will in the World" – 4:57
# "You're Not the Only One" – 3:39
# "Mr. Wise Guy" – 3:32
# "I Choose You" (Robert Palmer, Willie Hutch) – 4:18
# "Dance for Me" – 3:53
# "Twenty Million Things" (Jed Levy, Lowell George) – 3:09
The UK and Canadian track listing features all the same songs with the exception that the track "Dance for Me" is replaced by the track "Tennis", written by Palmer. The tracks also appear in different order.
Personnel
* Robert Palmer – vocals, arrangements
* Featuring – Alan Mansfield (track 1), Bertram Engel (tracks 3, 7, 8), Bill Payne (track 12), Carl Carlton (tracks 3, 7, 8, 11), Ken Taylor (tracks 3, 7, 8), Pascal Kravetz (tracks 3, 7, 8)
* James Palmer and Mauro Spina – percussion (track 12)
* Mary Ambrose – strings (track 12)
* Mary Ambrose and Sharon O'Neill – backing vocals (track 12)
Production
* Produced by Pino Pischetola and Robert Palmer
* Production assistant – Paul Cavanaugh
* Production coordinator – Richard Coble
* Engineered and mixed by Pino Pischetola (tracks 1–10, 12) and Alessandro Benedetto (track 11)
* Assistant engineer – Nick Friend
* Editing – Kurt Wipfli
* Mastered by Antonio Baglio
* Design concept and logo – Robert Palmer
* Art direction – Ian Ross
* Photography – Fabio Nosotti (cover) and Mark Allan (inner)
References
Category:1998 albums
Category:Robert Palmer (singer) albums
Category:EMI America Records albums
Category:Eagle Records albums
Category:Albums produced by Robert Palmer (singer)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_&_Blues_(Robert_Palmer_album)
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.381488
|
25861974
|
Osvaldinho (footballer, born 1945)
|
Firmino Baleizão da Graça Sardinha, (born 10 September 1945 in Beja, Portugal), known as Osvaldinho, is a former Portuguese footballer who played as defender for Desportivo Beja, Vitória Guimarães, Boavista F.C., Benfica de São Tomé e Príncipe, Marítimo and Gil Vicente. Osvaldinho played 2 caps for the Portugal national team.
He was one of Vitória de Guimarães main players during the 1970s, with more than 200 appearances for the club. He was honored in September 2023.
References
External links
Osvaldinho on zerozero.pt
Category:1945 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Beja, Portugal
Category:C.D. Beja players
Category:Vitória S.C. players
Category:Boavista F.C. players
Category:C.S. Marítimo players
Category:Gil Vicente F.C. players
Category:Portugal men's international footballers
Category:Portuguese men's footballers
Category:Primeira Liga players
Category:Men's association football defenders
Category:Footballers from Beja District
Category:20th-century Portuguese sportsmen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osvaldinho_(footballer,_born_1945)
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.408807
|
25861988
|
Woking Borough Council elections
|
One third of Woking Borough Council in Surrey, England is elected each year, followed by one year without election. Since the last boundary changes in 2016, 30 councillors have been elected from 10 wards.Political controlA borough called Woking had existed since 1974 and was controlled by the Conservative Party until the local elections in 1986. The partisan control of the borough has been as follows, with each poll electing one third of the seats, except where noted.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Election
! scope"col" colspan"2" | Party in control
! scope="col" | Contested
! scope"col" class"unsortable" |
|-
|2024
|
| 11 of 30
|
|-
|2023
|
| 10 of 30
|
|-
| 2022
|
| 10 of 30
|
|-
| 2021
|
| 10 of 30
|
|-
| 2019
| 10 of 30
|
|-
| 2018
|
| 10 of 30
|
|-
| 2016
| 30 of 30
|
|-
| 2015
| 12 of 36
|
|-
| 2014
| 12 of 36
|
|-
| 2012
| 12 of 36
|
|-
| 1999
| 12 of 35
|
|-
| 1984
|
| 12 of 35
|
|-
| 1978
| 12 of 35
|
|-
| 1973
| 34 of 34
|
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan"5" style"font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" | B: New borough boundaries<br />F: Full borough election<br />W: New ward boundaries<br />*: Change in control without election
|}
Borough result maps
<gallery>
File:Woking UK local election 2000 map.svg|2000 results map
File:Woking UK local election 2002 map.svg|2002 results map
File:Woking UK local election 2003 map.svg|2003 results map
File:Woking UK local election 2004 map.svg|2004 results map
File:Woking 2006 election map.png|2006 results map
File:Woking 2007 election map.png|2007 results map
File:Woking 2008 election map.png|2008 results map
File:Woking UK local election 2010 map.svg|2010 results map
File:Woking UK local election 2021 map.svg|2021 results map
File:Woking UK local election 2022 map.svg|2022 results map
File:Woking UK local election 2023 map.svg|2023 results map
File:Woking UK ward map 2024.svg|2024 results map
</gallery>
By-election results
1990s
2000s
2010s
References
* [http://www.gwydir.demon.co.uk/byelections/index.htm By-election results]
External links
* [http://www.woking.gov.uk/ Woking Borough Council]
Category:Woking
Category:Council elections in Surrey
Category:District council elections in England
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking_Borough_Council_elections
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.526212
|
25861999
|
Dissident Alliance
|
}}
Dissident Alliance is the second studio album from the American heavy metal band Jag Panzer. It is the only album with vocalist Daniel J. Conca. This album ditches the power metal sound and instead features a groove metal style, similar to the likes of Pantera.Track list
Personnel
*Daniel J. Conca – vocals
*Mark Briody – guitar
*Chris Kostka – guitar
*John Tetley – bass
*Rikard Stjernquist – drums
References
Category:1995 albums
Category:Jag Panzer albums
Category:Groove metal albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissident_Alliance
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.575558
|
25862001
|
Portrait of Doña Isabel de Porcel
|
| height_metric = 82
| width_metric = 54.6
| metric_unit = cm
| imperial_unit = in
| museum = National Gallery
| city = London
}}
The Portrait of Doña Isabel de Porcel is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Spanish artist Francisco de Goya, painted around 1805. The portrait depicts Isabel Lobo Velasco de Porcel, who was born at Ronda around 1780 and was the second wife of Antonio Porcel. Isabel's husband was 25 years older than she; they met when she was 20 years old. Antonio Porcel was a liberal and associate of Manuel Godoy, Prince of Peace, who was a friend of Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, who in turn brought him in contact with Goya, who lived nearby; the painting is said to have been a gift from the artist in return for hospitality. A Goya portrait of Antonio Porcel, though much larger and so not a matching piece, was lost in a fire when the Jockey Club in Buenos Aires was destroyed in a riot in 1953.
The half-length portrait depicts a young woman dressed in typical Spanish attire, a white shirt and a black mantilla. In spite of her "maja" attire, the richness of the textiles and her ladylike appearance give the picture an aristocratic elegance; at this time wealthy Spanish "people of fashion" often wore the styles of lower class urban dandies and their female equivalents, as seen in Goya's famous clothed version of La Maja.
The decisive gesture of her arms in the akimbo position and her confidence stand out. Her eyes and hair are light brown, her skin is pale, and her body is slightly turned to the left side, while her head gives balance by being turned to the opposite side. Goya achieves realism and deepness without adding secondary objects to the composition. One of the unique aspects of this painting is that the woman is looking towards the left side of the viewer and not towards him, which is the case of the majority of Goya's paintings.
The picture is used in several episodes of the 1967 BBC serialisation of the Forsyte Saga.
Some scholars have recently cast doubts over its attribution.
See also
*List of works by Francisco Goya
Notes
References
*Bozal, Valeriano. Francisco de Goya, vida y obra, (2 vols.) Madrid, Tf., 2005. .
*Glendinning, Nigel. Francisco de Goya, Madrid, Cuadernos de Historia 16 (col. «El arte y sus creadores», nº 30), 1993, p. 139
*Neil MacLaren, revised Allan Braham, The Spanish School, National Gallery Catalogues, 1970, National Gallery, London, <!--WorldCat says this ISBN belongs to the 1988 edition; see https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27725237 -->
External links
*[http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/francisco-de-goya-dona-isabel-de-porcel National Gallery]
*
Category:Portraits by Francisco Goya
Category:Paintings in the National Gallery, London
Category:1805 paintings
Category:19th-century portraits
Category:Portraits of women
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Doña_Isabel_de_Porcel
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.598965
|
25862010
|
Acer pictum subsp. mono
|
Acer pictum subsp. mono, commonly known as painted maple or mono maple in English, is a species of maple.
thumb|table
Description
Acer pictum subsp. mono grows 15-20m tall and a trunk that is 60–100 cm wide. Its leaves have 5-7 lobes.
Taxonomy
The tree has the following synonyms:
References
Aceraceae Acer pictum Thunb. subsp. mono ( Maxim. ) H.Ohashi, International Plant Names Index
Acer mono - Maxim., Plants For A Future, 1996–2008.
pictum subsp. mono
Category:Plant subspecies
Category:Taxa named by Karl Maximovich
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_pictum_subsp._mono
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.673198
|
25862011
|
Chain of Command (album)
|
|length = 43:32
|label = Century Media Records
|prev_title = Decade of the Nail Spiked Bat
|prev_year = 2003
|next_title = Casting the Stones
|next_year = 2004
}}
Chain of Command is the eighth studio album by the American power metal band Jag Panzer. It was recorded in 1987 and went unreleased at the time, yet bootlegged since 1988. It was finally released by Century Media for the first time, remastered and with a new cover art, on June 21, 2004. The label released only 5,000 copies.
Five songs have been re-recorded by the band over the years until the long delayed release of the album.
Track listing
Personnel
*Bob Parduba – vocals
*Mark Briody – guitar
*Christian Lasegue – guitar
*John Tetley – bass
*Rikard Stjernquist – drums
References
Category:2004 albums
Category:Century Media Records albums
Category:Jag Panzer albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_Command_(album)
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.696865
|
25862020
|
Alexander Mackenzie (historian)
|
Alexander Mackenzie, (1838 – 22 January 1898) was a Scottish historian, author, magazine editor and politician. He was born on a croft, in Gairloch. He had little opportunity for education and initially earned his living as a labourer and ploughman. In 1861 he became apprenticed in the clothes trade selling Scottish cloth in Colchester. In 1869 he settled in Inverness, where he and his brother set up a clothes shop in Clach na Cudainn House. From his business premises he derived his nickname 'Clach na Cudainn' or simply 'Clach'. He later became an editor and publisher of the Celtic Magazine, and the Scottish Highlander. Mackenzie wrote numerous clan histories. He was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. A founder member of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, Mackenzie was elected an 'Honorary Chieftain' in 1894.
The Highland clearances and land reform
In the 1880s Mackenzie became actively involved in the Highland land issue and campaigned for security of tenure for crofters. In Nuair Chaidh na Ceithir Ùr Oirre, Màiri Mhòr nan Òran describes going with him, Charles Fraser-Mackintosh and others to elicit the support of Mrs. MacRae of Stromeferry for their cause and affectionately tells how "the Clach" discouraged 17-stone Màiri from getting into a rowing boat with the others. First published in 1883, MacKenzie's History of the Highland Clearances has remained in print to the present times. John Prebble wrote "...it has been and will remain a book to be read, an essential part of any study of the clearances".
Bibliography
See also
Brahan Seer
References
External links
Category:1838 births
Category:1898 deaths
Category:19th-century Scottish historians
Category:Scottish politicians
Category:Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(historian)
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.764633
|
25862026
|
Emami
|
| founder =
| defunct | location Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| area_served | key_people
| industry = Conglomerate
| products 1026 cr
|66.4%
|-
|Boro Plus
|645 cr
|74.1%
|-
|Zandu & Mentho Plus Balms
|1262 cr
|54.9%
|-
|Kesh King
|991 cr
|26.6%
|-
|Fair And Handsome
|401 cr
|65.3%
|}
In 2008, Emami acquired Zandu Pharmaceutical for ₹730 crores. The company merged Zandu FMCG into Emami and raised 310 crores through QIP. The company became debt free within 2 years of the Zandu deal. The company's health products unit offers tonics for colds and coughs as well as nutraceuticals.
It forayed into men's deodorant market by launching HE brand of deodorants. Hrithik Roshan was appointed as brand ambassador for HE brand. The company acquired Splash Corporation for 200 crore. A German personal care brand Creme 21 was acquired by Emami for 100 crores in February 2019. In March 2022, Emami acquired the Dermicool brand from the UK-headquartered company, Reckitt for ₹432 crores (£43 million). Shareholding pattern {| class"wikitable"
!Shareholders (as on 31 March 2021)
!Shareholding
|-
|Promoter and promoter group
|53.85%
|-
|Institutions
|36.91%
|-
|Non Institutions
|9.24%
|-
|Total
|100%
|}
Controversies
Fair and Handsome
In 2007, the company attracted controversy with an advertisement for its skin whitening cream for men, Fair and Handsome. Emami and the star of the campaign, Shahrukh Khan, were accused of perpetuating racism.
In July 2013, WOW a Chennai-based NGO launched a campaign against Emami asking them to remove the Fair and Handsome advertisement starring Khan, saying that it is discriminating against people on the basis of skin color. The campaign has been supported by celebrities like Nandita Das Tannishta Chatterjee. More than 22,000 people have signed an online petition launched by them.
Hospital fire
In the early morning of 9 December 2011, an AMRI Hospital in south Kolkata's Dhakuria district erupted in fire, leading to the deaths of 92 people – mostly critically ill patients, many of them suffocating in their sleep. The following day, the license for the hospital was canceled, and the Chief Minister of West Bengal ordered a judicial inquiry into the incident. Allegedly, the fire was triggered by flammable chemicals that were stored at the site. Rescue efforts were hampered by the narrowness and congestion of the road leading to the hospital,<ref name"NDTV2011"/> and the allegations that all of the windows and doors were locked<ref name"NDTV2011"/> and that the fire alarms and sprinklers installed at the hospital did not work during the fire.<ref name"EconTimes2011"/>
Seven members of the hospital's board were arrested the same day, and were remanded to police custody until 20 December by the court of the Chief Judicial Magistrate in Alipore.<ref name"NDTV2011"/> Among the seven arrested were Agarwal and Goenka, founders of Emami and directors of the hospital chain, who were charged with negligently causing the deaths.<ref name"NDTV2011"/> Ultimately a total of 16 people stood accused in the courts in July 2016, including the board members and several directors of the hospital.<ref name"IANS2016"/> Amongst the charges were culpable homicide not amounting to murder under section 304 of the Indian Penal Code, which carries a maximum sentence of 10 years' imprisonment in cases where the criminal actions are undertaken knowingly but without the intention to cause death.<ref name"IANS2016"/> Additional charges were laid under Section 308 (attempt to commit culpable homicide) and Section 38 (effect caused partly by act and partly by omission).<ref name="IANS2016"/>
The fire was recorded as the largest hospital tragedy in India at the time.<ref name"EconTimes2011"/>Sporting affiliation* East Bengal (2022–present)ReferencesExternal links
*
Category:manufacturing companies based in Kolkata
Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1974
Category:Cosmetics companies of India
Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Category:1974 establishments in West Bengal
Category:Ayurvedic companies
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emami
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.799194
|
25862034
|
Ron Thompson (actor)
|
and the 1970s TV series Baretta in the role of Detective Nopke.
Thompson's first film appearance was as an uncredited extra in the 1960 Jerry Lewis film The Bellboy. by Charles Gordone. In his review for The New York Times, Mel Gussow wrote that Thompson was "splendid" in his role.
Thompson won the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for his 1973 theatre lead performance in the play Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie? A young Al Pacino had won a Tony for playing the part in 1969.
Thompson did a dramatic portrayal of Henry David Thoreau on the 1976 NBC television series The Rebels.
Thompson starred in the 2018 thriller film Cargo.
Thompson died at his apartment in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, on April 13, 2024, at the age of 83. He was found dead by filmmaker Joe Black.Theatre{|class"wikitable" border="1";
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Date
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Production
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 1969
| No Place to Be Somebody
| Shanty Mulligan
|
|-
| 1972
| The Time of Your Life
| Willie
|
|-
| 1973
| Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie?
| Bickham
| Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award (Lead Performance)
|-
| 1976
| Buy the Bi and Bye
| WD
|
|}
Film
{|class"wikitable" border"1";
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 1960
| The Bellboy
| Extra
| Uncredited
|-
| 1967
| Brown Eye, Evil Eye
| Freddy St. Claire
|
|-
|-
|-
| 1973
| The No Mercy Man
| John Dunn
| aka "The Vietnam Soldier" – Europe (English title) (video title)<br />aka "Trained to Kill: USA" – USA (DVD title)
|-
|-
| 1977
| The White Buffalo
| Frozen Dog Pimp
| aka "Hunt to Kill" – USA (TV title)
|-
| 1981
| American Pop
| Tony Belinsky / Pete Belinsky
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992
| American Me
| Junkie
|
|-
| Deep Cover
| Store Owner
|
|-
| 1993
| Death Ring
| "Needles", Tattooer
|
|-
| 1998
| Fallen Arches
| Leslie
|
|-
| 2006
| Bottleneck
| Husband
|
|-
| 2015
| Last Days of Coney Island
| Cops
| Voice
|-
| 2017
| Stitches
| Ron
|
|-
| 2017
| Hate Horses
| Rex Napier
|
|-
| 2017
| Low Town
| Langston Bedry
|
|-
| 2018
| Cargo
| Anthony Peterson
|
|-
| 2018
| Chicks, Man
| Sherman
|
|-
| 2018
| Gena
| John
|
|-
| 2019
| Tellers
| Harry Dawn
|
|-
| 2021
| Natasha Hall
| Marlon Franklin
| Voice
|-
| 2023
| Suffrage
| Harry Dawn
|
|-
|}
Television
{|class"wikitable" border"1";
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Program
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Episodes
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
|-
| 1962
| Armstrong Circle Theatre
| Larry / Junkie
| 2
| Securities for Suckers<br />Runaway Road-Story of a Missing Person<br />Assignment: Teenage Junkies<br />Assignment: Teenage Junkies
|-
| 1963
| Armstrong Circle Theatre
| Junkie
| 1
| Assignment: Teenage Junkies
|-
| 1974
| Mannix
| Kirk Bullard
| 1
| Death Has No Face
|-
| 1974
| Ironside
| The Bartender
| 1
| Amy Prentiss: Part 1
|-
| 1974
| Ironside
| Jamie
| 1
| Run Scared
|-
| 1974
| The Gun
| Tom
| TV movie
|
|-
| 1975
| The Dream Makers
| Dave
| TV movie
|
|-
| 1975
| The Streets of San Francisco
| Willie
| 1
| Web of Lies
|-
| 1975
| Bronk
| Unknown
| 1
| Crackback
|-
| 1975–1976
| Baretta
| Penguin / Detective Nopke
| 6
| Count the Days I'm Gone<br />Murder For Me<br />Pay or Die<br />The Dippers<br />Death on the Run<br />Street Edition
|-
| 1976
| The Rebels
| Henry David Thoreau
| 1
| Henry David Thoreau
|-
| 1977
| Quincy, M.E.
| Claude Stern
| 1
| The Thigh Bone's Connected to the Knee Bone
|-
| 1980
| The Waltons
| GI
| 1
| The Prodigals
|-
| 1982
| The Greatest American Hero
| Guard
| 1
| Good Samaritan
|-
| 1985
| Cagney & Lacey
| Jimmy MacDonald
| 1
| Organized Crime
|-
| 1989
| Imagining America
| Beatnik Poet
| 1
| This Ain't Bebop
|-
| 1997
| Crisis Center
| Junkie
| 1
| He Said, She Said
|-
| 2020
| Ethnically Ambiguous
| Ralph
| 1
| Asian Persuasion
|}
References
External links
*
*
*
*
*
*}}
*[http://www.popmatters.com/pm/column/160872-american-pop-matters-ron-thompson-the-illustrated-man-unsung/ 'American Pop'... Matters: Ron Thompson, the Illustrated Man Unsung] interview at PopMatters
*
*
*[http://beyondthemarquee.com/28663/ Beyond the Marquee – EXCLUSIVE: Ralph Bakshi's AMERICAN POP – Video of Historic Q&A with Actor Ron Thompson]
*
*
*[https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/sunday-edition-ron-thompson-is-only-actor-making-comeback/id1457399201?i=1000495147406 The Only One In The Room Podcast]
*[http://hillsidehouseproductions.com/ron-thompson-a-star-is-reborn/ Ron Thompson WPWL 103.7 radio interview]
*
*
Category:1941 births
Category:2024 deaths
Category:Male actors from Louisville, Kentucky
Category:American male film actors
Category:American male television actors
Category:American male stage actors
Category:American male voice actors
Category:Songwriters from Kentucky
Category:Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky
Category:American rock singers
Category:20th-century American male actors
Category:21st-century American male actors
Category:Singers from Kentucky
Category:Rock musicians from Kentucky
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Thompson_(actor)
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.878104
|
25862036
|
Sergej Tica
|
| birth_place = SFR Yugoslavia
| height | position Midfielder
| currentclub | youthyears1
| youthclubs1 | years1 1994–1995
| clubs1 = Borac Banja Luka
| caps1 | goals1
| years2 = 1995–1996
| clubs2 = Obilić
| caps2 = 27
| goals2 = 2
| years3 = 1996
| clubs3 = Budućnost Valjevo
| caps3 = 2
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 1997
| clubs4 = OFK Beograd
| caps4 = 2
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 1998
| clubs5 = Milicionar
| caps5 = 8
| goals5 = 1
| years6 = 1999
| clubs6 = Priština
| caps6 = 3
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 1999
| clubs7 = Paniliakos
| caps7 = 2
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2000
| clubs8 = Čelik Zenica
| caps8 = 11
| goals8 = 3
| years9 = 2001
| clubs9 = Stal Alchevsk
| caps9 = 7
| goals9 = 0
| years10 = 2001
| clubs10 = Stal-2 Alchevsk
| caps10 = 1
| goals10 = 0
| years11 = 2001
| clubs11 = Čelik Zenica
| caps11 = 7
| goals11 = 1
| years12 = 2002
| clubs12 = Željezničar Sarajevo
| caps12 = 18
| goals12 = 3
| years13 = 2004
| clubs13 = 1. FC Schwalmstadt
| caps13 = 12
| goals13 = 2
| years14 = 2005
| clubs14 = Eintracht Wald-Michelbach
| caps14 = 2
| goals14 = 0
| years15 = 2006
| clubs15 = Čelik Zenica
| caps15 = 3
| goals15 = 2
| totalcaps = 105
| totalgoals = 14
}}
Sergej Tica (; born 13 August 1974) is a Bosnian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Career
Tica spent most of his early career in FR Yugoslavia with several clubs, including Obilić (1995–96), Budućnost Valjevo and OFK Beograd (1996–97), as well as Milicionar and Priština (1998–99). He later played in the top flights of Greece and Ukraine. Tica also spent time at Čelik Zenica (three spells) and Željezničar Sarajevo in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
References
External links
*
*
Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina men's footballers
Category:Men's association football midfielders
Category:FK Borac Banja Luka players
Category:FK Obilić players
Category:FK Budućnost Valjevo players
Category:OFK Beograd players
Category:FK Milicionar players
Category:FK Priština players
Category:Paniliakos F.C. players
Category:NK Čelik Zenica players
Category:FC Stal Alchevsk players
Category:FC Stal-2 Alchevsk players
Category:FK Željezničar Sarajevo players
Category:Second League of Serbia and Montenegro players
Category:First League of Serbia and Montenegro players
Category:Super League Greece players
Category:Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina players
Category:Ukrainian Premier League players
Category:Ukrainian Second League players
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate men's footballers
Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Serbia and Montenegro
Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Serbia and Montenegro
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Germany
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Tica
|
2025-04-06T15:54:53.906404
|
25862054
|
Prince Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
|
}}
<br />
| house = Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
| father = Frederick Christian II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
| mother = Princess Louise Auguste of Denmark
| birth_date
| birth_place = Kiel
| death_date
| death_place = Bayreuth, Kingdom of Bavaria.
}}
Prince Frederick Emil August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (23 August 1800 in Kiel – 2 July 1865 in Bayreuth, Germany), usually simply known by just his first name, Frederick, Prince of Noer, was a prince of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and a cadet-line descendant of the Danish royal house.
He was the second and youngest son of Louise Auguste of Denmark and Frederik Christian II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg. As such, he was close to succeed in the Danish throne. He was the brother-in-law of King Christian VIII and nephew of King Frederik VI. His elder brother, Christian August II, succeeded in 1814 as the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg.
After his second, morganatic union, he renounced the rights of succession to House of Augustenburg. He was created Prince of Noer or Nør by Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria afterwards.
Prince Frederick died 1865 at Bayreuth.
Life
Frederick was the second son of Frederick Christian II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, and Louise Augusta of Denmark. In 1832, Louise Augusta purchased both the Grönwohld estate and the neighboring Noer estate for her son. At this point, he assumed the title "Prince of Noer." After the death of Prince Frederik of Hesse in 1845, son and successor of his father Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel as governor of Schleswig-Holstein, Prince Frederick took this office.
Due to the complicated nature of succession, Frederick and his older brother, Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Ausgustenburg, both saw themselves as rightful heirs to the duchies, as well as the Kingdom of Denmark. The two shared a goal of achieving a united Schleswig-Holstein belonging to the German Confederation, complete with a liberal constitution.
.]]
In March 1848, Prince Frederick became the Minister of War in Schleswig-Holstein's provisional government, and commanded the duchies' army during the First Schleswig War until 7 April 1850. Upon Schleswig-Holstein's capitulation to Denmark, Frederick went into exile (1851) and for a time in 1852 was documented as residing in Devon, England. In Denmark, chamber pots were sold featuring a picture of Frederick at the bottom.
In 1864, after the Kingdom of Prussia and the German Confederation had, under the Austrian Empire's leadership, defeated Denmark in the Second Schleswig War, Frederick was reassigned the title of "Prince of Noer" by decree of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.
Prince Frederick and his first wife are buried in Krusendorf.
Marriage and issue
Frederick married on 17 September 1829, at Augustenburg, his second cousin Countess Henriette Danneskjold-Samsøe (9 May 1806 - 10 September 1858) who was a Danish noblewoman and great-great-great-granddaughter of Christian V of Denmark, belonging to an illegitimate branch of the House of Oldenburg. His brother had married his wife's elder sister nine years previous. They had four children:
#Prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (23 August 1830 - 25 December 1881), married in 1870 Carmelita Eisenblat (21 August 1848 - 11 August 1912) and took the title Count of Noer
#Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (13 December 1832 - 3 February 1834), died young
#Princess Louise Caroline Henriette Auguste of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (29 July 1836 - 25 September 1866), married in 1865 Prince Michael Vlangali-Handjeri (c. 1833 - 11 August 1911), a maternal grandson of Alexander Handjeri
#Princess Marie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (8 August 1838 - 3 February 1839), died young
After Henriette's death, Frederick married morganatically on 3 November 1864, at Paris, Mary Esther Lee (3 October 1837 - 4 July 1914), the third daughter of David Lee, a New York merchant. They were childless. Eight years after the death of her first husband, the Princess married Count Alfred von Waldersee, a General who was later created Field Marshal.
Ancestry
References
Citations
Bibliography
*
External links
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100405222104/http://www.geschichte-s-h.de/vonabisz/augustenburger.htm Herzöge von Augustenburg]
Category:Princes of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
Category:House of Augustenburg
Category:1800 births
Category:1865 deaths
Category:People from Augustenborg, Denmark
Category:People of the First Schleswig War
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.087777
|
25862058
|
Home Network Administration Protocol
|
Home Network Administration Protocol (HNAP) is a proprietary network protocol invented by Pure Networks, Inc. and acquired by Cisco Systems which allows identification, configuration, and management of network devices. HNAP is based on SOAP.
Starting in January 2010, vulnerabilities were discovered in multiple D-Link network devices where HNAP authentication could be bypassed.
2014 HNAP is used by "The Moon" worm which infects Linksys routers.
References
External links
HNAP Homepage (abandoned April 7, 2011)
SANS: More on HNAP - What is it, How to Use it, How to Find it
Category:Cisco protocols
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Network_Administration_Protocol
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.132968
|
25862061
|
Stereomastis sculpta
|
Stereomastis sculpta is a species of "strange, blind crustacean" resembling a prawn or a squat lobster. at depths of .<ref name"Galil"/>
Gallery
<gallery>
File:Polycheles sculptus MNHN.jpg|Stereomastis sculpta on display
File:Decapoda reptantia of the coasts of Ireland (1914) (20656358148).jpg|Illustration from Decapoda reptantia of the coasts of Ireland
File:Stereomastis sculpta (syn. Polycheles sculptus).jpg|Stereomastis sculpta (syn. Polycheles sculptus) on display (colors have faded)
</gallery>
References
Category:Polychelida
Category:Arthropods of the Dominican Republic
Category:Crustaceans described in 1880
Category:Taxa named by Sidney Irving Smith
Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN <!-- Polycheles sculptus -->
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereomastis_sculpta
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.190891
|
25862072
|
Matadero Creek
|
| source1_elevation
| mouth = Palo Alto Flood Basin, then Mayfield Slough, then southwest San Francisco Bay
| mouth_location = Palo Alto, California
| mouth_coordinates In 1853, Elisha Crosby bought a 250-acre parcel of Rancho Santa Rita, really Rancho Rincon de San Francisquito, from the Robles family, and founded Mayfield Farm, but she lost it only 3 years later. On the March 5, 1863 map "Plat of the Rancho Rincon de San Francisquito", it is denoted as Matadero Creek. On the Palo Alto Topo Map of 1899, it was referred to as Madera Creek', a name which suggests its prior value as a source of timber (madera'' in Spanish).
Famous author Wallace Stegner lived near Matadero Creek at 13456 South Fork Lane in nearby Los Altos Hills, while a professor at Stanford University. Stegner became one of the town's most prominent residents. In 1962, he co-founded the Committee for Green Foothills, an environmental organization dedicated to preserving and protecting the hills, forests, creeks, wetlands and coastal lands of the San Francisco Peninsula. Stegner's famous Wilderness Letter (1960), "helped win passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964," per Utah Gov. Huntsman in 2009. Full text of letter at The Wilderness Society [http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/west/wilderletter.pdf Web site. Retrieved 2-24-09.] Los Altos Hills named the Stegner Pathway for the author who lived for many years just uphill from that pathway running from Three Forks Lane to Edgerton Road.
Watershed
]]
Matadero Creek's mainstem begins at elevation 640 feet just north of Altamont Road and west of Black Mountain Road in Los Altos Hills. The creek has two significant tributaries, Arastradero Creek and Deer Creek. Arastradero Creek is protected by the Arastradero Preserve. Arastradero Creek begins at elevation 800 feet just south of the terminus of Alexis Drive in Palo Alto, and heads briefly west then north around the Palo Alto Hills Country Club where it is dammed to form small two small water bodies (Sobey Pond and Arastradero Lake), then joins Matadero Creek where Arastradero Road intersects Page Mill Road. Deer Creek begins at elevation 680 feet just north of Altamount Road and west of Taafe Road in Los Altos Hills, then flows northerly passing under Interstate 280 at the La Barranca Road underpass, where it turns west and parallels Purissima Road, crosses Arastradero Road and Deer Creek Road, before joining the Matadero Creek mainstem just south of Foothill Expressway and east of Page Mill Road.
The Santa Rita Creek tributary, which drains the faculty housing area of Stanford, was artificially connected to Matadero Creek by the "Stanford Channel". Historically Santa Rita Creek terminated in the marshlands in historic Mayfield.
On June 27, 2012, the creek suddenly dropped a foot and went dry below Matadero Avenue whereas it usually flows all summer from Bol Park to El Camino Real at the Creekside Inn. This may be related to the removal of toxic groundwater in the watershed, although it is normally cleaned and then returned to the creek. The creek remains perennial in Bol Park.Ecology
es (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), the only tree-climbing canid in the Americas, den and forage for rodents, grasshoppers, and berries near the mouth of Matadero Creek in the Baylands]]
coming in for a water landing in the creek]]
In 2006, gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were documented near the mouth of Matadero Creek. Populations of gray fox have increased in the South Bay since the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has culled non-native red fox (Vulpes vulpes) because the latter prey on endangered California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus).
Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were supported by Matadero Creek historically, and at least as recently as the late 1980s. In 1905 John Otterbein Snyder collected O. mykiss (then called Salmo irideus) in "Madera Creek", today's Matadero Creek. A California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) field note from 1945 documents a fisherman's sighting of steelhead adults in Matadero Creek two years prior (1942/43 season). According to CDFG, steelhead were caught by local fishermen during 1985, 1986 and 1987 in Mayfield Slough at the confluence of Matadero and Adobe Creeks. At least six steelhead were noted passing the tidal gates at Mayfield Slough in the Palo Alto Flood Basin in April 1987. Also, 1986 CDFG correspondence identifies Matadero Creek as an anadromous steelhead trout stream with winter spawning runs. However, in February 1997, Leidy electrofished Matadero Creek at three sites between Laguna Street and the third downstream bridge crossing on Old Matadero Creek Road and no O. mykiss were found.
Regarding whether steelhead trout could have accessed Matadero Creek historically, since it appears to have terminated in an alluvial fan prior to reaching Bay marshlands,
Acterra monitors insects in the creek, which serve as indicator species for the cleanliness and health of the stream.
In 2022 a pair of North American beaver (Castor canadensis) were documented in the mouth of Matadero Creek in the Palo Alto Flood Basin. A baby beaver was spotted on a trail camera in 2023. These beaver likely descended from beaver translocated to upper Los Gatos Creek at Lexington Reservoir in the 1980s, who subsequently migrated downstream to the Guadalupe River. Upon reaching saltwater, the beaver have used it to recolonize several other south San Francisco Bay tributaries.
The Palo Alto Flood Basin
The Palo Alto Flood Basin was constructed in 1956 in order to prevent a repeat of the floods of 1955, when a high tide prevented the escape of heavy runoff from Matadero, Adobe, and Barron Creeks into the San Francisco Bay. The trapped runoff waters overflowed upstream creek banks and caused severe flooding in Palo Alto. In order to control the flow of water into the flood basin, a tidegate was placed at the confluence of Adobe Creek, Matadero Creek, and the San Francisco Bay, so that the flood basin could be maintained at approximately 2 feet below sea level, creating room to absorb floodwaters. The tidegate consists of several weirs and one operator-controlled sluice gate that enables tidal flows into the basin in order to improve water quality and for mosquito control. Three agencies oversee the tidegates: Santa Clara Valley Water District, City of Palo Alto, and Santa Clara County Vector Control. Because the trash grate and weirs separate the mouth of the flood basin from the San Francisco Bay estuary, large fish cannot swim freely between the Bay and the basin, unless the sluice gate is open. In addition, the tidegates are set to reduce tidal inflows into the basin, so that the basin is mostly freshwater. After a rainstorm the tidegate is kept closed, however this is precisely when steelhead trout in-migrations should occur.
From November 16 to 20, 2002, approximately 100 striped bass (Morone saxatilis), 5 bat rays (Myliobatis californica) and 2 leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) were found dead in the Flood Control Basin in both Adobe and Matadero Creeks within one mile of the tidegate. The fishkill was attributed to the first large rainstorm washing a large amount of leaf litter into the basin, leading to eutrophication and low dissolved oxygen. This is supported by the fact that the dead fish were all large (requiring more oxygen) at 2 to 4 feet long and the mouths and gills of the bass were fully extended open.<ref name=fishkill/>
<gallery>
File:Wallace Stegner Pathway along Matadero Creek.jpg|The Wallace Stegner Pathway along Matadero Creek in Los Altos Hills, California
File:Deer Creek going under La Barranca Rd.jpg|Deer Creek approaching the culvert at La Barranca Road, Los Altos Hills
File:Concretization of Matadero Creek accelerates flows, causing severe channel incision now threatening Page Mill Road above I280 Jan 2011.jpg|Concretization of Matadero Creek's banks (in back of shot) accelerates stream flows, causing severe channel incision which is now threatening Page Mill Road below the Arastradero Road intersection Jan. 2011
File:Matadero Creek Trail.jpg|View of Interstate 280 from the Matadero Creek Trail, which crosses the hill between Matadero Creek and its Deer Creek tributary
File:Matadero Creek with donkeys from Bol Park.jpg|left|Matadero Creek and the Barron Park donkeys, viewed from the trail through Bol Park
File:Matadero Creek at Cornelis Bol Park in Barron Park, Palo Alto, California.jpg|left|upright 2|Matadero Creek at Cornelis Bol Park in Barron Park, Palo Alto, California
File:Matadero Creek by Caltrain.jpg|After crossing to the north of Lambert Ave in Palo Alto, Matadero Creek makes a turn to the southeast along the Caltrain tracks before crossing under them.
File:Matadero Creek at Ross Road.jpg|Matadero Creek from Ross Road bridge
File:Matadero Creek at W Bayshore Rd.jpg|Matadero Creek at West Bayshore Road, near Highway 101 in Palo Alto, looking south. The concrete channel is very wide by then to carry large flows.
</gallery>
See also
* List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area
* Palo Alto, California
* Rancho Rincon de San Francisquito
References
External links
*
* [http://museumca.org/creeks/1450-OMMatadero.html Matadero Creek Watershed map hosted by Oakland Museum]
* [http://www.sccreeks.org/ Santa Clara County Creeks Coalition]
Category:Rivers of Santa Clara County, California
Category:Rivers of Northern California
Category:Tributaries of San Francisco Bay
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matadero_Creek
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.319931
|
25862080
|
Voltar
|
Voltar may refer to:
Voltar (comics), an award-winning comics strip and character by Alfredo Alcala
Voltar (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe
Voltar, the main character in the League of Super Evil
Voltar, the fictional planet that the "expose books" are published on in the Mission Earth fictional universe
Voltar the Invincible, the U.S. title for Robot Taekwon V
Voltar the Omniscient, a character in the MOBA Awesomenauts
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltar
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.341673
|
25862083
|
George Levendis
|
| death_date =
| origin = Australian (Greek heritage)
| instrument | genre
| occupation = Television General Manager, Television Executive, Television Producer, Television CMO, Music Executive
| years_active | label Syco Entertainment, SonyBMG Entertainment (Columbia, Epic, RCA, Arista, J Records), Arista UK, Arista Records US, Bad Boy Records, LaFace Records, Heaven Music
| associated_acts = Whitney Houston, Carlos Santana, P!nk, TLC, Puff Daddy/P.Diddy, Usher, Dido, Outkast, Patti Smith, Toni Braxton, Avril Lavigne, Lisa Stansfield, Prince, Sarah McLachlan, Kenny G, Baby Animals, Yianni, Marinella, Alkistis Protopsalti, Antonis Vardis, Phoebus (writer/producer), Despina Vandi, Giorgos Mazonakis, Michalis Hatzigiannis, Yiannis Kotsiras, Giannis Vardis
| website = https://georgelevendis.com
| current_members | past_members
}}
George Levendis is a Global Television and Music Executive and is currently Managing Director of Antenna TV, MAK TV and Antenna Studios for the ANT1 Group, having been promoted from CMO. In this capacity, he plays a pivotal role in leading all operations of the television stations and the ANT1 Studios, overseeing the P&L's and offering strategic guidance to empower creative and commerical growth.
Prior to this, he was the Executive Producer and show-runner of Red Bull's The Cut. In 2018 he took on the role of COO of Acun Medya Global, focusing on the production and expansion of TV formats internationally. From 2011 to 2018 he was Head of International for Syco TV, a joint venture between Simon Cowell and Sony Music Entertainment. In this role he was responsible for the international expansion of The X Factor and Got Talent and other Syco TV franchises. During his tenure at Syco, Got Talent and The X Factor grew rapidly internationally. Got Talent was produced in over 70 markets and The X Factor was sold to over 56 markets globally.
Over the last 20 years, Levendis has held senior management and international marketing positions at a number of record companies, including Arista Records, Arista Records U.K., BMG Greece, BMG Australia, Heaven Music, and culminating as Senior Vice President of Sony BMG Global Marketing at the headquarters of Sony BMG in New York City. In this position, he oversaw worldwide campaigns for artists including Beyoncé, Justin Timberlake, Pink, Shakira, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Leona Lewis, Il Divo and Westlife.
Background
George attended Sydney Boys High School and then pursued a Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology at the University of New South Wales and graduated with a Master of Commerce in Marketing. He also attained a Master of Arts in Media Management from Macquarie University's Graduate School of Management. He was then promoted to Managing Director of BMG Greece, and soon afterwards was moved to Arista Records in New York where he served as Vice President of International Worldwide Marketing under Clive Davis, eventually being promoted to Senior Vice President of Marketing under Antonio "LA" Reid. While at Arista, Levendis helped capitalize on artists' global presence, overseeing the international marketing campaigns for Carlos Santana's Supernatural, Whitney Houston's My Love is Your Love and Whitney: The Greatest Hits, TLC's FanMail, and Pink's ''Can't Take Me Home'' among others.
He returned to New York and Sony BMG's global headquarters to serve as Senior Vice President of Sony BMG Global Marketing Group, working across keys markets to develop and promote worldwide campaigns for Sony's global priority artists including, Beyonce, Bob Dylan, Justin Timberlake, Shakira, Pink and Bruce Springsteen.
Levendis returned to ANT1 television as General Manager repostioning the broadcaster as the most conemporary staton in the region. The rebranding strategy, including a new logo, complete station makeover and a new AVOD strategy catapulted Antenna into a new era. High rating shows included Got Talent, Next Top Model, Dancing with the Stars, The X Factor and the Morning Show 10 to 1. Antenna also entered the sports domain broadcasting Formula One, Greek A1 Basket League and the UEFA Europa League for three consecutive years. Over this time Levendis served as a judge on Greece's The X Factor.
In 2011, he joined Simon Cowell as Head of International Syco TV, overseeing Syco's international business, as detailed above.
Personal life
Levendis met his wife Maria Mentis-Levendis in Australia. They have 3 children, twins, born in Manhattan, NYC and a son born in Athens. Maria was on the board of directors of the Make a Wish Foundation in Greece and played an integral part in the marketing and public relations of the charity. Make A Wish is the selected charity for Greece's high rating show Dancing with the Stars. Maria continues to be an active supporter of the charity in the United Kingdom where the family resides.See also*Heaven MusicReferences
Category:Living people
Category:ANT1 Group
Category:Australian music industry executives
Category:University of New South Wales alumni
Category:Heaven Music
Category:People educated at Sydney Boys High School
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Levendis
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.418332
|
25862085
|
Don't Call Him a Cowboy
|
"Don't Call Him a Cowboy" is a song written by Debbie Hupp, Johnny MacRae and Bob Morrison, and recorded by American country music artist Conway Twitty. It was released in February 1985 as the first single and title track from the album Don't Call Him a Cowboy. The song was Twitty's 34th Billboard number one single on the country chart but his 50th overall. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of 13 weeks on the chart.
Content
The song criticizes the Urban Cowboy movement of the early 80's.
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1985)PeakpositionCanadian RPM Country Tracks1
Year-end charts
Chart (1985)PositionUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard)45
References
Category:Songs about cowboys and cowgirls
Category:1985 singles
Category:Conway Twitty songs
Category:Warner Records singles
Category:Songs written by Debbie Hupp
Category:Songs written by Johnny MacRae
Category:Songs written by Bob Morrison (songwriter)
Category:1985 songs
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don't_Call_Him_a_Cowboy
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.449454
|
25862088
|
Joseph Musiol
|
Joseph Musiol (; born 22 June 1865 in Mikołów) was a Silesian politician. He served as secretary of the Catholic Trade Union, as a member of the town council in Bytom, and argued for the independence of Upper Silesia as a multilingual but unified state like Switzerland. He was expelled from the Catholic People's Party in April 1921 for activities that clashed with the official stance of the party. Around the same time, all local groups in Bytom were dissolved, and in early February 1921, Musiol was excluded from the leadership of his party. After leaving his position as deputy, he became manager of the law office of the Polish-language newspaper Katolik (Catholic). He co-founded and managed a propaganda of the Union of Upper Silesians beginning in 1919, and he served as leader of the Union from December 1921 until its dissolution, in 1924.
In 1922, he ran for a town council position in Bytom as part of the Union Tenants Protection. Nothing is known of his life after 1924.
References
Sources
Dariusz Jerczyński, "Józef Musioł (Joseph Musiol)", in: Orędownicy niepodległości Śląska, Zabrze: 2005, pages 144-150.
Guido Hitze, Carl Ulitzka (1873–1953) oder Oberschlesien zwischen den Weltkriegen, Düsseldorf: 2002.
Andrea Schmidt-Rösler, "Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918-1922", in Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa Forschung, 1, 1999.
Günther Doose, Die separatistische Bewegung in Oberschlesien nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg (1918–1922), Wiesbaden: 1987.
See also
Ewald Latacz
Józef Kożdoń
Josef Cichy
Silesian People's Party
Theofil Kupka
Silesian Autonomy Movement
Category:1865 births
Category:People from Mikołów
Category:People from Bytom
Category:Centre Party (Germany) politicians
Category:Politicians from the Province of Silesia
Category:Upper Silesian independence activists
Category:Year of death unknown
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Musiol
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.473015
|
25862092
|
Birger Gerhardsson
|
Birger Gerhardsson (26 September 1926 – 25 December 2013) was a Swedish New Testament scholar and professor in the Faculty of Theology at Lund University, Sweden. His primary academic focus was on the transmission and development of the oral traditions of the New Testament gospels.Selected worksThesis* Books*
*
*
*
* ReferencesExternal links* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120327081119/http://www.bakerpublishinggroup.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid0477683E4046471488BD7BAC8DCFB004&nm&typePubCom&modPubComProductCatalog&midBF1316AF9E334B7BA1C33CB61CF48A4E&tier25&id757F26837A864CECA7DBB308D6EDFB8B Birger Gerhardsson's profile at Baker Publishing Group]
Category:Swedish theologians
Category:Swedish biblical scholars
Category:New Testament scholars
Category:Academic staff of Lund University
Category:1926 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:20th-century Protestant theologians
Category:Lutheran biblical scholars
Category:20th-century Lutherans
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birger_Gerhardsson
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.496094
|
25862112
|
Dukayniyya Shia
|
The Dukayniyya Shia (named for one of its leaders, Abu Nu'aym al-Fadl ibn al-Dukayn) were a sect of the Zaidi branch of Shia Islam. The Dukayniyya Shia were led by Abu Nu'aym al-Fadl ibn al-Dukayn and Ibrahim ibn al-Hakam.
Beliefs
The Dukayniyya Shia had the following beliefs:
They believed that the Imams after Muhammad were (in chronological order):
Ali, then
Hasan ibn Ali, then
Husayn ibn Ali, then
Ali ibn Husayn ibn Ali, then
Zayd ibn Ali ibn Husayn ibn Ali, then
Yahya ibn Zayd ibn Ali, then
The Imam is any male from the descendants of either Hassan or Husayn who arises and openly seeks the Imamate and is knowledgeable and just.
They believed in aiding and revolting along with anyone who was opposing evil and upholding goodness.
They believed that the world will always have an Imam and never be without one.
They believed Muhammad’s followers fell into unbelief after his death because they did not uphold the Imamate of Ali, but instead accepted Abu Bakr as the first leader of the Muslim community after Muhammad.
They had similar beliefs to the Jarudiyya Zaydis and the Mu'tazilites with regards to the transcendent unity of God, the "promise and threat", justice, and other doctrines.
See also
Islamic schools and branches
List of extinct Shia sects
References
An Ismaili heresiography: the "Bāb al-shayṭān" from Abū Tammām's Kitāb al ..., By Wilferd Madelung, Paul Ernest Walker, pg.90-91
Notes
Category:Shia Islamic branches
Category:Zaydism
Category:Schisms in Islam
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukayniyya_Shia
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.583495
|
25862117
|
Intimate Moments for a Sensual Evening
|
Intimate Moments for a Sensual Evening is the debut album by comedian Aziz Ansari, released by Comedy Central Records on January 19, 2010.
The album is the audio of Ansari's first one-hour special, recorded on July 1, 2009 at The Brentwood Theatre in Los Angeles, near the end of his Glow In the Dark tour. The special was first broadcast on Comedy Central on January 17, 2010, and the DVD was released by Comedy Central Home Entertainment on January 19, 2010. The filmed version of the special was directed by Jason Woliner.
CD
DVD
"Gay Rights"
"Sheets"
"CVS / Getting the Sniffles on a Flight"
"Craigslist AD"
"My Random Roommate / Getting Recognized in New York"
"Walking with Dinosaurs"
"Simple Man Cruise"
"My Cousin Harris"
"Harassing Harris on Facebook"
"Are White People Psyched All the Time?"
"MTV's Next"
"The J-1 Waiver / Using My BlackBerry While Driving"
"Bonnaroo"
"Cold Stone Creamery / Something Cool to Say to M.I.A."
"A Night Out with Kanye West"
"Kanye West vs. Darwish"
"R. Kelly: The Pied Piper of R&B"
"RAAAAAAAANDY"
References
Category:Aziz Ansari albums
Category:2010 live albums
Category:Comedy Central Records live albums
Category:Stand-up comedy specials and films
Category:2010s comedy albums
Category:2010s spoken word albums
Category:Films directed by Jason Woliner
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimate_Moments_for_a_Sensual_Evening
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.608161
|
25862120
|
Dummugudem
|
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name =
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Telangana
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Bhadradri Kothagudem
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_date | founder
| named_for | government_type
| governing_body | unit_pref Metric
| area_footnotes
| area_rank | area_total_km2 10.36
| elevation_footnotes | elevation_m 47
| population_total = 2589
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank | population_density_km2 auto
| population_demonym | population_footnotes History On 30 November 1959, Dummagudem was carved out of East Godavari District and combined with the newly created district of Khammam. Geography Dummagudem is located at . It has an average elevation of 47 metres (157 ft).
Dummugudem barrage across the Godavari River was constructed nearly 150 years back by the British India engineer Sir Arthur Cotton. A major lift irrigation project called Dummugudem Lift Irrigation Scheme is under development drawing water from the barrage pond. Dummugudem to Nagarjunasagar Dam tail pond lift canal is also under construction to transfer surplus Godavari river water to Krishna river.
Demography
The subdivision has a population of 44,393 while Dummugudem town has a population of 3420 (2001 census). The subdivision had a literacy rate of 36% while Dummugudem town had a literacy rate of 65.8 as per the 2001 census. The literacy numbers show a contrast between rural and urban areas of the subdivision.
References
Category:Villages in Bhadradri Kothagudem district
Category:Mandals in Bhadradri Kothagudem district
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dummugudem
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.630840
|
25862123
|
Natural High (Merle Haggard song)
|
"Natural High" is a song written by Freddy Powers, and recorded by American country music artist Merle Haggard backed by The Strangers. It was released in March 1985 as the third single from the album It's All in the Game. The song was Haggard's thirty-third number one single on the country chart as a solo artist. The single featuring harmony vocals by Janie Fricke went to number one for one week and spent a total of twelve weeks on the country chart.
Personnel
Merle Haggard– vocals, guitar, fiddle
The Strangers:
Roy Nichols - lead guitar
Norm Hamlet – steel guitar
Tiny Moore – fiddle, mandolin
Mark Yeary – keyboards
Dennis Hromek - bass
Biff Adams - drums
Jim Belken – fiddle
Don Markham – horns
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1985)PeakpositionCanadian RPM Country Tracks2
Year-end charts
Chart (1985)PositionUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard)47
References
Category:1985 singles
Category:Merle Haggard songs
Category:Song recordings produced by Ray Baker (music producer)
Category:Epic Records singles
Category:Songs written by Freddy Powers
Category:1984 songs
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_High_(Merle_Haggard_song)
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.676611
|
25862127
|
Special Operations Forces Exhibition
|
|frequency = Biennial: Even years
|first =
|last = 2024
|next = 2026
|organizer = Organized by SOFEX team with the support of the Jordanian Armed Forces
|attendance Nearly 12,000 in 2008
|website = http://www.sofexjordan.com
}}
The Special Operations Forces Exhibition and Conference (SOFEX) is a special operations and homeland security event, held every two years and originally at the King Abdullah I airbase in Marka, Jordan. The specialized event is held under the patronage of King Abdullah II, the supervision of Prince Faisal bin Al Hussein and is supported by the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF).
Background
SOFEX was established in 1999 by King Hussein.
In 2012, SOFEX attracted 33 national pavilions, represented by 323 companies and which attracted thousands of visitors over the 3 day exhibition, including 108 delegations from 56 countries.
The 10th edition of the SOFEX series took place May 5-8, 2014.
The SOFEX 2020 was postponed on 2020-01-30 due to heavy rains at the expo location.[https://www.joint-forces.com/world-news/29192-sofex-2020-postponed-heavy-rain-damages-expo-site.
The next SOFEX will be in 2026 at the Aqaba International Exhibition & Convention Centre (AIECC)]
See also
*International Defence Exhibition (IDEX) – a defense expo in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
*Eurosatory - a defense expo in Paris, France
*Egypt Defence Expo (EDEX) - tri-service defence exhibition in Cairo, Egypt
References
External links
*
* . VICE (5 July 2012)
Category:Special forces
Category:Arms fairs
Category:Trade fairs in Jordan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Forces_Exhibition
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.720085
|
25862133
|
Dargah of Meerasaheb, Miraj
|
The Meerasaheb Dargah is located in Miraj, in the Sangli district of Maharashtra, India. The dargah is deducated to Hazarat Meerasaheb, a Sufi saint who came to India from Saudi Arabia, and his son Hazarat Shamsuddin Hussein. It is a common site of worship of both Hindu and Islamic communities in Miraj. The dargah complex contains a Hindu mandir, a mosque, and a vegetable garden.
This religious place in sangli is a must-visit attraction. Every year URS is celebrated with hosts a music festival featuring performance by talented musicians.
References
Category:Dargahs in Maharashtra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargah_of_Meerasaheb,_Miraj
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.760281
|
25862135
|
Fremont Municipal Airport (Nebraska)
|
| website | r1-number 14/32
| r1-length-f = 6,353
| r1-length-m = 1,936
| r1-surface = Concrete
| stat-year = 2020
| stat1-header = Aircraft operations (year ending April 1, 2020)
| stat1-data = 22,250
| stat2-header = Based aircraft
| stat2-data = 44
| footnotes Source: Federal Aviation Administration
}}
Fremont Municipal Airport is two miles northwest of Fremont, in Dodge County, Nebraska. FacilitiesThe airport covers at an elevation of 1,204 feet (367 m). It has one runway: 14/32 is 6,353 by 100 feet (1,936 x 30 m) asphalt/concrete.<ref name"FAA" />
In the year ending April 1, 2020 the airport had 22,500 aircraft operations, average 61 per day: 84% general aviation, 16% air taxi and <1% military. 44 aircraft were then based at the airport: 37 single-engine, 4 multi-engine, and 3 helicopter.<ref name"FAA" /> See also * List of airports in Nebraska References <references /> External links * [http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t1&s11&lat41.4501&lon-96.5217&w1000&h1000&lp---+None+--- Aerial photo as of 4 April 1999] from USGS The National Map
*
Category:Airports in Nebraska
Category:Buildings and structures in Dodge County, Nebraska
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Municipal_Airport_(Nebraska)
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.802389
|
25862153
|
Morinosuke Kawaguchi
|
Morinosuke Kawaguchi (川口盛之助, b. May 1, 1961 in Ashiya, Hyogo, Japan) is a Japanese futurist and innovation expert. He is the founder of Morinoske Company Ltd., a Tokyo-based management and design consultancy. Since October 2019 he has been a guest professor at Waseda University in Tokyo. Previously, from 2002 till 2013 he was working for Arthur D. Little Japan. Also a lecturer in the postgraduate program at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 2008 and in 2009, and Doshisha Business School in 2012 and in 2013, his approach to Japanese subculture and how it comprises a competitive advantage in R&D has made him popular in Japan.
Kawaguchi is renowned as a strategy expert in Management of Technology (MOT), intellectual property management and also technology & innovation management (TIM) in various industries such as telecommunications, electronics and the automotive industry. In Japan, he is considered the inventor of the concept in product engineering and technology development of drawing from Japanese culture, especially the concepts of monozukuri and otaku subcultures.
He is a bilingual lecturer on this topic and has appeared on several Japanese radio and Television shows. Kawaguchi writes regularly on Japanese technology development, creating a bridge between the hard-boiled industry and creative subculture. From 2007 until 2010 he had an ongoing biweekly column for the Nikkei BP online and another for TechOn online. Also, from February 2009 until January 2010, he wrote a series of articles on anime-like engineering and technology for DIME, a magazine comparable to WIRED in the US.
Kawaguchi became well known after his book Otaku de onnanoko na kuni no monozukuri (Neon Genesis of Geeky-Girly Japanese Engineering) was published in 2007 by Kodansha, earning the prestigious Nikkei BP BizTech Book Award in 2008. The central message of the book is how to leverage Japanese subculture for top-tier product development and innovation. It has been translated into Chinese, Korean, Thai and English.
This book was reviewed by all the five major Japanese newspapers, a rare honor for a business book there. Famed fashion designer Hanae Mori had a lot of praise for Kawaguchi's book, reviewing it for the Sankei Shimbun newspaper. On the cover of the book, Taro Aso, the 92nd Prime Minister of Japan, gives a blurb, describing the book as one "filled with wisdom and hints on how to leverage Japanese subculture’s potential."
Korea and Taiwan published translated versions of the title at the end of 2009. The Thai translation was published in 2011. The English translation, titled Geeky-Girly Innovation: A Japanese Subculturalist's Guide to Technology and Design, was published in July 2012.
Morinosuke Kawaguchi published his second book Sekai ga zessan suru « Made by Japan » (The World Acclaimed « Made by Japan ») in December 2010, again describing a unique concept in technology and design. The central question of the book is how machines and products can make our lives happier and what the future of all machines will look like.
Kawaguchi is also co-author and committee member of Fukushima project, a government-independent, crowd-funded investigation about the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and the role of TEPCO's top management in the catastrophy. The committee published a book in early 2012, uncovering several contradictions in TEPCO's communication to the public and events at the power plant.
His book, メガトレンド 2014-2023 (Megatrends 2014–2023) was published by Nikkei Business Publications at the end of 2013. For this future forecasting book, Kawaguchi researched and analyzed fifty major trends, including those in mature markets and also growth opportunities in emerging economies. The book has been updated three times, and its latest version, Megatrends 2019-2028 is currently selling on the Japanese market for 600,000 yen a copy.
In 2014, in the same Megatrends series, published by Nikkei BP, Kawaguchi co-authored two more books. One, titled, Megatrends 2014-2024 The Auto and Energy Industry, includes two books in one package, one written by car journalist Yoshirou Tsuruhara and one by Morinosuke Kawaguchi. The other Megatrends book is titled Megatrends 2014-2024 ICT and Electronics, includes two volumes in one package, one written by alpha blogger Ichiro Yamamoto and the other book by Morinosuke Kawaguchi.
In June 2016, Morinosuke Kawaguchi's book titled "日本人も知らなかった日本の国力ソフトパワー Gross National Talent: Quantitative Analysis of Amazing Japanese Soft Power" was published by the Japanese publishing house, Discover 21. In this book, Kawaguchi unveiled a concept he had named "Gross National Talent", and its corresponding "Gross National Talent Index".
In March 2021, Morinosuke Kawaguchi's latest book titled 超万物開闢図譜(ちょうばんぶつかいびゃくずふ) Complete Analysis of Price-Value Interrelation: A Comparative Approach, was published by Nikkei BP, and is selling in Japan for 800,000 yen a copy.
References
External links
Official Website of Morinosuke Kawaguchi (川口盛之助)
Interviews with Morinosuke Kawaguchi (English):
www.tokyoweekender.com/2011/06/igeek-an-interview-with-technologist-morinosuke-kawaguchi Interview by Tokyo Weekender (print)
Interview at Spanish EOI on 27/10/2011 (video)
Interview by Asahi Shimbun
"Japanese Subculture Inspires Innovations": The Korean Times about Kawaguchi's book
Tech and Engineering columns by Morinosuke Kawaguchi (Japanese only):
“Morinosuke Kawaguchi’s Theory of Japanese Engineering " for Nikkei BP online
“Morinosuke Kawaguchi’s Ideas on the Strategic Management of Technology" for TECHON online
Lectures:
Leveraging Cool Japan’s Technology Power
YouTube:
Morinosuke Kawaguchi lectures on youTube (English & Japanese)
Fukushima Project:
Fukushima Project
Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:Japanese consultants
Category:Japanese writers
Category:Futurologists
Category:People from Ashiya, Hyōgo
Category:Academic staff of Waseda University
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morinosuke_Kawaguchi
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.846301
|
25862167
|
Korbeek-Lo
|
}}}}}
|image_map1 |map_caption1 Location of Korbeek-Lo in Wavre
|pushpin_map = Belgium#Belgium Flemish Brabant
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name =
|subdivision_type1 = Community
|subdivision_name1 =
|subdivision_type2 = Region
|subdivision_name2 =
|subdivision_type3 = Province
|subdivision_name3 =
|subdivision_type4 = Arrondissement
|subdivision_name4 = Leuven
|subdivision_type5 = Municipality
|subdivision_name5 = Bierbeek
|coordinates
|area_total_km2 = 3.66
|population_as_of = 2020-01-01
|population_total = 3669
|population_density_km2 = auto
|postal_code_type = Postal codes
|postal_code = 3360
|area_code_type = Area codes
|area_code = 016
|website =
}}
and the eastern part into the newly expanded rural municipality of Bierbeek.]]
Korbeek-Lo () is a sub-municipality of the municipality of Bierbeek located in the province of Flemish Brabant, Flemish Region, Belgium.
As a result of extensive local government boundary changes in 1977 Korbeek-Lo, as a municipality, was abolished. Since then the more built up western part of Korbeek-Lo has been subsumed into Leuven while the more rural eastern part of the former municipality is now part of Bierbeek.
History
The history of Korbeek-Lo starts a long way back. On the St.-Martinusberg plateau traces have been found of prehistoric homesteads. There is also evidence of Roman settlement, and there is evidence of human habitation during the subsequent Frankish period. One of the surviving farmsteads bears the name "Het Dalemhof", of which the middle syllable is thought to derive from the Germanic word "heim", endorsing the view that the name is of Frankish provenance.
There is little consensus on the origins of the name. One theory is that 'Korbeek' is an old term for a gentle murmuring brook, while ‘Lo’ is an old word for a copse. 'Korbeek' might simply mean ‘short brook’. 1107 finds a surviving record of the name, written as 'Corbeke’, while alternative early orthographies also include 'Cortbeke' en 'Cortebeke'. There was already a church here, in 1102, which was required to make annual payments to the abbey at Sint-Truiden.
By the late medieval period Korbeek-Lo was an agricultural village, with a handful of substantial farmsteads owned by monasteries, charitable institutions or wealthy citizens from nearby Leuven/Louvain. By the end of the fifteenth century several breweries were present, and these were popular with visitors because they were subject to lower taxation rates than breweries in Leuven.
The end of the medieval period was a time of suffering, notably at the hands of Emperor Maximillian (1488-1489) and during the Siege of Louvain by Maarten van Rossum in 1542, and again during the religious wars of the late sixteenth century, the campaigning following the creation of the Franco-Dutch alliance of 1635 and again the French invasion of 1695.
Korbeek-Lo also suffered from the European wars of the twentieth century. In 1914, 24 and 25 August saw central Louvain/Leuven set alight, and during the ensuring days it was the turn of the villages along the road towards Tienen to suffer similar assaults. Almost every house in Korbeek-Lo was plundered and 132 homes, along with 3 schools and 4 chateaux, were destroyed. 18 died.
Thirty years later, during the night of 2 September 1944, four railway trucks at the station loaded with explosives blew up, the force of the explosion damaging virtually every building in the village.
By the end of the nineteenth century the van 'De Mol' quarter also contained several small brick works, but these had all ceased to operate. Today Korbeek-Lo is a residential and commercial centre on the eastern side of Leuven.
Transport and traffic
The village is bisected by the straight road connecting Leuven and Brussels to the west with Tienen, Sint-Truiden and Liège to the east. As a main road with a hard surface (known as a "Steenweg"/"stone road"), this section dates back to 1716, though its designation as the N3 (National road 3) is a twentieth century development.
Korbeek-Lo is also on the main railway line running from Brussels to Liège, this section of line, from Louvain to Tienen, having been opened in 1837. Trains no longer serve the community from here, however, since the station has been closed. The nineteenth century line has since 1993 been complemented by a High Speed Train line linking Brussels with Liège and Cologne, but at Korbeek-Lo 900 meters of the high speed track is concealed in a tunnel in order to cross other pre-existing communication routes.
A modern motorway, the A3/E40, of which the local section opened in 1972, parallels to the older National Road 3, but is positioned a couple of kilometers to the south and therefore a short distance away from the centre of the village. The nearest access point is Junction 23 (Haasrode exit), roughly 5 km / 3 miles to the south-west. References
Category:Sub-municipalities of Bierbeek
Category:Former municipalities of Flemish Brabant
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbeek-Lo
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.870475
|
25862175
|
William Cleireach MacLeod
|
| death_date = }}
| death_place = Castle Camus, Skye
| resting_place = Iona
| known_for = The 5th Chief of Clan MacLeod
| predecessor = Iain Ciar (father)
| successor = Iain Borb (son)
| children = 3 sons & many illegitimate children
}}
William Cleireach MacLeod (Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Cléireach MacLeòid;
1365 – c. 1402) is considered to be 5th Chief of Clan MacLeod. He was a younger son of chief Iain Ciar and was originally intended to enter the church, as his nickname shows; however, on the death of his elder brother, William Cleireach became the heir to the chiefship. As chief of the clan, he led his followers in attacks against the Frasers and defended his lands against the MacDonalds. He did not live a long life and was said to have been buried on the isle of Iona with his predecessors.
Life
The Bannatyne manuscript states that William Cleireach was the second son of Iain Ciar, fourth chief of Clan MacLeod. William Cleireach was originally bred for the church, having been educated in a monastery abroad. For this reason, he was known as "the clerk". His elder brother was killed at a feast and upon his death, William Cleireach returned home. As Iain Ciar's only surviving son and that William Cleireach succeeded his father upon his death, in 1392. The Bannatyne manuscript records that at the time of William Cleireach's succession, the MacLeods and Frasers were quarrelling as they had been for years previous; in consequence, William invaded the Fraser controlled lands of Aird. The MacLeods were successful in this particular venture and carried off much loot from their invasion.IssueThe Bannatyne manuscript describes William Cleireach as being much beloved by his followers. He was said to have had many illegitimate children whose descendants were still alive when the manuscript was written (). The manuscript described two of his twin sons as the "Castor and Pollux of the islanders". According to the manuscript, William Cleireach married a daughter of MacLean of Duart (chief of Clan MacLean). However, A.M. Sinclair, another late 19th-century historian, stated that William Cleireach married a daughter of Murdoch MacLaine of Lochbuie (second chief of his clan). The manuscript relates how William and his wife had three sons—John, his heir; Tormod; and George. The manuscript states that from Tormod descended the "Mac Vic Williams"; it notes that the only living descendants were the sons of Capt. William MacLeod of Borline then existed (in about the 1830s), though it also noted that some of the family lived in North Carolina. The manuscript mentions another family, called "Mac Vic Alastair Ruaidh", which was descended from Tormod's second son. The head of this family lived on St Kilda and a notable member of this family was the poet Mairi nighean Alasdair Ruaidh. The manuscript states that William's third son, George, went abroad and settled in Lorraine. An account of the George's descendants was sent to a MacLeod in Britain in the year 1758. The manuscript states that this account professed that descendants of George were known on the continent as "de Leod" and "Von Leod"; that some of them were landowners before the French Revolution.<ref name"MacLeodRC"/>References
Category:1365 births
Category:1400s deaths
Category:Year of death uncertain
Category:14th-century Scottish people
Category:15th-century Scottish people
William
Category:Burials in Iona
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cleireach_MacLeod
|
2025-04-06T15:54:54.923007
|
25862188
|
De Princehofmolen, Earnewâld
|
| operator = Private
| built = 1958
| purpose = Drainage mill
| type = Hollow Post mill
| storeys | base_storeys
| roundhouse_storeys = Single storey roundhouse
| smock_sides | sail_number Four sails
| sail_type = Common sails
| windshaft = Wood
| winding = Tailpole and winch
| auxpower | pairs_of_millstones
| stone_size | saw_type
| pump_type = Archimedes' screw
| scoop_dia | lost
|other =
}}
De Princehofmolen is a hollow post mill in Earnewâld, Friesland, the Netherlands, which was built in 1958. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 22934.History
This mill originally stood at Fatum, Tzum. In 1958 it was sold by the Massold family of Leeuwarden to Mr Bakker for ƒ2,000. The mill was rebuilt by the Folkerssloot at Earnewâld by millwright De Roos of Leeuwarden at a cost of ƒ2,874.30. A grant of ƒ710 towards the cost was given by the province of Friesland.
The mill is maintained as a landmark but is unable to work due to trees growing too close to the mill.
Description
De Princehofmolen is what the Dutch describe as a "spinnenkopmolen" . It is a small hollow post mill on a single storey roundhouse. There is no stage, the sail reaching almost to the ground. The body of the mill is covered in vertical boards and the roof is covered in dakleer. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The sails are Common sails. They have a span of . The sails are carried on a wooden windshaft. The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 35 cogs. This drives the wallower (18 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the crown wheel, which has 27 cogs formerly drove an Archimedes' screw, which was not fitted when the mill was re-erected.<ref nameFriese/>References
Category:Windmills in Friesland
Category:Windmills completed in 1958
Category:Hollow post mills in the Netherlands
Category:Windpumps in the Netherlands
Category:Rijksmonuments in Friesland
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Princehofmolen,_Earnewâld
|
2025-04-06T15:54:55.028007
|
25862191
|
Strong Heart (T. G. Sheppard song)
|
| producer = Rick Hall
| prev_title = In Over My Heart
| prev_year = 1985
| next_title = Half Past Forever (Till I'm Blue in the Heart)
| next_year = 1986
}}
"Strong Heart" is a song written by Tommy Rocco, Charlie Black and Austin Roberts, and recorded by American country music artist T. G. Sheppard. It was released in May 1986 as the first single from the album It Still Rains in Memphis. The song was Sheppard's fourteenth and last number-one on the U.S. country singles chart. The single spent one week at the top of the chart in August 1986.Chart performance{|class"wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart (1986)
!align="center"|Peak<br />position
|-
|-
|align="left"|Canadian RPM Country Tracks
|align="center"|1
|}
References
Category:1986 singles
Category:1986 songs
Category:T. G. Sheppard songs
Category:Columbia Records singles
Category:Songs written by Charlie Black
Category:Songs written by Austin Roberts (singer)
Category:Songs written by Tommy Rocco
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_(T._G._Sheppard_song)
|
2025-04-06T15:54:55.049592
|
25862192
|
Hein van Aken
|
thumb|Hein van Aken dreaming of a rose.
thumb|Excerpt from "Die Rose". Written by Hein van Aken. Manufactured in the 14th century. Preserved in the University Library of Ghent.
Hein van Aken, also called Hendrik van Aken or van Haken, was the parish priest in Korbeek-Lo, between Leuven and Brussels. He was born in Brussels, probably in the thirteenth century. He translated the Roman de la Rose by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun to Dutch, with the title Het Bouc van der Rosen,. Hein's translation, also commonly called Die Rose, was widespread. This is notable due to the many manuscripts and excerpts that are still preserved, for example in the University Library of Ghent. The manuscript is held at Leiden University Libraries.
He is probably also the poet of a Dutch reworking of the French Ordene de chevalerie. With less reason, some also attribute the Natuurkunde van het Geheel-al to him, but a poem by him must be kept in the Comburger manuscript.
In the Leeckenspeigel, some work by him has been intertwined, amongst others. His rhymed essay Over de Dichtkunst (On Poetry), which has been called remarkable by reviewers because of the common sense that prevails in it.
References
Sources
Category:13th-century births
Category:14th-century deaths
Category:Middle Dutch writers
Category:Flemish poets
Category:Flemish writers (before 1830)
Category:13th-century poets from the Holy Roman Empire
Category:Flemish priests
Category:People from Bierbeek
Category:Clergy from Brussels
Category:People from the Duchy of Brabant
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hein_van_Aken
|
2025-04-06T15:54:55.072133
|
25862206
|
Crisis camp
|
A crisis camp is a BarCamp gathering of IT professionals, software developers, and computer programmers to aid in the relief efforts of a major crisis such as those caused by earthquakes, floods, or hurricanes. Projects that crisis camps often work on include setting up social networks for people to locate missing friends and relatives, creating maps of affected areas, and creating inventories of needed items such as food and clothing.
Previous efforts of crisis camps reveal common themes such as the use of mobility, the use of the Internet as a common coordination platform, the requirement of volunteers, and the need for alternative community communication access areas. This initiative is reported to have a unique format that features free or nominal attendance fees as well as agenda that are created in real time by the participants. This format has also been referred to as "unconference", which reject one-size-fits-all presentations in favor of innovative gathering with no predetermined speaker or sessions as activities are led by participants themselves. The emergence of EdCamp, which is a user-generated gathering for educators has been modeled after BarCamp.
Due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the Crisis Commons volunteer community was mobilized and part of the effort is being coordinated by Japanese students at U.S. universities.
The first Crisis camp was held in Washington, DC on June 12–14, 2009.
References
External links
CrisisCommons.org
Category:Technology in society
Category:Natural disasters
Category:Emergency organizations
Category:Unconferences
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_camp
|
2025-04-06T15:54:55.161574
|
25862252
|
Country Boy (Ricky Skaggs song)
|
"Country Boy" is a song written by Tony Colton, Albert Lee, and Ray Smith of the British band Heads Hands & Feet, and recorded by American country music artist Ricky Skaggs. It was released in February 1985 as the second single and title track from the album Country Boy. The song was Skaggs' ninth #1 country hit. The single went to #1 for one week and spent a total of 13 weeks on the country chart.
|align="center"|43
|}
References
External links
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_QheuTi8Q8] Country Boy music video on YouTube
Category:1984 songs
Category:1985 singles
Category:Ricky Skaggs songs
Category:Epic Records singles
Category:Song recordings produced by Ricky Skaggs
Category:Songs written by Tony Colton
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Boy_(Ricky_Skaggs_song)
|
2025-04-06T15:54:55.281761
|
25862273
|
Mill Meadow
|
-->
| renovated | expanded
| owner = Moyola Park F.C.
| surface = Artificial
| capacity | tenants Moyola Park F.C.<br/>Wakehurst F.C.
| website = <!-- -->
}}
Mill Meadow is a football stadium in Castledawson, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is the home stadium of local football team Moyola Park F.C. It hosted its first competitive match on 16 January 2010, when Moyola Park hosted Lurgan Celtic in an IFA Championship 2 fixture. Moyola Park had previously played at the eponymous Moyola Park.
The new ground includes a "3G" artificial pitch and was financed in part by a grant of £1.55m from Sport Northern Ireland, with other funding provided by Magherafelt District Council, the Trustees of the Chichester Club, the Moyola Park club itself and several individuals. The total cost was almost £2m.
Mill Meadow is also used by Wakehurst F.C.
Mill Meadow was also used to host the 2011–12 and 2012–13 Irish Intermediate Cup and Irish Junior Cup finals. In September 2012 the ground hosted 2 fixtures in a UEFA Under 17 Ladies' Mini Tournament – England v Israel and N.Ireland v Italy.
In February 2023, the ground was closed while the pitch underwent improvements. Moyola Park played at Fortwilliam Park, Tobermore, during this time.
References
Category:Association football venues in Northern Ireland
Category:Sports venues in County Londonderry
Category:Sports venues completed in 2010
Category:21st-century architecture in Northern Ireland
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Meadow
|
2025-04-06T15:54:55.399656
|
25862279
|
Primary Colors (album)
|
Primary Colors is the fourth studio album by Japanese J-pop band Day After Tomorrow. The first song on the album, "Starry Heavens", was used as the opening theme for the game Tales of Symphonia.
Track listing
References
Category:2004 albums
Category:Avex Group albums
Category:Day After Tomorrow (band) albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Colors_(album)
|
2025-04-06T15:54:55.443651
|
25862283
|
List of record labels from Bristol
|
}}
The English city of Bristol has, since the mid-1970s, had a fertile music culture, resulting in not only influential musicians and bands, but also its own sound, Bristol sound or trip hop. Along with the music, a number of local record labels also developed, some receiving national and international attention, others with a smaller audience appeal. In the 1970s, there was a DIY culture of record production and the independent record label came to prominence. One of the most successful at that time was Virgin Records started in 1972. Chiswick Records, Stiff Records, Rough Trade Records and Factory Records followed. By the later part of the decade, Virgin had become a part of the music business establishment, and new independent record labels began appearing in virtually every British town and city: Bristol was no exception.
One of the first Bristol punk bands, The Cortinas released its first single on Miles Copeland's Step Forward Records in 1977, eventually moving on to CBS before disbanding. Copeland also released, in 1977, The Pigs' "Youthanasia EP" on his newly formed New Bristol Records. The explosion in punk/new wave bands forming in the area did not attract interest from the major London-based record labels, so local labels sprung up to release recordings from these groups. Amongst the first, and initially more successful, were Heartbeat Records, Fried Egg Records, Recreational Records and Riot City Records (a Heartbeat subsidiary). Others with more modest success were Wavelength Records (although its subsidiary Bristol Recorder, did achieve some popularity), Circle Records and Sheep Worrying. Some bands set up their own labels: Black Roots (Nubian Records) and Essential Bop (Monopause Records). Yet other labels, although not based in Bristol, had a strong representation of bands from the area: Y Records, Rialto Records and Naïve Records.
After the initial burst of activity in the post-punk/new wave era, most of the labels folded (although Heartbeat, or one of its subsidiaries, still brings out the occasional release). Riot City came under the influence of EMI after it signed Vice Squad, and last released a record in 1988. Meanwhile, The Blue Aeroplanes released their first LP on Party Records in 1984, and there was some short-lived output from Children of the Revolution Records (COR), until a new generation of record labels was spawned from the trip hop movement. Exceptions to this were the rock label Sugar Shack Records, the indie pop of Sarah Records and the C86 sounds of The Subway Organization.
There are still a number of record labels operating in Bristol, but it is ironic that one of the most prolific is Bristol Archive Records, which specializes in unreleased tracks and re-releasing recordings (mainly for download) from the punk/new wave era of Bristol record labels, 1977–1981, and later.
Listed below are a number of Bristol (and surrounding areas, including North Somerset, Bath & North East Somerset, Western Wiltshire, and South Gloucestershire) record labels that, due to their short lifespan, few releases or poor distribution, may have received limited national or international attention:.
0–9*3tone Records: Launched in 2016 by live productions partners Dean Roberts and Christoffer Borud, having previously worked with notable artists such as John Newman, Amy Winehouse, Jason Derulo, Echo and the Bunnymen and Queens of the Stone Age.
*3D Records: The own label of the Bath band Neon formed by Rob Fisher and Pete Byrne in 1979. It issued their first single "Making Waves/Me I See in You" in October 1980. The duo later found success with EMI as Naked Eyes.
A
*Amon Ra Records: Classical label of parent Saydisc, based in Badminton, Gloucestershire. “Amon Ra pioneered the recording of authentic performances on original instruments from the late 1970s and has built up a catalogue and reputation for quality and innovation in this field.”
B
*Barrow Road Records: Barrow Road Records was established in 2012 to release Patchy's debut album "Barrow Road". The name is taken from the road on which the offices are situated on and the road sign also features as the album cover for the band's release.
*Bicycle Records: Record label formed by Jane Taylor a Bristol-based guitarist, pianist, songwriter and vocalist. It is distributed by Pinnacle. Taylor won the UK and International Songwriting Competition in 2003 with her song "Blowing This Candle Out".
*Breakfast Records: An independent publishing label established in 2016 specialising in releasing punk, indie and folk records.
*Bristol Archive Records: Subsidiary of Sugar Shack Records, set up in 2008 and specializing in unreleased tracks and re-releasing recordings (mainly for download) by Bristol bands such as Creature Beat, from 1976 onwards. According to Mike Darby, the label owner, “Bristol Archive Records was officially launched this year 2008 as a vehicle to talk about and remember Bristol's forgotten stars, those people that should have, could have or probably had no chance of fame and Global domination, but had a go, made some great music, went to the gigs, helped make the records, bought the records or just had great fun growing up in this ace city of ours.”
*Bristol Beat: Released a cassette tape of Bristol Bands playing live at the Stonehouse.
*Bristol Recorder: Innovative subsidiary label of Wavelength Records, that produced three issues of a combination LP/magazine, before folding. Bristol Recorder 1 included live tracks from Electric Guitars, Circus Circus, Various Artists and Joe Public. Recorder 2 had live tracks from Peter Gabriel (including "Ain't That Peculiar"), Fish Food, The Radicals, The X-Certs and The Welders (otherwise known as The Korgis). Recorder 3 had tracks from P.B. Davies (of Crystal Theatre/Shoes For Industry), Essential Bop, Robert Fripp, Ekome Dance Company, and Thompson Twins.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cat No. || Artist || Title || Date || Configuration
|-
| BR 001 || Various || Bristol Recorder 1 || 1980 || LP/Magazine
|-
| BR 002 || Various || Bristol Recorder 2 || 1981 || LP/Magazine
|-
| BR 003 || Various || Bristol Recorder 3 || 1981 || LP/Magazine
|-
|}
C
*Circus Records: Commercial label (distributed by Pinnacle) that produced six singles and a compilation LP in 1981, before closing. The LP, The Circus Comes To Town (TENT 0001), included tracks from Rimshots, Black Roots, Treatment, Alarm Clox, Gold, Riz Wah Wah, Steve Booton & Pat Jones, The Dangerous Brothers, Forty Blue Fingers, Info-Mania, Kevin McFadden, and The Bite.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cat No. || Artist || Title || Date || Configuration
|-
| CIRC 0001 || Bohana Mouse Band || F/Seven C's || 1981 || 12” single
|-
| CIRC 0002 || The Source || Like a Child/? || 1981 || 7” single
|-
| CIRC 0003 || The Stingrays || Never do/Satellites || 1981 || 7” single
|-
| CIRC 0004 || Bendall's Box || Nightmares/Games Today || 1981 || 7” single
|-
| CIRC 0005 || Sky High || Ghettos of your own kind/Part 2 || 1981 || 7” single
|-
| CIRC 0006 || Slim Bridges And The Wildflowers || Rocking Goose/Mole At The Circus || 1981 || 7” single
|-
| TENT 0001 || Various || The Circus Comes To Town || 1981 || LP
|-
|}
*Clean Cut Records: See Bronnt Industries Kapital.
*Children of the Revolution Records: More often known as COR, was a label specializing in punk, hardcore and thrash.
*Cup of Tea Records: See Monk & Canatella.
*Circus City: Established in 2013 Circus City operate as a fully established record label and publishing company.
D
*Death or Glory (Promotions) Label launched in 2011. Releases to date- Criminal Mind "Debut Album", Radio Nasties "EP's 1 + 2" (Ltd editions of 250, Vinyl Only) Blatoidea "Infected" Album (released by a conglomerate of labels), and Pussycat and the Dirty Johnsons "Dirty Rock 'n' Roll" (Vinyl only Ltd edition of 300).
*Disorder Records: The hardcore noise band Disorder launched their own label in 1981 with Heartbeat Records boss Simon Edwards, after Riot City Records declined to sign them. Over a period of 3 years they released three 7-inch EP's and one 12-inch EP, before moving on to local anarchist label Children of the Revolution Records. A final 12-inch EP, The Singles Collection, was released in 1984.
F
*Flightcase Recordings: Founded in 2008, Flightcase is a small independent label currently looking after the catalogue and new releases of the Bristol dance/DnB troupe and producer Dr Meaker. The first long player release was the album A Lesson From The Speaker. The label has gained exposure via Radio 1, 1xtra, 6Music and XFM, as well as print articles in Clash, Venue, Knowledge, Word magazine and others. Flightcase is distributed by Absolute Marketing and Distribution (AMD) and is run from the Easton area of Bristol.
*FMR - Forbidden Musical Rites: [http://www.forbiddenmusicalrites.co.uk See Website].
*Float Records: See Bronnt Industries Kapital.
*Fried Egg Records: Founded in 1979 by Andy Leighton, administrator of the Bristol-based Crystal Theatre. The initial release was a single by the Theatres band Shoes For Industry, and in its short lifespan it did produce records by several other notable Bristol groups: Art Objects (later to metamorphose into The Blue Aeroplanes), Electric Guitars (later signed, then dumped, by Stiff Records), The Fans (apparently still gigging in Japan), The Stingrays (now gigging out of Wales) and Various Artists (who were also part of Art Objects).
*FSA Records: Set up in 1992 by Heartbeat Productions for the recently formed Bristol band Flying Saucer Attack. Their first single in 1992 had several limited editions, each with part home made sleeves of differing designs. The first album in 1993 was self-titled, but is sometimes referred to as "Rural Psychedelia". After their third single in 1994 the band joined Domino Records, however, in 1999 they returned to FSA Records issuing the LP "Mirror", before finally disbanding.
*Full Cycle Recordings: Set up in 1993 and run by Daniel Kausman (DJ Die), Paul Southey (DJ Suv), Keith Thompson (DJ Krust) and Ryan Williams (Roni Size) since 1993, they specialize in drum and bass.
G
*Glasstone Records: See Evita.
*Green Goat Productions: Taking its name from the Green Goat Café (an old family business) the label currently produces material by Steve Bush (ex-Essential Bop) and Fran Fey. Its first CD Row of Ashes was released in 2008.
*Ghetto Funk Records
*GhostOfRecords
H
*Heartbeat Productions: Is the parent of Heartbeat Records, Riot City Records, Disorder Records, FSA Records and Trash City Records. Initially Simon Edwards set up Heartbeat Records in 1978, however over time subsidiary labels were added to cater for different musical styles and bands, all the labels are now grouped under Heartbeat Productions.
*Heartbeat Records: Started in 1978 as a partnership of local musician Simon Edwards and Tony Dodd of Tony's Record Shop. Simon Edwards recorded and produced the first single, "I don't want my heart to rule my head" by Social Security, after which Tony Dodd decided to concentrate on his shop and Simon Edwards took over sole control. The labels' third release was the 12-inch EP, "This Is Your Life", from the influential Glaxo Babies. A number of other singles were released, however to accommodate the large number of bands around at the time they brought out the seminal "Avon Calling" – The Bristol Compilation LP. Four further LPs were released: 2 by the Glaxo Babies, The Transmitters and Art Objects (later to form the nucleus of The Blue Aeroplanes) before the label became inactive in 1984. It was revived with the 1997 album release of a 1967 radio recording by American 60's psych band The Electric Prunes. Cherry Red in recent years has repackaged tracks and albums from the Heartbeat back catalogue, including previously unreleased songs from the Glaxo Babies, Art Objects and The X-Certs.
*Hope Recordings: Started in 1998 by Leon Alexander and Steve Satterthwaite, the label is run by Leon Alexander, with DJ and record producer Nick Warren head of A&R. Its progressive house and breaks artists include: Starecase, Jaytech, Matt Rowan, and Parallel Sound. It is home to progressive house and breaks artists such as Starecase, Jaytech, Matt Rowan and Parallel Sound.
*Household Records: Own label of The Chesterfields on which they released three singles and an album, before the band split in 1989.
L
*Label7: An Electronic Music label that has released tracks from live breaks & techno dance act Bosch Stacey.
M
*Monopause Records: This was Essential Bop's own record label, having previously had the track "Chronicle" on the LP Avon Calling. There were two releases, both in resealable plastic bags with folded picture sleeves and lyrics printed inside, and distributed by Bristols’ Revolver Records. The second single received airplay in New York, resulting in the band touring and recording there in 1981. The band subsequently released two tracks on the Bristol Recorder 3, an LP on TSAR Records and a downloadable album on Bristol Archive Records.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cat No. || Artist || Title || Date || Configuration
|-
| Moan 1001|| Essential Bop || Raider's Blues/Eloquent Sounds/Failsafe/Mandarin Whores (live) || 1980 || 7” EP
|-
| Moan 1002|| Essential Bop || Croaked/Butler (in running shorts) || 1981 || 7” single
|-
|}
*More Rockers: Label set up by Smith & Mighty, which released their 1995 album Bass Is Maternal.
N
*New Bristol Records: In 1977, Miles Copeland helped to set up a number of labels to ride the current punk/new wave. Bristols’ The Cortinas had already signed to Step Forward Records and New Bristol was another of his labels. As the label's first band, The Pigs put it, "August 12th at Sound Conception 4-track studio. It's been about 20 weeks since we formed, we’ve written maybe 12 songs and played 6 or so gigs. Now we're recording our whole set. As it turns out, most of this stuff won't see the light of day for 30 years. Copeland chooses the four tracks for the EP that's going to launch a new Bristol record label. They call it New Bristol Records. Yeah.”
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cat No. || Artist || Title || Date || Configuration
|-
| NBR 01 || The Pigs || Youthanasia/They Say/Psychopath/National Front || 1977 || 7” EP
|-
| NBR 02|| Gardez Darkx || Freeze (In the U.L.zone)/Heartbeat || 1978 || 7” single
|-
|}
* Nightcap Records: Independent student-run music production label that teams with artists from all genres and aims to nurture them into a world of music.
*Not Very Nice Records: Initially a subsidiary of Riot City Records, the first release was the 1985 spoof NOW! album, "NOW! That's What I Call A Fuckin' Racket (Vol 1)" (GRR 1), by Chaotic Dischord. Chaotic Dischord went on to release 2 other albums on the label.
*NP Records: Independent family run label that has released a 4 track EP by Manchester quartet, Coraline.
*Nubian Records: See Black Roots.
P
*Party Records: Released The Blue Aeroplanes first album Bop Art in 1984 and distributed by The Cartel.
* Pop God released some absolutely wonderful records by the Moonflowers, Me and Praise Space Electric, amongst others.
R
*The Record Press: An imprint of Bristol Folk Publications dedicated to publishing British record label discographies; has also released a CD to tie in with a book on Transacord, which includes nothing but recordings of steam engines. More CD releases are planned.
*Recreational Records: The label was started in 1981 by the Bristol record shop and distributor Revolver Records, with its own distribution as part of the Cartel. Amongst their artists were, Talisman a multi-racial Reggae Band who provided the labels second single and first UK Indie Chart hit (#17). Dole Age also became Single of the Week and the 1981 Record Sleeve of the Year in the NME. Nine singles were released in total, including "Work/Don't Wake The Baby" by Electric Guitars.
*Resurrection Records: Short-lived label that released the first single by punk band Lunatic Fringe in 1981.
*Riot City Records: Set up in 1980 by Simon Edwards of Heartbeat Productions along with Dave Bateman and Shane Baldwin from the band Vice Squad, and distributed by the Cartel. Vice Squad's Last Rockers EP was Riot City's first release and Indie Hit, selling 22,000 copies. In its relative short lifespan the label had over 40 releases, selling nearly 250,000 records and was one of the prominent exponents of British punk music, regularly having hits in the UK Indie Chart.
*Riot State Records: Subsidiary of Riot City Records that in 1982 released an American punk compilation album, "Hell comes to your House" (Reagan 1), licensed from Bemisbrain Records USA.
S
*Sarah Records: Formed by Clare Wadd and Matt Haynes and active between 1987 and 1995, it is best known for its recordings of twee pop. Haynes subsequently established Shinkansen Recordings in London, where many Sarah artists went on to record.
*Saydisc Records: Founded in 1965, and based in Badminton, Gloucestershire, Saydisc has developed a wide range of releases from traditional, world, period, exotic and unusual recordings, through to folk and meditative. It also has produced a number of local dialect and spoken word recordings. It is the parent of classical label Amon Ra and the folk label The Village Thing. Saydisc and Village Thing are covered in two books by the award-nominated Bristolian author, Mark Jones:
**Bristol Folk provides a discographical history of many of the artists that recorded for Saydisc and Village Thing and also includes a partial history of the labels.
**The Saydisc & Village Thing Discography includes the most comprehensive available discographies for Saydisc, Amon Ra, Village Thing and other related labels, such as Matchbox and Matchbox Bluesmaster. The book includes pictures of all available sleeves plus all known label designs and it is rounded off with a history of Saydisc and Village Thing.
*Sheep Worrying: This label grew out of the Bridgewater-based magazine and entertainments promoter, Sheep Worrying, founded by Brian Smedley. It released the single "False Nose/County Councillor"(1980) and two tape albums, Internal Organs (1978), and Going Shopping (1980) by The Dangerous Brothers.
*Silent Age Records: See Gravenhurst.
*Shabby Cabin Records: Based on the outskirts of Bristol, specializes in folk music.
*Sink and Stove Records: Set up by Benjamin Shillabeer and Stuart Bell in 1998 to release their own conceptual album 'The Fall Project' followed by a compilation of tracks by bands/musicians they knew. A number of the bands who originally released albums on S&S later re-released material on other labels, including: Chikinki and Gravenhurst.
*smallPRINT Records: Label set up by Tim Kirby that specialises in hip hop, folk, electronica, musique concrete, left field, and avant rock.
*The Subway Organization: Founded in 1985 by Martin Whitehead of The Flatmates. The label was associated with the Indie Pop movement and the seminal NME cassette tape C86, that included the track ''It's Up To You'' by the Shop Assistants, from the labels first release. Other artists included: The Chesterfields, Pop Will Eat Itself, Razorcuts and The Soup Dragons.
*Sugar Shack Records: Set up in 1985 by Mike Darby, a veteran of the Bristol Music Scene. Rock influenced label with releases by Redefine, Left Side Brain and Midasuno, Its subsidiary label Bristol Archive Records is dedicated to re-releasing music and unreleased material from the Bristol area, mainly in downloadable format.
*Swarf Finger Records: Bristol based label that has released recordings by Crescent, Experimental Pop Band, and The Blue Aeroplanes.
T
*The Record Press: An imprint of Bristol Folk Publications that concentrates on publishing record label discographies (including one on Bristolian labels, [//www.bristol-folk.co.uk/saydisc.php Saydisc and Village Thing]), one of which included a CD of railway sounds.
*Three Stripe Records: Released the ‘Stepper's Delight’ (1992) and ‘Remember Me’ EPs by Smith & Mighty.
*Trash City Records: Trash City was primarily set up by Heartbeat Productions in 1994 to issue 7-inch singles by US garage bands. It only released one record in its first year and in wasn't until 1996 and the signing of UK band Headcase, that the label issued another record. Three more singles and two albums were to eventually follow.
*Tribe Recordings: See Danny Byrd.
V
*The Village Thing: Folk music subsidiary of Saydisc that operated between 1970 and 1973. Records were pressed in relatively small numbers, although "The Folker" by Fred Wedlock did go onto sell around 20,000 copies.
*Volatile Records: Own label of Post Punk/Goth band The Escape, run in conjunction with Dave Massey out of his flat in the St. Andrews area of Bristol, releasing one single in 1982 "No Go/I'll Pretend To Kill You", before signing with Phonogram/Mercury Records.
W
*Wavelength Records: The label was set up by the drummer Thomas Brooman (along with Bob Hooton) to release a single by his Bristol big band, The Spics. It subsequently released three further singles by Gardez Darkx, Joe Public (another Brooman band) and Color Tapes before reinventing itself in 1980 as a combination magazine/record called The Bristol Recorder, which ran for three issues.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cat No. || Artist || Title || Date || Configuration
|-
| HURT 001 || The Spics || You and Me/Bus Stop || 1979 || 7” single
|-
| HURT 002 || Gardez Darkx || Bliss/Winter Scene || 1979 || 7” single
|-
| HURT 003 || Joe Public || Hermans Back/Travelling With Raymond/Like It || 1979 || 7” single
|-
| HURT 004 || Color Tapes || Cold Anger/Leaves of China || 1979 || 7” single
|-
| BR 001 || Various || Bristol Recorder 1 || 1980 || LP/Magazine
|-
| BR 002 || Various || Bristol Recorder 2 || 1981 || LP/Magazine
|-
| BR 003 || Various || Bristol Recorder 3 || 1981 || LP/Magazine
|-
|}
*West Peto Records: West Peto Records was set up in the Spring of 2015 and is run by Luke Smith. West Peto Records is based in Bradford-On-Avon, Wiltshire. The label is a Rock/Pop genre label and includes artists: The Cheap Thrills, Chey Naish, Georgie Biggin and Selian's Daydream. The first single to be released on the label was Selian's Dream - Music Comes First (WPR0001) on June 8, 2015.
*The Western Star Recording Company: Specializing in Rockabilly, Psychobilly and 50's/60's Britpop-styled music, it has been owned and run by record producer and musician Alan Wilson since 2003.
*WYKA HYPE : Independent Urban label Established 2018. Currently includes artist and producers 'Jay J Hype, Seanibwoi & 3L3V3N:3L3V3N'
Y
*Y Records: Set up in 1980 by Dick O'Dell and distributed by Rough Trade. Although not a Bristol-based label, it did release a significant number of records by bands from the Bristol area, including: The Pop Group, Glaxo Babies, Maximum Joy, and Pigbag.
See also
*List of independent UK record labels
*List of record labels
*List of Bands from Bristol
*Culture of Bristol
References
Category:Music in Bristol
Bristol
Record labels
Bristol
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels_from_Bristol
|
2025-04-06T15:54:55.479326
|
25862293
|
La Totale!
|
total|and|totally (disambiguation)totally}}
| starring =
| music = Vladimir Cosma
| cinematography = Jean-Jacques Tarbès
| editing = Nicole Saunier
| studio =
| distributor = AMLF
| released
| runtime = 102 minutes
| country = France
| language = French
| budget | gross $12.3 million
}}
La Totale! (The Total!) is a 1991 French spy comedy film directed by Claude Zidi. The film was the basis for director James Cameron's 1994 action comedy True Lies.Plot
François Voisin is a telecommunications employee with an ostensibly ordinary life. In reality, François is a secret agent. He is reputed to be one of the best in his profession, earning him the moniker ''l'Épée'' or, "The Sword". He hides his activities from his wife.
François is coming home on his 40th birthday, for which his wife has secretly prepared a surprise party with old friends with whom he used to fence. He is called back by his colleague Albert for a mission involving planting a microphone in an arms smuggler's car. He succeeds after a struggle. As he arrives home, his friends mock his "boring" life.
The planted microphone leads the Secret Service to a prostitute. After infiltrating her apartment and planting a camera, they discover she is helping a missile expert and the smuggler to meet. They then intercept and destroy a missile convoy. Meanwhile, François' wife, Hélène, is living a monotonous life.
Hélène then meets Simon, who pretends to be a secret agent while, in reality, he is a car dealer living in a caravan. François discovers Hélène is meeting someone in secrecy and believes she is cheating. He, therefore, uses the agency's resources to spy on her and find out more about Simon. When Simon lures Hélène to his caravan, François kidnaps both of them. He makes his wife believe that Simon is a terrorist and then makes Hélène believe she has to work for the agency to secure her freedom. She is unaware that François is behind this, and gets sent to a hotel room for a mission where he plans on surprising her. At this point, they both get kidnapped by henchmen of the arms dealer. After François admits his true identity to Hélène, he manages for them to escape. They thwart the arms dealer's plan of blowing up a football stadium in Paris and all ends well.
The film concludes with François' 41st birthday. He and Hélène kidnap a dangerous man who turns out to be Simon, pretending to be someone else.
Cast
References
External links
*
Category:1991 films
Category:1991 comedy films
Category:1990s adventure comedy films
Category:1990s spy comedy films
Category:Films directed by Claude Zidi
Category:Films scored by Vladimir Cosma
Category:Films shot in Paris
Category:French adventure comedy films
Category:1990s French-language films
Category:French spy comedy films
Category:1990s French films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Totale!
|
2025-04-06T15:54:55.572926
|
25862295
|
19th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
|
| image = 19th Infanterie Division Logo.svg
| image_size = 100
| caption | country
| type = Infantry
| branch = Army
| dates = October 1934 – November 1940
| command_structure | size Division
| garrison | nickname
| motto | colors
| march | mascot
| battles = World War II
| notable_commanders =
}}
The 19th Infantry Division was a formation of the German Wehrmacht during World War II.
History
Originally formed 1 October 1934 as Artillerieführer VI in Hannover, the division was renamed 19. Infanterie-Division on 15 October 1935. Mobilized on 25 August 1939 the division participated in the Invasion of Poland and the Battle of France. After the French campaign, the division was reorganized as a tank division and on 1 November 1940 was renamed 19th Panzer Division.
Commanders
The commanders of the division:
*General der Kavallerie Konrad von Goßler 1 October 1934 – 1 March 1938
*Generalleutnant Günther Schwantes 1 March 1938 – 1 February 1940
*Generalmajor Otto von Knobelsdorff 1 February 1940 – 1 November 1940
Citations
References
*
*
*
0*019
Category:Military units and formations established in 1934
Category:1934 establishments in Germany
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1940
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)
|
2025-04-06T15:54:55.595131
|
25862327
|
Don't Underestimate My Love for You
|
"Don't Underestimate My Love for You" is a song written by Dave Loggins, Steve Dorff and Steve Diamond, and recorded by American country music artist Lee Greenwood. It was released in November 1985 as the second single from the album Streamline. Greenwood's fifth number one country single in the United States, it spent one week at the top of the Billboard country chart in March 1986 and twelve weeks on the chart overall.
Chart performance
Chart (1985–1986)PeakpositionCanadian RPM Country Tracks1
References
Category:1986 singles
Category:Lee Greenwood songs
Category:Songs written by Steve Diamond (songwriter)
Category:Songs written by Steve Dorff
Category:Songs written by Dave Loggins
Category:MCA Records singles
Category:Song recordings produced by Jerry Crutchfield
Category:1985 songs
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don't_Underestimate_My_Love_for_You
|
2025-04-06T15:54:55.793817
|
25862329
|
Rayaprolu Subba Rao
|
Rayaprolu Subbarao (1892–1984) was among the pioneers of modern Telugu literature. He is known as Abhinava Nannaya. He was recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award to Telugu Writers for his poetic work Misra Manjari in 1965. He was inspired by the Western literary movement and brought romanticism into Telugu literature by breaking away from the traditional translations of Sanskrit literature. He introduced the concept of "Amalina Shringara Tatvamu" into Telugu literature.Early life
Rao was born in Garlapadu village, Kakumanu Mandal, Guntur district. His maternal uncle, Avvari Subramanya Sastri, initially taught him Sanskrit and Telugu. He attended the Board High School in Bapatla and was later educated in Kakinada and Rajahmundry.
He assisted Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao in the preparation of Andhra Vignana Sarvasvamu.
Department of Telugu in Osmania University, Hyderabad was started in 1919. He was the professor and head of this department for 25 years. Khandavalli Lakshmi Ranjanam, Divakarla Venkata Avadhani, B. Rama Raju and C. Narayana Reddy were associated with him as faculty.
He was the chief editor of Andhra Maha Bhagavatam published by Telugu Academi, Hyderabad.
Style
Subbarao's literature is a mixture of Telugu Indian culture and Western ideas. He brought Western romanticism especially English lyric style to Telugu literature. However, he followed classical Sanskrit and Telugu meter in his writings and he didn't abandon Sanskrit Telugu form common language. His literature themes include sensual material, love of nature, patriotism, spirituality, humanitarianism and social reforms. Sensuality, in general, may be divided into two kinds, union and separation. Rayaprolu preferred separation in his writings. Rayaprolu was a great patriot and Telugu nationalist. He praised the (past) greatness of Telugu warriors to awaken the sleeping Telugu pride. Rayaprolu Subbarao defined Telugu romanticism and began a new era in Telugu literature. His romantic literature is considered as the watershed in Telugu literature for its modernity of themes such as naturalism, rural life, platonic love, a sense of history, libertarianism, patriotism, and fierce nationalism. Trunakankanamu In his first independent poem, Trunakankanamu, Rayaprolu narrates love pangs of separation. The hero's lover marries another man and he remains unmarried to suffer from the memories. By the end of the poem, hero's love transforms into a platonic love and friendship. In this poem, Rayaprolu's heroin continues a platonic relationship with the hero while married to another man. In Kastakamala, Kamala loves (platonic) two men. However, when one of them writes a love letter, she commits suicide.Edesamegina EndukalidinaHis poem "Edesamegina Endukalidina" is very popular.
One patriotic verse by Subba Rao, "" (also known as ""), is a perennial favourite, being regularly sung and recited. It was particularly popular for public events in the pre-Independence Andhra region. The verse has been adapted many times into song for use in Telugu films.
epeetamekkina evaremanina
Pogadara neetalli bhoomi Bharatini
Nilupara neejaati nindu gauravamu.
|To whichever country you go,
and wherever you place your feet,
Whatever honour you get,
and whatever people say,
Praise Bharati, your motherland,
Hold aloft your nation’s (full) honour.
|attr1 ('Motherland')
|attr2Translation by A. Viswam<ref name"Rambabu"/>
}}
Honours
* Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao was awarded Kalaprapoorna from Andhra University in 1977.
* Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao was awarded Sahitya Akademi Award in 1965.
Works
Translations
* Anumati (Permission)
* Bhaja Govindamu (Prayer to Govinda) (Telugu translation of Shankaracharya's Bhaja Govindham)
* Soundarya Lahari (Below of Beauty) (Telugu translation of Shankaracharya's Soundarya Lahari)
* Sundara Kanda (Beauty Section) (Telugu translation of Valmiki Ramayana)
* Dootha Mattebhamu (Messenger Elephant)
* Lalitha (Telugu translation of The Hermit of [Oliver Goldsmith])
* Madhukalasamu (Liquor Pitcher) (Telugu rendering of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam)
* Meghaduta (Telugu translation of Kalidasa's work)
* Uttararama Charitha (Telugu translation of Bhavabhuti's work)
Independent works
* Trunakankanamu (Grass Bracelet)
* Andhravali (Andhra Row)
* Kashta Kamala (Kamala in Distress)
* Ramyalokamu (Beautiful Sight)
* Swapnakumaramu
* Telugutoata (Telugu Garden)
* Vanamala (Forest Necklace)
* Misra Manjari (Mixed Bouquet)
* Kannepatalu (Virgin Songs)
* Jadakutchulu (Braid Tassels)
References
External links
* [http://www.andhrabharati.com/kAvyamulu/tRiNakaMkaNamu/index.html Complete Telugu text of Trina Kamkanamu at Andhra Bharati.com]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v7MYljTzIBdI&ab_channelTeluguOne Ye Desamegina by Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?vrBigV_BlA8Q&ab_channelAIRHyderabad All India Radio Interview by Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?vG9dtwSX7uU0&ab_channelRKDIGITALS Desha Bhakthi Geetalu from Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?vcPZMjKRKioo&ab_channelstsnonline Telugu Culture - Sankranti Sambaram about Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?vGBU12F65HDg&ab_channelGowtamEdutech Ye Srilu Pongina Jeevagadda by Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=rayaprolu+subbarao Aduio and Videos of Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?vTfvpOKX3ppk&ab_channelSateeshPunnam Meetings about Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?vBt_mtHucxpc&ab_channelAdityaMusic Telugu Movie Songs adopted from Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao works]
* [https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2015-03-13/A-Tribute-to-Rayaprolu-Subba-Rao-who-inspired-Andhras-in-Patriotism/137070 Hans India about Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [https://www.vepachedu.org/Rayaprolu.html about Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/24799038-andhravali?from_searchtrue&from_srptrue&qidGU4mX7StCM&rank1 Andhravali by Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [http://indianexpresss.in/rayaprolu-subbarao-telugu-poet-and-lyricist/ Indian Express about Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [https://www.geni.com/people/Subbarao-Rayaprolu/370882778360007654 Books About Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/13438999.Rayaprolu_Subba_Rao Books about Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Rayaprolu%20Subba%20Rao Books about Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?vrir1_a7AH1g&ab_channelPresidentofIndia By the President of India quoting Sri Rayaprolu Subba Rao in World Telugu Conference]
Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh
Category:Telugu-language lyricists
Category:People from Guntur district
Category:Telugu writers
Category:1892 births
Category:1984 deaths
Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Telugu
Category:20th-century Indian musicians
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayaprolu_Subba_Rao
|
2025-04-06T15:54:55.825441
|
25862370
|
Amravati Assembly constituency
|
Amravati Assembly constituency is one of the 288 constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and one of the eight which are located in the Amravati district.
It is a part of the Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency) along with five other Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies, viz. Badnera, Teosa, Daryapur (SC), Melghat (ST) and Achalpur.
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 38 Amravati Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
1. Amravati Tehsil (Part), Amravati (M.Corp.) – Ward No. 1 to 5, 19 to 31, 41 to 56 and 62 to 71 of the district.
In 2019 Sulbha Sanjay Khodke defeated incumbent Sunil Deshmukh
To become MLA.
Indian National Congress is the most successful party in this constituency
Members of the Legislative Assembly
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| 1962
| Umerlalji Kedia
|
|-
| 1967
| K. N. Nawathe
|-
| 1972
| Dattatray Metkar
|-
| 1978
| rowspan=2|Surendra Bhuyar
|
|-
| 1980
|-
| 1985
| Devisingh Shekhawat
|
|-
| 1990
| rowspan=2|Jagdish Gupta
|
|-
| 1995
|-
| 1999
| rowspan=2|Sunil Deshmukh
|
|-
| 2004
|-
| 2009
| Raosaheb Shekhawat
|-
| 2014
| Sunil Deshmukh
|
|-
| 2019
| rowspan=2|Sulbha Sanjay Khodke
|
|-
| 2024
|
|}
Election results
2024
2019
|percentage |change
}}
|percentage |change
}}
|percentage |change
}}
Previous elections
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!A C No.
!Winner
!Gender
!Party
!Votes
!Runner Up
!Gender
!Party
!Votes
|-
|2014
|38
|Dr. Deshmukh Sunil Panjabrao
|M
|BJP
|84033
|Raosaheb Shekhawat
|M
|INC
|48961
|-
|2009
|38
|Raosaheb Shekhawat
|M
|INC
|61331
|Dr. Deshmukh Sunil Panjabrao
|M
|IND
|55717
|-
|2004
|124
|Dr. Deshmukh Sunil Panjabrao
|M
|INC
|81698
|Jagdish Gupta
|M
|BJP
|49435
|-
|1999
|124
|Dr. Deshmukh Sunil Panhjabrao
|M
|INC
|57270
|Gupta Jagdish Motilal
|M
|BJP
|47400
|-
|1995
|124
|Jagdish Motilal Gupta
|M
|BJP
|71845
|Mujaffar Ahmad Mo. Yusuf
|M
|IND
|22509
|-
|1990
|124
|Jagdish Gupta
|M
|BJP
|35319
|Pushpatai Vijay Bonde
|F
|INC
|31133
|-
|1985
|124
|Shekhawat Devisingh Ramsingh
|M
|INC
|37330
|Chandrabha
|F
|ICS
|15612
|-
|1980
|124
|Bhuyar Surendra Chatrapal
|M
|INC(I)
|29712
|Sawalakhe Sudhakar Ramchandra
|M
|INC(U)
|14155
|-
|1978
|124
|Bhuyar Surendra Chhatrapal
|M
|INC(I)
|38507
|Munirkhan Usmankhan
|M
|JNP
|20296
|-
|1972
|114
|Dattatraya Nagorao Metkar
|M
|INC
|41157
|Kolhe Satappa Shioappa
|M
|BJS
|4505
|-
|1967
|114
|K.N. Nawathe
|M
|INC
|21634
|B.D. Karanjikar
|M
|SSP
|20663
|-
|1962
|178
|Umerlalji Mathuradas Kedia
|M
|INC
|27838
|Gopal Dattatray kaloti
|M
|IND
|20878
|-
|}
Source:
See also
*Amravati
*Achalpur
*Sunil Deshmukh
*Amravati district
*Badnera
Notes
<references/>
Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra
Category:Amravati
Category:Politics of Maharashtra
Category:Amravati district
Category:Constituencies established in 1962
Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amravati_Assembly_constituency
|
2025-04-06T15:54:56.018355
|
25862372
|
Boma Plateau
|
thumb | right | alt=South Sudan Mountains with Boma Plateau. | South Sudan Mountains with Boma Plateau.The Boma Plateau is a region in the east of South Sudan, located in the Jonglei and Eastern Equatoria provinces. It is inhabited by the Anuak, Murle, and Toposa peoples. It contains wetlands important for birdlife in the region. Wildlife is threatened by overgrazing by cattle, and by overhunting by local tribes with firearms.
Within it, Boma National Park () was established in 1977.
It is contiguous with the Ethiopian Highlands.
References
Category:Plateaus of Africa
Category:Landforms of South Sudan
Category:Ethiopian Highlands
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boma_Plateau
|
2025-04-06T15:54:56.043110
|
25862383
|
Aastiparulu
|
| starring = Akkineni Nageswara Rao <br />Jayalalitha
| music = K. V. Mahadevan
| cinematography = C. Nageswara Rao
| editing = A. Sanjeevi
| studio = Jagapathi Art Productions
| released
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget | gross
}}
Aastiparulu () is a 1966 Indian Telugu-language drama film, produced by V. B. Rajendra Prasad and directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Jayalalithaa, with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The film was remade in Tamil as En Thambi and in Hindi as Bhai Ho To Aisa. The storyline was also an inspiration for the 2008 Telugu film King (2008).
Plot
Zamindar Janardhan Rao holds high esteem in society. He lives with his wife, Kaasulamma, two sons, Krishna (from his first wife) and Bhaskar/Bachi, and an infant daughter, Ammulu. Krishna is generous, amiable, and devoted to his family, whereas the younger Bachi is a vagabond and malicious. As Krishna is his half-brother, Bachi always shows resentment. Krishna falls for his maternal aunt Rajyalakshmi's daughter Radha. Meanwhile, Bachi's misdeeds increase daily and Janardhan Rao cuts his allowance. So, one night he tries to steal money from the safe when his father sees it, confronts him and collapses with a heart attack. Before dying, he entrusts all of the authority on the property to Krishna and secretly reveals a hidden treasure from their family hierarchy. Janardhan Rao passes away and the family performs his final rites.
Homicidal Bachi pretends to have reformed and plots against Krishna to drown him in the river and show it as an accident. Krishna, how cannot swim, succumbs to the accident. Hearing of the news, Ammulu becomes terminally ill due to angst on Krishna. Hereupon, Rajayalakshmi decides to hand over the property to Bachi and couple him up with Radha, but her son Prasad wants to prevent the injustice. At that juncture, fortuitously, he spots Seenu, a drama artist who resembles Krishna. Prasad seeks his help, trains him well, and makes him perfectly resemble Krishna. However, Bachi does not accept it and feels that Seenu is a fake, so he makes various attempts to falsify Seenu but to no avail. At present, Rajyalakshmi begins the wedding arrangements of Krishna and Radha when perturbed Prasad divulges the reality. Thereupon, as a flabbergast, Seenu affirms himself as Krishna, who has escaped from death and entered in disguise to reform his brother, which no one believes, and he is thrown out. During that plight, Krishna remembers the hidden treasure through which he reveals the veracity and the fact that Bachi tried to kill him. Under the condition that he should go alone, Krishna goes to retrieve the treasure, but Bachi follows him and again tries to slaughter him. In the combat, Krishna escapes death and rescues Bachi against harm as well. At last, Bachi repents and pleads pardon from Krishna. Krishna marries Radha.
Cast
Soundtrack
Music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The song "Soggade Chinni Nayana" was used as the title of a 2016 film.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song Title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Andariki Teliyanidi"
|Acharya Aatreya
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:42
|-
|2
|"Chali Chali Chali"
|Acharya Aatreya
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|4:21
|-
|3
|"Soggade Chinni Nayana"
|Kosaraju
|P. Susheela
|3:01
|-
|4
|"Chitti Ammalu Chinni Nannalu"
|Acharya Aatreya
|Ghantasala
|3:24
|-
|5
|"Erra Errani Buggaladana"
|Acharya Aatreya
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|4:27
|-
|6
|"Magavadivale Egaresukupo"
|Acharya Aatreya
|P. Susheela
|3:49
|-
|7
|"Midisi Padaku"
|Kosaraju
|Ghantasala
|3:19
|}
Accolades
* Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu – V. B. Rajendra Prasad (1966)
* Nandi Award for Third Best Feature Film - Bronze (1966) References External links
*
Category:1960s Telugu-language films
Category:1960s Indian films
Category:1966 films
Category:Films directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao
Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan
Category:Telugu films remade in other languages
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aastiparulu
|
2025-04-06T15:54:56.092825
|
25862404
|
Hunkemöller
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}}
Hunkemöller is a Dutch fast fashion retailer selling affordable lingerie and related products.
Corporate information
Hunkemöller identifies itself as a fast fashion company. It was founded in 1886 in Amsterdam as a speciality shop for corsets.
Private equity ownership
The company was acquired by The Carlyle Group in early 2016. Since the end of 2010 the company belonged to PAI Partners. It previously was part of Maxeda.
In October 2021, The Carlyle Group shared its intention for the sale of the business. In October 2021, its CEO estimated the company's value at €1bn (£855.45m). Greenwashing In 2022, the German consumer advocate filed a lawsuit against Hunkemöller for misleading advertising after Hunkemöller claimed products were sustainable when they were not produced with sustainable materials.References
Category:Lingerie retailers
Category:Clothing companies established in 1886
Category:Clothing companies of the Netherlands
Category:Companies based in North Holland
Category:Organisations based in Hilversum
Category:Companies formerly owned by Maxeda
Category:Retail companies of the Netherlands
Category:The Carlyle Group companies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunkemöller
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Israel–Federated States of Micronesia relations
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Israel – Micronesia relations are diplomatic and other relations between the State of Israel and the Federated States of Micronesia. Israel was among the first countries to establish formal diplomatic relations with Micronesia.
History
Asterio Takesy, Micronesia's Ambassador to the United States and Israel, said: "Israel was one of the first countries that welcomed us — extended a friendly hand of welcoming us into the world community even before we joined the United Nations and before we became independent."
Micronesia is a close voting ally of Israel at the United Nations and other international organizations, particularly on the resolutions that are critical of Israel. According to the FSM government, the support is owing in part to its Judeo-Christian tradition. Additional reasons for the close bilateral relations include economic interests, with Israel providing aid to the FSM in areas such as agriculture, technical training, and health care training.
In 2000, during a State visit to Israel by Micronesian President Leo A. Falcam, the two countries signed a "Protocol on Cooperation" to "give expression to the warm relations between the two states, and Israel's appreciation of the unreserved support it receives from Micronesia in the UN". In 2010, Micronesian President Emanuel Mori conducted another State visit to Israel. Israel also supplies Micronesia with experts on citrus crops and irrigation techniques, medical technicians, and scholarships to Israeli colleges.
Micronesia is a former United Nations Trust Territory administered by the United States. It became sovereign in 1986 through a Compact of Free Association, which establishes mutual economic and defence responsibilities between the two countries. The Marshall Islands and Palau -the other two countries which consistently support Israel at the United Nations- are also former U.S. territories bound by the Compact.
Examples of votes in the UN
On July 7, 1998, the General Assembly adopted Resolution 52/250, granting Palestine "additional rights and privileges of participation in the sessions and work of the General Assembly". The resolution was adopted by 124 votes to 4, with 10 abstentions. The countries which voted against were the Federated States of Micronesia, Israel, the Marshall Islands and the United States.
On 17 May 2004, the General Assembly adopted Resolution 58/292, affirming the military occupation of the OPT and the need for a sovereign and independent Palestinian State. The resolution was adopted by 140 votes to 6, with 11 abstentions. The countries which voted against were Federated States of Micronesia, Israel, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau and the United States.
On July 20, 2004, the General Assembly Plenary Tenth Emergency Special Session “voted overwhelmingly to demand that Israel heed [the] advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to halt construction on its security barrier in the West Bank, tear down the portions built on Palestinian land, and provide reparations to Palestinians whose lives have been harmed by the wall”. The Assembly adopted the motion by 150 votes in favour to 6 against, with 10 abstentions. Those voting against were Australia, the Federated States of Micronesia, Israel, the Marshall Islands, Palau and the United States.
On December 18, 2009, the General Assembly adopted a resolution “reaffirm(ing) the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, including the right to their independent State of Palestine”, by 171 votes to 6. Those voting against were the Federated States of Micronesia, Israel, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau and the United States. It was one of a series of such resolutions in December 2009, on which Micronesia consistently cast one of the few dissenting votes.
In December 2017, Micronesia was one of just nine countries (including the United States and Israel) to vote against a motion adopted by the United Nations General Assembly condemning the United States' recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.
In December 2023, Micronesia was one of just 10 countries (including the United States and Israel) to vote against a motion adopted by the United Nations General Assembly calling for a ceasefire in the Israel-Hamas war.
See also
Foreign relations of Israel
Foreign relations of the Federated States of Micronesia
International recognition of Israel
Israel – Marshall Islands relations
Israel–Nauru relations
Israel–Palau relations
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel–Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations
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Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School
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The Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School (BMIHMS) is an Australian hotel management training school affiliated with the private, for-profit Torrens University Australia. The school maintains campuses in Leura, Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide of Australia, as well as an overseas campus in Suzhou, China.
Since 1991, the Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School has provided qualifications in hospitality, event management and tourism management to over 6,500 graduates.
The School currently delivers the following courses:
*Bachelor of Business (International Hotel and Resort Management)
*Master of International Hotel Management
The undergraduate Bachelor's degree is a business degree with a specialisation to prepare students for a career in hotel management. The postgraduate degree in International Hotel Management is designed for those who wish to enter the hospitality industry or build on their experience in the industry.
BMIHMS is now one of the hotel schools within Torrens University Australia.History
Officially opened by the then NSW Premier, the Hon. Nick Greiner, MP on 13 May 1991, the School was the first in Australia to promote an internationally recognised hotel management program.
Under the guidance of an International Industry Advisory Board, the School developed an educational model in which students live and study in a fully operational simulated hotel environment.
In January 2005, the School also commenced its English Language Program, delivered by specialist teachers on campus for students wishing to improve their language level for entry to the undergraduate programs.
In September 2005, the BMIHMS acquired operation of the Australian International Hotel School, a private university-level provider of hotel management education, located in Canberra, Australia's national capital.
Following a major refurbishment and extension of campus facilities in October 2006, the School announced the commencement of a new strategic partnership with the School of Tourism at The University of Queensland, the only other World Tourism Organization (WTO) accredited educator in Australia. The University of Queensland quality endorses the School's own Bachelor of Business degree that accepted its first intake in 2009.
November 2008 marked the most significant corporate change for the Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School when the privately owned school was bought by Laureate Education Inc, becoming part of a global education network.
The School won the National Award for Tourism Education and Training at the Tourism National Awards held in Hobart Tasmania on 26 February 2010.
Other finalists included Canberra Institute of Technology, Challenger TAFE, Griffith University, University of South Australia, Skycity Darwin, Holmesglen, Eco and Adventure Guide Training.
In September 2011 BMIHMS opened a new campus in downtown Sydney for final year undergraduate and postgraduate students.
The school launched a Master of International Hotel Management degree in January 2012 enhancing the range of courses available.
In 2016, the BMIHMS became a part of Torrens University Australia.
Campuses
Leura: The BMIHMS Leura campus is in the Blue Mountains, 90 km west of Sydney. The Blue Mountains campus is run by students for students as simulated hotel, so students can gain experience in all aspects of hotel management.
The School's teaching facilities include lecture and seminar rooms, computer labs, commercial kitchens, training restaurants, fully operational hotel-style guest services facilities including front desk operations and housekeeping departments.
Sydney: The BMIHMS Sydney campus is located opposite Sydney Town Hall in the central business district. Facilities include lecture theatres, computer labs and student lounges.
Melbourne: This campus is situated on Flinders Street in Melbourne CBD. Students share this campus with other Torrens University Australia students who are studying business, design and health courses.
Adelaide: The Adelaide campus is located in the city centre and is built on the historic site of the Menz Biscuit Factory. Students studying a Master of International Hotel Management share this campus with other Torrens University Australia students who are studying business, technology and health courses.
Accreditation
BMIHMS holds full national and state accreditation within Australia, including:
*Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (national level)
*New South Wales Department of Education and Communities (state level)
Education offered in Australia to international students is highly regulated by the Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. BMIHMS is on the National Register of higher education providers and the accreditation process ensures that courses are equivalent to a qualification of that level in a similar field in other Australian higher education institutions, including universities.
BMIHMS is also accredited with the following:
*Institute of Hospitality
BMIHMS has attained accreditation for its programs from the Institute of Hospitality, the only internationally recognised professional management association for managers in hospitality, leisure and tourism.
*The International Centre of Excellence in Tourism & Hospitality Education
BMIHMS is a member of The International Centre of Excellence in Tourism & Hospitality Education (THE-ICE), which is an independent international accreditation body that specialises in tourism, hospitality, culinary arts and events education.
Rankings
Ranked #1 Hotel Management School in Australia and Asia Pacific (Kantar 2020).
Ranked #1 in Australia by subject – Hospitality and Leisure Management (QS World University 2019).
References
External links
*[http://www.bluemountains.edu.au/ Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School]
*[http://www.laureate.net/ Laureate International Universities]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130720054154/http://deewr.gov.au/ Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations]
*[http://www.dec.nsw.gov.au/ New South Wales Department of Education and Communities]
*[http://www.instituteofhospitality.org/ Institute of Hospitality]
*[http://www.the-ice.org/ International Centre of Excellence in Tourism and Hospitality Education (THE-ICE)]
Category:Australian vocational education and training providers
Category:Schools in New South Wales
Category:Hospitality schools in Australia
Category:Education in the Blue Mountains (New South Wales)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_International_Hotel_Management_School
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The Amazing Spider-Man (film)
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| writer | screenplay
| story = James Vanderbilt
| based_on =
| starring =
| narrator | music James Horner
| cinematography = John Schwartzman
| editing =
| studio =
| gross $758.7 million
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The Amazing Spider-Man is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man which shares the title of the longest-running Spider-Man comic book series. It was produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Marvel Entertainment, Laura Ziskin Productions, Arad Productions, Inc., and Matt Tolmach Productions, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. It is the fourth theatrical Spider-Man film, serving as a reboot following Sam Raimi's 2002–2007 Spider-Man trilogy, and was followed by a second The Amazing Spider-Man film. The film was directed by Marc Webb and written by James Vanderbilt, Alvin Sargent, and Steve Kloves, based on a story by Vanderbilt, and stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider-Man alongside Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Denis Leary, Campbell Scott, Irrfan Khan, Martin Sheen, and Sally Field. Teenager Peter Parker gains spider-like powers and fights crime as Spider-Man, attempting to balance heroics with his ordinary life.
Development of the film began following the cancellation of Spider-Man 4 in January 2010, ending director Raimi's Spider-Man series that starred Tobey Maguire. Columbia Pictures opted to reboot the franchise with the same production team, with Vanderbilt staying on to write, and Sargent and Kloves helping with the script. The main characters were cast in 2010, during pre-production. New designs were introduced from the comics, such as artificial web-shooters. Using Red Digital Cinema Camera Company's RED Epic camera, principal photography started in December 2010 in Los Angeles before moving to New York City. The film entered post-production in April 2011. 3ality Technica provided 3D image processing, while Sony Pictures Imageworks handled CGI effects. It was the last American film scored by James Horner to be released before his death in 2015, the penultimate film for producer Laura Ziskin, who died in 2011, and the last film written by Sargent before his death in 2019.
Sony Pictures Entertainment built a promotional website, releasing many previews and launching a viral marketing campaign; tie-ins included a video game by Beenox and Activision. The film premiered in Tokyo on June 30, 2012, and was released in 2D, 3D, IMAX 3D, and 4DX formats in the United States on July 3, ten years after the release of Spider-Man (2002). It received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised its performances, the chemistry between Stone and Garfield, direction, action sequences, visual effects, and musical score, while its plot elements drew some criticism. The film was the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2012, taking in $758 million worldwide. A sequel, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, was released on May 2, 2014. In 2021, Garfield and Ifans reprised their roles in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home, which dealt with the concept of the multiverse and linked that franchise to the Raimi and Webb installments.
Plot
<!-- Per WP:FILMPLOT, plot summaries for feature films should be between 400 to 700 words. Please check the word count before making any additions. Word Count as of March 6, 2025: 569-->
A young Peter Parker finds his father's home office burglarized. Richard and Mary Parker, Peter's parents, gather hidden documents, take Peter to the home of his Aunt May and Uncle Ben, and mysteriously leave.
Years later, a teenage Peter attends Midtown Science High School; he is intelligent but socially awkward and often bullied. He has a crush on Gwen Stacy, who returns his feelings. Peter discovers his father's briefcase and learns that his father was friends with Dr. Curt Connors, a scientist at Oscorp in the field of cross-species genetics. Peter sneaks into Oscorp, where a genetically modified spider bites him. He develops spider-like abilities, superhuman strength, sharp senses, agility, speed, and the ability to cling to walls. Connors, whose right arm has been amputated, is conducting experiments to regenerate limbs.
Discovering the missing piece to Connors' experiments in his father's papers - the "decay rate algorithm", Peter visits Connors, reveals that he is Richard's son, and gives Connors the algorithm. At home, Peter and Ben argue, and Peter leaves. While searching for him, Ben tries to stop a thief that Peter allowed to escape, is shot, and dies in Peter's arms. Peter uses his new abilities to track down criminals matching the killer's description; most tellingly, a star tattoo on his wrist. He creates a mask and spandex suit to hide his identity, and builds mechanical web-shooters. At dinner with Gwen's family, he discovers her father is police captain George Stacy, who holds a grudge against the new vigilante hero. Peter reveals his identity to Gwen, and they share a kiss.
After seeing success with the lab rats using lizard DNA, Connors' superior Rajit Ratha demands that Connors begin human trials. However, Connors refuses to rush the drug-testing procedure and put innocent people at risk. Ratha fires him and decides to test his serum at a Veterans Administration hospital. Desperate, Connors tries the formula on himself, passes out, and awakens to find that his missing arm has regenerated. Connors turns into a large humanoid reptilian monster while trying to intercept Ratha and attacks people on the Williamsburg Bridge. Peter, now using the alias Spider-Man, saves the people from Connors' attack. As a result of this, the police issue a city-wide manhunt for both the Lizard and Spider-Man.
Peter tracks Connors to the sewers before he is attacked by Connors, but manages to escape. The Lizard discovers Spider-Man’s true identity via a camera with Peter's name on it, and he attacks Peter at his school. Pursuing Connors, Peter discovers Connors's lab in the sewers and learns that he plans to release a biochemical agent from Oscorp tower to turn everyone in the city into reptilian hybrids like himself to eradicate the weaknesses he believes plague humanity.<!--WP:FILMPLOT and WP:EASTEREGG. Do not mention Lizard's appearance and references in Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), as his appearance in the film series' continuity was never confirmed then -->
Captain Stacy and the police corner Spider-Man. Captain Stacy discovers that Spider-Man is Peter, and Peter is released to stop the Lizard. Gwen creates an aerosolized antidote, which Peter disperses into the city, curing Connors and his victims, but not before the Lizard fatally wounds Captain Stacy. Before dying, Stacy asks Peter to stay away from Gwen to keep her safe. Peter does so but realizes they are both unhappy, hinting to her that he may not keep his promise.
An incarcerated Connors speaks with a man in the shadows who asks if Peter knows the truth about his father. Connors tells him Peter does not know and demands that Peter be left alone, before the man disappears.
Cast
* Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider-Man: <br />An intellectually gifted yet socially introverted teenager struggling to find his place in life ever since his parents died when he was a child. When Peter sneaks inside the Oscorp building where his father worked, a genetically enhanced spider bites him on the back of his neck, giving him inhuman abilities, similar to that of a spider's. After his uncle’s murder at the hands of a thief, he takes up the mantle of a masked vigilante, "Spider-Man", who targets street-level criminals using his super-human abilities and specially constructed wrist-worn devices named "web-shooters". Initially using his alter-ego to hunt down his uncle’s killer, he is later compelled to use his abilities to stop the growing threat of the "Lizard". Garfield described Parker as someone he can relate to and stated that the character had been an important influence on him since he was little. On accepting the role Garfield explained, "I see it as a massive challenge in many ways... To make it authentic. To make the character live and breathe in a new way. The audience already has a relationship with many different incarnations of the character. I do, as well. I'm probably going to be the guy in the movie theater shouting abuse at myself. But I have to let that go. No turning back. And I wouldn't want to." After taking the role, Garfield studied the movements of athletes and spiders and tried to incorporate them, saying Parker is "a boy/spider in terms of how he moves, and not just in the suit." He did yoga and Pilates for the role in order to be as flexible as possible. Garfield admitted to shedding a tear when first wearing his costume and that he tried to imagine "a much better actor's face in that suit" because seeing himself as Spider-Man "didn't make sense to him". He said, "I didn't think that the spandex would make me so emotional, but it did." He described the suit as "uncomfortable" and said that he wasn't allowed to wear anything underneath it because it was so skintight, although later clarified that he wore underpants while in the suit. When filming, Garfield explained that he had four months of training and described his physical roles on stunts as terribly challenging and exhausting. Because of this, Sony hired a younger actor, Andy Devine, to be his stuntman in some scenes.
** Max Charles plays a young Peter Parker.
* Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy: <br />A high school classmate and love interest of Parker's, a smart and charismatic girl who is the chief Intern at Oscorp. She felt that she had a responsibility to educate herself on Spider-Man, admitting she "hadn't read the comic book growing up, and my experience was with the Sam Raimi movies... I always assumed that Mary Jane was his first love", Stone said, "There's a part of me that really wants to please people [who] love Spider-Man or Gwen Stacy and want her to be done justice. I hope they'll give me license to interpret her my way."
* Denis Leary as George Stacy:<br />Gwen's father, a police captain who hunts both Spider-Man out of distrust and the Lizard for his rampage. Leary explained that he did not know much about Spider-Man in the comics and was "more of a Batman guy. Not the '60s [TV version], but the dark Batman. But my wife was a Spider-Man nut, which was why I went to [see the] Tobey Maguire ones." Director Webb said of his casting, "[W]e all trust Denis Leary. He's got this attitude, but you love him."
* Campbell Scott as Richard Parker: <br />Peter's late father. He is a businessman and scientist who worked for Oscorp, his research being the Spider-venom cross species experiment said to heal or cure any sickness, one of the spiders he created ends up biting his son granting him his abilities.
* Irrfan Khan as Rajit Ratha: <br />An Oscorp executive, Connors' immediate superior. Khan said he was offered this role after appearing in the TV drama series In Treatment. Webb described himself as a fan of the actor when watching the series along with the films The Namesake and The Warrior.
* Martin Sheen as Ben Parker: <br />Peter's uncle and Richard's brother. Sheen admitted he was unfamiliar with Spider-Man other than Maguire's portrayal, and knew little of the character Ben Parker except for knowing Cliff Robertson had played the part. Sheen described his character as a surrogate father, saying, "I'm dealing with this adolescent who is having problems with changes, with hormones changing and his getting out of hand. I have to give him the marching orders and so forth." Webb said, "You think of Martin Sheen as President Bartlet [of TV's The West Wing]. He has that sense of benevolent authority, but there's something else that's important, in terms of the dynamic that I wanted to explore, vis-à-vis Peter's relationship with his absent parents." Webb felt that unlike the scientifically inclined Peter, Uncle Ben represented the blue-collar working man, a gap that could create a dynamic between the characters. Field said the main reason she felt she had to be in the film was because of producer Laura Ziskin (they worked together on the 1985 film ''Murphy's Romance'') because she had an instinct that this was to be Ziskin's last film. After Ziskin's death Field expressed her gratitude at being a part of both Ziskin's first and last films. Director Webb felt that "when you cast someone like Sally, they come with a certain level of awareness and real genuine affection, which for Aunt May is an incredibly important thing to have." Webb said that while "we all love Aunt May", he wanted to create tension between May and Peter. "He's got bruises on his face, and what happens at that moment? That can create some tension, but you want there to be love there. That's what someone like Sally Field gives you." On playing the role, Zylka said, "You just try to focus. As an artist or as an actor, you just try to focus and stay in that world and block it all out." Embeth Davidtz portrays Peter's mother, Mary Parker. Kelsey Chow's brief role is simply credited as "Hot Girl" during the end credits of the film, but the actress revealed to media outlets around the time of the film's release that her character is in fact Sally Avril. Similarly, C. Thomas Howell's character is credited as "Jack's Father" at the end of the film (Jack being a boy that Spider-Man rescues on the Williamsburg Bridge) but he is referred to as Troy by one of his fellow construction workers in the film itself. Unlike the previous films, J. Jonah Jameson does not appear. Spider-Man co-creator Stan Lee has a cameo appearance, as he did in the previous films. At the 2011 Dallas Comic Con, Lee detailed that he plays a librarian listening to music on his headphones while stamping books, oblivious to the ongoing battle. Michael Massee, who previously worked with Marvel as Dr. Bruce Banner in the Ultimate Avengers animated film series, plays the mysterious man in the shadows who talks with Connors in his prison cell in a teaser scene during the end credits. As to the man's identity, director Marc Webb said, "It's intentionally mysterious. And I invite speculation..." In The Amazing Spider-Man 2, the character was revealed to be Gustav Fiers. Michael Papajohn, who played Dennis Carradine, Uncle Ben's apparent killer in the 2002 film, has a cameo as Alfred, Dr. Ratha's limo driver, thus being the only actor (aside from Stan Lee) of the Sam Raimi films to play a role in the reboot film. Papajohn originally asked to reprise the role as the robber, but the part was given to Gantvoort.
Kari Coleman, Charlie DePew, Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier portray the Stacy family: Helen Stacy, Philip Stacy, Howard Stacy, and Simon Stacy respectively.
Production
Development
Following the release of Spider-Man 3 (2007), Sony Pictures Entertainment had announced a May 6, 2011 release date for Sam Raimi's next film in the earlier series. By this time, screenwriters James Vanderbilt, David Lindsay-Abaire and Gary Ross had written several rejected versions of a script and Ziskin's husband Alvin Sargent, who co-wrote the second and third films, was working on yet another attempt. Raimi wanted John Malkovich to play his next villain. Avi Arad, Matt Tolmach and Ziskin continued as producers. Tolmach said one reason to restart the series was that the producers felt the core Spider-Man story was that of a boy becoming a man. Screenwriter Steve Kloves did a polish of Sargent's script, saying he had originally declined the opportunity to do so but relented "as a favor" to the filmmakers. "I also really wanted to write for Emma Stone, because I like to write for women and I particularly like Emma," he explained. "So ...I did basically character and dialogue, and that was enjoyable for me. So that was my hand in it. And I did a little plot work, but a lot of the plot was done." He did "a little bit" of dialog for Peter Parker / Spider-Man.
In May 2010, The Hollywood Reporter said the actors who met with Webb to be considered for the lead role included Jamie Bell, Alden Ehrenreich, Frank Dillane, Andrew Garfield and Josh Hutcherson. In June 2010 the Los Angeles Times reported that the shortlist had expanded to include Aaron Johnson and Anton Yelchin. At least Bell, Ehrenreich, Garfield, Yelchin, Logan Lerman and Michael Angarano had screen tests. Joe Jonas also auditioned. On July 1, 2010, the choice of Garfield was confirmed. Webb stated that he felt he knew Garfield was the right choice when they were filming a cutscene where he was eating a cheeseburger while telling Gwen to calm down. Garfield said that he got the role after he decided to pretend he was auditioning for a Spider-Man short film with friends to ease off the pressure.
Sony then held auditions for the role of the young Peter, who needed to resemble Garfield. Webb said, "I think we saw the origin of Spider-Man before but not the origin of Peter Parker." Webb felt that when you try to build the film you must build the protagonist from the ground up. That's why he wanted Parker to begin as a child.
It was reported originally that the film would feature both Mary Jane Watson and Gwen Stacy as love interests, but the website The Wrap later reported that only Gwen Stacy would appear. In August 2010, the list of candidates included Lily Collins, Ophelia Lovibond, and Imogen Poots, with Teresa Palmer, Emma Roberts, and Mary Elizabeth Winstead cited by The Hollywood Reporter as "potentially in the mix". In September 2010, Variety reported that the shortlist had expanded to include Stone and Mia Wasikowska. The shortlist was reported to then include Dianna Agron, Georgina Haig and Dominique McElligott. On October 5, 2010, the choice of Stone was confirmed.
On October 11, 2010, Rhys Ifans was confirmed to be the unnamed villain, and two days later his character was revealed to be Dr. Curt Connors / The Lizard. Arad said that Lizard is his favorite Spider-Man villain, and he had long wanted to use him in a film.
In November, Martin Sheen was reported to be Uncle Ben while Sally Field was in negotiations to play Aunt May. That same month, Denis Leary was reported to accept the role of George Stacy. Writer Geoff Boucher of the Los Angeles Times was skeptical of the change, feeling that it was too hard to believe that a financially strapped young man could conceive a wrist-worn device that can instantly produce a strand of synthetic webbing and noted "the suit lives up to the challenge of being different from the Sam Raimi films but not too different from the classic suit that stands as one of the great comic-book costumes ever." Matt Goldberg of Collider admitted that he was not crazy about the costume, explaining that the bug-yellow eyes felt weird to him and the mesh-pattern felt too busy. He explained that the design of the gloves caused flashbacks to the Spider-Man 2099 costume which he did not like, although he felt that the web-shooters looked fine. Webb explained that he felt that "the web-shooters were able to dramatize Peter's intellect". Webb paid attention to the question of "How would a kid make it?" and then took some license with it. About the new costume, Webb explained that he and the crew "wanted a design that would make the body longer and more lithe, more of an acrobat, someone incredibly agile and the legs of the spider [symbol on the chest] were something we used to emphasize that." He revealed that the film used varying suits for different lighting conditions. They made the webbing on the costume a little darker. Webb also looked at the Mark Bagley art in Ultimate Spider-Man for the hero's body. Russ Fischer of /Film described the character as looking more "Steve Ditko derived" (the character's original artist). Webb felt that there are different incarnations of Lizard in the comic book. He felt that he should do it without the snout because he was interested more in human emotions and wanted to keep Rhys' presence in the creature. Webb wanted him to have emotion, have a face and have feeling.
The "decay rate algorithm" that Peter Parker's father worked on in the film was inspired by the real-life Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality. Dr. James Kakalios, a professor at the University of Minnesota known for his book The Physics of Superheroes, discusses using some of his knowledge in creating the equation while serving as one of the film's scientific consultants. He mentions that the algorithm utilizes a variant of the Gompertz equation multiplied with some "mathematical glitter" to give it a more complex look in the film.Filmingclose to the Williamsburg Bridge as shown above. However, most action scenes could not be done there. A 150-foot replica of a piece of the bridge near a tank had to be replaced for some scenes in Los Angeles and some tighter shots and close-ups were done on a soundstage in New York City. The working title was ''Fiona's Tale''. The 90-day shoot included two weeks in New York City, while the bulk of filming occurred in and around Los Angeles, including such locations as the Henry Fonda Theater in Hollywood, St. John Bosco High School's Gym, Immanuel Presbyterian Church in Mid-Wilshire, and various locations around South Pasadena, San Pedro and Woodland Hills. Sony Entertainment spokesman Steve Elzer explained, "[T]here is a comfort level in producing a project of this size and scope on your own backlot ... Basing the film on the lot also makes it easier for producers to interact with Sony's in-house visual effects team, and gives the studios greater control of quality and security."
The film was the first Hollywood production to be filmed with the Red Digital Cinema Camera Company's RED Epic camera and was shot in 3-D at 5K resolution. The Amazing Spider-Man climax was filmed in a 1:78:1 aspect ratio for its IMAX DMR release.
In April 2011, Stone revealed that the cinematography had wrapped and that post-production began in May although some reshooting took place in New York City in November 2011 and in Los Angeles in December 2011.<!-- The source of the story, JustJared.com, is blocked by Wikipedia -->
Stunts
Webb stated that he and the crew wanted to keep the stunts more grounded physically, a challenge for a superhuman character. and Andy, along with Richard Norton who plays a SWAT team member. Andy noted that in the computer-generated swing in the earlier Spider-Man films, "he swings down at the same speed as he swings up," and this "constant" speed is unlike a real gymnast's movement where "he's accelerating until he reaches the bottom, then as he starts to come up, he's decelerating until he gets to the top of his swing and he actually gets negative gravity, where he'll go weightless for a second, and then the next swing starts, and it becomes another violent swing again." Vic felt that Spider-Man's moves were comparable to those of Tarzan, and he wanted to add that in the film. While filming in New York City, they swung a man through traffic down the street. Then, while the crew built a rig hundreds of feet long over Riverside Drive in Harlem, Andy built a car rig with a series of wires to help with effects which Webb said required an "incredible wealth of acrobatics". Garfield was reported to be involved with some of the stunts. Arad explained that "Andrew is not only a brilliant actor but he is a sportsman. This gave us the opportunity to try things with him that were it not so it would have been almost impossible." The film was reported to be the first to adopt 3ality Digital's TS-5 wireless and handheld beamsplitter mirror rig. 3ality technology helped make it possible to avoid 2D to 3D conversion. He felt that Spider-Man was ideal for 3D, admitting that they "started making the movie around the time Avatar came out" which made every studio want 3D. This was Webb's first film using the technique, and he did not want a force-fit or clumsy conversion as he had seen in other films. Webb cited childhood films such as Creature from the Black Lagoon and House of Wax for inspirations to push the 3D in his film even further than the type of depth that James Cameron uses in his film. The group improved the sewer and high school battle scene with many of Spider-Man's poses and environments that were used in the film. The comic book was cited as a basic source for Spider-Man's poses. The visual designers helped bring the Lizard to life by first building a digital version of a production design maquette. A large man referred to as "Big John" stood in as the character during shooting, performing much of the interaction with other characters.
Music
James Horner scored the film. Webb described Horner's first musical cue as "spectacular". Webb said, "I wanted to create a score that felt massive and huge but also intimate and small.". Webb admitted that Horner had the score "nailed in an hour and a half". The film also features the Coldplay song "'Til Kingdom Come" from the album X&Y. In May 2012, Sony Classical revealed details about the soundtrack. Critics like Filmtracks.com's Christian Clemmensen felt that Horner's approach to writing the score for The Amazing Spider-Man is "remarkably intelligent" and that "Horner's mix of the electronic elements into the major ensemble cues is tastefully handled". Clemmensen also felt that the piano is "the heart of the score, following Parker's relationships in their tender and mysterious turns".MarketingMerchandising
/Carl's Jr. commercial promoting the film.]]
Spider-Man and Lizard PEZ dispensers were revealed at the November 2011 Comic-Con first depicted the film's Lizard. In December 2011, it was revealed that Mega Brands had the rights to produce construction sets. A Marvel Select Spider-Man action figure by Diamond Select Toys was announced in January 2012—the fifth Marvel Select Spider-Man figure, but the first based on a film. The first look at a Hasbro action figure of the film's version of Spider-Man was revealed at the July 2011 Comic-Con. Hasbro made a radio control speed-climbing figure. Minimates made action figures from the film. Other companies releasing action figures for the film include Hot Toys, MediCom and Kaiyodo. OPI Products released a collection of The Amazing Spider-Man nail polish. Trading cards were also available.
CKE Restaurants, parent company of Carl's Jr. and Hardee's, helped sponsor the film. Chief marketing officer Brad Haley said they would market a new burger as part of the promotion. The burger was dubbed "The Amazing Grilled Cheese Bacon Burger". It was promoted through film-themed commercials and radio ads featuring Stan Lee. Spider-Man-themed premiums were offered as part of the Cool Kid's Combo. Tours and PlayStation 3 game prizes were part of the promotion along with a video game. Stan Lee then helped spread the word that fans would also have been treated for a free Amazing Grilled Cheese Bacon Burger in Independence Day if dressed as Spider-Man.
Big Cola was reported to enter a deal for promoting the film. The Kellogg Company and the Keebler Company built marketing campaigns around clips from the film. Sony launched a new augmented reality mobile application for the film using Qualcomm's Vuforia platform. Sony's Dwight Caines felt that the "use of augmented reality technology is a fun way of embracing the 3D aspects of the movie while nurturing the playful kid inside all of us who wants to collect items from their favorite superhero character to share with their friends and family." Twizzlers challenged fans nationwide to help the hero build a virtual web of Twizzlers Twists to unlock prizes and exclusive content. D-Box Technologies provide motion simulation for the film in select theaters.
As is common in Sony films, Sony product placements abounded, replacing the ubiquitous Apple Computer products often used by other studios. The film's mobile phones, tablets, monitors and laptops all came from other Sony divisions. Other placements included Microsoft's Bing search engine.
Previews
in the teaser trailer that was compared to the 2008 first person video game, ''Mirror's Edge by writers. This was the first preview audiences had of Spider-Man fully in the new costume in video. Only a few of these scenes appeared in the final cut of the film.]]
A teaser trailer was leaked on the Internet and aired at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2011, attached to the superhero film Captain America: The First Avenger. Rob Keyes of Screen Rant felt that "it takes on a noticeably different tone from that of Raimi trilogy of Spider-Man movies, and presents itself in a similar fashion to what Christopher Nolan did with Batman Begins." Some writers observed that the trailer very closely resembles the 2008 video game Mirror's Edge. After the third trailer was released, Webb defended the point of view footage, saying it was an early rendering and that the CGI was still in production.
A "sneak-peek screening" of The Amazing Spider-Man was held on February 6, 2012, in 13 cities internationally: Berlin, London, Los Angeles, Madrid, Mexico City, Moscow, New York City, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Rome, Seoul, Sydney and Tokyo. On January 8, 2012, the Spider-Man logo appeared on some of the world's most iconic buildings, such as the Sydney Opera House, the Colosseum of Rome, the Kremlin in Moscow and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. The screening revealed a second trailer in 3D, which thereafter appeared online. Glen Levy of Time magazine felt that the trailer's "dialogue goes hand in hand with the action, rather than be dominated by it" and that the action scenes from the film looked "polished and slick". The special screening included an eight and a half minute extended trailer. Scott Mantz of Access Hollywood felt that the extended footage seemed edgier and more character-driven and that "the Lizard looks like a great villain". Peter Sciretta of /Film said that the trailers had left him "impressed" and had captured a feeling of dark naturalism alongside Spider-Man's trademark wisecracking. With the second official trailer and the sizzle reel, Webb felt that it was important to provide a more specific idea of the film, such as showcasing Peter and Gwen's relationship and the visual effects, just to display the attitude of the film that he and the crew were trying to create. On February 7, 2012, it was reported that the latest official trailer revealed a link to the viral marketing internet site for the film.
A third official trailer debuted on iTunes on May 3, 2012. The trailer was attached to the 3D première of The Avengers, the day after. Adam Chitwood of Collider said, "The webslinging has an edge to it and The Lizard has much more texture. I like Andrew Garfield a whole lot, and the biggest draw for me here is the character work between Garfield and Emma Stone. They look to have some great chemistry and Garfield brings out a... side of Peter Parker that we didn't really see in Sam Raimi's trilogy." Sandy Schaefer of Screen Rant felt that "the darker color palette and 3D visuals shown here look overall quite crisp, even without the benefit of the big screen." Webb felt that "there's a small, intimate little indie movie at the heart of Spider-Man". The super preview revealed Spider-Man saving a boy near a bridge. Fans and writers rated that scene the highest in the trailer. Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant felt that the biggest thing to note "is the tone and composition of the film" and that most of the footage "manages to showcase a version of Peter Parker/Spider-Man that is both familiar and fresh."
A six-minute 3D preview was tied in with IMAX 3D showings of Men in Black 3. Sony's Rory Bruer explained that the audience of Men in Black 3 should be a perfect match for this footage and that the six minutes should get everyone excited.
Viral campaign
, painted by operatives for the viral campaign for The Amazing Spider-Man.]]
The main viral marketing site was revealed in the second trailer in February 2012. Once the countdown was up, each of the city-specific Twitter accounts for the marketing campaign sent out five locations in each city. A person at each spot waited to give the first person with the password a package and the tag-name "operative". These operatives painted the Spider-Man logo as graffiti. The operatives then could view a scene related to the film. The main viral website revealed hints to other websites, such as a photo blog that expressed Peter Parker's point of view. An unlocked puzzle there revealed the words "evolve", "through" and "engineering" which when put together led to another website with design sketches on how to build a web-shooter.
A Daily Bugle website revealed Denis Leary as George Stacy, lamenting the appearance of the wall-crawler and asking whoever spots Spider-Man to e-mail the police. The site hosted the best fan-made Spider-Man scenes. People who uploaded images of "Spider-Man" on the "Webbed Menace" viral site received a poster that sent them to a website for a boxing gym called "Jerera's Boxing Gym". The gym was funded by Peter Parker's school. A viral website of that class was discovered. Entering the correct password revealed Parker's class schedule. The Midtown High School site then revealed a Twitter user tracking down Lizard and asked people in Los Angeles, New York City, Atlanta, Chicago, Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, Phoenix, Austin, Tampa, Minneapolis and New Orleans to stay tuned for details. A viral site for Oscorp Industries was also available. The Twitter account that coordinated a nationwide effort to track Lizard sightings revealed locations that had packages containing Connors' shredded lab coat, an Oscorp ID badge and scientific samples of reptilian skin. When unscrambling the letters listed on each sample, the words "animal dynamics lab" led players to a new Oscorp Industries site focusing on a science program about reptile genetics. The site depicts Doctor Connors search for interns who could begin applying on May 14. Completing the application and supplying the keyword "Mutagen" unveiled a Lizard featurette. The Oscorp Industries website contained puzzles that revealed two in-game documents, two video updates featuring Connors and a following cipher that as of July 2012 had yet to be cracked. From there images were then unscrambled, revealing a research project with spiders, a letter from Mary Parker to Richard Parker that exposed his workaholic habits and a Daily Bugle newspaper that contained notes about Oscorp.
On May 30, 2012, the third (and apparently final) set of challenges in the Animal Dynamics Lab was launched with two new video updates of Doctor Connors, an image of Richard and Mary Parker, letters from Rajit Ratha to Doctor Connors, one from Doctor Connors to Richard Parker and another note to Richard from Mary. On June 1, 2012, a Carl's Jr. in Glendale, California, hosted the next viral campaign by decorating webs and declaring a crime scene due to Spider-Man's apprehension of a serial car and motorcycle thief. It was announced via The Mark of the Spider-Man Twitter feed, and with the code word "Web of Crime", a hidden message was discovered, entitled a "Spider cipher". The code name "adhere" named another sub-site of the Mark of the Spider-Man campaign that revealed crime reports.
Oliver Lyttleton of indieWire felt that viral ads such as the webbed menace website seemed a little forced and cribbed heavily from the example set by The Dark Knight with viral games. Silas Lesnick of SuperheroHype!, on the other hand, described the film's viral as "one of the most comprehensive film virals to date". Ziskin's death from cancer was used as inspiration for the cause. Sony created a website for the cause. Columbia Pictures teamed up with New York City cultural institutions to create "Spider-Man week" by helping out in the community.ReleaseTheatricalOn February 10, 2010, Sony announced that the film would be released on July 3, 2012. Release dates outside the US were moved up to June in other countries to increase first-week sales. Premieres took place in Tokyo, Japan on June 13. The film is rated PG-13 for sequences of action and violence.
In March 2024, Sony announced that all of their live-action Spider-Man films would be re-released in theaters as part of Columbia Pictures' 100th anniversary celebration. The Amazing Spider-Man was re-released on May 6, 2024.Home mediaThe Amazing Spider-Man was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, DVD and digital download on November 9, 2012, in North America. These releases contain a ninety-minute behind-the-scenes documentary for the film along with UltraViolet download. Other special features include "Rite of Passage: The Amazing Spider-Man reborn" and "The Oscorp Archives - Production Art Gallery". The discs also contain audio commentary from Marc Webb, Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach. The Blu-ray/DVD combo pack contains three disks and also contains a second screen app for the iPad. Sony also included a limited edition gift set on November 9, 2012, containing four disks with the special editions along with figurines of Spider-Man and the Lizard from the film.
While released, the film was reported as dominating the sales chart on its first release until the end of November 11, 2012, while its rental chart had The Amazing Spider-Man at number two behind Prometheus. It then became number one in rental and dropped to number two in sales chart after its second week. FX has acquired the TV commercial rights to the film to air in late 2014. The film was included in "The Spider-Man Legacy Collection" of five Spider-Man films on 4K UHD Blu-Ray, released on October 17, 2017.
In April 2021, Sony signed a deal with Disney to let Sony's titles, including past Spider-Man films and SSU and other Marvel content to stream on Hulu and Disney+. A significant number of Sony titles began streaming on Hulu starting in June 2021. It includes films from 2022 onwards. While the deal only concerns the United States, titles from Sony Pictures begun to also be added to Disney+ in regions outside of the U.S., as early as June 2022, starting with the majority of the Spider-Man films.
The film was released on Disney+ on April 21, 2023. Reception Box office The Amazing Spider-Man earned $262 million in North America and $495.9 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $757.9 million. the seventh highest grossing film of 2012, the 19th highest-grossing superhero film, the fifth grossing Spider-Man film, the sixth highest grossing film distributed by Sony/Columbia and the highest grossing reboot of all time worldwide. On its opening day, a pre-holiday Tuesday, it set a Tuesday-gross record with $35 million (previously held by Transformers), which would eventually be topped in 2019 by Spider-Man: Far From Home with $39.3 million. The next day, the film dropped 33.4 percent to $23.3 million—the second highest non-opening Wednesday. Over the three-day weekend, it grossed $62 million. This pushed the film's six-day gross to $137 million, which was smaller than those of Transformers ($155.41 million) and Spider-Man 2 ($180.07 million) among past Fourth of July releases. Although the film did not match its predecessors, Sony Pictures stated, "In the world of re-launched franchises, this is a spectacular success by any measure". For example, both Batman Begins ($79.5 million) and X-Men: First Class ($69.9 million) (both were non 3D-movies) opened significantly below The Amazing Spider-Man. It remained at the number 1 spot for ten consecutive days, until the opening day of Ice Age: Continental Drift.
Outside North America, The Amazing Spider-Man grossed $51.1 million on its five-day opening weekend (June 27 – July 1, 2012) from 13 markets, with strong openings in many Asian countries. In India, it earned $6.0 million, a record opening for a Hollywood film. Its final box office collection in India was $20 million making it the eighth highest grossing Hollywood film in India of all time. Kercy Daruwala of Sony Pictures in India felt very confident that the presence of famed Indian actor Irrfan Khan would enhance attendance. Opening in an additional 61 markets, the film made $127.5 million over its second weekend. The movie ranked number one in over 30 countries. In Indonesia, it broke the opening-weekend record with $4.5 million while, in the UK, it opened to £11.1 million ($18.1 million) which is about equal with Spider-Man 3 (£11.8 million). In its last market, China, The Amazing Spider-Man grossed $33.3 million over its seven-day debut, which is more than Spider-Man 3s lifetime box office in China. China is also the movie's highest-grossing territory with $48.8 million. Critical response
<!-- WHEN UPDATING THE REVIEW AGGREGATE SCORES, PLEASE MAKE SURE THAT YOU UPDATE EVERY FIELD IN THE CITATION PARAMETER, INCLUDING THE ACCESS DATE. --> <!-- Please do not add uncited summaries to the beginning of this section. A discussion can be found here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:The_Amazing_Spider-Man_%282012_film%29#Opening_sentence_in_.27Critical_reception.27_section -->
that Roger Ebert reviewed before he died in 2013. He regarded it as "probably the second best" within the Spider-Man film franchise (after Spider-Man 2).]]
According to Rotten Tomatoes' yearly lists (by using a weighted formula of the critics review in the site), it was placed number 32 on its list of the all-time best comic book films in 2012 and had fallen to 36th in 2013. CinemaScore's audience graded it an "A−" on an A+ to F scale.
Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter felt that the film was satisfying, explaining that Webb directed with emotional and comedic touches and provided a darker depiction and a stronger romance than the original. Boyd Van Hoeija of Variety described the film as a "mostly slick, entertaining and emotionally involving recombination of fresh and familiar elements". A columnist of The Village Voice, Chris Pakham felt that the film was faithful to the comics and that "Garfield's spindly physicality evokes the Marvel illustrations of the 1960s." Conversely, Lou Lemenick of the New York Post wrote that the film was dull and uninspiring and felt that it did not compare to Batman Begins and was "a pointless rehash in the mode of Superman Returns." New Yorker critic Anthony Lane described the film as "running out of nimbleness and fun, and the promise contained in its title seems ever more tendentious." Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called the film "memorable in pieces but not as a whole" and said that its best element is the relationship between Peter and Gwen, while the Lizard "is not quite an opponent for the ages."
Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A− describing the film as "a friskier, sweeter-natured variation" when compared to Raimi's work. She explained that the most "amazing" element was not the "blockbuster wow!" but instead the "intimate awww." Claudia Puig of USA Today explained that "as a new chapter in the superpowered arachnid saga, it stands on its own quite nicely, focusing more on human emotions than on a panoply of special effects." She said "where Tobey Maguire in the original Spider-Man trilogy was earnest, Garfield's Spider-Man is whip-smart and likably cheeky, with an undercurrent of teenage angst." She also called the film "as much a coming-of-age story as a crime-fighting action saga." Christy Lemire of the Associated Press described Garfield's Spider-Man as an arrogant and misunderstood outsider, giving the film a "restless, reckless energy and a welcome sense of danger." She also concluded that Webb was a different sort of director, saying that while Webb's big set pieces lacked Raimi's imagination, they conveyed "emotional truth" and "a pervasive sense of humanity". However, Ty Burr of The Boston Globe felt that the film lacked the original's pop grace and the pulpy joy, saying the film was "dumbed down, tarted up" and "almost shockingly uninspired". Burr evaluated it as "the worst superhero film since Green Lantern". Colin Covert of the Star Tribune also felt that The Amazing Spider-Man is weaker than its predecessor and described it as "The Notebook in spandex". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times felt that the reboot provided better reasons for why Peter Parker adopts his superhero role, even if the origin story didn't need to be told once again. He also remarked that it was "probably the second best" of the four Spider-Man films after Spider-Man 2, explaining that Lizard was lackluster compared to that film's villain, Doctor Octopus, and had the dramatic range of Godzilla.
Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal, pointed out that "the truly amazing thing is that most of what happens to Peter Parker in the first half of the film has already happened in previous chapters of the Spidey saga", that "what's old is old again." However, Randy Myers from the San Jose Mercury News found it "the best Spidey yet", describing it as "strong, bold and well-acted." He felt that a viewer couldn't help but feel déjà vu, but that the work shows greater "dimension". Dana Stevens at Slate magazine believed that the film was an "absolutely unnecessary" retelling of the origin story, although it avoided "the common comic-book adaptation trap of gloomy self-seriousness". Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also opined that the "unnecessary" reboot pulled stellar performances from Garfield and Stone and touches the heart.
Andrew Garfield received general praise for his performance. Bob Mondello of NPR said, "Here comes another Spider-dude: This Andrew Garfield guy. So he'd better be really something, right? Well, as it happens, he is." Tom Charity of CNN found Garfield's "combination of fresh-faced innocence, nervous agitation and wry humor ... immediately appealing." Stephanie Zacharek of Movieline said she "had no specific desire to see the series resuscitated. But watching Garfield and Stone made me think doing so wasn't such a bad idea". Mary F. Pols of Time said that even though the story was familiar Garfield and Webb made it feel "convincingly fresh and exciting."Accolades{| class"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="99%"
! Award
! Category
! Recipients
! Result
|-
| rowspan"2" | Annie Awards
| Best Animated Effects in a Live Action Production
| Stephen Marshall, Joseph Pepper, Dustin Wicke
|rowspan=17
|-
| Best Character Animation in a Live Action Production
| Mike Beaulieu, Roger Vizard, Atushi Sato, Jackie Koehler, Derek Esparza, Richard Smith, Max Tyrie
|-
| Golden Trailer Awards
| Best Motion/Title Graphics
| "Domestic Trailer 2"
|-
|rowspan="3" | Kids' Choice Awards
| Favorite Movie
| The Amazing Spider-Man
|-
| Favorite Movie Actor
| Andrew Garfield
|-
| Favorite Male Buttkicker
| Andrew Garfield
|-
| rowspan"4" | Teen Choice Awards
| Choice Summer Movie: Action
!
|-
| Choice Movie: Villain
| Rhys Ifans
|-
| Choice Summer Movie Star: Male
| Andrew Garfield
|-
| Choice Summer Movie Star: Female
| Emma Stone
|-
| rowspan"7" | People's Choice Awards
| Favorite Movie
!
|-
| Favorite Action Movie
!
|-
| Favorite Movie Franchise
!
|-
| Favorite Movie Actress
| Emma Stone
|-
| Favorite Movie Superhero
| Andrew Garfield as Spider-Man
|-
| Favorite On-Screen Chemistry
| Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone
|-
| Favorite Face of Heroism
| Emma Stone
|-
|Saturn Awards
|Best Fantasy Film
!
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture
!
|-
|Visual Effects Society Awards
|Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture
|Rob Engle, David Schaub, Cosku Turhan, Max Tyrie
|}
Themes and analysis
Webb described the film as "a story about a kid who grows up looking for his father and finds himself." As in the early comic books, the character "is a science whiz. If you look back to the early Stan Lee and Steve Ditko comics, he's a nerd with big glasses," said Webb. He explained "the idea of what a nerd is has changed in 40 or 50 years. Nerds are running the world. Andrew Garfield made a movie [called The Social Network] about it. ... What was important in those early comics was this notion that Peter Parker is an outsider and how we define that in a contemporary context." Garfield tried to explore Parker as an orphan, whom he feels "are the strongest human beings on the planet." Critics like Claudia Puig of USA Today felt that Garfield's character as the superhero "embodies the nerdy Parker, the anguished fatherless teen and the cocky super-hero in equal doses". She said of her character, "she offers Parker a world of stability, of a family unit not marred with parental loss and, beyond physical allure, the two forge an intellectual connection over their shared love of science." Dana Stevens of Slate described her character
"as the stuff of a comic nerd's dreams: a sweet, smart, wisecracking dame in demure sweaters, miniskirts, thigh-high stockings and boots." Producer Avi Arad felt likewise, explaining, "[Y]ou look at Peter, he misses the parents, [and] Connors has one arm. ...[E]motionally, [it] is a very similar problem. It is a cautionary tale." Webb said that the Lizard "is not the worst villain on the planet. He's not a mustache-twirling guy who wants to terrorize people. He believes he's doing the right thing." Actor Rhys Ifans described his character as a flawed character comparable to Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. "Curt Connors is by no means an evil villain," Ifans stated. "He's not like the Batman villains, like the Joker, who are the embodiment of evil. Curtis Connors is a great man who makes a bad decision. ... [T]hat's the whole magic of the Spider-Man idea. These people are the embodiment of our flaws and our desires that lead to tragedy." Ifans described Connors as a force for good throughout his life: "He's a geneticist who wants to help people, like him, who are limbless. In his eagerness to advance that science, he makes a mistake and that's an occurrence we've seen throughout time, sometimes to our benefit, sometimes to our detriment." "...He is a broken man who wants to fix himself." Ifans added, "I'm not portraying a villain in any sense. Connors does feel cheated by God, and he's looking for answers in science. God seems to intervene." The critic Roger Ebert described the place as a "typical comic-book mega-corporation with a madman at the top." Mark Hughes of Forbes ranked the film as the seventh greatest comic book superhero film being the highest Spider-Man film in the list while Jacob Hall of ScreenCrush ranked the film as 13th greatest modern Marvel film being the lowest Spider-Man film in the list.
A scientist from Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center referenced the film to news organizations in explaining how scientists from the medical center are working on a long-term project involving spider silks and potential human regeneration along with deciphering fact and fiction from the film.
On September 30, 2020, it was announced that the remaster of ''Marvel's Spider-Man'' for the PlayStation 5 would be adding an exclusive suit based on the costume featured in the first film, titled the "Amazing Suit". The suit was made available since the game's launch on November 12, 2020, as a digital bonus for the Ultimate Edition of Spider-Man: Miles Morales. The suit returns in the PlayStation 5 exclusive ''Marvel's Spider-Man 2.Other media
A video game of the same name developed by Beenox was announced at the 2011 New York Comic Con. They were the development team behind the previous two Spider-Man games, Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions and Spider-Man: Edge of Time''. The game was released on June 26, 2012, in Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, personal computer, Nintendo Wii, Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS. Dee Brown of Beenox noted, "The fact that our game is based on the movie, and the movie is re-approaching the universe in a completely different way—a more grounded, more realistic approach—gives us an incredible setting to play with". The game takes place after the events of the film. Sony and Gameloft teamed up again to create an official mobile game for the film. Sky Betting and Gaming's online casino website Sky Vegas created a related casino game.
The comic was released in June, named The Amazing Spider-Man: The Movie #1–2, written by Tom Cohen and illustrated by Neil Edwards. A trade paperback was published collecting the two-parter a week before the film's release, entitled The Amazing Spider-Man: The Movie Prelude, which also included The Amazing Spider-Man issues #75–77.
The soundtrack album of the film was released the same day as the film, under the Sony Classical banner.
Sequel
The Amazing Spider-Man was originally reported as being the first of at least three films to the trilogy. The sequel, The Amazing Spider-Man 2 was released on May 2, 2014. On June 17, 2013, Sony announced two more sequels to follow The Amazing Spider-Man 2, which were scheduled to release on June 10, 2016, and May 4, 2018, respectively. However, in July 2014, the third film was delayed to an unspecified date in 2018.
In November 2013, Sony Pictures Entertainment chief Michael Lynton told analysts, "We do very much have the ambition about creating a bigger universe around Spider-Man. There are a number of scripts in the works". A Venom spin-off had been in early stages of planning at the studio since 2008. In December 2013, Sony announced plans for spin-offs featuring the supervillains Sinister Six and Venom.
Marvel Cinematic Universe
In February 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that Spider-Man would appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), with the character first appearing in 2016's Captain America: Civil War. Sony released Spider-Man: Homecoming, which was produced by Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal, on July 7, 2017, and will continue to finance, distribute, own and have final creative control of the Spider-Man films. Marvel Studios will also explore opportunities to integrate other characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe into future Spider-Man films. Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) features Andrew Garfield and Rhys Ifans reprising their respective roles as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, and Dr. Curt Connors / Lizard as both are transported to the MCU.
Notes
References
Further reading
* Paur, Joey. [http://geektyrant.com/news/2013/3/8/sam-raimi-finally-sees-the-amazing-spider-man.html Sam Raimi finally sees The Amazing Spider-Man] Geek Tyrant. March 2013
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25862461
|
Veturi Prabhakara Sastri
|
thumb|Veturi Prabhakara Sastri statue in Tirupati.
Veturi Prabhakara Sastri (7 February 1888 – 29 August 1950) was a Sanskrit and Telugu scholar, editor, translator and historian. He was born in the town of Pedakallepalli in the Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh. He was known for deciphering a few thousand of Annamayya's composition during his tenure at the Devasthanam Oriental Institute. He is also recognized for his scholarship on Telugu poet Srinatha's work. Veturi was involved in researching lost texts and forgotten literature, and he is regarded for his enlightened and liberal scholarship that was free of literary or religious prejudices.
Work
As a publisher and writer, he introduced to the Telugu people several antiquated texts, in association with Manavalli Ramakrishna Kavi from prachya likhita pustaka bhandagaram (library of ancient scripts). He discovered the copper scripts of Annamayya's poetry and introduced them to Telugu people. Similarly, he unearthed palm scripts of Ranganatha's Ragadalu. He published Tanjavuri Andhra Rajula Charitra, Srinatha Vaibhavamu, Sringara Srinatham, Manu Charitra, Basava Puranam etc. with elaborate introductions. He translated Bhasa's Pratima Natakam, Karnaabharam and Madhyama Vyayogam.
Veturi Prabhakara Sastry was also an editor of Ayurvedic texts. He edited and wrote an introduction for an Ayurvedic text called the Carucarya for a patron, the then-Raja of Muktyala. He also edited the 'Ballad of the Battle of Yerragaddapadu' written by Gangula Pinayellaya. Veturi also edited many Hindu religious satakams and stavams in praise of Venkateshwara, such as Venkatachala Vihara Satakam. Veturi Prabhakara Sastry was also a translator. He rendered the classical Sanskrit farcical play 'Bhagavadajjukam' of Bodhyanakavi into Telugu, and he translated a Sanskrit farcical play 'Mattavilasaprahasanam' into a Telugu work entitled 'Mattavilasamu.'
Vangmaya Peetham
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) established "Sriman Veturi Prabhakara Sastri Vangmaya Peetham" in 2007 to publish his books and research works. A life-size bronze statue of Sri Veturi was installed before the SVETA Complex in Tirupati.
References
Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh
Category:Telugu writers
Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars
Category:1888 births
Category:1950 deaths
Category:People from Krishna district
Category:20th-century Indian translators
Category:20th-century Indian historians
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veturi_Prabhakara_Sastri
|
2025-04-06T15:54:56.546230
|
25862468
|
Lasionycta poca
|
Lasionycta poca is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1923. It is found throughout the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, westward to the Coast Range in western British Columbia and southward in the Cascades to Okanogan County, Washington.
It is predominantly alpine and is most common near timberline, but occasional specimens are collected in nearby forest.
The wingspan is about 27 mm. Adults are on wing from mid-June through August.
External links
A Revision of Lasionycta Aurivillius (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) for North America and notes on Eurasian species, with descriptions of 17 new species, 6 new subspecies, a new genus, and two new species of Tricholita Grote
Category:Lasionycta
Category:Moths of North America
Category:Moths described in 1923
Category:Taxa named by William Barnes (entomologist)
Category:Taxa named by Foster Hendrickson Benjamin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasionycta_poca
|
2025-04-06T15:54:56.562640
|
25862487
|
Lasionycta coloradensis
|
Lasionycta coloradensis is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Rocky Mountains from the Montana-Wyoming border to New Mexico.
References
External links
A Revision of Lasionycta Aurivillius (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) for North America and notes on Eurasian species, with descriptions of 17 new species, 6 new subspecies, a new genus, and two new species of Tricholita Grote
Category:Lasionycta
Category:Moths described in 1943
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasionycta_coloradensis
|
2025-04-06T15:54:56.574098
|
25862494
|
Tean, Staffordshire
|
| civil_parish = Checkley
| shire_district = Staffordshire Moorlands
| shire_county = Staffordshire
| region = West Midlands
| os_grid_reference | post_town STOKE-ON-TRENT
| dial_code = 01538
| postcode_area = ST
| postcode_district = ST10
| constituency_westminster = Stoke-on-Trent South
}}
Tean is a large village in the civil parish of Checkley in the Staffordshire Moorlands district, in the county of Staffordshire, England. It is around south-east of Stoke-on-Trent. The River Tean runs through the village, heading east towards Uttoxeter.
The village is itself composed of two villages: Upper Tean and Lower Tean. It is part of the Checkley ward.
The Heath House, a Gothic Revival mansion and estate, is located to the east of the village. The village also contains an historic tape mill (now converted into apartments / flats).
There are a number of pubs and shops, a doctors' surgery, nurseries, a village hall (Greatwood Hall), three churches, and a small park. There is free car parking signposted off one end of the High Street (between the two pubs).
Major employers in the area include Alton Towers, JCB, Toyota, and Fox's Biscuits.
History
thumb|Tape mill on High Street, Upper Tean
The village was within the ancient Hundred of Totmonslow as Tene in the Domesday Book survey of 1086, when it had 15 households.
In the 18th century, a tape weaving company was established in the village by John and Nathaniel Philips: in 1747 they bought Tean Hall, a half-timbered building in Upper Tean built in 1613, and it became a base for their company. Tapes were at first produced in tape-weavers' cottages, using looms provided by the company. From the early 19th century, factories, housing steam-powered Jacquard looms, were built in the village; the factories, adjacent to Tean Hall, were known as Tean Hall Mills.
Manufacturing has ceased in Tean, but the mill buildings, now converted into apartments / flats, remain a notable feature of Upper Tean High Street.
Transport
The village is well positioned for transport, with road / bus connections east to Uttoxeter and Derby, and west to Stoke.
Tean lies at the crossroads of the A522 road between Cheadle, Staffordshire and Uttoxeter, and the road from Blythe Bridge to Rocester. It is a 10-minute drive east or west to join the main A50 at either Uttoxeter or Blythe Bridge. From the A50 there are direct links to both the M1 and M6.
The village is approximately 50 minutes from both Manchester and East Midlands airports, and 1 hour 10 minutes from Birmingham airport.
The village was served by Tean railway station at Totmonslow (to the west of the village) until its closure in 1953. The nearest railway stations now are Blythe Bridge and Uttoxeter - both branch line - or Derby and Stoke - for main lines.
First Bus and D&G Buses serve the village.
Education
There are two primary schools in Tean: St Thomas' Roman Catholic and Greatwood; with most children progressing to secondary schools in either Cheadle or Uttoxeter. Other nearby secondary schools include: Denstone / Abbotsholme (Rocester) / JCB Academy (Rocester) / Blythe Bridge.
See also
*Listed buildings in Checkley
*J. & N. Philips
References
External links
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071030174630/http://www.wishful-thinking.org.uk/genuki/STS/Tean/PhotoGallery.html Some photographs of Tean buildings]
* [http://www.GreatWoodHall.co.uk Great Wood Hall]
Category:Villages in Staffordshire
Category:Staffordshire Moorlands
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tean,_Staffordshire
|
2025-04-06T15:54:56.580723
|
25862499
|
Lasionycta illima
|
Lasionycta illima is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from Pink Mountain in north-eastern British Columbia through southern Yukon to eastern Alaska.
The wingspan is 27 mm for males and 26–28 mm for females.
External links
A Revision of Lasionycta Aurivillius (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) for North America and notes on Eurasian species, with descriptions of 17 new species, 6 new subspecies, a new genus, and two new species of Tricholita Grote
Category:Lasionycta
Category:Moths described in 2009
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasionycta_illima
|
2025-04-06T15:54:56.585786
|
25862521
|
Lasionycta frigida
|
Lasionycta frigida is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It has a restricted range in the Alberta Rocky Mountains. It is possibly also present in Yukon and Alaska.
The habitat is mixed forest in cold microclimates.
The wingspan is 26 mm for males and 27 mm for females. Adults are on wing in mid-July.
External links
A Revision of Lasionycta Aurivillius (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) for North America and notes on Eurasian species, with descriptions of 17 new species, 6 new subspecies, a new genus, and two new species of Tricholita Grote
Category:Lasionycta
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasionycta_frigida
|
2025-04-06T15:54:56.616433
|
25862526
|
Donniel Hartman
|
|influences = David Hartman
|influenced =
}}
Donniel Hartman (; born October 13, 1958) is an Israeli Modern Orthodox rabbi and author. He is President of the Shalom Hartman Institute in Jerusalem.
Biography
Hartman was born in New York to Barbara and David Hartman. When he was 13 years old, his family immigrated to Israel.
He Studied at Yeshivat Netiv Meir and Yeshivat Har Etzion. Enlisted in the Armored Corps where he commanded a tank and fought in the First Lebanon War. Following the war, Hartman returned to the United States where he studied for a master's degree and served as a rabbi at a community center in New Jersey. in the United States and Canada. In 2009, he spoke at the Grand Valley State University Conference, "Religion and the Challenges of Modernity." In the 1990s, he was scholar in residence at the Jewish Community Center of the Palisades in New Jersey. He was described by a Reform Judaism organization as a thinker "whose thoughts, observations, and analysis of Israeli society are radical and refreshing."
Hartman has established a program at the Shalom Hartman Institute that will lead to the ordination of rabbis - men and women - outside of existing Orthodox rabbinical seminaries in Israel.
He has argued for the need for Israelis to accept a two-state solution that recognizes Palestinian interests and to provide a "multiple narrative" for Israel that accepts non-Jewish Israelis.
He has said that Israel and Diaspora Jewry must "rethink" their relationship.
In 2007, Donniel Hartman founded a religious high school for girls, the Midrashiya, whose curriculum includes "a critical approach to the study of Jewish texts," volunteer work, and a sex-education curriculum, "one of the first ever among religious schools in Israel."Published works*[http://hartman.org.il/Publications_List.asp?Cat_Id531&Cat_TypeBooks&Title_Cat_NameBooks%20by%20Donniel%20Hartman Putting God Second: How to Save Religion from Itself, 2016] [dead link]
*[http://www.hartman.org.il/Publications_List.asp?Book_Str=The+Boundaries+of+Judaism The Boundaries of Judaism] (Continuum Books, 2007)
*Judaism and the Challenges of Modern Life, Co-Editor with Moshe Halbertal (Continuum Books, 2007)
*"Mishpatim: A Man in Public," in The Modern Men's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Jewish Men on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions, Jeffrey K. Salkin, Ed. (Jewish Lights Publishing, 2009)
*[http://hartman.org.il/book_view.asp?book_id152&cat_id531&cat_type=Books Speaking iEngage: Creating a New Narrative Regarding the Significance of Israel for Jewish Life] (Shalom Hartman Institute, 2013) ASIN: B00HBAYLSY
*[http://hartman.org.il/About_Us_View.asp?Cat_Id539&Cat_TypeAbout&Title_Cat_NamePGS Putting God Second: How to Save Religion from Itself] (Beacon, 2016) See also
*David Hartman
*Yossi Klein Halevi
*Menachem Lorberbaum
References
External links
*[http://hartman.org.il Shalom Hartman Institute website]
*[http://www.hartman.org.il/Blogs_List.asp?Cat_Id273&Cat_TypeBlogs&Title_Cat_Name=Donniel%20Hartman%20Blog Hartman's official blog]
*[https://www.facebook.com/DonnielHartman Hartman's official Facebook page]
Category:Israeli Modern Orthodox rabbis
Category:20th-century Israeli rabbis
Category:21st-century Israeli rabbis
Category:Philosophers of Judaism
Category:Israeli philosophers
Category:Jewish philosophers
Category:Living people
Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Category:New York University alumni
Category:Date of birth missing (living people)
Category:20th-century Jewish theologians
Category:21st-century Jewish theologians
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Yeshivat Har Etzion alumni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donniel_Hartman
|
2025-04-06T15:54:56.622419
|
25862538
|
Ferney Park
|
-->
| renovated = 2006
| expanded = 2012
| owner = Ballinamallard United F.C.
| surface = Grass
| capacity = 2,000 (250 seated)
| tenants = Ballinamallard United<br/>Fermanagh Mallards
| website = <!-- -->
}}
Ferney Park is a football stadium in Ballinamallard, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is the home stadium of Ballinamallard United. It was first used by Ballinamallard United in 1975, when the club was founded<!--was this the first time it was used at all?-->. History Since 2006, Ferney Park has undergone a number of renovations. Floodlights were installed in 2010. In 2012, Ballinamallard United were promoted to the IFA Premiership after receiving a domestic licence to do so from the Irish Football Association. However at the time, Ferney Park did not meet the required standards. The club were in the process of building two new stands, funded by fans buying seats. The plans and designs of the new stands were printed on the cover of the matchday programme for United's last game before being promoted against Ards. The building of the stands could not be guaranteed to be completed before the start of the Irish Premiership season. As a result, the club were obliged to nominate Stangmore Park in Dungannon, County Tyrone as their home ground if construction could not be finished in time. However, the work was finished in time for Ferney Park to be used to host Ballinamallard's opening game against Dungannon Swifts. The new stands were also officially opened for this match.
In December 2012, during half-time in a match between Ballinamallard United and Linfield, the Ferney Park pitch was invaded by twenty Linfield supporters who waved Union Flags from the centre of the pitch. This was done as part of the Belfast City Hall flag protests. Ballinamallard United had no prior warning that this would happen and the Police Service of Northern Ireland took no actions amid fears of inflaming the situation.
Usage
Ferney Park is home to Ballinamallard United and is also used to host their reserves' matches. It is also home to the Fermanagh Mallards women's football club. In 2012, Ferney Park was used to host the opening game of the Northern Ireland Milk Cup between Fermanagh and English side, Newcastle United. This was done to commemorate the Milk Cup's 30th anniversary by playing competition matches away from the normal locations along the north coast of Northern Ireland.
Ferney Park has received a reputation in Northern Irish football as being a difficult ground to find with members of the media covering games at the stadium often getting lost on their way to it. This was often attributed to television companies deeming it too expensive to regularly send cameras to Ballinamallard.References
Category:Association football venues in Northern Ireland
Category:Sports venues in County Fermanagh
Category:Sports venues completed in 1975
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferney_Park
|
2025-04-06T15:54:56.639050
|
25862543
|
1989 Virginia Slims of Kansas
|
Amy Frazier
| champd= Manon Bollegraf / Lise Gregory
| after_name=Breyers Tennis Classic
}}
The 1989 Virginia Slims of Kansas was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Crestview Country Club in Wichita, Kansas in the United States and was part of the Category 2 tier of the 1989 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from February 20 through February 26, 1989. Sixth-seeded Amy Frazier won the singles title and earned $17,000 first-prize money.FinalsSingles
Amy Frazier defeated Barbara Potter 4–6, 6–4, 6–0
* It was Frazier's only title of the year and the 1st of her career.
Doubles
Manon Bollegraf / Lise Gregory defeated Sandy Collins / Leila Meskhi 6–2, 7–6<sup>(7–5)</sup>
* It was Bollegraf's 1st title of the year and the 2nd of her career. It was Gregory's only title of the year and the 3rd of her career.
Prize money
{|classwikitable stylefont-size:95%;text-align:center
|style="width:130px" |Event
|style="width:85px; background:lime"|W
|style="width:85px; background:thistle"|F
|style="width:85px; background:#ffff00"|SF
|style="width:85px; background:#ffebcd"|QF
|style="width:85px; background:#afeeee"|Round of 16
|style="width:85px; background:#afeeee"|Round of 32
|-
!style=background:#efefef|Singles
|$17,000
|$8,500
|$4,250
|$2,125
|$1,175
|$750
|}
References
External links
* [https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/wichita/usa/1989/w-wt-usa-02a-1989/draws-and-results/ ITF tournament edition details]
* [https://wtafiles.blob.core.windows.net/pdf/draws/archive/1989/402.pdf WTA tournament draws]
* [https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/xgyy0126 Tournament flyer]
Virginia Slims of Kansas
Category:Virginia Slims of Kansas
Virgin
Virgin
Virginia Slims of Kansas
Category:Sports competitions in Wichita, Kansas
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Virginia_Slims_of_Kansas
|
2025-04-06T15:54:56.654770
|
25862547
|
Xinjiang
|
<!-- Do not make major edits to this article without discussing on the talk page first. -->
| translit_lang1_info = <br/>()
| translit_lang1_type1 =
| translit_lang1_info1 = <br/>)}}
| translit_lang1_type2 =
| translit_lang1_info2 XJ / ()
| image_skyline =
}}
}}
| image_alt | image_caption
| image_map = Xinjiang in China (de-facto) (+all claims hatched).svg
| map_alt | map_caption Location of Xinjiang within China
| coordinates
| named_for | subdivision_type Country
| subdivision_name = China
| seat_type Capital<br/><span style"font-weight: normal;">and largest city</span>
| seat = Ürümqi
| parts_type = Divisions<br/>– Prefecture-level<br/>– County-level<br/>– Township-level
| parts = <br/>14 prefectures<br/>95 counties<br/>1142 towns and subdistricts
| government_type = Autonomous region
| governing_body = Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional People's Congress
| leader_title = Party Secretary
| leader_name = Ma Xingrui
| leader_title1 = Congress Chairwoman
| leader_name1 = Zumret Obul
| leader_title2 = Government Chairman
| leader_name2 = Erkin Tuniyaz
| leader_title3 = Regional CPPCC Chairman
| leader_name3 = Nurlan Abilmazhinuly
| leader_title4 = National People's Congress Representation
| leader_name4 = 60 deputies
| area_footnotes
| area_total_km2 = 1664897
| area_rank = 1st
| elevation_max_m = 8,611
| elevation_max_point = Mount K2
| elevation_min_m = −154
| elevation_min_point Lake Ayding
| population_footnotes
| population_total = 25,890,000
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_rank = 21st
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = 29th
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_footnotes
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic<br/>composition<br/>(2020 census)
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 44 languages;
| demographics_type2 GDP
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = CN¥ 1,913 billion (23th)
<br />US$ 271 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 73,774 (16h)
<br />US$ 10,469
| iso_code = CN-XJ
| blank4_name_sec2 = HDI (2022)
| blank4_info_sec2 0.762 (22nd) –
| website = <br/>
| footnotes =
}}
Xinjiang,, ; |pXīnjiāng}}; , SASM/GNC: }} officially the '''Xinjiang Uygur<!-- There is no "h" in the region's official spelling of "Uygur". --> Autonomous Region''', is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest of the country at the crossroads of Central Asia and East Asia. Being the largest province-level division of China by area and the 8th-largest country subdivision in the world, Xinjiang spans over and has about 25 million inhabitants. Xinjiang borders the countries of Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, and Tajikistan. The rugged Karakoram, Kunlun and Tian Shan mountain ranges occupy much of Xinjiang's borders, as well as its western and southern regions. The Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract regions are claimed by India but administered by China. Xinjiang also borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai. The most well-known route of the historic Silk Road ran through the territory from the east to its northwestern border.
High mountain ranges divide Xinjiang into the Dzungarian Basin (Dzungaria) in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south. Only about 9.7 percent of Xinjiang's land area is fit for human habitation. It is home to a number of ethnic groups, including the Chinese Tajiks (Pamiris), Han Chinese, Hui, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Mongols, Russians, Sibe, Tibetans, and Uyghurs. There are more than a dozen autonomous prefectures and counties for minorities in Xinjiang. Older English-language reference works often refer to the area as Chinese Turkestan, Chinese Turkistan, East Turkestan and East Turkistan.
With a documented history of at least 2,500 years, a succession of people and empires have vied for control over all or parts of this territory. The territory came under the rule of the Qing dynasty in the 18th century, which was later replaced by the Republic of China. Since 1949 and the Chinese Civil War, it has been part of the People's Republic of China. In 1954, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) established the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) to strengthen border defense against the Soviet Union and promote the local economy by settling soldiers into the region. In 1955, Xinjiang was administratively changed from a province into an autonomous region. In recent decades, abundant oil and mineral reserves have been found in Xinjiang and it is currently China's largest natural-gas-producing region.
From the 1990s to the 2010s, the East Turkestan independence movement, separatist conflict and the influence of radical Islam have resulted in unrest in the region with occasional terrorist attacks and clashes between separatist and government forces. These conflicts prompted the Chinese government to commit a series of ongoing human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other ethnic and religious minorities in the province including, according to some, genocide.<!-- Additional sources: --> Names
| l = "New Frontier"
<!-- Mandarin -->| p = Xīnjiāng
| w =
| mi =
| bpmf = ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧㄤ
| gr = Shinjiang
| mps = Shinjiang
| tp = Sinjiang
| myr = Syīnjyāng
| showflag = p
| xej = ثٍڭِیَانْ
| zh-dungan = Щинҗён
| psp = Sinkiang
<!-- Yue/Cantonese -->| j = san1 goeng1
| y = Sān'gēung
| ci =
<!-- Min / others -->| poj = Sin-kiong
| buc = Sĭng-giŏng
| teo = Sing-kiang
| h = Sîn-kiông
| altname = Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
| s2 = }}
| t2 = }}
<!-- Mandarin -->| p2 =
| bpmf2 =
| w2 =
| mi2 =
| gr2 = Shinjiang Weiwueel Tzyhjyhchiu
| mps2 = Shinjiang Wheihuel Tzyhgukhickhu
| myr2 = Syīnjyāng Wéiwúěr Dz̀jr̀chyū
| tp2 = Sinjiang Wéiwú'ěr Zìhjhìhcyu
<!-- Others zh -->| wuu2 =
| poj2 = <!--
| monr = <!----><br/><small>(Classical)</small><br/> <small>(Khalkha)</small>
| uig =
| uly =
| uyy =
| sgs =
| usy = <!--<br /><br />}}
| lang2 = ky
| lang2_content = <br /><br />}}
| lang3 = xal
| lang3_content <br/>Šinǰiyang Uyiγur-in ebereen zasaqu orun
| order = st
| s | t
| mnc =
| mnc_v = Ice Jecen Uigur beye dasangga golo
| lang4 = sjo
| lang4_content <br/>Sinjyang Uigur beye dasangga golo
| lang5 = srh
| lang5_content <br />
}}
The general region of Xinjiang has been known by many different names throughout time. These names include Altishahr, the historical Uyghur name for the southern half of the region referring to "the six cities" of the Tarim Basin, as well as Khotan, Khotay, Chinese Tartary, High Tartary, East Chagatay (it was the eastern part of the Chagatai Khanate), Moghulistan ("land of the Mongols"), Kashgaria, Little Bokhara, Serindia (due to Indian cultural influence) and, in Chinese, Xiyu (), meaning "Western Regions".
Between the 2nd century BC and 2nd century AD, the Han Empire established the Protectorate of the Western Regions or Xiyu Protectorate () in an effort to secure the profitable routes of the Silk Road. The Western Regions during the Tang era were known as Qixi (). Qi refers to the Gobi Desert while Xi refers to the west. The Tang Empire had established the Protectorate General to Pacify the West or Anxi Protectorate () in 640 to control the region.
During the Qing dynasty, the northern part of Xinjiang, Dzungaria was known as Zhunbu (, "Dzungar region") and the Southern Tarim Basin was known as Huijiang (, "Muslim Frontier"). Both regions merged after Qing dynasty suppressed the Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas in 1759 and became the region of "Xiyu Xinjiang" (, literally "Western Regions' New Frontier"), later simplified as "Xinjiang" (; formerly romanized as "Sinkiang"). The official name was given during the reign of the Guangxu Emperor in 1878. It can be translated as "new frontier" or "new territory". For instance, present-day Jinchuan County in Sichuan was then known as "Jinchuan Xinjiang", Zhaotong in Yunnan was named directly as "Xinjiang", Qiandongnan region, Anshun and Zhenning were named as "Liangyou Xinjiang" etc.
In 1955, Xinjiang Province was renamed "Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region". The name that was originally proposed was simply "Xinjiang Autonomous Region" because that was the name for the imperial territory. This proposal was not well-received by Uyghurs in the Communist Party, who found the name colonialist in nature since it meant "new territory". Saifuddin Azizi, the first chairman of Xinjiang, registered his strong objections to the proposed name with Mao Zedong, arguing that "autonomy is not given to mountains and rivers. It is given to particular nationalities." Some Uyghur Communists proposed the name "Tian Shan Uyghur Autonomous Region" instead. The Han Communists in the central government denied the name Xinjiang was colonialist and denied that the central government could be colonialists both because they were communists and because China was a victim of colonialism. However, due to the Uyghur complaints, the administrative region would be named "Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region". Description
Xinjiang consists of two main geographically, historically and ethnically distinct regions with different historical names, Dzungaria north of the Tianshan Mountains and the Tarim Basin south of the Tianshan Mountains, before Qing China unified them into one political entity called Xinjiang Province in 1884. At the time of the Qing conquest in 1759, Dzungaria was inhabited by steppe dwelling, nomadic Tibetan Buddhist Dzungar people, while the Tarim Basin was inhabited by sedentary, oasis dwelling, Turkic-speaking Muslim farmers, now known as the Uyghurs, who were governed separately until 1884.
The Qing dynasty was well aware of the differences between the former Buddhist Mongol area to the north of the Tian Shan and the Turkic Muslim area south of the Tian Shan and ruled them in separate administrative units at first. However, Qing people began to think of both areas as part of one distinct region called Xinjiang. The very concept of Xinjiang as one distinct geographic identity was created by the Qing. During the Qing rule, no sense of "regional identity" was held by ordinary Xinjiang people; rather, Xinjiang's distinct identity was given to the region by the Qing, since it had distinct geography, history and culture, while at the same time it was created by the Chinese, multicultural, settled by Han and Hui and separated from Central Asia for over a century and a half.
In the late 19th century, it was still being proposed by some people that two separate regions be created out of Xinjiang, the area north of the Tianshan and the area south of the Tianshan, while it was being argued over whether to turn Xinjiang into a province.
Xinjiang is a large, sparsely populated area, spanning over 1.6 million km<sup>2</sup> (comparable in size to Iran), which takes up about one sixth of the country's territory. Xinjiang borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and India's Leh district in Ladakh to the south, Qinghai and Gansu provinces to the east, Mongolia (Bayan-Ölgii, Govi-Altai and Khovd Provinces) to the east, Russia's Altai Republic to the north and Kazakhstan (Almaty and East Kazakhstan Regions), Kyrgyzstan (Issyk-Kul, Naryn and Osh Regions), Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, Afghanistan's Badakhshan Province and Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan to the west.
The east-west chain of the Tian Shan separate Dzungaria in the north from the Tarim Basin in the south. Dzungaria is a dry steppe and the Tarim Basin contains the massive Taklamakan Desert, surrounded by oases. In the east is the Turpan Depression. In the west, the Tian Shan split, forming the Ili River valley.
History
Early history
The earliest inhabitants of the region encompassing modern day Xinjiang were genetically of Ancient North Eurasian and Northeast Asian origin, with later geneflow from during the Bronze Age linked to the expansion of early Indo-Europeans. These population dynamics gave rise to a heterogeneous demographic makeup. Iron Age samples from Xinjiang show intensified levels of admixture between Steppe pastoralists and northeast Asians, with northern and eastern Xinjiang showing more affinities with northeast Asians, and southern Xinjiang showing more affinity with central Asians.
Between 2009 and 2015, the remains of 92 individuals in the Xiaohe Cemetery were analyzed for Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA markers. Genetic analyses of the mummies showed that the paternal lineages of the Xiaohe people were of almost all European origin, while the maternal lineages of the early population were diverse, featuring both East Eurasian and West Eurasian lineages, as well as a smaller number of Indian / South Asian lineages. lineages. Over time, the west Eurasian maternal lineages were gradually replaced by east Eurasian maternal lineages. Outmarriage to women from Siberian communities, led to the loss of the original diversity of mtDNA lineages observed in the earlier Xiaohe population.
The Tarim population was therefore always notably diverse, reflecting a complex history of admixture between people of Ancient North Eurasian, South Asian and Northeast Asian descent. The Tarim mummies have been found in various locations in the Western Tarim Basin such as Loulan, the Xiaohe Tomb complex and Qäwrighul. These mummies have been previously suggested to have been Tocharian or Indo-European speakers, but recent evidence suggest that the earliest mummies belonged to a distinct population unrelated to Indo-European pastoralists and spoke an unknown language, probably a language isolate.
Although many of the Tarim mummies were classified as Caucasoid by anthropologists, Tarim Basin sites also contain both "Caucasoid" and "Mongoloid" remains, indicating contact between newly arrived western nomads and agricultural communities in the east. Mummies have been found in various locations in the Western Tarim Basin such as Loulan, the Xiaohe Tomb complex and Qäwrighul.
Nomadic tribes such as the Yuezhi, Saka and Wusun were probably part of the migration of Indo-European speakers who had settled in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang long before the Xiongnu and Han Chinese. By the time the Han dynasty under Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BC) wrested the western Tarim Basin away from its previous overlords (the Xiongnu), it was inhabited by various peoples who included the Indo-European-speaking Tocharians in Turfan and Kucha, the Saka peoples centered in the Shule Kingdom and the Kingdom of Khotan, the various Tibeto-Burmese groups (especially people related to the Qiang) as well as the Han Chinese people. Some linguists posit that the Tocharian language had high amounts of influence from Paleosiberian languages, such as Uralic and Yeniseian languages.
Yuezhi culture is documented in the region. The first known reference to the Yuezhi was in 645 BC by the Chinese chancellor Guan Zhong in his work, Guanzi (, Guanzi Essays: 73: 78: 80: 81). He described the Yúshì, (or Niúshì, ), as a people from the north-west who supplied jade to the Chinese from the nearby mountains (also known as Yushi) in Gansu. The longtime jade supply from the Tarim Basin is well-documented archaeologically: "It is well known that ancient Chinese rulers had a strong attachment to jade. All of the jade items excavated from the tomb of Fuhao of the Shang dynasty, more than 750 pieces, were from Khotan in modern Xinjiang. As early as the mid-first millennium BC, the Yuezhi engaged in the jade trade, of which the major consumers were the rulers of agricultural China."
Crossed by the Northern Silk Road, the Tarim and Dzungaria regions were known as the Western Regions. At the beginning of the Han dynasty the region was ruled by the Xiongnu, a powerful nomadic people. During the 2nd century BC, the Han dynasty prepared for war against Xiongnu when Emperor Wu of Han dispatched Zhang Qian to explore the mysterious kingdoms to the west and form an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu. As a result of the war, the Chinese controlled the strategic region from the Ordos and Gansu corridor to Lop Nor. They separated the Xiongnu from the Qiang people on the south and gained direct access to the Western Regions. Han China sent Zhang Qian as an envoy to the states of the region, beginning several decades of struggle between the Xiongnu and Han China in which China eventually prevailed. During the 100s BCE, the Silk Road brought increasing Chinese economic and cultural influence to the region. Campaigns against the oasis states began under Emperor Taizong with the annexation of Gaochang in 640. The nearby kingdom of Karasahr was captured by the Tang in 644 and the kingdom of Kucha was conquered in 649. The Tang Dynasty then established the Protectorate General to Pacify the West () or Anxi Protectorate, in 640 to control the region.
During the Anshi Rebellion, which nearly destroyed the Tang dynasty, Tibet invaded the Tang on a broad front from Xinjiang to Yunnan. It occupied the Tang capital of Chang'an in 763 for 16 days, and controlled southern Xinjiang by the end of the century. The Uyghur Khaganate took control of Northern Xinjiang, much of Central Asia and Mongolia at the same time.
As Tibet and the Uyghur Khaganate declined in the mid-9th century, the Kara-Khanid Khanate (a confederation of Turkic tribes including the Karluks, Chigils and Yaghmas) controlled Western Xinjiang during the 10th and 11th centuries. After the Uyghur Khaganate in Mongolia was destroyed by the Kirghiz in 840, branches of the Uyghurs established themselves in Qocha (Karakhoja) and Beshbalik (near present-day Turfan and Ürümqi). The Uyghur state remained in eastern Xinjiang until the 13th century, although it was ruled by foreign overlords. The Kara-Khanids converted to Islam. The Uyghur state in Eastern Xinjiang, initially Manichean, later converted to Buddhism.
Remnants of the Liao dynasty from Manchuria entered Xinjiang in 1132, fleeing rebellion by the neighboring Jurchens. They established a new empire, the Qara Khitai (Western Liao), which ruled the Kara-Khanid and Uyghur-held parts of the Tarim Basin for the next century. Although Khitan and Chinese were the primary administrative languages, Persian and Uyghur were also used.
Islamization
Present-day Xinjiang consisted of the Tarim Basin and Dzungaria and was originally inhabited by Indo-European Tocharians and Iranian Sakas who practiced Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. The Turfan and Tarim Basins were inhabited by speakers of Tocharian languages, with Caucasian mummies found in the region. The area became Islamified during the 10th century with the conversion of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, who occupied Kashgar. During the mid-10th century, the Saka Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan was attacked by the Turkic Muslim Karakhanid ruler Musa; the Karakhanid leader Yusuf Qadir Khan conquered Khotan around 1006. Mongol period
, Four Oirat, Moghulistan and Kara Del]]
After Genghis Khan unified Mongolia and began his advance west the Uyghur state in the Turpan-Urumchi region offered its allegiance to the Mongols in 1209, contributing taxes and troops to the Mongol imperial effort. In return, the Uyghur rulers retained control of their kingdom; Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire conquered the Qara Khitai in 1218. Xinjiang was a stronghold of Ögedei Khan and later came under the control of his descendant, Kaidu. This branch of the Mongol family kept the Yuan dynasty at bay until their rule ended.
During the Mongol Empire era the Yuan dynasty vied with the Chagatai Khanate for rule of the region and the latter controlled most of it. After the Chagatai Khanate divided into smaller khanates during the mid-14th century, the politically-fractured region was ruled by a number of Persianized Mongol Khans, including those from Moghulistan (with the assistance of local Dughlat emirs), Uigurstan (later Turpan) and Kashgaria. These leaders warred with each other and the Timurids of Transoxiana to the west and the Oirats to the east: the successor Chagatai regime based in Mongolia and China. During the 17th century, the Dzungars established an empire over much of the region.
The Mongolian Dzungars were the collective identity of several Oirat tribes which formed and maintained, one of the last nomadic empires. The Dzungar Khanate covered Dzungaria, extending from the western Great Wall of China to present-day Eastern Kazakhstan and from present-day Northern Kyrgyzstan to Southern Siberia. Most of the region was renamed "Xinjiang" by the Chinese after the fall of the Dzungar Empire, which existed from the early 17th to the mid-18th century.
, between the Qing Dynasty and the Dzungar Khanate]]
The sedentary Turkic Muslims of the Tarim Basin were originally ruled by the Chagatai Khanate and the nomadic Buddhist Oirat Mongols in Dzungaria ruled the Dzungar Khanate. The Naqshbandi Sufi Khojas, descendants of Muhammad, had replaced the Chagatayid Khans as rulers of the Tarim Basin during the early 17th century. There was a struggle between two Khoja factions: the Afaqi (White Mountain) and the Ishaqi (Black Mountain). The Ishaqi defeated the Afaqi and the Afaq Khoja invited the 5th Dalai Lama (the leader of the Tibetans) to intervene on his behalf in 1677. The Dalai Lama then called on his Dzungar Buddhist followers in the Dzungar Khanate to act on the invitation. The Dzungar Khanate conquered the Tarim Basin in 1680, setting up the Afaqi Khoja as their puppet ruler. After converting to Islam, the descendants of the previously-Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungars) built Buddhist monuments in their region. Qing dynasty
]]
The Turkic Muslims of the Turfan and Kumul oases then submitted to the Qing dynasty and asked China to free them from the Dzungars; the Qing accepted their rulers as vassals. They warred against the Dzungars for decades before defeating them; Qing Manchu Bannermen then conducted the Dzungar genocide, nearly eradicating them and depopulating Dzungaria. The Qing freed the Afaqi Khoja leader Burhan-ud-din and his brother, Khoja Jihan, from Dzungar imprisonment and appointed them to rule the Tarim Basin as Qing vassals. The Khoja brothers reneged on the agreement, declaring themselves independent leaders of the Tarim Basin. The Qing and the Turfan leader Emin Khoja crushed their revolt, and by 1759 China controlled Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin.
The Manchu Qing dynasty gained control of eastern Xinjiang as a result of a long struggle with the Dzungars which began during the 17th century. In 1755, with the help of the Oirat noble Amursana, the Qing attacked Ghulja and captured the Dzungar khan. After Amursana's request to be declared Dzungar khan went unanswered, he led a revolt against the Qing. Qing armies destroyed the remnants of the Dzungar Khanate over the next two years, and many Han Chinese and Hui moved into the pacified areas.
The native Dzungar Oirat Mongols suffered greatly from the brutal campaigns and a simultaneous smallpox epidemic. Writer Wei Yuan described the resulting desolation in present-day northern Xinjiang as "an empty plain for several thousand li, with no Oirat yurt except those surrendered." It has been estimated that 80 percent of the 600,000 (or more) Dzungars died from a combination of disease and warfare, and recovery took generations.
Han and Hui merchants were initially only allowed to trade in the Tarim Basin; their settlement in the Tarim Basin was banned until the 1830 Muhammad Yusuf Khoja invasion, when the Qing rewarded merchants for fighting off Khoja by allowing them to settle in the basin. The Uyghur Muslim Sayyid and Naqshbandi Sufi rebel of the Afaqi suborder, Jahangir Khoja was sliced to death (Lingchi) in 1828 by the Manchus for leading a rebellion against the Qing. According to Robert Montgomery Martin, many Chinese with a variety of occupations were settled in Dzungaria in 1870; in Turkestan (the Tarim Basin), however, only a few Chinese merchants and garrison soldiers were interspersed with the Muslim population.
The 1765 Ush rebellion by the Uyghurs against the Manchu began after Uyghur women were raped by the servants and son of Manchu official Su-cheng. It was said that "Ush Muslims had long wanted to sleep on [Sucheng and son's] hides and eat their flesh" because of the months-long abuse. The Manchu emperor ordered the massacre of the Uyghur rebel town; Qing forces enslaved the Uyghur children and women, and killed the Uyghur men. Sexual abuse of Uyghur women by Manchu soldiers and officials triggered deep Uyghur hostility against Manchu rule.
Yettishar
, ruler of Yettishar]]
By the 1860s, Xinjiang had been under Qing rule for a century. The region was captured in 1759 from the Dzungar Khanate, whose population (the Oirats) became the targets of genocide. Xinjiang was primarily semi-arid or desert and unattractive to non-trading Han settlers, and others (including the Uyghurs) settled there.
The Dungan Revolt by the Muslim Hui and other Muslim ethnic groups was fought in China's Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu provinces and in Xinjiang from 1862 to 1877. The conflict led to a reported 20.77 million deaths due to migration and war, with many refugees dying of starvation. Thousands of Muslim refugees from Shaanxi fled to Gansu; some formed battalions in eastern Gansu, intending to reconquer their lands in Shaanxi. While the Hui rebels were preparing to attack Gansu and Shaanxi, Yakub Beg (an Uzbek or Tajik commander of the Kokand Khanate) fled from the khanate in 1865 after losing Tashkent to the Russians. Beg settled in Kashgar, and soon controlled Xinjiang. Although he encouraged trade, built caravansareis, canals and other irrigation systems, his regime was considered harsh. The Chinese took decisive action against Yettishar; an army under General Zuo Zongtang rapidly approached Kashgaria, reconquering it on 16 May 1877.
After reconquering Xinjiang in the late 1870s from Yakub Beg, the Qing dynasty established Xinjiang ("new frontier") as a province in 1884making it part of China, and dropping the old names of Zhunbu (, Dzungar Region) and Huijiang (Muslimland). Many Uyghurs subsequently migrated from southern Xinjiang to the fertile lands of the north and east, sometimes with the support of the Qing government.
Republic of China
In 1912, the Qing dynasty was replaced by the Republic of China. The ROC continued to treat the Qing territory as its own, including Xinjiang. Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor of Xinjiang, fled. One of his subordinates, Yang Zengxin, took control of the province and acceded in name to the Republic of China in March of that year. Balancing mixed ethnic constituencies, Yang controlled Xinjiang until his 1928 assassination after the Northern Expedition of the Kuomintang.
The Kumul Rebellion and others broke out throughout Xinjiang during the early 1930s against Jin Shuren, Yang's successor, involving Uyghurs, other Turkic groups and Hui (Muslim) Chinese. Jin enlisted White Russians to crush the revolts. In the Kashgar region on 12 November 1933, the short-lived First East Turkestan Republic was self-proclaimed after debate about whether it should be called "East Turkestan" or "Uyghuristan". The region claimed by the ETR encompassed the Kashgar, Khotan and Aksu Prefectures in southwestern Xinjiang. The Chinese Muslim Kuomintang 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) defeated the army of the First East Turkestan Republic in the 1934 Battle of Kashgar, ending the republic after Chinese Muslims executed its two emirs: Abdullah Bughra and Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra.
Soviet partial occupation
The Soviet Union invaded the province; it was brought under the control of northeast Han warlord Sheng Shicai after the 1937 Xinjiang War. Sheng ruled Xinjiang for the next decade with support from the Soviet Union, many of whose ethnic and security policies he instituted. The Soviet Union maintained a military base in the province and deployed several military and economic advisors. Sheng invited a group of Chinese Communists to Xinjiang (including Mao Zedong's brother, Mao Zemin), but executed them all in 1943 in fear of a conspiracy. In 1944, President and Premier of China Chiang Kai-shek, informed by the Soviet Union of Shicai's intention to join it, transferred him to Chongqing as the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry the following year. During the Ili Rebellion, the Soviet Union backed Uyghur separatists to form the Second East Turkestan Republic (ETR) in the Ili region while most of Xinjiang remained under Kuomintang control. The PRC continued the migration of Han Chinese in Xinjiang to dilute the percentage of the Uyghur population.
The PRC autonomous region was established on 1 October 1955, replacing the province; Hunger in Xinjiang was not as great as elsewhere in China during the Great Leap Forward and a million Han Chinese fleeing famine resettled in Xinjiang.
The Chinese economic reform since the late 1970s has exacerbated uneven regional development, more Uyghurs have migrated to Xinjiang's cities and some Han have migrated to Xinjiang for economic advancement. Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping made a nine-day visit to Xinjiang in 1981 and described the region as "unsteady". The Deng era reforms encouraged China's ethnic minorities, including Uyghurs, to establish small private companies for commodity transit, retail, and restaurants. By the early 1990s, a total of 19 billion yuan had been spent in Xinjiang on large- and medium-sized industrial projects, with an emphasis on developing modern transportation, communications infrastructure, and support for the oil and gas industries.
The ongoing Xinjiang conflict includes the 2007 Xinjiang raid, a thwarted 2008 suicide-bombing attempt on a China Southern Airlines flight, the 2008 Kashgar attack which killed 16 police officers four days before the Beijing Olympics, the August 2009 syringe attacks, the 2011 Hotan attack, the 2014 Kunming attack, the April 2014 Ürümqi attack, and the May 2014 Ürümqi attack. Several of the attacks were orchestrated by the Turkistan Islamic Party (formerly the East Turkestan Islamic Movement), identified as a terrorist group by several entities (including Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States until October 2020, and the United Nations).
In 2014, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leadership in Xinjiang commenced a People's War against the "Three Evil Forces" of separatism, terrorism, and extremism. They deployed two hundred thousand party cadres to Xinjiang and the launched the Civil Servant-Family Pair Up program. Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping was dissatisfied with the initial results of the People's War and replaced Zhang Chunxian with Chen Quanguo as Party Committee Secretary in 2016. Following his appointment Chen oversaw the recruitment of tens of thousands of additional police officers and the division of society into three categories: trusted, average, untrustworthy. He instructed his subordinated to "Take this crackdown as the top project," and "to preëmpt the enemy, to strike at the outset." Following a meeting with Xi in Beijing Chen Quanguo held a rally in Ürümqi with ten thousand troops, helicopters, and armored vehicles. As they paraded he announced a "smashing, obliterating offensive," and declared that they would "bury the corpses of terrorists and terror gangs in the vast sea of the People's War."
Chinese authorities have operated internment camps to indoctrinate Uyghurs and other Muslims as part of the People's War since at least 2017. In 2020, CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping said: "Practice has proven that the party's strategy for governing Xinjiang in the new era is completely correct."
In 2021, authorities sentenced Sattar Sawut and Shirzat Bawudun—former heads of Xinjiang's education and justice departments respectively—both to death with a two-year reprieve on separatism and bribery charges. Officials said Sawut was found guilty of incorporating ethnic separatism, violence, and religious extremism content into Uyghur-language textbooks, which had influenced several people to participate in attacks in Urumqi. They said Bawudun was found guilty of colluding with ETIM and carrying out "illegal religious activities at his daughter's wedding". Three other educators were sentenced to life in prison. Chen was replaced as Community Party Secretary for Xinjiang by Ma Xingrui in December 2021.
Xi Jinping made a four-day visit to Xinjiang in July 2022 where Kompas TV had documented groups of Uyghurs welcoming his arrival. Xi called on local officials to do more in preserving ethnic minority culture and following an inspection of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, he praised the organisation's "great progress" in reform and development. During another visit to Xinjiang in August 2023, Xi said in a speech that the region should open up more for tourism to attract domestic and foreign visitors.
Administrative divisions
Xinjiang is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions: four prefecture-level cities, six prefectures and five autonomous prefectures (including the sub-provincial autonomous prefecture of Ili, which in turn has two of the seven prefectures within its jurisdiction) for Mongol, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Hui minorities.
These are then divided into 13 districts, 29 county-level cities, 62 counties and 6 autonomous counties. Twelve of the county-level cities do not belong to any prefecture and are de facto administered by the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC). Sub-level divisions of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is shown in the adjacent picture and described in the table below:
{| class"wikitable" style"margin: 0 auto 0 auto; font-size:90%; text-align: center;"
! colspan="9" |Administrative divisions of Xinjiang
|-
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|-
!! scope"col" rowspan"2" | Division code
!! scope"col" rowspan"2" | Division
!! scope"col" rowspan"2" | Area in km<sup>2</sup>
!! scope"col" rowspan"2" | Population 2020
!! scope"col" rowspan"2" | Seat
!! scope"col" colspan"4" | Divisions
|-
!! scope"col" width"45" | Districts
!! scope"col" width"45" | Counties
!! scope"col" width"45" | Aut. counties
!! scope"col" width"45" | CL cities
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
! 650000 !!Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
| 1,664,900.00 || 25,852,345 || Ürümqi city || 13 || 62 || 6 || 29
|-
! 650100 !! Ürümqi city
| 13,787.90 || 4,054,369 || Tianshan District || 7 || 1 ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor"grey"|
|-
! 650200 !! Karamay city
| 8,654.08 || 490,348 || Karamay District || 4 ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 650400 !! Turpan city
| 67,562.91 || 693,988 || Gaochang District || 1 || 2 ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor"grey"|
|-
! 650500 !! Hami city
| 142,094.88 || 673,383 || Yizhou District || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1 || 1
|-
! 652300 !! Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture
| 73,139.75 || 1,613,585 || Changji city ||bgcolor="grey"| || 4 || 1 || 2
|-
! 652700 !! Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture
| 24,934.33 || 488,198 || Bole city ||bgcolor"grey"| || 2 ||bgcolor"grey"| || 2
|-
! 652800 !! Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture
| 470,954.25 || 1,613,979 || Korla city ||bgcolor="grey"| || 7 || 1 || 1
|-
! 652900 !! Aksu Prefecture
| 127,144.91 || 2,714,422 || Aksu city ||bgcolor"grey"| || 7 ||bgcolor"grey"| || 2
|-
! 653000 !! Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture
| 72,468.08 || 622,222 || Artux city ||bgcolor"grey"| || 3 ||bgcolor"grey"| || 1
|-
! 653100 !! Kashgar Prefecture
| 137,578.51 || 4,496,377 || Kashi city ||bgcolor="grey"| || 10 || 1 || 1
|-
! 653200 !! Hotan Prefecture
| 249,146.59 || 2,504,718 || Hotan city ||bgcolor"grey"| || 9 ||bgcolor"grey"| || 1
|- bgcolor="#98fb98"
! 654000 !! Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
| 56,381.53 * || 2,848,393 * || Yining city ||bgcolor="grey"| || 7 * || 1 * || 3 *
|-
! 654200 !! Tacheng Prefecture*
| 94,698.18 || 1,138,638 || Tacheng city ||bgcolor="grey"| || 4 || 1 || 3
|-
! 654300 !! Altay Prefecture*
| 117,699.01 || 668,587 || Altay city ||bgcolor"grey"| || 6 ||bgcolor"grey"| || 1
|- style = "background: lightgrey; height: 2pt;"
| colspan = "14" |
|- bgcolor="#98fb98"
! 659000 !! Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
| 13,055.57 || 1,573,931 || Ürümqi city ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"| || 12
|- style = "background: lightgrey; height: 2pt;"
| colspan = "14" |
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659001 !! Shihezi city (8th Division)
| 456.84 || 498,587 || Hongshan Subdistrict|| bgcolor"grey" | ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659002 !! Aral city (1st Division)
| 5,266.00 || 328,241 || Jinyinchuan Road Subdistrict||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659003 !! Tumxuk city (3rd Division)
| 2,003.00 || 263,245 || Jinxiu Subdistrict ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659004 !! Wujiaqu city (6th Division)
| 742.00 || 141,065 || Renmin Road Subdistrict ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659005 !! Beitun city (10th Division)
| 910.50 || 20,414 || Beitun Town (Altay)|| bgcolor"grey" | ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659006 !! Tiemenguan city (2nd Division)
| 590.27 || 104,746 || Xingjiang Road, 29th Regiment|| bgcolor"grey" | ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659007 !! Shuanghe city (5th Division)
| 742.18 || 54,731 || Hongxing No.2 Road, 89th Regiment ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659008 !! Kokdala city (4th Division)
| 979.71 || 69,524 || Xinfu Road, 66th Regiment ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659009 !! Kunyu city (14th Division)
| 687.13 || 63,487 || Yuyuan Town ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659010 !! Huyanghe city (7th Division)
| 677.94 || 29,891 || Gongqing town ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659011 !! Xinxing city (13th Division)
| || || Huangtian Town ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 659012 !! Baiyang city (9th Division)
| || || 163rd Regiment of the 9th Division ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor"grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|-
| colspan "14" |
<nowiki>*</nowiki> – Altay Prefecture or Tacheng Prefecture are subordinate to Ili Prefecture. / The population or area figures of Ili do not include Altay Prefecture or Tacheng Prefecture which are subordinate to Ili Prefecture.
|}
{|class"wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style"text-font:90%; width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
! colspan="5" |Administrative divisions in Uyghur, Chinese and varieties of romanizations
|-
! English !! Uyghur !! SASM/GNC Uyghur Pinyin !! Chinese !! Pinyin
|-
| Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region || || Xinjang Uyĝur Aptonom Rayoni || || '''Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū'''
|-
| Ürümqi city || || Ürümqi Xäĥiri || || Wūlǔmùqí Shì
|-
| Karamay city || || K̂aramay Xäĥiri || || Kèlāmǎyī Shì
|-
| Turpan city || || Turpan Xäĥiri || || Tǔlǔfān Shì
|-
| Hami city || || K̂umul Xäĥiri || || Hāmì Shì
|-
| Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture || || Sanji Huyzu Aptonom Oblasti || || Chāngjí Huízú Zìzhìzhōu
|-
| Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture || || Börtala Mongĝul Aptonom Oblasti || || Bó'ěrtǎlā Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu
|-
| Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture || || Bayinĝolin Mongĝul Aptonom Oblasti || || Bāyīnguōlèng Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu
|-
| Aksu Prefecture || || Ak̂su Vilayiti || || Ākèsū Dìqū
|-
| Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture || || K̂izilsu K̂irĝiz Aptonom Oblasti || || Kèzīlèsū Kē'ěrkèzī Zìzhìzhōu
|-
| Kashi Prefecture || || K̂äxk̂är Vilayiti || || Kāshí Dìqū
|-
| Hotan Prefecture || || Hotän Vilayiti || || Hétián Dìqū
|-
| Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture || || Ili K̂azak̂ Aptonom Oblasti || || Yīlí Hāsàkè Zìzhìzhōu
|-
| Tacheng Prefecture || || Tarbaĝatay Vilayiti || || Tǎchéng Dìqū
|-
| Altay Prefecture || || Altay Vilayiti || || Ālètài Dìqū
|-
| Shihezi city || || Xihänzä Xäĥiri || || Shíhézǐ Shì
|-
| Aral city || || Aral Xäĥiri || || Ālā'ěr Shì
|-
| Tumxuk city || || Tumxuk̂ Xäĥiri || || Túmùshūkè Shì
|-
| Wujiaqu city || || Vujyaqü Xäĥiri || || Wǔjiāqú Shì
|-
| Beitun city || || Bäatün Xäĥiri || || Běitún Shì
|-
| Tiemenguan city || || Baxägym Xäĥiri || || Tiĕménguān Shì
|-
| Shuanghe city || || K̂oxögüz Xäĥiri || || Shuānghé Shì
|-
| Kokdala city || || Kökdala Xäĥiri || || Kěkèdálā Shì
|-
| Kunyu city || || Kurumkax XCĥiri || || Kūnyù Shì
|-
| Huyanghe city || || Huyanghê Xäĥiri || || Húyánghé Shì
|-
| Xinxing city || || Yëngi Yultuz Xäĥiri || || Xīnxīng Shì
|-
| Baiyang city || || Bäyyang Xäĥiri || || BaíYáng Shì
|}
Urban areas
{| class"wikitable sortable collapsible" style"font-size:90%;"
! colspan=5 | Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
|-
! # !! Cities !! style"background-color: #aaaaff;"| 2020 Urban area !! style"background-color: #aaaaff;"| 2010 Urban area !! style="background-color: #ffaaaa;" | 2020 City proper
|-
|1||Ürümqi||3,864,136||2,853,398||4,054,369
|-
|2||Yining||654,726||368,813||
|-
|3||Korla||490,961||425,182||
|-
|4||Karamay||481,249||353,299||490,348
|-
|5||Aksu||470,601||284,872||
|-
|6||Shihezi||461,663||313,768||498,587
|-
|7||Changji||451,234||303,938||
|-
|8||Hami||426,072||310,500||673,383
|-
|9||Kashi||392,730||310,448||
|-
|10||Hotan||293,056||119,804||
|-
|11||Kuqa||262,771||bgcolor"lightgrey"|||
|-
|12||Aral||239,647||65,175||328,241
|-
|13||Kuytun||224,471||20,805||
|-
|14||Bole||177,536||120,138||
|-
|15||Usu||156,437||131,661||
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
|(16)||Shawan||150,317||bgcolor"lightgrey"| ||
|-
|17||Altay||147,301||112,711||
|-
|18||Turpan||143,456||89,719||693,988
|-
|19||Tumxuk||128,056||34,808||263,245
|-
|20||Fukang||125,080||67,598||
|-
|21||Tacheng||122,447||75,122||
|-
|22||Wujiaqu||118,893||75,088||141,065
|-
|23||Artux||105,855||58,427||
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
|(24)||Baiyang||85,655||bgcolor"lightgrey"| ||85,655
|-
|25||Tiemenguan||77,969||bgcolor"lightgrey"|||104,746
|-
|26||Korgas||44,701||bgcolor"lightgrey"|||
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
|(27)||Xinxing||44,700||bgcolor"lightgrey"| ||44,700
|-
|28||Shuanghe||43,263||bgcolor"lightgrey"|||54,731
|-
|29||Kokdala||39,257||bgcolor"lightgrey"|||69,524
|-
|30||Kunyu||32,591||bgcolor"lightgrey"|||63,487
|-
|32||Huyanghe||24,769||bgcolor"lightgrey"|||29,891
|-
|32||Beitun||13,874||bgcolor"lightgrey"|||20,414
|-
|33||Alashankou||11,097||bgcolor"lightgrey"||||
|}
Geography and geology
in Xinjiang.]]
Xinjiang is the largest political subdivision of China, accounting for more than one sixth of China's total territory and a quarter of its boundary length. Xinjiang is mostly covered with uninhabitable deserts and dry grasslands, with dotted oases conducive to habitation accounting for 9.7 percent of Xinjiang's total area by 2015 Rivers and lakes
]]
river in Burqin County is a famous spot for sightseeing.]]
Having hot summer and low precipitation, most of Xinjiang is endorheic. Its rivers either disappear in the desert, or terminate in salt lakes (within Xinjiang itself, or in neighboring Kazakhstan), instead of running towards an ocean. The northernmost part of the region, with the Irtysh River rising in the Altai Mountains, that flows (via Kazakhstan and Russia) toward the Arctic Ocean, is the only exception. But even so, a significant part of the Irtysh's waters were artificially diverted via the Irtysh–Karamay–Ürümqi Canal to the drier regions of southern Dzungarian Basin.
]]
Elsewhere, most of Xinjiang's rivers are comparatively short streams fed by the snows of the several ranges of the Tian Shan. Once they enter the populated areas in the mountains' foothills, their waters are extensively used for irrigation, so that the river often disappears in the desert instead of reaching the lake to whose basin it nominally belongs. This is the case even with the main river of the Tarim Basin, the Tarim, which has been dammed at a number of locations along its course, and whose waters have been completely diverted before they can reach the Lop Lake. In the Dzungarian basin, a similar situation occurs with most rivers that historically flowed into Lake Manas. Some of the salt lakes, having lost much of their fresh water inflow, are now extensively use for the production of mineral salts (used e.g., in the manufacturing of potassium fertilizers); this includes the Lop Lake and the Manas Lake.
Deserts
Deserts include:
* Gurbantünggüt Desert, also known as Dzoosotoyn Elisen
* Taklamakan Desert
* Kumtag Desert, east of Taklamakan
Major cities
Due to water scarcity, most of Xinjiang's population lives within fairly narrow belts that are stretched along the foothills of the region's mountain ranges in areas conducive to irrigated agriculture. It is in these belts where most of the region's cities are found.
* Ürümqi
* Turpan
* Kashgar
* Karamay
* Ghulja
* Shihezi
* Hotan
* Artush
* Aksu
* Korla
Climate
A semiarid or desert climate (Köppen BSk or BWk, respectively) prevails in Xinjiang. The entire region has great seasonal differences in temperature with cold winters. The Turpan Depression often records some of the hottest temperatures nationwide in summer, with air temperatures easily exceeding . Winter temperatures regularly fall below in the far north and highest mountain elevations. On 18 February 2024, a record low temperature for the region of was recorded.
Continuous permafrost is typically found in the Tian Shan starting at the elevation of about 3,500–3,700 m above sea level. Discontinuous alpine permafrost usually occurs down to 2,700–3,300 m, but in certain locations, due to the peculiarity of the aspect and the microclimate, it can be found at elevations as low as 2,000 m.Time
Despite the province's easternmost point being more than west of Beijing, Xinjiang, like the rest of China, is officially in the UTC+8 time zone, known by residents as Beijing Time. Despite this, some residents, local organizations and governments observe UTC+6 as the standard time and refer to this zone as Xinjiang Time. Han people tend to use Beijing Time, while Uyghurs tend to use Xinjiang Time as a form of resistance to Beijing. Time zones notwithstanding, most schools and businesses open and close two hours later than in the other regions of China. Politics Structure {| class"wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center"
|+Current leaders of the Xinjiang Regional Government
!
! style="width:25%" |
! style="width:25%" |
! style="width:25%" |
! style="width:25%" |
|-
!Title
| style="text-align:center;" |CCP Committee Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |'''People's Congress Chairwoman
| style="text-align:center;" |Chairman
| style="text-align:center;" |Xinjiang CPPCC Chairman'''
|-
!Name
|Ma Xingrui
|Zumret Obul
|Erkin Tuniyaz
|Nurlan Abilmazhinuly
|-
!Born
|
|
|
|
|-
!Assumed office
|December 2021
|January 2023
|September 2021
|January 2023
|}
in Kashgar]]
, the incumbent Chairman of the Xinjiang Government]]
Like all governing institutions in mainland China, Xinjiang has a parallel party-government system. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional Committee of the CCP acts as the top policy-formulation body, and exercises control over the Regional People's Government. The CCP Committee Secretary, generally a member of the Han ethnic group, outranks the Government Chairman, always an Uyghur. The Government Chairman typically serves as a Deputy Committee Secretary. Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Xinjiang maintains the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC), an economic and paramilitary organization administered by the Chinese government and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It plays a critical role in the region's economy, owning or being otherwise connected to many companies in the region as well as dominating Xinjiang's agricultural output. It additionally directly administers cities throughout Xinjiang, mainly concentrated in the northern parts. It is headed by the CCP secretary of Xinjiang, while the CCP secretary of the XPCC is considered the second most powerful person in the region.
The Chinese government, under Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping's administration, the program was massively expanded by Chen Quanguo when he was appointed as CCP Xinjiang secretary in 2016. An October 2018 exposé by BBC News claimed, based on analysis of satellite imagery collected over time, that hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs were likely interned in the camps, and they are rapidly being expanded. In 2019, The Art Newspaper reported that "hundreds" of writers, artists, and academics had been imprisoned in (what the magazine qualified as) an attempt to "punish any form of religious or cultural expression" among Uyghurs. China has also been accused of targeting Muslim religious figures, Mosques and tombs in the region. This program has been called a genocide by some observers, while a report by the UN Human Rights Office said they may amount to crimes against humanity.
On 28 June 2020, the Associated Press published a report which stated the Chinese government was taking draconian measures to slash birth rates among Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities in Xinjiang, even as it encouraged some of the country's Han majority to have more children. While individual women have spoken out before about forced birth control, the practice was far more widespread and systematic than previously known, according to an AP investigation based on government statistics, state documents and interviews with 30 ex-detainees, family members and a former detention camp instructor. The campaign over the past four years in Xinjiang has been labeled by some experts as a form of "demographic genocide." Antara, and Detik.com. East Turkestan independence movement
has become a symbol of the East Turkestan independence movement.]]
Some factions in Xinjiang, most prominently Uyghur nationalists, advocate establishing an independent country named East Turkestan (also sometimes called "Uyghuristan"), which has led to tension, conflict, and ethnic strife in the region. Autonomous regions in China do not have a legal right to secede, and each one is considered to be an "inseparable part of the People's Republic of China" by the government. The separatist movement claims that the region is not part of China, but was invaded by the CCP in 1949 and has been under occupation since then. The Chinese government asserts that the region has been part of China since ancient times, and has engaged in "strike hard" campaigns targeted at separatists. The movement has been supported by both militant Islamic extremist groups such as the Turkistan Islamic Party, as well as advocacy groups with no connection to extremist groups.
According to the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, the two main sources for separatism in the Xinjiang Province are religion and ethnicity. Religiously, the most Uyghur peoples of Xinjiang follow Islam; in the rest of China, many are Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian, although many follow Islam as well, such as the Hui ethnic subgroup of the Han ethnicity, comprising some 10 million people. Thus, the major difference and source of friction with eastern China is ethnicity and religious doctrinal differences that differentiate them politically from other Muslim minorities elsewhere in the country.</small>
|}
in Xinjiang]]
]]
The GDP of Xinjiang was about () . Economic growth has been fueled by to discovery of the abundant reserves of coal, oil, gas as well as the China Western Development policy introduced by the State Council to boost economic development in Western China. Its per capita GDP for 2022 was (). Southern Xinjiang, with 95 percent non-Han population, has an average per capita income half that of Xinjiang as a whole.
In general, China's autonomous regions have some of the highest per capita government spending public goods and services. Providing public goods and services in these areas is part of a government effort to reduce regional inequalities, reduce what the government views as a risk of separatism, and stimulate economic development. As of at least 2019, Xinjiang is among the regions of China with the highest total per capita government expenditure, including on health care, education, and social security.
In July 2010, state media outlet China Daily reported that:
<blockquote>Local governments in China's 19 provinces and municipalities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Liaoning, are engaged in the commitment of "pairing assistance" support projects in Xinjiang to promote the development of agriculture, industry, technology, education and health services in the region.</blockquote>
Xinjiang has traditionally been an agricultural region, but is also rich in minerals and oil. Xinjiang is a major producer of solar panel components due to its large production of the base material polysilicon. In 2020 45 percent of global production of solar-grade polysilicon occurred in Xinjiang. Concerns have been raised both within the solar industry and outside it that forced labor may occur in the Xinjiang part of the supply chain. The global solar panel industry is under pressure to move sourcing away from the region due to human rights and liability concerns. China's solar association claimed the allegations were baseless and unfairly stigmatized firms with operations there. A 2021 investigation in the United Kingdom found that 40 percent of solar farms in the UK had been built using panels from Chinese companies linked to forced labor in Xinjiang.
Agriculture and fishing
Main area is of irrigated agriculture. By 2015, the agricultural land area of the region is 631 thousand km<sup>2</sup> or 63.1 million ha, of which 6.1 million ha is arable land. In 2016, the total cultivated land rose to 6.2 million ha, with the crop production reaching 15.1 million tons. Agriculture in Xinjiang is dominated by the XPCC, which employs a majority of the organization's workforce. Wheat was the main staple crop of the region, maize grown as well, millet found in the south, while only a few areas (in particular, Aksu) grew rice.
Cotton became an important crop in several oases, notably Hotan, Yarkand and Turpan by the late 19th century. Sericulture is also practiced. The Xinjiang cotton industry is the world's largest cotton exporter, producing 84 percent of Chinese cotton while the country provides 26 percent of global cotton export. Xinjiang also produces peppers and pepper pigments used in cosmetics such lipstick for export.
Xinjiang is famous for its tomatoes, grapes and melons, particularly Hami melons and Turpan raisins. The region is a leading source for tomato paste, which it supplies for international brands.
The main livestock of the region have traditionally been sheep. Much of the region's pasture land is in its northern part, where more precipitation is available, but there are mountain pastures throughout the region.
Due to the lack of access to the ocean and limited amount of inland water, Xinjiang's fish resources are somewhat limited. Nonetheless, there is a significant amount of fishing in Lake Ulungur and Lake Bosten and in the Irtysh River. A large number of fish ponds have been constructed since the 1970s, their total surface exceeding 10,000 hectares by the 1990s. In 2000, the total of 58,835 tons of fish was produced in Xinjiang, 85 percent of which came from aquaculture. The Sayram Lake is both the largest alpine lake and highest altitude lake in Xinjiang, and is the location of a major cold-water fishery. Originally Sayram had no fish but in 1998, northern whitefish (Coregonus peled) from Russia were introduced and investment in breeding infrastructure and technology has consequently made Sayram into the country's largest exporter of northern whitefish with an annual output of over 400 metric tons.
Mining and minerals
Mining-related industries are a major part of Xinjiang's economy.
Xinjiang was known for producing salt, soda, borax, gold, and jade in the 19th century.
The Lop Lake was once a large brackish lake during the end of the Pleistocene but has slowly dried up in the Holocene where average annual precipitation in the area has declined to just 31.2 millimeters (1.2 inches), and experiences annual evaporation rate of 2,901 millimeters (114 inches). The area is rich in brine potash, a key ingredient in fertilizer and is the second-largest source of potash in the country. Discovery of potash in the mid-1990s, has transformed Lop Nur into a major potash mining industry.
The oil and gas extraction industry in Aksu and Karamay is growing, with the West–East Gas Pipeline linking to Shanghai. The oil and petrochemical sector get up to 60 percent of Xinjiang's economy. The region contains over a fifth of China's hydrocarbon resources and has the highest concentration of fossil fuel reserves of any region in the country. The region is rich in coal and contains 40 percent of the country's coal reserves or around 2.2 trillion tonnes, which is enough to supply China's thermal coal demand for more than 100 years even if only 15 percent of the estimated coal reserve prove recoverable.
Tarim basin is the largest oil and gas bearing area in the country with about 16 billion tonnes of oil and gas reserves discovered. The area is still actively explored and in 2021, China National Petroleum Corporation found a new oil field reserve of 1 billion tons (about 907 million tonnes). That find is regarded as being the largest one in recent decades. As of 2021, the basin produces hydrocarbons at an annual rate of 2 million tons, up from 1.52 million tons from 2020.
Foreign trade
Trade with Central Asian countries is crucial to Xinjiang's economy. Most of the overall import/export volume in Xinjiang was directed to and from Kazakhstan through Ala Pass. China's first border free trade zone (Horgos Free Trade Zone) was located at the Xinjiang-Kazakhstan border city of Horgos. Horgos is the largest "land port" in China's western region and it has easy access to the Central Asian market. Xinjiang also opened its second border trade market to Kazakhstan in March 2006, the Jeminay Border Trade Zone.
Vietnam is a major importer of Xinjiang cotton. Economic and Technological Development Zones * Bole Border Economic Cooperation Area
* Shihezi Border Economic Cooperation Area
* Tacheng Border Economic Cooperation Area
]]
* Ürümqi Economic & Technological Development Zone is northwest of Ürümqi. It was approved in 1994 by the State Council as a national level economic and technological development zones. It is from the Ürümqi International Airport, from the North Railway Station and from the city center. Wu Chang Expressway and 312 National Road passes through the zone. The development has unique resources and geographical advantages. Xinjiang's vast land, rich in resources, borders eight countries. As the leading economic zone, it brings together the resources of Xinjiang's industrial development, capital, technology, information, personnel and other factors of production.
* Ürümqi Export Processing Zone is in Urumuqi Economic and Technology Development Zone. It was established in 2007 as a state-level export processing zone.
* Ürümqi New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1992 and it is the only high-tech development zone in Xinjiang, China. There are more than 3470 enterprises in the zone, of which 23 are Fortune 500 companies. It has a planned area of and it is divided into four zones. There are plans to expand the zone.
* Yining Border Economic Cooperation Area
Culture
Media
The Xinjiang Networking Transmission Limited operates the Urumqi People's Broadcasting Station and the Xinjiang People Broadcasting Station, broadcasting in Mandarin, Uyghur, Kazakh and Mongolian.
, there were 50 minority-language newspapers published in Xinjiang, including the Qapqal News, the world's only Xibe language newspaper. The Xinjiang Economic Daily is considered one of China's most dynamic newspapers.
For a time after the July 2009 riots, authorities placed restrictions on the internet and text messaging, gradually permitting access to state-controlled websites like Xinhua News Agency, until restoring Internet to the same level as the rest of China on 14 May 2010.
Demographics
The earliest Tarim mummies, dated to 1800 BC, are of a Caucasoid physical type. East Asian migrants arrived in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin about 3000 years ago and the Uyghur peoples appeared after the collapse of the Orkhon Uyghur Kingdom, based in modern-day Mongolia, around 842 AD.
The Islamization of Xinjiang started around 1000 AD. Xinjiang Muslim Turkic peoples contain Uyghurs, Kazaks, Kyrgyz, Tatars, Uzbeks; Muslim Iranian peoples comprise Tajiks, Sarikolis/Wakhis (often conflated as Tajiks); Muslim Sino-Tibetan peoples are such as the Hui. Other ethnic groups in the region are Hans, Mongols (Oirats, Daurs, Dongxiangs), Russians, Xibes, Manchus. Around 70,000 Russian immigrants were living in Xinjiang in 1945.
The Han Chinese of Xinjiang arrived at different times from different directions and social backgrounds. There are now descendants of criminals and officials who had been exiled from China during the second half of the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries; descendants of families of military and civil officers from Hunan, Yunnan, Gansu and Manchuria; descendants of merchants from Shanxi, Tianjin, Hubei and Hunan; and descendants of peasants who started immigrating into the region in 1776.
]]
ethnicity map of Xinjiang as of 2018]]
Some Uyghur scholars claim descent from both the Turkic Uyghurs and the pre-Turkic Tocharians (or Tokharians, whose language was Indo-European); also, Uyghurs often have relatively-fair skin, hair and eyes and other Caucasoid physical traits.
In 2002, there were 9,632,600 males (growth rate of 1.0 percent) and 9,419,300 females (growth rate of 2.2 percent). The population overall growth rate was 1.09 percent, with 1.63 percent of birth rate and 0.54 percent mortality rate.
.]]
The Qing began a process of settling Han, Hui, and Uyghur settlers into Northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria) in the 18th century. At the start of the 19th century, 40 years after the Qing reconquest, there were around 155,000 Han and Hui Chinese in northern Xinjiang and somewhat more than twice that number of Uyghurs in Southern Xinjiang. A census of Xinjiang under Qing rule in the early 19th century tabulated ethnic shares of the population as 30 percent Han and 60 percent Turkic and it dramatically shifted to 6 percent Han and 75 percent Uyghur in the 1953 census. However, a situation similar to the Qing era's demographics with a large number of Han had been restored by 2000, with 40.57 percent Han and 45.21 percent Uyghur. Professor Stanley W. Toops noted that today's demographic situation is similar to that of the early Qing period in Xinjiang. Before 1831, only a few hundred Chinese merchants lived in Southern Xinjiang oases (Tarim Basin), and only a few Uyghurs lived in Northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria).
After 1831, the Qing encouraged Han Chinese migration into the Tarim Basin, in southern Xinjiang, but with very little success, and permanent troops were stationed on the land there as well. Political killings and expulsions of non-Uyghur populations during the uprisings in the 1860s and the 1930s saw them experience a sharp decline as a percentage of the total population though they rose once again in the periods of stability from 1880, which saw Xinjiang increase its population from 1.2 million, to 1949. From a low of 7 percent in 1953, the Han began to return to Xinjiang between then and 1964, where they comprised 33 percent of the population (54 percent Uyghur), like in Qing times. A decade later, at the beginning of the Chinese economic reform in 1978, the demographic balance was 46 percent Uyghur and 40 percent Han, In 2010, the population of Xinjiang was 45.84 percent Uyghur and 40.48 percent Han. The 2020 Census showed the share of the Uyghur population decline slightly to 44.96 percent, and the Han population rise to 42.24 percent
Military personnel are not counted and national minorities are undercounted in the Chinese census, as in some other censuses. 3.6 million people reside in XPCC administered areas, around 14 percent of Xinjiang's population.
In general, Uyghurs are the majority in Southwestern Xinjiang, including the prefectures of Kashgar, Khotan, Kizilsu and Aksu (about 80 percent of Xinjiang's Uyghurs live in those four prefectures) as well as Turpan Prefecture, in Eastern Xinjiang. The Han are the majority in Eastern and Northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria), including the cities of Ürümqi, Karamay, Shihezi and the prefectures of Changjyi, Bortala, Bayin'gholin, Ili (especially the cities of Kuitun) and Kumul. Kazakhs are mostly concentrated in Ili Prefecture in Northern Xinjiang. Kazakhs are the majority in the northernmost part of Xinjiang.
{| class"wikitable sortable floatright" style"text-align:right;"
! colspan"3" style"text-align:center;" | Ethnic groups in Xinjiang
|-
! colspan"3" |
|-
! Nationality !! Population !! Percentage
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Uyghur|| 11,624,257 || 44.96 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Han|| 10,920,098 || 42.24 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Kazakh|| 1,539,636 || 5.96 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Hui|| 1,102,928 || 4.27 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Kirghiz|| 199,264 || 0.77 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Mongols|| 169,143 || 0.65 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Dongxiang|| 72,036 || 0.28 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Tajiks|| 50,238 || 0.19 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Xibe|| 34,105 || 0.13 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Manchu|| 20,915 || 0.080 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Tujia|| 15,787 || 0.086 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Tibetan|| 18,276 || 0.071 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Uzbek|| 12,301 || 0.048 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Miao|| 12,220 || 0.047 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Russian|| 8,024 || 0.031 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Yi|| 7,752 || 0.030 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Zhuang|| 5,727 || 0.022 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Daur|| 5,447 || 0.021 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Tatar|| 5,183 || 0.024 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Tu || 3,827 || 0.015 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Salar || 3,266 || 0.013 percent
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Other || 11,764 || 0.046 percent
|}
{| class"wikitable sortable" style"text-align:right;"
! style"text-align: center;" colspan"5"| Major ethnic groups in Xinjiang by region (2018 data)<br />P Prefecture; AP Autonomous prefecture; PLC Prefecture-level city; DACLC Directly administered county-level city.
|-
! !! Uyghurs !! Han !! Kazakhs !! others
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Xinjiang || 51.14|| 34.41|| 6.90|| 7.55
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Ürümqi PLC || 12.85 ||71.21
| 2.77 || 13.16
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Karamay PLC || 15.59 || 74.67|| 4.05 || 5.69
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Turpan Prefecture || 76.96|| 16.84 || 0.05 || 6.15
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Kumul Prefecture || 20.01 || 65.49|| 10.04 || 4.46
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Changji AP || 4.89 || 72.28|| 10.34 || 12.49
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Bortala AP || 14.76 || 63.27|| 10.41 || 11.56
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Bayin'gholin AP || 36.38 || 53.31|| 0.11 || 10.20
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Aksu Prefecture || 80.08|| 18.56 || 0.01 || 1.36
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Kizilsu AP || 66.24|| 6.29 || 0.03 || 27.44
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Kashgar Prefecture || 92.56|| 6.01 || < 0.005 || 1.42
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Khotan Prefecture || 96.96|| 2.85 || < 0.005 || 0.19
|-
| style"text-align:left;"| Ili AP || 17.95 || 40.09 || 27.16 || 14.80
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | – former Ili Prefecture|| 26.30 || 35.21 || 21.57 || 16.91
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | – Tacheng Prefecture|| 4.25 || 54.66|| 26.66 || 14.43
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | – Altay Prefecture|| 1.42 || 39.85 || 52.76|| 5.97
|-
| Shihezi DACLC || 1.09 || 94.13|| 0.63 || 4.15
|-
| |Aral DACLC ||3.66 ||91.96 ||< 0.005 ||4.38
|-
| |Tumushuke DACLC ||67.49 ||31.73 ||< 0.005 ||0.78
|-
| Wujiaqu DACLC || 0.05 || 96.29 || 0.10 || 3.55
|-
| |Tiemenguan DACLC ||0.07 ||95.96 ||0.00 ||3.97
|}
Vital statistics
{| class"wikitable sortable" style"text-align: right;"
|-
! Year
! Population
! Live births
! Deaths
! Natural change
! Crude birth rate<br/>(per 1000)
! Crude death rate<br/>(per 1000)
! Natural change<br/>(per 1000)
|-
| 2011
|22,090,000
| || ||
|14.99||4.42||10.57
|-
| 2012
|22,330,000
| || ||
|15.32||4.48||10.84
|-
| 2013
|22,640,000
| || ||
|15.84||4.92||10.92
|-
| 2014
|22,980,000
| || ||
|16.44||4.97||11.47
|-
| 2015
|23,600,000
| || ||
|15.59||4.51||11.08
|-
| 2016
|23,980,000
| || ||
|15.34||4.26||11.08
|-
| 2017
|24,450,000
| || ||
|15.88||4.48||11.40
|-
| 2018
|24,870,000
| || ||
|10.69||4.56||6.13
|-
| 2019
|25,230,000
| || ||
|8.14||4.45||3.69
|-
| 2020
|25,852,000
| || ||
|7.01|| ||
|-
| 2021
|25,890,000
| || ||
|6.16||5.60||0.56
|}
Religion
The major religions in Xinjiang are Islam, practiced largely by Uyghurs and the Hui Chinese minority, as well as Chinese folk religions, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, practiced essentially by the Han Chinese. Christianity in Xinjiang is practiced by 1 percent of the population according to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009. According to a demographic analysis of the year 2010, Muslims formed 58 percent of the province's population. In 1950, there were 29,000 mosques and 54,000 imams in Xinjiang, which fell to 14,000 mosques and 29,000 imams by 1966. Following the Cultural Revolution, there were only about 1,400 remaining mosques. By the mid-1980's, the number of mosques had returned to 1950 levels. According to a 2020 report by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, since 2017, Chinese authorities have destroyed or damaged 16,000 mosques in Xinjiang – 65 percent of the region's total.
According to a DeWereldMorgen report in March 2024, there are more than 100 Islamic associations in Xinjiang where imams have lessons in theology, Arabic and Mandarin. Sports
Xinjiang is home to the Xinjiang Flying Tigers professional basketball team of the Chinese Basketball Association, and to Xinjiang Tianshan Leopard F.C., a football team that plays in China League One.
The capital, Ürümqi, is home to the Xinjiang University baseball team, an integrated Uyghur and Han group profiled in the documentary film Diamond in the Dunes.
Transportation
Roads
]]
In 2008, according to the Xinjiang Transportation Network Plan, the government has focused construction on State Road 314, Alar-Hotan Desert Highway, State Road 218, Qingshui River Line-Yining Highway and State Road 217, as well as other roads.
The construction of the first expressway in the mountainous area of Xinjiang began a new stage in its construction on 24 July 2007. The highway linking Sayram Lake and Guozi Valley in Northern Xinjiang area had cost 2.39 billion yuan. The expressway is designed to improve the speed of national highway 312 in northern Xinjiang. The project started in August 2006 and several stages have been fully operational since March 2007. Over 3,000 construction workers have been involved. The 700 m-long Guozi Valley Cable Bridge over the expressway is now currently being constructed, with the 24 main pile foundations already completed. Highway 312 national highway Xinjiang section, connects Xinjiang with China's east coast, Central and West Asia, plus some parts of Europe. It is a key factor in Xinjiang's economic development. The population it covers is around 40 percent of the overall in Xinjiang, who contribute half of the GDP in the area.
Zulfiya Abdiqadir, head of the Transport Department was quoted as saying that 24,800,000,000 RMB had been invested into Xinjiang's road network in 2010 alone and, by this time, the roads covered approximately . Rail
Xinjiang's rail hub is Ürümqi. To the east, a conventional and a high-speed rail line runs through Turpan and Hami to Lanzhou in Gansu Province. A third outlet to the east connects Hami and Inner Mongolia.
To the west, the Northern Xinjiang runs along the northern footslopes of the Tian Shan range through Changji, Shihezi, Kuytun and Jinghe to the Kazakh border at Alashankou, where it links up with the Turkestan–Siberia Railway. Together, the Northern Xinjiang and the Lanzhou-Xinjiang lines form part of the Trans-Eurasian Continental Railway, which extends from Rotterdam, on the North Sea, to Lianyungang, on the East China Sea. The Northern Xinjiang railway provides additional rail transport capacity to Jinghe, from which the Jinghe–Yining–Khorgos railway heads into the Ili River Valley to Yining, Huocheng and Khorgos, a second rail border crossing with Kazakhstan. The Kuytun–Beitun railway runs from Kuytun north into the Junggar Basin to Karamay and Beitun, near Altay.
In the south, the Southern Xinjiang railway from Turpan runs southwest along the southern footslopes of the Tian Shan into the Tarim Basin, with stops at Yanqi, Korla, Kuqa, Aksu, Maralbexi (Bachu), Artux and Kashgar. From Kashgar, the Kashgar–Hotan railway, follows the southern rim of the Tarim to Hotan, with stops at Shule, Akto, Yengisar, Shache (Yarkant), Yecheng (Karghilik), Moyu (Karakax). There are also the Hotan–Ruoqiang railway and Golmud–Korla railway.
The Ürümqi–Dzungaria railway connects Ürümqi with coal fields in the eastern Junggar Basin. The Hami–Lop Nur railway connects Hami with potassium salt mines in and around Lop Nur. The Golmud–Korla railway, opened in 2020, provides an outlet to Qinghai. Planning is underway on additional intercity railways. Railways to Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan have been proposed. See also
* Administrative divisions of China
Notes
References Citations Sources
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Further reading
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* Hierman, Brent. "The Pacification of Xinjiang: Uighur Protest and the Chinese State, 1988–2002." Problems of Post-Communism, May/June 2007, Vol. 54 Issue 3, pp. 48–62.
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* (set); (v. 1); (v. 2); (ebk.).
* Norins, Martin R. Gateway to Asia : Sinkiang, Frontier of the Chinese Far West (1944)
* Yap, Joseph P. (2009). Wars With The Xiongnu – A translation From Zizhi Tongjian. AuthorHouse.
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External links
<!-- Linked from #Bordering regions above -->
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*
|North = ,
|Northeast = , and Provinces,
|West = Issyk Kul, Naryn and Osh Regions, <br />Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province, <br />Badakhshan Province,
|Centre = Xinjiang
|East = Gansu
|Southwest = , <br />, <br />Disputed region of Aksai Chin
|South = Tibet Autonomous Region
|Southeast = Qinghai
}}
Category:1955 establishments in China
Category:Articles containing video clips
Category:Autonomous regions of China
Category:Historical regions
Category:Iranian languages regions
Category:Inner Asia
Category:States and territories established in 1955
Category:Turkic autonomous regions in China
Category:Western China
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.019316
|
25862549
|
Lasionycta sasquatch
|
Lasionycta sasquatch is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Washington Cascades south of Snoqualmie Pass, Saddle Mountain in the Oregon Coast Range, and the Siskiyou Mountains in south-western Oregon.
The habitat is subalpine parkland at two locations in the Washington Cascades. The largest series examined was collected in old growth mid-elevation forest with Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies species and Thuja plicata
The wingspan is 30–36 mm for males and 30–33 mm for females. Adults are on wing in early and mid-July.
External links
A Revision of Lasionycta Aurivillius (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) for North America and notes on Eurasian species, with descriptions of 17 new species, 6 new subspecies, a new genus, and two new species of Tricholita Grote
Category:Lasionycta
Category:Moths described in 2009
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasionycta_sasquatch
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.025004
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25862556
|
Slobodan Milošević
|
| native_name_lang = sr
| image = Stevan Kragujevic, Slobodan Milosevic, portret (cropped).jpg
| caption = Milošević in 1988
| office = President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
| term_start = 23 July 1997
| term_end = 7 October 2000
| primeminister =
| predecessor = Zoran Lilić
| successor = Vojislav Koštunica
| office1 = President of Serbia
| term_start1 = 11 January 1991
| term_end1 = 23 July 1997
| primeminister1 =
| predecessor1 = Office established;
| successor1 = Milan Milutinović
| office2 = President of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia
| term_start2 = 8 May 1989
| term_end2 = 11 January 1991
| primeminister2 =
| predecessor2 = Ljubiša Igić (acting)
| successor2 = Office abolished;
| office3 = President of the League of Communists of Serbia
| 1blankname3 = Secretary
| 1namedata3 = Zoran Sokolović
| term_start3 = 31 May 1986
| term_end3 = 24 May 1989
| predecessor3 = Ivan Stambolić
| successor3 = Bogdan Trifunović
| birth_date
| birth_place = Požarevac, German-occupied Serbia
| death_date
| death_cause = Heart attack
| death_place = The Hague, Netherlands
| resting_place = Požarevac, Serbia
| nickname = "Sloba"
| party =
| spouse =
| children = 2, including Marko
| relatives =
| signature = Slobodan Milosevic Signature.svg
| footnotes = Milošević became "President of the Presidency" of SR Serbia (a constituent country of SFR Yugoslavia) on 8 May 1989. He was then elected President of Serbia (still part of SFR Yugoslavia) at the first Presidential election in December 1990. After SFR Yugoslavia collapsed in March 1992, he continued as President of the Republic of Serbia as a constituent of the newly formed FR Yugoslavia.
| module
}}
Slobodan Milošević (, ; 20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was a Yugoslav and Serbian politician who was the President of Serbia between 1989–1997 and President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 until his оverthrow in 2000. Milošević played a major role in the Yugoslav Wars and became the first sitting head of state charged with war crimes.
Born in Požarevac, he studied law at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law during which he joined the League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia. From the 1960s, he was advisor to the mayor of Belgrade, and in the 1970s he was a chairman of large companies as the protégé of Serbian leader Ivan Stambolić. Milošević was a high-ranking member of the League of Communists of Serbia (SKS) during the 1980s; he came to power in 1987 after he ousted opponents, including Stambolić. He was elected president of the Socialist Republic of Serbia in 1989 and led the anti-bureaucratic revolution, reforming Serbia's constitution and transitioning the state into a multi-party system, reducing the power of autonomous provinces. He led the Socialist Party of Serbia from its foundation in 1990 until his death. Following the 1990 general elections, Milošević enacted dominant-party rule while his party retained control over economic resources of the state. During his presidency, anti-government and anti-war protests took place, and hundreds of thousands deserted the Milošević-controlled Yugoslav People's Army, leading to mass emigration from Serbia.
During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, Milošević was charged by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) for war crimes connected to the Bosnian War, Croatian War of Independence and Kosovo War. After resigning from the Yugoslav presidency in 2000 amidst demonstrations against the disputed presidential election, Milošević was arrested by Yugoslav federal authorities in March 2001 on suspicion of corruption, abuse of power, and embezzlement. The initial investigation faltered, and he was extradited to the ICTY to stand trial for war crimes. Milošević denounced the Tribunal as illegal and refused to appoint counsel, conducting his own defence. He died of a heart attack in his cell in The Hague in 2006 before the trial could conclude. The Tribunal denied responsibility for his death stating he had refused to take prescribed medicines for his cardiac ailments and medicated himself instead. After his death, the ICTY and International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals found he was a part of a joint criminal enterprise that used violence such as ethnic cleansing to remove Croats, Bosniaks and Albanians from parts of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) concluded separately there was no evidence linking him to genocide committed by Bosnian Serb forces during the Bosnian War, but found Milošević had violated the Genocide Convention by failing to prevent genocide from occurring and to hold those involved accountable.
Observers have described Milošević's political behavior as populist, eclectic, and opportunist. Milošević's rule has been described as authoritarian or autocratic, as well as kleptocratic, with accusations of electoral fraud, assassinations, suppression of press freedom, and police brutality.
Early life
Milošević had ancestral roots from the Lijeva Rijeka village in Podgorica and was of the Vasojevići clan from Montenegro. He was born in Požarevac, four months after the Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and raised during the Axis occupation of World War II. He had an older brother Borislav who would later become a diplomat. His parents separated in the aftermath of the war. His father, the Serbian Orthodox theologian Svetozar Milošević, committed suicide in 1962. Svetozar's father Simeun was an officer in the Montenegrin Army. Milošević's mother Stanislava (), a school teacher and also an active member of the Communist Party, committed suicide in 1972. Her brother (Milošević's maternal uncle) Milisav Koljenšić was a major-general in the Yugoslav People's Army who committed suicide in 1963.
Milošević went on to study law at the University of Belgrade's Law School, where he became the head of the ideology committee of the Yugoslav Communist League's (SKJ) League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia (SSOJ). While at the university, he befriended Ivan Stambolić, whose uncle Petar Stambolić had been a president of the Serbian Executive Council (the Communist equivalent of a prime minister). This was to prove a crucial connection for Milošević's career prospects, as Stambolić sponsored his rise through the SKJ hierarchy.
After his graduation in 1966, Milošević became an economic advisor to the mayor of Belgrade Branko Pešić. Five years later, he married his childhood friend, Mirjana Marković, with whom he had two children: Marko and Marija. Marković would have some influence on Milošević's political career both before and after his rise to power; she was also leader of her husband's junior coalition partner, Yugoslav Left (JUL) in the 1990s. In 1968, Milošević got a job at the Tehnogas company, where Stambolić was working, and became its chairman in 1973. By 1978, Stambolić's sponsorship had enabled Milošević to become the head of Beobanka, one of Yugoslavia's largest banks; his frequent trips to Paris and New York gave him the opportunity to learn English.Rise to power
On 16 April 1984, Milošević was elected president of the Belgrade League of Communists City Committee. On 21 February 1986, the Socialist Alliance of Working People unanimously supported him as presidential candidate for the SKJ's Serbian branch Central Committee. Milošević was elected by a majority vote at the 10th Congress of the Serbian League of Communists on 28 May 1986.
Milošević emerged in 1987 as a force in Serbian politics after he declared support for Serbs in the Serbian Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, who claimed they were being oppressed by the provincial government which was dominated by Kosovo's majority ethnic group, ethnic Albanians. Milošević claimed that ethnic Albanian authorities had abused their powers, that the autonomy of Kosovo was allowing the entrenchment of separatism in Kosovo, and that the rights of the Serbs in the province were being regularly violated. As a solution, he called for political change to reduce the autonomy, protect minority Serb rights, and initiate a strong crackdown on separatism in Kosovo.
Milošević was criticized by opponents, who claimed he and his allies were attempting to strengthen the position of Serbs in Yugoslavia at the expense of Kosovo Albanians and other nationalities, a policy they accused of being nationalist, which was a taboo in the Yugoslav Communist system and effectively a political crime, as nationalism was identified as a violation of the Yugoslav Communists' commitment to Brotherhood and Unity. Milošević always denied allegations that he was a nationalist or that he exploited Serbian nationalism in his rise to power. In a 1995 interview with TIME, he defended himself from these accusations by claiming he stood for every nationality in Yugoslavia: "All my speeches up to '89 were published in my book. You can see that there was no nationalism in those speeches. We were explaining why we think it is good to preserve Yugoslavia for all Serbs, all Croats, all Muslims and all Slovenians as our joint country. Nothing else." Nevertheless, Milošević was described as a left-wing nationalist.
As animosity between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo deepened during the 1980s, Milošević was sent to address a crowd of Serbs at the historic Kosovo field on 24 April 1987. While Milošević was talking to the leadership inside the local cultural hall, demonstrators outside clashed with the local Kosovo-Albanian police force. The New York Times reported that "a crowd of 15,000 Serbs and Montenegrins hurled stones at the police after they used truncheons to push people away from the entrance to the cultural center of Kosovo Polje."
Milošević heard the commotion and was sent outside to calm the situation. A videotape of the event shows Milošević responding to complaints from the crowd that the police were beating people by saying "You will not be beaten". Later that evening, Serbian television aired the video of Milošević's encounter.
In Adam LeBor's biography of Milošević, he says that the crowd attacked the police and Milošević's response was "No one should dare to beat you again!"
The Federal Secretariat of the SFRY Interior Ministry, however, condemned the police's use of rubber truncheons as not in keeping within the provisions of Articles 100 and 101 of the rules of procedure for "conducting the work of law enforcement", they had found that "the total conduct of the citizenry in the mass rally before the cultural hall in Kosovo Polje cannot be assessed as negative or extremist. There was no significant violation of law and order."
Although Milošević was only addressing a small group of people around him – not the public, a great deal of significance has been attached to that remark. Stambolić, after his reign as president, said that he had seen that day as "the end of Yugoslavia".
Dragiša Pavlović, a Stambolić ally and Milošević's successor at the head of the Belgrade Committee of the party, was expelled from the party during the 8th Session of the League of Communists of Serbia after he publicly criticized the party's Kosovo policy. The central committee voted overwhelmingly for his dismissal: 106 members voted for his expulsion, eight voted against, and 18 abstained. Stambolić was fired after Communist officials in Belgrade accused him of abusing his office during the Pavlović affair. Stambolić was accused of sending a secret letter to the party Presidium, in what was seen as an attempt to misuse the weight of his position as Serbian president, to prevent the central committee's vote on Pavlović's expulsion from the party.
In 2002, Adam LeBor and Louis Sell would write that Pavlović was really dismissed because he opposed Milošević's policies towards Kosovo-Serbs. They contend that, contrary to advice from Stambolić, Milošević had denounced Pavlović as being soft on Albanian radicals. LeBor and Sell assert that Milošević prepared the ground for his ascent to power by quietly replacing Stambolić's supporters with his own people, thereby forcing Pavlović and Stambolić from power.
In February 1988, Stambolić's resignation was formalized, allowing Milošević to take his place as Serbia's president. Milošević then initiated a program of IMF-supported free-market reforms, setting up in May 1988 the "Milošević Commission" comprising Belgrade's leading neoliberal economists.Anti-bureaucratic revolution
Starting in 1988, the anti-bureaucratic revolution led to the resignation of the governments of Vojvodina and Montenegro and to the election of officials allied with Milošević. According to the ICTY indictment against Milošević: "From July 1988 to March 1989, a series of demonstrations and rallies supportive of Slobodan Milošević's policies – the 'Anti-Bureaucratic Revolution' – took place in Vojvodina and Montenegro. These protests led to the ousting of the respective provincial and republican governments; the new governments were then supportive of, and indebted to, Slobodan Milošević."
Milošević's supporters say the anti-bureaucratic revolution was an authentic grass-roots political movement. Reacting to the indictment, Dr. Branko Kostić, Montenegro's then-representative on the Presidency of Yugoslavia said, "Well, it sounds like nonsense to me. If a government or a leadership were supportive of Milošević, then it would be normal for him to feel indebted to them, not the other way around." He said Milošević enjoyed genuine grassroots support because "his name at that time shone brightly on the political arena of the entire federal Yugoslavia ... and many people saw him as a person who would be finally able to make things move, to get things going." Kosta Bulatović, an organizer of the anti-bureaucratic rallies, said "All of this was spontaneous"; the motivation to protest was "coming from the grassroots."
Milošević's critics claim that he cynically planned and organized the anti-bureaucratic revolution to strengthen his political power. Stjepan Mesić, who served as the last president of a united Yugoslavia (in the prelude of these events), said that Milošević, "with the policy he waged, broke down the autonomous [government in] Vojvodina, which was legally elected, [and] in Montenegro he implemented an anti-bureaucratic revolution, as it's called, by which he destroyed Yugoslavia." Commenting on Milošević's role, Slovene president Milan Kučan said, "none of us believed in Slovenia that these were spontaneous meetings and rallies." He accused the Serbian government of deliberately fanning nationalist passions, and Slovene newspapers published articles comparing Milošević to Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, a one-time socialist who turned to nationalism. Milošević contended that such criticism was unfounded and amounted to "spreading fear of Serbia".
In Vojvodina, where 54 percent of the population was Serb, an estimated 100,000 demonstrators rallied outside the Communist Party headquarters in Novi Sad on 6 October 1988 to demand the resignation of the provincial leadership. The majority of protesters were workers from the town of Bačka Palanka, 40 kilometres west of Novi Sad. They were supportive of Milošević and opposed the provincial government's moves to block forthcoming amendments to the Serbian constitution. The New York Times reported that the demonstrations were held "with the support of Slobodan Milošević" and that "Diplomats and Yugoslavs speculated about whether Mr. Milošević, whose hold over crowds [was] great, had had a hand in organizing the Novi Sad demonstrations." The demonstrations were successful. The provincial leadership resigned, and the League of Communists of Vojvodina elected a new leadership. In the elections that followed Dr. Dragutin Zelenović, a Milošević ally, was elected member of the SFRY Presidency from Vojvodina.
On 10 January 1989, the anti-bureaucratic revolution continued in Montenegro, which had the lowest average monthly wage in Yugoslavia, an unemployment rate of nearly 25 percent, and where one-fifth of the population lived below the poverty line. 50,000 demonstrators gathered in the Montenegrin capital of Titograd (now Podgorica) to protest the republic's economic situation and to demand the resignation of its leadership.
The next day, Montenegro's state presidency tendered its collective resignation along with the Montenegrin delegates in the Yugoslav Politburo. Montenegro's representative on the federal presidency, Veselin Đuranović, said the decision to step down "was motivated by a sense of responsibility for the economic situation."
Demonstrators were seen carrying portraits of Milošević and shouting his name, but The New York Times reported "there is no evidence that the Serbian leader played an organizing role" in the demonstrations.
Multiparty elections were held in Montenegro for the first time after the anti-bureaucratic revolution. Nenad Bućin, an opponent of Milošević's policies, was elected Montenegro's representative on Yugoslavia's collective presidency, and Momir Bulatović, a Milošević ally, was elected Montenegrin President.Constitutional amendmentsBeginning in 1982 and 1983, in response to nationalist Albanian riots in Kosovo, the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia adopted a set of conclusions aimed at centralizing Serbia's control over law enforcement and the judiciary in its Kosovo and Vojvodina provinces.
In the early to mid-1980s, claims were made of a mass exodus of Serbs and Montenegrins from Kosovo as a result of Albanian riots. Serbian nationalists denounced the 1974 Yugoslav constitution and demands for change were strong among Kosovo Serbs. In 1986, Serbian President Ivan Stambolić responded by accepting this position, declaring that the 1974 constitution was contrary to the interests of Serbs, though he warned that "certain individuals" were "coquetting" with Serbian nationalism. Stambolić established a commission to amend the Serbian constitution in keeping with conclusions adopted by the federal Communist Party.
In the Kosovo Assembly 187 of the 190 assembly members were present when the vote was taken: 10 voted against the amendments, two abstained, and the remaining 175 voted in favor of the amendments. Although the ethnic composition of the Kosovo Assembly was over 70 percent Albanian,
In the wake of the unrest following the 1989 constitutional amendments, ethnic Albanians in Kosovo largely boycotted the provincial government and refused to vote in the elections. Azem Vllasi, leader of the League of Communists of Kosovo, was arrested for inciting rioting amid the 1989 strike by Kosovo-Albanian miners. In the wake of the Albanian boycott, supporters of Slobodan Milošević were elected to positions of authority by the remaining Serbian voters in Kosovo. The boycott soon included education on Albanian language in Kosovo which Milošević attempted to resolve by signing the Milošević-Rugova education agreement in 1996.
The anti-bureaucratic revolutions in Montenegro and Vojvodina coupled with Kosovo effectively meant that Slobodan Milošević and his supporters held power in four out of the eight republics and autonomous provinces that made-up the Yugoslav federation. Whether this was cynically engineered by Milošević is a matter of controversy between his critics and his supporters.
Because Milošević's supporters controlled half of the votes in the SFRY presidency, his critics charge that he undermined the Yugoslav federation. This, his detractors argue, upset the balance of power in Yugoslavia and provoked separatism elsewhere in the federation. Milošević's supporters contend that the representatives of the SFRY presidency were elected according to the law. They say that Milošević enjoyed genuine popular support so it was perfectly logical for his allies to be elected to the presidency. His supporters dismiss allegations that he upset the balance of power in Yugoslavia as a propaganda ploy designed to justify separatism.
In 1990, after other republics abandoned the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and adopted democratic multiparty systems, Milošević's government quickly followed suit and the 1990 Serbian Constitution was created. The 1990 Constitution officially renamed the Socialist Republic of Serbia to the Republic of Serbia and abandoned the one-party communist system and created a democratic multiparty system.
After the creation of a multiparty system in Serbia, Milošević and his political allies in Serbia elsewhere in Yugoslavia pushed for the creation of a democratic multiparty system of government at the federal level, such as Serbian state media appealing to the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina in early 1992 with the promise that Bosnia and Herzegovina could peacefully coexist in a democratic Yugoslav federation alongside the republics of Serbia and Montenegro. In the aftermath, Serbia and Montenegro agreed to create the new Yugoslav federation called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992, which dismantled the remaining communist infrastructure and created a federal democratic multiparty system of government.Economic policiesMilošević's advocated a synthesis of socialist and liberal economic policies that would gradually transition Serbia from a planned economy to a mixed economy. During the first democratic election in Serbia, Milošević promised to protect industrial workers from the adverse effects of free market policies by maintaining social ownership of the economy and supporting trade barriers in order to protect local industries. Despite this, many accused Milošević of creating a kleptocracy by transferring ownership much of the industrial and financial sector to his political allies and financiers. Under heavy economic sanctions from the United Nations due to Milošević's perceived role in the Yugoslav wars, Serbia's economy began a prolonged period of economic collapse and isolation. The National Bank of Yugoslavia's war-related easy money policies contributed to hyperinflation which reached an alarming rate of 313 million percent in January 1994. According to the World Bank, Serbia's economy contracted by 27.2 and 30.5 percent in 1992 and 1993 respectively. In response to the deteriorating situation, World Bank economist Dragoslav Avramović was nominated the governor of the National Bank of the FR Yugoslavia in March 1994. Avramović began monetary reforms that ended hyperinflation and returned the Serbian economy to economic growth by giving the Yugoslav dinar a 1:1 parity with the Deutsche Mark. Milošević's role in the signing of the Dayton Accords allowed the lifting of most economic sanctions, but the FR Yugoslavia was still not allowed access to financial and foreign aid due to the perceived oppression of Albanians in Kosovo. The Serbian economy began growing from the period of 1994–1998, at one point even reaching a growth rate of 10.1 percent in 1997. However, this growth rate was insufficient to return Serbia to its pre-war economic status. In order to pay out pensions and wages, Milošević's socialist government had no choice but to begin selling off Serbia's most profitable telecommunications, which gave the federal government about $1.05 billion more in revenue. In 1998, Miloševic promised to introduce a new economic program which would begin a process of market reforms, reduction of trade barriers, and the privatization of more state owned enterprises in order to achieve an economic growth rate of 10%. However, this plan was never implemented due to the Kosovo war, the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, and his subsequent overthrow in October 2000.
Civil and political rights under Milošević
Milošević's government policies on civil and political rights when serving as Serbian President and later Yugoslav president were controversial.
Milošević's government exercised influence and censorship in the media. An example was in March 1991, when Serbia's Public Prosecutor ordered a 36-hour blackout of two independent media stations, B92 Radio and Studio B television to prevent the broadcast of a demonstration against the Serbian government taking place in Belgrade. The two media stations appealed to the Public Prosecutor against the ban but the Public Prosecutor failed to respond.
Upon the creation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Milošević's government engaged in reforms to the Serbian penal code regarding restrictions on free speech, which were seen by critics as highly authoritarian. In particular Article 98 of the Serbian penal code during the 1990s punished imprisonment of up to three years for the following:
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The federal criminal code for Yugoslavia also protected the presidents of federal institutions, the Yugoslav Army and federal emblems. Both the Serbian and federal Yugoslav laws granted limited exemptions to journalists. The result was multiple charges against a variety of people opposed to the policies of the Serbian and Yugoslav governments even including a Serbian cartoonist who designed political satire.Role in the Yugoslav Wars
The Hague indictment alleges that, starting in 1987, Milošević "endorsed a Serbian nationalist agenda" and "exploited a growing wave of Serbian nationalism in order to strengthen centralised rule in the SFRY". Milošević's defenders claim that the Prosecution could not produce a single order issued by his government to Serbian fighters in Croatia or Bosnia. Near the end of the Prosecution's case, a Prosecution analyst admitted under cross-examination that this was indeed the case. Reynaud Theunens, however, was quick to point out, "the fact that we don't have orders doesn't mean that they don't exist" to which Milošević replied "There are none, that's why you haven't got one."
Milošević's political behavior has been analyzed as politically opportunist in nature. Claims that Milošević was principally motivated by a desire for power have been supported by many people who had known or had worked for him. Some believe his original goal until the breakup of Yugoslavia was to take control of Yugoslavia, with the ambition of becoming its next great leader, a "second Tito". According to this, Milošević exploited nationalism as a tool to seize power in Serbia, while not holding any particular commitment to it. During the first twenty-five years of his political career in the communist government of Yugoslavia, Milošević was a typical civil servant who did not appear to have nationalist aims. Later, he attempted to present himself as a peacemaker in the Yugoslav Wars and abandoned support of nationalism. He returned to support nationalism during the Kosovo War and appealed to anti-imperialist sentiments. The spread of violent nationalism has also been imputed to indifference to it by Milošević.
The source of Milošević's nationalistic agenda is believed to have been influenced by the policies of the popular prominent Serbian Communist official and former Yugoslav Partisan Aleksandar Ranković who was known to promote Serbian national interests in Yugoslavia and tougher police actions against ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. He supported a centralized Yugoslavia and opposed efforts that promoted decentralization that he deemed to be against the interests of Serb unity. Ranković imposed harsh repressive measures on Kosovo Albanians based on accusations that they there were sympathizers of the Stalinist rule of Enver Hoxha in Albania. In 1956, a show trial in Pristina was held in which multiple Albanian Communists of Kosovo were convicted of being infiltrators from Albania and were given long prison sentences. In 1989, the Serbian media began to speak of "the alleged imperilment of the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina", as tensions between Serbs, Bosniaks and Croats increased over Serb support for Milošević. Efforts to spread the cult of personality of Milošević into the Socialist Republic of Macedonia began in 1989 with the introduction of slogans, graffiti, and songs glorifying Milošević. Furthermore, Milošević proposed a law to restore land titles held by Serbs in the interwar period that effectively provided a legal basis for large numbers of Serbs to move to Kosovo and Macedonia to regain those lands. Beginning in 1989, Milošević gave support to Croatian Serbs who were vouching for the creation of an autonomous province for Croatian Serbs, which was opposed by Croatian communist authorities. In the late 1980s, Milošević allowed the mobilization of Serb nationalist organizations to go unhindered by actions from the Serbian government, with Chetniks holding demonstrations, and the Serbian government embracing the Serbian Orthodox Church and restored its legitimacy in Serbia.
Croatia and Slovenia denounced Milošević's actions and began to demand that Yugoslavia be made a full multi-party confederal state. Milošević claimed that he opposed a confederal system but also declared that a confederal system be created, with the external borders of Serbia being an "open question". Tensions between the republics escalated to crisis beginning in 1988, with Slovenia accusing Serbia of pursuing Stalinism while Serbia accused Slovenia of betrayal. Serbs boycotted Slovene products and Belgraders began removing their savings from the Slovenian Ljubljana Bank. Slovenia accused Serbia of persecuting Kosovo Albanians and declared its solidarity with the Kosovo Albanian people while Milošević in turn, accused Slovenia of being a "lackey" of Western Europe. In response to the escalating tensions, Croatia expressed support for Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its neutrality, while Montenegro supported Serbia. Slovenia reformed its constitution in 1989 that declared Slovenia's right to secession. These changes provoked accusations by the Serbian media that the changes were "destabilizing". Serbia's response was a plan to hold demonstrations in Ljubljana with 30,000 to 40,000 Serbs to supposedly inform Slovenes about the situation in Kosovo, while this was suspected to be an action aimed at destabilizing the Slovene government. Croatia and Slovenia prevented the Serb protesters from crossing by train into Slovenia. Serbia responded by breaking political links between the two republics and 329 Serbian businesses broke ties with Slovenia. With these events in 1989, nationalism soared in response along with acts of intolerance, discrimination, and ethnic violence increasing. In that year, officials from Bosnia and Herzegovina noted rising tensions between Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; active rumors spread of incidents between Croats and Serbs and arguments by Croats and Serbs that Bosniaks were not a real nation escalated.
With the collapse of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, multiparty elections were held in Serbia in 1990, with a number of nationalist parties running on the agenda of creating a Greater Serbia as Yugoslavia fell apart. From 1990 onward, as Serbs in Croatia pushed for autonomy and began to arm themselves, the Serbian state-run newspaper Politika denounced the Croatian government of Franjo Tuđman for allegedly "trying to restore the World War II-era Ustaše regime" and for "copying Tito", and pledged that Belgrade would support the Serbs of Croatia. The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) began providing weapons to the Serbs in Croatia while the situation in Belgrade grew more intense as Serbs demonstrated outside of the parliament, shouting "We want arms" and "Let's go to Croatia!".
Milošević and other members of the Serbian leadership in the 1980s attempted to gain support among Serb nationalists by appealing to revisionism of the history of Yugoslavia in World War II. To do this, the Tito-era tradition of focusing on rallying the population of Yugoslavia in remembering the total casualties of Yugoslavs in World War II at the hands of Axis forces was replaced with the Milošević government's focus on remembering the Serb casualties of World War II as victims of the Croatian Ustaše. This attempt to gain nationalist support also had the effect of increasing the radicalization of Serbian nationalism. In the late 1980s, conspiracy theories that vilified the Roman Catholic Church began to become widespread and were supported by Serbian publishers. This was of particular significance since these were attacks on the national religion of the Croats. The political climate in Serbia and Serb territories fostered the rise of ultranationalism and created tense and, at times, violent confrontations between Serbs themselves, particularly between nationalist Serbs and non-nationalist Serbs. Serbs who publicly opposed the nationalist agenda were reported to have been harassed, threatened, or killed.
The Serbian media during Milošević's era was known to espouse Serb nationalism and patriotism, while promoting xenophobia toward the other ethnicities in Yugoslavia. Ethnic Albanians were commonly characterised in the media as anti-Yugoslav counter-revolutionaries, rapists, and a threat to the Serb nation. Politika had a number of xenophobic headlines such as in 1991, saying "The Šiptars <nowiki>[Albanians]</nowiki> are watching and waiting". The newspaper also attacked Croats for the election of Franjo Tuđman as president, saying that the "Croatian leadership again shames the Croatian people". It attempted to assert that Croats and ethnic Albanians were cooperating in a campaign against the Serbian government during the 1991 protests in Belgrade against Milošević's government, denying that Serbs took part in the protest while claiming "it was the Šiptars and Croats who demonstrated". When war erupted in Croatia, Politika promoted Serb nationalism, hostility towards Croatia, and violence, and on 2 April 1991, the newspaper's headline read "Krajina decides to join Serbia". One of the newspaper's stories was "Serbian unity—saving Krajina". On 5 June 1991, Politika ekpres ran a piece titled "Serbs must get weapons". On 25 June 1991 and 3 July 1991, Politika began to openly promote partitioning Croatia, saying "We can't accept Croatia keeping these borders", "Krajina in the same state with Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia-Herzegovina", and prominently quoted Jovan Marjanović of the Serbian Renewal Movement, who said "The <nowiki>[Yugoslav]</nowiki> Army must come into Croatia and occupy the line Benkovac-Karlovac-Pakrac-Baranja", which would essentially have occupied almost all of Croatia and all the territories in Croatia that were claimed by nationalist promoters of a Greater Serbia. To promote fear and anger among Serbs towards Croatia, on 25 June 1991, Politika reminded Serbs about the atrocities by the Croatian fascist Ustaše against Serbs during World War II by saying "Jasenovac <nowiki>[an Ustase concentration camp in World War II]</nowiki> mustn't be forgotten". According to Borisav Jović, who was formerly a close Milošević ally, Milošević exercised media censorship and maintained strong personal influence over Serbia's state media outlets, having "personally appointed editors-in-chief of newspapers and news programs ..." Serbian state media during the wars featured controversial reportage that villainized the other ethnic factions. In one such program, a Croatian Serb woman denounced the old "communist policy" in Croatia, claiming that under it "[t]he majority of Serbs would be assimilated in ten years", while another interviewee stated "Where Serbian blood was shed by Ustaša knives, there will be our boundaries."
Milošević was uninterested in maintaining Slovenia within the Yugoslav federation, as Slovenia had very few Serbs living within it and Milošević suggested a political deal with Slovene president Milan Kučan; Serbia would recognize the right of the self-determination of the Slovene nation to independence if Slovenia in turn recognized the right of self-determination of the Serb nation to remain united with Serbia. Such a deal would have set a precedent for Serbs in Bosnia and Croatia to remain in one state with Serbia. Milošević's ally in the Yugoslav federal government, Borisav Jović stated "I put it bluntly. We didn't want a war with Slovenia. Serbia had no territorial claims there. It was an ethnically-pure republic – no Serbs. We couldn't care less if they left Yugoslavia ... We would have been overstretched. With Slovenia out of the way, we could dictate terms to the Croats."
Milošević rejected the independence of Croatia in 1991, and even after the formation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), it too did not initially recognize Croatia's independence. Plans by Milošević to carve out territory from Croatia to the local Serbs had begun by June 1990, according to the diary of Borisav Jović. The Serbian government along with a clique of pro-Milošević members of the Yugoslav army and its general staff, secretly adopted the RAM or "frame" plan that involved the partition of Croatia and Bosnia to give large amounts of territory to the local Serbs that would remain united with Serbia, effectively a Greater Serbia. Armaments and military equipment were placed in strategic positions throughout Croatia and Bosnia for use by the Serbs and local Serbs were trained as police and paramilitary soldiers in preparation for war. Milošević was less interested in annexing the Serb breakaway republic of Krajina. According to testimony by Krajina's former President Milan Babić, Milošević had abandoned plans of having "all Serbs in one state" by March 1991 when he met with Croatian President Franjo Tuđman and discussed the partition of Bosnia. Babić attended the meeting and noted that Milošević stated that "Tuđman needs Bihać" – a city in Bosnia that was separated by Serbian Krajina from Croatian government-controlled territory in Croatia; and then added "He needs a road between Benkovac and Drniš as well" that would involve the road going through territory claimed by Krajina.
Upon the Yugoslav republic of Macedonia seceding in 1991, the Yugoslav government declared Macedonia an "artificial nation" and it allied with Greece against the country, even suggesting a partition of the Republic of Macedonia between Yugoslavia and Greece. Subsequent interviews with government officials involved in these affairs have revealed that Milošević planned to arrest the Republic of Macedonia's political leadership and replace it with politicians loyal to him. Milošević demanded the self-determination of Serbs in the Republic of Macedonia and did not recognize the independence of the Republic of Macedonia until 1996.
Despite the bitterness towards the Macedonian nation whose locals rejected Yugoslav assertions of Serbian ethnicity, the FR Yugoslavia would recognize the Republic of Macedonia in 1996. Four years before this milestone, however, Yugoslav troops and remnants of Belgrade's central government had peacefully and voluntarily left Macedonian territory.
Milošević denounced the declaration of independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina from Yugoslavia in 1992, and said that "Bosnia and Herzegovina was illegally proclaimed as an independent state and recognized. That recognition was like when the Roman Emperor Caligula appointed his horse as a Senator: they recognized a state that never existed before. The Serbs there said, 'We want to stay within Yugoslavia. We don't want to be second-class citizens.' And then the conflicts were started by Muslims, no doubt. And the Serbs, in defending themselves, were always better fighters, no doubt. And they achieved results, no doubt. But please, we were insisting on peace. The international community gave premature recognition first of Slovenia and then of Croatia and supported the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina on a totally irregular basis." A telephone conversation between Milošević and Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić in September 1991 talking about the prospects of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was tapped by Yugoslav intelligence, which reported the transcript to Yugoslav prime minister Ante Marković, who released the transcript to the public to discredit Milošević. The transcript involved Milošević ordering Karadžić to "Go to Uzelac [JNA commander in northern Bosnia], he'll tell you everything. If you have any problems, telephone me", and said "As long as there is the army no one can touch us ... Don't worry about Herzegovina. Momir [Bulatović, Montenegrin leader] said to his men: 'Whoever is not ready to die in Bosnia, step forward five paces.' No one did so." The conversation revealed that Milošević controlled the military strategy for the war in Bosnia and that Montenegro was under his control.
in 1995 on behalf of the Bosnian Serb leadership, formally ending the Bosnian War]]
Vojislav Šešelj, leader of the Serbian Radical Party and a Serbian paramilitary leader during the Yugoslav wars, claimed that Milošević was directly involved in supporting his paramilitaries and controlled Serb forces during the wars: "Milošević organized everything. We gathered the volunteers and he gave us a special barracks, Bubanj Potok, all our uniforms, arms, military technology and buses. All our units were always under the command of the Krajina [Serb army] or [Bosnian] Republika Srpska Army or the JNA. Of course I don't believe he signed anything, these were verbal orders. None of our talks was taped and I never took a paper and pencil when I talked with him. His key people were the commanders. Nothing could happen on the Serbian side without Milošević's order or his knowledge."
Although direct orders to commit atrocities by Milošević have never been discovered, he made little or no effort to punish people deemed responsible for such atrocities, including Ratko Mladić who, after being accused of allowing atrocities to occur against Croats in Vukovar, was sent to lead the Army of the Republika Srpska, in which capacity Mladić was accused of ordering atrocities, including the murder of thousands of Bosniak men and boys in Srebrenica. Even after the reports of Srebrenica were released, Milošević refused to accept that Mladić was responsible for the crimes he was accused of. Wesley Clark, who was a member of the US team that helped negotiate the 1995 Dayton Agreement ending the Bosnian War, claimed in his testimony during the trial of Milošević that Milošević had prior knowledge of the Srebrenica Massacre and knew of Mladić's plans. During the negotiations, Clark had asked Milošević: 'Mr. President, you say you have so much influence over the Bosnian Serbs, but how is it then, if you have such influence, that you allowed General Mladić to kill all those people in Srebrenica?' with Milošević answering: 'Well, General Clark ... I warned Mladić not to do this, but he didn't listen to me.'"
Following the rise of nationalism and political tensions after Slobodan Milošević came to power, as well as the outbreaks of the Yugoslav Wars, numerous anti-war movements developed in Serbia. The anti-war protests in Belgrade were held mostly because of opposition the Battle of Vukovar, Siege of Dubrovnik and Siege of Sarajevo, It is estimated that between 50,000 and 200,000 people deserted from the Milošević-controlled Yugoslav People's Army during wars, while between 100,000 and 150,000 people emigrated from Serbia refusing to participate in the war. Political scientists Orli Fridman described that not enough attention was given to anti-war activism among scholars studying the breakup of Yugoslavia and the wars, as well as that independent media and anti-war groups from Serbia did not attract the international attention. Milošević argued that the Yugoslav Constitution gave self-determination to constitutive nations, not to republics and Serbs were constitutive nation in both the Socialistic Republic of Croatia and the Socialistic Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina. On this basis, he stated that the Croatian Serbs and later the Bosnian Serbs should not have been subject to the declarations of independence by the Yugoslav republics of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Milošević denied that Serbia was at war, even though Serbia's military involvement was evident during the wars in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia in particular. Milošević was President of Serbia, not of Yugoslavia, and claims that his government was only indirectly involved through support for Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia at some points. Others including former members of his cabinet such as Borisav Jović have admitted that Milošević, while not head of state of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, in fact played a key role in the military affairs taken in Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia. This included a scheme discussed and designed by both Jović and Milošević that transferred every Bosnian Serb unit from the Yugoslav army (JNA) to the newly formed Bosnian Serb army upon Bosnia's separation from Yugoslavia, which meant that Yugoslavia could not be criticized for occupying parts of Bosnia as it was officially a civil war, although Jović admitted that the Bosnian Serb Army was fully funded by Belgrade because the Bosnian Serb military budget was too small to support such an army.
Milošević spent most of 1988 and 1989 focusing his politics on the "Kosovo problem". In Kosovo, to seem non-contradictory, Milošević alleged that he supported the right of the Albanians to "self-determination", but not to independence, as he claimed that Kosovo was an essential part of Serbia due to its history and its numerous churches and cultural relics. He also claimed that the KLA were a neo-Nazi organisation that sought an ethnically pure Kosovo, and he argued that independence would deliver Kosovo to their hands. Milošević denied that he gave orders to massacre Albanians in 1998. He claimed that the deaths were sporadic events confined to rural areas of West Kosovo committed by paramilitaries and by rebels in the armed forces. Those from the Serbian army or police who were involved were all, he claimed, arrested and many were given long prison sentences.
The former United States ambassador to Yugoslavia Warren Zimmermann, during his conversations with Milošević, claimed that he was not a genuine nationalist, but rather a political opportunist. Zimmerman has claimed that unlike other politicians with whom he had discussions during the collapse of Yugoslavia, such as Franjo Tuđman and Radovan Karadžić, Milošević did not emphasize any hatred of ethnic groups and instead emphasized that Serbia would continue to be a multi-ethnic republic in Yugoslavia. Zimmerman has claimed that Milošević opportunistically used nationalism to allow him to rise to power in the Communist establishment in Serbia as Communism in eastern Europe became increasingly unpopular, and continued to advocate a nationalist agenda to draw in support for his government. On another occasion, however, Milošević revealed to Zimmerman his negative attitude towards ethnic Albanians who had demanded autonomy, and in the 1990s, independence from Serbia and Yugoslavia. Milošević told Zimmerman jokingly that the Albanians of Kosovo were the most pampered minority in Europe. Milošević also was known to talk disparagingly about Slovenes, when he in conversation with an interviewer of what he thought of the Slovene delegation's decision to depart the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Milošević made a derogatory joke, calling the League of Communists of Slovenia delegation, "those stingy Slovenes". Milošević only allowed a close inner circle of personal friends to visit him, while others including the former Information Minister of Serbia during Milošević's era, Aleksandar Tijanić, have said that in private Milošević demonstrated elements of paranoia to many people outside of his inner circle, such as demanding that Tijanić remove the battery from his mobile phone on each occasion that Tijanić met him. In June 2006, the Supreme Court of Serbia ruled that Milošević had ordered the murder of Stambolić, accepting the previous ruling of the Special Court for Organized Crime in Belgrade, which targeted Milošević as the main abettor of politically motivated murders in the 1990s. Milošević's attorneys said the Court's ruling was of little value because he was never formally charged or given an opportunity to defend himself against the accusations. Moreover, most of these murders were of government officials, such as high police official Radovan Stojičić, Defence Minister Pavle Bulatović, and the director of Jat Airways Žika Petrović.Downfall
in Paris on 14 December 1995]]
On 4 February 1997, Milošević recognized the opposition victories in some local elections, after mass protests lasting 96 days. Constitutionally limited to two terms as President of Serbia, on 23 July 1997, Milošević assumed the presidency of the Federation, though it had been understood he had held the real power for some time before then.
Serbian police and military counter-action against the pro-Albanian separatist Kosovo Liberation Army in Serbia's previously autonomous province of Kosovo culminated in escalating armed conflict in 1998 and NATO air strikes against Yugoslavia between March and June 1999, ending in full withdrawal of Yugoslav security forces from the province and deployment of international civil and security forces. Milošević was indicted on 24 May 1999 for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Kosovo, and he was standing trial, up until his death, at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). He asserted that the trial was illegal, having been established in contravention of the UN Charter.
Ironically, Milošević lost his grip on power when he lost elections that he scheduled prematurely (that is, before the end of his mandate) and that he did not even need to win in order to retain power, which was centered in the parliaments that his party and its associates controlled. In the five-man presidential race held on 24 September 2000, Milošević was defeated in the first round by opposition leader Vojislav Koštunica, who won slightly more than 50% of the vote. Milošević initially refused to acquiesce, claiming that no one had won a majority. The Yugoslav constitution called for a runoff between the top two candidates in the event that no candidate won more than 50% of the vote. Official results put Koštunica ahead of Milošević, but at under 50 percent. The internationally financed CeSID claimed otherwise, though its story changed throughout the two weeks between 24 September and 5 October. This led to mass demonstrations in Belgrade on 5 October, known as the Bulldozer Revolution. Milošević was forced to accept this when Yugoslav Army commanders he had expected to support him had indicated that in this instance they would not, and would permit the violent overthrow of the Serbian government. On 6 October, Milošević met with Koštunica and publicly accepted defeat. Koštunica finally took office as Yugoslav president on 7 October following Milošević's announcement.
Milošević was arrested by Yugoslav authorities on 1 April 2001, following a 36-hour armed standoff between police and Milošević's bodyguards at his Belgrade villa. Although no official charges were made, Milošević was suspected of abuse of power and corruption.
Following his arrest, the United States pressured the Yugoslav government to extradite Milošević to the ICTY or lose financial aid from the IMF and World Bank. Milošević's lawyers appealed the extradition process to the Yugoslav constitutional court. The court requested two weeks to deliberate the appeal. Ignoring objections from the president and the constitutional court, Đinđić ordered the extradition of Milošević to the ICTY. On 28 June, Milošević was flown by helicopter from Belgrade to a US airbase in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina and from where he was then flown to The Hague, Netherlands.
Relations with other countries
Russia
Historically, Russia and Serbia have had very close relations, sharing a common Slavic ancestry and Orthodox Christian faith. Russia is remembered by most Serbs for its assistance to Serbia during its uprising and war for independence from the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. During Milošević's rule, Russia pursued policies that generally supported his policies. During the Kosovo conflict in 1999, some observers suggested the possibility of Russia deploying troops in support of Serbia. Russia has provided political asylum to Milošević's wife and children.ChinaMilošević first visited China in the early 1980s while being head of Beobank. He visited China again in 1997, after an invitation by Chinese president Jiang Zemin. Milošević was often popularly known in China by the nickname "Lao Mi" (), a shortened form of the informal Chinese-style nickname "Old Milošević" (); among the state-operated media in China, Milošević was often referred to as "Comrade Milošević" (). Many sources hold that the Chinese government asserted strong backing of Milošević throughout his presidency until his surrender, and was one of the few countries supportive of him and the Yugoslav government, at a time when most Western countries were strongly critical of the Milošević government. The New York Times stated that the People's Republic of China was "one of Mr. Milošević's staunchest supporters" during the Kosovo conflict. China vocally opposed NATO armed intervention in Kosovo throughout the campaign. Chinese parliamentary leader Li Peng was presented by Milošević with Yugoslavia's highest medal (the Great Star) in Belgrade in 2000.
The New York Times observed that Milošević, and particularly his wife Marković, had "long viewed Beijing and its Communist party" as allies and "the sort of ideological comrades" lacking in Eastern Europe after the fall of Communism in the 1990s. The ICTY indictment reads that Milošević was responsible for the forced deportation of 800,000 ethnic Albanians from Kosovo, and the murder of hundreds of Kosovo Albanians and hundreds of non-Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia.
Following Milošević's transfer, the original charges of war crimes in Kosovo were upgraded by adding charges of genocide in Bosnia and war crimes in Croatia. On 30 January 2002, Milošević accused the war crimes tribunal of an "evil and hostile attack" against him. The trial began at The Hague on 12 February 2002, with Milošević defending himself.
The prosecution took two years to present its case in the first part of the trial, where they covered the wars in Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo. Throughout the two-year period, the trial was being closely followed by the public of the involved former Yugoslav republics as it covered various notable events from the war and included several high-profile witnesses.
Milošević died before the trial's conclusion.
Posthumous verdicts
Following his death, in four separate verdicts, he was found to be a part of a joint criminal enterprise which used crimes to remove Croats, Bosniaks and Albanians from large parts of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo. In 2007, in its verdicts against Republic of Serbian Krajina President Milan Martić, the ICTY concluded:
In its 2021 verdict against Serbia's operatives Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović, the follow-up International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals concluded:
In the two Kosovo verdicts, the Nikola Šainović et al. and Vlastimir Đorđević cases, Milošević was found to have been "one of the crucial members" of the criminal enterprise aimed at uprooting large parts of Albanians from Kosovo.
In February 2007, the International Court of Justice cleared Serbia under Milošević's rule of direct responsibility for occurrences of crime committed during the Bosnian War. The president of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), however, did state that it was "'conclusively proved' that the Serbian leadership, and Milošević in particular, 'were fully aware ... that massacres were likely to occur'". In its 2016 verdict regarding Radovan Karadžić, the ICTY found that "there was no sufficient evidence presented in this case to find that Slobodan Milošević agreed with the common plan [to create territories ethnically cleansed of non-Serbs]" citing "Milošević's repeated criticism and disapproval of the policies and decisions made by the Accused and the Bosnian Serb leadership", though it also noted that "Milošević provided assistance in the form of personnel, provisions and arms to Bosnian Serbs during the conflict".Death
On 11 March 2006, Milošević was found dead in his prison cell in the UN war crimes tribunal's detention centre, located in the Scheveningen section of The Hague, Netherlands. Autopsies soon established that Milošević had died of a heart attack; he had been suffering from heart problems and high blood pressure. Many suspicions were voiced to the effect that the heart attack had been caused or made possible deliberately – by the ICTY, according to sympathizers, or by himself, according to critics.
Milošević's death occurred shortly after the Tribunal denied his request to seek specialised medical treatment at a cardiology clinic in Russia. The reactions to Milošević's death were mixed: supporters of the ICTY lamented what they saw as Milošević having remained unpunished, while opponents blamed the Tribunal for what had happened.
As he was denied a state funeral, a private funeral for him was held by his friends and family in his hometown of Požarevac, after tens of thousands of his supporters attended a farewell ceremony in Belgrade. The return of Milošević's body and his widow's return to Serbia were very controversial. Attendees of the funeral included Ramsey Clark and Peter Handke.
Legacy
The last opinion poll taken in Serbia before Milošević's death listed him as the third-most favourably rated politician in Serbia behind then-Serbian Radical Party chairman Tomislav Nikolić and then-Serbian President Boris Tadić. In 2010, Life website included Milošević in its list of "''The World's Worst Dictators''". He remains a controversial figure in Serbia and the Balkans due to the Yugoslav wars and his abuse of power, especially during the 1997 and 2000 elections. The public image of Slobodan Milošević in Serbia oscillated between a faceless bureaucrat to a defender of Serbs, while Western attitudes ranged from Milošević being labeled as the "Butcher of the Balkans" to his portrayal as the "guarantor of the peace in the Balkans".ReferencesSourcesBooks
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Further reading
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*Crnobrnja, Mihailo, "The Yugoslav Drama" (McGill 1996)
*Herman, Edward S. and David Peterson, [https://archive.today/20070505135012/http://www.zmag.org/simonsyugo.htm Marlise Simons on the Yugoslavia Tribunal: A Study in Total Propaganda Service], ZNet, 2004.
*Herman, Edward S. and David Peterson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060904021301/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID21&ItemID10258 Milosevic's Death in the Propaganda System], ZNet, 14 May 2006.
*Herman, Edward S. and David Peterson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080313024024/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID21&ItemID12321 Marlise Simons and the New York Times on the International Court of Justice Decision on Serbia and Genocide in Bosnia], ZNet, 2007.
*Kelly, Michael J., Nowhere to Hide: Defeat of the Sovereign Immunity Defense for Crimes of Genocide & the Trials of Slobodan Milosevic and Saddam Hussein (Peter Lang 2005).
*Laughland, John, "Travesty: the Trial of Slobodan Milosevic and the Corruption of International Justice" (London: Pluto Press, 2007)
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External links
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*[http://www.icty.org/case/slobodan_milosevic/ Slobodan Milošević, Indictment and Transcripts] (ICTY)
}}
Category:1941 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:Candidates for President of Serbia
Category:League of Communists of Serbia politicians
Category:People extradited from Serbia
Category:Politicians from Požarevac
Category:Politicide perpetrators
Category:People indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
Category:People indicted for genocide
Category:People indicted for war crimes
Category:People of the Kosovo War
Category:Politicians of the Bosnian War
Category:Politicians of the Croatian War of Independence
Category:Presidents of Serbia and Montenegro
Category:Presidents of Serbia within Yugoslavia
Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
Category:Prisoners who died in Dutch detention
Category:Serbian atheists
Category:Serbian communists
Category:Serbian people imprisoned abroad
Category:Serbian people of Montenegrin descent
Category:Serbian people who died in prison custody
Category:Socialist Party of Serbia politicians
Category:Leaders of the Socialist Party of Serbia
Category:University of Belgrade Faculty of Law alumni
Category:Vasojevići
Category:Yugoslav expatriates in the United States
Category:Burials in Požarevac
Category:Anti-Americanism
Category:Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
Category:Ex officio members of the Presidency of the 13th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milošević
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.102846
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25862559
|
McHenry Boatwright
|
John McHenry Boatwright (February 29, 1928November 5, 1994) was an American operatic bass-baritone and singing teacher.
Early life and education
He was born in Tennille, Georgia, in 1928, and studied piano and voice at the New England Conservatory, graduating in 1954.
Career
He made his debut at Tanglewood in 1953. He sang with the New England Opera Theater in Boston, where Leonard Bernstein heard him and invited him to sing with the New York Philharmonic.
In 1956, he created the title role in Clarence Cameron White's opera Ouanga, presented by the National Negro Opera Company at the Metropolitan Opera House. In 1958 he appeared in "Lost In The Stars" at the New York City Center Theatre. In 1961, 1962 &1966, he was a soloist with the Naumburg Orchestral Concerts, in the Naumburg Bandshell, Central Park, in the summer series. In 1967 he sang the lead role in Gunther Schuller's opera The Visitation at the Hamburg State Opera.
Recordings
Hector Berlioz's La damnation de Faust, with Donald Gramm and Suzanne Danco, with the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Charles Munch (1954)
The Art of McHenry Boatwright - Spirituals
the role of Crown in a 1963 Grammy award-winning disc of highlights from George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess, with Leontyne Price, William Warfield and John W. Bubbles, conducted by Skitch Henderson
Crown again in the first complete stereo recording of Porgy and Bess, with the Cleveland Orchestra under Lorin Maazel (1976). At his death he was a professor emeritus in the university's School of Music. He was the recipient of two Marian Anderson Awards. on November 5, 1994. He is buried in the Ellington Lot at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York.
Personal life
In 1980 (or 1979) he became the second (or third) husband of Ruth Ellington (1915–2004), the sister and business manager of the late Duke Ellington. They had met when he sang at Duke Ellington's funeral in 1974. He produced the Duke Ellington Sacred Concerts performed in New York and London in 1982.
References
Category:1928 births
Category:1994 deaths
Category:Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Category:American operatic bass-baritones
Category:20th-century African-American male singers
Category:20th-century American male opera singers
Category:African-American male opera singers
Category:People from Tennille, Georgia
Category:New England Conservatory alumni
Category:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Category:Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McHenry_Boatwright
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2025-04-06T15:54:57.113191
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25862570
|
Dubee
|
Major Norton, better known by his stage name Dubee, is an American rapper from Vallejo, California.
Biography
A longtime player in the Northern California Bay Area rap scene, he is a former player of the City College of San Francisco's football team, where he was a running back and ranks 4th in the college's all-time single season rushing yards list and 8th in the all-time career rushing yards category.
Dubee signed his first deal with local producer Khayree Shaheed's Young Black Brotha Records in 1995 and released an album titled Dubee AKA Sugawolf (known as just Dubee at the time) on the imprint through Atlantic Records. He has been a long collaborator with performers from Northern California (such as label mates Ray Luv and Young Lay) and beyond.
Discography
Studio albums
Dubee a.k.a. Sugawolf (1995)
For That Scrilla (1997)
Dangerous Prospects (1999)
100% G-Shit (2001)
Turf Matic (2003)
Why Change Now? (2005)
Last of a Thizzin' Breed (2008)
Thizzmatic (2008)
Da "T" (2009)
The Furly Ghost Volume 2 (2010)
Collaboration albums
Turf Buccaneers with Cutthroat Committee (2001)
Money iz Motive with Cutthroat Committee (2005)
Compilation albums
Best of Sugawolf Pimp (2007)
Extended plays
Free with Little Bruce (2014)
References
Category:African-American male rappers
Category:21st-century American male rappers
Category:20th-century American male rappers
Category:American people convicted of drug offenses
Category:City College of San Francisco Rams football players
Category:Living people
Category:Musicians from Vallejo, California
Category:Players of American football from Vallejo, California
Category:Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:21st-century American rappers
Category:21st-century American male musicians
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:21st-century African-American musicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubee
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.117331
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25862574
|
Achalpur Assembly constituency
|
Achalpur Assembly constituency is one of the 288 constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and one of the eight which are located in Amravati district.
It is a part of Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency) along with five other Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies viz. Badnera, Amravati, Teosa, Daryapur (SC) and Melghat (ST) .
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 42 Achalpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
1. Chandurbazar Tehsil, 2. Achalpur Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle-Shirajgaon Kasba, Achalpur and Achalpur (MC) of the district.
In 2019, Mr Bachchu Kadu was elected as the MLA from Achalpur.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1962
| Annasaheb Watene
|
|-
| 1967
| rowspan="2"| Narsingrao Deshmukh
|
|-
| 1972
|-
| 1978
| Waman Bhokare
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|-
| 1980
| rowspan="2" | Sudamkaka Deshmukh
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|-
| 1985
|
|-
| 1990
| rowspan="2" | Vinayak Korde
|
|-
| 1995
|-
| 1999
| Vasudhatai Deshmukh
|
|-
| 2004
| rowspan="4" | Bachchu Kadu
|
|-
| 2009
|-
| 2014
|-
| 2019
|
|-
| 2024
| Pravin Tayade
|
|-
|}
Election results
2024
2019
2014
2009
2004
See also
* Achalpur
* List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
References
Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra
Category:Amravati district
Category:Politics of Maharashtra
Category:Constituencies established in 1962
Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achalpur_Assembly_constituency
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.129854
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25862580
|
Lasionycta benjamini
|
Lasionycta benjamini is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Sierra Nevada of California and in the mountains of Nevada and Colorado.
The habitat is montane conifer forest.
Adults are on wing from late June to mid-August.
Subspecies
Lasionycta benjamini benjamini (California and Nevada)
Lasionycta benjamini medaminosa (Colorado)
External links
A Revision of Lasionycta Aurivillius (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) for North America and notes on Eurasian species, with descriptions of 17 new species, 6 new subspecies, a new genus, and two new species of Tricholita Grote
Category:Lasionycta
Category:Moths described in 1927
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasionycta_benjamini
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2025-04-06T15:54:57.134889
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25862592
|
José Manuel Fors
|
thumb|right|José Manuel Fors in front of one of his creations.
José Manuel Fors is a contemporary Cuban artist born in Havana in 1956. His work is principally based on installations and supported by photography. His first artistic forays, during the early eighties, were part of what has been coined "The Renaissance of Cuban Art". His artwork has been shown in renowned museums and galleries in the United States, Europe and Cuba.
Biography
José Manuel Fors graduated from the Academy of Art San Alejandro in 1976. He then studied at the Institute of Museology in Havana from 1983 to 1986 and, at the same time, worked as museographer in the National Museum of Baux-Arts.
In 1981, Fors participated in one of the most important shows in Cuban artistic renewal, called Volume I. Subsequently, he switched from material abstraction to installations as his primary art form. His first personal exhibition, "Accumulations" (1983), thus set the stage for some of his most recurrent topics and methodologies as an artist.
Fors is often considered a photographer, despite the fact that he infrequently engages in photographic work and, in some cases such as in the early versions of "Fallen Leaves", it is merely documentary support. Furthermore, the photographs he usually uses in his installations are employed to reveal his interest in memory as topic in his work. In addition, their creations are inspired by the literature of some of the most important Cuban writers, mainly Eliseo Diego and Dulce Maria Loynaz, whose verses title some of Fors' artworks.
Body of work
Collections
National Museum of Fine Arts. Havana, Cuba
Casa de Las Américas. Havana, Cuba
Fototeca de Cuba. Havana, Cuba
Los Angeles County Museum of Art 9 (LACMA) Los Angeles, CA, USA
Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA) Los Angeles, CA, USA
The Museum of Fine Arts. Houston, Texas, USA
Museum of Art. Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
University of Virginia Art Museum. Charlottesville, USA
Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art. University of Oregon, Eugene, USA.
Fundación Museo de Bellas Artes. Caracas, Venezuela
Museo Las Américas. Managua, Nicaragua
The Pilara Foundation. San Francisco, California, USA.
Farber collection
CIFO
Rubin Collection
Personal exhibitions
Acumulaciones. Casa de la Cultura de Plaza. Havana, Cuba. 1983
Golpes de vista. Provincial Museum. Villa Clara, Cuba. 1988
La tierra. Centro Provincial de Artes Plásticas y Diseño. Havana, Cuba 1988
Trabajos Fotográficos. Fototeca de Cuba. Havana, Cuba 1992
El paso del tiempo, proyectos naturalezas conjuradas. Centro Wifredo Lam. Havana, Cuba. 1995
Desde la tierra. II Jornada Fotográfica de Mérida. La Otra Banda Gallery. Mérida, Venezuela. 1996.
Proyecto el voluble rostro de la realidad. Fototeca de Cuba. Fundación Ludwing de Cuba. Havana, Cuba. 1996.
Los retratos. Fortaleza del Morro. VI Bienal de La Habana. Havana, Cuba. 1997
Boy Cott Art Gallery. Brussels, Belgique. 1997
Las ventanas. La Acacia Gallery. Havana, Cuba. 1997
Verso Photo Gallery. Tokio, Japan. 1997
Foto- Installatles. Geukens & De ViI Contemporary Art. Knokke- Zoute, Belgique.1998
José Manuel Fors, Cuban Photographer. Couturier Gallery. Los Angeles, CA, USA 1999
Salón Nacional de Fotografía. Centro de Desarrollo de las Artes Visuales, Havana. Cuba 1999
José Manuel Fors, Cuban Photographer. Couturier Gallery. Los Angeles, CA, USA 2000
Beyond Cuba, Mirages of Absence. José Manuel Fors y Rogelio López Marín (Gory) Beadleston Gallery. New York, USA 2001
Grimaldis Gallery. Baltimore, MD, USA 2001
Fallen Leaves. Couturier Gallery. Los Angeles, CA, USA 2002
Los Objetos. Geukens & De ViI Contemporary Art, Knokke- Zoute, Belgique 2003
Largas Cartas. Couturier Gallery. Los Angeles, CA, USA 2004
Las Cartas. Casa de Las Américas. Latinoamerican Gallery. Havana, Cuba 2004
Boy Cott Art Gallery. Brussels, Belgique 2005
Círculos. Fototeca de Cuba. Havana, Cuba 2006
Historias Circulares. National Museum of Fine Arts. Havana, Cuba 2006
Objeto Fotográficos. Auditorio de Galicia. Santiago de Compostela, Spain 2006
Objetos. La Casona Gallery. Havana, Cuba 2008
Fragmentos. Pan American Art Projects. Miami FL, USA 2011
Ciudad Fragmentada. KCI Gallery. Krause Center for Innovation. Foothill College, CA, USA 2012
Pormenores. XI Bienal de la Habana, Fortaleza de La Cabaña. Havana, Cuba 2012
Entre la Sombra y en la Pared. Villa Manuela Gallery. Havana, Cuba 2014
El peso leve de todo lo creado. XII Bienal de La Habana. Fortaleza de la Cabaña. Havana, Cuba 2015
Wide Shadow. Couturier Gallery. Los Angeles, CA, USA 2016
Palimpsesto. National Museum of Fine Arts. Havana, Cuba 2017
XIII Bienal de la Habana. National Museum of Fine Arts. Havana, Cuba 2019
Candies. Pan American Art Projects. Miami FL, USA 2019
Collective exhibitions
2015
Contaminación. National Museum Fine Arts. Havana, Cuba.
Photography in Cuba Today. Chazen Museum. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Lens Work: Celebrating LACMA's Experimental Photography at 50. Los Angeles, USA.
2013
Almacenes Afuera. National Museum of Fine Arts. Havana, Cuba.
A Sense of Place. Pier 24. San Francisco, CA, USA.
Del otro lado del espejo. Servando Gallery. Havana, Cuba.
CUBART: Contemporary Cuban Art. Pan American Art Projects. New York, USA.
2012
Estado Actual. Muestra colectiva de las vanguardias cubanas. La Acacia Gallery. Havana, Cuba.
Las Metáforas del Cambio. Habana Factory. Collateral XI Bienal de la Habana, Cuba.
2011
50 en los 50. La Acacia Gallery. Havana, Cuba.
Urbanitas. Pan American Art Projects, Miami, Florida, USA. Art Miami 2011.
2010
Madrid Mirada, 14 Artistas Latinoamericanos. Fototeca de Cuba, Havana, Cuba.
Cuba Avant-Garde: Arte Contemporáneo cubano de la Colección Farber. University of Miami Lowe Art Museum. Florida, USA.
Encuentros. Sala Retiro, Caja Madrid, Spain.
2008
Rodeado de agua: Expresión de Libertad y aislamiento en el arte cubano contemporáneo. Boston University Art Gallery. USA.
CUBA Art History From 1868 To Today. The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Canadá.
2007
Cuba Avant Garde: Arte Contemporáneo cubano de la Colección Farber. Harn Museum of Art, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Cuba Avant Garde: Arte Contemporáneo cubano de la Colección Farber. Museo Ringling, Tampa, Florida, USA
Habanart à Québec. Québec, Canadá Homing Devices. Contemporary Art Museum, Tampa, USA
2006
Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasilia, Brasil.
2005
Documenting Poetry: Contemporary Latin American Photography. Maier Museum of Art. Virginia, USA.
No Island is an Island: Contemporary Cuban Art, Sawhill Gallery, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.
Contemporary Art and the Art of Survival. Natalie and James Thompson Art Gallery, San José State University. San José, California, USA.
2002
Shifting Tides: Cuban Photography After the Revolution. Museum of Contemporary Photography, Chicago, USA.
2001
Four Cuban Photographers. Couturier Gallery, Los Angeles, Ca.
Shifting Tides: Cuban Photography after the Revolution, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Shifting Tides: Cuban Photography After the Revolution. Grey Art Gallery. New York University. New York, USA.
2000
Vigovisións. IX Fotobienal. Vigo, Pontevedra, España.
Subasta Humanitaria, Arte Cubano Contemporáneo. Casa de las Américas. Havana, Cuba.
1999
La huella múltiple. Centro de Desarrollo de las Artes Visuales. Havana, Cuba.
Metáforas / Comentarios. Artistas de Cuba. State University of San Francisco, CA, USA. Lo real infatigable. Fundación Ludwig de Cuba; Centro de Desarrollo de las Artes Visuales, La Habana.
1998
¿Cómo es Possible ser Cubano? La Maison de l'Amérique Latine. Paris, France.
Fragmentos a su Imán. Casa de Las Américas. Havana, Cuba.
1996
Fotografía Cubana. Fotocentre. Unión de Periodistas de Rusia. Moscú, Rusia.
1995
Relaciones peligrosas. Centro de Desarrollo de las Artes Visuales. Havana, Cuba.
Vestigios. Ego: un retrato possible. Centro de Desarrollo de las Artes Visuales. Havana, Cuba.
I Salón Nacional de Arte Cubano Contemporáneo. National Museum of Fine Arts. Havana, Cuba.
Visioni, Fotografía Cubana de los 90. Spazio Italia. Milano, Italia
1994
X Abril Mes de la Fotografía. Mérida, Yucatán, México.
1993
La Nube en Pantalones. National Museum of Fine Arts. Havana, Cuba.
Plástica Cubana Contemporánea de los Ochenta. Museo Universitario del Chopo, México.
1992
Fotografía Cubana Contemporánea. Exposición itinerante. Firenze, Italia.
1991
Nuevas Adquisiciones Contemporáneas. Muestra de Arte Cubano. National Museum of Fine Arts. Havana, Cuba.
IV Bienal de La Habana. L Gallery. Havana, Cuba.
1989
49th International Photographic Salon of Japan. Tokio, Osaka, Nagoya, Kyoto, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Japan.
III Bienal de La Habana. National Museum of Fine Arts. Havana, Cuba.
1988
Jóvenes Fotógrafos. Centro Provincial de Artes Plásticas y Diseño. Havana, Cuba. Pintura Cubana Contemporánea.
1987
El Árbol y la Vida. National Museum of Fine Arts. Havana, Cuba.
Visiones del paisaje. Galería de la Universidad de Los Andes. Mérida, Venezuela
1986
Pintura Cubana Actual. Galería Nacional de Arte Contemporáneo. San José, Costa Rica.
II Bienal de La Habana. National Museum of Fine Arts. Havana, Cuba
1985
De lo Contemporáneo. National Museum of Fine Arts. Havana, Cuba.
1984
Manipulación y Alteración de la Imagen Fotográfica. Consejo Mexicano de la Fotografía. México DF, México.
Concurso Internacional de Carteles de Cine. 23 y M Gallery. Havana, Cuba.
1983
Encuentro de Jóvenes Artistas Latinoamericanos. Casa de Las Américas. Havana, Cuba.
1982
Premio de Fotografía Cubana. 23 y M Gallery. Havana, Cuba.
1981
Volumen I. Centro de Arte Internacional. Havana, Cuba.
Trece Artistas Jóvenes. Havana Gallery. Havana, Cuba.
Sano y Sabroso. 23 y M Gallery. Havana, Cuba.
Cuban Posters, Drawing and Graphics From Cuba. New Delhi, India.
1980
Salón de Pintura Carlos Enríquez. Centro de Arte Internacional. Havana, Cuba.
1979
Pintura Fresca. Artist's Residence. Havana, Cuba.
Pintura Fresca. Cienfuegos Art Gallery. Cienfuegos, Cuba.
1978
Exposición Colectiva de Dibujos. Havana Gallery. Havana, Cuba.
Awards Selection
2016: National Plastic Art Awards
2007: Teaching Special Category as Consultant Teacher, Instituto Superior de Arte, Havana, Cuba.
2001: Award to the Artistic Merit. Instituto Superior de Arte. Havana, Cuba.
1999: Award of the National Culture. Culture Ministry. Havana, Cuba.
1989: Gold Medal. 49th International Photographic Salon of Japan. Tokyo, Japan.
References
Category:1956 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cuban contemporary artists
Category:Artists from Havana
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Manuel_Fors
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.141997
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25862593
|
Abraham Kalisker
|
}}
Abraham HaKohen of Kalisk (1741–1810) was a prominent Chassidic rabbi of the 3rd generation of Chassidic leaders. He was a disciple of Dov Ber of Mezeritch.
Biography
Kalisker was born in 1741 in Kalyshki, Belarus to Alexander. In his youth, he studied Torah with the Vilna Gaon, who later became the leader of the mitnagdim - i.e. those who opposed Hasidic Judaism.
Kalisker and his followers took an emotional and mystical approach towards the service of God in contrast to the formalism of traditional religious scholars, who focused on Talmudic study. After the death in 1772 of his teacher, Dov Ber of Mezeritch, most of the opposition to hasidism was directed against Kalisker and his disciples.
In 1777, at about age 36, he joined the first hasidic aliyah under the leadership of Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk and emigrated to the Holy Land. He died in Tiberias in the Ottoman Empire (currently in Israel) on 9 January 1810.
References
Category:1741 births
Category:1810 deaths
Category:Hasidic rebbes
Category:18th-century rabbis from the Russian Empire
Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the Ottoman Empire
Category:Kohanim writers of Rabbinic literature
Category:Burials at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Tiberias
Category:People from Lyozna district
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Kalisker
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.144967
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25862604
|
Ardha chandrasana
|
thumb|upright=1.35|Ardha Chandrasana
Ardha Chandrasana (; IAST: ardha chandrāsana) or Half Moon Pose is a standing asana in modern yoga as exercise.
Etymology and origins
The name comes from the Sanskrit words अर्ध ardha meaning "half", चन्द्र chandra meaning "moon", and आसन āsana meaning "posture" or "seat".
The 19th century Sritattvanidhi uses the name Ardha Chandrasana for a different pose, Vrikshasana. Swami Yogesvarananda used the name in his 1970 First Steps to Higher Yoga for a pose similar to Kapotasana, Pigeon.
Practice and benefits
The pose is entered from Trikonasana (triangle pose), where one foot is kept forward. The arm opposite to the foot that is forward would come onto the hip. While stretching up with the rear leg and out with the front hand so that only the fingertips remain on the ground, the hand on the hip can gradually reach up towards the ceiling. However, Iyengar describes the pose with the upper hand resting on the hip.
The pose helps to strengthen the ankles and improve balance.
Baddha Parivrtta Ardha Chandrasana (Bound Revolved Half Moon Pose) has the body revolved towards the standing leg with arms bound around the standing leg.
Other 'half moon' poses
In Sivananda Yoga and its derivative styles such as the Bihar School of Yoga, half moon pose is Anjaneyasana, an asana used in the moon salutation series (Chandra Namaskar).
In Bikram Yoga, the name "half moon pose" is given to a two-legged standing side bend, elsewhere called Indudalasana.
File:Mr-yoga-side bend.jpg|The side bend Indudalasana is known as "half moon pose" in Bikram Yoga.
File:Mr-yoga-revolved half moon bow pose.jpg|Revolved half moon pose, variation (grasping of foot)
References
Further reading
Category:Standing asanas
Category:Asymmetric asanas
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardha_chandrasana
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.152662
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25862612
|
Moovalur Ramamirtham
|
Moovalur Ramamirtham (1883–1962) was a Tamil social reformer, author, and political activist of the Dravidian Movement, who worked for the abolition of the Devadasi system in the Madras Presidency.
Early life
Ramamirtham was born in 1883 in Thiruvarur, Madras Presidency, and was brought up at Moovalur, a village near Mayuram (now Mayiladhuthurai).
Activism
Originally a supporter of the Indian National Congress (INC), she became a member of 'Periyar' E. V. Ramasamy's Self-Respect Movement after the latter left the Congress in 1925.
In 1930, she supported Muthulakshmi Reddi's failed attempt to abolish the Devadasi system in the Presidency through legislation.
In 1936, she authored a novel Dasigalin Mosavalai alladhu madhi pettra minor (lit. The Dasis' Web of Deceit, or The Playboy Grown Wise) which exposed the plight of the Devadasis.
She took part in the Anti-Hindi agitations of 1937-40 and in November 1938, was jailed for six weeks for participating in the agitations.
In 1949, she parted ways with Periyar, and became a supporter of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party started by Periyar's protégé C. N. Annadurai. She remained a DMK supporter till her death in 1962.
Legacy
The public awareness created by her novel and her continuous campaign to abolish the Devadasi system, were instrumental in the passage of the Madras Devadasi (Prevention of Dedication) Act or the Devadasi Abolition Bill, which outlawed the practice in 1947.
In her memory, the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1989 instituted the "Moovalur Ramamirtham Ammal Ninaivu Marriage Assistance Scheme," a social welfare scheme to provide financial assistance to poor women.
In popular culture
Ramamirtham is portrayed by Vennira Aadai Nirmala in the biopic Periyar (2007).
References
Category:1883 births
Category:1962 deaths
Category:Dravidian movement
Category:Tamil activists
Category:Tamil-language writers
Category:Women in Tamil Nadu politics
Category:20th-century Indian women politicians
Category:20th-century Indian politicians
Category:19th-century Indian women writers
Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu
Category:Indian social reformers
Category:Indian women activists
Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu
Category:20th-century Indian women writers
Category:20th-century Indian writers
Category:Indian women's rights activists
Category:Activists from Tamil Nadu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moovalur_Ramamirtham
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.163923
|
25862630
|
Lasionycta perplexa
|
Lasionycta perplexa is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is widely distributed from southern Alaska and Yukon in the north to California, Utah, and Colorado in the South. A disjunct population is found on the east coast of Hudson Bay at Kuujjuaraapik.
The habitat is conifer forest.
The wingspan is 33–35 mm. Adults are on wing from mid-June through August.
The larvae feed on Alnus species.
External links
A Revision of Lasionycta Aurivillius (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) for North America and notes on Eurasian species, with descriptions of 17 new species, 6 new subspecies, a new genus, and two new species of Tricholita Grote
Images
Category:Lasionycta
Category:Moths of North America
Category:Moths described in 1888
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasionycta_perplexa
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.178996
|
25862634
|
2009–10 Darlington F.C. season
|
both defeats former Republic of Ireland manager Steve Staunton took over until the end of the season, with Kevin Richardson as his assistant.
In early December it emerged that a dispute had arisen over a clause in the contract of captain Steve Foster, the club's highest-paid player. Foster had shown loyalty to the club by accepting a pay cut with a clause that guaranteed him the offer of a contract extension if he made 20 appearances during the season. With two matches to go, Staunton confirmed that Foster would not be selected unless he rescinded that clausethe club's financial state precluded making that sort of offer when they might not even be in the Football League next seasonand underlined his resolve by naming Ian Miller as captain. Although both parties wanted the situation resolved, Foster stood his ground and was released at the end of February having made 19 appearances in 2009–10.
In the January transfer window, Staunton brought in several Irish players on temporary or short-term deals, including St Patrick's Athletic midfielder Gary Dempsey, former Shamrock Rovers striker Tadhg Purcell, recognising that "a lot of fans voted with their feet"the attendance record fell to 1,296 at the next matchand he needed to appoint a manager to prepare for a promotion season in the Conference. Former Barnsley manager and Darlington player Simon Davey was appointed on 1 April, and despite two wins in his first four matches, relegation was confirmed on 13 April with six matches still to play. For the final fixture, he selected three youth-team players in the starting eleven and used a fourth, the 16-year-old Jordan Marshall, as a second-half substitute.
Having begun to build a squad for the coming season, Davey quit on 16 June. His assistant, Ryan Kidd, signed a two-year contract before having second thoughts, and Mark Cooper, who had been Singh's first choice to replace Staunton, signed a one-year deal on 29 June.League table (part)
Match results
General source: Match content not verifiable from these sources is referenced individually.
{| class"wikitable plainrowheaders" styletext-align:center
|-
!scope=col|Date
!scopecol|League<br>position
!scope=col|Opponents
!scope=col|Venue
!scope=col|Result
!scope=col|Score<br>F–A
!scope=col|Scorers
!scope=col|Attendance
|-
!scope=row|8 August 2009
|20th
|style=text-align:left|Aldershot Town||A
|stylebackground:#fcc|L||1–3||styletext-align:left|Dowson 85'
|2,866
|-
!scope=row|15 August 2009
|23rd
|style=text-align:left|Bury||H
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–1||
|2,310
|-
!scope=row|18 August 2009
|23rd
|style=text-align:left|Crewe Alexandra||H
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–1||
|1,821
|-
!scope=row|22 August 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Port Vale||A
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–1||
|4,561
|-
!scope=row|29 August 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Cheltenham Town||H
|stylebackground:#ffc|D||1–1||styletext-align:left|Gall 71'
|1,840
|-
!scope=row|5 September 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Lincoln City||A
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–3||
|3,005
|-
!scope=row|11 September 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Accrington Stanley||A
|stylebackground:#fcc|L||1–2||styletext-align:left|Gall 59'
|3,228
|-
!scope=row|19 September 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|AFC Bournemouth||H
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–2||
|1,999
|-
!scope=row|26 September 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Grimsby Town||A
|stylebackground:#ffc|D||1–1||styletext-align:left|Main 81'
|4,014
|-
!scope=row|29 September 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Rochdale||H
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–2||
|1,748
|-
!scope=row|3 October 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Macclesfield Town||H
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–1||
|1,763
|-
!scope=row|10 October 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Dagenham & Redbridge||A
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–2||
|1,981
|-
!scope=row|17 October 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Shrewsbury Town||H
|stylebackground:#cfc|W||2–1||styletext-align:left|Devitt 26', Thomas 56'
|1,958
|-
!scope=row|24 October 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Barnet||A
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–3||
|2,313
|-
!scope=row|31 October 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Hereford United||A
|stylebackground:#fcc|L||1–2||styletext-align:left|Collins 72'
|2,238
|-
!scope=row|14 November 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Burton Albion||H
|stylebackground:#cfc|W||1–0||styletext-align:left|Main 7'
|2,404
|-
!scope=row|21 November 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Chesterfield||A
|stylebackground:#fcc|L||2–5||styletext-align:left|Collins 59', Hogg 87'
|3,460
|-
!scope=row|28 November 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Morecambe||H
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–4||
|1,698
|-
!scope=row|1 December
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Notts County||A
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–4||
|4,606
|-
!scope=row|5 December 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Bradford City||H
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–1||
|2,744
|-
!scope=row|12 December 2009
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Torquay United||A
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–5||
|2,434
|-
!scope=row|19 January 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Rotherham United||A
|stylebackground:#cfc|W||2–1||styletext-align:left|Purcell 47', G. Smith 63'
|3,234
|-
!scope=row|23 January 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Crewe Alexandra||A
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–3||
|3,717
|-
!scope=row|26 January 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Northampton Town||H
|stylebackground:#fcc|L||1–2||styletext-align:left|Purcell 29'
|1,694
|-
!scope=row|6 February 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Rotherham United||H
|stylebackground:#cfc|W||2–0||styletext-align:left|Purcell 19', Waite 52'
|2,231
|-
!scope=row|9 February 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Lincoln City||H
|stylebackground:#ffc|D||1–1||styletext-align:left|Dempsey 38'
|1,697
|-
!scope=row|13 February 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Morecambe||A
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–2||
|1,741
|-
!scope=row|20 February 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Chesterfield||H
|stylebackground:#fcc|L||2–3||styletext-align:left|Purcell 27', 53'
|2,209
|-
!scope=row|27 February 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Bradford City||A
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–1||
|11,532
|-
!scope=row|2 March 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Port Vale||H
|stylebackground:#fcc|L||1–3||styletext-align:left|Purcell 6'
|1,582
|-
!scope=row|6 March 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Torquay United||H
|stylebackground:#fcc|L||1–3||styletext-align:left|Main 54'
|1,819
|-
!scope=row|9 March 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Bury||A
|stylebackground:#ffc|D||1–1||styletext-align:left|Purcell 32' pen.
|2,123
|-
!scope=row|13 March 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Northampton Town||A
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–2||
|4,755
|-
!scope=row|20 March 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Barnet||H
|stylebackground:#fcc|L||1–2||styletext-align:left|Breen 57' o.g.
|1,463
|-
!scope=row|23 March 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Aldershot Town||H
|stylebackground:#fcc|L||1–2||styletext-align:left|Arnison 85'
|1,296
|-
!scope=row|27 March 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Shrewsbury Town||A
|stylebackground:#cfc|W||2–0||styletext-align:left|Purcell 8', Diop 87'
|5,081
|-
!scope=row|3 April 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Burton Albion||A
|stylebackground:#cfc|W||2–1||styletext-align:left|Gray 22', White 32'
|2,779
|-
!scope=row|5 April 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Hereford United||H
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–1||
|2,131
|-
!scope=row|10 April 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Accrington Stanley||H
|style=background:#ffc|D||0–0||
|1,545
|-
!scope=row|13 April 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Rochdale||A
|stylebackground:#cfc|W||1–0||styletext-align:left|Mulligan 35'
|5,371
|-
!scope=row|17 April 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|AFC Bournemouth||A
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–2||
|6,464
|-
!scope=row|20 April 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Cheltenham Town||A
|stylebackground:#ffc|D||3–3||styletext-align:left|Purcell 2', Eastham 5' o.g., Diop 27'
|2,836
|-
!scope=row|24 April 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Grimsby Town||H
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–2||
|1,911
|-
!scope=row|27 April 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Notts County||H
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–5||
|2,112
|-
!scope=row|1 May 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Macclesfield Town||A
|stylebackground:#cfc|W||0–2||styletext-align:left|Miller 9', M. Smith 79'
|1,716
|-
!scope=row|8 May 2010
|24th
|style=text-align:left|Dagenham & Redbridge||H
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–2||
|2,720
|}
FA Cup
{| class"wikitable plainrowheaders" styletext-align:center
|+ FA Cup match details
|-
!scope=col|Round
!scopecol|Date!!scopecol|Opponents!!scope=col|Venue
!scopecol|Result!!scopecol|Score<br>F–A!!scope=col|Scorers
!scopecol|Attendance!!scopecol|Refs
|-
!scope=row|First round
|styletext-align:left|7 November 2009||styletext-align:left|Barnet||A
|stylebackground:#fcc|L||1–3||style"text-align:left"|Diop 73'
|1,654
|
|}
Football League Cup
{| class"wikitable plainrowheaders" styletext-align:center
|+ League Cup match details
|-
!scope=col|Round
!scopecol|Date!!scopecol|Opponents!!scope=col|Venue
!scopecol|Result!!scopecol|Score<br>F–A!!scope=col|Scorers
!scopecol|Attendance!!scopecol|Refs
|-
!scope=row|First round
|styletext-align:left|10 August 2009||styletext-align:left|Leeds United||H
|style=background:#fcc|L||0–1||
|4,487
|
|}
Football League Trophy
{| class"wikitable plainrowheaders" styletext-align:center
|+ Football League Trophy match details
|-
!scope=col|Round
!scopecol|Date!!scopecol|Opponents!!scope=col|Venue
!scopecol|Result!!scopecol|Score<br>F–A!!scope=col|Scorers
!scopecol|Attendance!!scopecol|Refs
|-
!scope=row|First round
|styletext-align:left|1 September 2009||styletext-align:left|Lincoln City||H
|stylebackground:#cfc|W||1–0||styletext-align:left|Thorpe 27'
|828
|
|-
!scope=row|Second round
|styletext-align:left|6 October 2009||styletext-align:left|Leeds United||A
|stylebackground:#fcc|L||1–2||styletext-align:left|Convery 45+1'
|8,429
|
|}
Appearances and goals
:Source:
:Numbers in parentheses denote appearances as substitute.
:Players with name and squad number struck through and marked left the club during the playing season.
:Players with names in italics and marked * were on loan from another club for the whole of their season with Darlington.
:Players listed with no appearances have been in the matchday squad but only as unused substitutes.
:Key to positions: GK – Goalkeeper; DF – Defender; MF – Midfielder; FW – Forward
{| class"wikitable plainrowheaders" styletext-align:center
|+ Players included in matchday squads
|-
!rowspan2 width40|No.
!rowspan2 width40|Pos.
!rowspan2 width60|Nat.
!rowspan2 width150 scope=col|Name
!colspan2 width90|League
!colspan2 width90|FA Cup
!colspan2 width90|League Cup
!colspan2 width90|FL Trophy
!colspan2 width90|Total
!colspan2 width90|Discipline
|-
!scope=col|Apps
!scope=col|Goals
!scope=col|Apps
!scope=col|Goals
!scope=col|Apps
!scope=col|Goals
!scope=col|Apps
!scope=col|Goals
!scope=col|Apps
!scope=col|Goals
!scope=col|
!scope=col|
|-
|2||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Paul Arnison
|17 (1)||1||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||2 (0)||0||20 (1)||1||4||0
|-
|21||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Rikki Bains
|3 (1)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (1)||0|| 3 (2)||0||0||0
|-
|26||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Corey Barnes
|4 (2)||0||1 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0|| 6 (2)||0||1||0
|-
|28||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Moses Barnett *
|4 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0|| 5 (0)||0||0||0
|-
|11||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|James Bennett
|3 (1)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (1)||0|| 3 (2)||0||0||0
|-
|3||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Mark Bower
|12 (1)||0||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||14 (1)||0||0||0
|-
|31||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Dan Burn
|2 (2)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0|| 2 (2)||0||0||0
|-
|33||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Richie Byrne
|2 (2)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0|| 2 (2)||0||2||0
|-
|19||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Jamie Chandler
|12 (2)||0||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||14 (2)||0||6||1
|-
|25||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Ross Chisholm
|2 (1)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||2 (1)||0||0||0
|-
|23||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|James Collins
|5 (2)||2||1 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0|| 6 (2)||2||3||0
|-
|18||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Mark Convery
|9 (12)||0||1 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||1 (1)||1|| 11 (13)||1||0||0
|-
|23||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Jordan Cook *
|4 (1)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0|| 4 (1)||0||0||0
|-
|22||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|David Davis *
|5 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0|| 6 (0)||0||3||0
|-
|29||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Patrick Deane
|0 (10)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (10)||0||0||0
|-
|11||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Gary Dempsey
|24 (0)||1||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||24 (0)||1||3||0
|-
|22||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Jamie Devitt *
|5 (1)||1||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0|| 6 (1)||1||2||0
|-
|30||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Mor Diop
|18 (5)||2||0 (1)||1||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0|| 18 (6)||3||3||0
|-
|20||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|David Dowson *
|6 (4)||1||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||0 (1)||0|| 7 (5)||1||0||0
|-
|5||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Steve Foster
|15 (1)||0||1 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||18 (1)||0||0||0
|-
|24||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Kevin Gall
|9 (1)||2||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||2 (0)||0||11 (1)||2||1||0
|-
|20||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Stuart Giddings
|22 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||22 (0)||0||3||0
|-
|12||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Josh Gray
|10 (17)||1||0 (1)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||10 (18)||1||2||0
|-
|16||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Danny Groves
|8 (8)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||9 (8)||0||1||0
|-
|32||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Danny Hall *
|3 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||3 (0)||0||2||0
|-
|33||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Paul Harsley *
|3 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||3 (0)||0||2||0
|-
|28||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Jonathan Hogg *
|5 (0)||1||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||5 (0)||1||1||0
|-
|25||GK||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Russell Hoult *
|6 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||6 (0)||0||0||0
|-
|25||GK||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Ashlee Jones
|1 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||0||0
|-
|33||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Tony Kane *
|4 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||4 (0)||0||1||0
|-
|1||GK||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|David Knight
|7 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||9 (0)||0||0||0
|-
|13||GK||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Nick Liversedge
|13 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||15 (0)||0||0||1
|-
|8||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Chris Lumsdon
|2 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||3 (0)||0||0||0
|-
|22||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Simon Madden
|13 (2)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||13 (2)||0||2||0
|-
|15||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Curtis Main
|12 (14)||3||0 (1)||0||0 (1)||0||0 (1)||0||12 (17)||3||2||0
|-
|25||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Jordan Marshall
|0 (3)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (3)||0||0||0
|-
|27||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|John McReady
|3 (1)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0|| 3 (1)||0||0||0
|-
|6||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Ian Miller
|40 (0)||1||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||2 (0)||0||43 (0)||1||3||0
|-
|19||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Andrew Milne
|12 (1)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||12 (1)||0||0||0
|-
|9||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Chris Moore
|8 (3)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||8 (3)||0||0||0
|-
|24||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Nathan Mulligan
|10 (6)||1||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||10 (6)||1||3||0
|-
|4||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Matty Plummer
|5 (3)||0||1 (0)||0||0 (1)||0||2 (0)||0||8 (4)||0||0||0
|-
|22||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Nathan Porritt *
|4 (1)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||5 (1)||0||0||0
|-
|19||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Tadhg Purcell
|22 (0)||9||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||22 (0)||9||2||0
|-
|23||GK||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Shane Redmond *
|19 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||19 (0)||0||1||0
|-
|14||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Gary Smith
|32 (2)||1||1 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||2 (0)||0||36 (2)||1||5||0
|-
|7||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Jeff Smith
|22 (2)||0||1 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||1 (1)||0||25 (3)||0||0||0
|-
|32||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Michael Smith
|3 (4)||1||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||3 (4)||1||0||0
|-
|29||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Simon Thomas *
|7 (0)||1||1 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||8 (0)||1||2||0
|-
|9||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Lee Thorpe
|7 (1)||0||0 (0)||0||1 (0)||0||1 (0)||1||9 (1)||1||3||0
|-
|28||MF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Gareth Waite
|14 (0)||1||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||14 (0)||1||2||0
|-
|10||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Noel Whelan
|2 (1)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||2 (1)||0||0||0
|-
|4||DF||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Alan White *
|23 (1)||1||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||23 (1)||1||5||0
|-
|10||FW||style=text-align:left|
!scope=row|Dean Windass
|3 (3)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (0)||0||0 (1)||0||3 (4)||0||1||0
|}
Transfers
In
The Football League approved the club's exit from administration only in August 2009, so although deals had been agreed with a number of players, some of whom had appeared in pre-season matches, these players were not officially registered until 3 August 2009. These registrations also included those of players whose contracts could not be renewed until the club came out of administration.
{| class"wikitable" styletext-align: left
|-
!Date!!Pos!!Player!!Club!!Fee!!Ref
|-
| 3 August 2009 || DF || Paul Arnison || Bradford City || Free
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 3 August 2009 || MF || James Bennett || Hull City || Free
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 24 August 2009 || FW || Curtis Main || || Free
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 22 October 2009 || FW || Serigne Diop || SE Eivissa-Ibiza ||
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 29 October 2009 || MF || Nathan Mulligan || Norton & Stockton Ancients ||
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 7 January 2010 || FW || Tadhg Purcell || Shamrock Rovers || Free
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 15 January 2010 || MF || Gareth Waite || Spennymoor Town ||
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 2 March 2010 || MF || Ross Chisholm || Shamrock Rovers || Free
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 11 March 2010 || MF || Chris Moore || Whitley Bay ||
| styletext-align:center|
|}
Loans in
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date!!Pos!!Name!!From!!Length!!Notes
|-
| 7 August 2009 || MF || Jamie Chandler || Sunderland || Three months
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 7 August 2009 || FW || David Dowson || Sunderland || Three months
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 17 August 2009 || MF || Nathan Porritt || Middlesbrough || One month
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 18 August 2009 || FW || Jordan Cook || Sunderland || One month
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 15 September 2009 || MF || Jamie Devitt || Hull City || One month
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 16 September 2009 || GK || Russell Hoult || Notts County || One month
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 17 September 2009 || DF || Tony Kane || Carlisle United || One month
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 9 October 2009 || DF || Moses Barnett || Everton || One month
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 16 October 2009 || FW || Simon Thomas || Crystal Palace || Three months
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 22 October 2009 || FW || James Collins || Aston Villa || Three months
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 22 October 2009 || MF || David Davis || Wolverhampton Wanderers || Two months
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 26 November 2009 || DF || Andrew Milne || Leeds United || Five weeks
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 26 November 2009 || MF || Paul Harsley || Chesterfield || Five weeks
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 5 March 2010 || DF || Andrew Milne || Leeds United || End of season
| styletext-align:center|
|}
Out
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date!!Pos!!Name!!To!!Fee!!Notes
|-
| 22 October 2009 || FW || Kevin Gall || York City || Contract expired
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 8 December 2009 || GK || David Knight || Histon || Mutual consent
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 8 December 2009 || MF || James Bennett || Ossett Town || Mutual consent
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 8 December 2009 || DF || Matty Plummer || North Ferriby United || Mutual consent
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 16 February 2010 || GK || Ashlee Jones || || Mutual consent
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 27 February 2010 || DF || Steve Foster || Blyth Spartans || Mutual consent
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 27 February 2010 || FW || Lee Thorpe || Fleetwood Town || Mutual consent
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 5 April 2010 || FW || Noel Whelan || || Released
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 12 April 2010 || MF || Ross Chisholm || || Released
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 12 April 2010 || FW || Patrick Deane || || Released
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 15 January 2010 || DF || Rikki Bains || Gateshead || End of season
| styletext-align:center|
|-
| 29 January 2010 || MF || Dan Riley || Billingham Town || One month
| styletext-align:center|<ref name"byrne in"/>
|}
See also
*2009–10 in English football
Notes
References
Category:Darlington F.C. seasons
Darlington
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009–10_Darlington_F.C._season
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.276858
|
25862648
|
Aaha! Gold Cup
|
Aaha! Gold Cup (Nepali: आहा ! गोल्ड कप āhā gōlḍ kap) is an annual international football tournament held in Pokhara, Nepal, and organized by the Sahara Club. It was formerly known as the Caravan Gold Cup. It is considered a major football tournament in Nepal, and is therefore endorsed by ANFA Kaski, a district FA of the All Nepal Football Association.
Background
Sahara Club (Pokhara) have been running a football academy for under-privileged children from the profit of the tournament and donations from various individuals and organisations. At present, there are 30 children at the academy
The major attraction of the cup is the involvement of major clubs of Nepal and some international clubs. The cup is recognized by ANFA and is included in its annual calendar. The tournament is conducted in a knockout format and 12 teams compete for the title. The tournament is the main event keeping the spirit of football alive in Nepal and handsomely rewards the clubs and players. It is also the longest sporting event to be held regularly. For the first time in history in 2019 there were only 10 club competing due to tight schedule of tournament all over Nepal and Date issue.
On the 13th edition of the tournament, English non-league side Aldershot Town FC entered in the tournament, and thus became the first European (UEFA) club to compete in the tournament's history.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, 19th edition of the tournament only featured 8 teams. The 20th edition was held with 1/3 of the spectators allowed by following Covid safety protocols.
Previous winners
Title Year B.S. Year A.D. Winners Runners-up Caravan 2058 2002 Nepal Police Club Manang Marsyangdi Club I 2059 2003 Nepal Police Club Friends Club II 2060 2004 Manang Marsyangdi Club Carlton Football Club III 2061 2005 Manang Marsyangdi Club Nepal Police Club IV 2062 2006 African United Club Nepal Police Club V 2063 2007 Three Star Club Manang Marsyangdi Club VI 2064 2008 Nepal Police Club Nepal A.P.F. Club VII 2065 2009 Nepal Police Club Nepal Army Club VIII 2066 2010 Nepal Police Club Tribhuvan Army Club IX 2067 2011 Three Star Club Manang Marsyangdi Club X 2068 2012 Manang Marsyangdi Club Jawalakhel YC XI 2069 2013 Three Star Club Sahara Club (Pokhara) XII 2070 2014 Sahara Club (Pokhara) Manang Marshyangdi Club XIII 2071 2015 Three Star Club Manang Marshyangdi Club XIV 2072 2016 Manang Marshyangdi Club Nepal Army Club XV 2073 2017 Manang Marshyangdi Club Sahara Club (Pokhara) XVI 2074 2018 Nepal Police Club Three Star Club XVII 2075 2019 Three Star Club Nepal Army Club XVIII 2076 2020 Manang Marshyangdi Club Nepal Police Club XIX 2077 2021 Sankata Club African Roots Association XX 2078 2022 Nepal A.P.F. Club Manang Marshyangdi ClubXIXII20792023Sankata Club Bhutanese Youth ClubXIII20802024Nepal ArmyThree Star Club XXIV 2081 2025 Black Bulls FC Nepal Police F.C.
Top performing clubs
Club Winners Runners-up Nepal Police Club 6 2 Manang Marshyangdi Club 6 6 Three Star Club 5 2 Nepal Army Club (formerly Tribhuwan Army) 2 4 Sankata Club 2 0 Sahara Club (Pokhara) 1 2 Nepal A.P.F. Club 1 1 African United Club 1 0 Carlton Football Club 0 1 Friends Club 0 1 Jawalakhel Youth Club 0 1 African Roots Association 0 1
External links
Aaha Rara Gold Cup official anthem
BBC South report
RSSSF.com - Nepal - List of Champions and Cup Winners
Sahara Club official website
See also
Birat Gold Cup
Simara Gold Cup
KP Oli Cup
Pokhara Cup
Budha Subba Gold Cup
Jhapa Gold Cup
References
Category:Football cup competitions in Nepal
Category:Sport in Pokhara
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaha!_Gold_Cup
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.311291
|
25862662
|
Lasionycta perplexella
|
Lasionycta perplexella is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from southern Yukon to southern Alberta and southern Washington.
The habitat is subalpine spruce and fir forest.
The wingspan is 30–36 mm for males and 33–36 mm for females. Adults are on wing from mid-July through August.
External links
A Revision of Lasionycta Aurivillius (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) for North America and notes on Eurasian species, with descriptions of 17 new species, 6 new subspecies, a new genus, and two new species of Tricholita Grote
Category:Lasionycta
Category:Moths described in 2009
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasionycta_perplexella
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.323586
|
25862683
|
United States Mission to the UN Agencies in Rome
|
Rome, Italy
| coordinates | website
}}
The United States Mission to the UN Agencies in Rome serves as a link between the Rome-based international organizations and the U.S. government. Rome is unusual in that there are three U.S. Ambassadors located there; the other U.S. diplomatic missions in Rome are the Embassy of the United States, Rome, and the Embassy of the United States to the Holy See. Together they are referred to as "Tri-Mission Community" in Rome.
The chief of the mission is typically the person who is the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture, or a chargé d'affaires if the ambassadorship is vacant.
The Mission
Because Rome is home to the three principal United Nations organizations dedicated to food and agriculture (World Food Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization, and International Fund for Agricultural Development), it is at the center of international efforts to promote sustainable development and combat world hunger. Thus, the Mission plays an essential role in supporting the "Feed the Future" in its work. The U.S. Mission to the UN in Rome serves as a link between the Rome-based international organizations and the U.S. government; the staff at this mission represent the Department of State, Agriculture, and the Agency for International Development. In 2014, per an article in State Magazine, there were some 25 professionals from those departments stationed at the mission. Together, they work to advance UN efforts towards food security overall, with particular attention to areas such as emergency food aid, food safety standards, food production and accompanying environments, and financing for rural development. Like the other two, the Mission to the UN Agencies is housed in historic structures dating to the 16th to 18th centuries.
External links
*[http://usunrome.usmission.gov/ Official website]
References
Category:Independent agencies of the United States government
Category:United States Agency for International Development
Category:Organisations based in Rome
Category:United States and the United Nations
Category:Diplomatic missions in Rome
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Mission_to_the_UN_Agencies_in_Rome
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.366781
|
25862687
|
Lasionycta subalpina
|
Lasionycta subalpina is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from southern Idaho and the Beartooth Plateau on the Montana-Wyoming border to Colorado and central Utah as well as in the Sierra Nevada of California.
The habitat is subalpine forests and mid-elevation pine forests.
The wingspan is 29–33 mm for males and 30–35 mm for females. Adults are on wing from mid-July through August.
External links
A Revision of Lasionycta Aurivillius (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) for North America and notes on Eurasian species, with descriptions of 17 new species, 6 new subspecies, a new genus, and two new species of Tricholita Grote
Category:Lasionycta
Category:Moths described in 2009
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasionycta_subalpina
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.369894
|
25862689
|
Teosa Assembly constituency
|
Teosa Assembly constituency is one of the 288 constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and one of the eight present in Amravati district.
Teosa is a part of the Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies along with five other, viz. Badnera, Amravati, Daryapur (SC), Melghat (ST) and Achalpur.
The remaining two constituencies, Dhamangaon Railway and Morshi, are part of Wardha Lok Sabha constituency in adjoining Wardha district.
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 39 Teosa Assembly constituency is composed of the following: 1. Teosa Tehsil, 2. Morshi Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle - Ner Pinglai and Dhamangaon, 3. Amravati Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle - Shirala, Mahuli Jahangir, Nandgaon Peth and Walgaon and 4. Bhatkuli Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle – Ashti and Kholapur of the Amravati district.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| 1978
| rowspan="2"| Chandrakant Thakur
|
|-
| 1980
|
|-
| 1985
| Sharad Tasare
|
|-
| 1990
| Nattu Mangale
|
|-
| 1995
| Sharad Tasare
|
|-
| 1999
| rowspan="2"|Sahebrao Thatte
|
|-
| 2004
|-
| 2009
| rowspan="3"|Yashomati Thakur
|
|-
| 2014
|-
| 2019
|-
| 2024
|Rajesh Wankhade
|
|}
Election results
2024
10.21
}}
1.46
}}
4.95
}}
0.34
}}
2.22
}}
2019
|percentage = 43.89
|change =
}}
|percentage = 37.92
|change =
}}
|percentage = 8.26
|change =
}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
Notes
<references/>
Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra
Category:Amravati district
Category:Politics of Maharashtra
Category:Constituencies established in 1978
Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosa_Assembly_constituency
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.378426
|
25862694
|
Badnera Assembly constituency
|
Badnera is one of the 288 constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and one of the eight which are located in Amravati district.
It is a part of the Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency) along with five other Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies, viz. Amravati, Teosa, Daryapur (SC), Melghat (ST) and Achalpur.
The remaining two Dhamangaon Railway and Morshi constituencies are part of the Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency) in the adjoining Wardha district.
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 37 Badnera Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
1. Amravati Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle – Amravati and Badnera, 2. Amravati (M.Corp.)–Ward No. 6 to 18, 32 to 40, 57 to 61, 72,73, 3. Bhatkuli Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle – Bhatkuli and Nimbha. of the district.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| 1962
| Purushottam Deshmukh
|
|-
| 1967
| Krishnrao Shrungare
|
|-
| 1972
| Purushottam Deshmukh
|
|-
| 1978
| Mangaldas Yadav
|
|-
| 1980
| rowspan=2|Ram Meghe
|-
| 1985
|
|-
| 1990
| Pradeep Wadnere
|
|-
| 1995
| rowspan="2" |Dnyaneshwar Dhane Patil
|-
| 1999
|-
| 2004
| Sulbha Khodke
|
|-
| 2009
| rowspan="4" |Ravi Rana
|
|-
| 2014
|-
| 2019
|-
| 2024
|bgcolor=blue|
|Rashtriya Yuva Swabhiman Party
|}
Election results
2024
2019
See also
*Badnera
Notes
<references/>
Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra
Category:Amravati district
Category:Politics of Maharashtra
Category:Constituencies established in 1962
Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badnera_Assembly_constituency
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.387614
|
25862696
|
Fachsenfeld
|
|image_plan = Aalen Stadtbezirke.png
|state = Baden-Württemberg
|region = Stuttgart
|district = Ostalbkreis
|elevation = 536
|area = 3.949
|population = 3569
|population_as_of = 2020-12-31
|pop_ref
|postal_code = 73434
|area_code = 07366
|website = [http://www.aalen-fachsenfeld.de/ www.aalen-fachsenfeld.de]
|mayor = Jürgen Opferkuch
|Bürgermeistertitel = Ortsvorsteher
}}
Fachsenfeld is a borough (Stadtbezirk) of the town Aalen in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
Geography
<!-- Ortsmitte Fachsenfeld 2.jpg -->
Location
<!-- beispielsweise Landschaften, Berge, Flüsse etc. -->
From Fachsenfeld it is approximately 5 km linear-distance to the City Center of Aalen. The next districts are Dewangen (2 km) and Wasseralfingen (4 km). The Municipalities Hüttlingen and Abtsgmünd lie each 3 km apart.
<!-- Geologie -->
Expansion of the Fachsenfeld District
Fachsenfeld consists of the following parts and places
* Himmlingsweiler
* Scherrenmühle
* Schlossreute
* Spitz
* Steinfurt
* Waiblingen
* Pfannenstiel
* Kocherschafhaus
* Mühlhäusle
* Sanzenbach
* Bodenbach
* Frankeneich
<!-- Nachbargemeinden -->
<!-- Gemeindegliederung -->
<!-- Klima -->
History
Fachsenfeld was first mentioned in a document in 1230. Originally Fachsenfeld only was a small hamlet. One part of the town was owned by knightly families, the rest belonged to the prince provost of Ellwangen. In the end of the 16th century the knights and their peasants became evangelic (Lutheran); the Evangelical church was built in 1591. The part which belonged to Ellwangen remained Catholic. In 1894 the foundation was laid for the Catholic Herz-Jesu Church, whereupon it was sanctified on September 28, 1895.
In 1972 Fachsenfeld was incorporated into Aalen.
The hamlets Himmlingsweiler and Waiblingen belong to Fachsenfeld.
Himmlingsweiler was established in the 18th century; its name was originally „Pfannenstiel“ (meaning "Panhandle"), Waiblingen located by the River Kocher, lies on the remains of a ring shaped castle stead.
Castle Fachsenfeld
Religion
Approximately 65% of the people of Fachsenfeld are Catholic, 22% Evangelical and 13% belong to other religious communities or made no statements.
<!-- Eingemeindungen -->
<!-- Einwohnerentwicklung -->
<!-- Politik -->
<!-- Gemeinderat -->
Municipal administrator
Since July 29, 2009 Jürgen Opferkuch is the municipal administrator of Fachsenfeld.
<!-- Wappen -->
<!-- Städtepartnerschaften -->
<!-- Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten -->
<!-- Theater -->
<!-- Museen -->
Music clubs
<!-- Musikerheim fachsenfeld.jpg -->
* Liederkranz Fachsenfeld 1855 e. V.
* Musikverein Fachsenfeld 1956 e. V.
<!-- Bauwerke -->
<!-- Parks -->
<!-- Naturdenkmäler -->
Sport clubs
* SV Germania Fachsenfeld 1912 e. V.
* Hundesportverein Aalen-Fachsenfeld e. V.
* Reit- und Fahrverein Aalen-Fachsenfeld und Umgebung e. V.
* Schützenverein Hubertus Fachsenfeld 1956 e. V.
Regular arrangements
<!-- Kulinarische Spezialitäten -->
<!-- Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur -->
Transport <!-- Fachsenfeld hauptstrasse.jpg -->
Half-hourly bus connection with the OVA
(Omnibus-Verkehr Aalen) to the city center of Aalen.
<!-- Ansässige Unternehmen -->
<!-- Medien -->
Public institutions
Library of Fachsenfeld
The Fachsenfeld library is the smallest of the four Aalen libraries.
Police
After the closing of the Fachsenfeld Police Outpost the Abtsgmünd Police became in charge of Fachsenfeld.
<!-- beispielsweise Behörden, Institutionen, Körperschaften etc. -->
Education
Reinhard-von-Koenig-Schule (elementary and secondary modern school) Fachsenfeld
After a recommendation of the local council of Aalen in 2008 the Grund- und Hauptschule Fachsenfeld became renamed in Reinhard-von-Koenig-Schule Fachsenfeld.
<!-- zum Beispiel Universitäten, Fachhochschulen, Schulen etc. -->
<!-- Persönlichkeiten -->
<!-- Ehrenbürger -->
<!-- Söhne und Töchter der Gemeinde -->
References
Literature
* Wilhelm Koch (Editor): Wanderführer von Aalen und Umgebung. Publisher Albert Wahl, 2. printing, Aalen 1973, Page 90.
External links
* [http://www.aalen-fachsenfeld.de/ Homepage of Fachsenfeld]
Category:Ostalbkreis
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachsenfeld
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.392312
|
25862706
|
Bharat Ki Shaan: Singing Star
|
}}
Bharat Ki Shaan: Singing Star is an Indian television singing competition series broadcast on DD National. The series is produced by Gajendra Singh of Saaibaba Telefilms.
Seasons
Season 1
The Grand-Finale of the 1st season was held on 1 March 2010. The winner of the 2010 cycle was Sumit Khatri, who received a trophy and two Bajaj Discover Bikes. The 1st runner-up was Sanjeev Kumar and the 2nd runner- up was Arindam Chakrabarti.Season 2The second season premiered on 23 April 2012.
The winner of the 2nd season was Mamta Raut and runners up were Osama Noor and Akash Ojha. It was hosted by Manoj Tiwari. Tiwari also sang a song in movie Gangs of Wasseypur.
Season 3
The third season was hosted by Manoj Tiwari again and won by Vishal Mishra. Vishal Mishra also won Bharat Ki Shaan Mahavijeta. Vibhor Parashar was the 1st runner-up in both Season 3 and Bharat Ki Shaan Mahavijeta. Amika Shail became 2nd runner-up in Season3 and also won.
References
External links
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100228194617/http://www.saibabatelefilms.com/Programs/Synopsis.aspx?PID=19 Bharat Ki Shaan – Synopsis]
Category:Indian reality television series
Category:DD National original programming
Category:2010 Indian television series debuts
Category:2010s Indian television series
Category:2010s singing talent shows
Category:2013 Indian television series endings
Category:Music competitions in India
Category:Indian music television series
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Ki_Shaan:_Singing_Star
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.402829
|
25862712
|
G Pulla Reddy College of Engineering & Technology
|
| type = Autonomous
| principal = Dr. B. Srinivasa Reddy
| city = Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates
| website = , ,
}}
G Pulla Reddy Engineering College is a college of Kurnool, situated in Andhra Pradesh, India. It is affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur.
Courses offered
# Civil Engineering
# Electrical and Electronics Engineering
# Mechanical Engineering
# Electronics and Communications Engineering
# Computer Science & Engineering
# Computer Science and Technology
# Computer Science and Business Systems
# CSE (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning)
# CSE (Data Science)
Ranking
College got National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked in 150 -200 band among the engineering colleges in 2023.
References
External links
* https://www.gprec.ac.in/about-us/
Category:Engineering colleges in Andhra Pradesh
Category:Universities and colleges in Kurnool district
Category:Educational institutions established in 1985
Category:1985 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_Pulla_Reddy_College_of_Engineering_&_Technology
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.413882
|
25862720
|
Lasionycta subfuscula
|
}}
Lasionycta subfuscula is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from south-western British Columbia and south-western Alberta south to southern Oregon in the west and to southern Colorado and Utah in the Rocky Mountains.
It is found in the transition zone and subalpine forests.
Adults are on wing from mid-June to early September.
Subspecies
*Lasionycta subfuscula subfuscula (from the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming and southeastern Idaho to southern Colorado and Utah)
*Lasionycta subfuscula livida (from southwestern British Columbia and extreme southwestern Alberta to southern Oregon)
External links
*[https://archive.today/20130703083030/http://pensoftonline.net/zookeys/index.php/journal/article/download/308/344 A Revision of Lasionycta Aurivillius (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) for North America and notes on Eurasian species, with descriptions of 17 new species, 6 new subspecies, a new genus, and two new species of Tricholita Grote]
Category:Lasionycta
Category:Moths of North America
Category:Moths described in 1874
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasionycta_subfuscula
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.416992
|
25862731
|
Daryapur Assembly constituency
|
Daryapur Assembly constituency is one of the 288 constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and one of the eight which are located in Amravati district. It is reserved for Scheduled Caste candidates.
It is a part of the Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency) along with five other Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies, viz. Badnera, Amravati, Teosa, Melghat (ST) and Achalpur.
The remaining two Dhamangaon Railway and Morshi constituencies are part of the Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency) in the adjoining Wardha district.
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 40 Daryapur Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
1. Daryapur Tehsil, 2. Anjangaon Surji Tehsil 3. Achalpur Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle Rasegaon of the district.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| 1962
| Jagannath Patil
|
|-
| 1967
| Narayanrao Deshmukh
|
|-
| 1972
| Kokila Patil
|-
| 1978
| rowspan="2"|Shankarrao Bobde
|
|-
| 1980
|
|-
| 1985
| Raosaheb Hadole
|
|-
| 1990
| rowspan="5"|Prakash Bharsakale
|
|-
| 1995
|-
| 1999
|-
| 2004
|-
| 2006^
|
|-
| 2009
| Abhijit Adsul
|
|-
| 2014
| Ramesh Bundile
|
|-
| 2019
| Balwant Wankhade
|
|-
| 2024
| Gajanan Lawate
|style="background-color: " |
|Shiv Sena (UBT)
|}
Election results
2024
2019
References
<references/>
Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra
Category:Amravati district
Category:Politics of Maharashtra
Category:Constituencies established in 1962
Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryapur_Assembly_constituency
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.430019
|
25862749
|
Melghat Assembly constituency
|
Melghat Assembly constituency is one of the 288 constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and one of the eight which are located in the Amravati district. It is reserved for Scheduled Tribe candidate.
It is a part of the Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency) along with five other Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies, viz. Badnera Amravati, Teosa, Daryapur (SC), and Achalpur.
The remaining two Dhamangaon Railway and Morshi constituencies are part of Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency) in adjoining Wardha district.
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 41 Melghat Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
1. Dharni Tehsil, 2. Chikhaldara Tehsil. 3.Achalpur Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle –Paratwada and Pathrot of the district.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1962
| Mamraj Khandelwal
|
|-
| 1967
| D. N. Patel
|
|-
| 1968^
| rowspan="3"|Ramu Patel
|-
| 1972
|-
| 1978
|
|-
| 1980
| Narayan Nanu
|-
| 1985
| Ramu Patel
|
|-
| 1990
| Tulshiram Kale
|-
| 1995
| Patlya Langda Mavaskar
|
|-
| 1999
| rowspan="2"|Rajkumar Patel
|-
| 2004
|-
| 2009
| Kewalram Kale
|
|-
| 2014
| Prabhudas Bhilawekar
|
|-
| 2019
|Rajkumar Patel
|
|-
| 2024
| Kewalram Kale
|
|}
^by-election
Election results
2024
|percentage = 65.72%
|change = 41.97
}}
|percentage = 17.61%
|change = 2.1
}}
|percentage = 11.38%
|change = 35.1
}}
|percentage = 1.11%
|change = 0.45
}}
|percentage = 48.11%
|change = 25.38
}}
|percentage |change
}}
2019
|percentage = 46.48%
|change =
}}
|percentage = 23.75%
|change =
}}
|percentage = 19.71%
|change =
}}
|percentage = 1.56%
|change =
}}
|percentage = 22.73%
|change =
}}
|percentage = 65.56%
|change =
}}
See also
*Melghat
*Dharni, Amravati
Notes
<references/>
Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra
Category:Amravati district
Category:Politics of Maharashtra
Category:Constituencies established in 1962
Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melghat_Assembly_constituency
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.451298
|
25862765
|
1989 Virginia Slims of Kansas – Singles
|
Manuela Maleeva
| champ = Amy Frazier
| runner = Barbara Potter
| score = 4–6, 6–4, 6–0
| draw = 32
| seeds = 8
| edition | type singles doubles
| after_name = Breyers Tennis Classic – Singles
}}
Manuela Maleeva was the defending champion of the singles title at the 1989 Virginia Slims of Kansas tennis tournament but did not compete that year.
Amy Frazier won in the final 4–6, 6–4, 6–0 against Barbara Potter.Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.
# Barbara Potter (final)
# Helen Kelesi (quarterfinals)
# Raffaella Reggi (second round)
# Susan Sloane (semifinals)
# Leila Meskhi (quarterfinals)
# Amy Frazier (champion)
# Dianne Balestrat (second round)
# Etsuko Inoue (first round)
Draw
B Potter
| RD1-score01-1=6
| RD1-score01-2=6
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02= M Torres
| RD1-score02-1=4
| RD1-score02-2=4
| RD1-score02-3=
| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03= H Na
| RD1-score03-1=6
| RD1-score03-2=6
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04= M Werdel
| RD1-score04-1=1
| RD1-score04-2=3
| RD1-score04-3=
| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05= H Witvoet
| RD1-score05-1=3
| RD1-score05-2=3
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06= S Stafford
| RD1-score06-1=6
| RD1-score06-2=6
| RD1-score06-3=
| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07= B Nagelsen
| RD1-score07-1=4
| RD1-score07-2=1
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=5
| RD1-team08= L Meskhi
| RD1-score08-1=6
| RD1-score08-2=6
| RD1-score08-3=
| RD1-seed09=4
| RD1-team09= S Sloane
| RD1-score09-1=6
| RD1-score09-2=6
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10= E Krapl
| RD1-score10-1=4
| RD1-score10-2=2
| RD1-score10-3=
| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11= A Villagrán
| RD1-score11-1=1
| RD1-score11-2=3
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12= A Kijimuta
| RD1-score12-1=6
| RD1-score12-2=6
| RD1-score12-3=
| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13= M Van Nostrand
| RD1-score13-1=4
| RD1-score13-2=3
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14= L Allen
| RD1-score14-1=6
| RD1-score14-2=6
| RD1-score14-3=
| RD1-seed15=Q
| RD1-team15= N Miyagi
| RD1-score15-1=1
| RD1-score15-2=4
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=7
| RD1-team16= D Balestrat
| RD1-score16-1=6
| RD1-score16-2=6
| RD1-score16-3=
| RD1-seed17=8
| RD1-team17= E Inoue
| RD1-score17-1=2
| RD1-score17-2=4
| RD1-score17-3=
| RD1-seed18=
| RD1-team18= M Bollegraf
| RD1-score18-1=6
| RD1-score18-2=6
| RD1-score18-3=
| RD1-seed19=LL
| RD1-team19= C Suire
| RD1-score19-1=6
| RD1-score19-2=6
| RD1-score19-3=
| RD1-seed20=
| RD1-team20= B Bowes
| RD1-score20-1=4
| RD1-score20-2=3
| RD1-score20-3=
| RD1-seed21=Q
| RD1-team21= S Collins
| RD1-score21-1=3
| RD1-score21-2=1
| RD1-score21-3=
| RD1-seed22=
| RD1-team22= M McGrath
| RD1-score22-1=6
| RD1-score22-2=6
| RD1-score22-3=
| RD1-seed23=Q
| RD1-team23= S Amiach
| RD1-score23-1=3
| RD1-score23-2=1
| RD1-score23-3=
| RD1-seed24=3
| RD1-team24= R Reggi
| RD1-score24-1=6
| RD1-score24-2=6
| RD1-score24-3=
| RD1-seed25=6
| RD1-team25= A Frazier
| RD1-score25-1=2
| RD1-score25-2=6
| RD1-score25-3=6
| RD1-seed26=
| RD1-team26= W White
| RD1-score26-1=6
| RD1-score26-2=1
| RD1-score26-3=1
| RD1-seed27=Q
| RD1-team27= E Rossides
| RD1-score27-1=6
| RD1-score27-2=5
| RD1-score27-3=
| RD1-seed28=LL
| RD1-team28= C Bakkum
| RD1-score28-1=7
| RD1-score28-2=7
| RD1-score28-3=
| RD1-seed29=
| RD1-team29= L Ferrando
| RD1-score29-1=4
| RD1-score29-2=4
| RD1-score29-3=
| RD1-seed30=
| RD1-team30= R Reis
| RD1-score30-1=6
| RD1-score30-2=6
| RD1-score30-3=
| RD1-seed31=
| RD1-team31= C Cunningham
| RD1-score31-1=5
| RD1-score31-2=4
| RD1-score31-3=
| RD1-seed32=2
| RD1-team32= H Kelesi
| RD1-score32-1=7
| RD1-score32-2=6
| RD1-score32-3=
| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01= B Potter
| RD2-score01-1=6
| RD2-score01-2=6
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02= H Na
| RD2-score02-1=2
| RD2-score02-2=2
| RD2-score02-3=
| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03= S Stafford
| RD2-score03-1=2
| RD2-score03-2=2
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=5
| RD2-team04= L Meskhi
| RD2-score04-1=6
| RD2-score04-2=6
| RD2-score04-3=
| RD2-seed05=4
| RD2-team05= S Sloane
| RD2-score05-1=4
| RD2-score05-2=6
| RD2-score05-3=6
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06= A Kijimuta
| RD2-score06-1=6
| RD2-score06-2=1
| RD2-score06-3=1
| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07= L Allen
| RD2-score07-1=2
| RD2-score07-2=6
| RD2-score07-3=7
| RD2-seed08=7
| RD2-team08= D Balestrat
| RD2-score08-1=6
| RD2-score08-2=4
| RD2-score08-3=5
| RD2-seed09=
| RD2-team09= M Bollegraf
| RD2-score09-1=7
| RD2-score09-2=2
| RD2-score09-3=6
| RD2-seed10=LL
| RD2-team10= C Suire
| RD2-score10-1=5
| RD2-score10-2=6
| RD2-score10-3=1
| RD2-seed11=
| RD2-team11= M McGrath
| RD2-score11-1=6
| RD2-score11-2=6
| RD2-score11-3=
| RD2-seed12=3
| RD2-team12= R Reggi
| RD2-score12-1=4
| RD2-score12-2=2
| RD2-score12-3=
| RD2-seed13=6
| RD2-team13= A Frazier
| RD2-score13-1=6
| RD2-score13-2=6
| RD2-score13-3=
| RD2-seed14=LL
| RD2-team14= C Bakkum
| RD2-score14-1=2
| RD2-score14-2=0
| RD2-score14-3=
| RD2-seed15=
| RD2-team15= R Reis
| RD2-score15-1=5
| RD2-score15-2=6
| RD2-score15-3=3
| RD2-seed16=2
| RD2-team16= H Kelesi
| RD2-score16-1=7
| RD2-score16-2=3
| RD2-score16-3=6
| RD3-seed01=1
| RD3-team01= B Potter
| RD3-score01-1=6
| RD3-score01-2=6
| RD3-score01-3=6
| RD3-seed02=5
| RD3-team02= L Meskhi
| RD3-score02-1=7
| RD3-score02-2=2
| RD3-score02-3=4
| RD3-seed03=4
| RD3-team03= S Sloane
| RD3-score03-1=6
| RD3-score03-2=6
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=
| RD3-team04= L Allen
| RD3-score04-1=2
| RD3-score04-2=3
| RD3-score04-3=
| RD3-seed05=
| RD3-team05= M Bollegraf
| RD3-score05-1=1
| RD3-score05-2=1
| RD3-score05-3=r
| RD3-seed06=
| RD3-team06= M McGrath
| RD3-score06-1=6
| RD3-score06-2=0
| RD3-score06-3=
| RD3-seed07=6
| RD3-team07= A Frazier
| RD3-score07-1=w/o
| RD3-score07-2=
| RD3-score07-3=
| RD3-seed08=2
| RD3-team08= H Kelesi
| RD3-score08-1=
| RD3-score08-2=
| RD3-score08-3=
| RD4-seed01=1
| RD4-team01= B Potter
| RD4-score01-1=6
| RD4-score01-2=7
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=4
| RD4-team02= S Sloane
| RD4-score02-1=3
| RD4-score02-2=6
| RD4-score02-3=
| RD4-seed03=
| RD4-team03= M McGrath
| RD4-score03-1=6
| RD4-score03-2=2
| RD4-score03-3=
| RD4-seed04=6
| RD4-team04= A Frazier
| RD4-score04-1=7
| RD4-score04-2=6
| RD4-score04-3=
| RD5-seed01=1
| RD5-team01= Barbara Potter
| RD5-score01-1=6
| RD5-score01-2=4
| RD5-score01-3=0
| RD5-seed02=6
| RD5-team02= Amy Frazier
| RD5-score02-1=4
| RD5-score02-2=6
| RD5-score02-3=6
}}
References
External links
* [https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/wichita/usa/1989/w-wt-usa-02a-1989/draws-and-results/ ITF tournament edition details]
* [https://wtafiles.blob.core.windows.net/pdf/draws/archive/1989/402.pdf WTA tournament draws]
Category:Virginia Slims of Kansas
Category:1989 WTA Tour
Category:Sports competitions in Wichita, Kansas
Category:Tennis in Kansas
Category:1989 in sports in Kansas
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Virginia_Slims_of_Kansas_–_Singles
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.488372
|
25862790
|
Online wedding
|
Something most often seen in massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), online weddings date back to the beginning of online communities and early online games such as MUDs. Two people who wish their avatars, or characters, to be married will create an event that resembles a standard wedding. This became very popular with the introduction of Ultima Online, which not only provided rings, outfits and decorations, but sometimes even Gamemasters to officiate. This tradition has carried forward into several other MMORPGs and virtual communities.
Some games offer special Bonuses to players who participate in a virtual wedding. In many cases the participants do not know each other outside the virtual community. Some couples may not even know each other's true name, gender, etc. Some do, in fact, extend this union outside the virtual, but most do not.
There is no legal recognition for virtual marriages. Some couples have joined in what appear to be legally binding unions through other mediums such as instant messaging or videoconferencing. These ceremonies are presided by the same appropriate officials and witnesses needed for a standard union. Some of these unions occur across state or even national borders.
History
In 1997 gaming magazine Next Generation reported that 20 virtual weddings had taken place in Meridian 59, an MMORPG which was commercially launched in September of the previous year.
The Lord of the Rings Online
In April 2007 Salon.com reported that The Lord of the Rings Online had dropped a planned feature for in-game players marriage because of the controversy around the possibility of same-sex and inter-species weddings. One developer stated that the design rule was for weddings to be allowed if examples could be found in the book, as between elves and humans. The online magazine for gaymers GayGamer.net commented that, while Tolkien was a devout Roman Catholic, his stance on gay marriage isn't known as the topic wasn't a public issue at the time. Video game critic Ian Bogost compared it to the case of The Sims 2, a blockbuster video game that did allow same-sex marriage.
References
Category:Wedding
Category:Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Category:Multi-user dungeon
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_wedding
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.514573
|
25862808
|
Lasionycta dolosa
|
Lasionycta dolosa is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1923. It is found in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.
It is diurnal and occurs above the timberline.
Adults are on wing from early July to mid-August.
External links
A Revision of Lasionycta Aurivillius (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) for North America and notes on Eurasian species, with descriptions of 17 new species, 6 new subspecies, a new genus, and two new species of Tricholita Grote
Category:Lasionycta
Category:Moths described in 1923
Category:Moths of North America
Category:Taxa named by William Barnes (entomologist)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasionycta_dolosa
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.533052
|
25862814
|
Kumar (musician)
|
Kumar is a Cuban musician who was born in Havana in 1984. He also appeared as an actor in Benito Zambrano’s movie Habana Blues, and his song "No Se Vuelve Atras" is featured in the movie’s soundtrack.
History
Kumar started his career in 1998, performing in a collective called Duros Como el Acero (Hard as steel). At that time, Kumar adopted his first rapper nickname, “El Menor”.
He became part of the Familias Cuba Represent collective and appeared on several albums and compilations. This collaboration was the trigger that reinforced his decision to make his living playing music. In 2003, he produced his first solo songs’ demo under the name of Kumar.
He is currently part of the artist’s collective Interactivo, which involves famous Cuban artists from the new fusion scene such as Yusa, Telmary, William Vivanco and producer Roberto Carcassés.
Very close from other Cuban artists of his generation, Kumar participated in the Havana Cultura Tour in Ibiza during summer 2008, accompanied by the R&B style singer Diana Fuentes and the DJ Erick Gonzalez.
Performances and Releases
In 2004, Kumar recorded the song No Se Vuelve Atras with the artist Telmary Diaz and the band Qvalibre. This song was included in the soundtrack of the movie Habana Blues, in which Kumar played a supporting role.
In April 2005, he recorded the song Rompe Cadenas, along with the Spanish group Ojos de Brujo. The song featured Roberto Carcasses (piano) and Yusa (bass) and was recorded in the Abdala studios.
The first solo album of Kumar, Película de Barrio, was released in 2009 under the independent label Diquela Records/Universal. He features several collaborations with Cuban artists and the Spanish group Ojos de Brujo.
Awards
2004 : Nomination at the Lucas Prizes (Cuban video clip festival) for the song Ves.
2006 : “Best Rap / Hip-hop Demo” and “Audience award” at the Cuerda Viva Prizes.
References
havana-cultura.com
External links
youtube.com
myspace.com
cubanmusicawards.com
Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cuban rappers
Category:Musicians from Havana
Category:21st-century Cuban male singers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar_(musician)
|
2025-04-06T15:54:57.548646
|
25862818
|
Ekkirala Bharadwaja
|
}}
| birth_place = Bapatla, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Andhra Pradesh)
| death_date =
| death_place = Ongole, Andhra Pradesh
| father = Ekkirala Ananthacharya
| mother = Ekkirala Buchimamba
| spouse = Ekkirala Alivelumangamma
| children = Adidam Vedavathi,
Ekkirala Dwarakanath Jnaneswar
| education = Post graduate in English literature
| occupation = Spiritual Guru, English lecturer
}}
Ekkirala Bharadwaj (30 October 1938 – 12 April 1989), was an Indian Dattatreya incarnation and who authored many Hindu spiritual books, primarily on the life and worship of Shirdi Sai Baba and Sri Dattatreya. He is well known as "Sri Sai Master". He had born in the Bharadwajasa gotra like SriPada Swamy. He is the fourth son of Sri Ekkirala Ananthacharya and Srimathi Buchamma. Sri Ekkirala Bharadwaj written Telugu-language book Sri Sai Leelamrutham is one of the famous book (Parayana Grandam). Sri Ekkirala Bharadwaja later translated the book to English with the name Sai Baba The Master which is also a popular one. He also wrote "Sri Guru Charitra" in English and Telugu. He also has written many spiritual books in Telugu and English.
Biography
Ekkirala Bharadwaja was born at Bapatla, a town in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh and was a post-graduate in English literature. He completed the Indian Administrative Service and he rejected posting orders(Himachal Pradesh). He got profound spiritual experience on 9th Feb 1963 at the Samadhi Mandir of Sai Baba of Shirdi, thereafter becoming a lecturer of English literature because that gave him an opportunity to spread his master's teachings.
Even as a young child Bharadwaja exhibited tremendous courage both physical and mental. He had an inquisitive attitude, a questioning mind, strong determination, and phenomenal powers of concentration. Young boy (Ekkira Bharadwaja) took his matriculation exam directly at the age of 12 years at Varanasi. By the time he had attained 19 years, he was a post-graduate in English Literature and started teaching at the Sarma Degree College in Ongole, a town in Andhra Pradesh. Once, with the objective of confirming to himself that he could complete any job that he set for himself, however difficult, Ekkirala Bharadwaja took up his brother's challenge to clear the UPSC examinations. Unsurprisingly, he got through with a mere 3 months preparation, which for most people takes at least a year of tough preparation. However, he gave up the resulting prestigious and luxurious career as it was against his personal goals.
The origin of Ekkirala Bharadwaja's theistic outlook of life however had its beginning many years before. Endowed with an inquisitive mind, sharp intellect, keen observation and logical deduction, steadfast determination and a highly developed sense of integrity, truthfulness and wit, his dynamic spirit urged him on the quest for the ultimate truth, the meaning of life and death, which was instigated by the sudden demise of his beloved nephew at the very moment of Bharadwaja's Brahmopadesam during the sacred thread ceremony in 1955. The auspicious occasion had been selected by those who were stalwarts in such divine matters, the Vedic syllables chanted during the ceremony were highly powerful as were the spiritual observances that his brother had undertaken prior to the ceremony and yet, all came to naught! The child's life could not be saved! This brought about a transformation in Bharadwaja like no other. In his own words, "…I became deeply atheistic; moreover, a spirit of quest dawned in me. I thought endlessly and deeply about the nature of life, the highest goal of life, about Atma-Anatma, the nature of birth and death, which lasted very strongly
After Bharadwaja’s stint as a Lecturer at the college of Ongole, he taught for a short while at the Viveka Vardhini evening college in Hyderabad and then moved to Bapatla College. Here too he resigned after a brief period and stayed at the ashram of the Mother of Jillelamudi for a year. Later, he moved to the Vidyanagar College at Vidyanagar.
As a lecturer, Ekkirala Bharadwaja would often incorporate life’s values and its guiding principles while explaining the subject which was of far more practical use later in their lives. Almost all his time after college hours was spent in discussing their needs and wants out of life, the spiritual basis of the human life, its correlation to ancient wisdom and modern day science, for which the students gathered in increasing numbers and heard with rapt attention and awe. Several of them were so inspired that they even practiced spiritual discipline under the able guidance of Ekkirala Bharadwaja.
"Sri Guru Bharadwaj Thapovanam" (14.031567210959647, 80.0299242449768) was actually the house that Acharya rented while working as an English Lecturer in the N B K R(Nedurumalli Bala Krishna Reddy) Science and Arts Degree College at Vidyanagar, Nellore District in 1970. The holy site which was later named as Thapovanam(తపోవనం). The Vidyanagar(రెండో షిర్డి) is a small village in Kota Mandal in SPSR Nellore (Sri Potti SreeRamulu Nellore) District of Andhra Pradesh State, India. Bharadwaja stayed at Thapovan for 15 years. The Thapovanam site also holds great significance for the devotees of Ekkirala Bharadawaja not only for the memories contained therein but also for the numerous saints that graced this house by their presence. so it was preserved as a monument. The holy book "Sri SaiLeelamrutham" and "Sri Gurucharitra" that is a "Parayana grandha" for millions today and has also been translated into several languages was finalized in this very little house. Many of his other works were also penned here.
Bharadwaja researched the lives and teachings of several saints, traveling extensively and personally contacting many of them. He insisted on the necessity of a Sadguru to direct devotees in their spiritual path. The culmination of all this is a series of books on Sai Baba and many other saints. He believed Sai Baba (Dattatreya incarnation) to be the matchless saint, a blend of all religions and the answer to all the questions of the present day and spirituality.
Ekkirala Bharadwaja left his physical body on 12 April 1989 at Ongole. His Sannidanam(Sri Dattatreya Parampara has to be called as Sannidanam) is in Ongole Sai baba temple.InstitutionsBharadwaja founded the Shirdi Sai Cultural Mission at Vidyanagar and the Sai Baba Mission in Ongole. He also founded a Telugu-language fortnightly publication, Sai Baba, that is now produced monthly and continues to spread his messages. The publication inspired the construction of several Sai Baba temples. His thoughts are now promoted by the Sri Master Universal Sai Trust & Acharya Bharadwaja Peace Foundation in Ongole, Andhra Pradesh.Works
Bharadwaja authored many books in Telugu and English.
Some of his notable works are:
;English:
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;Telugu:
*Sri GuruCharitra
*Sri Saileelamruthamu
*Sri Pakalapati Guruvugari Charitra
*Vignana Veechikalu
*Sri Sainatha satvana Manjari
*Sri Sai Nitya Satya Vratham
*Edi Nijam
*Sri Swamy Samartha
*Sri Sainatha Prabodhamruthamu
*Avadhutha Sri Chirala Swamy Charitra
*Sri Guru Charitra Samhitayana
*Buddha Dhyana Hrudayam
*Sri Dattavatara Mahatmyamu
*And other spiritual books ( Nenu Darsinchina Mahatmulu)
Legacy
American psychologist Dan Landis and Rosita D. Albert of University of Minnesota credits Ekkirala Bharadwaja for spreading the devotion towards Sai Baba of Shirdi in Andhra Pradesh and says, "Shiridi Sai is worshipped by Hindus and Muslims alike, and the Late E.Bharadwaja's effort to take his message to Andhra Pradesh definitely helped create a large following for Shiridi Sai in his state".ReferencesBibliography*
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External links
*http://saibharadwaja.org/
Category:Indian Hindu monks
Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians
Category:Telugu people
Category:1938 births
Category:Sai Baba of Shirdi
Category:1989 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekkirala_Bharadwaja
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2025-04-06T15:54:57.566070
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25862833
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Lasionycta subfumosa
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Lasionycta subfumosa is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from Victoria Island and Banks Island in the Northwest Territories and the Darby Mountains on the Seward Peninsula of Alaska.
It is a diurnal species.
Adults are on wing from late June through July.
External links
A Revision of Lasionycta Aurivillius (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) for North America and notes on Eurasian species, with descriptions of 17 new species, 6 new subspecies, a new genus, and two new species of Tricholita Grote
Category:Lasionycta
Category:Moths described in 1920
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasionycta_subfumosa
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2025-04-06T15:54:57.569229
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