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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/2 | Lab Stumbles Upon 'Immortal' Flesh
But fortunately, when the colony was first discovered she isolated the cells and put them in a series of petri dishes, where they continued to grow and multiply.
Then she preserved some of the cells through freezing, making sure that she would have a continuous supply for further experimentation.
What, she wondered, could have caused all this?
Magical Chromosome
She feared initially that the cells were “tumorigenic,” meaning they could produce cancerous tumors, thus accounting for their unorthodox life style. But laboratory experiments ruled out the possibility. The cells were implanted in animals and tissues where tumors would be expected if indeed the cells were precancerous.
“Not a single tumor formed,” she says.
But what could account for the fact that they refused to die?
The answer, the researchers found, rested in a single strand of one chromosome. Chromosomes are the tiny strands of genetic material that contain the DNA that determines the characteristics of the entire cell, and chromosome 8 had a duplicate string of DNA.
That appears to be the only difference in the cells, and the reason for their “immortality.” In all other ways, she says, they are exactly the same as the “normal” cells from the original sample.
But, she insists, she did nothing that might have caused that mutation.
It apparently happened, she adds, while the cells were in the petri dish, but at this point no one knows why the mutation occurred, or why it should have affected the life span. The research moved beyond the excitement of finding something new earlier this year when she met with Michael Schurr, a surgeon in the university’s burn center.
Schurr asked her to sit in on an operation.
The patient was a farmer who suffered burns over 98 percent of his body when a propane tank exploded last year. “The only part of him that wasn’t burned was the part covered by his boots,” Allen-Hoffman says.
She watched as Schurr attempted to spread thin sheets of skin, the best that could be obtained from the victim’s feet, over various parts of his body. The sheets were about the texture of “wet tissue paper,” she says, illustrating just how difficult the surgeon’s task was.
Skin Factory Possibility
It was an electrifying moment for Allen-Hoffman, who realized that if the immortal cells she has in her lab can be used for human skin grafts, Schurr someday will have a ready supply of disease-free human skin that could improve a burn victim’s chances of survival immeasurably.
Schurr is now a member of the research team, gearing up for tests that could lead to human trials. It remains to be seen whether the cells will be rejected by the victim’s body, and whether the new skin will, indeed, perform as expected.
It’s all a bit mind-numbing, Allen-Hoffman says, since she is convinced she did nothing to cause the cells to become immortal. What she did, however, was exactly the right thing.
“Our contribution to this whole thing is a very humble one,” she says. “And that was we recognized what we had,” and took the necessary steps to protect and preserve it.
Bravo, no matter how it eventually turns out.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/14 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a Tablet running Android 4.0.3. Its DOMO x3g, works fine except that when I connect an external usb keyboard to it,it doesn't show up any recognition or anything.While USB pen drives, hard drives easily work on the tab... Any solutions?
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Is it a standard 'HID' keyboard-device, or a more complex USB keyboard? Check this on a PC (Windows or Linux). – david6 Nov 23 '12 at 7:50
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Yes, I had the same issue, it never worked for any PC USB Keyboards, except the one which we bought from DOMO, that nCase K6. That K6 worked perfectly (even to my PC). But a PC USB mouse worked on my DOMO Slate X3G. Buy a nCase K6 or, preferably you could install USB Host Controller from Play Store, as said by the first answer.. That should fix your issues.
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Install USB Host Controller from Google Play, and run it.
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If possible, please provide a link to the app. :) – geffchang Jan 17 '13 at 10:49
Any explanations to the background, why this app should help -- or at least what it does? – Izzy Jan 17 '13 at 11:53
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/15 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
My AAkash 2 tablet has a mini-USB port and comes with a cable to convert the mini port to standard USB female port for connecting flash drives etc.
I want to connect the tablet to a laptop using this port. For this I bought the standard male-male USB cable, which attaches to the female port of the USB connector of the tablet and female port of the laptop.
But no devices are found by either the laptop or the tablet. Do I need to make any setting changes to make this happen?
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You will most likely need to install appropriate USB drivers on your PC in order to have the tablet recognized by Windows (assuming your laptop has Windows OS installed.)
Datawind's site doesn't seem to have any drivers available for download, so your best bet would be to contact them directly, or try your luck with a Google search (be mindful of viruses posing as drivers).
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Good-buy to the old times of special drivers, a while already now there's the Universal USB driver available which should work with most devices. All Hail to Kosh, once more :) – Izzy Jun 4 '13 at 14:49
@Izzy: I tried the Universal USB Driver, but it wasnt able to detect the android tablet that I had connected, any more ideas. – Chintan Pathak Jun 7 '13 at 15:25
No other then as Chahk already mentioned: contact the manufacturer/seller. – Izzy Jun 7 '13 at 15:31
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/20 | TY - JOUR T1 - SEcretion of bile in response to rectal instillations AU - GARBAT A AU - JACOB I H Y1 - 1929/09/01 N1 - 10.1001/archinte.1929.00140030154013 JO - Archives of Internal Medicine SP - 455 EP - 462 VL - 44 IS - 3 N2 - Various studies in connection with the physiology of the secretion of bile have clearly shown that bile is being secreted constantly. The passage of bile into the intestines, however, occurs at intervals; for the liver, unlike every other gland except the kidney, has in connection with it a reservoir, the gallbladder, in which the bile accumulates and from which it is only expelled periodically.One must, therefore, clearly understand and distinguish the bilesecreting from the bile-expelling mechanism. Heretofore, investigators attempting to study these two phases of secretion and expulsion have limited themselves to the response obtained after oral administration of different foods and chemicals. With the aid of the dye method, which visualizes the gallbladder, one is able to demonstrate the rate of filling and emptying of this reservoir following the intake of various foods and drugs. It is difficult to tell, however, whether the flow of bile thus obtained SN - 0730-188X M3 - doi: 10.1001/archinte.1929.00140030154013 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1929.00140030154013 ER - |
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Jason ScottGET LAMP: Mary-Ann Buckles (November 6, 2007)
something has gone horribly wrong 8-p
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As soon as I'd heard of Mary Ann Buckles' story, I wanted to interview her, but it turned out to be a lot harder than I'd expected. She was featured in an article by Michael Erard in the New York Times in 2004, talking about how her pioneering work in game studies, a classic dissertation, had not been of interest to her in her life since academia, and she'd never looked back. In fact, she'd thrown out all her work years ago. After a bit of detective work, I tracked her down and asked her to be in the film, and she agreed, reluctantly, to sit for one. She was a delight! She had all sorts of opinions on these games once we got going, and she was really clear about them. She ended up becoming a major sequence in GET LAMP as well as getting a small bonus feature about some of her other thoughts she'd not worked on since then.
This is also the source of one of my favorite memories of the entire production. Finding out I'd be travelling that day to interview Jeremy Douglass, who was getting an actual, bona fide doctorate in text adventures, she said "Oh, I might have something for him" and went into the other room, returning with her academic robes she'd worn for her doctorate. "Do you think he'd like this?"
I can't even begin to describe the look on Jeremy's face when I brought these to him. A high point.
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Reviewer: Jason Scott - - November 21, 2012
Subject: Interviewer here.
These interviews are compilations of answer clips that were used in the movie GET LAMP. When I tried putting full raw interviews up, people screamed my questions were repetitive and boring. Which they are, since they're 100% designed to elicit responses and help the interviewees work through memories that are upwards of thirty years old. The camerawork comes from wanting more than one static shot for the movie for each person. When you are working on the fly with a camera like the Panasonic HVX-200, the LCD screen is not a reliable focus verification, and so the best method is to zoom in, focus, and then zoom out to the shot you need.
Reviewer: enchantedsleeper - 4.00 out of 5 stars4.00 out of 5 stars4.00 out of 5 stars4.00 out of 5 stars - November 21, 2012
Subject: Content excellent, execution questionable
If I could rate the content of this interview separately from the presentation, I would give the content 5 stars and the execution 3. Mary-Ann Buckles expresses her views clearly and in an engaging manner, drawing intriguing comparisons between her own youth and the youth of today. After watching this, I'm dying to read her dissertation! But the way the interview footage has been put together baffles me. Some of the clips and indeed the end of the interview cut her off mid-sentence, leaving me wondering what the rest of that thought was going to be. It's very jarring and makes me wonder just what the editor's intention was in cutting the clips off at that specific point. If you're going to cut the clip short, at least find a natural break or the end of a sentence in which to do so! This problem was much more prevalent in the Orcutt interview, but it was still present here. It also wouldn't hurt to include the questions that were being asked, because what use is an answer without the context it was being given in? Finally, I found the camera work to be somewhat amateurish and distracting - zooming in and out mid-sentence, or zooming right in so that Buckles' eyes fill the screen - what was the idea behind that particular shot? It came across like a seven-year-old playing with their parents' camera.
In short, a fascinating interview but I wish I could have seen more of it. Why not just provide the original footage for download? Why edit at all?
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33 | x FOX and Friends Saturday
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're not. i know. you know ronny folks who save hundreds of dollars switching to geico sure are happy. how happy are they jimmy? happier than a witch in a broom factory. get happy. get geico. fifteen minutes could save you fifteen percent or more. - [laughing] woman: i used to wonder, why would a jew, a christian, and a muslim ever get together? - hello, hello. woman: and then i finally got it. they had a lot more in common than doughnuts. - ♪ love can build a bridge - ♪ oh, love and only love - ♪ between your heart and mine ♪ male announcer: a message from the foundation for a better life. >> stand up, chuck, let them see you. oh, god love you. what am i talking about? i will tell you what. you are making everybody else stand up though, pal. this is a big [bleep] deal. >> thank you dr. pepper. chancellor, dr. paper. >> they are going to put you all back in chains. >> why don't you all sit down if you have seats. thank you. i didn't realize you didn't have seats. i apologize. >> classic. >> vice president joe biden known for going off teleprompter every now and then. here is the la
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/35 | x Ten O'Clock News
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. that they do tonight in dallas. the all about baby steps for this team. they to take two of three on the trip. curry started to get into the flow. barnes had 20 points 12 rebounds. 99-99 here. curry with the no-look for david lee. who had 17 points. season high 19 rebounds. the warriors take it in dallas. 105-101. no dirk, however for the mavs. that's the sporting life for a monday night. we'll see who starts for new orleans. >>> thank you for trusting ktvu, channel 2 news. we'll see you the next time news breaks. >> ktvu morning news starts at 4:30, we'll be monitoring that strike and whether it's effecting port and airport operations.
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[movies]Montgomery High Rubik's Cube Club Advertisement
This is a cool animation I made in 3DS Max 7 advertising the Montgomery High Rubik's Cube Club, and although it is only 14 seconds long, it took a helluva lot longer to make, I'll tell you right now!
Keywords: Adhish; Yajnik; Adhish Yajnik; Rubik's; Cube; Rubik's Cube; Montgomery High; Rubik's Cube Club
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/67 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I upload youtube videos over night using a computer running Ubuntu 11.10 as it really eats my bandwidth. But it's normally done when I'm not around, so it wastes quite a bit of energy leaving it running. Is there any way for me to make it shut down after it's finished?
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Instead of using a browser, you can have a look at uploading via a script - you can then create another script which invokes the Youtube Uploader script and then calls the
sudo shutdown -h now
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You should rather run the whole script as root. If you place a sudo command in the script, it will ask you probably for your password after uploading the video. – lumbric Feb 21 '12 at 14:41
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/68 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
What intrinsic purpose does the static unity panel hold for the OS?
There has to be a great reason for this thing to HAVE to be here. It ONLY goes away in fullscreen apps and I can't use everything fullscreen
Why can the unity panel not be hidden?
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up vote 6 down vote accepted
The Unity panel cannot be hidden because the code doesn't currently allow it. Why it doesn't allow it is because nobody has added the code to allow it. Is it written in stone that it has to be that way? I don't know. I doubt it. If you can come up with good solutions to the problems that arise when the panel is hidden, I'm very confident they will be considered. But it is important to not think about these things too subjectively. We can't consider one part of the puzzle at a time. We have to consider all of it simultaneously. For instance, we don't want the desktop to feel completely different if a window is maximized or not. That would be inconsistent and confusing.
The top panel is used for indications, and these are important. Because unlike other operating systems and desktops, notifications doesn't stay open. So you need a way to see that something has happened if you haven't been looking at the screen. This could be done differently, but then other issues tend to pop up.
The panel itself doesn't actually consume much extra space. Because it also saves space that was previously used by the window menu bars. So the screen real estate is just used somewhere else. If you have more than one window open, then it will often consume much less space than was previously used. In any case, on a large screen, the panel doesn't consume much space.
The smaller a screen becomes, the more likely it is that you'll maximize your windows and use one at a time. In that case, the panel doesn't consume any space at all. The window decorator will be merged into it, so even if it is still visible, it doesn't consume any extra space! Neat trick, that one.
In multiple screen scenarios, however, the discussion about whether it should be visible on all screens is valid and interesting. I don't know if any conclusions have been drawn in that regard. It might be that it should be configurable. But that's not an easy discussion either. There are so many possibilities, but we probably wouldn't want to have all those options in code and in config GUIs. Perhaps one good option would be to use the same choice as for the launcher? But some might not like that. My guess is that this will become configurable in some way in the future, but that it won't happen in 12.04. But that's just a guess.
I hope this at least helps explain why it isn't obvious that it should be possible to hide the panel. Or at least not obvious enough that it should take precedence over other tasks. And like everything else, you know, development resources are limited.
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wow. thanks. wow. – Eliran Malka Oct 16 '12 at 10:27
on ubuntu 12.10, it got implemente! but I got it hidden by pressing alt+super+rightClick and auto-hide option; now I cannot undo it, I am lost.. dconf-editor has nothing about it I think.. – Aquarius Power Oct 7 '13 at 18:18
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12.04 official release allows auto-hide of the unity panel.
Open System Settings and click on Appearance and select the Behavior tab to adjust the settings.
enter image description here
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He's talking about the top panel, this setting is for the launcher – Jorge Castro Apr 28 '12 at 5:02
Thanks, Jorge. I like the unity launcher. It's not entirely fair to compare 12.04 to Windows, but even with XP I can autohide every notification zone and customize a mac style dock-like toolbar, built into the OS. – newboldrob May 17 '12 at 5:09
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/69 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
How do I set Nautilus to use same window on double click when browsing folders? This would be similar to how windows works. Right now, my Nautilus opens a new window of nautilus if i double click a folder. To use the same window I have to remember to nicely click the little arrow icon to expand the folder.
So, is the default behavior changeable?
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up vote 6 down vote accepted
Try the following
Go to 'Edit' -> 'Preferences' -> 'Behaviour'
Uncheck Open each folder in a new window
enter image description here
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:) great minds think alike ... – Jakob Apr 13 '12 at 21:14
That answer was really close but it gave me the hint I needed. On my disto of CentOS 6.2 I needed to check the box that says "Always open in browser windows." – djangofan Apr 13 '12 at 22:22
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Edit » Preferences » Behaviour » Open each folder in its own window
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/70 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there a way to get Docky ton act like Gnome-Do? I installed just the docky package. I would like it to be able to search for other things that are not in the dock. Is this possible or would it just be easier to install Gnome-Do separate.
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up vote 4 down vote accepted
Lucid's version of Gnome-Do still has the Docky interface available, and it will act like Gnome-Do when you push the keyboard shortcut for Gnome-Do. You shouldn't even need to have Docky installed separately. The version in Maverick removed the Docky interface. (Both are numbered in the about dialog, however.)
Once you have a version of Gnome-Do without Docky removed (see below), the next thing is to run Gnome-Do. If Gnome-Do doesn't pop up when you run it, summon it with Windows Key + Space. Click the downward-pointing triangle on the top right corner of Gnome-Do and click Preferences. Click on the Appearance tab and select the Docky theme in the drop-down at the top of the tab. You can then configure Gnome-Do just as you would configure Docky.
The versions of the gnome-do packages after ( and removed the Docky theme. Maverick is also missing the gnome-do-docklets package.
You could download gnome-do and gnome-do-docklets from the Ubuntu Lucid repositories (you could probably still install Maverick's version of gnome-do-plugins with it). It looks like the only fix you'd miss out on is one for crashes caused by GNOME Keyring. I'm not experienced enough to guarantee this will work right, but I'd do it on my own computer. I have at least checked to ensure there aren't any dependency issues.
A surer, but more difficult, approach, would be to build the latest release of gnome-do but reverse the effects of the patch debian/patches/03_disable_docky.dpatch.
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No; does not have Docky. – mgunes Oct 11 '10 at 21:50
Looks like it's probably a difference between what's in Maverick and what's in Lucid. I updated my answer and I'll look into it more momentarily. – Firefeather Oct 11 '10 at 22:53
Okay, I've updated my answer again; it now contains information on why the Docky feature is there on in Lucid but missing on in Maverick. – Firefeather Oct 11 '10 at 23:17
I found a blog post posted today that advocates the same approach. – Firefeather Oct 12 '10 at 23:05
Thanks everyone, I guess I will have to survive having them as separate programs for now. Thanks for the great answers! :) – russjr08 Oct 17 '10 at 15:40
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For now, you'll need to install them separately and use them without integration; Docky was split from Do a while ago. The next Do release will likely reintroduce Docky integration.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/71 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
With the latest Oneiric updates, I've been unable to use Second Life, a virtual reality simulator, in Ubuntu. I assume it has something to do with the NVidia driver, since the error in the console says:
WARNING: createWindow: LLWindowManager::create() : Error creating window.
WARNING: LLViewerWindow: Failed to create window, to be shutting Down, be sure your graphics driver is updated
I guess I could file a bug on Launchpad, but I'm not sure where to file it. Does anyone have any insight into what may be causing this problem? It was working fine a week ago, and older viewers (Imprudence viewer anyway) still work fine.
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Can I suggest you use ubuntu-bug linux - title the bug report "oneiric" and let the moderators move it to the correct package. – fossfreedom Sep 19 '11 at 11:36
@fossfreedom Presumably you don't mean that the bug report's title (i.e., summary) should be "oneiric", but rather that the bug should have the oneiric tag. ...But it will be automatically created with that tag if ubuntu-bug is used on an Oneiric system, as is there case here. – Eliah Kagan Nov 12 '11 at 1:44
However, linux is almost definitely not the right package for this (and it should not be used as a catch-all package when the right package is not known). You should instead use ubuntu-bug to file this against xorg or xserver-xorg or xserver-xorg-video-nv or the Nvidia driver package nvidia-current. In fact, you can file it against any one of those (I suggest xserver-xorg) and then add the others with Also affects distribution on the Launchpad bug page. The packages that are wrong can then be marked Invalid by triagers/developers. – Eliah Kagan Nov 12 '11 at 1:44
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closed as off topic by fossfreedom Apr 4 '12 at 18:31
1 Answer
It is likely you need to reinstall the NVidia drivers - here is what i did. I assume you have the NVidia drivers someplace NVIDIA-driver-x86.205.196.run or somesuch.
CTRL-ALT-F1 - gives you a login screen - login and then stop the X-windows so you can reinstall or update the drivers thus
sudo service gdm stop
then find your directory with the drivers in and
sudo sh NVIDIA-driver-x86.205.196.run and it will build it for you.
restart x-windows - sudo service gdm start and you're back!
login and you ought to be good to go.
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He is talking about Ubuntu 11.10, gdm is not used. – Bruno Pereira Nov 12 '11 at 1:33
In addition to that, you should install the nvidia drivers from the ubuntu repositories. – bodhi.zazen Mar 6 '12 at 3:59
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/82 | Information for "Illinois' 2nd Congressional District"
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/97 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I broke the lever of my shifter (SRAM X7) when I fell off my bike on a trail. I think it just fell off the unit. I can see where the lever is connected to the mechanism that pulls the cable. Can I replace just the lever, and not have to buy the entire shifter?
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up vote 3 down vote accepted
It's extremely unlikely that you will be able to buy parts for a cheap shifter. The whole unit costs $US25 with free shipping.
Imagine you could buy just the lever wholesale for $3. Then you'd pay the wholesaler $3 to find it and pack it for you, then the $3 postage cost. So your "$3" part is going to cost you $9. Plus you're probably going to want the mounting parts for that lever, but they're unlikely to be available separately (the economics get even worse for 2c screws), so there will be a kit of parts including the lever, ratchet mechanism and whatever attaches it to the body. But that kit costs $10 plus the $6 S&H. So you have saved $9 over buying a whole new lever.
Now the shop cuts the old cable off the bike, installs the new parts, new gear cable and outer, and set everything up. Which is about $20-$40 of labour, plus $10 for the cable and outer.
The total cost is about $16 + $10 + $20 = $46-$66. Or $55 for a whole new lever, fitted. New whole lever is an easy job, taking apart the old one is tricky so will probably take longer.
From a bike shop's point of view that's a $9 saving in exchange for the risk that you're wrong about how much damage was done. If the pivot that that lever sits on has bent the repaired lever won't work properly. There's a whole range of problems like this, but you as the customer won't care, you will just come in and say "you fixed it, but it doesn't work". After the first time this happened they stopped doing it, and only fit whole new parts.
So bike shops will not order the "parts kit", only a few keen cyclists who do their own repairs will. Instead of selling hundreds of these kits, SRAM will only sell ten. And maybe another ten next year. Or not, since the overhead cost of each product is non-trivial and if something is only going to sell a hundred units at $10 they're not going to bother.
Which is what you see happening.
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Good explanation of economics and why parts cost so much. – ʍǝɥʇɐɯ Jun 7 '11 at 14:18
Thanks for your answer!!!!! very informative! and smart, I will buy the whole shifter then... probably in a local shop to get free instalation! so the economics make sense. – Gerardo Jaramillo Jun 8 '11 at 2:28
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@Moz has provided a very good answer to this, however, do hunt around on eBay for what-you-may-find, you also might have one of those bike shops nearby that keep broken-but-useful parts (where they may have what you want) and also be aware that these levers come in a set, you only want one (a replacement) not the set of two.
Consult your LBS.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/98 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
What are the signs that a fork needs an oil change?
I'm asking this because lately my RS Revelation (1yo) seems stiff. I checked the sag and found I should increase it... so I did, but it's still using almost the same amount of travel (I check the o-ring at the end of a ride). Moreover, on rough terrain (gravel), I feel an incredible amount of vibrations that hurt my fingers.
Are these the signs? (in other words: will an oil change solve these problems?)
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up vote 4 down vote accepted
Over time forks become less responsive (move slower basically), but as this effect happens over the course of 12-18 months (the usual fork oil and seal lifetime), it's difficult to notice as you just get used to it. So most fork manufacturers tell you to change it after so many miles.
This responsiveness loss happens for a couple of reasons on different types of damping systems, on mine (Boxxers) it's because of pollutants in the oil itself - 'dust' from the bushes, dirt, seal flake off, etc.
You can get a rough idea of the state of your fork oil just by looking at it, new stuff is clear tinted yellow. I've seen fork oil come out looking like mercury from the sheer quantity of bushing dust in it...
Technically you only need to change seals once they start leaking oil, but of course that usually means that they've already failed their job - if you ride a lot in dirty conditions (which you should be!) they want changing every year.
Bushes only need changing once there's excessive play between your stanchions and sliders, this usually takes years but you can test the same way you would for testing a headset.
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Oil itself can degrade, plus the pollutants this answer mentions, as oil degrades and contaminates it changes its viscosity and other properties. Many suspension designs rely on these properties to achieve the ride quality they provide. Changing the oil should be not an expensive service a your local bike shop. – Jahaziel Jan 24 '12 at 17:57
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I usually only replace the oil when the level gets low (which should only happen if a seal is leaking), although I think many manufacturers do recommend changing it periodically.
Typically the only regular maintenance I do to my forks, other than inspecting the oil level, is to re-grease the stanchions. A lot of forks have a grease port on the outside that you can inject some grease through, or I will drop off the legs and clean and re-grease the stanchions, using some good fork grease.
I would look up the service manual for your fork too. It probably makes some suggestions as to what the maintenance schedule should be.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/146 | Classic C.O.C. lineup rolls into Zydeco
Published: Tuesday, March 13, 2012, 9:33 PM Updated: Wednesday, March 14, 2012, 12:17 PM
COC band shots (2) low res.jpg
Corrosion of Conformity (C.O.C.) from North Carolina is definitely a band with an interesting history. Though the group formed 30 years ago as part of the hardcore-punk scene, they have developed and evolved their sound (or sounds) while playing almost every type of metal under the sun. From crossover thrash to blues-based stoner rock, the band has traveled down many different paths during their long and storied career.
For 2012, one of the band's earliest lineups has reformed, and it appears that the evolution finally has come full circle. The group's new self-titled album features the trio formation of the band best known for their challenging yet classic 1985 "Animosity" release. This lineup of C.O.C. will headline the show at Zydeco with destructive openers A Storm of Light and Zoroaster on March 18. The show begins at 9 p.m., and tickets are available online for $15 in advance and $18 day of show.
Phillip Lawless for Birmingham Box Set: I know the new self-titled album just came out. I wanted to ask how the recording sessions went for the album.
Woody Weatherman: Basically, it was definitely one of the easiest trips to the studio that we've ever done. I mean we pretty much had our [stuff] together. So we, you know, kind of been playing the songs live for a while ... well, most of them, not all of them. Working out the kinks and all that stuff. And by the time we got in the studio, man, it just rolled right on. The way we do it in the studio is like Mike and I just kind of get in the room with Reed, get the drums all miced up, have some amps off in another room, slap the headsets on, and we just kind of play like we're playing live. Let Reed do his thing, man. And that's basically how we get the drum tracks going. Then we just start stacking stuff up. This time around, man, it really went smooth. No worries.
BBS: You said you were playing some of the new songs live. How did these songs come together? Did different members bring them in, or did you guys jam and write together?
WW: A lot of both. Probably 80 percent of it, everybody just showed up and had three or four songs in their head that they wanted to contribute. Some of them were sort of partial songs. Here's a for instance. I showed up, I had a tune that I wanted to do, but it only had a couple parts. And so I played the parts for Mike, you know, five minutes later he had some other stuff and we just threw it together and started making songs that way, you know. If you can't come up with the whole thing, you just kind of get together and ... we've all worked together for so long that we can make stuff like that happen pretty easy.
BBS: C.O.C.'s new era is kind of the old era, I guess. What led to you guys getting back together as a three piece and moving on without (former vocalist and guitarist) Pepper Keenan?
WW: A kind of funny part of the story is Pepper was kind of the catalyst for getting us all back together because he had been out on the road with Down for a while and sort of noticed that there was some interest in having Corrosion come over and do some festivals in Europe. And so he sort of hit us all up, because Mike and Reed and I live pretty close to each other. We started jamming in anticipation of that, and that really never materialized, you know, due to a few factors. But we just kept on jamming, and the next thing you know we were writing music and playing shows and having a good time. And we just kept on rolling with the ball.
BBS: Correct me if I'm wrong, but you're the only member that's been on every C.O.C. album.
WW: That's what they tell me.
BBS: Was there a secret to that, or was it just carrying on to carry on?
WW: I guess I just was the only one that kept on hanging around, you know. I mean, with that being said, man, it's just awesome to have Reed (drummer) back in the fold. Especially, you know, after him being gone for like really a whole decade, man, he wasn't in the band. And that's really been the catalyst for making all this stuff work, having him back and it just makes the stuff flow so easy, you know, having the three original guys. It's been a lot of fun.
BBS: You guys were revisiting the second album, "Animosity," and a little bit of the first on a previous tour. Is there anything you remember about recording those early albums?
WW: Those things, especially like, yeah you're talking going all the way back to like "Eye for an Eye" or something like that, I mean we had no idea what going to the studio was. We didn't, you know, we had no clue. We just were writing these punk-rock songs having a good time and wound up, you know, with microphones in front of our amps and trying to capture it. But, you know, we would record that whole damn album like in a day. We'd just set up and just start burning through songs, you know. We had really no clue on what it took to capture stuff on tape and, you know, that you're supposed to take a little bit of time or whatever. But, you know, you live and learn. Of course by the time we got around to doing "Animosity," we did half, side two of that record in Raleigh, N.C. We rode out to Los Angeles to do side one. And that was kind of our first foray into a real studio and whatnot. I guess the learning process started then. You know man, it was all good times, you can't complain.
BBS: As young kids, were you guys on any kind of crazy punk tours? Were there any older bands you played with that were noteworthy or interesting?
WW: Oh man, yeah dozens. You know, we were kids ourselves when we first hit the road. I mean, we were playing dives, we were just trading off gigs with, you know, punk-rock bands in other towns. It would be like, "Man, well you put us up and let us play your town and we'll do the same for you if you come our way." And that was how we kind of traded out and got to tour back then. Because there was like this whole network, and even if you were an unknown band just starting out, I mean you could travel around this sort of hardcore, you know, punk rock network. And that's the way we did it, man. And just from a very early stage, like whenever we did that "Eye for an Eye" record back in '84 or whatever, we pretty much hit the road right off the bat. I think we did a couple runs that summer, went out west. Yeah, that was just the way that we sort made a name for ourselves was just hitting the road.
BBS: You guys were playing a different style, and then you came back and performed the whole "Animosity" album. Did you have to work on your speed metal chops again or was it like riding a bike?
WW: It was kind of like riding a bike. But I tell you, some of those tunes, like the stuff on "Technocracy," they're pretty challenging. I mean there's a ... they're fast and there's some crazy changes and lots of parts, you know, stuffed in there. I tell you, it was definitely fun relearning some of them. There were a few that we had played live through the years, thrown in sets at different times, but doing the whole, it's kind of challenging. Because, yeah, they're a little faster than some of the stuff we've been playing, you know, on the last few records. But man, they're ... that stuff is a blast to play live. We're having a great time doing it. I mean this upcoming tour we're keeping a lot of that stuff in the set, and doing a lot of, of course a lot of the new record. And even some, you know we've got a couple things off like "Deliverance," you know, stuff like that we're tossing in there for fun. So we've got a pretty wide variety happening on this tour coming up.
BBS: Are you guys still doing a song off "Blind"? It seems like I heard you were playing "Vote with a Bullet."
WW: Yeah, sometimes we do a little taster of that, you know, just for fun.
BBS: Was the "Blind" lineup revamp in 1991 the band's decision, or did the record label have something to do with taking the band in that direction?
WW: Nah, no record label stuff. I mean that was just us, you know, doing our thing. There were things at the time and the place, and that was what felt right at the time, you know, throwing that lineup together. And we had a ... we made a good record and had fun on the road. It kind of fell apart, that particular lineup, whenever it came time to start working on the "Deliverance" album. It didn't really work out that way. But we made the changes and made it happen like we always do.
BBS: Now, 30 years later, being on the road, how has it changed for you guys? Is it a different routine, or does it have a lot in common with the early days?
WW: Hey, we're still in a van, playing some of the same venues as a matter of fact. There's still a few venues that are still hanging there, you know, year after year. But, I mean, it's kind of the same thing, you know. Obviously we used to do crazier stuff when we were younger. We would do, I mean, crazy drives. We would just kind of kill ourselves and not really know it just cause we didn't care. You know, kids just get out there, "Ah, it's only 15 hours to the next show. We'll leave after we play and we'll get there in time to play." We used to do a lot of that kind of stuff. You know, we try to take it a little easier on ourselves, driving distances and all that kind of stuff these days. Other than that, man, you know we're still out there doing it, having fun. So it's kind of the same thing.
BBS: You're touring with a good number of up-and-coming younger bands. Have any of those bands that have caught your eye? Is there anybody that you're impressed with?
WW: Ah man, there always is. Well, this tour coming up I'm really excited about. We've got the Torche guys; Valient Thorr who are another Carolina act, so we're real stoked about that; and A Storm of Light, who I'm really excited to see live. I mean we always try to ... if it's our tour, we try to throw something together that's, you know, pretty cohesive, but not exactly the same thing. Like we don't want to go out where every band is the same thing over and over. You know, we try to get a little diversity in there, a little variety without it going too far off the deep end. And I think this tour is going to be fun. We've got a bunch of other dates that we haven't announced yet. We're going to be heading out west and, you know, up into Canada and stuff. So we've had a lot of people going, "Man, you never come to Canada anymore!" So we're getting ready to.
BBS: No offense, but the vocals with this lineup have improved tremendously. Was that something you all worked on, or have you all just had more time to mature as vocalists?
WW: Well, you know, Mike of course really brought his A-game to the album. And he did a great job. And Reed sings three songs on the record too, you know. Thankfully, I didn't sing much. They don't want me to sing. I just stick to the six strings they allow me to twang on. But yeah man, Mike really stepped up to the plate. He did a great job, and so did Reed. I mean those guys, you know they worked on their stuff and worked on their lyrics and, you know, spent some time on it.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/196 | "Have you accepted Madoka Kaname as your lord and savior?"
But seriously, here's a thread for the Anime I finally finished (something I should've done sooner) and could not love anymore than I already do.
So all those who are fans of this series feel free to discuss the series, characters, themes, etc. If you don't like this Anime, well, I'd advise clicking the back button but if you stay, try to be civil.
Oh, yeah and beware of spoilers (use tags). Like below: |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/223 | Howard Cosell
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Howard Cosell
• Cosell (born Cohen) was a lawyer who became a sports announcer.
• He became well-known for his interviews with Muhammad Ali and his work on ABC-TV's "Monday Night Football."
• He announced his retirement from boxing commentary in December 1982 due to the beating Randall (Tex) Cobb recieved at the hands of Larry Holmes.
• He died at age 77 of a heart embolism at the Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY, April 13, 1995.
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CLP AuthorSheets are bibliographies produced by the Reference Services Staff at Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh's Main Library. The primary goals of this project are:
1. To develop guides to critical essays on authors commonly researched by students;
2. To provide access to critical essays which may not be easily found on the CLP online catalog, and;
3. To provide quality content on the Internet for members of the Pittsburgh community.
All the resources listed in CLP AuthorSheets are available in the Main Library of Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. CLP library card holders may have titles held for them by contacting Reference Services at 412-622-3175. Materials may also be reserved electronically through the CLP online catalog.
Each CLP AuthorSheet will provide the following information:
1. A listing of anthologies and collections in which criticism on an author's work appears;
2. A link to books dedicated to criticism on an author's works in the online catalog;
3. When applicable, citations to relevant journal and magazine articles.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/239 | This Sunday’s Gospel: Ask and You Shall Receive
Bible readingI’ve often heard people say that they don’t want to trouble God with their petty needs and concerns. After all, he has more important things to attend to, like running the universe.
Yet, the New Testament makes God out to be a glutton for punishment. Not only does Jesus often urge us to ask for what we need, (“Ask and you shall receive” Lk 9:11), but he praises the people, like Bartimaeus, who ask in the loudest, most obnoxious of ways (Mk 10:46-52). And to top it off, he tells stories in which he showcases rude, relentless people who wake up their neighbors in the middle of the night (Lk 11:5-8). My all-time favorite is the nagging widow who won’t give the judge a moment’s rest till she gets what she wants (Lk 18:1-8).
The unjust judge simply wanted to get the lady off his back. He wanted the widow to stop bugging him. But God appears to want us to bug Him. And keep bugging Him. Why? Maybe because He’d rather us look to Him for assistance than to the idols of this age. Perhaps because he knows that asking Him for help strengthens the virtue of humility in us since it is an admission that we are not in total control of the universe and just might need His help. Perhaps because He is a loving Father and likes being with us, even when we come just to ask Him to open his wallet.
When I was a teen, I thought that prayer was about nothing but asking for stuff. I prayed that God would keep my parents from finding out about certain things I’d done. I prayed that the best-looking girl in the class would like me. After all, Scripture says to ask.
But Scripture also tells us what to ask for. And there is the rub. We are often wrong about what to ask for, because we misidentify what will really make us happy. God knows us better than we know ourselves, since He created us. And He loves us more than we love ourselves, because He is our Father.
So before talking to Him, which is a dimension of prayer, we need to listen to Him, which is an even more important dimension of prayer. We were given two ears and only one mouth for a reason.
But how do we listen to him? One privileged way is through Scripture. These words are guaranteed to be His, for they are inspired, breathed by the Holy Spirit, divine words in human words (2 Tim 3:16). This does not just mean that the Holy Spirit moved once, guiding the authors when they wrote the words down thousands of years ago. It means that the Holy Spirit dwells in these words as in a Temple and beckons us to enter to meet him regularly, for a life-changing rendezvous. These words are not simply a wearying catalogue of ideas we need to hold, facts we need to believe, or rules we need to observe. Instead they are meant to be a fresh, personal, energizing communication from God each time we hear or read them. They are food for our souls.
Most of us don’t eat once a week. We eat daily. Several times a day in fact. So we should gather up the manna of God’s word at least daily, maybe even several times a day.
So you don’t have much time for quiet prayer and extensive Bible reading? Join the club. You may not have time for a daily Thanksgiving feast, but I bet you snack a few times a day. There are scriptural, bite-sized snacks called the Psalms that have been the backbone of prayer for God’s people for nearly 3,000 years. The psalms are God’s inspired word through which He speaks to us, but they happen to be cast as prayers that we can use to speak with Him. That kills two birds with one stone. And they cover everything that we could possible want to say to God. “Thank-you,” “praise you,” “why are you doing this to me?” “please help me!,” etc. There are even a few asking God to smash our enemies. These would have been perfect for Moses to have used while praying during the battle with Amalek (Ex 17:8), except they hadn’t been written yet.
If you have time for three meals or snacks a day, you have time for at least three Psalms a day.
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Marcellino D'Ambrosio, Ph.D.
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• mmudi
God is love and he created all out of love and gave his son out of love for humanity, who often forget that they are greated in his own image, He breathed his very own spirit into us and he knows our needs. All we need is to bear in mind that we are soul-beings with a purpose on earth that God will see through as long as we put him first . |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/255 | Lego, the world's most famous toy, turns 80
'Firefly' fan builds ultimate Serenity Lego spaceship
Mars Curiosity rover gets the Lego treatment
In our twisted pop geek culture, it's not cutting-edge technology until it's been replicated with the most simplistic of child's toys. With that in mind, congrats are due to NASA's Curiosity rover, which has finally been reduced to a scale model made of Legos. Oh yea, the full-size rover also landed on Mars yesterday. … Read more
Lego Olympics: Sporting triumphs re-enacted in stop-motion
Hot wheels: Motorized Lego wheelchair buzzes and rolls
We've seen some impressive Lego creations recently, including a robotic arm and a giant jet engine. We can now add a working motorized wheelchair to the list.
The Lego wheelchair is a prototype capable of moving a nearly 200-pound person around. The wheelchair uses quite a few bits from the Lego Mindstorms line. There are 12 Rotacaster multi-directional wheels providing the rolling.… Read more
Rolls-Royce revs up giant Lego jet engine
Giant Lego bridge clicks in Germany
Before giant Lego trees and flowers popped up in the Australian Outback, a honking huge Lego bridge made an appearance in Germany.
Late last year, street artist Megx pulled out the primary colors to transform the underside of a bridge into an optical illusion. Clever use of color and shading makes the bridge in Wuppertal look like it's built from an interlocking set of massive Lego bricks.… Read more
Life-size Lego trees, flowers sprout up in Australia
Lego 'Lord of the Rings' sets astound in hands-on video
One ring to rule them all, and in the darkness build them! Yes, here's a sight for Sauron's eyes -- we've gone hands-on with the yet-to-be-released "Lord of the Rings" Lego sets ahead of their U.K. release. Hit play in the video below to see what manner of Uruk-hai-jinks Lego has in store for Tolkien fans. … Read more
Build Legos in Chrome with Google Build
The Lego land grab is on. Google Chrome and Lego Australia fastened themselves together to roll out Build, a Web app for Chrome that lets you build impressively realistic Lego structures right within Google's browser.
To get started, you can browse the map to find an open plot or click the blue Build button and have Build find one for you. Each plot is a 32-by-32-peg square, and you are given 1,000 virtual bricks to use. There are 10 different type of Lego bricks in 10 different colors, plus two extras: a door and a window. (My son … Read more |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/265 | Category:Church Whitfield
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English: Church Whitfield is a village just north of Dover in Kent, England. It is virtually part of the larger area of Whitfield and, like it, part of the town area of Dover. Part of the village is called Pineham. St. Peter's Church is a 10th Century Saxon Church largely rebuilt in Norman times, though the church is first mentioned in 762 AD.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/284 |
So jealous of Cleveland's offensive line
1. jterrell
jterrell Penguinite
17,996 Messages
584 Likes Received
i think the process is ongoing and believe we will get there so you are preaching to the choir with that.
doug free is an 8m per player. he is supposed to be really good.
tyron smith is a 9th overall pick. he is supposed to be really friggin good.
costa graded great for the 5 minutes he actually played and may well be pretty good.
nate livings has been pretty good when not asked to protect the clueless OT and OCs revolving in.
bern has been a miss in the FA process. that happens but he was brought in as a stop gap for cheap.
i neither believe we have ignored the ol, nor that the ol is any good. i think like 20 other nfl teams this team has issues it is dealing with from injuries.
do the redskins suck at rushing the passer because they didn't use any resources there or because they lost a couple good players?
mostly i think this hilarious ol uproar after a game where we see stop gaps and new boots across the line is both childish and little ignorant of reality. instead of being glad we found a way to win and score 20 second half points people are busy crying. we will never again see parnell take his first LT snaps. bern his first OC snaps. dockery take his first snaps of this season. all that happened sunday. and when we couldn't help out our worst ol, the rt, he was exposed as a scab.
2. Doomsday101
Doomsday101 Well-Known Member
73,361 Messages
778 Likes Received
I agree. Dallas is using a patch work OL right now and last week lineup ended up with 3 changes on it. It was a struggle and not pretty but they got things going on offense in the 2nd half and they got the job done.
3. gimmesix
8,269 Messages
240 Likes Received
No. There's a few I wouldn't want. And if I'm going to be envious, I'd prefer to do it over a line that's a lot better than ours, not any that are just slightly better.
4. fanfromvirginia
fanfromvirginia Inconceivable!
3,973 Messages
129 Likes Received
...and fifteen years later, here we are with a mediocre line for the fifteenth year in a row, with one unquestionably good player who happens to have been a first round draft pick, arguing about whether or not it makes sense to use first round draft picks on OL ... and lots of fans who see nothing unusual in that...
5. gimmesix
8,269 Messages
240 Likes Received
I don't think Dallas Cowboys fans want that at all. No one is holding Cleveland up as the perfect way to build a team.
Some people here seem to have accepted Dallas' failures to build an offensive line by saying things such as either it can have a quality offensive line or quality skill players. That shouldn't be the case.
Dallas' failure to have a quality offensive line this season is a result of the choices they have made in building the line. The team doesn't have to use first-round picks for five years to get the line it wants, but other teams' success in building an offensive line AND having quality skill players show that they do have to invest in the line more than picking up late-round picks and castoffs.
Now, my original point had nothing to do with all that, as I was simply dreaming of what Romo would look like behind such a line, but I did feel compelled to point out that I don't think any fans are saying we prefer having a line over having players to excel with one.
The funny thing on offense, at least, is that we'd still have the same skill players, except for Dez, if we'd used first- or second-round picks on linemen. Romo and Austin were UDFAs; Witten and Murray were third-round picks. Our defense, though, is loaded with players we used those picks on the last few years (Lee, Carter, Claiborne, Jenkins, Spencer, Ware, Spears).
6. Deep_Freeze
Deep_Freeze Well-Known Member
6,592 Messages
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Well this is what was in my head when I first read this thread. The need is there, but alot of fans on this board just go completely overboard with it and I had to vent earlier. If it was said incorrectly, I apologize, but being 'jealous' of the Cleveland Browns....I mean really?!?!
Come on man.
7. Alexander
Alexander What's it going to be then, eh?
21,467 Messages
2,157 Likes Received
Why would you not be jealous of an offensive line that is keeping their QB clean and doing their job every Sunday? I would kill for that. And that is where the Browns are right now. And they have their own injury issues they have had to struggle with and they are starting rookies. But they can gain a yard if they need it and their QB is not running for his life.
This was not about being jealous of anything else with the Browns.
8. gimmesix
8,269 Messages
240 Likes Received
In fact, I even like our owner better than theirs. :)
9. Kangaroo
Kangaroo Active Member
9,893 Messages
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The Chiefs have a really good oline as well and a running game they just need a QB :eek:. Yet they are terrible it is amazing some of the teams with better lines suck.
Pitts line has been terrible all year Ben covers up part of the issues like everyone says Romo covers up oline issues.
The Eagles oline is in the toilet after all the injuries and makes Dallas line look good.
10. JBond
JBond Active Member
6,682 Messages
21 Likes Received
The Chiefs? Really? No. Just stop.
11. Kangaroo
Kangaroo Active Member
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Have you watched them this year the oline has been good their QB play has been terrible and they turn the ball over way to much
12. TTexasTT
TTexasTT Well-Known Member
1,926 Messages
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Yeah I watched them a little after Winston made the big issue about Cassell being cheered after being KOd. The protection isnt too bad and Charles is racking up some good games.
13. jterrell
jterrell Penguinite
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thats just patently false and complete BS.
this OL was VERY GOOD for many of those 15 years.
flozell, gurode and others were quite quality players.
the OL was a team strength on some of those sad teams we during that period.
we are on about year 3 of crap ol play. 1 year with declining, expensive vets who had previously been very good and 2 years of rebuilding it.
nonsensical posts like this are why i hate this fan base. it is a complete lack of honesty or reference.
14. jterrell
jterrell Penguinite
17,996 Messages
584 Likes Received
You are providing the right answers and still not making the obvious logical truths out of it.
Dallas had a lot of holes. They were going to patch some positions. Last year CB simply kept them from winning games, period. They had zero chance with TNew, Jenkins and Scandrick.
So we could have signed the top OG on the market for Brandon Carr money. But can you imagine this pass defense minus Carr??? Seriously. I don't even know what CB would have started alongside Scandrick while Jenkins is out.
Dallas has rebuilt it's old, slow ILB corps by adding Lee and Carter? Were those bad draft picks? Did we not need to draft DeMarco Murray?
Where are all these wasteful picks?
People are just inherently dishonest in these evaluations. Dallas missed on a number of reasonably high draft picks along the OL. IT ISNT BECAUSE THEY IGNORED IT.
2003: Al Johnson round 2
2004: Jacob Rogers round 2, Steve Peterman round 3
2005: Rob Pettiti round 6 (listed because he had a reasonable NFL career)
2006: Pat McQuistan round 7 (but still in the NFL today)
2007: James Marten round 3, Doug Free round 4
2009: Robert Brewster round 3
2010: Sam Young round 6 (((RW11 pillaged draft))))
2011: Tyron Smith round 1, David Arkin round 4
If we turn 2 of the 6 guys we drafted in the top 4 rounds I have highlighted into average NFL OL we are not even looking at OL as an area of weakness.
15. IrishAnto
IrishAnto Active Member
916 Messages
115 Likes Received
If you look at Deep_Freeze's posts you'll find that's his MO, although to be fair he's not the only one.
16. IrishAnto
IrishAnto Active Member
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And if we had their OL, I sure we'd be more that three wins ahead.
17. IrishAnto
IrishAnto Active Member
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This OL was never “Very Good” in any of the past 15 years.
Sure we had some quality players but the unit as a hole was made to look soo much better by the elusiveness and ability of one Tony Romo.
How good did Adams, Gurode, Davis etc. look with Bledsoe behind centre?
18. CowboysFaninDC
CowboysFaninDC Well-Known Member
2,545 Messages
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they do. they really haven't been blown out of any games this year but 1. they are learning and they go into the 4th quarter in the game, each time. they haven't been an easy out at all for anyone
19. fanfromvirginia
fanfromvirginia Inconceivable!
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Slightly exaggerated, maybe. Patently false and BS, no and I think you know it, thus the defensive overreaction on your part. You named some good players but failed to name the year we weren't mediocre for more than a few games at a time. I will do your job for you -- 2007. Adams, Kosier, Gurode, Davis, Colombo. 2007 was the exception thst proved the rule and even those guys weren't consistently great that year. If memory serves they had already started breaking down by December.
20. fanfromvirginia
fanfromvirginia Inconceivable!
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One: they were going after those guys because their OLs sucked. Two: five is not that many picks in the first three rounds for an 8-year-period (03-10), especially considering none were first rounders.
I do grant that BP tried and whiffed. After whiffing, I think the FO got gun shy on early round OL picks.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/287 | 101 reputation
bio website pvle.be
location Brussels, Belgium
age 32
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.NET Developer with some experience in Java. Now working in C# again, at last.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/292 | Power saving mode with Symbian^3
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Code ExampleArticle
Created: symbianyucca (21 Dec 2010)
Last edited: hamishwillee (30 May 2013)
Power saving mode (PSM) was introduced with Symbian^3. With it some processes in the device can go to more power saving mode according to their own logic.
When PSM is enabled it following system resources are disabled in order to save battery:
• Bluetooth,
• WLAN Scanning (WLAN connections still take place),
• Display settings (clock and screensaver)
• Tactile feedback,
• Vibration,
• 3G->2G,
• Keypad tones
• Audio feedback
Additionally any other process could also take account of PSM and save power when PSM is enabled.
PSM can be manually enabled/disabled in two ways:
• From the menu shown when the off-button in pressed, and
• From the pop-up that comes when clicking the battery icon on the home screen.
PSM mode can also be controlled with CPsmClient client API. This API is not part of the public SDK, but can be found in Symbian's open source.
Monitoring of PSM can be handled by constructing the CPsmClient and then calling RequestPowerSaveModeNotification(). Note that the function works in a one-shot mode, thus after an error notification or notification of changed status, it needs to be called again.
iPsmClient = CPsmClient::NewL( *this );
Current PSM can also be checked with PsmSettings() function as illustrated in the following code snippet:
TInt err( iPsmClient->PsmSettings().GetCurrentMode( iActivePsm ) );
if ( err == KErrNone )
switch( iActivePsm )
case EPsmsrvModeNormal:
LogEventL(_L("Currentmode: ModeNormal"));
case EPsmsrvModePowerSave:
LogEventL(_L("Currentmode: ModePowerSave"));
case EPsmsrvPartialMode:
LogEventL(_L("Currentmode: PartialMode"));
PSM can be changed with ChangePowerSaveMode() function call, and once using it, remember to cancel the monitoring with the CancelPowerSaveModeNotificationRequest() function call.
A full example of using PSM can be found from: My PowerMode.zip
Also additional method using central repository for monitoring PSM can be found from: My PowerMode Rep.zip
This second example would only require central repository API, thus even though the central repository would not be available on pre-Symbian^3 devices, the code would be safe to use, as long as the KErrNotFound error would be handled. Whereas the first example required static linking to a library which might not be available in pre-Symbian^3 devices.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/293 | From Nokia Developer Wiki
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Article Metadata
Created: timothytripp (10 Apr 2007)
Last edited: hamishwillee (26 Jul 2012)
From The RealView Compilation Tools Web Page at ARM.com:
The ARM® RealView® compilation tools have been researched and developed for over 16 years to provide optimum support for the ARM architecture. The compilation tools deliver the full set of software components required to build C and C++ applications targeting the 32-bit ARM and 16-bit Thumb® and Thumb-2 instruction sets.
The compilation tools in RealView Development Suite are developed directly with new ARM architectures enabling specific optimizations for each of these ARM architectures and delivering significant improvements in code speed and size.
GNU Interoperability Create highly optimized applications for Embedded Linux and Symbian OS using the compilation tools in RealView Development Suite. RealView Development Suite provides unprecedented ease-of-use for customers seeking interoperability between ARM and GNU toolchains that are compatible with the Application Binary Interface (ABI) for the ARM architecture, allowing flexible deployment of open-source and commercially supported tools throughout software development teams.
The compilation tools in RealView Development Suite include:
Optimizing ISO C Compiler Optimizing ISO C++ Compiler Linker Assembler Image Conversion Tool ARM Object File Librarian/Archiver C Libraries RogueWave C++ Standard Template Libraries Optimizing ISO C/C++ Compiler and Assembler
Main Features:
FullISO C and C++ Support Implementation of ARM C/C++ ABI for the ARM Architecture Enables mixing of object code compiled with other ABI compliant compiles, e.g. GNU Industry-leading code size optimization Industry-leading code performance optimization Compilation for 32-bit ARM and 16-bit Thumb and Thumb-2 instruction sets Selectable debug and optimization levels Processor-specific optimizations for all ARM architectures Object files conform to industry standard ELF and DWARF Powerful macro assembler for ARM, Thumb and Thumb-2 instructions Linker
ELF and DWARF industry standards supported for object file and debug table formats Seamless interworking of ARM Thumb and Thumb-2 object code Scatter-loading feature supports placement of code and data within sophisticated target memory maps Automatic removal of unreferenced code areas Image Conversion Tool
Converts from ELF images into other downloadable and ROMable formats Binary, Motorola 32-bit S-record, Intel Hex-32 and Byte Oriented Hex formats are supported Displays information about the input file, e.g. disassembly output or symbol listings ARM Object File Librarian/Archiver
Enables sets of ELF object files to be collected together and maintained in libraries Supports merging of libraries C and RogueWaveC++ Libraries
The full ISO standard C libraries consist of: Functions defined by the ISO C library standard Target-dependent functions used to implement the C library functions in the semihosted execution environment Helper functions used by the C and C++ compilers Target-dependent C library functions can be re-implemented for any execution environment (semihosting) The floating-point library uses the ARM floating-point environment, which is an implementation of the IEEE 754 standard for binary floating-point arithmetic The Rogue Wave C++ Standard Template Library contains: The functions defined by the ISO C++ library standard The Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library version 2.02.03 Helper functions for the C++ compiler Semihosting Support Semihosting is the mechanism by which ARM targets communicate input/output requests from application code to a host computer running a debugger. This mechanism could be used, for example, to allow functions in the C library, such as printf() and scanf(), to use the screen and keyboard of the host rather than the target system's resources.
Internal links
This page was last modified on 26 July 2012, at 07:10.
47 page views in the last 30 days. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/297 |
any similar ceremony or action of initiation, dedication, etc.
a trying or purifying experience or initiation.
Christian Science. purification of thought and character.
1250–1300; Middle English < Late Latin baptisma < Greek bapt(ízein) to baptize + -isma -ism; replacing Middle English bapteme < Old French < Late Latin, as above
baptismal [bap-tiz-muhl] , adjective
baptismally, adverb
postbaptismal, adjective
pseudobaptismal, adjective
rebaptism, noun
2. induction, admittance, introduction. Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To BAPTISM
World English Dictionary
baptism (ˈbæpˌtɪzəm)
2. the act of baptizing or of undergoing baptism
3. any similar experience of initiation, regeneration, or dedication
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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Word Origin & History
c.1300, bapteme, from O.Fr. batesme, bapteme (11c., Mod.Fr. baptême), from L. baptismus, from Gk. baptismos, noun of action from baptizein (see baptize). The -s- restored in later 14c. Figurative sense is from late 14c. Phrase baptism of fire "a soldier's first experience
of battle" (1857) translates Fr. baptême de feu; the phrase originally was ecclesiastical Gk. baptisma pyros and meant "the grace of the Holy Spirit as imparted through baptism." Later it was used of martyrdom, especially by burning.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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American Heritage
Cultural Dictionary
baptism definition
The ceremony of initiation into Christianity; in most Christian churches, it is considered a sacrament. Persons baptized either have water poured on them or are immersed in water; some groups of Christians insist on immersion. The effect of baptism, in Christian belief, is to cleanse persons of their sins, so that they are born into a new life with Jesus. Most churches baptize members when they are infants, but some groups, like the Baptists, insist on adult baptism. Jesus himself was baptized. (See John the Baptist.)
The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Cite This Source
Example sentences for BAPTISM
Baptism has traditionally been seen as necessary for salvation.
Orthodox likewise believe that baptism removes what they call the ancestral sin
of adam.
The anabaptists also have stood historically against the practice of infant
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/298 | any pontifex.
any high or chief priest.
a bishop.
the Roman Catholic pope, the Bishop of Rome.
1600–10; earlier pontife < French, short for Latin pontifex pontifex
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To Pontiff
World English Dictionary
pontiff (ˈpɒntɪf)
a former title of the pagan high priest at Rome, later used of popes and occasionally of other bishops, and now confined exclusively to the pope
[C17: from French pontife, from Latin pontifex]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin & History
c.1600, "high priest," from Fr. pontif (early 16c.), from L. pontifex, title of a Roman high priest (see pontifex). Used for "bishop" in Church Latin, but not recorded in that sense in English until 1670s, specifically "the bishop of Rome," the pope. Pontifical, however,
is used with this sense from mid-15c.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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American Heritage
Cultural Dictionary
pontiff definition
Another name for the pope. Pontiff comes from a Latin word, meaning “bridge builder,” that was used as a title for some of the priests of ancient Rome.
The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Example sentences
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/299 | array processor
Computing Dictionary
array processor definition
(Or "vector processor") A computer, or extension to its arithmetic unit, that is capable of performing simultaneous computations on elements of an array or table of data in some number of dimensions.
The IBM AltiVec (the "Velocity Engine" used in the Apple G4 computers) is a vector processor.
Common uses for array processors include analysis of fluid dynamics and rotation of 3d objects, as well as data retrieval, in which elements of a database are scanned simultaneously. Array processors are very rare now (1998).
Array presentation (
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/302 | noun Chemistry.
a white crystalline solid, C 9 H 11 ClN 2 O, used as a herbicide, especially for broad-leaved plants. Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To monuron
Previous Definition: monureid
Next Definition: mony
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Example sentences
The production of monuron is typical of the general process used to manufacture this family of pesticides.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/303 | a hair style in which the hair is rolled under, usually at shoulder-length.
a youth or man who works as a page, as at a hotel.
Also, page boy.
1900–05; page2 + boy Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To pageboy
World English Dictionary
pageboy (ˈpeɪdʒˌbɔɪ)
1. a smooth medium-length hairstyle with the ends of the hair curled under and a long fringe falling onto the forehead from the crown
2. a less common word for page
3. another word for page
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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Example sentences
The pianist bows, his pageboy hairdo flopping about his solemn face.
He worked as a waiter trainee, then a pageboy a at a club.
During last four robberies, the subject wore a pageboy hat with jeans and a long sleeve button down shirt.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/304 | rio muni
Río Muni
[ree-aw moo-nee]
the mainland province of Equatorial Guinea on the Guinea coast: formerly the mainland portion of Spanish Guinea. 10,040 sq. mi. (26,003 sq. km). Unabridged
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Previous Definition: rio mexcala
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/306 | an bohr
Medical Dictionary
Bohr (bôr,), Niels Henrik David. 1885-1962.
Danish physicist. He won a 1922 Nobel Prize for his investigation of atomic structure and radiations. His son Aage Niels Bohr (born 1922), also a physicist, shared a 1975 Nobel Prize for discovering the asymmetry of atomic nuclei.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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Previous Definition: an arm leg
Next Definition: an eye an eye
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/308 | Free Software Foundation!
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'cvschk' is a Perl program which transforms the 'cvs status' output to an ASCII table sorted according file status. It gives an overview of which files are new and which have been changed. Note that the program does *only* local checks of files. If you have fast access to the CVS repository, then consider using cvsstat, which can also tell if other people have made newer versions of the files. It's also designed for CVS 1.9; earlier or later versions may require changes to the script.
Related Projects
Download External-link-icon.png version 1.12 (stable)
released on 4 January 2002
LicenseVerified byVerified onNotes
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Leaders and contributors
"Email" Peter Toft Maintainer
"Email" Lars G.T. Jorgensen Contributor
"Email" Ole Tange Contributor
Resources and communication
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Bug Tracking,Developer,Support E-mail
Software prerequisites
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Required to use CVS v. 1.9
Required to use Perl 5.004
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/309 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
It starts with one mistake and compounds to several other.
Number one, the plan was to spray the interior doors and since we did not have a good inside place to do it, we had to do it outside. It was hot and humid but that did not seem to be a problem as the day before I sprayed one of the doors and it turned out fine.
However, the next day I had one of the employees do the spraying and another grabbed a 3/8" nap roller and started back-rolling to prevent drips. By the time I caught it they had all the doors done (13 in all). I was worried about it but the paint was initially laying down and leveling out and looked as good as the previous day's door.
Then it all went horribly wrong. About two hours later it started to create a stipple effect but overly exaggerated. It has been several days since and it shows signs of leveling but not enough to create a smooth finish that the customer wants. The paint is still tacky a week later and I need a solution to fix the doors. Any ideas would be greatly appreciated. By the way the paint is Valspar premium.
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2 Answers
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Sand them LIGHTLY with 120 and then 220 grit on an random orbital sander, taking care not to burn through the paint that's already on, and then re-spray.
When spraying, lay the doors flat. Apply a THIN coat of paint. The doors can be stood up once the paint has flashed. Try to do it in a place that's out of the sun and preferably out of any blowing dust.
It's probably going to take two coats, honestly, to get decent coverage and finish. Between coats, if you got dust in the paint during the first coast, use a "between coats finishing pad" from 3M. (You would use steel wool if you were using an oil-based product, but you're using a latex product, so you need to use a non-metallic pad.) Take your time, or you'll just waste product, as you've already seen.
If you have to backroll to control drips, whoever is applying it is applying WAY too much product. Thin coats. THIN coats. (Although you'd probably have been mostly OK if they'd just used a foam roller instead of the 3/8 nap one.)
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The only thing that I'd add is to make sure you clean all the dust off after sanding either with a microfibre cloth or with tacky "cheese cloth". – Stephen Aug 12 '11 at 12:44
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Karl Katzke is absolutely right with his advise. I'll add a couple more observations. Since you mentioned the paint was still tacky days after applying, that is an indication that way too much paint was applied and/or humidity is high slowing the drying process.
Second observation: Never back brush with a 3/8 roller if you want a smooth finish. By definition, that nap height will give you an orange peel finish with untreated paint. For doors and cabinets, back brush with a good, wide Purdy Xtra Glide nylon/poly brush or a high density one inch diameter foam roller. I really recommend using a brush for this job.
Third: Treat the paint with 15 to 20% Flotral. Even high end paints will spread smoother and level better with a good dose of Flotral. Flotral will not effect the color or coverage ability, but will give you more time to work it before flashing and really helps eliminate brush marks and orange peel. Using Flotral when spraying is almost a must do with thick, heavy pigmented paints.
Fourth: Be sure the paint on the doors you need to sand is completely dried and cured before you attempt to smooth it out. If the paint is even slightly tacky or gummy under the surface, it will roll if you try to sand it, making even a bigger mess than what you have now. Get the doors into a warm area with good ventilation, outside in direct sunlight is good, and low humidity. Test sand a very small area to determine if paint is cured enough to sand. This process is going to be painful, unfortunately new paint, especially over applied paint is very difficult to sand for days.
Last: Always spray or even brush paint doors in the horizontal position whenever possible. It is worth the extra time to lay the doors flat on a nail or minimal contact stand. This method really makes a huge difference with raised panel or detailed doors.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/310 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have been working on remodeling my bathroom. As part of the renovations we have decided to replace our old tub with an acrylic claw foot tub. The tub is extremely light weight. I am assuming that it needs to be anchored some how so that there isn't constant strain on the plumbing for the drain. I talked to the plumber who helped me move the plumbing when I first started the remodel, but he did not have any answers for me. My floor is ceramic tile, and there is basement below the bathroom so I can get underneath the floor if needed. What is the best way to anchor this tub?
Here are a couple of pictures of the tub: Claw foot tub
And from underneath: Under side
Under side of feet
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What are those legs made out of? Are you sure this thing is designed to be functional? I can't believe one small bolt per leg can support a full load of water + a person! – Tester101 Oct 14 '11 at 20:32
There should be holes or notches for screws in the feet - can you post a photo of the bottom of the inside of the leg? – ChrisF Oct 14 '11 at 20:56
@Tester101 the feet are metal and it feels pretty sturdy once the tub is sitting on them, but I was a bit leery of them as well. – heavyd Oct 14 '11 at 22:48
That tub looks like it can hold quite a bit of water, so keep in mind water weighs ~8.33 lbs/gallon. I'm guessing that tub holds at least 600 lbs of water, plus the weight of the tub + a person... That is a lot of weight on those legs (and the floor). I'm no engineer (@Doresoom is the resident engineer), but I wouldn't trust that kind of weight on those feet. – Tester101 Oct 15 '11 at 0:38
There is going to be a lot of force pushing down, and I'm thinking those (tiny) bolts are going to act like a hinge and allow the legs to deflect out. Too much weight, and the tub will look like Bambi on the frozen pond. – Tester101 Oct 15 '11 at 0:41
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1 Answer
I believe you just set it on the floor and let the weight of the tub and connected drain pipes keep it from moving.
If you are really worried about it moving you could mount some sort of small block to the floor behind where each leg will sit. It would not be attached to the blocks but with for of them the tub would not be able to move. But that may not work well with your tile floor.
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The weight of the tub will definitely not be enough. The 2 pictures above I took by holding the tub up with one hand and holding the camera with another, and it was not a strain to take. As it is the tub would move if you bump into it. – heavyd Oct 14 '11 at 23:48
I would contact the manufacturer and see what they say. – Craig Oct 17 '11 at 16:20
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/311 | Siebel Communications Server Administration Guide > Developing a Communications Driver >
Testing Communications Drivers
The Communications Driver Test Engine (Test Engine) is a standalone tool that simulates parts of a Siebel environment for you to test the reliability and capacity of the communications driver that you develop.
The Test Engine does not test the Communications Server or your communications configuration elements. You can use the Test Engine to test your communications driver when connected to your CTI middleware by specifying appropriate driver parameters in the definition file (.DEF) that you develop for testing your communications driver.
Before using the Test Engine, you configure settings for your communications driver. The Test Engine writes the results of the test to log files. You can specify the log file names by configuring the .DEF file. For example, using Siebel CTI Connect, you can specify log file names as follows:
• Driver:DriverLogFile = "ctctestengine.log"
• Service:ServiceLogFile = "CTC_agent1.log"
For additional information about communications drivers, see Configuring Communications Drivers and Profiles.
Table 86 describes the format that your .DEF must adhere to in order to simulate multiple calls. An example .DEF file follows the procedure below.
Table 86. Format of Definition File
This section ...
Must contain ...
Driver Parameter
Driver parameters to connect to the CTI middleware.
Where n = the Agent's identifier
Parameters necessary to initialize agent login.
Description of job to simulate.
Description of tasks that comprise the job.
Enter the device commands here that a communications driver supports to make sure that the commands and the communications driver function correctly.
The following procedure describes how you run the Test Engine tool to test a communications driver.
To test a communications driver
1. Copy your .DEF file into the BIN subdirectory of your Siebel Server or Siebel client installation directory.
2. From a command line, navigate to the BIN directory identified in Step 1.
3. At the command prompt, execute the following command:
On Windows:
CommDriverTestEngine.exe definition_file language_code
On UNIX:
CommDriverTestEngine definition_file language_code
For example, on Windows:
CommDriverTestEngine.exe anExampleDefinitionFile.def ENU
The Test Engine tests your communications driver and writes the output to the specified log files.
Sample Definition File
The following sample definition file tests the communications driver that Siebel Systems provides with the Siebel CTI Connect module. It is a limited example that demonstrates some of the entries that can appear in a definition file. This example tests the following scenario:
• An agent (Agent#1) performs one job (Job_MakeCallReleaseCall) that loops four times.
• This job includes the following tasks:
• Call extension number 56016 (Task_MakeCall).
• Wait for two seconds (Task_Wait2sec).
• Release the call (Task_ReleaseCall).
• Wait for five seconds (Task_Wait5sec).
The content of the .DEF file is as follows:
[Driver Parameter]
Driver = "Dialogic CTI"
Driver:LogicalID = "V7CTCTSLINK"
Driver:CIMServer = "EGHTSGPW05"
Driver:CTCServer = "EGHTSGPW05"
Driver:NetworkType = "ncacn_ip_tcp"
Driver:SwitchType = "0"
Channel Type = "Voice"
Channel String = "CTC Phone"
Library Name = "sscmctc"
LogDebug = "TRUE"
Driver:DriverLogFile = "ctc.log"
LogFile = "testengine.log"
StartDelay = "2"
Elapse = ""
Service:ServiceLogFile = "CTC_agent1.log"
Service:DNList = "54615"
LogDebug = "TRUE"
Job1 = "Job_MakeCallReleaseCall"
Loop = "4"
Task1 = "Task_MakeCall"
Task2 = "Task_Wait2Sec"
Task3 = "Task_ReleaseCall"
Task4 = "Task_Wait5Sec"
DeviceCommand = "MakeCall"
PhoneNumber = "56016"
CallNotifyText = "Call from Siebel..."
Wait = 2
Wait = 5
DeviceCommand = "ReleaseCall"
Siebel Communications Server Administration Guide |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/320 | Default Avatar
2 Responses
1. Clayton Correia Clayton Correia
Here is the default user avatar for DPADD. The gamepad icon is from this set, which is awesome: here
DPADD is a rails app that I'm designing and building in my spare time. It's mission is to help gamers journal their gaming lives, keep track of games they want to play and follow what others are playing.
If anyone is interesting, I've put up a very "meh" coming soon page where you can sign up for the DPADD public beta which I'll be launching in a few weeks. See: dpadd.com
Feedback, comments, thoughts..etc always appreciated!
over 1 year ago
2. Pete Lada Pete Lada
Really like that pattern. Nice!
over 1 year ago
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/328 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from 7.62x54R)
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Type Rifle
Place of origin Russian Empire
Service history
In service 1891–present
Used by Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
Finland[1][dead link]
Warsaw Pact
North Korea
United States
Wars Boxer Rebellion
Russo-Japanese War
World War I
Russian Civil War
Winter War
World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War
Laotian Civil War
Cambodian Civil War
Cambodian-Vietnamese War
Soviet war in Afghanistan
Yugoslav wars
Gulf War
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Cambodian–Thai border dispute
Russia–Georgia war
Libyan civil war
Syrian civil war and many others
Production history
Designed 1891
Produced 1891–present
Case type Rimmed, Bottleneck
Bullet diameter 7.92 mm (0.312 in)
Neck diameter 8.53 mm (0.336 in)
Shoulder diameter 11.61 mm (0.457 in)
Base diameter 12.37 mm (0.487 in)
Rim diameter 14.40 mm (0.567 in)
Rim thickness 1.6 mm (0.063 in)
Case length 53.72 mm (2.115 in)
Overall length 77.16 mm (3.038 in)
Case capacity 4.16 cm3 (64.2 gr H2O)
Rifling twist 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in)
Primer type Berdan or Boxer Large Rifle
Maximum pressure 360 MPa (52,000 psi)
Ballistic performance
Bullet weight/type Velocity Energy
Test barrel length: 73cm, 28inch
Source(s): [2][3]
From left to right: 7.62×54mmR, 7.62×39mm and 7.62×25mm.
The 7.62×54mmR is a rimmed rifle cartridge developed by the Russian Empire and was introduced as a service cartridge in 1891. Originally designed for the bolt-action Mosin–Nagant rifle, it was used during the late Tsarist era and throughout the Soviet period to the present day. The cartridge remains one of the few standard issue rimmed cartridges still in military use and has the longest service life of all military issued cartridges in the world.[4]
The American Winchester Model 1895 was also chambered for this cartridge per a contract with the Russian government. The 7.62×54mmR is still in use by the Russian military in the Dragunov and other sniper rifles, as well as some modern machine guns like the PKM. Originally, the round was designated as "Трехлинейный патрон образца 1891 года" - (Three-line cartridge model of 1891). It then became widely known under the designation "7,62мм винтовочный патрон" (7,62mm rifle cartridge). The round has erroneously come to be known as the "7.62mm Russian" (and is still often referred to as such colloquially), but, according to new standards, the "R" in the modern official C.I.P. designation (7.62 × 54 R) stands for Rimmed, in line with standard C.I.P. designations. The name is sometimes confused with the "7.62 Soviet" round, which refers to the 7.62×39mm cartridge used in the SKS and AK-based (AK-47) rifles.
The 7.62×54mmR is the oldest cartridge still in regular combat service with several major armed forces in the world. In 2011 the cartridge reached 120 years in the service mark. The 7.62×54mmR is currently (December 2013) mainly used in sniper rifles like the Dragunov sniper rifle and machine guns like the PKM. The ballistic performance is slightly better than the .308 Winchester/7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. The .30-06 Springfield cartridge (7.62×63 mm) with its higher service pressure and case capacity can outperform the 7.62×54mmR, especially when same length test barrels are used in this comparison.[5] The 7.62×54mmR's case capacity prevents it from reaching the most powerful .30-06 loads, but even with this limit, it has been used to successfully kill large bears. Because of performance similar to the iconic American .30-06 cartridge, a similarly rich military and historic heritage and amazing longevity, the 7.62×54mmR is nicknamed "the Russian .30-06" by some. It is also one of the few (along with the .22 Hornet, .30-30 Winchester and .303 British) bottlenecked, rimmed centerfire rifle cartridges still in common use today. Most of the bottleneck rimmed cartridges of the late 1880s and 1890s fell into disuse by the end of the First World War.
The 7.62×54mmR originally had a 13.7 g (210 grain) "Jager" round-nosed full metal jacket (FMJ) bullet. Due to experiences in the Russo-Japanese War, the projectile was replaced in 1908 by the "L" 9.5 grams (147 gr) spitzer bullet, which basic design has remained standard to the present.
Sniper Rounds[edit]
To increase accuracy for the Dragunov SVD, the Soviets developed the 7N1 variant of the cartridge in 1966. The 7N1 was developed by V. M. Sabelnikov, P. P. Sazonov and V. M. Dvorianinov. It used match-grade extruded powder instead of the coarser ball propellant and had a 9.8 g (151.2 gr) boat-tailed FMJ jacketed projectile with an air pocket, a steel core and a lead knocker in the base for maximum terminal effect. Produced by “Factory 188” (Novosibirsk Low Voltage Equipment Plant), cartridges are only head-stamped with the number “188” and the year of manufacture. It came packaged 20 loose rounds to a paper packet, 22 packets to a metal “spam” tin, and two tins per wooden case for a total of 880 rounds. The individual paper packets, hermetically sealed metal 'spam' cans, and wooden shipping crates were all distinctly marked Snaiperskie ("Sniper") in Cyrillic. Even the wax wrapping paper for the paper boxes was covered in red text to make sure it wasn't misused.
Cartridge dimensions[edit]
The 7.62×54mmR has 4.16 ml (64 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity. The pronounced tapering exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles and machine guns alike, under challenging conditions. Although the design did not help improve reliability, the cartridge's shape remains the same to the present day.
7.62 x 54 R cartridge.svg
According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) guidelines the 7.62×54mmR case can handle up to 390 MPa (56,564 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.
The attainable muzzle velocities and muzzle energies of the 7.62×54mmR are comparable with the .308 Winchester. The spitzer bullets used in the military variants have a particularly elongated shape which results in a favorable ballistic coefficient and sectional density, contributing to an adequate long range performance and energy retention. http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinAmmo023.htm
When used with modern hunting bullets, the 7.62×54mmR is capable of taking game in the medium to large sized class(CXP2 and CXP3). In Russia the 7.62×54mmR is commonly used for hunting purposes mostly in sporterized Mosin–Nagant rifles and civil Dragunov variants (Tigers).
Basic specifications of 21st century Russian service loads[edit]
The 7.62×54mmR rounds in use with the Russian Armed Forces are designed for machine guns and sniper rifles. As per 2003 there were several variants of 7.62×54mmR rounds produced for various purposes. All use clad metal as case material.
a conventional steel-core bullet is designed to engage personnel and weapon systems. The bullet has a steel core. The tip has no distinguishing colour. It can penetrate a 6 mm (0.2 in) thick St3 steel plate at 520 m (569 yd) and 6Zh85T body armor at 110 m (120 yd).
an enhanced penetration bullet is designed to kill personnel wearing body armor. The bullet features a heat strengthened core. The tip is uncoloured. A sealing lacquer belt on the mouth of the case is red-coloured.It can penetrate a 6 mm (0.2 in) thick St3 steel plate at 660 m (722 yd) and 6Zh85T body armor at 800 m (875 yd).
with the T-46 tracer bullet is designed for fire adjustment and target designation. The bullet has a green tip and the tracer burns for 3 seconds.
with the B-32 armor-piercing/incendiary bullet is designed to defeat light armored targets. The bullet has a black-red tip.
a sniper round designed to kill single targets from a sniper rifle. The tip of the bullet is uncoloured.
Cartridge designation[6][7]
Accuracy of fire at
300 m (328 yd)
7.62×54mmR is widely available both as military surplus and new production, but less so for match-grade rounds. Most surplus ammunition is steel-cased and uses Berdan primers, which effectively hinders its use for handloading. However, with the increased popularity of surplus Eastern-bloc Mosin-Nagant, SVT-40, and PSL rifles in the United States, Boxer primed ammunition and unfired cases are increasingly available; these cases take large rifle primers.
Cartridge derivatives[edit]
The 6.5×54mmR cartridge used in many Vostok brand target rifles in the 1960s and 1970s is a necked down version of the 7.62×54R.
List of 7.62×54mmR Firearms[edit]
Machine guns[edit]
Alternative names[edit]
• 7.62 Russian
• 7.62 Mosin-Nagant
• 7.62 Dragunov
• 7.62×54R
• Rimmed Russian
See also[edit]
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/330 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Unesco International Book Year report[edit]
In a publication analyzing the 1972 International Book Year, an estimate was given that as many as 57% of the citizens of an unnamed European nation known for their production of important books did not read books, or that 43% were book readers. Estimates for other industrialized nations' active readers ranged from 33 to 55%.[3]
Commentary from authors, businesses and educators[edit]
Jim Trelease, author of The Read-Aloud Handbook, has stated that this trend away from the written word is more than worrisome, and that it's tearing apart culture. People who have stopped reading, he says, "base their future decisions on what they used to know...If you don't read much, you really don't know're dangerous."[4]
American historian Daniel Boorstin, in 1984, while serving as librarian of Congress, issued a landmark report: "Books in Our Future". Citing recent statistics that only about half of all Americans read regularly every year, he referred to the "twin menaces" of illiteracy and aliteracy. "In the United States today," Boorstin wrote, "aliteracy is widespread."[4] In the United States, a 2008 study reported that 46.7% of adult Americans did not read a book not required for work or school during 2002.[5]
Another alert to this phenomenon was a 1991 editorial in Fortune magazine by Stratford P. Sherman (with Laurie Kretchmar). It refers to a study by John P. Robinson, a sociology professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, showing that the average American at that time spent only 24 minutes per day in reading. Samuel Robert Lichter, director of the Center for Media and Public Affairs, is quoted on his preference for the ease of turning on the TV instead of reading a book.
Kylene Beer's 1996 study connected aliteracy with reading motivation in teens. She noted unmotivated readers complained about not connecting with the text and could not "see" or visualize what was happening in the book. The inability to relate to the characters reduced the desire to read.[6]
Robert Putnam, in his book "Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community" argues that television has fragmented our society.[4]
Ways to create readers[edit]
A boy in Laos selects a book to read for his school's new Sustained Silent Reading program.
Motorola is mentioned as making preparations to pay $5,000,000 to teach their workers reading skills, and Ford Motor Company is described as, since 1982, having already sent 32,000 workers to a similar program. Publisher Simon & Schuster was quoted as predicting a market of $500,000,000 per year in the sales of remedial programs to corporations.[7]
Steven Layne's book, "Igniting a Passion for Reading" discusses several proven methods that readers can do to increase the desire to read in others.
One method is to read aloud, both to children and adults. Reading aloud allows the listener to hear the story without struggling through decoding the words and possible frustration.[8]
Another method, used in schools, is to encourage students to read every day, choosing for themselves what to read, and reading simply for enjoyment. This is often referred to as Sustained Silent Reading (SSR). Dr. Stephen Krashen, a leading proponent of SSR, looked at 54 studies of such programs and found that in general they were successful at improving reading skills and building a reading habit.[9]
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
1. ^ Cohen, Roger (January 6, 1991). "The Lost Book Generation". The New York Times.
2. ^ Ramsey, John (2002). "Hell's Bibliophiles: The fifth way of looking at an aliterate". Change 34 (1): 50–56.
3. ^ Anatomy of an International Year
4. ^ a b c The Washington Post. August 21, 2012 |url= missing title (help).
5. ^ National Endowment for the Arts. "Reading on the Rise". Retrieved 2008.
6. ^ Beer, Kylene (1996). "No time, no interest, no way! The 3 voices of aliteracy". School Library Journal 42 (2): 30–33.
7. ^ Sherman, Stratford P. (November 18, 1991). "AMERICA WON'T WIN TILL IT READS MORE And instead it's reading less. Yet reading is strongly connected to communicating, thinking, imagining -- the skills any country will need to compete globally". CNN.
8. ^ Layne, Steven L. (2009). Igniting a Passion for Reading: Successful Strategies for Building Lifetime Readers. Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57110-385-7.
9. ^ Krashen, Stephen D., 2011. Free Voluntary Reading. Santa Barbara: Libraries Unlimited, chapter 1. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/331 | Anna Watkins
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Anna Watkins MBE
Anna Watkins.jpg
Personal information
Birth name Anna Rose Bebington
Full name Anna Rose Watkins
Nationality United Kingdom
Born (1983-02-13) 13 February 1983 (age 31)
Leek, England
Residence Wokingham, Berkshire
Education Natural Sciences
Alma mater Newnham College, Cambridge
Occupation Student
Years active 2001–
Height 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Country Great Britain
Sport Rowing
Event(s) Double sculls
University team Newnham College Boat Club
Club Rob Roy Boat Club
Leander Club
Turned pro 2003
Partner Katherine Grainger
Anna Rose Watkins MBE (born 13 February 1983), is an English rower. She competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal in Double Sculls and has won 4 medals in the World Championships, most recently a successful defence of her world title with Katherine Grainger, in Bled, Slovenia in 2011. She won a gold medal in the double sculls at the London 2012 Olympics.
Early life[edit]
Watkins was born and raised in Leek, Staffordshire, where she attended Westwood College.[1] She studied Natural Sciences at Newnham College, Cambridge, where she started rowing in 2001.
She is currently attending the University of Reading as a PhD student in mathematics.[2]
In September 2009 she married Oliver Watkins, a part-time rowing coach, who was studying for a Ph.D in engineering at Cambridge where the couple met.[3] The couple live in Wokingham, where Oliver works for the McLaren Formula One team as a suspension specialist. Anna announced in March 2013 that the couple were expecting their first child, due in September 2013.[4] Anna gave birth to a baby boy which they named William James.[5]
Sporting career[edit]
She took her first strokes with Newnham College Boat Club and was captain of lower boats and then secretary for the club. Watkins represents Leander Club in rowing events.
At Cambridge, her college crew were Head of the Cam in 2003 before she moved onto the World Class Start talent identification programme run by UK sport and based at Rob Roy Boat Club.[6] In 2004 she made her international debut, winning a gold medal in the Coxless IVs at the World Under 23 Regatta in Poznan, Poland with crewmates Natasha Page, Beth Rodford and Alison Knowles.
In 2005, Watkins made her senior international debut with the Women's Eight, achieving a 5th place at the World Championships in Gifu, Japan. She also won an Under 23 bronze medal at the World U23 Rowing Championships in Amsterdam.
In 2006 Watkins switched to sculling and began competing in the double scull, a boat class she has remained with since then. The World Championships in 2006 were on home water at Eton Dorney, the venue for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Watkins partnered Annabel Vernon and they came in fourth place having won the World Cup series earlier that season.
For the next two years Watkins's partner was Elise Laverick. In this combination they won bronze medals at both the World Championships and at the Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008. The Olympic medal came after a difficult season battling with glandular fever, and at the time was the closest any British oarswoman had come to an Olympic gold with the three medal winning crews separated by 0.23 seconds.[7]
In 2009 Watkins once more partnered Annabel Vernon and won a silver medal at the World Championships in Poznan, Poland.
In 2010 Watkins joined forces with Katherine Grainger for the first time. In their double scull they had an unbeaten season culminating in their victory at the World Championships in New Zealand. They were named World Rowing Female Crew of the year[8] and also the Sunday Times Women's Sports Team of the year for 2010.[9] Individually, Watkins became Champion of the Thames in the annual championships, the Wingfield Sculls.
In 2011 Watkins beat her partner Katherine in the British Rowing Team trials.[10] They joined forces again in the double scull and continued their unbeaten run, finishing the season with another World Championships gold. Watkins retained her title in the Wingfield Sculls, setting a new record time.
At the 2012 London Olympics, Watkins and Katherine Grainger broke the Olympic record in the semi-final of the double sculls. Subsequently they won the final to take the gold medal.[11][12]
Watkins was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to rowing.[13][14]
Olympic Games[edit]
• 2012 London - Gold, Women's Double Sculls
• 2008 Beijing - Bronze, Women's Double Sculls
World Rowing Championships[edit]
World Rowing Under 23 Championships[edit]
• 2005 - Bronze, Coxless Pair
• 2004 - Gold, Coxless Four
GB Rowing Team Senior Trials[edit]
• 2012 - 2nd, Single Scull
• 2011 - 1st, Single Scull
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Town honours its Olympic ace Anna". The Sentinel. 16 November 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
2. ^ "SportsPark | BUCS | British Universities & Colleges Sports". 28 April 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
3. ^ "Olympic medallist weds man who set her on path to glory". 30 October 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
4. ^ "Anna Watkins: Olympic rowing champion is pregnant". BBC News. 17 March 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
5. ^ "Congratulations". British Rowing. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
6. ^ "Internationals". Rob Roy Boat Club. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
7. ^ John Simpson in Taunton Updated 39 minutes ago (10 April 2011). "The Times | UK News, World News and Opinion". Retrieved 6 November 2011.
8. ^ [1][dead link]
9. ^ "Watkins and Grainger win Sunday Times Women's Team of the Year Award". British Rowing. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
10. ^ "Watkins in eye-catching win over Grainger at GB Rowing Team Assessment". British Rowing. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
11. ^ "Olympics rowing: Anna Watkins & Katherine Grainger smash record". Retrieved 30 July 2012.
12. ^ "Olympics 2012: Great Britain win four golds in 24 hours". BBC Sports. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
14. ^ [2] Cabinet Office
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/333 | Bradford system
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To measure the fineness of sheep wool fiber before microscopes and lasers were so used, English wool handlers in the city of Bradford described wool by estimating (with experienced eyes) how many 560-yard hanks of single strand yarn could be made by a good spinner from a pound of "top." (Top is cleaned combed wool with the fibers all parallel) The finer the average diameter of a single wool fiber, the more hanks could be spun. From a pound of "64s," for example, sixty-four such hanks could be made (more than 20 miles!). From the finest wools, more than 80 hanks could be spun; from the strongest, perhaps 36 or fewer. Using ranges denoted by the stronger end (that is “44s” ran up to “46s”) wool lots were classified and prices derived.
The Bradford count may be biased no matter how experienced the rater is; also it relies heavily on number of crimps (regular undulations) per inch, which has a not-very-strong correlation with actual average fiber diameter.
More objective measuring systems are rapidly replacing its use in the international market, though it is still widely used among shepherds and breed associations. The United States Department of Agriculture in 1968 issued official standards (for the U.S.A. only, not applicable worldwide) which assigned ranges of average fiber diameter (AFD) and maximum standard deviation to each of the Bradford counts. For example, wool with average fiber diameter in micrometers from 28.60 to 30.09 was to be called "54s."
In the last ten years, objective measurement of several fiber characteristics has become faster and more available and is likely to replace the Bradford count system in all commercial arenas. The spinning count, with all its lore, will not disappear overnight.
Average fiber diameter, although a salient characteristic of sheep breeds and the major determinant of end-uses for wool, is only one of many factors that determines wool quality. For a good discussion of wool classing see Wool Grading, a 1996 article by Rodney Kott of Montana State University. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/334 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Brassavola flagellaris
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Epidendreae
Subtribe: Laeliinae
Alliance: Cattleya
Genus: Brassavola
R.Br., 1813
Type species
B. cucullata
See text.
Eudisanthema Neck. ex Post & Kuntze
Lysimnia Raf.
Tulexis Raf.
Brassavola is a genus of 20 orchids (family Orchidaceae). They were named in 1813 by the Scottish botanist Robert Brown. The name comes from the Venetian nobleman and physician Antonio Musa Brassavola. This genus is abbreviated B. in trade journals.
These species are native to the lowlands of Central America and tropical South America. They are epiphytes, and a few are lithophytes. A single, apical and succulent leaf grows on an elongated pseudobulb.
The orchid yields a single white or greenish white flower, or a raceme of a few flowers. The three sepals and two lateral petals are greenish, narrow and long. The base of the broad, sometimes fringed lip partially enfolds the column. This column has a pair of falciform ears on each side of the front and contains twelve (sometimes eight) pollinia.
Most Brassavola orchids are very fragrant, attracting pollinators with their citrusy smell. But they are only fragrant at night, in order to attract the right moth. Longevity of flowers depends on the species and is between five and thirty days.
In 1698 Brassavola nodosa was the first tropical orchid to be brought from the Caribbean island Curaçao to Holland. Thus began the propagation of this orchid and the fascination for orchids in general.
Lady-of-the-night Orchid
Brassavola nodosa
The species of Brassavola have been divided into four sections:[1]
B. sect. Brassavola[edit]
This monotypic section, erected by H. G. Jones in 1969, contains the type of the genus:
B. sect. Sessilabia[edit]
This section, erected by Rolfe in 1902, is characterized by narrow labella with fimbriate margins to wider labella with entire margins.
B. sect. Cuneilabia[edit]
This section, erected by Rolfe in 1902, is characterized by narrowly constricted labellum bases. The sectional type is B. nodosa
B. sect. Lateraliflorae[edit]
This section, erected by H.G.Jones in 1975, is characterized by laterally-borne inflorescences. The sectional type is B. acaulis
Brassavola is in the same alliance as the genera Cattleya and Laelia. They have been used extensively in hybridization and represent the B at the beginning of the names of such crosses. For example, Blc. is Brassolaeliacattleya.
Some Hybrid Greges[edit]
1. ^ H. G. Jones: "Nomenclatural revision o the genus Brassavola R. Br. of the Orchidaceae" Ann. Naturhistor. Mus. Wien" 79(1975)9—22
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/335 | Bridges in Kiev
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Bridges in Kiev (top to bottom): Moskovskyi Bridge, Metro Bridge, Paton Bridge.
This article deals with the bridges in Kiev over the Dnieper River and its tributaries. For the bridge-like structures elsewhere in the city, see articles on Kiev's architecture and transport.
Kiev, that historically was situated on the right bank of the Dnieper River, covers both banks of the river whose width, as it flows through the city, reaches some several hundred metres. Additionally, several tributaries fall into the Dnieper inside or just north or south of the historic city. Currently there are eight bridges spanning across the river and a few dozen bridges across the canals and Dnieper tributaries.
Due to the location and the width of the river, the bridges have always been a very attractive and hard to realize option throughout the long history of Kiev.
The temporary floater bridges were known to have existed since the 12th century. The stationary bridges existed in Kiev from mid-19th century, but none of them survived through the turbulent events that followed the 1917 Russian Revolution.
Early history[edit]
According to the chronicles, the earliest floating bridge across the Dnieper River in the area was built in the 1115. It was located near Vyshhorod or, according to different accounts, near the Vydubychi Monastery. Records exist about another floater in the 17th century with stationary approaches from the shores.
Such bridges could only be temporary as Dnieper ices in most winters at the Kiev's latitude and the pillar's icing and the roaring ice drift each spring remain a concern even for modern bridges. Additionally, the river stream was especially strong before the Dnieper was dammed in the 20th century. Therefore, the cross-river traffic was carried by boats and ferries throughout centuries.
First stationary bridges: late 19th to early-20th century[edit]
Nicholas Chain Bridge.
From the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century, Kiev was served by two stationary bridges. Both bridges had similar fates. Built at the times of the industrial revolution in the Russian Empire these engineering masterpieces of their time survived World War I and the Russian Civil War. Both were blown up in 1920 by the Polish troops retreating from Kiev following their unsuccessful armed intervention into Ukraine.
Nicholas Chain Bridge[edit]
Amand Struve Railroad Bridge.
The first stationary bridge in Kiev was built between 1848 and 1853.[1] This 770 m (2,526 ft)-long Nicholas Bridge was a chain suspension bridge rested on five pillars. Being one of the largest and most beautiful bridges in Europe, it was the pride for the city until it was blown up in 1920 by the Polish troops. The heavily damaged bridge was not subject to the restoration and in 1925 a new bridge was constructed in its place under the name Yevheniya Bosh Bridge (see below).[2]
Struve (Darnytskyi) Railroad Bridge[edit]
The second stationary bridge was built in 1868-1870 with the construction supervision conducted personally by Amand Struve.[3] This over 1 kilometre long railroad truss bridge was initially named to its constructor, engineer Struve. Standing on 13 piers, over 1 km (0.62 mi) long, the bridge was the longest in Europe at that time. During the construction Struve first in the Russian Empire used caisson method to lay the foundation . On February 17, 1870 the first train by the Kiev-Kursk railroad company arrived through the bridge to the Kiev railroad station. Similarly to the Nicholas Bridge, the Struve Bridge survived World War I and the Civil war, but was blown up in 1920 by the retreating Polish troops (see: Kiev Offensive).
Rusanivsky bridge[edit]
The bridge was built in 1906 and was blown up in 1943 by the retreating forces of Nazi Germany. Rusanivsky bridge connected the Darnytsia region with the city of Kiev by the Brovary chaussée (highway). The bridge was designed by architect V.Apishkov. In 1965 in its place was erected the Metro Bridge and the Rusanivsky Metropolitan Bridge (extension of the first) which both are part of the Svyatoshyno-Brovary Subway Line (SBL).
Between WWI and WWII[edit]
New bridges were built in the early Soviet years but were destroyed in the first months of the 1941 Nazi German invasion. Restored by forced labor of war prisoners and civilians during German occupation they were blown up again by Germans when they retreated from Kiev in November 1943.[4]
Bosh bridges[edit]
Yevheniya Bosh Bridge. Photo of 1930s.
Within months after the Polish troops blew up the original chain bridge, that very summer 1920 the Ukrainian engineer Evgeny Paton proposed the reconstruction project that would have reused the old chains to be lifted from under water. However, rusting made the metallic parts of the old bridge unusable and for the following two years Paton worked on several projects of the Nicholas bridge's restoration. He ended up proposing to construct a totally new bridge but this proposal was declined by the supporters of the reusing of the old elements from underwater. The year of 1923 passed in arguing between the two proposals. The construction overseen by Paton was finished by 1925 and the completed bridge was named after the former Soviet People's Secretary of Internal Affairs and a fierce Bolshevik Yevgeniya Bosch.[5]
Following the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union, the bridge was destroyed on September 18, 1941 by retreating Soviet forces. A pontoon bridge was built on its place by forced labour under German occupation, which was destroyed again by German troops retreating from Kiev.
Darnytskyi Railroad Bridge[edit]
The replacement Darnytskyi railroad bridge was built in early 1920s but shared the fate of the Bosh Bridge. Destroyed in the first months of the Great Patriotic War, it was restored during German occupation by forced labor, and was destroyed again by retreating German troops.
During the Battle of Kiev, Red Army's attempt to catch the bridge by landing forces was unsuccessful. The Germans blew up the bridge on the eyes of the Soviet landing force unit. The landing unit was disbanded for the operation failure.
Immediately after the liberation a temporary wooden bridge was built at the location of the blown up Darnytskyi bridge by the Red Army engineers in the record thirteen-day time (some sources cite thirty days) in the urgency to facilitate the pursuit of the German army on its retreat from Ukraine. The record short construction time plan was met despite the frequent German bombing raids. 50,000 Kievans took part in the bridge construction.
Underwater tunnels[edit]
A few years before World War II the Soviet government planned two underground railroad lines to be laid underneath the bedrock of Dnieper river. One tunnel line (Northern) would have stretched from the Obolon neighborhood (Obolon Raion) and to what is known as Vygurivshchyna (Desna Raion) near Voskresenska Slobidka on the left-bank of Dnieper in the close proximity of Troieschyna. Another line (Southern) was planned to cross Dnieper from the Zhukiv Island to Osokorky (Darnytsia Raion). The project came up in a fear that in case of a war the bridges over the Dnieper were a vulnerable part of the regional transport infrastructure, and tunnels might be a long-term strategic solution.
The construction started in 1936 was planned to be finished sometime in 1944. The NKVD oversaw the project, drafting hundreds of military, civilian and prison workers to work on it. The underdeveloped technology of the time required special makeshift caissons (vertical mines for ventilation and soil extraction) to be built in the middle of the river. Due to technical failures and the start of the war, the construction was never finished or even disclosed to the public. The builders were able only to connect the Right Bank with the close Zhukiv Island (where the present-day southern port is situated). The flooded entrance to the tunnel and abandoned caissons can now be seen in the forests and bays of Holosiivskyi Raion. Contemporary amateur researchers believe that a large secret base component of the project, including a train station, barracks and mass graves of workers, are also located in the depths of the tunnels.[6]
After the start of the World War II all tunnel construction (known as the Construction No.1) was suspended and afterward recognized as unreasonable. Nonetheless the entrances to the unfinished tunnels still exist around the mentioned neighborhoods, which are mostly unguarded.
Modern bridges[edit]
Note: Bridges are listed southwards along the river flow.
Moskovskyi Bridge[edit]
The Moskovskyi Bridge.
The automobile-only Moskovskyi ("Moscow") Bridge (50°29′26″N 30°32′09″E / 50.49056°N 30.53583°E / 50.49056; 30.53583), designed by the architect A.V.Dobrovolsky and engineered by G.B.Fux, was built in 1976. It is a cable-stayed bridge, with the beam of the main span being held by a cluster of steel ropes which are fixed to a 115 meters tall A-pylon.[7] The bridge consists of two spans: a 816 m (2,677 ft) long and 31.4 m (103 ft) wide span across the Dnieper and a 732 m (2,402 ft) long, 29.1 m (95 ft) wide span across the Desyonka, a Dnieper tributary.
The northernmost of the city bridges, Moskovskyi Bridge is a key structure on the northern end of the Kiev Smaller Ring Road, connecting Petrivka to the densely populated north-eastern residential neighborhoods, mainly Troieschyna. From the moment of its construction the bridge was built as a high-speed motorway, which it remains to this day.
Podilskyi Railroad Bridge[edit]
The Podilskyi Railroad Bridge (50°29′01″N 30°32′50″E / 50.48361°N 30.54722°E / 50.48361; 30.54722) is made of steel trusses. It was originally built in 1929 and was known as Petrovskyi Bridge at that time. Like other bridges, it was blown up in the course of World War II, but was not heavily damaged and was reopened in 1944.[8]
The Podilskyi Railroad Bridge completes the railway circle around Kiev. However, the bridge is limited to slow-speed rail traffic due to its age.
Harbour bridges[edit]
Rybalskyi (Fisherman's) Bridge[edit]
A steel bridge connects Podil neighborhood to the Rybalskyi Peninsula over the Kiev Harbour. In the 1990s, the bridge was found unsafe for automobile traffic and since 2001 it was reserved for pedestrians only. The bridge is fenced off from February 2, 2009 and will be dismantled.[9]
Havanskyi Bridge[edit]
The automobile-only Havanskyi ("Harbour") Bridge was opened on 17 December 2007 for automotive traffic from Podil towards Obolon across Havan' (Ukrainian: Гавань) — the harbour in the mouth of the former Pochayna River, with the construction being started in 2003, serving as a substitute for the closed Rybalskyi Bridge. On October 23, 2010 the bridge was opened for two-way traffic together with an adjacent flyover on the right bank.[10]
Parkovy (Pedestrian) Bridge[edit]
The Parkovy Bridge
The Parkovy Bridge aka Pedestrian Bridge (50°27′25″N 30°32′03″E / 50.45694°N 30.53417°E / 50.45694; 30.53417), designed by architect V. Suvorov and engineered by V. Kiriyenko, was built in 1957. The bridge is a light construction 400 m (1,312 ft) in length that connects Kiev to the park-area Trukhaniv Island. This is the only bridge constructed specifically for the pedestrian traffic over the Dnieper fairway, and for this reason it's formally included in the number of Kiev bridges across Dnieper.
Venetian Bridge[edit]
The automobile-only Venetian Bridge, designed by architect A. Ilyashenko and engineered by V. Koval, was built in 1966. The bridge spans the Venetian Canal dividing the Hidropark Island and the Dolobetskyi Island.
Rusanivka Bridges[edit]
The Rusanivka Bridges were built in the 1960s over the Rusanivka Canal, connecting the neighborhood with the rest of Left Bank city. There are 5 bridges, 2 of them are exclusively pedestrian. Prior to World War II Rusanivka has been connected to the rest of Kiev by a bridge, but it was destroyed during the war. The Rusanivka bridges are a popular place for amateur fishermen.
Metro Bridge[edit]
Metro Bridge seen from the Right-bank Dnipro embankment.
The auto-and-rail Metro Bridge (50°26′35″N 30°33′50″E / 50.44306°N 30.56389°E / 50.44306; 30.56389), engineered by G. Fux and Y. Inosov and built in 1965. The bridge is used for both the Sviatoshynsko-Brovarska Line of Kiev Metro and automobile traffic (being part of the Brovary Parkway). The Metro bridge consists of two spans as it links the central Hidropark island as well as the left and right banks. The larger span consists of an elevated central Metro span and side automobile spans on separate, lower estacades. Both the Metro and automobile paths have a distinct arched contour. This was because the Metro line continues into the hill of the right bank with the Dnipro station.
The smaller span called Rusanovsky Bridge which links the Hidropark with the left bank is a more conventional level estacade with two northern traffic lanes and a southern Metro path.
Paton Bridge[edit]
The 1,543 metres long automobile-only Paton Bridge (50°25′38″N 30°34′55″E / 50.42722°N 30.58194°E / 50.42722; 30.58194), built in 1953, is the longest of the Dnieper bridges in the city. It was the first fully welded steel construction of such length in the world to the date of completion and it was the longest bridge in Europe at that time. The bridge was named after Evgeny Paton, the famous welding engineer who developed the technology for the structure. He died a few weeks before the construction was completed, never seeing his masterpiece.
Initially carrying the automotive traffic and cross-Dnieper tram lines, the bridge have recently been renovated. The tram rails were removed and the electric trolley bus infrastructure was added to the bridge. Shutting down the tram line that historically served the bridge has met the mixed reception from the Kievans, despite the municipal authorities claimed that the tram service over the bridge has become impractical.
The bridge currently has 3 traffic lanes in both directions and one reversible lane connecting Pechersk to the Left Bank.
Darnytskyi Railroad Bridge[edit]
The old Darnytskyi Railroad Bridge (50°24′58″N 30°35′11″E / 50.41611°N 30.58639°E / 50.41611; 30.58639), engineered by I. Barenboym and E. Radzevich, was built in 1949. It took the place of an older bridge, which was destroyed in 1941 in the first days of the German invasion of the Soviet Union (see the earlier history section.).
New Darnytskyi Bridge[edit]
The New Darnytskyi Bridge is an auto-and-rail bridge, constructed 50 m (164 ft) south of the existing Darnytskyi Railroad Bridge. The bridge carries 2 lanes of railroad, and 6 lanes of auto traffic.[11] The bridge's expected capacity is 60,000 vehicles and 120 pairs of trains per day.[12] Already operational as itself, the bridge complex now lacks road connection ramps from some directions which are still under construction. Additional railroad links to match new bridge' capacity are also being constructed. On September 27, 2010 the railroad part of the bridge was officially opened; on March 31, 2011, road traffic opened.[13] As of the last government notice, the bridge was expected to be completed in 2012.[12] Following the construction of the bridge, a new major passenger terminal will be completed in the Darnytsia Railway Station on the Left Bank of the city.
Pivdennyi Bridge[edit]
The auto-and-rail Pivdennyi ("Southern") Bridge (50°23′41″N 30°35′23″E / 50.39472°N 30.58972°E / 50.39472; 30.58972), designed by the architect A. Gavrilov and engineered by G. Fux, was built in 1990. It is the second metro bridge in Kiev, serving both the Syretsko-Pecherska metro line and automobile traffic. The shrouds holding the spans on the bridge are supported by a two-column ferroconcrete construction 115 m (377 ft) in height.
The bridge currently has 3 traffic lanes in both directions. It connects the Vydubychi to the rapidly-developing left-bank Darnytsia neighborhood, completing the southern end of the Kiev Smaller Ring Road route.
Bridges in construction[edit]
Construction of the Podilsko-Voskresensky Bridge.
Due to a large traffic increase since the late 1990s, more bridges are needed to avoid traffic jams on and around already existing bridges.[citation needed] Specifically, the central rail route from the central railway terminal via the Darnytskyi Bridge is overloaded, limiting the railroad traffic in Eastern Europe.
Two bridges are currently under construction (one, the New Darnytskyi Bridge, already operational) and one more[which?] is planned according to the Kiev Development Plan. In addition, in 2006 a project was unveiled to provide decorative night illumination to most of the bridges.[14]
Podilsko-Voskresensky Metro Bridge[edit]
The construction of a new 7 km (4 mi) long metro/automobile bridge (50°28′18″N 30°32′40″E / 50.47167°N 30.54444°E / 50.47167; 30.54444) is underway on Trukhaniv Ostriv, on the midway between existing Moskovskyi Bridge and Parkovy Bridge. The bridge is a part of the future Podilsko-Voskresenska Line, and it will carry 3 lanes of auto traffic in both directions. The construction is contracted by the Kiev municipality.
Alternatives to bridges[edit]
Moskovskyi Bridge in evening
Tunnel projects[edit]
Despite the mid-20th century failure, the idea of underriver tunnels, which is relied on much advanced metro technologies, is still on Kiev city planner's table. Tunnel projects are recently being included in some of proposed Kiev development plans as a way to move the main traffic flows in the city center underground. However, most experts[who?] agree that such projects are both unaffordable and technically infeasible at this time.
Recently, Kievavtodor road company and the institutes of Kievdormostproekt and Kievproekt were working out plans for a tunnel system which would connect the left and right banks of Kiev.[15] City authorities welcomed the plan, which would ease the traffic congestion of Kiev's bridges.[15]
Emergency bridges[edit]
In case of war/terrorism emergency, the makeshift pontoon bridges are to be established in the city. A special Pontoon-Bridge Brigade of the Armed Forces is based on the Left Bank, ready to use its truck-based automatic bridges and docking boats. Such equipment allows automobile and limited railroad connection over the river, and is frequently used in military maneuvers.
1. ^ "Lantsiuhovslyi Bridge". Wiki-Encyclopedia Kiev (in Ukrainian).
2. ^ pdf
3. ^ "Struve Railroad Bridge". Wiki-Encyclopedia Kiev (in Ukrainian).
4. ^ "Кiевскiй телеграфъ № 279". Кiевскiй телеграфъ (Kievsky telegraph) (in Russian).
5. ^ "Yevheniya Bosh Bridge". Wiki-Encyclopedia Kiev (in Ukrainian).
6. ^ "N/A". «ФАКТЫ» Facts and Comments (in Russian).
7. ^ "Moskovskyi Bridge". Wiki-Encyclopedia Kiev (in Ukrainian).
8. ^ "Kiev's bridges.". Kyiv Guide (in Ukrainian).
9. ^ Kyiv Closes Rybalskyi Bridge For Pedestrians, Ukrainian News Agency (February 5, 2009)
10. ^ Kyiv news(Ukrainian)
11. ^ "Projects of South-West railroad". South-West railroad (in Ukrainian).
12. ^ a b Pivdenno-Zakhidna railways launches rail traffic on Darnytsky bridge, Kyiv Post (May 11, 2009)
13. ^ Cabinet Increases Financing Of Construction Of Darnytsia Bridge In Kyiv By 36% To UAH 1.5 Billion In 2011
14. ^ "Urban Construction council's materials". 8 November 2006 (in Russian).
15. ^ a b (Russian) Корреспондент » Главная » Киев » Правый и левый берег в Киеве могут связать тоннелями
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/336 | Callisto (moon)
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Discovered by Galileo Galilei
Discovery date January 7, 1610[1]
Alternative names Jupiter IV
Adjective Callistoan, Callistonian
Orbital characteristics
Periapsis 1869000 km[a]
Apoapsis 1897000 km[b]
Semi-major axis 1 882 700 km[2]
Eccentricity 0.0074[2]
Orbital period 16.6890184 d[2]
Average orbital speed 8.204 km/s
Inclination 0.192° (to local Laplace planes)[2]
Satellite of Jupiter
Physical characteristics
Mean radius 2410.3±1.5 km (0.378 Earths)[3]
Surface area 7.30×107 km2 (0.143 Earths)[c]
Volume 5.9×1010 km3 (0.0541 Earths)[d]
Mass (1.075938±0.000137)×1023 kg (0.018 Earths)[3]
Mean density 1.8344±0.0034 g/cm3[3]
Equatorial surface gravity 1.235 m/s2 (0.126 g)[e]
Escape velocity 2.440 km/s[f]
Rotation period synchronous[3]
Axial tilt zero[3]
Albedo 0.22 (geometric)[4]
Surface temp. min mean max
K[4] 80±5 134±11 165±5
Apparent magnitude 5.65 (opposition)[5]
Surface pressure 7.5 pbar[6]
Composition ≈ 4×108 molecules/cm3 carbon dioxide;[6]
up to 2×1010 molecules/cm3 molecular oxygen(O2)[7]
Callisto /kəˈlɪst/[8] (Jupiter IV) is a moon of the planet Jupiter. It was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei. It is the third-largest moon in the Solar System and the second largest in the Jovian system, after Ganymede. Callisto has about 99% the diameter of the planet Mercury but only about a third of its mass. It is the fourth Galilean moon of Jupiter by distance, with an orbital radius of about 1,880,000 km.[2] It does not form part of the orbital resonance that affects three inner Galilean satellites—Io, Europa and Ganymede—and thus does not experience appreciable tidal heating.[9] Callisto's rotation is tidally locked to its revolution around Jupiter, so that the same hemisphere always faces inward; Jupiter appears to stand still in Callisto's sky. It is less affected by Jupiter's magnetosphere than the other inner satellites because it orbits farther away.[10]
The surface of Callisto is heavily cratered and extremely old. It does not show any signatures of subsurface processes such as plate tectonics or volcanism, and is thought to have evolved predominantly under the influence of impacts.[13] Prominent surface features include multi-ring structures, variously shaped impact craters, and chains of craters (catenae) and associated scarps, ridges and deposits.[13] At a small scale, the surface is varied and made up of small, sparkly frost deposits at the tips of high spots, surrounded by a low-lying, smooth blanket of dark material.[4] This is thought to result from the sublimation-driven degradation of small landforms, which is supported by the general deficit of small impact craters and the presence of numerous small knobs, considered to be their remnants.[14] The absolute ages of the landforms are not known.
Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide[6] and probably molecular oxygen,[7] as well as by a rather intense ionosphere.[15] Callisto is thought to have formed by slow accretion from the disk of the gas and dust that surrounded Jupiter after its formation.[16] Callisto's gradual accretion and the lack of tidal heating meant that not enough heat was available for rapid differentiation. The slow convection in the interior of Callisto, which commenced soon after formation, led to partial differentiation and possibly to the formation of a subsurface ocean at a depth of 100–150 km and a small, rocky core.[17]
The likely presence of an ocean within Callisto leaves open the possibility that it could harbor life. However, conditions are thought to be less favorable than on nearby Europa.[18] Various space probes from Pioneers 10 and 11 to Galileo and Cassini have studied Callisto. Because of its low radiation levels, Callisto has long been considered the most suitable place for a human base for future exploration of the Jovian system.[19]
Discovery and naming[edit]
Callisto was discovered by Galileo in January 1610 along with three other large Jovian moons—Ganymede, Io, and Europa.[1] Callisto is named after one of Zeus's many lovers in Greek mythology. Callisto was a nymph (or, according to some sources, the daughter of Lycaon) who was associated with the goddess of the hunt, Artemis.[20] The name was suggested by Simon Marius soon after Callisto's discovery.[21] Marius attributed the suggestion to Johannes Kepler.[20] However, the names of the Galilean satellites fell into disfavor for a considerable time, and were not revived in common use until the mid-20th century. In much of the earlier astronomical literature, Callisto is referred to by its Roman numeral designation, a system introduced by Galileo, as Jupiter IV or as "the fourth satellite of Jupiter".[22] In scientific writing, the adjectival form of the name is Callistoan,[23] pronounced /ˌkælɨˈst.ən/, or Callistan.[14]
Orbit and rotation[edit]
Callisto (bottom left), Jupiter (top right) and Europa (below and left of Jupiter's Great Red Spot) as viewed by Cassini
Callisto is the outermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter. It orbits at a distance of approximately 1 880 000 km (26.3 times the 71 492 km radius of Jupiter itself).[2] This is significantly larger than the orbital radius—1 070 000 km—of the next-closest Galilean satellite, Ganymede. As a result of this relatively distant orbit, Callisto does not participate in the mean-motion resonance—in which the three inner Galilean satellites are locked—and probably never has.[9]
Like most other regular planetary moons, Callisto's rotation is locked to be synchronous with its orbit.[3] The length of the Callistoan day, simultaneously its orbital period, is about 16.7 days. Its orbit is very slightly eccentric and inclined to the Jovian equator, with the eccentricity and inclination changing quasi-periodically due to solar and planetary gravitational perturbations on a timescale of centuries. The ranges of change are 0.0072–0.0076 and 0.20–0.60°, respectively.[9] These orbital variations cause the axial tilt (the angle between rotational and orbital axes) to vary between 0.4 and 1.6°.[24]
The dynamical isolation of Callisto means that it has never been appreciably tidally heated, which has had important consequences for its internal structure and evolution.[25] Its distance from Jupiter also means that the charged-particle flux from Jupiter's magnetosphere at its surface is relatively low—about 300 times lower than, for example, that at Europa. Hence, unlike the other Galilean moons, charged-particle irradiation has had a relatively minor effect on the Callistoan surface.[10] The radiation level at the surface of Callisto is equivalent to a dose of about 0.01 rem (0.1 mSv) per day.[26]
Physical characteristics[edit]
Near-IR spectra of dark cratered plains (red) and the Asgard impact structure (blue), showing the presence of more water ice (absorption bands from 1 to 2 µm)[27] and less rocky material within Asgard.
The average density of Callisto, 1.83 g/cm3,[3] suggests a composition of approximately equal parts of rocky material and water ice, with some additional volatile ices such as ammonia.[11] The mass fraction of ices is between 49–55%.[11][17] The exact composition of Callisto's rock component is not known, but is probably close to the composition of L/LL type ordinary chondrites, which are characterized by less total iron, less metallic iron and more iron oxide than H chondrites. The weight ratio of iron to silicon is 0.9—1.3 in Callisto, whereas the solar ratio is around 1:8.[11]
Callisto's surface has an albedo of about 20%.[4] Its surface composition is thought to be broadly similar to its composition as a whole. Near-infrared spectroscopy has revealed the presence of water ice absorption bands at wavelengths of 1.04, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 micrometers.[4] Water ice seems to be ubiquitous on the surface of Callisto, with a mass fraction of 25–50%.[12] The analysis of high-resolution, near-infrared and UV spectra obtained by the Galileo spacecraft and from the ground has revealed various non-ice materials: magnesium- and iron-bearing hydrated silicates,[4] carbon dioxide,[28] sulfur dioxide,[29] and possibly ammonia and various organic compounds.[4][12] Spectral data indicate that Callisto's surface is extremely heterogeneous at the small scale. Small, bright patches of pure water ice are intermixed with patches of a rock–ice mixture and extended dark areas made of a non-ice material.[4][13]
The Callistoan surface is asymmetric: the leading hemisphere[g] is darker than the trailing one. This is different from other Galilean satellites, where the reverse is true.[4] The trailing hemisphere[g] of Callisto appears to be enriched in carbon dioxide, whereas the leading hemisphere has more sulfur dioxide.[30] Many fresh impact craters like Lofn also show enrichment in carbon dioxide.[30] Overall, the chemical composition of the surface, especially in the dark areas, may be close to that seen on D-type asteroids,[13] whose surfaces are made of carbonaceous material.
Internal structure[edit]
Model of Callisto's internal structure showing a surface ice layer, a possible liquid water layer, and an ice-rock interior
Callisto's battered surface lies on top of a cold, stiff, and icy lithosphere that is between 80 and 150 km thick.[11][17] A salty ocean 50–200 km deep may lie beneath the crust,[11][17] indicated by studies of the magnetic fields around Jupiter and its moons.[31][32] It was found that Callisto responds to Jupiter's varying background magnetic field like a perfectly conducting sphere; that is, the field cannot penetrate inside Callisto, suggesting a layer of highly conductive fluid within it with a thickness of at least 10 km.[32] The existence of an ocean is more likely if water contains a small amount of ammonia or other antifreeze, up to 5% by weight.[17] In this case the ocean can be as thick as 250–300 km.[11] Failing an ocean, the icy lithosphere may be somewhat thicker, up to about 300 km.
Beneath the lithosphere and putative ocean, Callisto's interior appears to be neither entirely uniform nor particularly variable. Galileo orbiter data[3] (especially the dimensionless moment of inertia[h]—0.3549 ± 0.0042—determined during close flybys) suggest that its interior is composed of compressed rocks and ices, with the amount of rock increasing with depth due to partial settling of its constituents.[11][33] In other words, Callisto is only partially differentiated. The density and moment of inertia are compatible with the existence of a small silicate core in the center of Callisto. The radius of any such core cannot exceed 600 km, and the density may lie between 3.1 and 3.6 g/cm3.[3][11] Callisto's interior is in stark contrast to that of Ganymede, which appears to be fully differentiated.[12][34]
Surface features[edit]
Galileo image of cratered plains, illustrating the pervasive local smoothing of Callisto's surface
The ancient surface of Callisto is one of the most heavily cratered in the Solar System.[35] In fact, the crater density is close to saturation: any new crater will tend to erase an older one. The large-scale geology is relatively simple; there are no large Callistoan mountains, volcanoes or other endogenic tectonic features.[36] The impact craters and multi-ring structures—together with associated fractures, scarps and deposits—are the only large features to be found on the surface.[13][36]
Callisto's surface can be divided into several geologically different parts: cratered plains, light plains, bright and dark smooth plains, and various units associated with particular multi-ring structures and impact craters.[13][36] The cratered plains constitute most of the surface area and represent the ancient lithosphere, a mixture of ice and rocky material. The light plains include bright impact craters like Burr and Lofn, as well as the effaced remnants of old large craters called palimpsests,[i] the central parts of multi-ring structures, and isolated patches in the cratered plains.[13] These light plains are thought to be icy impact deposits. The bright, smooth plains constitute a small fraction of the Callistoan surface and are found in the ridge and trough zones of the Valhalla and Asgard formations and as isolated spots in the cratered plains. They were believed to be connected with endogenic activity, but the high-resolution Galileo images showed that the bright, smooth plains correlate with heavily fractured and knobby terrain and do not show any signs of resurfacing.[13] The Galileo images also revealed small, dark, smooth areas with overall coverage less than 10,000 km2, which appear to embay[j] the surrounding terrain. They are possible cryovolcanic deposits.[13] Both the light and the various smooth plains are somewhat younger and less cratered than the background cratered plains.[13][37]
Impact crater Hár with a central dome. Chains of secondary craters from formation of the more recent crater Tindr at upper right crosscut the terrain.
Impact crater diameters seen range from 0.1 km—a limit defined by the imaging resolution—to over 100 km, not counting the multi-ring structures.[13] Small craters, with diameters less than 5 km, have simple bowl or flat-floored shapes. Those 5–40 km across usually have a central peak. Larger impact features, with diameters in the range 25–100 km, have central pits instead of peaks, such as Tindr crater.[13] The largest craters with diameters over 60 km can have central domes, which are thought to result from central tectonic uplift after an impact;[13] examples include Doh and Hár craters. A small number of very large—more 100 km in diameter—and bright impact craters show anomalous dome geometry. These are unusually shallow and may be a transitional landform to the multi-ring structures, as with the Lofn impact feature.[13] Callistoan craters are generally shallower than those on the Moon.
Voyager 1 image of Valhalla, a multi-ring impact structure 3800 km in diameter
The largest impact features on the Callistoan surface are multi-ring basins.[13][36] Two are enormous. Valhalla is the largest, with a bright central region 600 kilometers in diameter, and rings extending as far as 1,800 kilometers from the center (see figure).[38] The second largest is Asgard, measuring about 1,600 kilometers in diameter.[38] Multi-ring structures probably originated as a result of a post-impact concentric fracturing of the lithosphere lying on a layer of soft or liquid material, possibly an ocean.[23] The catenae—for example Gomul Catena—are long chains of impact craters lined up in straight lines across the surface. They were probably created by objects that were tidally disrupted as they passed close to Jupiter prior to the impact on Callisto, or by very oblique impacts.[13] A historical example of a disruption was Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.
As mentioned above, small patches of pure water ice with an albedo as high as 80% are found on the surface of Callisto, surrounded by much darker material.[4] High-resolution Galileo images showed the bright patches to be predominately located on elevated surface features: crater rims, scarps, ridges and knobs.[4] They are likely to be thin water frost deposits. Dark material usually lies in the lowlands surrounding and mantling bright features and appears to be smooth. It often forms patches up to 5 km across within the crater floors and in the intercrater depressions.[4]
Two landslides 3–3.5 km long are visible on the right sides of the floors of the two large craters on the right.
On a sub-kilometer scale the surface of Callisto is more degraded than the surfaces of other icy Galilean moons.[4] Typically there is a deficit of small impact craters with diameters less than 1 km as compared with, for instance, the dark plains on Ganymede.[13] Instead of small craters, the almost ubiquitous surface features are small knobs and pits.[4] The knobs are thought to represent remnants of crater rims degraded by an as-yet uncertain process.[14] The most likely candidate process is the slow sublimation of ice, which is enabled by a temperature of up to 165 K, reached at a subsolar point.[4] Such sublimation of water or other volatiles from the dirty ice that is the bedrock causes its decomposition. The non-ice remnants form debris avalanches descending from the slopes of the crater walls.[14] Such avalanches are often observed near and inside impact craters and termed "debris aprons".[4][13][14] Sometimes crater walls are cut by sinuous valley-like incisions called "gullies", which resemble certain Martian surface features.[4] In the ice sublimation hypothesis, the low-lying dark material is interpreted as a blanket of primarily non-ice debris, which originated from the degraded rims of craters and has covered a predominantly icy bedrock.
The relative ages of the different surface units on Callisto can be determined from the density of impact craters on them. The older the surface, the denser the crater population.[39] Absolute dating has not been carried out, but based on theoretical considerations, the cratered plains are thought to be ~4.5 billion years old, dating back almost to the formation of the Solar System. The ages of multi-ring structures and impact craters depend on chosen background cratering rates and are estimated by different authors to vary between 1 and 4 billion years.[13][35]
Atmosphere and ionosphere[edit]
Induced magnetic field around Callisto
Callisto has a very tenuous atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide.[6] It was detected by the Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) from its absorption feature near the wavelength 4.2 micrometers. The surface pressure is estimated to be 7.5 × 10−12 bar (0.75 µPa) and particle density 4 × 108 cm−3. Because such a thin atmosphere would be lost in only about 4 days (see atmospheric escape), it must be constantly replenished, possibly by slow sublimation of carbon dioxide ice from Callisto's icy crust,[6] which would be compatible with the sublimation–degradation hypothesis for the formation of the surface knobs.
Callisto's ionosphere was first detected during Galileo flybys;[15] its high electron density of 7–17 × 104 cm−3 cannot be explained by the photoionization of the atmospheric carbon dioxide alone. Hence, it is suspected that the atmosphere of Callisto is actually dominated by molecular oxygen (in amounts 10–100 times greater than CO
).[7] However, oxygen has not yet been directly detected in the atmosphere of Callisto. Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) placed an upper limit on its possible concentration in the atmosphere, based on lack of detection, which is still compatible with the ionospheric measurements.[40] At the same time HST was able to detect condensed oxygen trapped on the surface of Callisto.[41]
Origin and evolution[edit]
The partial differentiation of Callisto (inferred e.g. from moment of inertia measurements) means that it has never been heated enough to melt its ice component.[17] Therefore, the most favorable model of its formation is a slow accretion in the low-density Jovian subnebula—a disk of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation.[16] Such a prolonged accretion stage would allow cooling to largely keep up with the heat accumulation caused by impacts, radioactive decay and contraction, thereby preventing melting and fast differentiation.[16] The allowable timescale of formation of Callisto lies then in the range 0.1 million–10 million years.[16]
The further evolution of Callisto after accretion was determined by the balance of the radioactive heating, cooling through thermal conduction near the surface, and solid state or subsolidus convection in the interior.[25] Details of the subsolidus convection in the ice is the main source of uncertainty in the models of all icy moons. It is known to develop when the temperature is sufficiently close to the melting point, due to the temperature dependence of ice viscosity.[42] Subsolidus convection in icy bodies is a slow process with ice motions of the order of 1 centimeter per year, but is, in fact, a very effective cooling mechanism on long timescales.[42] It is thought to proceed in the so-called stagnant lid regime, where a stiff, cold outer layer of Callisto conducts heat without convection, whereas the ice beneath it convects in the subsolidus regime.[17][42] For Callisto, the outer conductive layer corresponds to the cold and rigid lithosphere with a thickness of about 100 km. Its presence would explain the lack of any signs of the endogenic activity on the Callistoan surface.[42][43] The convection in the interior parts of Callisto may be layered, because under the high pressures found there, water ice exists in different crystalline phases beginning from the ice I on the surface to ice VII in the center.[25] The early onset of subsolidus convection in the Callistoan interior could have prevented large-scale ice melting and any resulting differentiation that would have otherwise formed a large rocky core and icy mantle. Due to the convection process, however, very slow and partial separation and differentiation of rocks and ices inside Callisto has been proceeding on timescales of billions of years and may be continuing to this day.[43]
The current understanding of the evolution of Callisto allows for the existence of a layer or "ocean" of liquid water in its interior. This is connected with the anomalous behavior of ice I phase's melting temperature, which decreases with pressure, achieving temperatures as low as 251 K at 2,070 bar (207 MPa).[17] In all realistic models of Callisto the temperature in the layer between 100 and 200 km in depth is very close to, or exceeds slightly, this anomalous melting temperature.[25][42][43] The presence of even small amounts of ammonia—about 1–2% by weight—almost guarantees the liquid's existence because ammonia would lower the melting temperature even further.[17]
Although Callisto is very similar in bulk properties to Ganymede, it apparently had a much simpler geological history. The surface appears to have been shaped mainly by impacts and other exogenic forces.[13] Unlike neighboring Ganymede with its grooved terrain, there is little evidence of tectonic activity.[12] Explanations that have been proposed for the contrasts in internal heating and consequent differentiation and geologic activity between Callisto and Ganymede include differences in formation conditions,[44] the greater tidal heating experienced by Ganymede,[45] and the more numerous and energetic impacts that would have been suffered by Ganymede during the Late Heavy Bombardment.[46][47][48] The relatively simple geological history of Callisto provides planetary scientists with a reference point for comparison with other more active and complex worlds.[12]
Size comparison of Earth, Moon and Callisto
Possibility of life in the ocean[edit]
As with Europa and Ganymede, the idea has been raised that extraterrestrial microbial life may exist in a salty ocean under the Callistoan surface.[18] However, the conditions for life appear to be less favorable on Callisto than on Europa. The principal reasons are the lack of contact with rocky material and the lower heat flux from the interior of Callisto.[18] Scientist Torrence Johnson said the following about comparing the odds of life on Callisto with the odds on other Galilean moons:[49]
The basic ingredients for life—what we call 'pre-biotic chemistry'—are abundant in many solar system objects, such as comets, asteroids and icy moons. Biologists believe liquid water and energy are then needed to actually support life, so it's exciting to find another place where we might have liquid water. But, energy is another matter, and currently, Callisto's ocean is only being heated by radioactive elements, whereas Europa has tidal energy as well, from its greater proximity to Jupiter.
Based on the considerations mentioned above and on other scientific observations, it is thought that of all of Jupiter's Galilean moons, Europa has the greatest chance of supporting microbial life.[18][50]
The next planned mission to the Jovian system is the European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE), due to launch in 2022.[52] Several close flybys of Callisto are planned during the mission.[52]
Old proposals[edit]
Formerly proposed for a launch in 2020, the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) was a joint NASA/ESA proposal for exploration of Jupiter's moons. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA/NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission.[53] ESA's contribution still faced funding competition from other ESA projects.[54] EJSM consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter, the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, and possibly a JAXA-led Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter.
Potential colonization[edit]
Artist's impression of a base on Callisto[55]
In 2003 NASA conducted a conceptual study called Human Outer Planets Exploration (HOPE) regarding the future human exploration of the outer Solar System. The target chosen to consider in detail was Callisto.[19][56]
The study proposed a possible surface base on Callisto that would produce fuel for further exploration of the Solar System.[55] Advantages of a base on Callisto include low radiation (due to its distance from Jupiter) and geological stability. Such a base could facilitate remote exploration of Europa, or be an ideal location for a Jovian system waystation servicing spacecraft heading farther into the outer Solar System, using a gravity assist from a close flyby of Jupiter after departing Callisto.[19]
A December 2003 NASA report expressed the belief that a manned mission to Callisto may be possible in the 2040s.[57]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Periapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (a) and eccentricity (e): a(1-e).
3. ^ Surface area derived from the radius (r): 4\pi r^2.
4. ^ Volume derived from the radius (r): \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3.
5. ^ Surface gravity derived from the mass (m), the gravitational constant (G) and the radius (r): \frac{Gm}{r^2}.
7. ^ a b The leading hemisphere is the hemisphere facing the direction of the orbital motion; the trailing hemisphere faces the reverse direction.
8. ^ The dimensionless moment of inertia referred to is I/(mr2), where I is the moment of inertia, m the mass, and r the maximal radius. It is 0.4 for a homogenous spherical body, but less than 0.4 if density increases with depth.
9. ^ In the case of icy satellites, palimpsests are defined as bright circular surface features, probably old impact craters; see Greeley et al. 2000.[13]
10. ^ To embay means to shut in, or shelter, as in a bay.
1. ^ a b Galilei, G.; Sidereus Nuncius (March 13, 1610)
2. ^ a b c d e f "Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters". Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Anderson, J. D.; Jacobson, R. A.; McElrath, T. P.; et al. (2001). "Shape, mean radius, gravity field and interior structure of Callisto". Icarus 153 (1): 157–161. Bibcode:2001Icar..153..157A. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6664.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Moore, Jeffrey M.; Chapman, Clark R.; Bierhaus, Edward B. et al. (2004). "Callisto" (PDF). In Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T.E.; McKinnon, W.B. Jupiter: The planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press.
8. ^ kə-LIS-toh, or as Greek: Καλλιστώ
10. ^ a b Cooper, John F.; Johnson, Robert E.; Mauk, Barry H.; et al. (2001). "Energetic Ion and Electron Irradiation of the Icy Galilean Satellites" (PDF). Icarus 139 (1): 133–159. Bibcode:2001Icar..149..133C. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6498.
11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kuskov, O.L.; Kronrod, V.A. (2005). "Internal structure of Europa and Callisto". Icarus 177 (2): 550–369. Bibcode:2005Icar..177..550K. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.04.014.
12. ^ a b c d e f Showman, Adam P.; Malhotra, Renu (1999). "The Galilean Satellites" (PDF). Science 286 (5437): 77–84. doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.77. PMID 10506564.
13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Greeley, R.; Klemaszewski, J. E.; Wagner, L.; et al. (2000). "Galileo views of the geology of Callisto". Planetary and Space Science 48 (9): 829–853. Bibcode:2000P&SS...48..829G. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00050-7.
14. ^ a b c d e Moore, Jeffrey M.; Asphaug, Erik; Morrison, David; et al. (1999). "Mass Movement and Landform Degradation on the Icy Galilean Satellites: Results of the Galileo Nominal Mission". Icarus 140 (2): 294–312. Bibcode:1999Icar..140..294M. doi:10.1006/icar.1999.6132.
15. ^ a b Kliore, A. J.; Anabtawi, A; Herrera, R. G.; et al. (2002). "Ionosphere of Callisto from Galileo radio occultation observations". Journal of Geophysics Research 107 (A11): 1407. Bibcode:2002JGRA.107kSIA19K. doi:10.1029/2002JA009365.
17. ^ a b c d e f g h i Spohn, T.; Schubert, G. (2003). "Oceans in the icy Galilean satellites of Jupiter?" (PDF). Icarus 161 (2): 456–467. Bibcode:2003Icar..161..456S. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00048-9.
18. ^ a b c d Lipps, Jere H.; Delory, Gregory; Pitman, Joe; et al. (2004). "Astrobiology of Jupiter's Icy Moons" (PDF). Proc. SPIE 5555: 10. doi:10.1117/12.560356.
19. ^ a b c Trautman, Pat; Bethke, Kristen (2003). "Revolutionary Concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration (HOPE)" (PDF). NASA.
20. ^ a b "Satellites of Jupiter". The Galileo Project. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
22. ^ Barnard, E. E. (1892). "Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 12: 81–85. Bibcode:1892AJ.....12...81B. doi:10.1086/101715.
23. ^ a b Klemaszewski, J.A.; Greeley, R. (2001). "Geological Evidence for an Ocean on Callisto" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI. p. 1818.
25. ^ a b c d Freeman, J. (2006). "Non-Newtonian stagnant lid convection and the thermal evolution of Ganymede and Callisto" (PDF). Planetary and Space Science 54 (1): 2–14. Bibcode:2006P&SS...54....2F. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2005.10.003.
27. ^ Clark, R. N. (1981-04-10). "Water frost and ice: the near-infrared spectral reflectance 0.65–2.5 μm". Journal of Geophysical Research 86 (B4): 3087–3096. Bibcode:1981JGR....86.3087C. doi:10.1029/JB086iB04p03087. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
28. ^ a b Brown, R. H.; Baines, K. H.; Bellucci, G.; et al. (2003). "Observations with the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) during Cassini's Flyby of Jupiter". Icarus 164 (2): 461–470. Bibcode:2003Icar..164..461B. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00134-9.
29. ^ Noll, K.S. (1996). "Detection of SO2 on Callisto with the Hubble Space Telescope" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI. p. 1852.
30. ^ a b Hibbitts, C.A.; McCord, T. B.; Hansen, G.B. (1998). "Distributions of CO2 and SO2 on the Surface of Callisto" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI. p. 1908.
31. ^ Khurana, K. K.; et al. (1998). "Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto" (PDF). Nature 395 (6704): 777–780. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..777K. doi:10.1038/27394. PMID 9796812.
32. ^ a b Zimmer, C.; Khurana, K. K. (2000). "Subsurface Oceans on Europa and Callisto: Constraints from Galileo Magnetometer Observations" (PDF). Icarus 147 (2): 329–347. Bibcode:2000Icar..147..329Z. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6456.
33. ^ Anderson, J. D.; Schubert, G.; Jacobson, R. A.; et al. (1998). "Distribution of Rock, Metals and Ices in Callisto" (PDF). Science 280 (5369): 1573–1576. Bibcode:1998Sci...280.1573A. doi:10.1126/science.280.5369.1573. PMID 9616114.
34. ^ Sohl, F.; Spohn, T; Breuer, D.; Nagel, K. (2002). "Implications from Galileo Observations on the Interior Structure and Chemistry of the Galilean Satellites". Icarus 157 (1): 104–119. Bibcode:2002Icar..157..104S. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6828.
35. ^ a b Zahnle, K.; Dones, L. (1998). "Cratering Rates on the Galilean Satellites" (PDF). Icarus 136 (2): 202–222. Bibcode:1998Icar..136..202Z. doi:10.1006/icar.1998.6015. PMID 11878353.
36. ^ a b c d Bender, K. C.; Rice, J. W.; Wilhelms, D. E.; Greeley, R. (1997). Geological map of Callisto. U.S. Geological Survey.
37. ^ Wagner, R.; Neukum, G.; Greeley, R; et al. (March 12–16, 2001). "Fractures, Scarps, and Lineaments on Callisto and their Correlation with Surface Degradation" (PDF). 32nd Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.
38. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey. Controlled Photomosaic Map of Callisto JC 15M CMN (Map) (2002 ed.).
39. ^ Chapman, C.R.; Merline, W.J.; Bierhaus, B.; et al. (1997). "Populations of Small Craters on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto: Initial Galileo Imaging Results" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI. p. 1221.
40. ^ Strobel, Darrell F.; Saur, Joachim; Feldman, Paul D.; et al. (2002). "Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Search for an Atmosphere on Callisto: a Jovian Unipolar Inductor". The Astrophysical Journal 581 (1): L51–L54. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581L..51S. doi:10.1086/345803.
41. ^ Spencer, John R.; Calvin, Wendy M. (2002). "Condensed O2 on Europa and Callisto" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal 124 (6): 3400–3403. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.3400S. doi:10.1086/344307.
42. ^ a b c d e McKinnon, William B. (2006). "On convection in ice I shells of outer Solar System bodies, with detailed application to Callisto". Icarus 183 (2): 435–450. Bibcode:2006Icar..183..435M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.03.004.
43. ^ a b c Nagel, K.a; Breuer, D.; Spohn, T. (2004). "A model for the interior structure, evolution, and differentiation of Callisto". Icarus 169 (2): 402–412. Bibcode:2004Icar..169..402N. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.12.019.
44. ^ Barr, A. C.; Canup, R. M. (2008-08-03). "Constraints on gas giant satellite formation from the interior states of partially differentiated satellites". Icarus 198 (1): 163–177. Bibcode:2008Icar..198..163B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.07.004.
45. ^ Showman, A. P.; Malhotra, R. (March 1997). "Tidal evolution into the Laplace resonance and the resurfacing of Ganymede". Icarus 127 (1): 93–111. Bibcode:1997Icar..127...93S. doi:10.1006/icar.1996.5669.
47. ^ Barr, A. C.; Canup, R. M. (March 2010). "Origin of the Ganymede/Callisto dichotomy by impacts during an outer solar system late heavy bombardment". 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2010). Houston. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
48. ^ Barr, A. C.; Canup, R. M. (2010-01-24). "Origin of the Ganymede–Callisto dichotomy by impacts during the late heavy bombardment". Nature Geoscience 3 (March 2010): 164–167. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..164B. doi:10.1038/NGEO746.
49. ^ Phillips, T. (1998-10-23). "Callisto makes a big splash". Science@NASA.
50. ^ François, Raulin (2005). "Exo-Astrobiological Aspects of Europa and Titan: from Observations to speculations" (PDF). Space Science Reviews 116 (1–2): 471–487. Bibcode:2005SSRv..116..471R. doi:10.1007/s11214-005-1967-x.
51. ^ Morring, F. (2007-05-07). "Ring Leader". Aviation Week & Space Technology: 80–83.
52. ^ a b "Esa selects 1bn-euro Juice probe to Jupiter". BBC News Online. 2 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
55. ^ a b "Vision for Space Exploration" (PDF). NASA. 2004.
56. ^ Troutman, Patrick A.; Bethke, Kristen; Stillwagen, Fred; Caldwell, Darrell L. Jr.; Manvi, Ram; Strickland, Chris; Krizan, Shawn A. (28 January 2003). "Revolutionary Concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration (HOPE)". American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings 654: 821–828. doi:10.1063/1.1541373.
57. ^ "High Power MPD Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) for Artificial Gravity HOPE Missions to Callisto" (PDF). NASA. 2003.
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/337 | Charles Curtis Craig
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Charles Curtis Craig (18 February 1869 – 28 January 1960),[1] was an Irish UnionIst and later Ulster Unionist politician. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for constituencies in County Antrim from 1903 to 1929, taking his seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The son of a self-made millionaire whisky distiller, among his brothers was Northern Ireland's first Prime Minister, The Viscount Craigavon, PC.
South Antrim by-election, 1903[edit]
Craig first stood for Parliament at a by-election in 1903 for the South Antrim constituency, after the sitting Unionist MP William Ellison-Macartney had left the Commons to take up the post of Deputy-Master of the Royal Mint.[2] He defeated a Russellite opponent to win the seat.[3]
South Antrim by-election, 1903
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Irish Unionist Charles Curtis Craig 4,464 55.25 +0.86
Russellite Unionist Samuel Robert Keightley 3,615 44.75 +44.75
Majority 849 10.51 +1.73
Turnout 10,236 78.93 +13.86
Irish Unionist hold Swing N/A
Craig held the seat through four subsequent general elections.[4]
Antrim constituency[edit]
The South Antrim constituency was abolished for the 1922 general election and Craig was then elected as one of the two MPs for the re-established Antrim constituency, and held that seat until he retired from Parliament at the 1929 general election.[4]
Craig was sworn as a member of the Privy Council of Ireland on 5 December 1922,[5] one of two new members admitted on the last day before the Anglo-Irish Treaty came into effect, on 6 December 1922. Although it was never formally abolished, the Irish Privy Council effectively ceased to exist with the creation of the Irish Free State, and on 12 December, ten members were sworn of a new Privy Council of Northern Ireland. Craig was not one of those first appointments, but was appointed on 27 Sep 1923 as the thirteenth member of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland.[5]
In the 1922–1924 Conservative Government, led by Andrew Bonar Law and then Stanley Baldwin, Curtis was appointed in February 1923 as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Pensions, and held that post until first Labour government took office in January 1924.
1. ^ "House of Commons constituencies beginning with "A" (part 2)". Leigh Rayment's House of Commons page. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
2. ^ "Macartney, William Grey Ellison-1852-1924". Dictionary of Uster Biography. (via the wayBack machine). Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
3. ^ Brian M. Walker, ed. (1978). Parliamentary election results in Ireland 1801–1922. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. pp. 327, 383. ISBN 0-901714-12-7.
4. ^ a b Brian M. Walker, ed. (1978). Parliamentary election results in Ireland 1918–1992. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0-901714-96-8.
5. ^ a b "Privy Councillors – Ireland". Leigh Rayment's peerage pages. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
External links[edit]
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
William Ellison-Macartney
Member of Parliament for South Antrim
Constituency abolished
New constituency Member of Parliament for Antrim
With: Hugh O'Neill
Succeeded by
Joseph McConnell
Hugh O'Neill |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/338 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Two priests wearing clerical clothing while walking the streets of Vienna, Austria
Clericalism is the application of the formal, church-based, leadership or opinion of ordained clergy in matters of either the church or broader political and sociocultural import. In a pejorative manner, "clericalism" is often used to denote an ecclesiolatry approach to issues beyond the church by either clergy or their supporters while the term has also been applied in a pejorative manner to describe the cronyism and cloistered political environs of the Church, mainly in reference to the Roman Catholic Church. The phenomenon of clericalism is not restricted to the ordained, as it occurs in purely secular guilds, such as academia, the legal and medical establishments, and the public-safety clergy:the police and military.[1]
Outside of Catholicism, clericalism is used to denote the divisions between ordained clergy and lay leaders in some churches while the older meaning of the term—an application of church-based theory or thought to secular issues—seems rather lost in most current uses of the term. In the aforementioned use of the term, it is important to discern the difference between a belief in a separation of church and state—which is not truly involving of clericalism—and the belief that church leadership should not be an internal and cloistered body that answers only to itself or that such leaders should not act as a powerful force in matters beyond the internal concerns of their church. Much debate in recent years over the sexual-abuse scandals in the Roman Catholic Church has brought about charges of "clericalism" in the sense of bishops and other leaders covering up the misactions of clergy under their leadership. In this application of the term, clericalism has come to imply a division between ordained church leaders—that such leaders have an exclusive society unto themselves—and the lay followers.
Much debate over clericalism appears to dwell on whether the high clergy should have as much control over church offices and functions as they do, and whether the hierarchical and authoritarian nature of the traditional Catholic systems of promotion for clergy is effective in contemporary society. Again, while the Catholic Church is most commonly at the centre of issues germane to clericalism it is not the only faith where charges of clericalism have been brought forth by those who feel the clergy has too much influence or should be reformed. Therefore the debate over clericalism and anti-clericalism is often really a debate over how and by whom the church should be lead and directed.
Léon Gambetta, a noted anti-clerical French politician, famously said that Clericalism is the enemy (Le cléricalisme, voilà l'ennemi).[citation needed]
See also[edit]
1. ^ George B. Wilson, S.J. Clericalism: The Death of Priesthood. 2008. Liturgical Press, Collegeville, MN. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/339 | Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked)
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Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked)
Scorpion/Scimitar recognition guide
Scorpion/Scimitar recognition guide
Type Reconnaissance
Armoured personnel carrier
Command and control
Recovery vehicle
Place of origin United Kingdom
Production history
Designer Alvis [1]
Designed 1967
Produced 1970
Variants FV101 Scorpion
FV102 Striker
FV103 Spartan
FV104 Samaritan
FV105 Sultan
FV106 Samson
FV107 Scimitar
Alvis Stormer
Weight 17,800 lb (8.074 tonnes)[1]
Length 5.288 m (17 ft 4.2 in)[1]
Width 2.134 m (7 ft 0 in)[1]
Height 2.102 m (6 ft 10.8 in)[1]
Crew Between three and seven depending on variant
The Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) —or CVR(T)—is a family of armoured fighting vehicles (AFV)s in service with the British Army and others throughout the world. They are small, highly mobile, air-transportable armoured vehicles designed to replace the Alvis Saladin armoured car.[2]
First designed by Alvis in the 1960s, the CVR(T) family includes Scorpion and Scimitar light reconnaissance tanks, Spartan armoured personnel carriers (APC)s, Sultan command and control vehicle, Samaritan armoured ambulance, Striker anti–tank guided missile vehicle and Samson armoured recovery vehicle. All members of the CVR(T) family were designed to share common automotive components and suspension; aluminium armour was selected to keep the weight down.[3][4] By 1996 more than 3,500 had been built for British Army use and export.[5]
Scorpion and Striker have now been withdrawn from British Army service. Scimitar and Spartan are expected to be replaced by newer vehicles from the Future Rapid Effect System programme and the Panther Command and Liaison Vehicle. Army 2020 armoured cavalry units however are stated to be equipped with Scimitars.[6]
Design and development[edit]
In the early 1960s, the United Kingdom's overseas commitments were proving costly to garrison and a drain on the defence budget. A new strategy was proposed, that troops and equipment would be airlifted to trouble-spots from their bases in Europe. To support the air-landed troops, a requirement was identified for an AFV that could provide fire support with an anti-armour capability and be light enough to be airportable. At the same time consideration was being given to the replacement of the Saladin armoured car.[3]
In 1960 work began on what was called the Armoured Vehicle Reconnaissance. The vehicle would mount a 76 or 105 mm main gun in a limited-traverse turret, which also housed the three-man crew; namely: driver, gunner and commander. The anti–armour capability would be met by a Swingfire missile system (then under development) mounted at the rear. The design would come in both tracked and wheeled versions and share the same engine and transmission as the FV432 armoured personnel carrier. The final weight of the prototype was over 13 tons, which exceeded the weight limit if it was to be transported by air.[3]
To reduce weight, aluminium armour - DGFV1318B alloy - was selected instead of steel; research revealed that it provided greater protection from artillery shell-splinters because of its density.[3] To fit inside the transport aircraft of the time, the vehicle's height had to be less than 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in), its width had to be less than 2.102 m (6 ft 10.8 in). To meet the ground pressure requirement of five psi, the tracks had to be 0.45 m (18 in) wide. The width also dictated the engine used had to fit next to a driver in full winter clothing. The engine compartment could only be 0.60 m (24 in) wide. No tank engines in production or development at the time were suitable except one, the Jaguar 4.2-litre petrol engine.[7]
The driver position, being located at the front of the vehicle alongside the engine, dictated that the turret would have to be at the rear. The fire support version, armed with a 76 mm gun, was named Scorpion as the rear-mounted turret suggested a sting in the tail. Following the example of Alvis predecessor vehicles Saladin, Stalwart (load carrier) and Saracen (personnel carrier), all CVRTs started with the letter 'S'.[7] The other vehicles were named to reflect their function; Striker anti–tank guided weapons, Spartan armoured personnel carrier; Samaritan ambulance; Sultan command and control and Samson recovery vehicles. In addition the British General Staff had requested another vehicle armed with a 30 mm cannon which became Scimitar.[7]
In 1967 Alvis were awarded the contract to produce 30 CVR(T) prototypes. Vehicles P1–P17 being the Scorpion prototypes, P18–P30 were prototypes of the other six CVR(T) versions.[8] Having to work under strict cost limitations imposed by the Ministry of Defence, the first prototype was completed on time and within budget on 23 January 1969,[8] after extensive hot and cold weather trials in Norway, Australia, Canada and Abu Dhabi.[8] In May 1970, the CVR(T) was accepted into British Army service; a contract was agreed for 275 Scorpions and 288 Scimitars.[2] The first production Scorpion being completed in 1971, initial delivery to the British Army was in January 1972.[2]
By 1986 the United Kingdom had taken delivery of 1,863 CVR(T)s. Total production for the British Army was 313 Scorpions, 89 Strikers, 691 Spartans, 50 Samaritans, 291 Sultans, 95 Samsons and 334 Scimitars.[2]
Life Extension Programme[edit]
In 1988 Alvis plc was awarded a £32 million contract to carry out a Life Extension Programme (LEP). The initial contract was for 200 CVR(T)s and supply kits for a further 1,107 vehicles. The LEP was carried out on the Scimitar and Sabre reconnaissance vehicles, Spartan APCs, Sultan command post vehicles, Samson recovery vehicles, Samaritan ambulances and the Striker anti–tank vehicle. The major part of this upgrade is the replacement of the current Jaguar 4.2-litre petrol engine by a more fuel efficient Cummins BTA 5.9 diesel engine.[9]
A second contract for 70 vehicles was divided between Alvis and the Army Base Repair Organisation (ABRO). ABRO was then contracted to upgrade about 600 of the remaining CVR(T)s to the LEP standard.[9]
Alvis also offered a comprehensive upgrade for the export version of the CVR(T), which includes a diesel engine, upgraded suspension, new track and vision enhancements. Brunei is the only country known to have returned vehicles for an overhaul.[9]
Battle Group Thermal Imaging programme[edit]
In 2001 Thales Optronics won the contract for the Battle Group Thermal Imaging (BGTI) programme. The contract will replace the image intensification sights installed on British Army Scimitar and Royal Engineers Spartan vehicles. They were replaced by a new gunner's sight with a day thermal image and laser rangefinder sight. The vehicle commander will have a monitor and a map display and the driver a navigation capability.[10]
Scorpion advancing across the desert during the first Gulf War.
The FV101 Scorpion was originally developed to meet a British Army requirement for the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked). Scorpion was accepted by the British Army in May 1970, with a contract for 275 which later rose to 313 vehicles.[2] Main armament consisted of a low velocity 76mm main gun with a coaxial 7.62 mm GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers.[11] The first production vehicles were completed in 1972. The first British regiment to be equipped with the Scorpion were the Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry in 1973.[2][12] In November 1981, the RAF Regiment took delivery of the first of 184 Scorpions and other variants of CVR(T). These were to be used for airfield defence and served at RAF bases in the United Kingdom, Germany and Cyprus.[13] All British Scorpions were withdrawn from service in 1995.[14]
three vehicle in line, with the crews in front. the right hand vehicle has its missile launchers raised
Three Strikers in desert colours, the vehicle nearest the camera has its missile launchers raised
The FV102 Striker was the Anti-tank guided missile version of the CVR(T). The British Army ordered 48 of the version,[14] which were armed with the Swingfire missile system. Striker had five missiles ready to fire in a mounting at the rear of the vehicle, with another five stowed inside.[15] Secondary armament consisted of a commanders 7.62 mm GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. Striker looked very similar to Spartan in appearance and it was only when the missile tubes were raised that identification was easier. Striker is no longer in service since the Swingfire missile was replaced by the Javelin in mid–2005.[16]
Spartan vehicle facing to the left, the driver can just be seen. To the rear is a Challenger 1 Main Battle Tank and a large concrete building
Spartan with IFOR markings
The FV103 Spartan is a small Armoured personnel carrier (APC); it can carry seven men in all, the crew of three and four others in the rear compartment. In the British Army it is used to carry small specialised groups such as engineer reconnaissance teams, air defence sections and mortar fire controllers.[17] In mid-2006 the British Army had 478 Spartans in service,[14] which from 2009 were being replaced by the Panther Command and Liaison Vehicle in some roles.[18]
The FV104 Samaritan is the ambulance version of the CVR(T), 50 were produced for the British Army.[14] In appearance it is similar to the Sultan Command and Control vehicle. It has a crew of two and capacity for three stretchers; being an ambulance it is not armed except for multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers.[17]
Vehicle drives up onto a roll-on/roll-off ferry's lowered loading ramp in Split harbour during Operation Joint Endeavor
Sultan Command Vehicle
The FV105 Sultan is the British Army command and control vehicle based on the CVR(T) platform, 205 were in service in 2006.[14] It has a higher roof than the APC variants, providing a more comfortable "office space" inside. A large vertical map board and desk are located along one side, with a bench seat for three people facing it. Forward of this are positions for the radio operator with provision for four radios and the vehicle commander. Armament consists of a pintle-mounted GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. The back of the vehicle is designed to be extended by an attached tent to form a briefing area.[17]
Vehicle in white winter camouflage. House roofs can just be seen behind and in the distance a range of snow covered mountains
Scimitar during Exercise Cold Winter '87, a NATO military exercise
The FV106 Samson is an armoured recovery vehicle. The hull of the Spartan was adapted to contain a winch which was operated to the rear of the vehicle. A hinged spade anchor was designed in two halves to preserve access to the rear door.[14][17]
The FV107 Scimitar is very similar to the Scorpion but carries the 30mm RARDEN cannon as its main weapon. Secondary armament consists of a coaxial GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. Stowage is provided for 201 rounds of 30 mm and 3,000 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition.[19] In 2006 the British Army had 328 in service.[14] which are expected to be replaced by the scout version of the Future Rapid Effect System.[20]
The Sabre was a hybrid vehicle, with the turret from a Fox Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle on a FV101 Scorpion hull and armed with the same 30mm RARDEN cannon as the Scimitar. One hundred and thirty-six of the hybrid vehicles were brought into service in 1995, after some modifications were made to the turret. These modifications included; redesigning the smoke grenade dischargers, replacing the standard machine gun with a L94A1 chain gun and domed hatches to improve headroom for the commander and gunner. They were assigned to reconnaissance platoons of armoured and mechanised infantry battalions before being withdrawn from service in 2004.[14]
Sturgeon and Salamander[edit]
Sturgeon (based on the Spartan) and Salamander (based on the Scorpion) are visually modified vehicles used to represent opposing forces in training exercises at the British Army Training Unit Suffield in Canada.[21]
Vehicle facing right with eight anti-aircraft missiles mounted on top
Stormer with the Starstreak High Velocity Missile
vehicle facing right in desert camouflage 120 mine laying dispensers on the flatbed part of the vehicle. To the rear is another armoured vehicle carrying two metal Fascine
Flatbed Stormer with the Shielder minelayer system
The Alvis Stormer was originally designed as a private venture in the 1970s as an APC, using the CVR(T) range as a starting point. It is a larger, heavier (12,700 kg) vehicle with steel and aluminium armour. Production began in 1982 and Malaysia ordered 25 of the APC variant.[22]
The British Army selected Stormer in 1986 to carry the Starstreak missile anti–aircraft system[23] and a flatbed version fitted with the Shielder minelaying system.[24]
BAE Land Systems, the descendant of Alvis military vehicles, market Stormer with various weapon systems for many purposes. Indonesia have received about 50 Stormer variants, including the APC, command post vehicle, ambulance, recovery, bridge-layers and logistics vehicle. Malaysia have 35, Oman four and the United Kingdom have over 170.[22]
Service history[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
In British Army service the CVR(T) is mainly used by the Formation reconnaissance regiments which are the Household Cavalry, 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards, 9th/12th Royal Lancers, Light Dragoons, Queen's Royal Lancers, the Royal Yeomanry and the Queen's Own Yeomanry.[25] Scimitars are also used by one of the four squadrons in an armoured regiment and the reconnaissance platoons of armoured infantry battalions.[19][26]
In August 1974, Scorpions from A Squadron 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, were transported by C-130 Hercules to Cyprus, to protect the British Sovereign Base Areas during the Turkish invasion.[4]
During the Falklands War in 1982, two troops from B Squadron, Blues and Royals were attached to the task force. They were equipped with four Scorpions and four Scimitars supported by a Samson and were the only armoured vehicles used in action by the British Army during the conflict.[27] The two troops deployed provided fire support for the 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment during the Battle of Wireless Ridge and for 2nd Battalion Scots Guards during the Battle of Mount Tumbledown.[28][29]
By the time of the Gulf war, the CVR(T) was well established in the British Army and all versions were deployed. The divisional reconnaissance regiment attached to the 1st Armoured Division, was the 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, (with 36 Scimitars, 16 Strikers, 12 Spartans, 9 Sultans and 4 Samaritans), and 'A' Squadron 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards (16 Scorpions, 4 Spartans, 2 Sultans, 1 Samaritan, 1 Samson). This unit also had 1 Sqn RAF Regiment (Operating Scorpion, Spartan, Sultan & Samsons ) attached to them. The armoured regiments and armoured infantry battalions reconnaissance troops also had eight Scorpions or Scimitars each.[30]
The CVR(T) family were deployed with the British Army's formation reconnaissance regiments– part of the NATO Implementation Force (IFOR), a multinational force in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[31]
The next deployment for the British Army's CVR(T)s was the 2003 invasion of Iraq (Operation Telic). The initial force contained the 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards and D Squadron, the Household Cavalry, both equipped with CVR(T).[32][33][34]
After Iraq, CVR(T) equipped formation reconnaissance regiments have taken part in Operation Herrick in Afghanistan, notably during Operation Panther's Claw with the Light Dragoons.[32][35]
A Belgian Samaritan of the 4th Chasseurs à Cheval.
Three other European countries used CVR(T): Belgium, Spain and Ireland.
The Belgian Army ordered 699EA CVR(T) in the Scorpion, Scimitar, Sultan, Spartan and Samaritan versions which were delivered in 1975. They were used by the COMRECCE that comprised the 1st, 2nd and 4th Mounted Rifles Regiment (also the 3rd Lancers which was equipped with the LEOPARD 1 tank), the CVR-T group (Armoured Recce school) and all of the Reconnaissance platoons from the 12EA armoured Infantry and 8EA Tank Regiments. The Belgian Army used its CVR(T) vehicles on UN deployments in the Balkans and Somalia. Belgium had disposed of all its CVR(T)s by 2004.[36][37]
The Spanish Marines obtained 17 Scorpions in 1985. All their Scorpions had been disposed of by 2004.[38]
The Irish Army obtained a small number of Scorpions for use by the Irish Army Cavalry Corps. As the United Kingdom, Belgium and Spain have all disposed of their Scorpions, Ireland remains the sole user of the type in Europe.[39]
South and Central America[edit]
In South and Central America, CVR(T) operators included Chile, Honduras and Venezuela.[1]
The Chilean Army have 28 Scorpions, which are used in a reconnaissance role alongside Leopard 1 and Leopard 2 tanks.[40]
The Venezuelan Army operates a fleet of 50 Scorpion 90s and two Sultans.[41]
South East Asia and the Pacific[edit]
In South East Asia and the Pacific, CVR(T) operators included Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and New Zealand.[1]
Brunei is understood to have a fleet of 19 CVR(T)s, which comprises 16 Scorpions, two Sultan command post variants and one Samson armoured recovery vehicle.[1]
The Indonesian Army uses the Scorpion 90 armed with the Belgian 90mm Cockerill cannon and the Stormer. The Stormer variants include the APC, command post vehicle, ambulance, recovery, bridge-layers and logistics vehicle.[22]
The Malaysian Royal Armoured Corps of the Malaysian Army is known to use both Scorpion and the newer Stormer.[1][22]
The Royal Thai Army was forced to expand its forces after the fall of South Vietnam and the increased tension in the area. As part of this expansion, they obtained 144 Scorpions between 1973 and 1976.[42]
The Philippine Army operates up to 40 Scorpions in its Light Armor Division.[43][44] This formation uses a mixture of wheeled and tracked vehicles but the Scorpion is the only fire support or anti-armour vehicle in their inventory.[45] They also operate 6 Samaritans and 3 Samsons.
The New Zealand Army operated a small number of Scorpions, up to squadron strength. These have now been replaced by the LAV III.[46]
Middle East[edit]
In the Middle East CVR(T) operators included Iran, Jordan, Oman and the United Arab Emirates.[1]
The Iranian army deployed its Scorpions with the reconnaissance regiment of the 28th Infantry Division in the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War. Little is known of how they performed or what losses they incurred.[47] In December 1997, it was reported that Iran had manufactured a light tank named Tosan. Tosan was equipped with a 90 mm gun and appears to be based on the Scorpion.[48]
The Royal Jordanian Land Force has obtained 80 Scorpions and 100 Spartans. Some of the Scorpions are reported to have been captured by Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war and handed on to Jordan.The Spartans were obtained when Belgium disposed of their CVR(T) fleet.[49][50]
The Royal Army of Oman replaced the Saladin armoured car with between 30 and 50 Scorpions. They were delivered between 1982 and 1983, along with three Samson armoured recovery vehicles. In 1985 a second order for up to 30 vehicles was delivered. The second order included Scorpion, Sultan, Spartan and Samson vehicles. Oman operates the newer Stormer.[1][22]
The United Arab Emirates Army has obtained 76 Scorpions, for use by its armoured brigades. It is not known if these played any part in the Gulf War.[51]
In Africa CVR(T) operators included Botswana, Nigeria, Tanzania and Togo.[1]
The Nigerian Army reorganised from an infantry to an all arms formation after 1979. Part of their AFV inventory includes an unknown number of Scorpions.[52]
Scorpion turret[edit]
two wheeled armoured vehicles, with some tree branches used as camouflage on rolling grassland
Canadian AVGP Cougars with the Scorpion turret
The Australian Army did not use CVR(T)s but did use the turret of the Scorpion mounted on top of M113 armored personnel carriers. Known in the Australian Army as the Medium Reconnaissance Vehicle, they were used in a fire support role. They have now been replaced by newer vehicles.[53]
The Canadian Army also used the Scorpion turret. They were mounted on the AVGP Cougar. A total of 195 Cougars were originally procured, but the fleet was reduced to 100 vehicles in 1999 and are now exclusively employed by reserve armoured units.[54]
Enhancements and future developments[edit]
As a result of combat experience in Afghanistan, the British Army upgraded several Scimitar light tanks to Mark 2 standard. The improvements included a new aluminium hull based on that of the Spartan troop carrier, which provides greater internal volume and protection, and a new fuel system, environmental control system and suspension. New hulls have also been built for the Spartan, Sultan, Samson and Samaritan variants.[55]
OVIK MEERKAT - Super Light Tracked Vehicle with Kongsberg Remote Weapon Station
The British firm OVIK has designed a vehicle named "Meerkat" [56] based on the CVR(T), anticipating that large numbers of these will become available for refurbishment in future years when they are replaced in British service, and perhaps several other armed forces. The hull has been redesigned, and the driver has been moved back into a central position - sitting side-by-side with his primary crewman. The vehicle is steered using a conventional steering wheel system - which can be swapped from left to right - to allow either crewman to drive or command the vehicle. The engine has been replaced by a Cummins 6.7-litre diesel engine whilst the transmission has been uprated to DB TN15E+ and STORMER final drives. The turret has been removed replaced by a modular weapon "cassette", which will mount remote weapon stations armed with a .50 M2 HB machine gun for example.[57]
Another British consortium claims to have designed and developed a concept that uses a common tracked chassis with interchangeable pods for different vehicle roles.[58] The Mark 1 mPODt (multi-role POD (tracked)) uses the Stallion, a flat bed development similar to that used on Shielder, to demonstrate the concept on a 10-13 tonne weight vehicle. However, the chassis could be from a number of in-service vehicles.
The mPODt derived from a CVR(T) Stallion chassis on its debut in September 2013
The Scimitar CVR(T) will at least stay with the British Army in the Army 2020 plan.[6]
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Scorpion". Jane's Information Group. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
2. ^ a b c d e f Foss & Sarson, p.10
3. ^ a b c d Foss & Sarson, p.5
4. ^ a b Foss & Sarson, p.11
5. ^ "Alvis Scorpion (FV101)". East of England Tank Museum. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
6. ^ a b Paul Allard
7. ^ a b c Foss & Sarson, p. 8
8. ^ a b c Foss & Sarson, p. 9
9. ^ a b c "ABRO wins main UK CVR(T) LEP contract". Janes Land Forces. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
10. ^ "Thales Optronics wins BGTI deal". Jane's Information Group. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
11. ^ Chant, p.37
12. ^ Foss & Sarson, p.4
13. ^ Foss & Sarson, p.20
14. ^ a b c d e f g h "Written Answers to Questions [4 July 2006] Defence Military Vehicles". House of Commons Hansard. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
15. ^ "Striker". Retrieved 2009-01-16.
16. ^ "Javelin Portable Anti-Tank Missile, United States of America". Kable Intelligence Limited. Retrieved 2014-1-31.
17. ^ a b c d "Spartan and Other CVR(T) Vehicles". Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Retrieved 2009-01-16. [dead link]
18. ^ "Panther". Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Retrieved 2009-01-16. [dead link]
19. ^ a b "Scimitar Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicl". Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Retrieved 2009-01-17.
20. ^ "U.K. Vehicle Industry Gets Boost, but Delays Loom". Defence News. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
21. ^ Army Rumor Service Wiki: CVR(T). [1]. Retrieved 4 Nov. 2010.
22. ^ a b c d e "Stormer". Jane's Information Group Light Armoured Vehicles. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
23. ^ "Starstreak High Velocity Missile". Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Retrieved 2009-01-17.
24. ^ "Shielder Minelaying System". Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Retrieved 2009-01-17.
25. ^ "Reconnaissance". Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Retrieved 2009-01-19.
26. ^ "Equipment". Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Retrieved 2009-01-19.
27. ^ Foss & Sarson, p.21
28. ^ Smith, p.109
29. ^ Smith, p.110
30. ^ Rottman & Volstad, p.21
31. ^ "Light Dragoons regimental history". Light Dragoons. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
32. ^ a b "The Regiment today". Light Dragoons Regimental Association. Retrieved 2009-01-17. [dead link]
33. ^ "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards". Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Retrieved 2009-01-18.
34. ^ "Household Cavalry". Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Retrieved 2009-01-18.
35. ^ "Mapping Operation Panthers Claw". BBC. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
36. ^ "Historique du Premier Régiment de Lanciers". Belgian Army. Retrieved 2009-01-19. in French
37. ^ "2/4 Régiment de Cyclistes". Belgian Army. Retrieved 2009. in French
38. ^ "Boletin de Infanteria de Marina" (in Spanish). Buscador Armada Española. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
39. ^ "Army Corps, Cavalry". The Defence Forces. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
40. ^ "Chile Land Forces military equipment and vehicles Chilean Army". Army Recognition Magazine. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
41. ^ "Venezuelan Army Military equipment and vehicle Venezuela". Army Recognition Magazine. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
42. ^ Sandhu, p.408
43. ^ "Light Armour Division". Philippine Army. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
44. ^ "Equipping the Light Armor Division". StrategyWorld. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
45. ^ "Armor assets". Philippine Army. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
46. ^ Carpenter & Wiencek, p.235
47. ^ "Persian Gulf War: Iraqi Invasion of Iran, September 1980". Arabian Peninsula & Persian Gulf Database. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
48. ^ "Tosan". Global Retrieved 2009-01-19.
49. ^ Cordsman, p.219
50. ^ "Jordan receives Belgian Spartans". Jane's Information Group. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
51. ^ "Emirati Army". Global Retrieved 2009-01-19.
52. ^ Peters, p.144
53. ^ "Australian Military Units". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
54. ^ "Equipment". Canadian Army. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
55. ^ "DSEi 2011: Scimitar Mk 2 deployed". Retrieved 30 October 2011.
56. ^ "OVIK Meerkat". Retrieved 30 October 2011.
57. ^ "DSEi 2011: OVIK Meerkat displayed". Retrieved 30 October 2011.
58. ^
• Carpenter, William M; Wiencek, David G (2000). Asian security handbook. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0714-X.
• Cordesman, Anthony H (2006). Arab-Israeli military forces in an era of asymmetric wars. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-99186-5.
• Peter, Jimi (1997). The Nigerian military and the state. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-874-9.
• Foss, Christopher F; Sarson, Peters (1995). Scorpion Reconnaissance Vehicle 1972-94. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-390-7.
• Rottman, Gordon; Volstad, Ron (1993). Armies of the Gulf War. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-277-3.
• Singh Sandhu, Kernial (1992). The ASEAN reader. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-3016-41-8.
• Smith, Gordon (2006). Battle Atlas of the Falklands War 1982 by Land, Sea and Air. ISBN 1-84753-950-5. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/340 | Der lustige Krieg
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Der lustige Krieg (The Merry War) is the name of a three-act operetta composed by Johann Strauss II. The work was first performed on 25 November 1881 at the Theater an der Wien. Its libretto was by F Zell (Camillo Walzel) and Richard Genée. The operetta was well received at its premiere, and was performed 69 times during its first run.[1]
Role Voice type Premiere cast, 25 November 1881
(Conductor: Johann Strauss II)
Violetta, Countess Lomelli, a widow soprano Caroline Finaly
Artemisia, Princess of Massa-Carrara contralto Rosa Streitmann
Else Groot soprano
Balthasar Groot, her husband, a tulip merchant from Holland baritone
Marchese Sebastiano tenor Alexander Girardi
Colonel Umberto Spinola tenor
Riccardo Durazzo baritone
Fortunato Franchetti bass-baritone
Biffi tenor
Pamfilio baritone
First lady soprano
Second lady mezzo-soprano
Third lady contralto
First commissioner tenor
Second commissioner bass
Colonel van Scheelen spoken
Officers and their wives, soldiers and people (chorus)
Place: The garrisoned Mediterranean city of Massa.[1]
Time: First part of the 18th century
It concerns a dispute between two states. The 'war' between them is played out as a game of love between Colonel Umberto Spinola, the commander-in-chief of the Genoese army, and the widowed Countess Violetta. Despite the name of the operetta, there is no fighting or bloodshed in the 'war'.
Johann Strauss: Der lustige Krieg, ORF Radio-Symphonie Orchester, Wiener Jeunesse-Chor, Wiener Motettenchor
• Conductor: Ulf Schirmer
• Principal singers: Eva Mei, Jorma Silvasti, Daphne Evangelatos, Jörg Schneider, Paul Armin Edelmann, Birgid Steinberger
• Recording date:
• Label: ORF CD240
1. ^ a b "STRAUSS II, J.: Edition — Vol. 49 CD". NaxosDirect. Retrieved 25 October 2008. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/341 | Digital Equipment Corporation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Digital Equipment Corporation
Industry Computer manufacturing
Fate Acquired by Compaq, after divestiture of major assets.
Successor(s) Hewlett-Packard
(2002 – present)
Founded 1957
Defunct 1998
Headquarters Maynard, Massachusetts, United States
Key people Ken Olsen (founder, president, and chairman)
Harlan Anderson (co-founder)
C. Gordon Bell (VP Engineering, 1972-1983)
Products PDP minicomputers
VAX minicomputers
Alpha servers and workstations
VT100 terminal
StrongARM microprocessors
Digital Linear Tape
Employees over 140,000 (1987)
Digital Equipment Corporation, also known as DEC[1] and using the trademark Digital, was a major American company in the computer industry from the 1960s to the 1990s. It was a leading vendor of computer systems, including computers, software, and peripherals, and its PDP and successor VAX products were the most successful of all minicomputers in terms of sales.
From 1957 until 1992 its headquarters were located in a former wool mill in Maynard, Massachusetts, since renamed Clock Tower Place and now home to multiple companies. DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, which subsequently merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002. Some parts of DEC, notably the compiler business and the Hudson, Massachusetts facility, were sold to Intel.
Digital Equipment Corporation should not be confused with the unrelated companies Digital Research, Inc or Western Digital, although the latter manufactured the LSI-11 chipsets used in DEC's low end PDP-11/03 computers.
Initially focusing on the small-end of the computer market allowed DEC to grow without its potential competitors making serious efforts to compete with them. Their PDP series of machines became popular in the 1960s, especially the PDP-8, widely considered to be the first successful minicomputer. Looking to simplify and update their line, DEC replaced most of their smaller machines with the PDP-11 in 1970, eventually selling over 600,000 units and cementing DECs position in the industry. Originally designed as a follow-on to the PDP-11, DEC's VAX-11 series was the first widely used 32-bit minicomputer, sometimes referred to as "superminis". These were able to compete in many roles with larger mainframe computers, such as the IBM System/370. The VAX was a best-seller, with over 400,000 sold, and its sales through the 1980s propelled the company into the second largest in the industry. At its peak, DEC was the second largest employer in Massachusetts, second only to the state government.
DEC was headquartered at a former wool mill at Clock Tower Place, Maynard MA from 1957 until 1992
Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson were two engineers who had been working at MIT Lincoln Laboratory on the lab's various computer projects. The Lab is best known for their work on what would today be known as "interactivity", and their machines were among the first where operators had direct control over programs running in real-time. These had started in 1944 with the famed Whirlwind which was originally developed to make a flight simulator for the US Navy, although this was never completed.[3] Instead, this effort evolved into the SAGE system for the US Air Force, which used large screens and light guns to allow operators to interact with radar data stored in the computer.[4]
When the Air Force project wound down, the Lab turned their attention to an effort to build a version of the Whirlwind using transistors in place of vacuum tubes. In order to test their new circuitry, they first built a small 18-bit machine known as TX-0 which first ran in 1956.[5] When the TX-0 successfully proved the basic concepts, attention turned to a much larger system, the 36-bit TX-2 with a then-enormous 64 kWords of core memory. Core was so expensive that parts of TX-0's memory were stripped for the TX-2, and what remained of the TX-0 was then given to MIT on permanent loan.[6]
At MIT, Olsen and Anderson noticed something odd: students would line up for hours to get a turn to use the stripped-down TX-0, while largely ignoring a faster IBM machine that was also available. The two decided that the draw of interactive computing was so strong that they felt there was a market for a small machine dedicated to this role, essentially a commercialized TX-0. They could sell this to users where graphical output or realtime operation would be more important than outright performance. Additionally, as the machine would cost much less than the larger systems then available, it would also be able to serve users that needed a lower-cost solution dedicated to a specific task, where a larger 36-bit machine wouldn't be needed.[7]
In 1957 when the pair and Ken's brother Stan went looking for capital, they found that the American business community was hostile to investing in computer companies. Many smaller computer companies had come and gone in the 1950s, wiped out when new technical developments rendered their platforms obsolete, and even large companies like RCA and General Electric were failing to make a profit in the market. The only serious expression of interest came from Georges Doriot and his American Research and Development Corporation (AR&D). Worried that a new computer company would find it difficult to arrange further financing, Doriot suggested the fledgling company change its business plan to focus less on computers, and even change their name from "Digital Computer Corporation".[7]
The pair returned with an updated business plan that outlined two-phases for the company's development. They would start by selling computer modules as stand-alone devices that could be purchased separately and wired together to produce a number of different digital systems for lab use. Then, if these "digital modules" were able to build a self-sustaining business, the company would be free to use them to develop a complete computer in their Phase II.[8] The newly christened "Digital Equipment Corporation" received $70,000 from AR&D for a 70% share of the company,[7] and began operations in a Civil War era textile mill in Maynard, Massachusetts, where plenty of inexpensive manufacturing space was available.
Digital modules[edit]
System Building Blocks (System Module) 1103 hex-inverter card (both sides)
In early 1958 DEC shipped its first products, the "Digital Laboratory Module" line. The Modules consisted of a number of individual electronic components and germanium transistors mounted to a circuit board, the actual circuits being based on those from the TX-2.[9]
The Laboratory Modules were packaged in an extruded aluminum housing,[10] intended to sit on an engineer's workbench, although a rack-mount bay was sold that held 9 laboratory modules.[11] They were then connected together using banana plug patch cords inserted at the front of the modules. Three versions were offered, running at 5 MHz (1957), 500 kHz (1959), or 10 MHz (1960).[12] The Modules proved to be in high demand in other computer companies, who used them to build equipment to test their own systems. Despite the recession of the late 1950s, the company sold $94,000 worth of these modules during 1958 alone, turning a profit at the end of its first year.[7]
The original Laboratory Modules were soon supplemented with the "Digital Systems Module" line, which were identical internally but packaged differently. The Systems Modules were designed with all of the connections at the back of the module using 22-pin Amphenol connectors, and were attached to each other by plugging them into a backplane that could be mounted in a 19-inch rack. The backplanes allowed 25 modules in a single 5-1/4 inch section of rack, and allowed the high densities needed to build a computer.[9]
The original laboratory and system module lines were offered in 500 kilocycle, 5 megacycle and 10 megacycle versions. In all cases, the supply voltages were -15 and +10 volts, with logic levels of -3 volts (passive pull-down) and 0 volts (active pull-up).[11]
DEC used the Systems Modules to build their "Memory Test" machine for testing core memory systems, selling about 50 of these pre-packaged units over the next eight years.[13] The PDP-1 and LINC computers were also built using Systems Modules (see below).
Modules were part of DEC's product line into the 1970s, although they went through several evolutions during this time as technology changed. The same circuits were then packaged as the first "R" (red) series "Flip-Chip" modules. Later, other module series provided additional speed, much higher logic density, and industrial I/O capabilities.[14] Digital published extensive data about the modules in free catalogs that became very popular.
PDP-1 family[edit]
A PDP-1 system, with Steve Russell, developer of Spacewar! at the console. This is a canonical example of the PDP-1, with the console typewriter on the left, CPU and main control panel in the center, the Type 30 display on the right.
With the company established and a successful product on the market, DEC turned its attention to the computer market once again as part of its planned "Phase II".[8] In August 1959, Ben Gurley started design of the company's first computer, the PDP-1. In keeping with Doriot's instructions, the name was an initialism for "Programmable Data Processor", leaving off the term "computer". As Gurley put it, "We aren't building computers, we're building 'Programmable Data Processors'." The prototype was first shown publicly at the Joint Computer Conference in Boston in December 1959.[15] The first PDP-1 was delivered to Bolt, Beranek and Newman in November 1960,[16] and formally accepted the next April.[17] The PDP-1 sold in basic form for $120,000, or about $900,000 in 2011 US dollars.[18] By the time production ended in 1969, 53 PDP-1s had been delivered.[13][19]
The PDP-1 was supplied standard with 4096 words of core memory, 18-bits per word, and ran at a basic speed of 100,000 operations per second. It was constructed using many System Building Blocks that were packaged into several 19-inch racks. The racks were themselves packaged into a single large mainframe case, with a hexagonal control panel containing switches and lights mounted to lay at table-top height at one end of the mainframe. Above the control panel was the system's standard input/output solution, a punch tape reader and writer. Most systems were purchased with two peripherals, the Type 30 vector graphics display, and a Soroban Engineering modified IBM Model B Electric typewriter that was used as a printer. The Soroban system was notoriously unreliable, and often replaced with a modified Friden Flexowriter, which also contained its own punch tape system. A variety of more-expensive add-ons followed, including magnetic tape systems, punched card readers and punches, and faster punch tape and printer systems.
When DEC introduced the PDP-1, they also mentioned larger machines at 24, 30 and 36-bits, based on the same design.[20] During construction of the prototype PDP-1, some design work was carried out on a 24-bit PDP-2, and the 36-bit PDP-3. Although the PDP-2 never proceeded beyond the initial design, the PDP-3 found some interest and was designed in full.[21] Only one PDP-3 appears to have been built, in 1960, by the CIA's Scientific Engineering Institute (SEI) in Waltham, Massachusetts. According to the limited information available, they used it to process radar cross section data for the Lockheed A-12 reconnaissance aircraft. Gordon Bell remembered that it was being used in Oregon some time later, but could not recall who was using it.[22]
In November 1962 DEC introduced the $65,000 PDP-4. The PDP-4 was similar to the PDP-1 and used a similar instruction set, but used slower memory and different packaging to lower the price. Like the PDP-1, about 54 PDP-4's were eventually sold, most to a customer base similar to the original PDP-1.[23]
In 1964 DEC introduced its new Flip Chip module design, and used it to re-implement the PDP-4 as the PDP-7. The PDP-7 was introduced in December 1964, and about 120 were eventually produced.[24] An upgrade to the Flip Chip led to the R series, which in turn led to the PDP-7A in 1965.[25] The PDP-7 is most famous as the original machine for the Unix operating system.[26]
A more dramatic upgrade to the PDP-1 series was introduced in August 1966, the PDP-9.[27] The PDP-9 was instruction compatible with the PDP-4 and −7, but ran about twice as fast as the −7 and was intended to be used in larger deployments. At only $19,900 in 1968,[28] the PDP-9 was a big seller, eventually selling 445 machines, more than all of the earlier models combined.[29]
Even while the PDP-9 was being introduced, its replacement was being designed, and was introduced as 1969's PDP-15, which re-implemented the PDP-9 using integrated circuits in place of modules. Much faster than the PDP-9 even in basic form, the PDP-15 also included a floating point unit and a separate input/output processor for further performance gains. Over 400 PDP-15's were ordered in the first eight months of production, and production eventually amounted to 790 examples in 12 basic models.[29] However, by this time other machines in DEC's lineup could fill the same niche at even lower price points, and the PDP-15 would be the last of the 18-bit series.
PDP-8 family[edit]
In 1962, Lincoln Laboratory used a selection of System Building Blocks to implement a small 12-bit machine, and attached it to a variety of analog-to-digital (A to D) input/output (I/O) devices that made it easy to interface with various analog lab equipment. The LINC proved to attract intense interest in the scientific community, and has since been referred to as the first real minicomputer,[30] a machine that was small and inexpensive enough to be dedicated to a single task even in a small lab.
Seeing the success of the LINC, in 1963 DEC took the basic logic design but stripped away the extensive A to D systems to produce the PDP-5. The new machine, the first outside the PDP-1 mould, was introduced at WESTCON on 11 August 1963. A 1964 ad expressed the main advantage of the PDP-5, "Now you can own the PDP-5 computer for what a core memory alone used to cost: $27,000"[31] 116 PDP-5s were produced until the lines were shut down in early 1967. Like the PDP-1 before it, the PDP-5 inspired a series of newer models based on the same basic design that would go on to be more famous than its parent.
On 22 March 1965, DEC introduced the PDP-8, which replaced the PDP-5's modules with the new R-series modules using Flip Chips. The machine was re-packaged into a small tabletop case, which remains distinctive for its use of smoked plastic over the CPU which allowed one to easily see the wire-wrapped internals of the CPU. Sold standard with 4 kWords of 12-bit core memory and a Teletype Model 33 ASR for basic input/output, the machine listed for only $18,000. The PDP-8 is referred to as the first real minicomputer because of its sub-$25,000 price.[32][33] Sales were, unsurprisingly, very strong, and helped by the fact that several competitors had just entered the market with machines aimed directly at the PDP-5's market space, which the PDP-8 trounced. This gave the company two years of unrestricted leadership,[34] and eventually 1450 "straight eight" machines were produced before it was replaced by newer implementations of the same basic design.[31]
DEC hit an even lower price-point with the PDP-8/S, the S for "serial". As the name implies the /S used a serial arithmetic unit, which was much slower but reduced costs so much that the system sold for under $10,000.[35] DEC then used the new PDP-8 design as the basis for a new LINC, the two-processor LINC-8. The LINC-8 used one PDP-8 CPU and a separate LINC CPU, and included instructions to switch from one to the other. This allowed customers to run their existing LINC programs, or "upgrade" to the PDP-8, all in software. Although not a huge seller, 142 LINC-8s were sold starting at $38,500.[31] Like the original LINC to PDP-5 evolution, the LINC-8 was then modified into the single-processor PDP-12, adding another 1000 machines to the 12-bit family.[31][36] Newer circuitry designs led to the PDP-8/I and PDP-8/L in 1968.[14] In 1975, one year after an agreement between Digital and Intersil, the Intersil 6100 chip was launched, effectively a PDP-8 on a chip. This was a way to allow PDP-8 software to be run even after the official end-of-life announcement for the Digital PDP-8 product line.
PDP-10 family[edit]
A "B" (blue) series Flip Chip module containing nine transistors, 1971
While the PDP-5 introduced a lower-cost line, 1963's PDP-6 was intended to take DEC into the mainframe market with a 36-bit machine. However, the PDP-6 proved to be a "hard sell" with customers, as it offered few advantages over similar machines from the better established vendors like IBM or Honeywell, in spite of its low cost around $300,000. Only 23 were sold,[37] or 26 depending on the source,[38] and unlike earlier models the low sales meant the PDP-6 was not improved with intermediate versions. However, the PDP-6 is historically important as the platform that introduced "Monitor", an early time-sharing operating system that would evolve into the widely used TOPS-10.[39]
In spite of the PDP-6's limited commercial success, it introduced many features that clearly had commercial benefit. When the Flip Chip packaging allowed the PDP-6 to be re-implemented at a much lower cost, DEC took the opportunity to carry out a similar evolution of their 36-bit design and introduced the PDP-10 in 1968. The PDP-10 was as much a success as the PDP-6 was a failure; during its lifetime about 700 mainframe PDP-10s were sold before production ended in 1984.[37] The PDP-10 was widely used in university settings, and thus was the basis of many advances in computing and operating system design during the 1970s. DEC later re-branded all of the models in the 36-bit series as the "DECsystem-10", and PDP-10s are generally referred to by the model of their CPU, like "KA10". Later upgrades produced the compatible DECSYSTEM-20, along with TOPS-20 that included virtual memory.
One of the most unusual peripherals produced for the PDP-10 was the DECtape. The DECtape was a length of special 3/4-inch wide magnetic tape wound on 5-inch reels. The recording format was a 10-track approach using fixed-length numbered 'blocks' organized into a standard file structure, including a directory. Files could be written, read, changed, and deleted on a DECtape as though it were a disk drive. For greater efficiency, the DECtape drive could read and write to a DECtape in both directions.
In fact, some PDP-10 systems had no disks at all, using DECtapes alone for their primary data storage. The DECtape was also widely used on other PDP models, since it was much easier to use than hand-loading multiple paper tapes. Primitive early time-sharing systems could use DECtapes as system devices and swapping devices. Although superior to paper tape, DECtapes were relatively slow, and were supplanted as reliable disk drives became affordable.
The PDP-11 16-bit computer was designed in a crash program by Harold McFarland, Gordon Bell, Roger Cady, and others.[40] The project was able to leap forward in design with the arrival of Harold McFarland, who had been researching 16-bit designs at Carnegie Mellon University. One of his simpler designs became the PDP-11, although when they first viewed the proposal, management was not impressed and almost cancelled it.[40]
In particular, the new design did not include many of the addressing modes that were intended to make programs smaller in memory, a technique that was widely used on other DEC machines and CISC designs in general. This would mean the machine would spend more time accessing memory, which would slow it down. However, the machine also extended the idea of multiple "General Purpose Registers" (GPRs), which gave the programmer flexibility to use these high-speed memory caches as they needed, potentially addressing the performance issues.
A major advance in the PDP-11 design was Digital's Unibus, which supported all peripherals through memory mapping. This allowed a new device to be added easily, generally only requiring plugging a hardware interface board into the backplane, and then installing software that read and wrote to the mapped memory to control it. The relative ease of interfacing spawned a huge market of third party add-ons for the PDP-11, which made the machine even more useful.
The combination of architectural innovations proved superior to competitors and the "11" architecture was soon the industry leader, propelling DEC back to a strong market position. The design was later expanded to allow paged physical memory and memory protection features, useful for multitasking and time-sharing. Some models supported separate instruction and data spaces for an effective virtual address size of 128 kB within a physical address size of up to 4 MB. Smaller PDP-11s, implemented as single-chip CPUs, continued to be produced until 1996, by which time over 600,000 had been sold.[29]
The PDP-11 supported several operating systems, including Bell Labs' new Unix operating system as well as DEC's DOS-11, RSX-11, IAS, RT-11, DSM-11, and RSTS/E. Many early PDP-11 applications were developed using standalone paper-tape utilities. DOS-11 was the PDP-11's first disk operating system, but was soon supplanted by more capable systems. RSX provided a general-purpose multitasking environment and supported a wide variety of programming languages. IAS was a time-sharing version of RSX-11D. Both RSTS and Unix were time-sharing systems available to educational institutions at little or no cost, and these PDP-11 systems were destined to be the "sandbox" for a rising generation of engineers and computer scientists. Large numbers of PDP-11/70s were deployed in telecommunications and industrial control applications. AT&T Corporation became DEC's largest customer.
RT-11 provided a practical real-time operating system in minimal memory, allowing the PDP-11 to continue Digital's critical role as a computer supplier for embedded systems. Historically, RT-11 also served as the inspiration for many microcomputer OS's, as these were generally being written by programmers who cut their teeth on one of the many PDP-11 models. For example, CP/M used a command syntax similar to RT-11's, and even retained the awkward PIP program used to copy data from one computer device to another. As another historical footnote, DEC's use of "/" for "switches" (command-line options) would lead to the adoption of "\" for pathnames in MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows as opposed to "/" in Unix.[41]
The evolution of the PDP-11 followed earlier systems, eventually including a single-user deskside personal computer form, the MicroPDP-11. In total, around 600,000 PDP-11's of all models were sold. and a wide variety of third-party peripheral vendors had also entered the computer product ecosystem.
In 1976, DEC decided to extend the PDP-11 architecture to 32-bits while adding a complete virtual memory system to the simple paging and memory protection of the PDP-11. The result was the VAX architecture, where VAX stands for Virtual Address eXtension (from 16 to 32 bits). The first computer to use a VAX CPU was the VAX-11/780, which DEC referred to as a superminicomputer. Although it was not the first 32-bit minicomputer, the VAX-11/780's combination of features, price, and marketing almost immediately propelled it to a leadership position in the market after it was released in 1978. VAX systems were so successful that in 1983, DEC canceled its Jupiter project, which had been intended to build a successor to the PDP-10 mainframe, and instead focused on promoting the VAX as the single computer architecture for the company.[42]
Supporting the VAX's success was the VT52, one of the most successful smart terminals. Building on earlier less successful models (the VT05 and VT50), the VT52 was the first terminal that did everything one might want in a single chassis. The VT52 was followed by the even more successful VT100 and its follow-ons, making DEC one of the largest terminal vendors in the industry. With the VT series, DEC could now offer a complete top-to-bottom system from computer to all peripherals, which formerly required collecting the required devices from different suppliers.
The VAX processor architecture and family of systems evolved and expanded through several generations during the 1980s, culminating in the NVAX microprocessor implementation and VAX 7000/10000 series in the early 1990s.[43]
Early microcomputers[edit]
The introduction of the first general purpose microprocessors inevitably led to the first microcomputers around 1975. At the time these systems were of limited utility, and Ken Olsen famously derided them in 1977, stating "There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home."[44] Unsurprisingly, DEC did not put much effort into the microcomputer area in the early days of the market. Interestingly in 1977, the Heathkit H11 was announced; a PDP-11 in kit form. At the beginning of the 1980s, DEC built the VT180 (codenamed "Robin"), which was a VT100 terminal with an added Z80-based microcomputer running CP/M, but this product was initially available only to DEC employees.[45]
It was only after IBM had successfully launched the IBM PC in 1981 that DEC responded with their own systems. In 1982, Digital introduced not one, but three incompatible machines which were each tied to different proprietary architectures. The first, the DEC Professional, was based on the PDP-11/23 (and later, the 11/73) running the RSX-11M+ derived, but menu-driven, P/OS ("Professional Operating System"). This DEC machine easily outperformed the PC, but was more expensive than, and completely incompatible with IBM PC hardware and software, offering far fewer options for customizing a system. Unlike CP/M and DOS microcomputers, every copy of every program for the Professional had to be provided with a unique key for the particular machine and CPU for which it was bought. At that time this was mainstream policy, because most computer software was either bought from the company that built the computer or custom-constructed for one client. However, the emerging third-party software industry disregarded the PDP-11/Professional line and concentrated on other microcomputers where distribution was easier. At DEC itself, creating better programs for the Professional was not a priority, perhaps from fear of cannibalizing the PDP-11 line. As a result the Professional was a superior machine, running inferior software.[46] In addition, a new user would have to learn an awkward, slow, and inflexible menu-based user interface which appeared to be radically different from PC DOS or CP/M, which were more commonly used on the 8080 and 8088 based microcomputers of the time. A second offering, the DECmate II was the latest version of the PDP-8 based word processors, but not really suited to general computing, nor competitive with Wang Laboratories' popular word processing equipment.
The best known of DEC's early microcomputers was the dual-processor (Z80 and 8088) Rainbow 100, which ran the 8-bit CP/M operating system on the Z80 and the 16-bit CP/M-86 operating system on the Intel 8086 processor. It could also run a UNIX System III implementation called VENIX. Applications from standard CP/M could be re-compiled for the Rainbow, but by this time users were expecting custom-built (pre-compiled binary) applications such as Lotus 1-2-3, which was eventually ported along with MS-DOS 2.0 and introduced in late 1983. Although the Rainbow generated some press, it was unsuccessful due to its high price and lack of marketing and sales support.[47]
The way the DEC standard RX50[48] floppy disk drive supported DEC's initial offerings seemed to encapsulate their approach to the personal computer market. Although the mechanical drive hardware was nearly identical to other 5.25" floppy disk drives available on competing systems,[49] DEC sought to differentiate their product by using a proprietary disk format for the data written on the disk. The DEC format had a higher capacity for data, but the RX50 drives were incompatible with other PC floppy drives. This required DEC owners to buy higher-priced, specially formatted floppy media, which was harder to obtain through standard distribution channels. DEC attempted to enforce exclusive control over its floppy media sales by copyrighting its proprietary disk format, and requiring a negotiated license agreement and royalty payments from anybody selling compatible media. The proprietary data format meant that RX50 floppies were not interchangeable with other PC floppies, further isolating DEC products from the developing de facto standard PC market. Hardware hackers and DEC enthusiasts eventually reverse-engineered the RX50 format,[48][50] but the damage had already been done, in terms of market confusion and isolation.
A further system was introduced in 1986 as the VAXmate, which included Microsoft Windows 1.0 and used VAX/VMS-based file and print servers along with integration into DEC's own DECnet-family, providing LAN/WAN connection from PC to mainframe or supermini. The VAXmate replaced the Rainbow, and in its standard form was the first widely marketed diskless workstation.
Networking and clusters[edit]
In 1984, DEC launched its first 10 Mbit/s Ethernet. Ethernet allowed scalable networking, and VAXcluster allowed scalable computing. Combined with DECnet and Ethernet-based terminal servers (LAT), DEC had produced a networked storage architecture which allowed them to compete directly with IBM. Ethernet replaced token ring, and went on to become the dominant networking model in use today.
In September 1985, DEC became the fifth company to register a .com domain name (
Along with the hardware and protocols, DEC also introduced the VAXcluster concept, which allowed several VAX machines to be tied together into a single larger storage system. VAXclusters allowed a DEC-based company to scale their services by adding new machines to the cluster at any time, as opposed to buying a faster machine and using that to replace a slower one. The flexibility this offered was compelling, and allowed DEC to attack high-end markets formerly out of their reach.
Although their microcomputer efforts were eventually considered failures, the PDP-11 and VAX lines continued to sell in record numbers. Better yet, DEC was competing very well against the market leader, IBM, taking an estimated $2 billion away from them in the mid-80s. In 1986, Digital's profits rose 38 percent when the rest of the computer industry experienced a downturn, and by 1987 the company was threatening IBM's number one position in the computer industry.[7]
At its peak, Digital was the second-largest computer company in the world, with over 100,000 employees. It was during this time that the company branched out development into a wide variety of projects that were far from its core business in computer equipment. The company invested heavily in custom software. In the 1970s and earlier most software was custom-written to serve a specific task, but by the 1980s the introduction of relational databases and similar systems allowed powerful software to be built in a modular fashion, potentially saving enormous amounts of development time. Software companies like Oracle became the new darlings of the industry, and DEC started their own efforts in every "hot" niche, in some cases several projects for the same niche. Some of these products competed with DEC's own partners, notably Rdb which competed with Oracle's products on the VAX, part of a major partnership only a few years earlier.
Although many of these products were well designed, most of them were DEC-only or DEC-centric, and customers frequently ignored them and used third-party products instead. This problem was further exacerbated by Olsen's aversion to traditional advertising and his belief that well-engineered products would sell themselves. Hundreds of millions of dollars were spent on these projects, at the same time that workstations using RISC microprocessors were starting to approach VAX CPUs in performance.
Faltering in the market[edit]
As microprocessors continued to improve in the 1980s, it soon became clear that the next generation would offer performance and features equal to the best of DECs low-end minicomputer lineup. Worse, the Berkeley RISC and Stanford MIPS designs were aiming to introduce 32-bit designs that would outperform the fastest members of the VAX family, DEC's cash cow.[51]
Constrained by the huge success of their VAX/VMS products, which followed the proprietary model, the company was very late to respond to these threats. In the early 1990s, DEC found its sales faltering and its first layoffs followed. The company that created the minicomputer, a dominant networking technology, and arguably the first computers for personal use, had abandoned the "low end" market, whose dominance with the PDP-8 had built the company in a previous generation. Decisions about what to do about this threat led to infighting within the company that seriously delayed their responses.
One group suggested that every possible development in the industry be poured into the construction of a new VAX family that would leapfrog the performance of the existing machines. This would limit the market erosion in the top-end segment, where profit margins were maximized and DEC could continue to survive as a minicomputer vendor. This line of thought led, eventually, to the VAX 9000 series, which were plagued with problems when they were first introduced in October 1989, already two years late.[52] The problems took so long to work out, and the prices of the systems were so high, that DEC was never able to make the line the success they hoped.
Others within the company felt that the proper response was to introduce their own RISC designs and use those to build new machines. However, there was little official support for these efforts, and no less than four separate small projects ran in parallel at various labs around the US. Eventually these were gathered into the DEC PRISM project, which delivered a credible 32-bit design with some unique features allowing it to serve as the basis of a new VAX implementation.[53] Infighting with teams dedicated to DEC's big iron made funding difficult, and the design was not finalized until April 1988, and then cancelled shortly thereafter.[54]
Another group concluded that new workstations like those from Sun Microsystems and Silicon Graphics would take away a large part of DEC's existing customer base before the new VAX systems could address the issues, and that the company needed its own Unix workstation as soon as possible. Fed up with slow progress on both the RISC and VAX fronts, a group in Palo Alto started a skunkworks project to introduce their own systems. Selecting the MIPS processor, which was widely available, introducing the new DECstation series with the model 3100 on 11 January 1989.[55] These systems would see some success in the market, but were later displaced by similar models running the Alpha.
32-bit MIPS and 64-bit Alpha systems[edit]
Inside view of AlphaServer 2100.
Eventually, in 1992, DEC launched the DECchip 21064 processor, the first implementation of their Alpha instruction set architecture, initially named Alpha AXP (the "AXP" was a "non-acronym" and was later dropped). This was a 64-bit RISC architecture (as opposed to the 32-bit CISC architecture used in the VAX) and one of the first "pure" (not an extension of an earlier 32-bit architecture) 64-bit microprocessor architectures and implementations. The Alpha offered class-leading performance at its launch, and subsequent variants continued to do so into the 2000s. An AlphaServer SC45 supercomputer was still ranked No. 6 in the world in November 2004.[56] Alpha-based computers (the DEC AXP series, later the AlphaStation and AlphaServer series) superseded both the VAX and MIPS architecture in DEC's product lines, and could run OpenVMS, DEC OSF/1 AXP (later, Digital Unix or Tru64 UNIX) and Microsoft's then-new operating system, Windows NT.
In 1998, following the takeover by Compaq Computers, a decision was made that Microsoft would no longer support and develop Windows NT for the Alpha series computers, a decision that was seen as the beginning of the end for the Alpha series computers.
In the mid-1990s, Digital Semiconductor collaborated with ARM Limited to produce the StrongARM microprocessor. This was based in part on ARM7 and in part on DEC technologies like Alpha, and was targeted at embedded systems and portable devices. It was highly compatible with the ARMv4 architecture and was very successful, competing effectively against rivals such as the SuperH and MIPS architectures in the portable digital assistant market. Microsoft subsequently dropped support for these other architectures in their Pocket PC platform. In 1997, as part of a lawsuit settlement, the StrongARM intellectual property was sold to Intel. They continued to produce StrongARM, as well as developing it into the XScale architecture. Intel subsequently sold this business to Marvell Technology Group in 2006.
Designing solutions[edit]
Beyond DECsystem-10/20, PDP, VAX and Alpha, Digital was well respected for its communication subsystem designs, such as Ethernet, DNA (DIGITAL Network Architecture – predominantly DECnet products), DSA (Digital Storage Architecture – disks/tapes/controllers), and its "dumb terminal" subsystems including VT100 and DECserver products.[57]
Final years[edit]
New 1993 corporate logo
At its peak in the late 1980s, Digital had $14 billion in sales and ranked among the most profitable companies in the nation. With its strong staff of engineers, Digital was expected to usher in the age of personal computers, but the autocratic and trend-resistant Mr. Olsen was openly skeptical of the desktop machines, saying “the personal computer will fall flat on its face in business”, and regarding them as “toys” used for playing video games. Digital's fortunes declined after missing out on some critical market shifts, particularly toward the personal computer. The board forced Olsen to resign as president in July 1992.[58]
Palmer restructured Digital into nine business units that reported directly to him. Nonetheless, Digital continued to suffer record losses in recent quarters, including a loss of $260.5 million for the quarter that ended on September 30, 1992. It reported $2.8 billion in losses for its fiscal year 1992. January 5, 1993 saw the retirement of John F. Smith as senior vice president of operations, the second in command at Digital, and his position was not filled. A 35-year company veteran, he had joined Digital in 1958 as the company's 12th employee, passing up a chance to work for Bell Laboratories in New Jersey to work for Digital, then a tiny start-up company in the mill town of Maynard, Mass. Smith rose to become one of the three senior vice presidents in 1987 and was widely considered among the potential successors to Ken Olsen, especially when Smith was appointed chief operating officer in 1991. Smith became a corporate spokesman on financial issues, and had filled in at trouble spots for which Olsen ordered more attention. However Smith was passed over in favor of Palmer when Olsen was forced to resign in July 1992, though Smith stayed on for a time to help turnaround the struggling company.[60]
In June 1993, Palmer and several of his top lieutenants presented their reorganization plans to applause from the board of directors, and several weeks later Digital reported its first profitable quarter in several years. However on April 15, 1994, Digital reported a loss of $183 million—three to four times higher than the loss many people on Wall Street had predicted (compared with a loss of $30 million in the comparable period a year earlier), causing the stock price on the NYSE to plunge $5.875 to $23, a 20 percent drop. The losses at that point totaled $339 million for the current fiscal year. Sales of the VAX, long the company's biggest moneymaker, continued to decline, which in turn also hurt Digital's lucrative service and maintenance business (that made up more than a third of Digital Equipment's revenue of $14 billion in the 1993 fiscal year), which declined 11 percent year over year to $1.5 billion in the most recent quarter. Market's acceptance of Digital Alpha computers and chips has been slower than the company had hoped, even though Alpha's sales for the quarter estimated at $275 million were up significantly from $165 million in the December quarter. Digital also made a strong push into personal computers and workstations, which had even lower margins than Alpha computers and chips. Also, Digital was playing catchup with its own Unix offerings for client-server networks, as it long emphasized its own VMS software, while corporate computer users based their client-server networks on the industry-standard Unix software (of which Hewlett Packard was one of the market leaders). Digital's problems were similar to that of larger rival I.B.M., due to the fundamental shift in the computer industry that made it unlikely that Digital could ever again operate profitably at its former size of 120,000 employees, and while its workforce had been reduced to 92,000 people many analysts expected that they would have to cut another 20,000.[61]
During the profitable years up until the early 1990s, DEC was a company that boasted that it never had a general layoff.[62] Following the 1992 economic downturn, layoffs became regular events as the company continually downsized to try to stay afloat.[63] Palmer was tasked with the goal of bringing DEC back to profitability, which he attempted to do by changing the established DEC business culture, hiring new executives from outside the company, and selling off various non-core business units:[64]
• Rdb, DEC's database product, was sold to Oracle.
• Rights to the PDP-11 line and several PDP-11 operating systems were sold to Mentec in 1994, though DEC continued to produce some PDP-11 hardware for a few years.[65]
• Disk and DLT technologies was sold to Quantum Corporation in 1994.
• CORBA-based product, ObjectBroker, and its messaging software, MessageQ, were sold to BEA Systems, Inc in March 1997.
• In May 1997, DEC sued Intel for allegedly infringing on its Alpha patents in designing the original Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II chips.[66] As part of a settlement, much of DEC's chip design and fabrication business was sold to Intel. This included DEC's StrongARM implementation of the ARM computer architecture, which Intel marketed as the XScale processors commonly used in Pocket PCs. The core of Digital Semiconductor, the Alpha microprocessor group, remained with DEC, while the associated office buildings went to Intel as part of the Hudson, Mass. fabrication site.
• Printer business was sold in 1997 to GENICOM (now TallyGenicom), which then produced models bearing the Digital logo.
• Networking business was sold c.1997 to Cabletron Systems, and subsequently spun off as Digital Network Products Group.
• DECtalk and DECvoice voice products were spun off, and eventually arrived at Fonix Speech Group.
By 1997, Digital had subsidiary companies in more than two dozen countries including Austria, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China (People's Republic), Colombia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Jersey States, New Zealand, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom.[67]
Eventually, on 26 January 1998, what remained of the company (including Digital's multivendor global services organization and customer support centers) was sold to PC manufacturer Compaq in what was the largest merger up to that time in the computer industry. Several years earlier, Compaq had considered a bid for Digital but only became seriously interested after Digital's major divestments and refocusing on the Internet in 1997. At the time of Compaq's acquisition announcement, Digital had a total of 53,500 employees, down from a peak of 130,000 in the 1980s, but it still employed about 65 percent more people than Compaq to produce about half the volume of sales revenues. After the merger closed, Compaq moved aggressively to reduce Digital’s high selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) costs (equal to 24 percent of total 1997 revenues) and bring them more in line with Compaq’s SG&A expense ratio of 12 percent of revenues.[68]
Compaq used the acquisition to move into enterprise services and compete with IBM, and by 2001 services made up over 20% of Compaq's revenues, largely due to the Digital employees inherited from the merger.[69] Digital's own PC manufacturing was discontinued after the merger closed. As Compaq did not wish to compete with one of its key partner suppliers, the remainder of Digital Semiconductor (the Alpha microprocessor group) was sold to Intel, which placed those employees back in their Hudson (Massachusetts) office, which they had vacated when the site was sold to Intel in 1997.
Compaq struggled as a result of the merger with Digital,[68] and was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 2002. Compaq, and later HP, continued to sell many of the former Digital products but rebranded with their own logos. For example, HP now sells what were formerly Digital's StorageWorks disk/tape products,[70] as a result of the Compaq acquisition.
The Digital logo survived for a while after the company ceased to exist, as the logo of Digital GlobalSoft, an IT services company in India (which was a 51 percent subsidiary of Compaq). Digital GlobalSoft was later renamed "HP GlobalSoft" (also known as the "HP Global Delivery India Center" or HP GDIC), and no longer uses the Digital logo.
The and domain names are now owned by Hewlett-Packard and redirect to their US website.[71] Digital once held the Class A IP address block[72]
The Digital Federal Credit Union (DCU, now DFCU), which was chartered in 1979 for employees of DEC, is now open to essentially everyone. DFCU has over 700 different sponsors, including the companies that acquired pieces of DEC.
Some of the work of the Research Labs was published in the Digital Technical Journal,[73] which was in published from 1985 until 1998.[74]
Digital was one of the first businesses connected to the Internet, with, registered in 1985,[75] being one of the first of the now ubiquitous .com domains. DEC's was a well-known software repository during the pre-World Wide Web days, and Digital was also the first computer vendor to open a public website, on 1 October 1993.[76] The popular AltaVista, created by Digital, was one of the first comprehensive Internet search engines. (Although Lycos was earlier, it was much more limited.)
User organizations[edit]
3. ^ "MITRE's Project Whirlwind Computer Collection Transferred to MIT", MITRE, 1 July 2009
4. ^ "Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)", MITRE, 25 January 2005
5. ^ "TX-0 Computer", Computer History Museum
6. ^ Highlights from The Computer Museum Report Volume 8 Spring 1984, The Computer Museum, Boston, MA, archived at, retrieved 19 February 2010
7. ^ a b c d e "Digital Equipment Corporation", International Directory of Company Histories, Volume 6, St. James Press, 1992
8. ^ a b "A Proposal to American Research and Development Corporation 27 May 1957"
9. ^ a b Richard Best, Russell Doane and John McNamara, "Digital Modules, The Basis for Computers", Computer Engineering, A DEC view of hardware systems design", Digital Press, 1978
10. ^ "DEC Laboratory Module – FLIP-FLOP 201", Computer History Museum
11. ^ a b DEC Building Block Logic, Second Ed., Digital Equipment Corporation, Nov. 1960; 48 pages.
12. ^ Richard Best, Russell Doane and John McNamara, "Digital Modules, The Basis for Computers", in Computer Engineering, A DEC view of hardware systems design", Digital Press, 1978
13. ^ a b Present 1978, pg. 3
14. ^ a b Present 1978, pg. 10
15. ^ Eastern Joint Computer Conference and Exhibition, official program of 1959 meeting in Boston
16. ^ "DIGITAL Computing Timeline, 1960"
17. ^ Computers and Automation, April 1961, pg. 8B
18. ^ "Bureau of Labor Statistics Inflation Calculator, 1961–2011"
20. ^ Datamation, Volume 5 Number 6 (November/December), pg. 24
21. ^ "Preliminary Specifications: Programmed Data Processor Model Three (PDP-3)", DEC, October 1960
22. ^ Posting in "Announcements from The DEC Connection", The DEC Connection, 14 January 2007
23. ^ Gordon Bell, "DIGITAL Computing Timeline, 1962, PDP-4"
24. ^ Gordon Bell, "DIGITAL Computing Timeline, 1964, PDP-7"
25. ^ Gordon Bell, "DIGITAL Computing Timeline, 1965, PDP-7A"
26. ^ Eric Steven Raymond, "Origins and History of Unix, 1969–1995", 19 September 2003
27. ^ Gordon Bell, "DIGITAL Computing Timeline, 1965, PDP-9"
28. ^ DEC Advertisement, Chemical and Engineering News, Volume 46 (1968), pg. 85
29. ^ a b c Miller 1997, pg. 452
30. ^ Wesley Clark, "The Linc, Perhaps the First Mini-Computer", From Cave Paintings to the Internet
31. ^ a b c d "DEC FAQ: What is a PDP-8?"
32. ^ "DEC PDP-8 minicomputer, 1965", The Science Museum
33. ^ "Internet History:1965", Computer History Museum
34. ^ Present 1978, pg. 7
35. ^ Present 1978, pg. 8
36. ^ Miller 1997, pg. 456
37. ^ a b Miller 1997, pg. 457
38. ^ Gordon Bell, "DIGITAL Computing Timeline, 1964, PDP-6"
39. ^ "PDP-6 Timesharing Software", DEC Publication F-61B
40. ^ a b Larry McGowan, "How the PDP-11 Was Born (according to Larry McGowan), 19 August 1998
41. ^ alt.folklore.computers List of Frequently Asked Questions
42. ^ Electronic Business. Cahners. 1984. p. 76.
43. ^ DEC Microprocessors: NVAX (1991)
44. ^ Olsen later claimed he was referring to home automation, see "Ken Olsen"
45. ^ Croxton, Greg. "DEC Robin (VT-180) & documentation". DigiBarn Computer Museum. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
46. ^ Katan, M.B., Scholte, B.A., 1984. Application of a Professional 350 in a university department - a consumer’s report, in: Proceedings Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. Amsterdam, p. 368.
47. ^ "The Rainbow 100 Frequently Asked Questions". Drive W. Approximatrix, LLC. 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
48. ^ a b Stravers, Kees. "The RX50 FAQ". Kees's VAX page. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
49. ^ "Geek Historian". "MP01482 RX50 EngrDrws Jul82". Tech History – Digital Equipment Corporation. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
50. ^ Wilson, John. "PUTR.COM V2.01". Retrieved 21 March 2011. This relatively recent work is a well-developed example of programs to enhance interchange of data between DEC formatted media and standard PC systems
51. ^ John L. Hennessy; David A. Patterson, David Goldberg (2003). Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-55860-596-1.
52. ^ John Markoff, "Market Place; Digital Finally Follows a Trend", The New York Times, 16 July 1990
53. ^ Dileep Bhandarkar et al., "High performance issue oriented architecture", Proceedings of Compcon Spring '90, pg. 153–160
54. ^ Mark Smotherman, "PRISM (Parallel Reduced Instruction Set Machine)", Clemson University School of Computing, October 2009
55. ^ Thomas Furlong et al., "Development of the DECstation 3100", Digital Technical Journal, Volume 2 Number 2 (Spring 1990), pg. 84–88
56. ^ Top 10 Supercomputing Sites, November 2004
57. ^ For in-depth articles regarding Digital technologies, refer to the archived Digital Technical Journal
58. ^ [1]
59. ^ Ned Batchelder and
60. ^ [2]
61. ^ [3]
62. ^ Schein, et al, pp. 67, 109.
63. ^ Schein, et al, p. 233.
64. ^ Schein, et al, pp. 128, 144, 234.
65. ^ PDP-11 RSX RT RSTS Emulator Osprey Charon
66. ^ "DEC, Cyrix sue Intel", by Gale Bradley and Jim Detar, Electronic News 43, #2168 (19 May 1997), ISSN 1061-6624.
67. ^ SEC Web site retrieved 22 January 2008
68. ^ a b [4]
69. ^ Digital Equipment Corp - Takeover By Compaq Computer Corp. - Intel, Service, Services, and Personal. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
70. ^ HP StorageWorks – Data and Network Storage Products and Solutions
71. ^,
72. ^ List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks
73. ^ Digital Technical Journal – Online Issues
75. ^
76. ^ DECTEI-L Archives – February 1994 (#2)
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/343 | Elemental calcium
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Elemental calcium is a term used in dietary supplement ingredient lists to refer to the amount of calcium in a product.[1] Calcium pills contain calcium in a variety of molecules, such as carbonate, citrate, citrate-maleate, orotate, etc. Each pill supplies a different amount of elemental calcium when absorbed, and hence differs in its effectiveness. For example, calcium carbonate is 40% elemental calcium by weight; citrate is roughly 20% calcium, etc. Thus a 500 mg pill of calcium carbonate contains 200 mg of calcium and the container will indicate each pill has 200 mg of elemental calcium. This is the calcium that is actually available to the body and, as such, is the amount that one needs to consider towards his/her daily requirement.[2] Hence, one should read the label carefully to determine the number of pills to be taken. Other factors may influence the choice of molecule prescribed. Calcium carbonate is by far the best, since it is cheap and allows more calcium intake per dose, but leads to indigestion, flatulence and other intestinal problems in quite a few patients. It also requires that the patient take the tablet after a full meal and avoid taking antacids concomitantly, which is difficult to achieve in patients taking multiple medications. Citrate or citrate-maleate is the molecule of choice in such cases; these need to be taken before meals and have less/no interaction with antacids.[3]
1. ^ [1] Women, Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle
2. ^ [2] The Washington Manual of Surgery
3. ^ [3] Calcium supplements
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/344 | Enuma anu enlil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Enuma Anu Enlil (EAE) (literal translation: When the gods Anu and Enlil [...]) (meaningful translation: In the days of Anu and Enlil)[1] is a major series of 68 or 70 tablets (depending on the recension) dealing with Babylonian astrology. The bulk of the work is a substantial collection of omens, estimated to number between 6500 and 7000, which interpret a wide variety of celestial and atmospheric phenomena in terms relevant to the king and state.[2]:78
Enuma Anu Enlil is the principal source of omens used in the regular astrological reports that were sent to the Neo-Assyrian king by his entourage of scholars. There are well over 500 such reports published in volume 8 of the State Archives of Assyria.[3] A majority of these reports simply list the relevant omens that best describe recent celestial events and many add brief explanatory comments concerning the interpretation of the omens for the benefit of the king.)[1]
A typical report dealing with the first appearance of the moon on the first day of the month is exemplified by Report 10 from volume 8 of the State Archives:
If the moon becomes visible on the first day: reliable speech; the land will be happy.
If the day reaches its normal length: a reign of long days.
If the moon at its appearance wears a crown: the king will reach the highest rank.
From Issar-šumu-ereš.[3]:10
The series was probably compiled in its canonical form during the Kassite period (1595–1157 BCE) but there was certainly some form of prototype Enuma Anu Enlil current in the Old Babylonian period (1950–1595 BCE). It continued in use well into the 1st millennium, the latest datable copy being written in 194 BCE. It is believed that the first 49 tablets were transmitted to India in the 4th or 3rd centuries BCE and that the final tablets dealing with the stars had also arrived in India just before the Christian Era.[4]
The whole series has yet to be fully reconstructed and many gaps in the text are still evident. The matter is complicated by the fact that copies of the same tablet often differ in their contents or are organised differently — a fact that has led some scholars to believe that there were up to five different recensions of the text current in different parts of the Ancient Near East.[2]:76–82
The subject matter of the Enuma Anu Enlil tablets unfold in a pattern that reveals the behaviour of the moon first, then solar phenomena, followed by other weather activities, and finally the behaviour of various stars and planets.)[1]
The first 13 tablets deal with the first appearances of the moon on various days of the month, its relation to planets and stars, and such phenomena as lunar haloes and crowns. The omens from this section, like those quoted above, are the most frequently used in the whole corpus. This section is framed by tablet 14, which details a basic mathematical scheme for predicting the visibility of the moon.
Tablets 15 to 22 are dedicated to lunar eclipses. It uses many forms of encoding, such as the date, watches of the night and quadrants of the moon, to predict which regions and cities the eclipse was believed to affect.
Tablets 23 to 29 deal with the appearances of the sun, its colour, markings and its relation to cloudbanks and storm clouds when it rises. Solar eclipses are explored in tablets 30 to 39.
Tablets 40 to 49 concern weather phenomena and earthquakes, special attention being devoted to the occurrence of thunder.
The final 20 tablets are dedicated to the stars and planets. These tablets in particular use a form of encoding in which the names of the planets are replaced by the names of fixed stars and constellations.[5]
Publication of the series[edit]
At the present time less than half of the series has been published in modern English editions. The lunar eclipses tablets (tablets 15–22) have been transliterated and translated in Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination, by F. Rochberg-Halton, 1989. The solar omens (tablets 23–29) appear as The Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil edited by W. Van Soldt, 1995. And several tablets concerning planetary omens have been published by E. Reiner and H. Hunger under the title Babylonian Planetary Omens volumes 1–4. The first part of the lunar omens (tablets 1–6) has been published in Italian by L. Verderame, Le tavole I–VI della serie astrologica Enuma Anu Enlil, 2002. Tablets 44-49 have been published by E. Gehlken in Weather Omens of Enūma Anu Enlil: Thunderstorms, Wind, and Rain (Tablets 44-49) (Leiden: Brill, 2012).
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b c Iroku, Osita; A Day in the Life of God; published by The Enlil Institute, Dover DE; 2008.
2. ^ a b Ulla Koch-Westenholz, Mesopotamian Astrology
3. ^ a b Hermann Hunger, ed., State Archives of Assyria, Astrological reports to Assyrian kings, Volume 8, 1992.
4. ^ David Brown, Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology (2000): 254–5.
5. ^ The most extensive list of planet to constellation correspondences can be found in F. Gössmann, Planetarium Babylonicum (1950). |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/345 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ill Bell and Froswick (on the right) from the upper valley of the River Kent
Elevation 720 m (2,362 ft)
Prominence c. 75 m
Parent peak Ill Bell
Listing Wainwright, Nuttall, Hewitt
Froswick is located in Lake District
Location in Lake District, UK
Location Cumbria, England
Range Lake District, Far Eastern Fells
OS grid NY435085
Coordinates 54°28′07″N 2°52′24″W / 54.46871°N 2.87326°W / 54.46871; -2.87326Coordinates: 54°28′07″N 2°52′24″W / 54.46871°N 2.87326°W / 54.46871; -2.87326
Topo map OS Explorer OL7
Froswick is a fell in the English Lake District, standing on the fine narrow ridge between the valleys of Kentmere and Troutbeck.
To the north is Thornthwaite Crag, while the adjoining fell to the south is Ill Bell. Froswick is shorter in stature than either of its neighbours and also has no obvious route of direct ascent. For these reasons it is often seen merely as a stopping point on the Ill Bell ridge, or the longer Kentmere Horseshoe walk. Froswick also apes the form of Ill Bell to a surprising degree, particularly when the ridge is viewed in profile.
The western Troutbeck side is steep and smooth, except for the ravine of Blue Gill. This rends the fellside from top to bottom and is a feeder of Hagg Gill. The Kentmere flank is rougher and falls in fans of scree to the River Kent, just above Kentmere Reservoir.
Topographically, Froswick has one feature which Ill Bell lacks - a subsidiary ridge. Starting out southwards from halfway down the western side, a narrow wedge of high ground pushes out into the Troutbeck valley. Separating Trout Beck from its main tributary Hagg Gill, is the modest height of Troutbeck Tongue.
The ridges north and south from Froswick are both narrow and airy. Northwards a ruined fence is followed above the crags of Wander Scar, before the ridge broadens onto the summit plateau of Thornthwaite Crag. The transit to Ill Bell passes above Over Cove on the Kentmere side before commencing the rocky scramble to the summit. The impressive summit cairns of both neighbours are easily visible from Froswick.
Roman road[edit]
In addition to the well-worn path along the ridge (and a detour which bypasses the Froswick summit to the west), the fell also carries the High Street Roman road on its western flank. This rises up the valley of Hagg Gill before crossing the ridge below Thornthwaite Crag and making a bee-line for its namesake fell. Climbing along a number of worn grooves in the fellside, the road is also known as Scot Rake.
Summit and View[edit]
The summit of Froswick is small, but lacks the rockiness of Ill Bell. A small cairn sits on the grass. The view is limited by taller neighbours, but there is a good sight of the Scafells and Langdales.[1]
Direct ascents can be made via Scot Rake or Blue Gill from Troutbeck. On the Kentmere side there are no pathed routes, but a tongue of grass to the north of the fell avoids the worst of the scree. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/347 | Iris (plant)
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Iris croatica
National Flower of Croatia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Subfamily: Iridoideae
Tribe: Irideae
Genus: Iris
Type species
Iris germanica
Rhizomes of ornamental irises
Iris persica, a bulbous iris
The iris flower is of interest as an example of the relation between flowering plants and pollinating insects. The shape of the flower and the position of the pollen-receiving and stigmatic surfaces on the outer petals form a landing-stage for a flying insect, which in probing for nectar, will first come into contact with the perianth, then with the stigmatic stamens in one whorled surface which is borne on an ovary formed of three carpels. The shelf-like transverse projection on the inner whorled underside of the stamens is beneath the overarching style arm below the stigma, so that the insect comes in contact with its pollen-covered surface only after passing the stigma; in backing out of the flower it will come in contact only with the non-receptive lower face of the stigma. Thus, an insect bearing pollen from one flower will, in entering a second, deposit the pollen on the stigma; in backing out of a flower, the pollen which it bears will not be rubbed off on the stigma of the same flower.
Systematics and taxonomy[edit]
Up to 300 species – many of them natural hybrids – have been placed in the genus Iris. Modern classifications, starting with W. R. Dykes' 1913 book, have subdivided them. Dykes referred to the major subgroupings as sections, but later authors have generally called them subgenera, while essentially retaining his groupings. Like some older sources, the influential classification by G. I. Rodionenko removed some groups (particularly the bulbous irises) to separate genera, but even if this is done the genus remains large and several subgenera, sections and/or subsections are recognised within it.[4]
Subgenus Iris[edit]
Bearded rhizomatous irises
Section Iris
Iris humilis ssp. arenaria
Iris regis-uzziae in Israel
Section Oncocyclus
Section Hexapogon
Section Psammiris
Section Pseudoregelia
Section Regelia
Subgenus Limniris[edit]
Beardless rhizomatous irises
Section Limniris
Section Lophiris
Subgenus Xiphium[edit]
Smooth-bulbed bulbous irises. Formerly genus Xiphion.
Yellow Spanish Iris, Iris xiphium var. lusitanica
Section Xiphium
Subgenus Nepalensis[edit]
Bulbous irises. Formerly genus Junopsis.
Section Nepalensis
Subgenus Scorpiris[edit]
Section Scorpiris
Subgenus Hermodactyloides[edit]
Reticulate-bulbed bulbous irises. Formerly genus Iridodictyum.
Section Hermodactyloides
Irises are extensively grown as ornamental plants in home and botanical gardens. Presby Memorial Iris Gardens in New Jersey, for example, is a living iris museum with over 10,000 plants, while in Europe the most famous iris garden is arguably the Giardino dell'Iris in Florence (Italy) which every year hosts one of the most famous iris breeders' competitions in the world. Irises, especially the multitude of bearded types, feature regularly in shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show. Irises grow in any good free garden soil, the smaller and more delicate species needing only the aid of turf ingredients, either peat or loam, to keep it light and open in texture. The earliest to bloom are species like I. junonia and I. reichenbachii, which flower as early as February and March (Northern Hemisphere), followed by the dwarf forms of I. pumila which blossom in Spring, followed in early Summer by most of the tall bearded varietis, such as the German Iris and its variety florentina, Sweet Iris, Hungarian Iris, Lemon-yellow Iris (I. flavescens), Iris sambucina, I. amoena, and their natural and horticultural hybrids such as those described under names like I. neglecta or I. squalens and best united unter I. × lurida.
Bearded rhizomatous irises[edit]
'Amethyst Flame'. Note prominent "beard".
Iris barbata elatior 'Barocco'
The most commonly found garden iris is the bearded German Iris (I. germanica) and its numerous cultivars. Various wild forms and naturally occurring hybrids of the Sweet iris (I. pallida) and the Hungarian iris (I. variegata) form the basis of almost all modern hybrid bearded irises. Median forms of bearded iris (intermediate bearded, or IB; miniature tall bearded, or MTB; etc.) are derived from crosses between tall and dwarf varieties.
The bearded irises are easy to cultivate and propagate, and have become very popular in gardens. A small selection is usually held by garden centres at appropriate times during the season, but there are thousands of cultivars available from specialist suppliers. They are best planted as bare root plants in late summer, in a sunny open position with the rhizome visible on the surface of the soil and facing the sun. They should be divided in summer every two or three years, when the clumps become congested.
A truly red bearded iris, like a truly blue rose, remains an unattained goal despite frequent hybridizing and selection. There are species and selections, most notably based on the beardless rhizomatous Copper iris (I. fulva), which have a relatively pure red color. However, getting this color into a modern bearded iris breed has proven very difficult, and thus, the vast majority of irises are in the purple and blue range of the color spectrum, with yellow, pink, orange and white breeds also available.
The following is a selection of bearded irises which have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
• 'Alizes'[6] (tall bearded, blue & white)
• 'Bumblebee Deelite'[7] (miniature tall bearded, yellow/purple)
• 'Early Light'[8] (tall bearded, pale yellow)
• 'Jane Phillips'[9] (tall bearded, pale blue)
• 'Langport Wren'[10] (intermediate bearded, maroon)
• 'Maui Moonlight'[11] (intermediate bearded, pale yellow)
• 'Orinoco Flow'[12] (border bearded, white/violet)
• 'Raspberry Blush'[13] (intermediate bearded, pink)
• 'Sarah Taylor'[14] (dwarf bearded, pale yellow)
• 'Thornbird'[15] (tall bearded, pale yellow)
• 'Titan's Glory'[16] (tall bearded, deep blue)
Oncocyclus section[edit]
Regelia section[edit]
Beardless rhizomatous (subgenus Limniris) irises[edit]
Beardless rhizomatous iris types commonly found in the garden are the Siberian iris (I. sibirica) and its hybrids, and the Japanese Iris (I. ensata) and its hybrids. "Japanese Iris" is also a catch-all term for the Japanese iris proper (hanashōbu), the Blood iris (I. sanguinea, ayame) and the Rabbitear iris (I. laevigata, kakitsubata). I. unguicularis is a late-winter-flowering species from Algeria, with sky-blue flowers blotched with yellow, produced from Winter to Spring. Yet another beardless rhizomatous iris popular in gardening is I. ruthenica, which has much the same requirements and characteristics as the tall bearded irises.
Reticulate-bulbed (subgenus Hermodactyloides) irises[edit]
Reticulate irises with their characteristic bulbs, including the yellow I. danfordiae, and the various blue-purple I. histrioides, I. reticulata, as well as the smooth-bulbed I. filifolia, flower as early as February and March. These reticulate-bulbed irises are miniatures and popular spring bulbs, being one of the first to bloom in the garden. Many of the smaller species of bulbous iris, being liable to perish from excess of moisture, should have a well-drained bed of good but porous soil made up for them, in some sunny spot, and in winter should be protected by a covering of half-decayed leaves or fresh cocos-fibre refuse.
Aromatic rhizomes[edit]
Bombay Sapphire gin contains flavoring derived from particular bearded iris species
Rhizomes of the German Iris (I. germanica) and Sweet Iris (I. pallida) are traded as orris root and are used in perfume and medicine, though more common in ancient times than today. Today Iris essential oil (absolute) from flowers are sometimes used in aromatherapy as sedative medicines. The dried rhizomes are also given whole to babies to help in teething. Gin brands such as Bombay Sapphire and Magellan Gin use orris root and sometimes iris flowers for flavor and color.
For orris root production, iris rhizomes are harvested, dried, and aged for up to 5 years. In this time, the fats and oils inside the roots undergo degradation and oxidation, which produces many fragrant compounds that are valuable in perfumery. The scent is said to be similar to violets. The aged rhizomes are steam-distilled which produces a thick oily compound, known in the perfume industry as "iris butter" or Orris Oil.
Iris rhizomes also contain notable amounts of terpenes, and organic acids such as ascorbic acid, myristic acid, tridecylenic acid and undecylenic acid. Iris rhizomes can be toxic. Larger Blue Flag (I. versicolor) and other species often grown in gardens and widely hybridized contain elevated amounts of the toxic glycoside iridin. These rhizomes can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or skin irritation, but poisonings are not normally fatal. Irises should only be used medicinally under professional guidance.
Water purification[edit]
Flowering Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus) at a treatment pond
In water purification, Yellow Iris (I. pseudacorus) is used. The roots are usually planted in a substrate (e.g. lava-stone) in a reedbed-setup. The roots then improve water quality by consuming nutrient pollutants, such as from agricultural runoff.
In art and symbolism[edit]
An iris – species unspecified – is one of the state flowers of Tennessee. Tradition holds that the particular iris symbolizing Tennessee is a purple cultivar, to go alongside the wild-growing Purple Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata) which is the state's other floral emblem. Greeneville, Tennessee is home to the annual Iris Festival celebrating the Iris, local customs, and culture.[17]
The artist George Gessert has specialised in breeding irises.[18]
The artist Vincent van Gogh painted several famous pictures of irises.[19]
A stylized Yellow Iris is the symbol of Brussels, since historically, the important Saint Gaugericus Island was carpeted in them.[21] The iris symbol is now the sole feature on the flag of the Brussels-Capital Region.
The provincial flower of Québec (Canada) is the Harlequin Blueflag (I. versicolor), called iris versicolore in French.
See also[edit]
1. ^ "WCSP". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2010.
2. ^ "Iris". Pacific Bulb Society. 2011-11-26. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
4. ^ Dyke (1913), Rodionenko (1961)
5. ^ "Iris hollandica". Uniprot. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
6. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Alizes'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
7. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Bumblebee Deelite'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
8. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Early Light'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
9. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Jane Phillips'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
10. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Langport Wren'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
11. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Maui Moonlight'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
12. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Orinoco Flow'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
13. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Raspberry Blush'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
14. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Sarah Taylor'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
15. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Thornbird'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
16. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Titan's Glory'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
17. ^ "18th Annual Iris Festival". Retrieved 2012-03-03.
18. ^ West [2008]
19. ^ Pioch (2002)
20. ^ Mancoff (2003): p.6,16
21. ^ Chancery of the Prime Minister, Kingdom of Belgium [2007]
• Chancery of the Prime Minister, Kingdom of Belgium [2007]: Brussels Town Hall. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
• Dykes, W. R. (1913): The genus Iris. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
• Mancoff, Debra N} (2003): Flora Symbolica: Flowers in Pre-Raphaelite Art. Prestel Publishing, New York, USA. ISBN 3-7913-2851-4.
• Pioch, Nicolas (2002): Gogh, Vincent van: Irises. Bersion of 2002-AUG-19. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
• Rodionenko, G. I. (1961): The genus Iris L.. Moscow and Leningrad.
• Species Group of the British Iris Society (1996): A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. ISBN 0-521-44074-2.
• West, Ruth [2008]: George Gessert. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/348 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Shivling, Ralaj, Khambhat,
Shivling, Ralaj, Khambhat,
Khambhat is located in Gujarat
Coordinates: 22°18′N 72°37′E / 22.3°N 72.62°E / 22.3; 72.62Coordinates: 22°18′N 72°37′E / 22.3°N 72.62°E / 22.3; 72.62
Country India
State Gujarat
District Anand
Population (2011)
• Total 93,197
• Official Gujarati, Hindi
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Kite fastival in gujarat.jpg
Khambhat, Gujarati:ખંભાત,(Hindi:खंभात) (About this sound pronunciation ), formerly known as Cambay, is a city and a municipality in Anand district in the Indian state of Gujarat. It was formerly an important trading center, although its harbour has gradually silted up, and the maritime trade has moved elsewhere. Khambhat lies on an alluvial plain at the north end of the Gulf of Khambhat, which is noted for the extreme rise and fall of its tides, which can vary as much as thirty feet in the vicinity of Khambhat. Khambhat is known for its "Halvasan, Sutar feni and Kites (Patang)". And though being a part of various sources of oil and gas, it is not so developed as compared to other cities around.
Khambhat is also well known for its azadari done here, here all Muslims (shia & sunni) and all Hindus unitedly take out the TAZIYA of IMAM HUSSAIN on 10th mohurrum ASHURA. The ZARI MUBARAK of khambhat is very giant as the NAWAB of khambhat has brought it from IRAN by sea.
Origin of name[edit]
Some scholars suggest that the name Khambhat/Khambat -the Kambaya/Kanbāya of the Arabic writers[1] – is connected with the Kambojas, and it is stated to be an apabhraṃśa form of the Sanskrit Kamboja.[2][3] Some people believe that the town of Khambhat may be the Camanes of Ptolemy. Lieutenant-Colonel James Tod believes that the name comes from the Sanskrit Khambavati or 'City of the Pillar'. One of the most accepted belief is, 'Khambhat' is made up of 2 words 'Khambh' and 'Aayat', Khambh means pole or pillar & Aayat means Import in Gujarati language. So, it is believed that, there has to be some pole, which must have been an identity for this city & as it was a glorious port, import/export trade was at the extreme.
Mausoleum of 1st Wali–ul–Hind Moulai Abdullah, Khambat, Gujarat, Era 1050AD-1100AD.
The city of Cambay was an important Indian manufacturing and trading center noted by Marco Polo and illustrated here in the 15th century.
The king of Cambay, painted by the Italian painter, Ludovico di Varthema in the early 16th century.
Cambay was formerly a flourishing city, the seat of an extensive trade, and celebrated for its manufactures of silk, chintz and gold stuffs. The Arab traveller, al-Mas'udi, visited the city in 915 AD, describing it as a very successful port; it was mentioned in 1293 by Marco Polo, who, calling it Cambaet, noted it as a busy port. He mentions that the city had its own king. Indigo and fine buckram were particular products of the region, but much cotton and leather was also exported through Cambay. A contemporary Italian traveller, Marino Sanudo, said that Cambeth was one of India’s main two ocean ports. Another Italian, visiting in about 1440, Niccolò de' Conti, mentions that the walls of the city were twelve miles in circumference.
In 1072, two arab travellers named Moulai Abdullah and Moulai Ahmed from yemen landed at the port of Khambat to envisage the teachings of Islam from Arab countries. The core teachings of Mohammed SAW and Hadith. There Mausoleums of both Moulai Abdullah and Moulai Ahmed are situated in the same place where they lived. Even today the followers are been blessed in Mausoleums. Upon arriving in Khambhat, Abdullah came across a married couple named Kaka and Kaki Akela. A well on their farm had dried up, but Abdullah reportedly performed a miracle and the well filled with water. Amazed by this, the couple became the first to accept Fatimid Islam in India, and thus the earliest Bohras. Kaka akela and Kaki akela were the first to become mumin in Hind on hands of Moulai Abdullah. Kaka akela and Kaki akela Mausoleum are situated near about 2 KM from city with a cool breezing atmosphere at there farms. [4]
The Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa visited the city, which he calls Cambaia, in the early sixteenth century.[5] His description of the city is very full, he states:
"Entering by Cuindarim,[6] which is the internal river, there is great and beautiful city that they call Cambaia, populated by Mouros (Muslims) and Hindus (Gentios). It has many beautiful houses, very high with windows, and covered with tiles in our manner. The streets are laid out well, with pretty squares and large buildings." He describes the city as very busy and affluent, with merchants coming frequently by sea from the world around.
Owing principally to the gradually increasing difficulty of access by water by the silting up of the gulf, its commerce has long since fallen away, and the town became poor and dilapidated. The spring tides rise upwards of 30 ft (10 m), and in a channel usually so shallow form a serious danger to shipping. By 1900, the trade was chiefly confined to the export of cotton. The town was celebrated for its manufacture of agate and carnelian ornaments, of reputation, principally in China.
The houses in many instances are built of stone (a circumstance which indicates the former wealth of the city, as the material had to be brought from a very considerable distance); and remains of a brick wall, 3 miles (5 km) in circumference, which formerly surrounded the town, enclose four large reservoirs of good water and three bazaars. To the southeast there are very extensive ruins of subterranean temples and other buildings half-buried in the sand by which the ancient town was overwhelmed. These temples belong to the Jains, and contain two massive statues of their deities, the one black, the other white. The principal one, as the inscription intimates, is Pariswanath, or Parswanath, carved in the reign of the emperor Akbar; the black one has the date of 1651 inscribed.
Princely State of Cambay[edit]
Cambay was the capital of a princely state of British India within the Gujarat division of Bombay. It had an area of 350 square miles (906 km²). It was founded in 1730, the time of the dismemberment of the Mughal empire. Its Nawabs were descended from Mumin Khan, the last of the Mughal governors of Gujarat, who in 1742 defeated his brother-in-law, Nizam Khan, governor of Khambhat, and established himself there.[7]
In 1780 Cambay was taken by the army of general Goddard Richards, and was restored to the Marathas in 1783, and was afterwards ceded to the British by the Peshwa under the treaty of 1803. It was provided with a railway in 1901.
The Nawabs of Cambay are as below
• 1735 - 1742 Ja`far Nizam-e Sani Mu´min Khan I
• 1742 - 1743 Nur ad-Din Muftakher Khan
• 1743 - 1784 Najm ad-Dowla Ja`far Mu´min Khan II
• 1784 - 1790 Mohammad Qoli Khan
• 1790 - 28 Oct 1823 Fath `Ali Khan
• 1823 - 1841 Banda `Ali Khan
• 1841 - Apr 1880 Hosayn Yawar Khan I
• 1880 - 21 Jan 1915 Najib ad-Dowla Mumtaz al-Molk Ja`far `Ali Khan (b. 1848 - d. 1915)
• 21 Jan 1915 - 15 Aug 1947 Nizam ad-Dowla Najm ad-Dowla Mumtaz al-Molk Hosayn Yawar Khan II (b. 1911)
Khambhat is located at 22°18′N 72°37′E / 22.3°N 72.62°E / 22.3; 72.62.[8] It has an average elevation of 8 metres (26 feet). Khambhat has warm & humid climate. It is located on the plains. The land on which Khambhat sits right now is the silt deposited by Mahi river, so Khambhat has got very fertile & wet soil. Soil over here is Coastal Alluvial. The area south of Khambhat is muddy wetlands and then coast line comes. Normally April to June is summer. From July, it rains until September. It has muggy climate for most part of the year except winters. Sometimes Khambhat receives heavy rain. And sometimes surrounding areas gets affected from the floods in Mahi river. October to February is winter. max. average temperature remains 25 to 30 and min. average temperature goes until 10 to 12. Summer max. average temperature remains 38 and minimum remains around 22. In summer, wind blows high. Khambhat coast's tides are the highest in the world. It goes high up to 35 feet.[9]
Creative artwork in a mosque
As of 2001 India census,[10] Khambhat had a population of 80,439. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Khambhat has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 67%. In Khambhat, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The business has declined due to the salty water which is not feasible for the industries. The local government is stagnant and it is not doing enough to revive the business in the town. Also despite of making repeated requests by the people of Khambhat to the state government to restart port in Khambhat, nothing has been done so far. Mostly here the people have agate business, color stone business (mainly ruby) and have shops which sells eatables and house hold products.
Additional information[edit]
1. ^ For instance in al-Risālah of Ibn Baṭūṭah, in which this port is referred to many times as Kanbāya, and also once or twice as Kanbāyat.
2. ^ See some refs: Epigraphia Indica, Vol XXIV, pp 45–46; Vangar Jatya Itihaas, Rajanya Kanda (in Bengali), Nagendra Nath Vasu; The Spirit of Islam Or the Life and Teachings of Mohammad: or the life and teachings of Mohammed, 2002, p 359, Ameer Ali Syed; Asiatick Researches: Or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for Inquiring Into the..., 1801, p 129, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India); Encyclopedia of Religions Or Faiths of Man 1906, 2003 Edition, p 282, J. G. R. Forlong; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1990, p 232, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Published 1990, Cambridge University, Press for the Royal, Asiatic Society etc.; Cultural History of Northern India, Prior to Medieval Invasion, 1988, p 198, Kamala Chauhan; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, pp 305, 332; Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, pp 161, 216; Kim (by Rudyard Kipling – 1901), Chapter XI, Page 266, line 23, Notes on the text by Sharad Keskar; Cf: Ancient India, 1956, p 383, Dr R. K. Mukerjee.
3. ^ A Gazetteer of the World, A Dictionary of Geographical Knowledge, 1856, p 213, Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), Member of the Royal Geographical Society, Royal Geographical Society Great Britain – Geography.
4. ^,17
5. ^ Livro em que dá relação do que viu e ouviu no Oriente. p. 77 sq.
6. ^ Is this internal river, the Cuindarim, the Narmada?
7. ^
8. ^ Khambhat is located between tropical & subtropical climatic zone.Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Khambhat
9. ^ A. S. Unnikrishnan, S. R. Shetye and G. S. Michael. "Tidal propagation in the Gulf of Khambhat, Bombay High, and surrounding areas". Journal of Earth System Science 108 (3): 155–177.
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/349 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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First edition title page
Schumann had originally labeled this work Leichte Stücke (Easy Pieces). Likewise, the section titles were only added after the completion of the music, and Schumann described the titles as "nothing more than delicate hints for execution and interpretation".[5] Timothy Taylor has discussed Schumann's choice of titles for this work in the context of the changing situation of music in 19th century culture and economics.[6]
Title Key Play
01. Von fremden Ländern und Menschen
00. Of Foreign Lands and Peoples
G major
02. Kuriose Geschichte
00. A Curious Story
D major
03. Hasche-Mann
00. Blind Man's Bluff
B minor
04. Bittendes Kind
00. Pleading Child
D major
05. Glückes genug
00. Happy Enough
D major
06. Wichtige Begebenheit
00. An Important Event
A major
07. Träumerei
00. Dreaming
F major
08. Am Kamin
00. At the Fireside
F major
09. Ritter vom Steckenpferd
00. Knight of the Hobbyhorse
C major
10. Fast zu ernst
00. Almost Too Serious
G-sharp minor
11. Fürchtenmachen
00. Frightening
E minor
12. Kind im Einschlummern
00. Child Falling Asleep
E minor
13. Der Dichter spricht
00. The Poet Speaks
G major
Notes and references[edit]
1. ^ The unused movements were published years later in Bunte Blätter, Opus 99, and Albumblätter, Opus 124.
2. ^ Polansky, Robert (Spring 1978). "The Rejected "Kinderscenen" of Robert Schumann's Opus 15". Journal of the American Musicological Society 31 (1): 126–131. doi:10.1525/jams.1978.31.1.03a00070. JSTOR 831388.
3. ^ Träumerei at the Internet Movie Database
4. ^ Träumerei played by Katharine Hepburn in the film Song of Love on YouTube
5. ^ Thorpe, Day; Schumann, Robert; Von Irmer, Otto; Lampe, Walther (December 1990). "Music Reviews: Kinderszenen, Op. 15; Album für die Jugend, Op. 68 (Urtext)". Notes (2nd Ser.) 11 (4): 605–606. doi:10.2307/893060. JSTOR 837021.
6. ^ Taylor, Timothy D. (December 1990). "Aesthetic and Cultural Issues in Schumann's "Kinderszenen"". International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 21 (2): 161–178. doi:10.2307/837021. JSTOR 837021.
7. ^ Sams, Eric; Schumann; Goebels, Franzpeter (1974). "Schuman scenes". The Musical Times 115 (1572): 146. doi:10.2307/955016. JSTOR 955016.
8. ^ Original spelling: Curiose Geschichte
9. ^ Original spelling: Am Camin
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/351 | Robert DeLeo (politician)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Robert DeLeo
85th Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Assumed office
January 27, 2009
Preceded by Salvatore DiMasi
Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
from the 19th Suffolk district
Assumed office
January 4, 1995
Preceded by Susan Tracy
Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
from the 20th Suffolk district
In office
January 3, 1991 – January 4, 1995
Preceded by Alfred Saggese
Succeeded by Constituency abolished
Personal details
Born (1950-03-27) March 27, 1950 (age 63)
Winthrop, Massachusetts, U.S.
Political party Democratic
Alma mater Northeastern University
Suffolk University
Robert A. DeLeo (born March 27, 1950 in Winthrop, Massachusetts)[1] is an American politician from the state of Massachusetts. Since 2009 he has been Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, succeeding Salvatore DiMasi, who resigned due to allegations of an ethics violation.[2]
DeLeo represents the "Nineteenth Suffolk" district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and before becoming House Speaker, was the chairperson of the House Ways and Means Committee. The Nineteenth Suffolk district includes Winthrop and Revere.[3]
In addition to serving as a state representative, DeLeo served as a Winthrop town meeting member from 1977 to 2005 and was a member of the town's board of selectman from 1978 to 1988.[4]
Early life and education[edit]
DeLeo resides in the same house in which he grew up. When he was young, his father, Al, was in charge of a restaurant at Suffolk Downs.[5] Al was often seen around the community including at the Winthrop Golf Club, but "DeLeo never took up the game".[6][clarification needed] DeLeo attended solely Boston area schools, graduating from the Boston Latin School, attaining a Bachelor of Arts degree from Northeastern University and a Juris Doctor from Suffolk University Law School.[4]
Massachusetts House of Representatives[edit]
During his time in the Massachusetts House of Representatives between 1990 and 2005, he was known as "an amiable, rank-and-file lawmaker who focused on constituent issues such as toll hikes, the expansion of Logan Airport, and rates charged by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority".[6]
In 2005, Speaker Salvatore DiMasi appointed DeLeo as chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means. According to the Globe, "He became so identified with handing out perks to members that earmarks became known as DeLeo Dollars".[6]
Prior to becoming the Speaker of the House, DeLeo had created a reputation for himself as a "consensus-builder", someone who strived to prevent "major flareups while crafting the budget". He does not ideologically identify himself with a large number of issues or legislation, but "his views appear more conservative" than the former speaker, DiMasi. Unlike DiMasi, who was strongly in favor of defending gay marriage rights, DeLeo was originally against same-sex marriage. In 2007 DeLeo may have shown a change in this belief when he voted against the amendment that would have defined marriage as the union of one man and one woman. Another conservative opinion that DeLeo has is against the "right of women to have an abortion, except in cases of rape, incest, or to save a mother's life".[6]
In April 2011, DeLeo led a vote to remove the health-care related collective bargaining rights of Massachusetts police officers, firefighters, teachers, and other municipal employees. The vote was conducted at 11:30pm in order to avoid protesters. It passed with 111 in favor and 42 opposed.[7]
Casino gambling[edit]
DeLeo reintroduced the gambling debate to the House of Representatives in his first months as speaker. Gambling legislation introduced under DiMasi had failed. In the beginning of February 2009, DeLeo met with Governor Deval Patrick to discuss policy plans as part of the leadership meetings, where this issue of slot machines and resort casinos first presented itself under DeLeo's leadership. The casino debate was initially supported by the general public; the State House News Service poll at the time showed 57% support for reintroducing the gambling debate.[8]
Towards the end of 2009, DeLeo began to publicly support casinos as a way to increase revenues, and minimize the effects of the economic downturn. DeLeo stated in an interview with The Boston Globe, "I'm hoping this will not just be a gaming bill, but also an economic development one".[9] By December 2009, DeLeo had shown favor to putting slot machines in the state's four racetracks; Patrick, however, had shown opposition along with Senate President Therese Murray who stated that her preference was resort casinos. DeLeo stated that the slot machines were a "natural progression" to casinos, and they would have the advantage of being installed quickly. The conflict between DeLeo and Patrick was further exacerbated by the fact that against Patrick's wishes the debate had been postponed until 2010. The gambling debate became complicated further by the economic recession which had taken its toll on the casino industry.[10]
On March 4, 2010, DeLeo announced his blueprint for expanded gambling to the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce. His plan included two resort casinos and 3,000 slot machines at the state's four racetracks. DeLeo added that the legislation would add jobs and part of the revenue would be put aside for capital investments for Massachusetts businesses. While Patrick had not stated that he would veto legislation which included slots at racetracks, he had made it clear that he was not in favor of adding slots to the gaming debate.[11]
As the debate continued tensions between Patrick and DeLeo grew over the issue of slots in the racetracks, by July 2010 Patrick had called the addition of slots "a no bid contract" that would give a few developers all of the gaming contracts for slots. DeLeo retorted that his plan for expanded gaming was Massachusetts' best way to deal with the revenue shortfalls, and lack of jobs.[12] At this point, a number of groups opposed to the expanded gaming bill had gained a voice on the state level and the whole process began to lose steam.
Over the next few months the debate shrank from two casinos and four tracks to two casinos and one track at which point Patrick was still unwilling to compromise. By August, DeLeo had entrenched himself into the position of continuing to push for the bill while simultaneously rejecting any additional compromises. Patrick had rejected the measure, and with the end of the full session and the majority of the Legislature on summer break it became apparent that the bill would not survive.[13]
Personal life[edit]
He is the father of two children, Robbie and Rachele.[6]
External links[edit]
1. ^ 2001–2002 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
2. ^ Estes, Andrea (January 29, 2009). "Vowing reform, DeLeo takes reins in House". The Boston Globe. p. B3.
3. ^ Resnek, Joshua (April 13, 2007). "Petruccelli backing big moves for local beaches". Winthrop Transcript.
4. ^ a b Massachusetts Legislature profile
5. ^ Jenna Russell. (December 19, 2009). "DeLeo does it his way: A low-key speaker, a House divided". The Boston Globe, p. A1. Retrieved March 18, 2011, from Massachusetts Newsstand. (Document ID: 1924425331).
6. ^ a b c d e Matt Viser. (January 27, 2009). "Picking a more conservative speaker Low-key DeLeo is a man of House". The Boston Globe, p. B1. Retrieved March 18, 2011, from Massachusetts Newsstand. (Document ID: 1633614031)
7. ^ Strassel, Kimberley A. (April 29, 2011). "Union busting". The Wall Street Journal.
8. ^ Matt Viser. (February 3, 2009). "Casinos, slots back on state agenda Patrick, DeLeo agree to renew gambling debate". The Boston Globe, p. B1. Retrieved March 17, 2011, from Massachusetts Newsstand. (Document ID: 1637499211).
9. ^ Matt Viser. (September 19, 2009). "Casinos get boost as DeLeo signs on; Joins Patrick, Murray in push for gaming". The Boston Globe, p. B1. Retrieved March 17, 2011, from Massachusetts Newsstand. (Document ID: 1862842661).
10. ^ Matt Viser. (December 30, 2009). "Patrick, DeLeo divided on track slot machines; Harmful effects worry governor". The Boston Globe, p. B1. Retrieved March 17, 2011, from Massachusetts Newsstand. (Document ID: 1929811501).
11. ^ Michael Levenson. (March 4, 2010). "DeLeo to pitch for slots, casinos; Sees gambling at tracks, resorts Revenues to boost jobs, speaker says". The Boston Globe, B1. Retrieved March 17, 2011, from Massachusetts Newsstand. (Document ID: 1975486141).
12. ^ Noah Bierman. (July 8, 2010). "Patrick calls idea of slots at track a gift to developers". The Boston Globe, p. B1. Retrieved March 17, 2011, from Massachusetts Newsstand. (Document ID: 2075081941).
13. ^ Frank Phillips and Noah Bierman. (August 4, 2010). "No more compromises on slots, DeLeo says; Override vote called unlikely". The Boston Globe, p. B1. Retrieved March 17, 2011, from Massachusetts Newsstand. (Document ID: 2099419681).
Political offices
Preceded by
Salvatore DiMasi
Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/353 | Mahindra Satyam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Satyam Computer Services)
Jump to: navigation, search
Mahindra Satyam
Former type Public company
Industry IT services, IT consulting
Fate Merged into Tech Mahindra
Successor(s) Tech Mahindra
Founded 2009
Defunct 2013
Headquarters Hyderabad, India
Services IT, business consulting and outsourcing services
Mahindra Satyam (formerly Satyam Computer Services Limited) was an Indian IT services company based in Hyderabad, India. The company was listed on the Pink Sheets, the National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange. It offered a range of services, including software development, system maintenance, packaged software integration and engineering design services. In June 2009, the company unveiled its new brand identity Mahindra Satyam subsequent to its takeover by the $14 billion Mahindra Group's IT arm on 13 April 2009. It subsequently merged within Tech Mahindra on June 24 2013.[1]
In a 2000 SEC filing, Satyam Computer Services claimed to be the fourth largest provider of information technology services in India, based on the amount of export revenues generated. There were 7,560 technical associates servicing over 300 customers. The five largest customers, on the basis of revenue, were General Electric Company and its affiliates, State Farm Mutual Automotive Insurance Company, Megasoft Inc., Caterpillar Inc. and NCR Corporation. They together accounted for 42.4% of its IT services revenues. About 26.1% of its total IT services revenues were generated from fixed-price contracts. Satyam also claimed topline growth of 68% to $164 million at 45% gross profit margin. All of its personnel in the USA were working pursuant to extended H-1B visas (570 persons) or temporary L-1 visas (574 persons).[2]
In a 2005 SEC filing, Satyam claimed topline growth of 40% to $794 million at 36% gross profit margin. There were 20,690 technical associates. The five largest customers accounted for 29.5% of IT services revenues. About 34.2% of its total IT services revenues were generated from fixed-price contracts.[3]
Merger with Tech Mahindra[edit]
Mahindra Satyam's proposed merger with Tech Mahindra may be delayed all because of legal issues, and ambiguity over jurisdiction between investigating agencies and the government.[4] The merger has been delayed due to two tax cases pending with the Income Tax claiming over INR27 billion for both.[5] Tech Mahindra announced its merger with Mahindra Satyam on 21 March 2012,after the board of two companies gave the approval.[6] The two firms have received the go-ahead for merger from the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange.[7] Competition Commission of India(CCI)approved the proposed merger of Mahindra Satyam and other companies with Tech Mahindra.[8] Mahindra Satyam will hold its annual general meeting (AGM) on 8 June 2012 to consider the proposal to merge the company with Tech Mahindra. It is mandatory for the firm to get the AGM nod to go ahead with the merger.[9] The shareholders of both Tech Mahindra and Mahindra Satyam have unanimously approved the scheme of amalgamation and merger of Satyam Computer Services Ltd, Venturbay Consultants, C&S System Technologies, CanvasM Technologies and Mahindra Logisoft Business Solutions with Tech Mahindra.[10][11] Mahindra Satyam chairman, Vineet Nayyar said on 2 August 2012, that the merger with Tech Mahindra was at the final stage of getting approval from the Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra High Courts.[12] The two firms had received the go-ahead for merger from the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange.[7] On June 11, 2013,Andhra Pradesh High Court gave its approval for the merger of Mahindra Satyam with Tech Mahindra,after Bombay high court already gave its approval.[13][14][15][16] Vineet Nayyar said that technical approvals from the Registrar of Companies(RoC) in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are required which will be done in two to four weeks,and within 8 weeks,new mwerged entity will be in place,a new organisation chart would also come into force led by Anand Mahindra as Chairman, Vineet Nayyar as Vice Chairman and C. P. Gurnani as the CEO and Managing Director.[17][18][19] Tech Mahindra on June 25, 2013 announced completion of Mahindra Satyam's merger with itself to create nation's fifth largest software services company with a turnover of USD 2.7 billion.[20][21] Tech Mahindra got the approval from the registrar of companies for the merger late in the night at 11:45 (pm) on June 24, 2013. July 5, 2013 has been determined date on which the Satyam shares will be swapped for Tech Mahindra shares which was approved by both the boards.[22] Mahindra Satyam (Satyam Computer Services), was suspended from trading with effect from July 4, 2013, following its merger with Tech Mahindra .[23] Tech Mahindra completed share swap and allocated its shares to the shareholders of Satyam Computer Services on July 12, 2013.[24] The stock exchanges have accorded their approval for trading the new shares effective July 12, 2013.[25][26] On July 24, 2013,a division bench of Andhra Pradesh High Court admitted a petition filed by Ekadanta Greenfields and Saptaswara Agro Farms private limited challenging the Mahindra Satyam-Tech Mahindra merger order.The order was given by a single judge of the court in June, allowing the merger and dismissing the objections raised by a few parties.After admitting the petition, the bench comprising N.V. Ramana and Vilas V. Afzulpurkar posted the matter to August 26, 2013.[27]
Row with Income Tax Department[edit]
The Income Tax Department had issued notices to the company seeking INR6.17 billion tax for the assessment years from 2003–04 to 2008–09, when the company was run by the founder B Ramalinga Raju and his team. The Central Board of Direct Taxes has attached the properties of Mahindra Satyam on 3 February 2012,stating the attachment of properties was according to Section 281 B of the Income Tax Act. Section 281 B refers to recovery of tax and allows the tax department to issue provisional orders to the assessee to safeguard revenues accrued to it.The Income Tax department had slapped notice on the company after disallowing exemptions claimed by the software firm. The company has received notices of demand for INR1,037 crore and INR10.75 billion for assessment years 2002–03 and 2007–08, respectively. [28] However, the Andhra Pradesh High Court granted a breather to Mahindra Satyam, by staying the Income Tax Department's provisional order to attach properties of the IT firm.[29]
The company had reported a consolidated net loss of INR2.33 billion for the July–September quarter of 2010. Speaking at a press conference, Vineet Nayyar, chairman of the company said the consolidate cash and cash equivalents at INR300 million compared to INR260 million. “We will take three years for a turnaround,” he informed.[30] Even though the company got INR2.45 billion profit in Q4 for 2010–2011, but due to outside payments nearly INR5.70 billion for SEK,UPAID and Class Action Suit in Q4 (Total 6.41 billion for the year 2010–2011 ),the company had reported a consolidated net loss of INR3.27 billion for the January–March quarter of 2010–2011.IT firm Mahindra Satyam posted a consolidated net profit of INR2252 million for the quarter ended 30 June 2011. During the quarter, the company added 2,172 people (net), taking total headcount to 31,438 as of 30 June 2011.[31] The company added 36 new customers during the quarter. The total headcount of the company stood at 32,092 as of the quarter ended 30 September 2011 during which net addition of 654 personnel took place.[32] The company added 188 employees in quarter three ending 31 December 2011 and recorded 29.4% quarter-on-quarter in its consolidated net profit of INR3.08 billion .[33] Mahindra Satyam reported a net profit of INR5.34 billion for the fourth quarter ended 31 March 2012.[34] Mahindra Satyam declared 30 per cent dividend, signalling a complete turnaround,after declaring Q4 results of 2012-2013 in May 2013.[35][36]
Maytas acquisition[edit]
In 2008, Satyam attempted to acquire Maytas Infrastructure and Maytas Properties, founded by family relations of company founder Ramalinga Raju (Maytas is "Satyam" reversed) for $1.6 billion, despite concerns raised by independent board directors.[37] Both companies are owned by Raju's sons. This eventually led to a review of the deal by the government,[38] a veiled criticism by the Vice President of India Hamid Ansari,[39] and Satyam's clients re-evaluating their relationship with the company.[40] Satyam's investors lost about INR3300 crore (equivalent to INR69 billion or US$1.1 billion in 2014) in the related panic selling. The US$1.6 billion (INR80 billion) acquisition was met with scepticism as Satyam's shares fell 55% on the New York Stock Exchange.[41] Three members of the board of directors resigned on 29 December 2008.[42]
Accounting scandal of 2009[edit]
In addition to other controversies involving Satyam, on 7 January 2009, Chairman Raju resigned after publicly announcing his involvement in a massive accounting fraud.
See also[edit]
1. ^
2. ^ ADR Prospectus 2000
3. ^ ADR Prospectus 2005
4. ^
5. ^ Mah Satyam-Tech Mah to appoint bankers to fasten merger. (2011-08-30). Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
6. ^ /Tech Mahindra, Satyam get nod to merge
7. ^ a b Mahindra Satyam-TechM to take 150 top leaders to Bangkok
8. ^ High Court orders shareholders' meeting on MSat-Tech Mahindra merger
9. ^ Mahindra Satyam AGM on June 8
10. ^ Mahindra Satyam shareholders approve merger with Tech Mahindra
11. ^ Markets firm in morning deals
12. ^ "Merger with Tech Mahindra". 3 August 2012.
13. ^ Mahindra Satyam, Tech Mahindra merger gets AP High Court's nod - Times Of India. (2013-06-11). Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
14. ^ Andhra Pradesh High Court clears merger of Mahindra Satyam with Tech Mahindra - Economic Times. Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
15. ^ Mahindra Satyam waits for Court order for merger. The Hindu (2013-05-17). Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
16. ^ Decks cleared for end of Satyam. Deccan Chronicle (2013-06-12). Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
17. ^ M-Satyam, Tech Mahindra hope to merge in four weeks : Market, News - India Today. (2013-06-11). Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
18. ^ Will complete Tech Mah, Satyam merger in 8 weeks: Nayyar. (2013-06-11). Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
19. ^ MSat-Tech Mahindra merger gets court nod. The Hindu (2013-06-11). Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
20. ^ Mahindra Satyam merges with Tech Mahindra; becomes 5th biggest IT firm. Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
21. ^ Tech Mahindra, Satyam Computer complete merger. Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
22. ^ Satyam is history: Mahindra Group merges Satyam with Tech Mahindra. Deccan Chronicle (2013-06-11). Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
23. ^ Trading in Mahindra Satyam to be suspended from July 4. Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
24. ^ Satyam is no more; to live on as part of Tech Mahindra. Business Standard (2013-07-14). Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
25. ^ Tech Mahindra completes share swap, issued capital goes up - Business. Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
26. ^ Tech Mahindra completes share swap - The Times of India. Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
27. ^ High Court admits petition against Satyam merger order | Business Line. (2013-07-24). Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
28. ^ Mahindra Satyam gets attachment order from I-T dept
29. ^ Mahindra Satyam gets relief in assets attachment case
30. ^
31. ^ [1][dead link]
32. ^ Mahindra Satyam Q2 net soars; Europe crisis a worry. (2011-11-11). Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
33. ^ Mahindra Satyam Q3 net spikes 29% to Rs 308 cr
34. ^ Mahindra Satyam posts Rs 534.21 cr profit for Q4
35. ^ Mahindra Satyam quarterly net profit down by 15%, sets dividend at 30%. (2013-05-17). Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
36. ^ Mahindra Satyam Q4 net down by 15%, declares 30% dividend. Retrieved on 2013-09-23.
37. ^ The Hindu Business Line – ‘Satyam's independent directors had raised concerns over the deal’ Friday, 19 December 2008
38. ^ "Centre refers Satyam deal to ROC". 20 December 2008.
39. ^ The Hindu : Business : Plain-speak by Hamid Ansari on governance – (Sunday, 21 December 2008)
40. ^ Bibhu Ranjan Mishra (18 December 2008). "Satyam clients likely to re-evaluate contracts". Bangalore: Business Standard.
41. ^ "Satyam investors lose Rs 3300 cr in a day". NDTV (Mumbai: NDTV Convergence). 2008-12-17. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20.
42. ^ "Fourth independent director M. Rao resigns from Satyam". 29 December 2008.
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/354 | Territorial abbey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Territorial abbot)
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The coat of arms of a territorial abbot are distinguished by a green galero with twelve tassels and a gold crozier with a veil attached.
A territorial abbey (or territorial abbacy) is a type of particular church within the Roman Catholic Church.
Normally an abbot is the superior of an abbey (a monastery), and exercises authority over a religious family of monks. His authority extends only as far as the monastery's walls, or only to the monks who have taken their vows in his monastery. A territorial abbot - also called an abbot nullius diœceseos, Latin "belonging to no diocese", or abbreviated abbot nullius - functions additionally as the ecclesiastical ordinary for the Catholics and parishes within a defined territory around the monastery, in much the same way a bishop does for a diocese.
The practice arose in part because abbeys served the spiritual needs of Catholics who lived near the monastery, especially in mission territories. The monastery's own chapel was a space of public worship for the laity who had settled nearby, and the monks could also serve as parish clergy in churches near the monastery. The abbot of the monastery, although having received only the priesthood in the sacrament of Holy Orders, was invested with the same administrative authority under canon law as a diocesan bishop for a given territory around the abbey. Thus, with the exception of conferring ordination on priests, the territorial abbot could do almost everything a diocesan bishop would for those under his care, including incardinate (that is, enroll under his jurisdiction) even non-monastic priests and deacons for service in parishes. The territorial abbot, like other abbots and archabbots, had the right to use an episcopal coat of arms and to wear the mitre, the crosier, the ring, and the pectoral cross; if the abbot had been ordained to the episcopacy (very rare), he had the power to ordain his religious who were candidates to the transitional and permanent diaconate and to the priesthood, though they usually had to attend a seminary house of formation located outside the abbot's territory.
Though territorial (like other) abbots are elected by the monks of their abbey, a territorial abbot can only receive the abbatial blessing and be installed under mandate from the pope, just as a bishop cannot be ordained and installed as ordinary of a diocese without such a mandate.
After the Second Vatican Council, more emphasis has been placed on the unique nature of the episcopacy and on the traditional organization of the church into dioceses under bishops. As such, abbeys nullius have been phased out in favor of the erection of new dioceses or the absorption of the territory into an existing diocese. A few ancient abbeys nullius still exist in Europe, and one in Korea.
List of territorial abbeys[edit]
There are 11 remaining territorial abbeys, as listed in the Annuario Pontificio of the Vatican:
In Italy the following abbeys have been united with a diocese:
In other European countries:
• Cluny (in Burgundy; now united with the Diocese of Autun) is the only one in France. Historically Cluny was the mother house of the Congregation of Cluny as a result of the Cluniac monastic reform of the 11th century, primarily in that it removed many Benedictine abbeys under its jurisdiction from local feudal allegiances (hence establishing their independence) and had new ones founded. It became extremely rich and influential within and beyond the Church.
Historically there have been more, such as
Sources and references[edit]
1. ^ Cheney, David M. (2007), "Territorial Abbey of Saint Peter-Muenster", Catholic-Hierarchy.org, retrieved 2007-08-17
2. ^ Catholic-hierarchy.org
External links[edit]
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/356 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Thrombocytopathy)
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Giant platelets.JPG
Image from a light microscope (40×) from a peripheral blood smear surrounded by red blood cells. One normal platelet can be seen in the upper left side of the image (purple) and is significantly smaller in size than the red blood cells (stained pink). Two giant platelets (stained purple) are also visible.
Latin thrombocytes
Code TH H2.
3D Rendering of Platelets
Platelets, or thrombocytes (from Greek θρόμβος, "clot" and κύτος, "cell"), are small, disc shaped clear cell fragments (i.e., cells that do not have a nucleus), 2–3 µm in diameter,[1] which are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes. The average lifespan of a platelet is normally just 5 to 9 days. Platelets are a natural source of growth factors. They circulate in the blood of mammals and are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots.
• The physiological range for platelets is (150 – 400) × 103 per mm3 (also expressed as platelets per μL (microlitre) or ×109/L).
• Megakaryocyte and platelet production is regulated by thrombopoietin, a hormone usually produced by the liver and kidneys.
• Each megakaryocyte produces between 5,000 and 10,000 platelets.
• Around 1011 platelets are produced each day by an average healthy adult.
• Reserve platelets are stored in the spleen, and are released when needed by sympathetically induced splenic contraction.
• The lifespan of circulating platelets is 5 to 9 days.
Thrombus formation[edit]
The function of platelets is the maintenance of hemostasis. This is achieved primarily by the formation of thrombi, when damage to the endothelium of blood vessels occurs. Conversely, thrombus formation must be inhibited at times when there is no damage to the endothelium. These processes are regulated through thromboregulation.
The inner surface of blood vessels is lined with a thin layer of endothelial cells that, in normal hemostasis, acts to inhibit platelet activation by producing nitric oxide, endothelial-ADPase, and PGI2. Endothelial-ADPase clears away the platelet activator, ADP.
Endothelial cells produce a protein called von Willebrand factor (vWF), a cell adhesion ligand, which helps endothelial cells adhere to collagen in the basement membrane. Under physiological conditions, collagen is not exposed to the bloodstream. vWF is secreted constitutively into the plasma by the endothelial cells, and is stored in granules within the endothelial cell and in platelets.
When the endothelial layer is injured, collagen, vWF and tissue factor from the subendothelium is exposed to the bloodstream. When the platelets contact collagen or vWF, they are activated (e.g. to clump together). They are also activated by thrombin (formed with the help of tissue factor). They can also be activated by a negatively charged surface, such as glass. Non-physiological flow conditions (especially high values of shear stress) caused by arterial stenosis or artificial devices (Mechanical Heart Valves, blood pumps etc.) can also lead to platelet activation.[10]
Platelet activation further results in the scramblase-mediated transport of negatively charged phospholipids to the platelet surface. These phospholipids provide a catalytic surface (with the charge provided by phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine) for the tenase and prothrombinase complexes. Calcium ions are essential for binding of these coagulation factors.
Shape change[edit]
Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells. From left to right: human erythrocyte, activated thrombocyte (platelet), leukocyte.
Granule secretion[edit]
Platelets contain alpha and dense granules. Activated platelets excrete the contents of these granules into their canalicular systems and into surrounding blood. There are three types of granules:
Thromboxane A2 synthesis[edit]
Platelet activation initiates the arachidonic acid pathway to produce TXA2. TXA2 is involved in activating other platelets and its formation is inhibited by COX inhibitors, such as aspirin.
Adhesion and aggregation[edit]
Platelets clumping from a blood smear. May Grunwald-Giemsa. Light Microscopy, oil immersion 100x.
Platelets aggregate, or clump together, using fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor (vWF) as a connecting agent. The most abundant platelet aggregation receptor is glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (gpIIb/IIIa); this is a calcium-dependent receptor for fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin, thrombospondin, and vWF. Other receptors include GPIb-V-IX complex (vWF) and GPVI (collagen).
Wound repair[edit]
The blood clot is only a temporary solution to stop bleeding; vessel repair is therefore needed. The aggregated platelets help this process by secreting chemicals that promote the invasion of fibroblasts from surrounding connective tissue into the wounded area to completely heal the wound or form a scar. The obstructing clot is slowly dissolved by the fibrinolytic enzyme, plasmin, and the platelets are cleared by phagocytosis.
ADP (purinergic/P2) receptors[edit]
Human platelets have three types of P2 receptors: P2X(1), P2Y(1) and P2Y(12). Although abnormalities in all three genes have been documented, but clinical correlation is available only for P2Y(12).[11] Patients with P2Y(12) defects have a mild to moderate bleeding diathesis, characterized by mucocutaneous bleeding and excessive post-surgical and post-traumatic blood loss. A defects in P2Y(12) should be suspected when ADP, even at concentrations ≥10 micro molar, is unable to induce full, irreversible platelet aggregation. Confirmation of the diagnosis is with tests that evaluate the degree of inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by ADP.
Other functions[edit]
Cytokine signaling[edit]
In addition to being the chief cellular effector of hemostasis, platelets are rapidly deployed to sites of injury or infection, and potentially modulate inflammatory processes by interacting with leukocytes and by secreting cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators.[13][14][15][16] Platelets also secrete platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).
Role in disease[edit]
Diagram of the internal structure of a platelet
High and low counts[edit]
A normal platelet count in a healthy individual is between 150,000 and 450,000 per μL (microlitre) of blood ((150–450)×109/L).[17] Ninety-five percent of healthy people will have platelet counts in this range. Some will have statistically abnormal platelet counts while having no demonstrable abnormality. However, if it is either very low or very high, the likelihood of an abnormality being present is higher.
Both thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis may present with coagulation problems. In general, low platelet counts increase bleeding risks; however there are exceptions (such as immune-mediated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria). High counts may lead to thrombosis, although this is mainly when the elevated count is due to myeloproliferative disorder.
Transfusion is generally used only to correct unusually low platelet counts (typically below (10–15)×109/L). Transfusion is contraindicated in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), as it fuels the coagulopathy. In patients undergoing surgery, a level below 50×109/L is associated with abnormal surgical bleeding, and regional anaesthetic procedures such as epidurals are avoided for levels below 80×109/L.[18]
Normal platelet counts are not a guarantee of adequate function. In some states, the platelets, while being adequate in number, are dysfunctional. For instance, aspirin irreversibly disrupts platelet function by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1), and hence normal hemostasis. The resulting platelets are unable to produce new cyclooxygenase because they have no DNA. Normal platelet function will not return until the use of aspirin has ceased and enough of the affected platelets have been replaced by new ones, which can take over a week. Ibuprofen, another NSAID, does not have such a long duration effect, with platelet function usually returning within 24 hours,[19] and taking ibuprofen before aspirin sometimes may prevent the irreversible effects of aspirin.[20] Uremia, a consequence of renal failure, leads to platelet dysfunction that may be ameliorated by the administration of desmopressin.
Oral agents often used to alter/suppress platelet function include aspirin, clopidogrel, cilostazol, ticlopidine, ticagrelor and prasugrel.
Intravenous agents often used to alter/suppress platelet function include: abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban.
In addition to platelet transfusion, hematopoetic agents such as Oprelvekin, Romiplostim, and Eltrombopag can be used to increase platelet counts.
Disorders leading to a reduced platelet count:
Alloimmune disorders
Disorders leading to platelet dysfunction or reduced count:
Disorders featuring an elevated count:
Disorders of platelet adhesion or aggregation:
Disorders of platelet granule amount or release
Disorders of platelet metabolism
• Decreased cyclooxygenase activity, induced or congenital
• Storage pool defects, acquired or congenital
Disorders that compromise platelet signaling:
Disorders in which platelets play a key role:
Condition Prothrombin time Partial thromboplastin time Bleeding time Platelet count
Vitamin K deficiency or warfarin Prolonged Normal or mildly prolonged Unaffected Unaffected
Disseminated intravascular coagulation Prolonged Prolonged Prolonged Decreased
Von Willebrand disease Unaffected Prolonged or unaffected Prolonged Unaffected
Hemophilia Unaffected Prolonged Unaffected Unaffected
Aspirin Unaffected Unaffected Prolonged Unaffected
Thrombocytopenia Unaffected Unaffected Prolonged Decreased
Liver failure, early Prolonged Unaffected Unaffected Unaffected
Liver failure, end-stage Prolonged Prolonged Prolonged Decreased
Uremia Unaffected Unaffected Prolonged Unaffected
Congenital afibrinogenemia Prolonged Prolonged Prolonged Unaffected
Factor V deficiency Prolonged Prolonged Unaffected Unaffected
Factor X deficiency as seen in amyloid purpura Prolonged Prolonged Unaffected Unaffected
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia Unaffected Unaffected Prolonged Unaffected
Bernard-Soulier syndrome Unaffected Unaffected Prolonged Decreased or unaffected
Factor XII deficiency Unaffected Prolonged Unaffected Unaffected
C1INH deficiency Unaffected Shortened Unaffected Unaffected
Although red blood cells had been known since van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), the German anatomist Max Schultze (1825–1874) was the first to describe platelets.[25][26] He described "spherules" that were much smaller than red blood cells and that occasionally clumped and were found in collections of fibrous material
In transfusion medicine[edit]
Platelet concentrate.
Platelets do not need to be cross-matched to ensure immune compatibility between donor and recipient unless they contain a significant amount of red blood cells (RBCs). The presence of RBCs results in a reddish-orange color to the product, and is usually associated with whole-blood platelets. Apheresis methods are more efficient than “soft spin” centrifugation at isolating the specific components of blood needed. An effort is usually made to issue type specific platelets, but this is not as critical as it is with RBCs.
Platelets are stored under constant agitation at 20–24°C (68-75.2°F). Storage at room temperature provides an environment where any bacteria that are introduced to the blood component during the collection process may proliferate and subsequently cause bacteremia in the patient. Regulations are in place in the United States that require products to be tested for the presence of bacterial contamination before transfusion.[32]
Volume reduction of platelets[edit]
Thrombocytes of non-mammalian vertebrates differ from mammalian thrombocytes in having a nucleus and resembling B lymphocytes. These thrombocytes aggregate in response to thrombin, but not ADP, serotonin, nor adrenaline as in mammals.[35][36]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Campbell, Neil A. (2008). Biology (8th ed.). London: Pearson Education. p. 912. ISBN 978-0-321-53616-7. "Platelets are pinched-off cytoplasmic fragments of specialized bone marrow cells. They are about 2–3µm in diameter and have no nuclei. Platelets serve both structural and molecular functions in blood clotting."
3. ^ O'Connell SM, Impeduglia T, Hessler K, Wang XJ, Carroll RJ, Dardik H (2008). "Autologous platelet-rich fibrin matrix as cell therapy in the healing of chronic lower-extremity ulcers". Wound Repair Regen 16 (6): 749–56. doi:10.1111/j.1524-475X.2008.00426.x. PMID 19128245.
4. ^ Sánchez M, Anitua E, Azofra J, Andía I, Padilla S, Mujika I (2007). "Comparison of surgically repaired Achilles tendon tears using platelet-rich fibrin matrices". Am J Sports Med 35 (2): 245–51. doi:10.1177/0363546506294078. PMID 17099241.
5. ^ Knighton DR, Ciresi KF, Fiegel VD, Austin LL, Butler EL (1986). "Classification and treatment of chronic nonhealing wounds. Successful treatment with autologous platelet-derived wound healing factors (PDWHF)". Ann. Surg. 204 (3): 322–30. doi:10.1097/00000658-198609000-00011. PMC 1251286. PMID 3753059.
6. ^ Knighton DR, Ciresi K, Fiegel VD, Schumerth S, Butler E, Cerra F (1990). "Stimulation of repair in chronic, nonhealing, cutaneous ulcers using platelet-derived wound healing formula". Surg Gynecol Obstet 170 (1): 56–60. PMID 2403699.
7. ^ Celotti F, Colciago A, Negri-Cesi P, Pravettoni A, Zaninetti R, Sacchi MC (2006). "Effect of platelet-rich plasma on migration and proliferation of SaOS-2 osteoblasts: role of platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta". Wound Repair Regen 14 (2): 195–202. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00110.x. PMID 16630109.
8. ^ McAleer JP, Sharma S, Kaplan EM, Persich G (2006). "Use of autologous platelet concentrate in a nonhealing lower extremity wound". Adv Skin Wound Care 19 (7): 354–63. doi:10.1097/00129334-200609000-00010. PMID 16943701.
9. ^ Driver VR, Hanft J, Fylling CP, Beriou JM (2006). "A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of autologous platelet-rich plasma gel for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers". Ostomy Wound Manage 52 (6): 68–70, 72, 74 passim. PMID 16799184.
10. ^ Kroll, M., J. Hellums, et al. (1996). "Platelets and shear stress." Blood 88(5) 1525-1541
11. ^ Cattaneo M (2011) Molecular defects of the platelet P2 receptors.Purinergic Signal
12. ^ Movat, HZ; Weiser, WJ; Glynn, MF; Mustard, JF (December 1965). "Platelet phagocytosis and aggregation.". The Journal of Cell Biology 27 (3): 531–43. doi:10.1083/jcb.27.3.531. PMID 4957257.
13. ^ Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA (2004). "Platelets: signaling cells in the immune continuum". Trends Immunol. 25 (9): 489–95. doi:10.1016/ PMID 15324742.
14. ^ Wagner, DD; Burger, PC (December 2003). "Platelets in inflammation and thrombosis.". Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 23 (12): 2131–2137. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000095974.95122.EC. PMID 14500287.
15. ^ Diacovo, TG; Puri, KD; Warnock, RA; Springer, TA; von Andrian, UH (Jul 12, 1996). "Platelet-mediated lymphocyte delivery to high endothelial venules.". Science 273 (5272): 252–5. doi:10.1126/science.273.5272.252. PMID 8662511.
16. ^ Iannacone M. et al. (2005). "Platelets mediate cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced liver damage". Nat Med 11 (11): 1167–9. doi:10.1038/nm1317. PMC 2908083. PMID 16258538.
17. ^ Parveen June Kumar, Michael L. Clark (2005). "8". Clinical Medicine (6th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 469. ISBN 0-7020-2763-4.
18. ^ Van Veen, Joost J.; Nokes, Timothy J.; Makris, Mike (1 January 2010). "The risk of spinal haematoma following neuraxial anaesthesia or lumbar puncture in thrombocytopenic individuals". British Journal of Haematology 148 (1): 15–25. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07899.x. PMID 19775301.
19. ^ <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (2005). "Platelet Function after Taking Ibuprofen for 1 Week". Annals of internal medicine 142 (7): I54. PMID 15809457.
20. ^ Rao, GH; Johnson, GG; Reddy, KR; White, JG (1983). "Ibuprofen protects platelet cyclooxygenase from irreversible inhibition by aspirin". Arteriosclerosis (Dallas, Tex.) 3 (4): 383–8. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.3.4.383. PMID 6411052.
21. ^ Erpenbeck L, Schön MP (2010). "Deadly allies: the fatal interplay between platelets and metastasizing cancer cells". Blood 115 (17): 3427–36. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-10-247296. PMC 2867258. PMID 20194899.
23. ^ Kornerup, KN; Page, CP (August 2007). "The role of platelets in the pathophysiology of asthma.". Platelets 18 (5): 319–28. doi:10.1080/09537100701230436. PMID 17654302.
24. ^ Laidlaw, TM; Kidder, MS; Bhattacharyya, N; Xing, W; Shen, S; Milne, GL; Castells, MC; Chhay, H; Boyce, JA (Apr 19, 2012). "Cysteinyl leukotriene overproduction in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease is driven by platelet-adherent leukocytes.". Blood 119 (16): 3790–8. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-10-384826. PMC 3335383. PMID 22262771.
28. ^ American Association of Blood Banks Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services, Bethesda, MD: 22nd ed, AABB, 2003, Section
29. ^ Hogman, C. F. (1992). "New trends in the preparation and storage of platelets". Transfusion 32 (1): 3–6. doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1992.32192116428.x. PMID 1731433.
30. ^ Ruane, Patrick H.; Edrich, Richard; Gampp, Deanna; Keil, Shawn D.; Leonard, R. Lynne; Goodrich, Raymond P. (1 June 2004). "Photochemical inactivation of selected viruses and bacteria in platelet concentrates using riboflavin and light". Transfusion 44 (6): 877–885. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.03355.x. PMID 15157255.
31. ^ Perez-Pujol, S. et al. (2005). "Effects of a New Pathogen-Reduction Technology (Mirasol PRT) on Functional Aspects of Platelet Concentrates". Transfusion 45 (6): 911–919. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.04350.x. PMID 15934989.
32. ^ AABB Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services 26th Edition Bethesda, MD: AABB, 2009.
33. ^ Schoenfeld H, Spies C, Jakob C (2006). "Volume-reduced platelet concentrates". Curr. Hematol. Rep. 5 (1): 82–8. PMID 16537051.
35. ^ Blood v. 118 no. 13, 3661-3669 (29 September 2011); doi:10.1182/blood-2011-02-338244 Occlusive thrombi arise in mammals but not birds in response to arterial injury: evolutionary insight into human cardiovascular disease. Alec A. Schmaier, et al. [1]
36. ^ Nature 220, 509 - 510 (2 November 1968); doi:10.1038/220509a0 ADP is not Involved in Thrombin-Induced Aggregation of Thrombocytes of a Non-mammalian Vertebrate FRANK A. BELAMARICH, DAVID SHEPRO & MARJA KIEN Biology Department, Boston University, Massachusetts.[2]
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/364 | The Pod, the 'load' and Darth Vader
Sarah Spain is following a seven-week fitness and fuel plan program designed for her by the Gatorade Sports Science Institute (GSSI). She'll be tested and measured, pushed, poked, prodded, and put through the proverbial wringer. The goal? To get her back to feeling, thinking and looking like the former hoopster and heptathlete she is. Naturally, she'll be blogging every sweaty step of the way. Follow along, send her your comments or, better yet, jump in and go for it with her. You only think you're in shape ...
Last week I announced my exciting (and slightly crazy) plan to let the folks at the Gatorade Sports Science Institute (GSSI) help me rediscover my inner athlete. I took an early morning flight from Chicago to New York City last Tuesday to meet up with trainer-to-the-pros Todd Durkin and the rest of the team at a pop-up Gatorade Performance Lab in Soho. The tests I underwent that day helped Todd and my Gatorade nutrition/fuel plan specialist, Kimberly White, create a seven-week program for me to follow until Super Bowl week in Dallas, where I'll take the tests again to see how much I've improved.
Here's a quick rundown of the tests and what they told me about my fitness, power and cognitive abilities (or, in some cases, lack thereof).
1. The Bod Pod: The testing begins with a base measurement of body weight and body composition (i.e. body fat percentage). Wearing a swim cap and a bathing suit, I sat in a futuristic-looking pod for three 30-second intervals. Lemme tell you: it's not so bad strutting your stuff in a few feet of lycra while vacationing on a tropical island, but waddling around under fluorescent lights in mid-December? Quite a humbling way start to the day.
Steve Boyle/Gatorade
Sarah Spain dons the 'Darth Vader' mask to test her resting metabolic rate.
2. Resting Metabolic Rate: The second test calculated the minimum number of calories I need to take in per day to just "be." This was an easy one -- I just had to lie on a table for a half-hour with a Darth Vader-style mask over my face and try not to fall asleep.
3. Wingate: Over a 30-second period I cycled with no resistance, building up to my fastest speed possible. Then the test facilitator Melissa "dropped the load," and I pedaled for another 30 seconds with resistance that made it feel like I was cycling in a vat of cement. (This test apparently caused the guy who tested before me to throw up. I'm proud to say that while my legs were rubbery as heck, I kept my breakfast in). This was a biggie -- it measured peak anaerobic power (the highest power generated in a 3-5 second interval), anaerobic fatigue (the percentage decline in power compared with the peak power output) and total anaerobic capacity (the total amount of work over the 30-second period).
4. Dynavision Sports D2: This was the most fun test of the day for me, because I was awesome at it (let's be honest, don't we enjoy what we're good at the most?). I stood in front of a big black board with lights all over it and had to react as quickly as possible, touching each light as it turned on in random succession, while simultaneously reading numbers that would appear on a screen in the middle of the board. The test measured eye-hand coordination, cognitive function and reaction time and I kicked some tail at it, tagging 100 lights out of 104, while the two guys before me hit just 86 and 60-something. If only ALL the tests involved absolutely zero physical exertion!
5. Dynavision Sports ISPAN: This test was a modified version of the D2 board one, but this time, in order to turn off the lights, I had to leap to touch them. I can guarantee beach volleyball superstar Kerri Walsh would absolutely kill at this one.
Scott Clarke/espnW
Stretching with trainer extraordinaire Todd Durkin.
6. Treadmill Test: The final test of the day calculated aerobic capacity (VO2max) using a one-mile run. I had to run at a steady pace for the entire mile, never speeding up or slowing down, and the changes in my heart rate reflected my aerobic fitness.
7. To finish up, trainer Todd and I went through a series of basic exercises -- push-ups, sit-ups, planks, etc.
I was surprised and motivated by a lot of the test results, and the old athlete in me started to stir. When I go back to re-test I want to surprise myself again, this time with proof that I've still got it when I put my mind to it. Todd sent me my first week of workouts yesterday, which means it's time to run, jump, sweat, (moan, groan and whine) my way back to looking and feeling like the baller I once was. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/376 | QA:Testcase NM Ethernet
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This test case cover Ethernet connection configuration via desktop GUIs. Both Gnome and KDE have similar GUI configuration tools with almost same options.
Have LAN connection available, preferably with IPv4/IPv6 dualstack support.
How to test
1. Connect the ethernet cable. Then run ping and if you have IPv6 connection also: ping6
2. Disable and re-enable ethernet interface via Network Manager applet (Gnome or KDE) and run ping(s) again.
3. Open "Options..." dialog in Gnome's "Network Settings" or "Edit..." dialog in KDE's "Network Management Settings". Configure IPv4/IPv6 address, gateway(s) and DNS(s) manually and run ping(s) again.
Expected Results
1. If network has DHCP server running, you should get an IP Address, Default Route (gateway) and DNS addresses automatically. Check this via "Network Settings" in Gnome or "Network Management" applet in KDE and in terminal by running commands: ip address, ip route and ip -6 route. If network supports IPv6 autoconfiguration via DHCPv6 or SLAAC your interface should have two IPv6 addresses: First local-link starting with "fe80::" and second globally unique address provided by network. Ping(s) should be answered.
2. When interface is disabled, check by running ip address if interface state is "DOWN" and doesn't have other IP addresses then local-link. Run ip route and ip -6 route and check if all routes from disabled network are removed. After enabling, interface should return to previous state. Ping(s) should be answered.
3. Interface should be configured properly, check with ip address, ip route and ip -6 route. Ping(s) should be answered.
1. Test various IPv4 and IPv6 configuration options, correct and even incorrect. Check how Network Manager handles this configurations and if it behaves as you expect.
2. Test "802.1x Security", if you have an infrastructure or you are able to setup it. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/397 | Naruto Shippuden
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/400 | AnimeSuki Forums
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JesseJamesRocket JesseJamesRocket is offline
Maniacally loveable.
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Just let you know that, I changed my username to understand my name 'Jeff' is.
2. Jeffry2009
2008-08-11 06:06
UPDATE: i just update my room pic including my japanese language certificate pic.
3. Jeffry2009
2008-08-10 00:00
Howdy jessy. how r u doing? anyway, would you like to visit my room tour pic and give me some comments about what do you think of that? later.
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O.k. I stopped by, but I don't really know what you meant.
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hi i need to stop by in my visitor thread, urgently. I have something to you.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/401 | AnimeSuki Forums
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Old 2004-07-29, 22:11 Link #1
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Ragnarok the Animation eps 10
can someone plz seed this eps 10 cuz im having trouble dling eps 6-10. thx
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/402 | AnimeSuki Forums
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Old 2004-09-18, 11:31 Link #1
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Chrno Crusade title in chinese?
Anyone knows whats the title in chinese? And the "official" publisher for it?
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Old 2004-09-18, 13:51 Link #2
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There are two chinese titles, one is 圣枪修女, I forgot the other one.
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Old 2004-09-18, 20:32 Link #3
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As far as I know, for the Chinese license, only Tong Li 東立出版社 of Taiwan has it. They publish Chrno Crusade under the title of 摩登大法師 aka Modern Exorcist (Priest).
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/403 | AnimeSuki Forums
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Old 2006-03-04, 02:42 Link #1
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Shinigami no Ballad by C1Anime
irc: #c1anime @
Enjoy! This is a really cute anime. We put a ton of work into this and hope you all enjoy it. Yay!!
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/405 | I am having a problem regarding clipboard and I get this error message every time I try to make a copy / paste operation from an Excel file.
The code breaks at Clipboard.GetDataObject() and the message error is this:
OpenClipboard Failed (Exception from HRESULT: 0x800401D0 (CLIPBRD_E_CANT_OPEN))
My WPF application is already running when I open Excel, write some text and then try to copy / paste.
The code that I'm using is this:
private void SetClipboardData() {
IDataObject data = Clipboard.GetDataObject();
IList result = GetDataForFileDropFormat( data );
if ( ( result != null ) && ( result.Count > 0 ) ) {
this._elementsClipboard = result;
this._sourceDrag = null;
this._sourceClipboard = null;
The above function is called in this handler method:
public void Handle_WM_DRAWCLIPBOARD( IntPtr hwnd, int msg, IntPtr wParam, IntPtr lParam, ref bool handled ) {
SendMessage( this._nextClipboardViewer, msg, wParam, lParam );
// get data from clipboard
handled = true;
I have been searching MSDN and .NET forums, but didn't find a workaround for this issue.
Could someone help me with that or give me an idea of what should I try? |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/408 | View Full Version : Problems with Mac talking to Win7
Apr 8, 2011, 03:14 PM
I have a pretty strange issue. I have a home network with 3 windows computers, and 1 MacBook Pro (Feb11).
All the computers can ping each other in any combination/direction except the Mac can't ping the Win7 computer. (I have 2 XP, 1 Win7, and OSX10.6).
I turned the firewall on the Win7 machine off, and still no luck. Eventually I went ahead and tried to mount the Win7 share on the Mac, and that worked. Then, once the share was mounted, I could ping it just fine (and connect with other network stuff that I was trying to originally).
If the harddrive goes to sleep, the share unmounts, as normal, then when it wakes back up, the ability to ping etc, is gone again until I remount, then it's all back.
Basically: The Win7 machine can ping the Mac just fine, the workgroups are all set properly, and it can ping the IP of all my other machines, and other machines can ping the Win7. But the Mac can only ping the win7 if it has its share mounted.
Any ideas?
Apr 8, 2011, 04:31 PM
are you pinging by ip address or netbios/bonjour name?
Apr 8, 2011, 05:32 PM
I tried both, but NETBIOS name didn't seem to work for the other computers if I recall, so just stuck to IP.
So, try to ping the IP, times out like crazy, mount the share, icmp comes back just fine.
Apr 11, 2011, 11:14 AM
Just fixed the problem, ran windows update there were a couple items to be updated, come to find out I didn't have Service Pack 1 installed. I assume that was the culprit, since most MS products don't really work as intended until SP1.
Pings just fine now without having to mount. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/412 | View Full Version : Drinking The Kool Aid
10-03-2008, 01:37 PM
Warning, the following is Politically Neutral.
Buddy of mine in a football sim league posted this:
Once upon a time, mortgage brokers sold Kool Aid. Suddenly, Wall Street became extremely thirsty. They couldn't get enough Kool Aid. The price for Kool Aid went way up.
Mortgage brokers turned to their Kool Aid supplier: homebuyers. "We need more Kool Aid," they said. But homebuyers didn't have enough Kool Aid. With the help of their mortgage brokers, they increased the amount of Kool Aid by adding fillers: melamine, arsenic, whatever. "As long as the price of Kool Aid keeps rising," the homebuyers were told, "you'll be able to sell it to someone else and buy clean Kool Aid later. You won't have to drink it."
Wall Street bought the tainted Kool Aid by the truck full. Fannie Mae bought the Kool Aid, froze it, and sold it as popsicles. Freddie Mac bought the popsicles, melted them, thickened it, and sold it as a syrup. Bear Stearns bought the syrup, carbonated it, and sold it as a soda. At each step, the price of the Kool Aid increased, as did the profits.
Then one day, the people said, "$800,000 for Kool Aid? Are you profanityfilterprofanityfilterprofanityfilterprofa nityfiltering kidding me? Isn't that shit still a nickel a packet at Walmart? And what kind of jackass came up with Kool Aid soda anyway?"
Wall Street said, "Oh. profanityfilterprofanityfilterprofanityfilterprofa nityfilter."
Then the reports of tainting began to creep in. It might be tap water with food coloring here, or adding dog piss there, but it started to add up to some really, really bad Kool Aid.
Wall Street had poured a shitload of money into its Kool Aid supplies, and they needed a buyer. Wall Street responded by pulling the strings on its puppet named White House. White House invested a lot of monetary policy into encouraging the Kool Aid market, making cheap loans available for Kool Aid distributors, as well as giving tax incentives to new Kool Aid buyers. None of it really worked. The Kool Aid market had frozen, and the last one holding it was going to have to drink it.
The blogosphere echoed with a common refrain from noted econonists and the common man alike: "The banks made the Kool Aid, make them drink it!"
Then Wall Street coaxed their fuzzy pet Congressmen into a bailout. The cuddly little critters have a talent for malaprops, and they began to refer to the "bailout" as a "rescue." These critters scurry around the nation every day, slipping into the people's paychecks, and escaping with fat wads of cash before they can get shot.
Today, the critters emerged from their nest with a massive wad of the people's cash and presented it to Wall Street to buy the Kool Aid. Each person's share of the Kool Aid is in the mail as we speak.
Cheers, everyone! Drink up! |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/423 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a strange problem with XNA 4. I'm constructing a SpriteBatch using this.spriteBatch = new SpriteBatch( GraphicsDevice );. This leads to a memory leak up to 600 MB memory consumption.
This problem didn't exist two days ago.
I have a static class called Resources:
public static GraphicsDeviceManager gdm;
This gets set in the Game-constructor
public class Game : Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Game {
public Game() {
Resources.gdm = new GraphicsDeviceManager( this );
Content.RootDirectory = "Content";
In the Initialize-Method I'm creating a SpriteBatch in the Resources
protected override void Initialize() {
Resources.Game = this;
Resources.spriteBatch = new SpriteBatch( GraphicsDevice );
At the point Resources.spriteBatch = new SpriteBatch( GraphicsDevice ); it allocates up to 600 MB memory.
Why is XNA allocating so much after I created a SpriteBatch? How can I fix it? (It worked two days ago and I didn't change anything that could cause this problem.)
share|improve this question
Nothing in the code you provided causes the memory leak. You need to post more code. Also, I doubt that anything like creating a new SpriteBatch object (except maybe if you are doing it every frame) would cause such a massive memory leak. – Jaakko Lipsanen May 15 '13 at 19:09
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1 Answer
It's not the fault of SpriteBatch. It's much more likely to be the fault of your Resources object. By the way, keeping track of resources is the job of the Game class. I would be skeptical that you have good reason to also assign a GraphicsDevice into your custom object. Afterall, Game already has one, and it ought to be a singleton.
Do you call Game.Initialize() in your Resources object? I once had similar symptoms because I called base.Initialize(); in my game's LoadContent method. (Infinite allocations until stack overflow.) You might try stepping into your code from Main by simply hitting F11. See if the execution does anything that it shouldn't be doing, and see if it is doing it over and over and over.
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Your Answer
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/424 | Jump to: navigation, search
Koog aan de Zaan in the municipality of Zaanstad. Source: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek
Koog aan de Zaan (Koog), a town about 10 miles (16 km) north of Amsterdam (coordinates: 52° 27′ 20″ N, 4° 48′ 0″ E), in the Zaanstad municipality, with a Mennonite congregation, the official name of which is Koog-Zaandijk (Zaandijk being a town adjacent to Koog aan de Zaan). Because sources are lacking, it is impossible to state when the congregation of Koog-Zaandijk was founded, but at an early time Anabaptists were already found here. About 1600 the Mennonites comprised the great majority of the inhabitants, both of Zaandijk and Koog. In this time most of them belonged to the Waterlander branch, some were Flemish, and a few Frisian. None of these groups formed an independent congregation and only a primitive Flemish meetinghouse was found at Koog aan de Zaan. The Waterlanders belonged to the congregation of Westzaan and Oost-Zaandam, the Flemish to the Flemish congregation of West-Zaandam, and the Frisians to the congregation of Zaandam and Westzaan-Zuid. In the course of time most Frisians joined the Flemish group, and both Flemish and Waterlanders obtained meetinghouses at Koog and became independent congregations. A Flemish meetinghouse was rebuilt in 1645. Until 1648 the Flemish Mennonites of Zaandam also used to worship in the Koog meetinghouse, but in 1648 a Flemish meetinghouse was built at Zaandam, and the Koog-Zaandijk group, including that of Wormerveer, became somewhat independent.
A Waterlander meetinghouse was built in 1637 in the northern part of Koog aan de Zaan, and in 1646 the Waterlander group became a fully independent congregation. This Waterlander congregation seems to have been more conservative than Waterlander congregations usually were. About 1673 the preacher Pieter Pietersz was dismissed because he tried to introduce the tradition of “free speaking” (i.e., that lay members also be allowed to deliver addresses) as was usual among the Collegiants. In 1680 the Waterlander and Flemish congregations of Koog-Zaandijk merged. The Flemish meetinghouse was sold and the Waterlander meetinghouse became a home for poor members. A new meetinghouse was erected on the Hoogstraat. This characteristic frame building of 1680 was still in use in the 1950s. It was largely renovated in 1873 and again in 1931. An organ was installed in 1870. The congregation possesses six silver communion cups, which date from the late 17th century, and which were probably given to the congregation when the new meetinghouse was built in 1680. At the time of the merger in 1680, there were 68 members of the Flemish branch and about 200 Waterlanders. The preachers at that time were Symen Aarjans (Adriaansz) and Dirk Simonsz Moeriaen (of the Waterlanders) and Aris Pieters of Zaandijk and Aris Cornelis Caeskoper (of the Flemish).
The united congregation witnessed a period of prosperity. In 1701 the membership numbered 584, the highest number ever reached. An orphanage was built in 1697, and in 1698 Abraham Verduin, who had been trained by Galenus Abrahamsz of Amsterdam, was called to serve the congregation as preacher. He served until about 1752. The congregation was a member both of the Rijper Sociëteit (Waterlander Conference of North Holland) and of the Zonist Conference.
Among the families of Koog-Zaandijk who promoted Mennonitism was the Honig family; members of this family, who founded the large and well-known Honig grocery factories, are still found here as members of the Mennonite congregation.
In the last part of the 18th and the first decades of the 19th century there was a decline both of activity and of membership. The membership decreased in one century by about 200; but in the 19th century there was a considerable growth: 1808, 417; 1833, 470; 1861, 506; 1900, 516. From then a decrease took place, to 399 in 1955. The congregation always was rather well-to-do. In the early 18th century it contributed liberally to the needs of the Mennonites in Prussia (1727-1736 a total of 2,840 guilders). From this time on the congregation was served by the preachers Sjoerd Pietersz van Dokkenburg 1750-1775, his son Pieter van Dokkenburg 1770-1811, Jan Visser 1788-1831, Jan Bruin 1827-?, Jan van Gilse 1834-1837, Christiaan Muller 1838-1868, Jochem Boetje 1868-1872, A. W. Huidekoper 1873-1877, S. Lulofs 1877-1889, P. S. Bakels 1889-1907, J. P. Smidts 1908-1922, J. M. Leendertz 1923-1927, J. E. van Brakel 1928-1945, and E. H. Boer 1946- .
The congregation had an old people’s home called the Johanna Elisabeth Stichting until about 1980. Church activities in the 1950s included ladies’ circle, young members’ association, Sunday school for children, youth group Elfregi.
[edit] Bibliography
Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (1870): 180; (1874): 144; (1895): 180; (1900): 99; (1918): 65 f., 146.
De Zondagsbode 24 (1910): No, 21.
Lootsma, S. Het Nieuwe Huys. Zaandam, 1937: 13, 23, 25, 32, 75, 82, 226.
Author(s) Nanne van der Zijpp
Date Published 1957
[edit] Cite This Article
MLA style
Zijpp, Nanne van der. "Koog aan de Zaan (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1957. Web. 16 Mar 2014.,_Netherlands)&oldid=108513.
APA style
Zijpp, Nanne van der. (1957). Koog aan de Zaan (Noord-Holland, Netherlands). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 16 March 2014, from,_Netherlands)&oldid=108513.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, and Waterloo, Ontario, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, pp. 223-224. All rights reserved. For information on ordering the encyclopedia visit the Herald Press website.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/425 | Jump to: navigation, search
Lindbrook Mennonite Brethren Church, 1950
Creator: Henry J. Wiens (1885-1975)
Digitized by Hiebert Library. Center for Mennonite Brethren Studies
Tofield Gospel Church was started by Russian Mennonite immigrants that immigrated to Canada in the 1920s and settled at Trent Ranch, northeast of Tofield, Alberta. The group began services and formally organized in 1928 with 14 members. They met in family homes and, because transportation was difficult, not very frequently. In 1936 the Trent Ranch dissolved and so many families moved to the Lindbrook area. In 1937–1938 many families from Crowfoot also moved the Lindbrook area. In 1939 they had outgrown family homes and so rented facilities were used for meeting places. In 1940 they decided to build their own meeting house between Tofield and Lindbrook, called the Lindbrook Mennonite Brethren Church.
In the mid-1940s the Evangelical Mennonite Brethren congregation at nearby Ryley joined the church.
In 1963 a larger meeting house was completed south of Tofield and the name of the congregation was changed to Tofield Mennonite Brethren Church. In 1971 the congregation adopted the pastor system. In 1977 the congregation again changed its name to the Tofield Gospel Church. In 1982 the congregation again built a larger meeting house north to Tofield.
By 2005 the church was struggling. Grace Road Church, which had been formed by former members of Tofield Gospel Church, had closed by 2005. In 2006 the congregation was released from membership in the Alberta Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches.
[edit] Bibliography
Mennonite Brethren Herald (27 May 1988): 8.
MB Herald (29 August 1997); (22 June 2001); (11 January 2002); (21 March 2003); (11 June 2004); (29 April 2005); (28 April 2006).
Penner, Peter. No Longer at Arms Length: Mennonite Brethren Church Planting in Canada. Winnipeg: Kindred Press, 1987, 178 pp.
[edit] Archival Records
Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies, Winnipeg, MB: Volume 340, Reel 54.
[edit] Additional Information
Address: Box 444, Tofield, AB T0B 4J0
Location: 5826 - 51st Street, Tofield, AB
Phone: 780-662-3415
Denominational Affiliations:
Alberta Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches
Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches
General Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches
[edit] Tofield Gospel Church Leading Ministers
Minister Years
Abram Froese 1928–1935
Peter J. Warkentin 1936–1959
H. Huebert 1960–1961
J. J. Dueck 1962–1965
George Quiring 1966–1970
Henry H. Epp 1971–1976
John M. Schmidt 1977–1980
P. H. Warkentin 1980–1981
Randy Benson 1981–1986
Calvin Buehler 1987–1993
Tom Peachey 1993–1997
Carl Ibbotson 1997
Wilfred Richert 1998–2001
Henry Wiebe (interim) 2001-2002
Ramon Noble 2004-
[edit] Tofield Gospel Church Membership
Year Members
1985 130
1995 118
2000 134
Author(s) Richard D Thiessen
Date Published March 2014
[edit] Cite This Article
MLA style
Thiessen, Richard D. "Tofield Gospel Church (Tofield, Alberta, Canada)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. March 2014. Web. 15 Mar 2014.,_Alberta,_Canada)&oldid=115344.
APA style
Thiessen, Richard D. (March 2014). Tofield Gospel Church (Tofield, Alberta, Canada). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 15 March 2014, from,_Alberta,_Canada)&oldid=115344.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/426 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I would like, if possible, to represent on paper (excel sheet is acceptable) a mathematical model that would help me determine if I can successfully jungle with a champion using a set of runes, starting equipment, and masteries that will support it at minimum.
A model like this will help players immediately understand what they need to change in terms of runes/equipment/masteries to continue jungling effectively after a patch that nerfs or buffs champions and monster creeps.
This could also be a basis to help understand at which level we can solo dragon, etc.
UPDATE: To make things a little bit easier and have a common starting point suppose that I select Udyr (with Phoenix Stance) as champion and start jungling to the blue golem.
share|improve this question
@Drake it is definitely answerable. If you do a simplified DPS calculation for each encounter then you can quickly determine whether you will win or not. As a rule of thumb, though, there is always an ability for each champion that should be taken (like Drain for fiddle and Phoenix for Udyr) and equipment (5 health pots + armor) – Sadly Not Feb 11 '11 at 15:40
However, this is something that definitely needs a program. Paper might only work if you do some serious oversimplification, but that's risky considering how sensitive jungling is with some champions. – Sadly Not Feb 11 '11 at 15:44
There just seems to many possible outcomes for this to be feasable. Rune combinations (100's, if not 1000's) x Mastery combinations (100's) x Item combinations (100's) x Number of champions x Champions skills x Skill levels x Critical / Dodge chance x Walk speeds x Team member passives (i.e. zilean, Janna) x Constantly changing values of different neutral mob strengths. Something this detailed seems TOO much, and requiring such accurate stats when it comes to jungling seems uncessary when you take into consideration ganks, enemy junglers stealing mobs. Its all very situational. – theorise Feb 11 '11 at 15:57
@zzzzBov I fail to see why this is more than one question. – Drake Feb 11 '11 at 17:22
Are the formulas and data that would be necessary to create such a sheet available? I don't know anything about LoL, but creating this doesn't sound like it'd be too bad if the necessary information has all been discovered. I just wouldn't even know where to start looking. – Chad Birch Feb 16 '11 at 16:37
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Wow that is an incredible question to answer. Hasn't someone posted a lengthy review on runes for Udyr at like Mobafire? Because that where I would look. Rune combinations seem to show maximium effectiveness in clusters of 4. One type for each section. like health for seals. armour piercing for marks. Celerity for glyphs and health for quintencess. These are just examples. I would read a bunch of various reviews and make decisions from there. Items especially for Udyr will make a considerable difference and this will make your calculations more complex.
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In short: there are no defined answers, due to an over-abundance of interacting factors. – Lysarion Mar 9 '11 at 13:13
correct. that is the best sentence ever !!!! – Kirk Mar 9 '11 at 16:43
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/427 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
It looks like it's possible to get multiple of most common monsters - are there any that this isn't the case for? Are there any I need to be careful not to waste the limited supply of on infusions, or any that can be missed entirely?
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up vote 2 down vote accepted
As far as i am aware there are no monsters you can miss in the sense of never being able to get them after a certain plot event.
There are 10 monsters that you can only get once. The first 3 you get by fighting. The other 7 by getting their crystal with improved Moogle throw. Here's the list:
1. Gigantuar.
2. Twilight Odin
3. Golden Chocobo
4. Nanochu
5. Chichu
6. Silver Chocobo
7. Leyak
8. Rangda
9. Cactuarama
10. Cactuarina
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Accepted - grats on 1k :) – Shinrai Feb 20 '12 at 20:57
11 days must be some kind of record no ? – Serge Bekenkamp Feb 21 '12 at 7:44
Thanks to the Valfodr Coliseum battle as part of the Perpetual Battlefield DLC, you can now retrieve these monster crystals more than once. – user3389 Jun 3 '12 at 12:10
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/434 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am currently trying to draw a point with the ArcGIS Javascript API.
Pretty much like this example, http://help.arcgis.com/en/webapi/javascript/arcgis/demos/toolbar/toolbar_draw.html, except the point will not be drawn with the mouse, but from an javascript object.
If we look at the code, we see that a geometry object/array is passed in the function.
function addToMap(geometry) {
var symbol = new esri.symbol.SimpleMarkerSymbol(esri.symbol.SimpleMarkerSymbol.STYLE_SQUARE, 10, new esri.symbol.SimpleLineSymbol(esri.symbol.SimpleLineSymbol.STYLE_SOLID, new dojo.Color([255,0,0]), 1), new dojo.Color([0,255,0,0.25]));
var graphic = new esri.Graphic(geometry, symbol);
If someone could write the structure for that object, and a method to draw the point (such as a button, with an onclick event, containing fixed xy coords)
Dumping geometry looks like this http://pastebin.com/P9wfL36b (ouch!)
This code will be used in a GPS tracking experiement, where I'll pull the current position from a database every 20 seconds or so. (details will not be covered in this post)
Bonus question: How do I convert long/lat to xy coords from the sample?
I use UTM zone 29N, wkid: 32629
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3 Answers
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Adding a point from a button click can be as simple as:
dojo.connect(dojo.byId('pointButton'), 'onclick', function() {
map.graphics.add(new esri.Graphic(
// Point coordinates are 0, 0
new esri.geometry.Point(0, 0, map.spatialReference),
new esri.symbol.SimpleMarkerSymbol()
And the pointButton node is:
<button id="pointButton">Click to add a point.</button>
To add a point when the map is clicked is pretty straightforward as well:
dojo.connect(map, 'onClick', function(evt) {
map.graphics.add(new esri.Graphic(
new esri.symbol.SimpleMarkerSymbol()
Live example showing both here: http://jsfiddle.net/swingley/auyHf/
Regarding converting from lat, long to another coordinate system: if you're converting to or from lat, long to web mercator, there are client side methods available to do this: esri.geometry.geographicToWebMercator and esri.geometry.WebMercatorToGeographic. If you need to convert from lat, long to something other than web mercator, then the geometry service's project method is the way to go.
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Thanks a lot. Drawing the point works like a charm. In the conversion, I have been trying the geometry service's project method. The map I'm using is based on UTM zone 29N, wkid 32629. Using the geommetry service only gives me "X" = NaN, "Y = NaN". Any ideas? I tried the exact same code on the world map bit.ly/qxPfVm (wkid:102100), worked fine. – Ragnar123 Aug 3 '11 at 12:20
It works with 32629 or 102100. I posted an example to a similar question a while back here: forums.arcgis.com/threads/… – Derek Swingley Aug 3 '11 at 14:00
Yes, I see it works with 32629 and 102100, but how about conversion from 4326 to 32629? I keep getting NaN values – Ragnar123 Aug 3 '11 at 18:26
It should still work; maybe you should create a new question so you can provide your code and, ideally, the URL w/URL parameters that is being sent to your service. – Derek Swingley Aug 3 '11 at 19:52
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Each of the geometry types has a constructor that builds a new geometry object from JSON -- for example: Point. There's an example of a Point JSON object on that page.
For your second question, the recommended approach is to use a Geometry Service to reproject the point from SRID 4326 (long/lat) to the map's native coordinate system. See here for an example.
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Thank you, looks good. Will try, and return with either further questions or a checkmark :-) – Ragnar123 Aug 1 '11 at 15:22
If you're using the 1.4 or later API, why wouldn't you use the esri.geometry.geographicToWebMercator(geometry) method instead of calling the geometry service? – kenbuja Aug 1 '11 at 17:52
@kenbuja - I didn't realize they had that, thanks! I agree, that would definitely make more sense if you are converting between geographic and Web Mercator. – mrohlf Aug 1 '11 at 19:08
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Sounds like your specific problem is that you have a lat/long coordinate and you need to place that on the map as geometry. Use the esri.Graphic(geometry, symbol, attributes, infoTemplate) constructor to make your graphic to put on the map.
If you follow the API reference sample, creating a point graphic from a lat/long is pretty straightforward.
But, if you are pulling the point from a database using a web service, then it might be more straightforward to use the json example right below it. Have the web service construct the point json rather than constructing it client side. If you need to modify any part of the json after it is returned by the service, you can do that client side on the json before passing it to the graphic constructor.
var myPoint = {
"Plant":"Mesa Mint"
"title":"Vernal Pool Locations",
"content":"Latitude: ${YCoord}<br/>Longitude: ${XCoord}<br/>Plant Name:${Plant}"
var gra= new esri.Graphic(myPoint);
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/441 | GTA Wiki
Yaiyarir Auto Parts
9,261pages on
this wiki
Yaiyarir Auto Parts is an automobile parts shop that sells foreign and domestic parts. There are three shops in San Andreas, one located under a bridge in East Los Santos, one located in Las Colinas, and the other next to the Pay 'n' Spray in Redsands East. There are many rusty wrecks piled up around the East Los Santos compound, and it is possible that they were being sold for parts or as scrap. The shop also contains a gang tag. Their phone number is 555-3115 and 555-3116.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/477 | Log in • Sign up • Subscribe feed icon
Inventor Challenge: Make Life Better At A Music Festival!
Credit: Kaslo Jazz Etc. Summer Music FestivalCredit: Kaslo Jazz Etc. Summer Music Festival Quick! What new product would be needed for an audience of music lovers at a music festival? Invent it and $5,000 (or equivalent in pounds, rupees, rubles, reals, or euros) could be yours.
Here's the deal. Reckitt Benckiser, a British company which makes about twenty internationally well known products like Woolite, Lysol, French's, Air Wick, and Clearasil, is challenging all creative thinkers to come up with a product that everyone (or nearly everyone) would want to buy if they were going to a music festival. Contestants must produce a maximum 2-minute video, no more than 2.5Gb in size, and upload it on Reckitt Benckiser's Facebook page.
Reckitt Benckiser is referring to this competition as a Decision-Making Challenge, so the company is very interested in how you think. Included in the video should be a description of the product, how you came up with the idea, and how you would plan to market it. You can submit as many product ideas as you have, each on a different video.
The public will be asked to vote on the ideas submitted, and the top 20 videos will then be submitted to a panel of judges. The contest is open only to those residents of the UK, US, Brazil, Russia, Germany, and India. The deadline for all entries is August 21, 2009; the public will then have until August 24, 2009 to vote on the entries. The competition rules outline all further specifics.
Reckitt Benckiser is a company that welcomes new ideas from inventors, particularly ideas that relate to its core interests. To help guide innovators to the company's needs, it has devoted a page to specific technologies it would like to develop and another page on how to submit those ideas not related to the specific competition covered above. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/482 | Deadly stomach bacteria holds remnant of the world before DNAS
Biology faces a basic paradox - life requires DNA to function, yet DNA evolved after life emerged. Now a study of modern bacteria has revealed what DNA's progenitor might be.
Until now, RNA was mostly dismissed as DNA's lackey, a messenger and intermediary between DNA's complex instruction manual and the creation of life's essential proteins. But Yale researchers discovered that the pathogenic stomach bacterium Clostridium difficile possesses more complex RNA structures that are able to detect molecules and control the expression of certain genes - abilities previously thought to be the sole domain of DNA and proteins.
These structures, known as riboswitches, form a combo of two small and two large RNA molecules that together regulate the function of ribozyme, a structure that biologists once thought existed only to reproduce itself. However, in the stomach bacterium, this ribozyme helps influence gene expression, apparently to help the bacterium better affect human cells. Although this is a relatively limited function, it's a good indication that more ancient RNA structures could have done many of the jobs that are now exclusively carried out by DNA, allowing biologists to more easily envision life before DNA.
Yale biologist Ron Breaker explains how this changes our view of RNA:
"What these cells are doing is using ancient RNA technology to control modern gene expression. They were though to be molecular parasites, but it is clear they are being harnessed by cells to do some good for the organism. A lot of sophisticated RNA gadgetry has gone extinct but this study shows that RNA has more of the power needed to carry out complex biochemistry. It makes the spontaneous emergence of life on earth much more palatable."
[via Science] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/491 | Windows Enterprise Desktop » disk footprint reduction technique pays off for HD to SSD switchover Fri, 14 Mar 2014 13:58:00 +0000 en-US hourly 1 Footprint Reduction Methods Produce Snag-free SSD Migration (Part 2 of 2) Wed, 26 Oct 2011 15:04:33 +0000 On September 26, I wrote a blog here entitled “Testing Footprint Reduction Methods for SSD Migration: Before (Part 1 of 2).” Today I’m pleased to post the conclusion to this mini-saga, now that I’ve completed the switchover from 500 GB conventional HDs in three of my production laptops to a trio of OCZ Agility 3 120 GB SSDs. The machines in question are my trusty old Dell D620 (T7200 Core Duo, 4 GB RAM), my HP dv6t (i7 720 QM, 8 GB RAM), and my brand-new Dell/Alienware M11X (i7 2617M, 8 GB RAM), all of which are now reveling in zippy performance and much quicker start-up and shutdown intervals than under the old HD regime.
Good things come in small packages
Good things come in small packages
Here’s what my footprint reduction techniques did for the holdings on those three PCs’ hard disks:
Table 1: Notebook System Disk Holdings (Before & After)
Laptop Before Clean-up After Clean-up
HP dv6t 72.9 GB 52.8 GB
Dell M11X 48.2 GB 33.1 GB
Dell D620 35.4 GB 27.7 GB
Looks like my techniques can and did produce space savings from 22-27%. The upshot of all of this miscellaneous clean-up and effort is a trio of PCs, all of which have at lest 45 GB of available space on their solid state drives (the Dell has over 80 GB free!). I’d have to say that if you’re heading in this direction or getting user machines ready for this kind of switchover, you should be able to put these techniques to good use, and achieve similar savings and results. For more info on my performance results before and after, see my recent blog at entitled “A Tale of Three Notebook SSD Upgrades.”
And don’t forget: you can purchase 2.5″ drive enclosures for the old hard disks for under $10 a pop (I spent $9 each on some Rosewill units, Newegg’s house brand). These USB-powered mini-enclosures are extremely portable, and will provide users with a backup/external drive to take with them on the roard. Sure, they’ll eat more battery power, but (a) they probably won’t need it plugged in all the time, and (b) the battery life with a combination of the old hard disk and the new SSD won’t be too much worse than the original battery life with the old hard disk and no SSD. In my book, that makes it a slam-dunk proposition.
]]> 0 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/494 | Ralph Lauren Marks D-Day With Lobster, Cologne
• All-American fashion designer Ralph Lauren celebrated the anniversary of D-Day this week in a manner that was pretty tasteful, in the way that those mango-sized logos are tasteful...
• ...which is to say, ahem, "utterly gauche actually", because we studied French literary theory and are total snobs about things like commemorating the commencement of a battle in which 60,000 or so (strapping!) young men died liberating Europe from the Nazis by launching a new fragrance. Stay classy, Ralph! [Page Six]
• Paula Abdul has a fragrance coming out for (her words!) "a sophisticated type of woman." She has been wearing the still-unnamed fragrance to promote it. And by "wearing" we mean carrying around a bottle containing a strong-smelling liquid she claims is her "sophisticated" new fragrance. [WWD, sub req'd]
• Valentino speaks! The man's first public statement since the purchase of his eponymous fashion house put the retirement rumors to rest: "I'm not thinking of retirement. In the future, we'll see. I love my work too much. There's still a lot to do." [WWD, 1st item]
• The Washington Post's fashion critic, Robin Givhan, interviews Bitten shoppers: "I wasn't expecting Armani cuts at these prices." [Washington Post]
• Now you can smell like $800 shoes, too! Jimmy Choo has just inked a fragrance deal and their debut women's scent will be out in spring 2009. [WWD, sub req'd]
• Ah, the phrase "concept store": It warms our hearts (and makes us scratch our heads)! We're still not entirely sure what it means, but apparently there's a new one on the global fashion block, Cara & Co of Moscow. [Vogue UK] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/495 | Who's Your Girl Crush?S
Today in The Daily Beast, writer Doree Shafrir examines the phenomenon of the "fantasy girl crush," the woman who's slightly cooler or more successful than you, and who you kind of want to be.
It's risky territory, as there's a fine line between crushing and actual jealousy. And Shafrir acknowledges that the cultivation of a girl crush isn't always simple. She writes,
However, the bulk of her article turns out to be, not a Lucinda Rosenfeld-style envy-fest, but a sweet exploration of women's admiration for other women. She quotes attorney Jasmine Moy, who says, a girl crush is "pretty much any woman who is funny and smart and talented and successful and pretty. Crushes are the things you get if you're not the 'I'm jealous, therefore I hate them' kind of person." Several women she interviews report crushes on author/illustrator Luann Shapton. Shapton is an art director at The New York Times, a novelist, an Elle columnist, and the co-owner, with her fiance, of "a beautifully restored farmhouse in North Salem, N.Y." There are plenty of ingredients for haterade here, but Shafrir's interviewees offer only love. "She just seems to have a really lovely life," says one Shapton admirer.
Shapton, for her part, is gracious in crush-dom. She says,
I've received a few emails from younger women which is nice, but weird since I certainly don't feel like I have anything figured out. If they ask for career advice, I try to explain that I didn't really plan a career-I was able to make up my jobs along the way, and I advise them to do the same. I didn't ever decide on a single course of action. But that basically makes you-for a long time-broke, obscure, somewhat unreliable and scattered. Trying to answer the question 'What do you do?' would give me hives.
It wouldn't be that hard to make fun of this, to imagine Shapton lounging around her farmhouse, saying "oh, this old thing?" But one of the great canards of armchair sociology is the idea that women don't help each other, that the glass ceiling stays in place because women are busy catfighting each other beneath it. So it's nice to read about women being nice, and not fake-nice either, but actually sincerely in awe of and respectful of one another.
If I had to pick a celebrity girl crush, it would probably be Zadie Smith — fantastically successful young novelist, married to another successful young novelist, beautiful, likes Fawlty Towers, and once toured with They Might Be Giants. But one of my biggest girl crushes was not on a celebrity — it was on a girl who transferred to my college when I was a senior. She had complicated, impressive hair, dressed like a visitor from a more awesome universe, had her own website, published a zine as a teenager, wrote fiction, took photos, and after graduation moved into an apartment with her boyfriend (now husband), where they read Eliot to one another and covered the walls with art by their friends. I was sure she was too cool to ever be friends with me. Years later, after we'd already become close, she confessed she had thought the same thing about me. Now we both have our own websites, and although I think she still has better hair, I get to give her advice about teaching and making clam pasta. Sometimes the best girl crushes go both ways.
Fantasy Girl Crushes [Daily Beast] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/496 | The Future Of The Women Of Mad Men, From The Creator HimselfS
In an interview with E!'s Jennifer Godwin, there's good news and bad news. The good news? Betty's coming back. Matt Weiner says: "I don't like spoilers, but you will find out that January's contract has been renewed." He adds:
"She's raising Don's kids. And I also feel that she was always in her own show." Godwin also gets Weiner to talk about Betty's relationship with Henry Francis. Godwin posits, "My theory about Betty is that she's a sloth — she doesn't like to leave one tree without already having found her next tree. She doesn't like touching the ground." Weiner answers:
What confirms your suspicion of this, because I agree with you, is that Henry Francis (Christopher Stanley) did not sleep with her. He knew he was not getting anything. He was not getting anything until it was legal… He's a handsome guy who says, "You'll never have to work again." A lot of women like that. Lots of people don't know the people that they're marrying. She didn't know Don that well. But Henry has been good to her, and I think she knows what he's about, and he's a very exciting person for her. I think he's the anti-Don in the sense that he seems very grounded. All I can tell you is that, as a pregnant woman, when he treated her sexually at a party, something happened in her brain chemistry.
The other woman we may seem more of is Carla; Weiner says that he and the writers have "talked about" a Carla-centric episode:
Deborah Lacey is a great actress, and Carla's relationship with the family has so much integrity. That's a real relationship between employer and employee, and that's something that we're very proud of.
In addition, since she is one of the only African-Americans on the show, her thoughts of, feelings about and place in the changing American landscape of the 1960s —compared to that of the Drapers — could make for extremely rich storylines. And if the show makes it to 1968 and Martin Luther King's assassination, well, she's just got to have a bigger part.
Lastly, the bad news. It's about Joan.
Godwin: It's a tragedy. It hurts me. She bet on the wrong horse when she married her husband, and now all we can do is hope that he dies in Vietnam.
Weiner: Guys like him, apparently, don't really die in Vietnam. Only good people die.
Godwin: And he's not good?
Weiner: No, he's not good for her.
Ugh. Sadness.
Mastermind Matt Weiner Tells the Future of Mad Men [E!] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/515 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
If I cut circles of dough with the intention of folding the edges into three corners, am I Yotzei the Mitzvah of Hamentaschen?
As far as I know, this is the standard way of making Hamentaschen these days, but it apparently wasn't always the case, and it seems this is at least not the ideal for a separate reason. That being the case, is there any source that justifies this method of making the "corners"?
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Not only are you yotzei but you must attach tzitzis – Danno Feb 24 '13 at 13:49
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closed as too localized by msh210 Feb 28 '13 at 18:36
1 Answer
So your question is actually if there is din "Ta'aseh V'lo Min Ha'Asui" and simply there is not Din like that because when Haman's evil verdict came out Mordechai did not make a new Queen Esther to save the Jews, but on the other hand Esther had everyone fast for 3 days but were they not already in aveilut beforehand? Now they might have been in aveilut but that was not fasting and so there is no din of "Ta'aseh V'lo Min Ha'Asui"' and more so, just like how Haman's perfect plan was destroyed, piece by piece, so should one make Hamentashen in balls and essentially "ruin" them by making three coreners, but of course you have to have Kavanah from the beggining and when you make the corners you have to say the brachah: "ברוך אתה ה', אלוקינו מלך העולם, אשר קישנו במצוותיו ולא ציוונו על הכנת אוזני המן", and of course make sure to have a gragger at hand.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/529 | Let's Make Robots!
Jeffrey The Quadruped
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lumi's picture
Awesome....more, more, more please ;-)
Could you try to explain how the mapping is working? Does it require a EPROM to save data or do you just store it in te memory?
What servos are you using? With my Chopstick Junior I got some broken after a while...yeah, that cheap 9g servos...
Botdev's picture
You don't need the write it in the eprom, it keeps a very small amount of data in realtime (does not keep a log), so the memory is enough. Although, you can use the same concept in a way where you log the data for more complex calculations.
It has a very low resolution of 10x2. Basically what it does it to create an array of distance values (from the IR sensor) as the head moves.
If you watch it as it moves forward, you will see a circular-like movement of the head, it scans 2 lines (one 90 degrees to the ground and one 45 degrees to the ground). I keep 10x samples for each line and store them in an array. After that it depends on how you process that array, for example Jeffrey uses the first line to avoid obstacles and the second line to avoid falling down of a table.
For the first line I find the lowest value to locate the location of the "obstacle" and the highest value to find the correct place to move in order to avoid it. (the position of these values on the array corresponds to real physical positions since the scanning process is linear). I do the exact opposite for table edge avoidance. Of course, there are exceptions with extra actions, but this is basically how it works.
With the same method you can create a larger resolution array for more calculations, but of course the time lapse between the samples would increase.
Those servos do break. Jeffrey broke 2 servos till now. I plan to redesign its legs with a more solid structure. The correct way to avoid breaking servos is to build mechanical legs and control them via wires connected to the servo. That way you can take some of the tension off the servos.
Just seen your chopstick junior, its awesome :D
lumi's picture
Wow, thanks for explaing that in such a detailed novel ;-) Now I can make myself an image about how it works.
Yep, Chopstick Junior was a lot of fun to build to show off and even doing a workshop in out hackerspace and let 50 insurance sellers build two of Chopstick Junior clones ;-)
legwinskij's picture
Awesome ! I am currently working on quadruped but this one is great !
ChuckCrunch's picture
so can't wate for the rest so hurry hurry hurry now now now :P LOL in the top video there is a sound like a piezo buzzer freaking out, live it sounds like some kind of bug
groove job all round
Botdev's picture
Yeah, I purposely used a piezo buzzer to create a bug like sound. Love that sound. Also, adding sound to your robot makes it psychologically more comfortable to interact for humans. :)
I guess I will add a new project every day, too busy these days.
JerZ's picture
That is what is really striking about this bot. It has so much personality. Seems to be pissed off when things get in his way and the twitchy head thing I mentioned before. Like a grumpy mad-man! Perfect. LOL
Botdev's picture
I didn't even mention the angry/fearing behavior we have intended to reach, it's great to see that you got the exact same feeling that was aimed for. :D
JerZ's picture
I love how his head spins in circles then all of a sudden he's staring right at you. AWESOME!! Great job.
Botdev's picture
Thanks a lot ^_^ |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/531 | SmallTask Is a Minimalist Dropbox-Syncing Task ManagerS
SmallTask is a Mac and iOS app that's similar to Gina Trapani's Todo.txt Touch for Android, in that it is a simple to-do manager that syncs with Dropbox. It's nothing groundbreaking, but it gets the job done well. Plus, it looks like a notebook (if you're into that sort of thing).
SmallTask is remarkably straightforward. You launch it, you add a task, and it reminds you of that task when the time comes (if you want). On the Mac, the app needs to be running in order for the reminders to work but on iOS you'll get a push notification. If you want to sync tasks with Dropbox, you just log in to Dropbox through the app. SmallTask will let you specify the folder where the tasks are kept, which is a small touch but hugely appreciated. That's pretty much all it does, but if you're looking for a minimal, straightforward task manager that syncs with Dropbox, here you go.
SmallTask Is a Minimalist Dropbox-Syncing Task Manager
SmallTask for Mac and iOS | Mac App Store / iTunes App Store
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/535 |
Re: i18n Polyglot Markup/NCRs (7th issue)
Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2010 07:57:43 +0300
To: Henri Sivonen <[email protected]>
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
Henri Sivonen, Mon, 19 Jul 2010 06:35:02 -0700 (PDT):
> Leif wrote:
>> First of all, my comment was to Richard, who suggested that POlyglot
>> markup should "favor" hexadecimal NCRs.
> I think neither decimal nor hexadecimal can be preferred over the
> other on polyglot grounds, so the publication shouldn't prefer one
> over the other.
Such was my initial reaction as well. And I prefer that direction. It
also isn't the purpose of Polyglot Markup to permit served as HTML
things which text/htmll does not open up for.
(For a reply to the document encoding issues, see separate reply.)
leif halvard silli
Received on Wednesday, 21 July 2010 05:41:46 GMT
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/537 |
Re: ISSUE-201: Aligning the two change proposals
From: Edward O'Connor <[email protected]>
Date: Thu, 05 Jul 2012 16:02:30 -0700
To: [email protected]
Message-id: <[email protected]>
Hi Steve,
You wrote:
> what is the source of the note? Is it in your CP?
It's from r7029, which is one of the revisions my CP aims to restore to
the W3C version of the spec.
> How is the region associated with the control since the region can
> have no properties added which define a relationship between them?
Each hit region has an associated control, which is either an element or
an unbacked region description. You pass in the control when you call
addHitRegion(). Is this unclear in the spec text?
> Soon as an author wants to go beyond simple grouping objects, they can
> no longer use the lightweight objects anyway as no relationship
> properties can be added to the lightweight objects.
We should make the easy things easy and the hard things possible.
Allowing hit regions to be associated with either unbacked region
descriptions or elements allows for this: if you have a complex thing
which requires WAI-ARIA states and properties to describe, use an
element. If not, use an unbacked region description.
Received on Thursday, 5 July 2012 23:02:57 GMT
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.2.0+W3C-0.50 : Thursday, 5 July 2012 23:02:58 GMT |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/538 |
[Bug 3103] Choice
From: <[email protected]>
Date: Tue, 18 Jul 2006 19:44:19 +0000
Message-Id: <[email protected]>
[email protected] changed:
What |Removed |Added
Status|NEW |RESOLVED
Resolution| |FIXED
------- Comment #1 from [email protected] 2006-07-18 19:44 -------
proposal at:
add the following to the end of the para in above proposal:
"If no activities are selected, this MUST result in a runtime exception."
add text in primer on how to model choice with no action (one choice element
with no action activity)
propsal accepted on 18th July 2006 meeting
Received on Tuesday, 18 July 2006 19:44:28 GMT
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/540 |
Re: IDs - make them case sensitive
From: <[email protected]>
Date: Fri, 27 Jun 97 23:48:44 EDT
Message-Id: <[email protected]>
To: [email protected]
Rick Jelliffe <[email protected]> wrote:
>> TIM BRAY: Why, historically, was the value of an ID restricted to
> Name?
> Because people use the Reference Concrete Syntax.
Er, no, you are answering the wrong question, I think.
My guess for Tim and Debbie would be this:
Recall that the writers of the SGML standard actually thought that
NAMELEN would improve implementations... SGML was written in a culture
of what now seem to be very small computers, and placing arbitrary limits
on things reduced memory requirements.
An ID attribute is a NAME, and hence can only contain NAME characters.
In other words, SGML conflates the concepts of uniqueness and data type.
One can imagine a language (to borrow terminology) in which one could write:
<!AttList Boy
SocialSecurityID NAME (#REQUIRED, NAMESPACE SocialSecurityID)
to mean that all the boys have to have distinct SocialSecurityIDs, and that
these must be unique on all elements bearing attributes so named, and
that boys' names must also be unique, but don't conflict with NAME attributes
on other elements.
Obviously if you can check that NAMEs are unique, you can check that other
strings are unique.
Case folding and the baroque SGML type system are parts of a sad legacy
that we must retain, I suspect.
Liam Quin | lq-text freely available Unix text retrieval
Unemployed SGML consultant | FAQs: Metafont fonts, OPEN LOOK UI, OpenWindows
[email protected] | xfonttool (Unix xfontsel in XView)
+1 416 594 9646 (home) | the barefoot programmer
Received on Friday, 27 June 1997 23:48:48 EDT
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/541 |
Re: Trust, Context, Justification and Quintuples
From: Dmitry Borodaenko <[email protected]>
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2003 18:47:49 +0200
To: [email protected]
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
On Fri, Dec 19, 2003 at 01:31:14PM +0100, Jeremy Carroll wrote:
> > I also think that reification seems the appropriate way to do it.
> It does not work - see RDF Semantics and its discussion of reification
> - it does not quote the triples, which is what is needed.
Can you elaborate or provide a reference on what you mean by "quote" and
why/how is it needed here? I feel like I'm missing some background: I've
read RDF Semantics (that's my favorite RDF spec, in fact), but I still
don't see your point.
If I am allowed (be the means of reification) to make statements about
statements, I can express anything basing, can't I? In the context of
context, I can either assert the statement myself, or assert that it is
asserted by someone else, and the latter is what I need (or at least can
use) reification for.
Dmitry Borodaenko
Received on Friday, 19 December 2003 11:57:54 GMT
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/542 |
Svg and frames
From: velmurugan mariappan <[email protected]>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2004 01:44:15 -0600
To: [email protected]
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
Hi There,
I have two frames in my html file. One frame displays images. The other
frame has SVG animation template. The user (of my application) will replace
the images used in SVG (in frame2) by the images (in frame1). When the user
completes the task and hits submit, I want to display the SVG animation
(with new images) in a new window.
So far I am able to change the images in the SVG animation. But i dont
know how to show the modified SVG in a new window.
Please give me some suggestions.
Received on Saturday, 14 February 2004 13:20:34 GMT
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/544 |
RE: WS Implementation Question
From: Champion, Mike <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 5 May 2004 08:39:15 -0600
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
Sent: Wednesday, May 05, 2004 9:49 AM
To: [email protected]
Subject: WS Implementation Question
Can someone point me to some sort of development environment or libraries
likely to be available in this copntext that are a little higher level --
so, for example, someone else has figured out how to conform to WS-I?
Hi Roger,
My guess (as a person who tries to understand all this, not as a user) would
be that the developer should look at Apache Axis -
http://ws.apache.org/axis/ <http://ws.apache.org/axis/>
"Axis is essentially a SOAP engine -- a framework for constructing SOAP
is being developed.
But Axis isn't just a SOAP engine -- it also includes:
* a simple stand-alone server,
* a server which plugs into servlet engines such as Tomcat,
* emitter tooling that generates Java classes from WSDL.
* some sample programs, and
* a tool for monitoring TCP/IP packets."
Easier WS-I support seems to be promised in the v 1.2, currently in alpha.
Of course, with the price of gas these days you folks should be able to
afford a commercial WS development environment, eh :-)
Received on Wednesday, 5 May 2004 10:50:40 GMT
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/554 | Your views
Published: Wednesday, August 20, 2008
Native Americans' plight merits public's attention
With all the emphasis on the plight of immigrants, both legal and illegal, in the United States today, perhaps it is time to tackle the problems of the most persecuted minority in the nation - our Native Americans.
In the period after the Civil War, with settlers rushing to the Great Plains to grab free land and prospectors penetrating the mountains and deserts in their search for gold and silver, the Indian tribes were considered by the politicians and the U.S. Army as little better than savages who needed to be eliminated by any means possible.
So the buffalo hunters killed millions of buffalo, the main food source for the Plains Indians, and white settlers took over their land. Even the Wall Street Journal says life expectancy on the Pine Ridge reservation (Sioux) is the lowest in this hemisphere except for Haiti.
Suicide rates for Native American teenagers and young adults are three times higher than the national average. The Navajos in New Mexico and Arizona are in desperate need of water, because their few streams were poisoned by the uranium prospectors.
On the Rosebud reservation, 59 percent of the homes are substandard. In Montana, the Cheyenne and Crow children go to a school without indoor plumbing.
It is a grim picture, and we ought to do something about it.
Locate new visitor center at the old county jail?
I've got an idea that could solve several problems without creating more government and more taxes! Why not locate the visitor center at the old county jail? Also locate the dog pound at the jail. Of course, some minor renovations would be necessary. If enough space is still available, a drunk tank could be used for the overflow that will undoubtedly occur when the alcohol petition passes. This would require some agreement of City Council members, so I doubt my suggestions will ever see the light of day.
Pregnant man' headline prompts many questions
On July 3, a national network news headline reported "Pregnant man' gives birth to baby girl." That headline gets attention because the truth is only a woman can give birth to a baby.
Can a surgeon's knife or a prescription for hormones really turn a woman into a man? One estimate says the human body is made of 20 to 30 trillion cells. What about the two X chromosomes in almost every cell of this woman's body? (Only cells which have to do with reproduction of a baby do not contain a pair of those chromosomes.) Did not our biology classes teach us that it is the XX chromosomes in women and the XY chromosomes in men in almost every cell of our bodies that determine sex? Is it possible to change the chromosome pairs in all those cells in the body?
On the tower at the University of Texas are the words of a respected teacher: "'Ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free." Are our biology departments weighing in on what really determines a person's sex? Is it mentally healthy for a person to try to deceive herself that she is a man when she is actually a woman? Is it mentally healthy for the baby born to live in a home that practices that deception? Are psychology departments weighing in on what is actually mentally healthy in this situation? |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/556 | The Oxford English Dictionary defines a post as (1) a support or column of timber, (2) a stand for displaying notices, and (3) a vehicle or vessel used to carry letters and other postal matter. In this essay, I will elaborate the significance of the digital post in relation to these definitions. I argue that the digital post connotes these meanings in a variety of ways, but is ultimately distinct. Thus, an understanding of the digital post necessitates an understanding of its roots. The OED definition implies that a post is a foundation upon which more complex systems are built and maintained. As a stand for displaying notices, the post is a mass address and a social practice. Likened to the postal system, digital posts make up a networked medium that redefines spatial and temporal limitations in the transportation of information.
As an act of publication, the post’s purpose is to convey ideas by mediating the mind into a form that is movable, comprehensible, and capable of reaching others. It forms relationships between individuals and disseminates information over spatial and temporal boundaries, forming a network. Through an examination of its etymology, the post is revealed as representing two disparate network structures: the centralized network of the post for displaying public messages, and the linear network of the postal system. The critical differentiating factor between these two network forms is the intended audience of address.
The post of the public notice attempts to address all of the members of the network. It does so from a centralized position of prominence, and is incorporated into the systems of power of the network. Access to the ability to publish, whether limited to a particular group, or available to all members of the network has no bearing on access to the posted publications. The centralization of the system ensures that all members of the network have equal access to it.
The post of the postal system, though, directs a distinct and singular message to an intended and specified addressee, ensuring adherence “to certain established standards of regularity, speed, and security.” The network shape of any postal message is linear and unidirectional, with the information moving from sender to addressee. It is important to note that an examination of the postal system as a network, as opposed to the postal message, would reveal a distributed structure. However, this network is irrelevant to this discussion, as it addresses the shape of a system of aggregated and unrelated posts, and does not address the post itself.
In stark contrast, the digital post is capable of simultaneously embodying both network forms, resulting in an unprecedented structure. In this network, the post has a specific addressee, but is differentiated in that these connections are accessible to the entire network. Unlike the publication of an “open letter,” which does not ensure that the intended recipient obtains the letter, the digital post is delivered directly to the addressee. However, the digital post is no less private than the posting of a public notice. The resulting network shape of a singular digital post is entirely distributed, while simultaneously being uniquely linear. It is best understood as a system of connected nodes, where all the nodes and connections are available to every other node in the network.
Hence, the digital post is the dominant communicative form connecting the digital social network, as compared to “messaging” and “friending.” “Post” spans the spectrum of digital platforms and networks that serve to connect individuals via networked computers. The content or message of the post can encompass a wide range of media, with little preference given to any particular medium. Some of these media are more traditional forms, including text, picture, and video, while others are more particular to the social networking environment, such as “liking,” “linking,” and “poking.” The important distinction is that the post as a medium creates value independent of its content.
Due to its complexity, I believe it beneficial to approach the post as an environment through which the personas and avatars represented by “profiles” live, grow, and interact. Doing so, advances us past the materialistic conception of a medium, and allows us to understand the post as a social practice of “digital identities,” embodied forms represented in a digital space. I would like to suggest that it is the post, and not the profile, that forms the basis for the digital identity, as it is the post that confirms the “life” of the profile. Once set up, the profile can exist without a sender or a receiver, and as such only confirms the existence of a data pattern on a server. If the profile is not generating posts, it becomes, in way, dead. Without posting, there is no way to confirm the existence of the inferred embodiment implied by the profile. Alternatively, the post is the pulse of the digital identity. Not only does it substantiate the digital identity, but it can also tell us how the identity lives, its state of health, level of activity, and relation to other identities. As such, it is the post and not the profile that links the digital identity to its embodied, analog, user.
As the representation of a social practice, the post can be understood in Peirce’s terms of icon (a physical resemblance), index (a corollary sensory indication), and symbol (an arbitrary representation). The post operates as an index on the basis of its objectness, pointing to the existence of a specific digital identity and its relative placement in a network. A symbolic understanding exposes the post as content that can be interpreted to reveal aspects of the identity it represents. However, the post cannot serve as an icon because the abstract nature of the digital identity resists iconic representation. Furthermore, the post itself opposes iconic representation by not being consistently grounded in a particular physical shape, format, or form.
When identity exists without iconic representation, there is no representation of the identity as form. In her book on post-humanism, Katherine Hayles raises that when an identity becomes heavily dissociated from its surface representation and heavily mediated by technology, the identity becomes dependent on that technology. For Hayles, the human becomes post-human when engaged in an extensive form of heavily mediated representation. I believe the digital post is a condition of possibility for the formation of post-human identities, as it transforms the identity of an embodied presence into an aggregate of patterned information contingent on its mediated production. To build upon Hayles, I argue that the digital identity conferred by the post is a post-human identity, and that the post-human and posting human are undifferentiated.
On the basis of these singular qualities, the digital post has established a precedent by which the commodity can enter into the digital social network to represent itself. This expansion of capitalism may be the most exceptional effect of the post, as older mediums limited commodities to mediated forms of representation, like the logo or spokesperson. These forms cannot embody the commodity, but only serve to represent it in the abstract. Conversely, the adoption of the post by companies and products bestows commodities with a digital embodiment free from iconic representation. This allows an intensification of commodity fetishism, as commodities are able to represent themselves in digital space and engage in new relations with markets and individual consumers. Through the post, the commodity and the person are reduced to the same pattern of representation. Their capacity to interact with the network becomes analogous, forming indistinguishable expressions of identity.
In many ways the post has produced the ultimate self-amputation by means of technology, allowing for the complete externalization of the self. I can look at a computer screen and observe my own digital identity. This is not akin to looking in a mirror. The identity that is established by the post is distinct, and although reflective, it is not a reflection. Currently, this digital identity requires a physical embodiment to provide the keystrokes that massage the medium of the post into the correct shape. However, it would be folly to assume the post is imperatively dependent on a physical embodiment. It need not be so. The post is many things; foundational, representative, informational, and has become the medium in which the digital identity communicates. But above all the post gives life to the digital identity, thereby substantiating it. Constituo, ergo sum: I post, therefore I am.
Tom Hehir
“http://www.dictionary.oed.com” Oxford English Dictionary Online. 29 October 2010.
McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Boston: MIT Press, 1994.
Mitchell, WJT. What Do Pictures Want? Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Dunston, Bryan. “Postal system” in The Chicago School of Media Keywords Glossary. [http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/postalsystem.htm] cited on 29 October 2010.
Galloway, Alexander. “Networks” in Critical Terms for Media Studies. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Dunston, Bryan. Postal system in The Chicago School of Media Keywords Glossary. [http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/postalsystem.htm] cited on 29 October 2010. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/561 | From Wed Oct 28 18:40:08 2009 Return-Path: Delivered-To: Received: (qmail 41513 invoked from network); 28 Oct 2009 18:40:08 -0000 Received: from (HELO ( by with SMTP; 28 Oct 2009 18:40:07 -0000 Received: (qmail 63964 invoked by uid 500); 28 Oct 2009 18:40:07 -0000 Delivered-To: Received: (qmail 63791 invoked by uid 500); 28 Oct 2009 18:40:06 -0000 Mailing-List: contact; run by ezmlm Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Unsubscribe: List-Post: List-Id: Reply-To: Delivered-To: mailing list Received: (qmail 63781 invoked by uid 99); 28 Oct 2009 18:40:06 -0000 Received: from (HELO ( by (qpsmtpd/0.29) with ESMTP; Wed, 28 Oct 2009 18:40:06 +0000 X-ASF-Spam-Status: No, hits=-0.0 required=10.0 tests=SPF_PASS X-Spam-Check-By: Received-SPF: pass ( domain of designates as permitted sender) Received: from [] (HELO ( by (qpsmtpd/0.29) with ESMTP; Wed, 28 Oct 2009 18:39:54 +0000 Received: by yxe4 with SMTP id 4so935960yxe.32 for ; Wed, 28 Oct 2009 11:39:33 -0700 (PDT) MIME-Version: 1.0 Received: by with SMTP id n37mr3885702agn.74.1256755172959; Wed, 28 Oct 2009 11:39:32 -0700 (PDT) Date: Wed, 28 Oct 2009 11:39:32 -0700 Message-ID: <> Subject: [VOTE] Accept Libcloud proposal for incubation From: Paul Querna To: Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Virus-Checked: Checked by ClamAV on Libcloud proposal thread went well, and we added several mentors. I would like to start the vote to incubate Libcloud into the ASF. The proposal is included below and is also at: Please cast your votes: [ ] +1 Accept Libcloud for incubation [ ] +0 Indifferent to Libcloud incubation [ ] -1 Reject Libcloud for incubation Vote Closes 72 hours from now. Thanks, Paul -------------------------------------------- Libcloud, a unified interface to the cloud Abstract libcloud is a pure python client library for interacting with many of the popular cloud server providers. It was created to make it easy for developers to build products that work between any of the services that it supports. Proposal * Provide unified API for manipulating servers instances across many hosting providers who provide an API to manipulate instances. Current API includes: list, reboot, create, destroy, list images, list sizes. * (future) Provide utilities for manipulating and creating server images in many formats. (See the independent Stacklet project for ideas) * (future) Provide unified API for storing large objects on popular hosting provider storage APIs. Background While there are some projects to create open standards for interoperability within the cloud, most have failed to gain widespread adoption. Libcloud takes the approach of exposing a unified API to cover multiple vendor's APIs, and in the future to support standard APIs, assuming they become prevalent. Rationale There is a strong need in the developing cloud infrastructure for a community supported, high quality, and vendor independent tool set for managing servers and their resources. When new servers are just an API call away, traditional infrastructure models are changing quickly. Having a good library built around Apache's values and tradition will enable new server infrastructure to evolve much more quickly. Initial Goals Libcloud is an existing open source project, with patches from many different contributors. We view the moving to Apache as a way to improve this community, and look into future APIs around creating server images and large object storage. Current Status Libcloud is already open source under the ASL 2.0: * Libcloud Website * Libcloud Mailing Lists * Libcloud Source Control Meritocracy Libcloud has involvement from members of both the ASF and other open source projects. Communication is driven by both IRC and E-Mail lists. Community Currently libcloud has several contributors, but not a large user community other than a few companies. We would like to increase our userbase as part of the incubator process. Core Developers Alex Polvi who wrote most of the original code is familiar with open source from working at OSUOSL and at Mozilla. Tom Davis drove much of the re factoring of the initial code base. Jed Smith, Ivan Meredith, Jeremy Orem, Jerry Chen and Paul Querna (ASF member) have all contributed mainly to developing provider specific drivers. Alignment Currently there are not many Apache communities involved with cloud computing or python based infrastructure. We believe introducing such a community is a good thing for the Apache Software Foundation. Known Risks Orphaned products libcloud is being used actively by Cloudkick to develop services. It is a core part of Cloudkick's ongoing infrastructure improvements. Inexperience with Open Source libcloud was open sourced in July 2009, during OSCON. Core contributors include former employees of Mozilla and an ASF member. Homogeneous Developers Much of the initial development was done by Cloudkick, but much of the core design was re-factored by the community, and many of the drivers for each provider have been contributed by 3rd parties. Reliance on Salaried Developers The majority, but not all, of the developers are paid by their employer to work on libcloud at this time. Relationships with Other Apache Products Libcloud doesn't share many attributes with existing Apache projects due to it being in Python and addressing a new need. A Excessive Fascination with the Apache Brand Libcloud project seeks to build a last community around cloud API interoperability, and is not fascinated with any short term gains of being associated with the Apache Brand. Documentation * * * * Initial Source Initial source is contained completely inside the libcloud github repository. External Dependencies * zope.interface * For Python =< 2.5, a JSON Parser such as SimpleJSON is required. Cryptography Uses standard Python APIs for SSL/HTTPS. Required Resources Mailing lists * libcloud-dev * libcloud-commits * libcloud-private Subversion * Issue Tracking * JIRA (LCLD) Initial Committers * Alex Polvi * Dan Di Spaltro * Ivan Meredith * Jed Smith * Jeremy Orem * Jerry Chen * Logan Welliver * Paul Querna *Tom Davis Sponsors Champion * Paul Querna Nominated Mentors * Gavin McDonald * Jean-Frederic Clere * Ant Elder * Carlos Sanchez Sponsoring Entity * Incubator PMC --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: For additional commands, e-mail: |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/564 | Subject: Re: integrating PAM
To: None <>
From: None <>
List: current-users
Date: 01/23/2003 10:31:30
On Thursday 23 January 2003 10:02, Ken Hornstein wrote:
> I understand that's what you want .... but what you haven't really
> explained is why. I mean, a PAM module that implements BSD Auth will
> work for apps that today make PAM calls. If you have your own code
> the problem? As far as I can tell, it basically boils down to
> "Applications that call PAM functions really chap my ass".
All PAM implementations I've seen are needlessly complex and difficult to
modify and use in a large-ish environment. On a system with 40,000 busy user
accounts, every PAM I've seen bogs down to the point where logins can time
out before the PAM auth returns. Compiling out PAM support is kind of a pain.
Some would say that the implementations are at fault, but I think that the
specifications make it hard to build an implementation that Doesn't Suck.
Perhaps the truth is somewhere in between.
My hope is that any NetBSD rollout won't be a huge bloated mass that kills
large sites, nor something that can't be cleanly excised like the horrible
tumour that people like myself consider PAM to be. |
Subsets and Splits