Datasets:
paper_id stringlengths 2 9 | section_index int64 0 331 | file_index stringlengths 1 2 | file_offset int64 8.37k 6.95B | mag_field_of_study sequence | original_text stringlengths 95 4.82k | section_title stringlengths 6 27 | samples list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
58917752 | 46 | 90 | 6,076,300,989 | [
"Mathematics"
] | The present results suggest that this finding reflects only part of the picture: The opposite manipulation, selectively enhancing the predictability of the integrated organization, leads also to a strong opposite effect, namely a notable increase in the perception of stream integration. This is shown by the present con... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The present results suggest that this finding reflects only part of the picture: The opposite manipulation, selectively enhancing the predictability of the integrated organization, leads also to a strong opposite effect, namely a notable increase in the perception of stream integration.",
"label"... |
53975230 | 19 | 13 | 4,707,435,605 | [
"Economics"
] | Currently, in social science, more and more data collected by different researchers or institutions are being used, and the research goals they attempt to achieve are different from the primary motivations for collecting the data. There are three basic reasons for why interest in using secondary data is increasing: gen... | METHODOLOGY | [
{
"text": "Currently, in social science, more and more data collected by different researchers or institutions are being used, and the research goals they attempt to achieve are different from the primary motivations for collecting the data.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Currently, in... |
103293301 | 1 | 93 | 4,910,182,606 | [
"Chemistry"
] | In recent years, paper-based analytical devices have been used with very promising results in terms of public health, food and environmental contaminants. This type of analytical devices has unique advantages over other platforms. Its porous structure and the superficial groups contributed to the immobilization of enzy... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In recent years, paper-based analytical devices have been used with very promising results in terms of public health, food and environmental contaminants.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In recent years, paper-based analytical devices have been used with very promising result... |
103293301 | 4 | 93 | 4,910,182,606 | [
"Chemistry"
] | The Santa Barbara Amorphous (SBA-15) is one of the mesoporous materials that has aroused great interest among researchers due to its unique properties to improve the surface area. The pore size that can be modified according to its synthesis, the high hydrothermal and mechanical stability as well as the lower susceptib... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The Santa Barbara Amorphous (SBA-15) is one of the mesoporous materials that has aroused great interest among researchers due to its unique properties to improve the surface area.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The Santa Barbara Amorphous (SBA-15) is one of the mesoporous ma... |
56576065 | 18 | 19 | 6,388,337,595 | [
"Medicine"
] | The unfavorable role of Treg in cancers has extensively been demonstrated in the past decades, also in breast cancer. Most publications show a detrimental role on overall survival with high Treg numbers in breast cancer tissues [19, 33] . In order to prevent Treg accumulation at the tumor site, a profound knowledge of ... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The unfavorable role of Treg in cancers has extensively been demonstrated in the past decades, also in breast cancer.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The unfavorable role of Treg in cancers has extensively been demonstrated in the past decades, also in breast cancer.",
"r... |
16895739 | 2 | 48 | 4,970,319,639 | [
"Engineering"
] | Future projections of global urban population estimate further growth, with 64%-69% living in cities by 2050 [3] . This will put even more pressure on current urban environments and infrastructures and will create a greater demand for space and energy. Yet, the ability of cities to mitigate and adapt to CC by reducing ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Future projections of global urban population estimate further growth, with 64%-69% living in cities by 2050.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Future projections of global urban population estimate further growth, with 64%-69% living in cities by 2050 [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
... |
16000837 | 40 | 73 | 2,871,397,959 | [
"Medicine"
] | The success rate of PNA in the literature varies from 79-100% [10, 35] . The success rate in our study after single aspiration was 30%, after second aspiration 63% and after third aspiration it was 77%. Although, needle aspiration is a much simpler procedure when compared to catheter drainage repeated procedures are qu... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The success rate of PNA in the literature varies from 79-100%.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The success rate of PNA in the literature varies from 79-100% [10, 35] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9",
"BIBREF34"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1... |
55576195 | 2 | 83 | 5,260,647,227 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Finite-element discretization of the second-order wave equation leads to a stiffness and a mass matrix. Mass lumping avoids the cost of inverting the latter and allows for explicit time stepping. To maintain the spatial accuracy and time-stepping stability, the weights obtained by mass lumping should be positive and pr... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Finite-element discretization of the second-order wave equation leads to a stiffness and a mass matrix.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Finite-element discretization of the second-order wave equation leads to a stiffness and a mass matrix.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation... |
55576195 | 4 | 83 | 5,260,647,227 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Mass lumping is related to numerical quadrature. Given a reference element, the row sums of its contribution to the mass matrix are identical to numerical integration weights with a certain accuracy. As there is a map from the triangle to one octant of the surface of a sphere, there is a relation between quadrature on ... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Mass lumping is related to numerical quadrature.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Mass lumping is related to numerical quadrature.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Given a reference element, the row sums of its contribution to the mass mat... |
30586972 | 1 | 24 | 6,373,232,640 | [
"Medicine"
] | In the brain, MA binds to dopamine, nor-epinephrine and serotonin transporters on the neuronal cells and stimulates the fight-or-flight response via excessive stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system [7, 8] . Using MA in the short-term MA therefore improves productivity, attention-span and energy levels, and may e... | Background | [
{
"text": "In the brain, MA binds to dopamine, nor-epinephrine and serotonin transporters on the neuronal cells and stimulates the fight-or-flight response via excessive stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the brain, MA binds to dopamine, nor-ep... |
7693603 | 1 | 64 | 618,532,450 | [
"Physics"
] | Artificial SA is an alternative way for passively mode locking. The most popular configuration is the nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE) mechanism which is quite convenient to build with conventional fiber and bulk components. To date, NPE mode-locked fiber oscillators working in stretched-pulse regime have produce... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Artificial SA is an alternative way for passively mode locking.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Artificial SA is an alternative way for passively mode locking.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The most popular configuration is the nonline... |
8406766 | 0 | 29 | 5,665,093,859 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Even the simplest of rational maps can have surprisingly complicated dynamics. Many rational maps may exhibit polynomial-like behavior though, which is better understood. In the early 1980's, Douady described polynomial mating-a way to combine two polynomials in order to obtain a new map with shared dynamics from both ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Even the simplest of rational maps can have surprisingly complicated dynamics.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Even the simplest of rational maps can have surprisingly complicated dynamics.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Many rational m... |
114284829 | 2 | 98 | 4,687,929,538 | [
"Materials Science"
] | The real-time measurement of moisture content allows the possibility to control moisture addition at later critical processing stages, for optimal bulk handling. Alternatively, moisture may need to be controlled in order to reduce drying requirements, or to minimize the use of water when the cost of supply is expensive... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "The real-time measurement of moisture content allows the possibility to control moisture addition at later critical processing stages, for optimal bulk handling.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The real-time measurement of moisture content allows the possibility to control mo... |
118489638 | 0 | 55 | 6,080,830,938 | [
"Physics"
] | The known forms of terrestrial life involve carbon-based chemistry in liquid water [1] . In the cosmological context, life could not have started earlier than 10 Myr after the Big Bang (z 140) since the entire Universe was bathed in a thermal radiation background above the boiling temperature of liquid water. Later on,... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The known forms of terrestrial life involve carbon-based chemistry in liquid water.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The known forms of terrestrial life involve carbon-based chemistry in liquid water [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_t... |
20464995 | 8 | 85 | 3,005,250,113 | [
"Mathematics"
] | We remind also that systems with homoclinic tangencies are dense in open regions (the so-called Newhouse regions) in the space of smooth dynamical systems [26, 27, 28] . Moreover, these regions exist near any system with a homoclinic tangency (or a nontransversal heteroclinic cycle). Importantly, these regions are pres... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "We remind also that systems with homoclinic tangencies are dense in open regions (the so-called Newhouse regions) in the space of smooth dynamical systems.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "We remind also that systems with homoclinic tangencies are dense in open regions (the so-cal... |
47023585 | 97 | 3 | 5,383,394,921 | [
"Computer Science"
] | We proposed a new kind of time-step event that indicates propagation over a small time-step (e.g. for the set of particles in pure DSMC cells). The essential advantage of event-driven algorithms is that they automatically adjust to the timescale at hand, i.e. they take the appropriate time-step without any additional i... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "We proposed a new kind of time-step event that indicates propagation over a small time-step (e.g. for the set of particles in pure DSMC cells).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We proposed a new kind of time-step event that indicates propagation over a small time-step (e.g. fo... |
47023585 | 93 | 3 | 5,383,394,921 | [
"Computer Science"
] | The most involved aspect of implementing an AED algorithm for a particular problem is the need for analytic solutions for various one-and two-body propagators or event predictions. For EDMD, the difficulty is with predicting the time of collision of two moving hard particles. For hard spheres, this can be done analytic... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The most involved aspect of implementing an AED algorithm for a particular problem is the need for analytic solutions for various one-and two-body propagators or event predictions.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The most involved aspect of implementing an AED algorithm for a... |
21092122 | 1 | 16 | 4,492,192,598 | [
"Medicine"
] | Research on physical activity levels in breast cancer survivors during the immediate period (first 6 months) after breast cancer diagnosis has been relatively limited [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] . These primarily small-to modest-sized studies have reported decreases in physical activity in the proximate post-dia... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Research on physical activity levels in breast cancer survivors during the immediate period (first 6 months) after breast cancer diagnosis has been relatively limited.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Research on physical activity levels in breast cancer survivors during the immed... |
181368 | 1 | 50 | 5,489,098,158 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Unfortunately though, it turned out that these hard benefits alone were not sufficient to drive rapid diffusion. However, soft benefits (e.g. improvements from more accurate inventory data, real-time tracking of sales) were to a large extent regarded as speculative because of the required changes in planning processes ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Unfortunately though, it turned out that these hard benefits alone were not sufficient to drive rapid diffusion.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Unfortunately though, it turned out that these hard benefits alone were not sufficient to drive rapid diffusion.",
"ref_ids": n... |
145549272 | 1 | 91 | 949,952,835 | [
"Psychology"
] | Despite formal recognition of its public health significance, diabetes care is poor. General, specialist and advocacy services are concentrated in southern urban areas. Therefore, rural groups, especially those living in the country's middle-belt and northern regions, face greater risk of uncontrolled diabetes and prem... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Despite formal recognition of its public health significance, diabetes care is poor.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Despite formal recognition of its public health significance, diabetes care is poor.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Gen... |
111293914 | 3 | 41 | 4,456,102,870 | [
"Engineering"
] | In the field, the pavement deflection basins are obtained from the FWD measurements which require the use of backcalculation type structural analysis to determine pavement layer stiffnesses and as a result estimate pavement remaining life. The accuracy of pavement strength estimation from FWD measurements is particular... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In the field, the pavement deflection basins are obtained from the FWD measurements which require the use of backcalculation type structural analysis to determine pavement layer stiffnesses and as a result estimate pavement remaining life.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In t... |
17614576 | 4 | 52 | 6,704,030,153 | [
"Medicine"
] | The number of FEWs who have sweethearts is high, and most of them have active sex with their sweethearts. A 2015 study revealed that 60% of FEWs reported having one or more sweethearts in the past year, and about 85% of those with sweethearts reported having sex with them in the past three months [5] . In the 2010 asse... | Background | [
{
"text": "The number of FEWs who have sweethearts is high, and most of them have active sex with their sweethearts.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The number of FEWs who have sweethearts is high, and most of them have active sex with their sweethearts.",
"ref_ids": null,
"cita... |
59017046 | 13 | 27 | 4,029,759,854 | [
"Physics"
] | Cloud drop size can be modulated not only by CCN concentration (N CNN ) but also by condensed cloud water. An important requirement for the Twomey effect is to compare the cloud droplet size for the same LWP. Few studies of aerosol indirect effects have done this, likely facing the same difficulty as we do. With limite... | Methodology | [
{
"text": "Cloud drop size can be modulated not only by CCN concentration (N CNN ) but also by condensed cloud water.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Cloud drop size can be modulated not only by CCN concentration (N CNN ) but also by condensed cloud water.",
"ref_ids": null,
"ci... |
18271751 | 0 | 73 | 5,335,193,836 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Over the past few decades, Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Approximate/Adaptive Dynamic Programming (ADP) have been widely applied for solving the optimal control problems for linear/nonlinear systems with unknown or uncertain parametric models [41] . RL means finding an admissible control policy, i.e., learning the pa... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Over the past few decades, Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Approximate/Adaptive Dynamic Programming (ADP) have been widely applied for solving the optimal control problems for linear/nonlinear systems with unknown or uncertain parametric models.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Ov... |
3731571 | 21 | 3 | 991,551,830 | [
"Medicine"
] | As our analyses show the majority of older dialysis patients have a poor PF or decline even further, it would be valuable to assess interventions that may improve PF or slow down decline. Besides age and albumin, no relations with poor physical outcome were found. Based on these analyses, no clear starting points for p... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "As our analyses show the majority of older dialysis patients have a poor PF or decline even further, it would be valuable to assess interventions that may improve PF or slow down decline.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As our analyses show the majority of older dialysis pati... |
73521123 | 1 | 81 | 4,074,875,883 | [
"Physics"
] | In this paper, a new type of fiber vibration sensors based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) is presented. The sensing head is formed by insertion of a small section of MMF between a single-mode fiber and the TFBG. The MMF is used to couple back the counterpropagating cladding modes of the TFBG into the core [15] ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In this paper, a new type of fiber vibration sensors based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) is presented.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this paper, a new type of fiber vibration sensors based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) is presented.",
"ref_ids": nul... |
53379621 | 4 | 97 | 6,374,016,301 | [
"Materials Science"
] | To apply this technique on freestanding thin materials, we introduce two modifications to the existing theory. First we will calculate a new κ for thin materials laying on a rigid body without friction, instead of being fixed to it. For this purpose we create a FE model of the indentation experiment. Secondly, when a f... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "To apply this technique on freestanding thin materials, we introduce two modifications to the existing theory.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "To apply this technique on freestanding thin materials, we introduce two modifications to the existing theory.",
"ref_ids": null,... |
2527957 | 2 | 57 | 5,205,341,528 | [
"Computer Science"
] | The research of XML data broadcast is of great importance and has been attracting more and more research interests [7, 19, 26, 28, 24] . Information expressed in semi-structured formats is widespread over the past years. XML has rapidly gained popularity as a de facto standard to represent semi-structured information i... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The research of XML data broadcast is of great importance and has been attracting more and more research interests.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The research of XML data broadcast is of great importance and has been attracting more and more research interests [7, 19, 26, 28, 2... |
2527957 | 82 | 57 | 5,205,341,528 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Many studies have been done to investigate data placement techniques to reduce access time [25, 23, 14] . These studies generally assume that each user query requires one data item only. Other studies handle data placement problems for queries that may require multiple data items. | Related Work | [
{
"text": "Many studies have been done to investigate data placement techniques to reduce access time.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Many studies have been done to investigate data placement techniques to reduce access time [25, 23, 14] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF24",
... |
6417453 | 13 | 27 | 2,246,010,437 | [
"Medicine"
] | To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate an association between atopy and schizophrenia using the Phadiatop multiallergen screen. Schizophrenia patients had reduced odds ratio of atopy as assessed by Phadiatop seropositivity. Our findings contrast with those reported in the three previously published studi... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate an association between atopy and schizophrenia using the Phadiatop multiallergen screen.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate an association between atopy and schizophrenia ... |
31664477 | 0 | 41 | 5,811,083,119 | [
"Medicine"
] | Vaccines are one of the most cost-effective and successful public health measures for preventing morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases [1] . Vaccinated individuals are protected from developing a number of potentially serious infectious diseases. The community is also protected as the spread of in... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Vaccines are one of the most cost-effective and successful public health measures for preventing morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Vaccines are one of the most cost-effective and successful public health measures for prev... |
54570490 | 2 | 39 | 1,422,960,034 | [
"Engineering"
] | Introduction of certain simplified assumption enables to eliminate necessity of solution for two and three dimensional heat conduction. Typical situation is in the case of curved ribbed surfaces or squared ribs. In this situation it is possible to retransform a given task to one-dimensional solution with regard to poss... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Introduction of certain simplified assumption enables to eliminate necessity of solution for two and three dimensional heat conduction.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Introduction of certain simplified assumption enables to eliminate necessity of solution for two and three d... |
54975081 | 16 | 33 | 6,016,551,392 | [
"Physics"
] | The Drake equation has long been used as a touchstone for astrobiology. Its mix of astrophysical, biological and social science, with an increasing level of uncertainty, continues to provoke discussion (Burchell 2006) . The critical transition model addresses an issue for any Drake-type equation, e.g. the Rare Earth eq... | Conclusions | [
{
"text": "The Drake equation has long been used as a touchstone for astrobiology.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The Drake equation has long been used as a touchstone for astrobiology.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Its mix of astrophysical, bio... |
90293725 | 7 | 10 | 5,655,862,929 | [
"Biology"
] | Incidence of lymphedema among wild-caught anurans was relatively low (Table 1) , but was observed in 4 of 5 species in this study. Wood Frogs (Rana sylvatica) are a charismatic species of frog common in much of North America. They breed in explosive choruses over a few nights in late winter to early spring. The inciden... | Results and Discussion | [
{
"text": "Incidence of lymphedema among wild-caught anurans was relatively low (Table 1) , but was observed in 4 of 5 species in this study.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Incidence of lymphedema among wild-caught anurans was relatively low (Table 1) , but was observed in 4 of 5 speci... |
55529944 | 0 | 11 | 5,362,966,488 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Extensive development in rock fracture mechanics research has covered many diverse areas including blasting, hydraulic fracturing and in situ stress determination, mechanical fragmentation, rock slope analysis, earthquake mechanics, earthquake prediction, plate tectonics, magmatic intrusions, hot dry rock geothermal en... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Extensive development in rock fracture mechanics research has covered many diverse areas including blasting, hydraulic fracturing and in situ stress determination, mechanical fragmentation, rock slope analysis, earthquake mechanics, earthquake prediction, plate tectonics, magmatic intrusions, hot dry... |
11002028 | 5 | 50 | 3,432,574,230 | [
"Computer Science"
] | By associating such business information with raw traffic data, the network service provider can make better decisions about investments. However, today's capacity planning for the Internet does not incorporate this kind of information. The dominant reason is that the data collection and analysis process is not in plac... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "By associating such business information with raw traffic data, the network service provider can make better decisions about investments.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "By associating such business information with raw traffic data, the network service provider can make bett... |
52017245 | 0 | 43 | 4,832,004,442 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Land use or cover change is a direct reflection of human activity, such as land use, urban expansion, and architectural planning, on the earth's surface caused by urbanization [1] . Remote sensing images are important data sources that can efficiently detect land changes. Meanwhile, remote sensing image-based change de... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Land use or cover change is a direct reflection of human activity, such as land use, urban expansion, and architectural planning, on the earth's surface caused by urbanization.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Land use or cover change is a direct reflection of human activity, such... |
56418654 | 24 | 63 | 3,455,935,210 | [
"Psychology"
] | This study was designed to explore audience interpretations of Ally McBeal using quantitative methods and to profile what it is that distinguishes the viewers who adopt each of the three readings from each other. The key to studying reception quantitatively using large samples is to articulate a limited number of possi... | METHOD | [
{
"text": "This study was designed to explore audience interpretations of Ally McBeal using quantitative methods and to profile what it is that distinguishes the viewers who adopt each of the three readings from each other.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This study was designed to expl... |
103596476 | 3 | 88 | 6,427,753,285 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Brines of many sandstone and carbonate reservoirs are rich in Ca 2+ (Austad 2013; Fisher and Boles 1990) . These Ca 2+ rich brines are not compatible with H 2 PO 4 − and HPO 4 2− anions, which are present in most media used for biosurfactant production. It means that using these media at reservoir condition may lead to... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Brines of many sandstone and carbonate reservoirs are rich in Ca 2+.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Brines of many sandstone and carbonate reservoirs are rich in Ca 2+ (Austad 2013; Fisher and Boles 1990) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9",
"BIBREF17"
]... |
110087060 | 2 | 30 | 4,990,495,754 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Antenna array can also comprise antenna elements for RFID reader applications. The significant advantage of the antenna array is higher radiation gain and more centered directivities, while the coupling effect between antenna elements is not desired. In order to reduce the mutual coupling between antenna elements close... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Antenna array can also comprise antenna elements for RFID reader applications.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Antenna array can also comprise antenna elements for RFID reader applications.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The significant... |
13010642 | 0 | 45 | 6,863,052,124 | [
"Medicine"
] | Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) has an incidence of 0.1-1% with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and 0.1-3% with unfractioned heparins (UFH) [1] . Non-immune mediated thrombocytopenia in HIT type I (HIT I) is defined as a transient drop in platelet count within the first 5 days of heparin use, is not associa... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) has an incidence of 0.1-1% with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and 0.1-3% with unfractioned heparins (UFH).",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) has an incidence of 0.1-1% with low molecular weight hep... |
55915007 | 0 | 93 | 3,373,278,512 | [
"Engineering"
] | Each individual cell composed PV module or each PV module composed PV array should be operated under the equal operating current and voltage in order to approach the ideal output power. In other words, the current-voltage (I-V) curves of modules must be similar. For instance, if a shadowed or damaged solar cell in a st... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Each individual cell composed PV module or each PV module composed PV array should be operated under the equal operating current and voltage in order to approach the ideal output power.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Each individual cell composed PV module or each PV module ... |
55915007 | 25 | 93 | 3,373,278,512 | [
"Engineering"
] | In the future, a significant number of PV systems will be installed not only on the roofs but also wherever sunlight is available. It is crucial to improve the efficiency of PV systems and develop the reliability of PV generation control systems. In that manner, the comparison of overall technical and economic performa... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "In the future, a significant number of PV systems will be installed not only on the roofs but also wherever sunlight is available.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the future, a significant number of PV systems will be installed not only on the roofs but also wherever sunli... |
58916078 | 75 | 94 | 6,066,760,214 | [
"Psychology"
] | Data from both groups of students pointed to professional experience provided in their course as being fundamental to acquiring LPP. Beginning teachers also highlighted the way in which it is through teaching that their learning continues to progress. They acknowledged the relevance of their course, but now have a grea... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "Data from both groups of students pointed to professional experience provided in their course as being fundamental to acquiring LPP.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Data from both groups of students pointed to professional experience provided in their course as being fundamen... |
55624349 | 4 | 17 | 969,913,366 | [
"Physics"
] | In more recent years, two other techniques were used in the problem of orbital maneuvers, based on the concepts of swing-by and gravitational capture. Both approaches are based on the use of the gravitational force of a third body to replace engines, thus reducing the fuel consumption. Some references that study the sw... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In more recent years, two other techniques were used in the problem of orbital maneuvers, based on the concepts of swing-by and gravitational capture.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In more recent years, two other techniques were used in the problem of orbital maneuvers, bas... |
55976083 | 0 | 45 | 134,946,829 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Primitive solar system materials contain varying amounts of refractory dust grains that formed in the outflows of evolved stars or in the ejecta of stellar explosions [1; see also the contribution by P. Hoppe in this issue]. These grains are dubbed "presolar", since they survived processing in the interstellar medium a... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Primitive solar system materials contain varying amounts of refractory dust grains that formed in the outflows of evolved stars or in the ejecta of stellar explosions [1; see also the contribution by P. Hoppe in this issue].",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Primitive solar sys... |
56438877 | 2 | 37 | 5,269,043,934 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Finite Element Method is a common tool used to analyze and design parametrized mechanical systems. However, when a large set of parameters needs to be introduced in the model the computational effort increases drastically and many authors have recently shown interest in developing model reduction methods that exploit t... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Finite Element Method is a common tool used to analyze and design parametrized mechanical systems.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Finite Element Method is a common tool used to analyze and design parametrized mechanical systems.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": nu... |
25124085 | 9 | 96 | 836,468,588 | [
"Medicine"
] | The patients were assigned to 1 of 3 groups. Patients who had not received antibiotic therapy for Q fever were assigned to group 1 (9 patients). Patients who had received daily oral antibiotic treatment with doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine for !1 year or у1 year were assigned to groups 2 (10 patients) and 3 (9 patie... | RESULTS | [
{
"text": "The patients were assigned to 1 of 3 groups.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The patients were assigned to 1 of 3 groups.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Patients who had not received antibiotic therapy for Q fever were assigned to group... |
182039004 | 38 | 22 | 5,018,556,186 | [
"Chemistry"
] | It should be remembered that the present study has an experimental nature and does not suggest that commercially produced mushrooms may be contaminated with Ge. In fact, recent analyses indicate that Ge is undetectable in various cultivated mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus, Amauroderma rude, Auricularia auricula-jud... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "It should be remembered that the present study has an experimental nature and does not suggest that commercially produced mushrooms may be contaminated with Ge.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It should be remembered that the present study has an experimental nature and does ... |
9276135 | 18 | 19 | 953,784,659 | [
"Medicine"
] | However, among other factors sleeping problems were found to maintain physical complaints and mediated the relationship between traumatic stress and these complaints [17] . Within the first years after the firework disaster, residents who had been exposed to the most extreme disaster exposures, like losing their homes ... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "However, among other factors sleeping problems were found to maintain physical complaints and mediated the relationship between traumatic stress and these complaints.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, among other factors sleeping problems were found to maintain physical co... |
18596261 | 0 | 97 | 5,376,191,070 | [
"Computer Science"
] | There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that recurrent cooperative competitive neural networks play a central role in cortical processing [1] . Anatomical studies demonstrated that the majority of synapses in the mammalian cortex originate within the cortex itself [1, 2] . Similarly, it has be... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that recurrent cooperative competitive neural networks play a central role in cortical processing.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that recurrent co... |
28980278 | 3 | 49 | 4,160,116,661 | [
"Physics"
] | Here, by means of simulations and experiments, we investigate which aspect ratio (AR) of gold nanorods is ideal for plasmonic sensing by employing various measures for 'ideal' behavior. There are several different quantities that describe the performance of a plasmonic structure for sensing applications on a single par... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Here, by means of simulations and experiments, we investigate which aspect ratio (AR) of gold nanorods is ideal for plasmonic sensing by employing various measures for 'ideal' behavior.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Here, by means of simulations and experiments, we investig... |
28980278 | 20 | 49 | 4,160,116,661 | [
"Physics"
] | Yet, what is the reason for the 'optimal aspect ratio' for the three 'figures of merit'? We believe the quality factor Q is the key quantity in explaining this behavior. The quality factor of an oscillation describes the number of oscillations until the oscillation is damped. We find it plausible that a longer plasmon ... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "Yet, what is the reason for the 'optimal aspect ratio' for the three 'figures of merit'?",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Yet, what is the reason for the 'optimal aspect ratio' for the three 'figures of merit'?",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"tex... |
208190590 | 2 | 53 | 2,448,805,708 | [
"Chemistry"
] | The most established CO 2 absorption technique during post-combustion is the contact of an aqueous amine with flue gas to form carbamates as the amine reacts with CO 2 . The commonly used amine is monoethanolamine (MEA) which has a high absorption rate and loading capacity. However, drawbacks such as high corrosivity, ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The most established CO 2 absorption technique during post-combustion is the contact of an aqueous amine with flue gas to form carbamates as the amine reacts with CO 2 .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The most established CO 2 absorption technique during post-combustion is t... |
208190590 | 4 | 53 | 2,448,805,708 | [
"Chemistry"
] | In recent years, microcapsules composed of liquid carbonate cores and silicone shells have been produced using a microfluidic device. The idea was to link the liquid sorbents selectivity and capacity with the high surface area of the capsules for fast and controlled CO 2 absorption and desorption over multiple cycles. ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In recent years, microcapsules composed of liquid carbonate cores and silicone shells have been produced using a microfluidic device.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In recent years, microcapsules composed of liquid carbonate cores and silicone shells have been produced using... |
208190590 | 0 | 53 | 2,448,805,708 | [
"Chemistry"
] | The global industrialization and growing population have brought a yearly increase in energy consumption. The estimated global energy-related emission increase is predicted to be 3.7 Gt of CO 2 by 2030 [1] . The increase of CO 2 emission into the environment has contributed to global warming as well as climate change w... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The global industrialization and growing population have brought a yearly increase in energy consumption.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The global industrialization and growing population have brought a yearly increase in energy consumption.",
"ref_ids": null,
"cita... |
208190590 | 1 | 53 | 2,448,805,708 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Although various CO 2 capture technologies exist ( Fig. 1) , post-combustion CO 2 capture is the most mature technique including absorption, adsorption and membrane [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . However, these technologies are not mature enough to be used in power plants due to mass transfer limitation in the sorption processe... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Although various CO 2 capture technologies exist ( Fig. 1) , post-combustion CO 2 capture is the most mature technique including absorption, adsorption and membrane.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Although various CO 2 capture technologies exist ( Fig. 1) , post-combustion CO 2 ... |
13440466 | 12 | 24 | 6,462,551,331 | [
"Medicine"
] | The smoking is thought to be one of the predisposing risk factor for the development of extrauterine gravidity, it is believed its connection to the development of inflammation in pelvic region and via this fact to decrease the tubal transport. In several studies positive correlation between the amount of smoked cigare... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The smoking is thought to be one of the predisposing risk factor for the development of extrauterine gravidity, it is believed its connection to the development of inflammation in pelvic region and via this fact to decrease the tubal transport.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": ... |
18216457 | 17 | 56 | 4,207,927,369 | [
"Economics"
] | The CEA rule can be appropriate when distribution over agents is the primary concern and their claims only represent maximal aspirations; in contrast, the CEL rule can be appropriate when claims are realistic and have an objective basis (Herrero and Villar 2001) . Agents with smaller claims get a relatively higher sati... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The CEA rule can be appropriate when distribution over agents is the primary concern and their claims only represent maximal aspirations; in contrast, the CEL rule can be appropriate when claims are realistic and have an objective basis.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The CEA ru... |
18216457 | 0 | 56 | 4,207,927,369 | [
"Economics"
] | There are 276 transboundary river basins in the world share among 148 riparian countries (De Stefano et al. 2012) . These shared natural resources among riparian countries can be a source of both conflict and cooperation (Mianabadi et al. 2014b) . One significant problem of transboundary river basin management which ha... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "There are 276 transboundary river basins in the world share among 148 riparian countries.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "There are 276 transboundary river basins in the world share among 148 riparian countries (De Stefano et al. 2012) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF... |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Dataset Card for CiteWorth
Dataset Summary
Scientific document understanding is challenging as the data is highly domain specific and diverse. However, datasets for tasks with scientific text require expensive manual annotation and tend to be small and limited to only one or a few fields. At the same time, scientific documents contain many potential training signals, such as citations, which can be used to build large labelled datasets. Given this, we present an in-depth study of cite-worthiness detection in English, where a sentence is labelled for whether or not it cites an external source. To accomplish this, we introduce CiteWorth, a large, contextualized, rigorously cleaned labelled dataset for cite-worthiness detection built from a massive corpus of extracted plain-text scientific documents. We show that CiteWorth is high-quality, challenging, and suitable for studying problems such as domain adaptation. Our best performing cite-worthiness detection model is a paragraph-level contextualized sentence labelling model based on Longformer, exhibiting a 5 F1 point improvement over SciBERT which considers only individual sentences. Finally, we demonstrate that language model fine-tuning with cite-worthiness as a secondary task leads to improved performance on downstream scientific document understanding tasks.
Dataset Structure
The data is structured as follows
paper_id: The S2ORC paper ID where the paragraph comes fromsection_idx: An index into the section array in the original S2ORC datafile_index: The volume in the S2ORC dataset that the paper belongs tofile_offset: Byte offset to the start of the paper json in the S2ORC paper PDF filemag_field_of_study: The field of study to which a paper belongs (an array, but each paper belongs to a single field)original_text: The original text of the paragraphsection_title: Title of the section to which the paragraph belongssamples: An array containing dicts of the cleaned sentences for the paragraph, in order. The fields for each dict are as followstext: The cleaned text for the sentencelabel: Label for the sentence, eithercheck-worthyfor cite-worthy sentences ornon-check-worthynon-cite-worthy sentencesoriginal_text: The original sentence textref_ids: List of the reference IDs in the S2ORC dataset for papers cited in this sentencecitation_text: List of all citation text in this sentence
Dataset Creation
The data is derived from the S2ORC dataset, specifically the 20200705v1 release of the data. It is licensed under the CC By-NC 2.0 license. For details on the dataset creation process, see section 3 of our paper .
Citing
Please use the following citation when referencing this work or using the data:
@inproceedings{wright2021citeworth,
title={{CiteWorth: Cite-Worthiness Detection for Improved Scientific Document Understanding}},
author={Dustin Wright and Isabelle Augenstein},
booktitle = {Findings of ACL-IJCNLP},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
year = 2021
}
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