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question stringlengths 26 275	answer stringlengths 1 75	answer_aliases sequencelengths 0 6	context stringlengths 4.21k 21.2k	citations sequencelengths 1 4
What movement does the creator of the Washington Monument belong to?	Greek Revival	[]	Title: Robert Mills (architect) Passage: Robert Mills (August 12, 1781 – March 3, 1855), a South Carolina architect known for designing both the first Washington Monument, located in Baltimore, Maryland, as well as the better known monument to the first president in the nation's capital, Washington, DC. He is sometimes said to be the first native-born American to be professionally trained as an architect. Charles Bulfinch of Boston perhaps has a clearer claim to this honor. Title: United States Customhouse (New Bedford, Massachusetts) Passage: The building was designated a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 for its architectural significance as one of the finest modest Greek Revival government buildings in New England. Title: Albert Einstein Memorial Passage: The Albert Einstein Memorial is a monumental bronze statue depicting Albert Einstein seated with manuscript papers in hand by sculptor Robert Berks. It is located in central Washington, D.C., United States, in a grove of trees at the southwest corner of the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences at 2101 Constitution Avenue N.W., near the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Title: Nuns of the Battlefield Passage: Nuns of the Battlefield is a public artwork made in 1924 by Irish artist Jerome Connor, located at the intersection of Rhode Island Avenue NW, M Street, and Connecticut Avenue NW, in Washington, D.C., United States. A tribute to the more than 600 nuns who nursed soldiers of both armies during the American Civil War, it is one of two monuments in the District that mark women's roles in the conflict. It is a contributing monument to the Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C., listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1993, it was surveyed for the Smithsonian Institution's Save Outdoor Sculpture! program. Title: Peter Riedel Passage: Peter Riedel (August 1905 – November 6, 1998) was a German gliding champion, and was Air Attaché for the Nazi government in Washington, D.C., before and during World War II. Between 1977 and 1985 he published the definitive history of the German gliding movement prior to the war. Title: Sedgwick Monument (West Point) Passage: Sedgwick Monument is a memorial to Union General John Sedgwick at West Point. "Uncle John" Sedgwick was born in Cornwall, Connecticut, 67 miles northeast of West Point, New York. Sculpted by Launt Thompson and dedicated in 1868, the monument was erected by officers and soldiers of the 6th Army Corps to commemorate Major General Sedgwick and his death at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House in 1864. Originally, the monument was located on the northwest edge of the Plain, it was later relocated to its current location at Trophy Point across Washington Road from Battle Monument. Legend holds that if a cadet is deficient in academics, the cadet should go to the monument at midnight the night before the term-end examination, in full dress, under arms, and spin the rowels on the monument’s spurs. With the resulting good luck, the cadet will pass the test. Title: Labor Hall of Honor Passage: The United States Department of Labor Hall of Honor is in the Frances Perkins Building, 200 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC. It is a monument to honor Americans who have made a positive contribution to how people in the United States work and live. Title: New York City Passage: The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, in New York. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial ("Grant's Tomb"); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as, for example, the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement. Title: Linda Runbeck Passage: Linda Runbeck (born June 11, 1946) is a Minnesota politician and member of the Minnesota House of Representatives. A member of the Republican Party of Minnesota, she represents District 38A, which includes portions of Anoka and Washington counties in the northern Twin Cities metropolitan area. She and her husband are also co-owners of Braham Monument Company in Braham. Title: Alpha House Passage: Alpha House is an American political satire web television series produced by Amazon Studios. The show starred John Goodman, Clark Johnson, Matt Malloy, and Mark Consuelos as four Republican U.S. Senators who share a house in Washington, D.C. It was created by "Doonesbury" creator Garry Trudeau. The show premiered on Amazon.com on April 19, 2013. Title: Civil Rights Memorial Passage: The names included in the memorial belong to those who were killed between 1954 and 1968. Those dates were chosen because in 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in schools was unlawful and 1968 is the year of the assassination of Martin Luther King. The monument was created by Maya Lin, who is best known for creating the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. The Civil Rights Memorial was dedicated in 1989. Title: Blaine, Washington Passage: Blaine is a city in Whatcom County, Washington, United States. The city's northern boundary is the Canada–US border. The Peace Arch international monument lies partly in Blaine and partly in Canada. The population was 4,684 at the 2010 census. Since Blaine is located right on the border with Canada, it is the northernmost city on Interstate 5, while the southernmost city is San Ysidro, California. Title: Monument to the Negev Brigade Passage: The Monument to the Negev Brigade (, "Andartat Hativat HaNegev"), known locally as the Andarta, is a monument designed by Dani Karavan in memory of the members of the Palmach Negev Brigade who fell fighting on Israel's side during the 1948 Arab Israeli War. It is situated on a hill overlooking the city of Beersheba from the east and constitutes a recognized symbol of the Negev and Beersheba. In addition to its strengths as a memorial, it was a precursor to the land art movement. Title: King & Maxwell Passage: King & Maxwell is an American drama television series that debuted on TNT from June 10 to August 12, 2013. The series featured Jon Tenney and Rebecca Romijn as Washington, D.C.–based former Secret Service agents solving crimes as private detectives. "" creator Shane Brennan created the show based on David Baldacci's novels. On September 20, 2013, TNT canceled the series "King & Maxwell" after one season. Title: Washington Naval Conference Passage: The Washington Naval Conference, also named the Washington Arms Conference or the Washington Disarmament Conference, was a military conference called by U.S. President, Warren G. Harding, and held in Washington, D.C., from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspice of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations—the United States, Japan, China, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal—regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. Soviet Russia was not invited to the conference. It was the first arms control conference in history, and as Kaufman, 1990 shows, it is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. Title: Dissolution of the Soviet Union Passage: Beginning in February 1988, the Democratic Movement of Moldova (formerly Moldavia) organized public meetings, demonstrations, and song festivals, which gradually grew in size and intensity. In the streets, the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chişinău, and the adjacent park harboring Aleea Clasicilor (The "Alee of the Classics [of the Literature]"). On January 15, 1988, in a tribute to Mihai Eminescu at his bust on the Aleea Clasicilor, Anatol Şalaru submitted a proposal to continue the meetings. In the public discourse, the movement called for national awakening, freedom of speech, revival of Moldavian traditions, and for attainment of official status for the Romanian language and return to the Latin alphabet. The transition from "movement" (an informal association) to "front" (a formal association) was seen as a natural "upgrade" once a movement gained momentum with the public, and the Soviet authorities no longer dared to crack down on it. Title: Lincoln Memorial Passage: The Lincoln Memorial is an American national monument built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the western end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., across from the Washington Monument. The architect was Henry Bacon; the designer of the primary statue -- Abraham Lincoln, 1920 -- was Daniel Chester French; the Lincoln statue was carved by the Piccirilli Brothers; and the painter of the interior murals was Jules Guerin. Dedicated in 1922, it is one of several monuments built to honor an American president. It has always been a major tourist attraction and since the 1930s has been a symbolic center focused on race relations. Title: Richmond, Virginia Passage: The city is home to many monuments and memorials, most notably those along Monument Avenue. Other monuments include the A.P. Hill monument, the Bill "Bojangles" Robinson monument in Jackson Ward, the Christopher Columbus monument near Byrd Park, and the Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument on Libby Hill. Located near Byrd Park is the famous World War I Memorial Carillon, a 56-bell carillon tower. Dedicated in 1956, the Virginia War Memorial is located on Belvedere overlooking the river, and is a monument to Virginians who died in battle in World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the War in Afghanistan, and the Iraq War. Title: Michiyo Fukaya Passage: Michiyo Fukaya (25 April 1953 – 9 July 1987), also known as Michiyo Cornell, was a feminist poet and activist whose work played an important part in the lesbian and Asian American communities. In 1979, Fukaya gave a speech entitled "Living in Asian America: An Asian American Lesbian's Address Before the Washington Monument" at the First National Third World Lesbian and Gay Conference. Drawing a parallel between the oppression of men and women in Third World countries to the oppression experienced by lesbian and gay Asian Americans, she acknowledged they both stemmed from white racism. Fukaya called attention to both racism in the lesbian and gay movement as well as heterosexism in the growing Asian American community. Fukaya's writing appeared in publications such as "". Her poetry and prose is collected in "A Fire Is Burning, It Is In Me: The Life and Writing of Michiyo Fukaya". Title: Lincoln Memorial Passage: The Lincoln Memorial is an American national memorial built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the western end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., across from the Washington Monument. The architect was Henry Bacon; the designer of the primary statue – "Abraham Lincoln", 1920 – was Daniel Chester French; the Lincoln statue was carved by the Piccirilli Brothers; and the painter of the interior murals was Jules Guerin. Dedicated in May 1922, it is one of several memorials built to honor an American president. It has always been a major tourist attraction and since the 1930s has been a symbolic center focused on race relations.	[ "Robert Mills (architect)", "United States Customhouse (New Bedford, Massachusetts)" ]
Who owns the record label that The Tri-Tone Fascination's performer belongs to?	Warner Music Group	[ "Warner Music" ]	Title: Soundsigns Passage: Soundsigns is an album by the American jazz saxophonist Dewey Redman of performances recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label. Title: The Main Attraction (album) Passage: The Main Attraction is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1976 and released on the Kudu label. Title: Al Bell Passage: Al Bell (born Alvertis Isbell, March 15, 1940) is an American record producer, songwriter, and record executive. He is best known as having been an executive and co-owner of Stax Records, based in Memphis, Tennessee, during the latter half of the label's 19-year existence. Title: Crystal (Ahmad Jamal album) Passage: Crystal is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded in 1987 and released on the Atlantic label. Title: Larry Norman Passage: Larry David Norman (April 8, 1947 – February 24, 2008) was an American musician, singer, songwriter, record label owner, and record producer. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of Christian rock music, and released more than 100 albums. Title: Three for Shepp Passage: Three for Shepp is the debut album by American saxophonist Marion Brown featuring performances recorded in 1966 for the Impulse! label. Title: Tittsworth Passage: Jesse Tittsworth (born 26 February 1979), better known under his stage name Tittsworth, is an American DJ, producer, night club owner, and record label owner. He has worked with the likes of Q-Tip, Theophilus London, Pitbull, Kid Sister and more. He has been featured on MTV, VIBE, Pitchfork, XLR8R, and countless other outlets. Title: It's What's Happenin' Passage: It's What's Happenin' (subtitled The Varitone Sound of Clark Terry) is an album by American jazz trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1967 for the Impulse! label. Remastered in 2012 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Impulse! Records, it was reissued together with Terry's only other record for the label as a solo leader, "The Happy Horns of Clark Terry". Title: The Jazz Skyline Passage: The Jazz Skyline is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1956 and released on the Savoy label. Title: Wild Thing (Tone Lōc song) Passage: ``Wild Thing ''Single by Tone Lōc from the album Lōc - ed After Dark Released January 1989 Recorded Genre Rap rock Length 4: 23 Label Delicious Vinyl Songwriter (s) Anthony Terrell Smith, Matt Dike, Marvin Young Producer (s) Matt Dike, Michael Ross Tone Lōc singles chronology`` Wild Thing'' (1989) ``Funky Cold Medina ''(1989)`` Wild Thing'' (1989) ``Funky Cold Medina ''(1989) Title: Aretha Franklin Passage: After turning 18, Franklin confided to her father that she aspired to follow Sam Cooke to record pop music. Serving as her manager, C.L. agreed to the move and helped to produce a two - song demo that soon was brought to the attention of Columbia Records, who agreed to sign her in 1960. Franklin was signed as a ``five - percent artist ''. During this period, Franklin would be coached by choreographer Cholly Atkins to prepare for her pop performances. Before signing with Columbia, Sam Cooke tried to persuade Franklin's father to have his label, RCA sign Franklin. He had also been courted by local record label owner Berry Gordy to sign Franklin and her elder sister Erma to his Tamla label. Franklin's father felt the label was not established enough yet. Franklin's first Columbia single,`` Today I Sing the Blues'', was issued in September 1960 and later reached the top ten of the Hot Rhythm & Blues Sellers chart. Title: Warner Records Passage: Warner Bros. Records Parent company Warner Music Group Founded March 19, 1958; 60 years ago (1958 - 03 - 19) Founder James Conkling Distributor (s) Self - distributed (In the US) WEA International (Outside the US) Rhino Entertainment Company (Re-issues) Genre Various Country of origin United States Location Burbank, California, U.S. Official website warnerbrosrecords.com Title: Jazz Contemporary Passage: Jazz Contemporary is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances recorded in 1960 and released on the Time label. The album features the recording debut of pianist Steve Kuhn. Title: The Tri-Tone Fascination Passage: The Tri-Tone Fascination is the second and final studio album by guitarist Shawn Lane, released in 1999 through Eye Reckon Records; a second edition was reissued in 2000, containing a revised track listing (with the omission of two songs) and different cover art. The opening track, "Kaiser Nancarrow", was inspired by and named after composer Conlon Nancarrow. Title: Powers of Ten (album) Passage: Powers of Ten is the first studio album by guitarist Shawn Lane, released in 1992 through Warner Bros. Records; a second edition was reissued in 1993, containing a revised track listing and alternative versions of "Get You Back" and "West Side Boogie" (both of which were included as bonus tracks on the 2006 reissue through Eye Reckon Records). In a 2009 article by "Guitar World" magazine, the album was ranked seventh on the all-time top ten list of shred albums. Title: Bob Shad Passage: Robert "Bob" Shad (born Abraham Shadrinsky; February 12, 1920 – March 13, 1985) was an American record producer and record label owner. He produced the first album by Big Brother and the Holding Company (featuring Janis Joplin). Among his more successful labels were Time Records, Brent Records, and Mainstream Records. Title: Foolin' Myself Passage: Foolin' Myself is an album of trio performances by the American jazz pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1988 and released on the Italian Soul Note label. Title: Groovin' with Golson Passage: Groovin' with Golson is the sixth album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in 1959 and originally released on the New Jazz label. Title: Tijuana Jazz Passage: Tijuana Jazz is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Gary McFarland and trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1965 for the Impulse! label. The album was also released in the UK on the HMV label as CLP3541. Title: Graeme Goodall Passage: Graeme Goodall (1932 – 3 December 2014) was an Australian recording engineer and record label owner who was a key figure in the early days of Jamaica's recording industry, constructing several of the Island's studios, co-founding Island Records, and operating other labels in the United Kingdom releasing Jamaican music.	[ "Warner Records", "The Tri-Tone Fascination", "Powers of Ten (album)" ]
When did the explorer reach the headquarters location of the group Con-Test's record label is part of?	August 3, 1769	[]	Title: Jive Records Passage: Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records. Formerly headquartered in New York City, the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s, and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and early 2000s. Title: Guitar Center Passage: Guitar Center is an American music retailer chain. It is the largest company of its kind in the United States, with 269 locations. Its headquarters is in Westlake Village, California. Title: Sony Music Passage: ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS, which, in turn, had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company, but then sold off). ARC was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation. The Columbia Phonograph Company had international subsidiaries and affiliates such as the Columbia Graphophone Company in the United Kingdom, but they were sold off prior to CBS acquiring American Columbia. RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company. The renamed company made Columbia its flagship label with Okeh its subsidiary label while deemphasizing ARC's other labels. This allowed ARC's leased labels Brunswick Records and Vocalion Records to revert to former owner Warner Bros. which sold the labels to Decca Records. Columbia kept the Brunswick catalogue recorded from December 1931 onward which was reissued on the Columbia label as well as the Vocalion label material from the same time period which was reissued on the Okeh label. Wallerstein, who was promoted at the end of 1947 from president to chairman of the record company, restored Columbia's status as a leading record company and spearheaded the successful introduction of the long playing (LP) record before he retired as Columbia's chairman in 1951. James Conkling then became head of Columbia Records. Also in 1951, Columbia severed its ties with the EMI-owned record label of the same name and began a UK distribution deal with Philips Records, whereas Okeh Records continued to be distributed by EMI on the Columbia label. Title: Ace Fu Records Passage: Ace Fu Records is an independent record label founded in 1998 by Eric Speck. It is located in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. The label went on indefinite hiatus in 2007. Title: Ssangnim-dong Passage: The headquarters of South Korean food company CJ Cheil Jedang is located in the CJ Cheiljedang Building near the Dongdaemun History & Culture Park Station. Title: Desde El Principio Passage: "Desde El Principio" also came to be the duo's final album for the Sony Music Entertainment label, a company they after a series of mergers in various forms had been signed to for some fifteen years (CBS Records Spain, Epic Records Spain, CBS-Epic Spain, eventually a sublabel to Sony Music Spain, today a subsidiary to the multinational Sony BMG Music Entertainment conglomerate). In 2006 Azúcar Moreno returned to their previous label EMI Music for the album "Bailando Con Lola". Title: Santa Monica, California Passage: Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language. The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769. There are two different versions of the naming of the city. One says that it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is actually May 4. Another version says that it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs (Serra Springs), that were reminiscent of the tears that Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety. Title: Sony Music Passage: RCA/Jive Label Group CEO Barry Weiss left the company in March 2011 to become the new CEO of Island Def Jam and Universal Republic, which were both part of Universal Music Group. Weiss had been the RCA/Jive Label Group CEO since 2008 and was head of Jive Records since 1991. Title: The Right Stuff Records Passage: The Right Stuff Records is a reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California. Title: National Car Test Passage: The National Car Test (the NCT) was introduced in 2000, since when all cars four years and older must undergo an NCT. The NCT due date is calculated by reference to the date of first registration of the car, with tests due every two years for cars younger than 10 years. Annual Testing was introduced in June 2011 and is now a legal requirement for vehicles that present for their 10th anniversary test and each subsequent test. Vehicles can be inspected up to 90 days in advance of the anniversary of the registration date. The waiting lists have proven to be long, with the 'priority list' taking in excess of a month. Title: EmArcy Records Passage: EmArcy Records is a jazz record label founded in 1954 by Mercury Records, and today a European jazz label owned by Universal Music Group. The name is a phonetic spelling of "MRC", the initials for Mercury Record Company. Title: Multi-stage fitness test Passage: The Guinness World Record for the largest group beep test is held by RAF Honington, in Honington, Suffolk where over 586 men and women took part. Title: Sticks and Stones (Dave Grusin album) Passage: Sticks and Stones is an album by American pianist Dave Grusin with his brother Don Grusin. It was released in 1988, recorded for the GRP label. The album reached No. 14 on the "Billboard" Contemporary Jazz chart. Title: MCA Records Passage: MCA Records was an American record label owned by MCA Inc., which later gave way to the larger MCA Music Entertainment Group (now Universal Music Group), which the label was part of until its dissolution in 2003. The label's country division MCA Nashville is a still active imprint of Universal Music Group Nashville. Title: Nothing Records Passage: Nothing Records was an American record label specializing in industrial rock and electronic music, founded by John Malm Jr. and Trent Reznor in 1992. It is considered an example of a vanity label, where an artist is able to run a label with some degree of independence from within a larger parent company, in this case being Interscope Records. Title: Face of a Fighter Passage: Face of a Fighter is an album by country singer Willie Nelson. It was recorded in 1961 but released in 1978 when Nelson founded his own label company, Lone Star Records. Title: Sleaszy Rider Records Passage: Sleaszy Rider Records is an independent record label which was founded in 1999 by Tolis G. Palantzas. The head office of the label is located in Greece. The label is mainly distributed in Europe by Sony Music/EMI. The label also distributes releases in Greece from numerous labels, including Roadrunner Records, SPV, and Pagan Records. Title: Con-Test Passage: MCA Records picked up the reissue rights for "Con-Test", as well as Nash's "American Band-ages" in 1986, but the abrupt change in record labels led to a near-absence of promotion for both records. Title: Gameface Passage: Gameface is the debut studio album by Filipino pop/R&B singer Jay R, released in the Philippines in August 2003 by Universal Records. He produced the album together with Ray Brown and Troy Johnson, in partnership with NuLife and his record label. To date, the album has reached Platinum status by the Philippine Association of the Record Industry (PARI), denoting over 30,000 units sold in the country. Title: Rebelle Records Passage: Rebelle Records AB is a record label founded by Björn Afzelius in 1988. The name is a convergence of his two daughters' names "Rebecca" and "Isabelle". The company, which holds the rights to all of Afzelius music is now located in Snekkersten, Denmark.	[ "Santa Monica, California", "MCA Records", "The Right Stuff Records", "Con-Test" ]
In True Grit, who did the star play?	U.S. Marshal Rooster Cogburn	[ "America", "U.S.", "the United States", "United States", "US" ]	Title: 83rd Academy Awards Passage: For the second consecutive year, the field of major nominees included at least one blockbuster at the American and Canadian box offices. However, only three of the nominees had grossed over $100 million before the nominations were announced, compared with five from the previous year. The combined gross of the ten Best Picture nominees when the Oscars were announced was $1.2 billion, the second-highest ever behind 2009. The average gross was $119.3 million.Two of the ten Best Picture nominees were among the top ten releases in box office during the nominations. At the time of the announcement of nominations on January 25, Toy Story 3 was the highest-grossing film among the Best Picture nominees with $414.9 million in domestic box office receipts. The only other top ten box office hit to receive a nomination was Inception which earned $292.5 million. Among the remaining eight nominees, True Grit was the next-highest-grossing film with $137.9 million followed by The Social Network ($95.4 million), Black Swan $83.2 million, The Fighter ($72.6 million), The King's Speech ($57.3 million), The Kids Are All Right ($20.8 million), 127 Hours ($11.2 million), and finally Winter's Bone ($6.2 million).Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 55 nominations went to 15 films on the list. Only Toy Story 3 (1st), Inception (5th), How to Train Your Dragon (9th), True Grit (17th), The Social Network (29th), The Town (32nd), Black Swan (38th), and The Fighter (45th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, Best Picture or Animated Feature. The other top-50 box office hits that earned nominations were Alice in Wonderland (2nd), Iron Man 2 (3rd), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows — Part 1 (6th), Tangled (10th), Tron: Legacy (12th), Salt (21st), and Unstoppable (39th). Title: Granger, Texas Passage: Granger is a city in Williamson County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,419 at the 2010 census. Granger was the site for the 2010 remake of the movie True Grit, as well as an episode of the NBC drama Revolution. Title: To Face Her Past Passage: To Face Her Past is a 1996 television film directed by Steven Schachter. Based on a true story, the film stars Patty Duke, Tracey Gold, David Ogden Stiers, Gabrielle Carteris and James Brolin. Title: Normal (New Girl) Passage: After ``Normal ''aired, internet sources began to summarize the rules for True American, which the characters described as a mix of a drinking game and Candy Land where the floor is lava; it also involves shouting the names of American presidents. The idea of True American came from a New Girl writer who played a similar game in college. As she could not remember the game's exact rules, the writers focused on making the game as funny on the page as possible, but only established chanting`` JFK! FDR!'' and walking on chairs. As the cast did not understand the game during shooting, the writers created more rules on the spot, advised the actors to ``have fun, dig in, jump in ''and play it as if`` they'd been playing this thing for years and years and years.'' The high - energy feel of the game and the amounts of coverage made filming True American more challenging for the actors than normal episodes. Producers Dave Finkel, Brett Baer, and writer Luvh Rakhe, came up with most of the obscure American history facts, but much was cut from the finished episode. Fox subsequently released a set of official rules for the game, which can be summarized ``There are no real rules ''. The characters also played True American in`` Cooler'', the 15th episode of the second season, in ``Mars Landing '', the 20th episode of the third season and in`` Wedding Eve'' the 21st episode of the fifth season. Title: American Grit Passage: American Grit is an American reality television series that premiered on Fox on April 14, 2016. The series stars WWE wrestler John Cena. Fox ordered ten episodes for the first season of the competition series. On July 29, 2016, Fox renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on Sunday, June 11, 2017. Title: Turner Classic Movies Passage: In October 2015, TCM announced the launch of the TCM Wineclub, in which they teamed up with Laithwaite to provide a line of mail-order wines from famous vineyards such as famed writer-director-producer Francis Ford Coppola's winery. Wines are available in 3 month subscriptions, and can be selected as reds, whites, or a mixture of both. From the wines chosen, TCM also includes recommended movies to watch with each, such as a "True Grit" wine, to be paired with the John Wayne film of the same name. Title: Marie's Soldier Passage: Marie's Soldier (German: Der Soldat der Marie) is a 1927 German silent drama film directed by Erich Schönfelder and starring Xenia Desni, Harry Liedtke and Grit Haid. The film's art direction was by Kurt Richter. Title: Law & Order True Crime Passage: Law & Order True Crime is an American true crime anthology series that premiered on September 26, 2017 on NBC. The series was ordered by NBC on July 15, 2016, and is part of the Law & Order franchise. The eight - episode first season, titled Law & Order True Crime: The Menendez Murders, is a dramatization of the trial of Lyle and Erik Menendez, who were convicted in 1996 for the murder of their parents, José and Kitty Menendez. The first season concluded on November 14, 2017. Title: Law & Order True Crime Passage: Law & Order True Crime is an American true crime anthology series that premiered September 26, 2017 on NBC. The series was ordered by NBC on July 15, 2016, and is part of the Law & Order franchise. Created by Rene Balcer, the eight - episode first season, titled Law & Order True Crime: The Menendez Murders, is a dramatization of the trial of Lyle and Erik Menendez, who were convicted in 1996 for the murder of their parents, José and Kitty Menendez. The first season concluded November 14, 2017. Title: True Lies (The Vampire Diaries) Passage: "True Lies" is the second episode of the fifth season of the American series "The Vampire Diaries", and the series 91st episode overall. "True Lies" was originally aired on October 10, 2013, on The CW. The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Joshua Butler. Title: True Grit (1969 film) Passage: True Grit is a 1969 American western film. It is the first film adaptation of Charles Portis' 1968 novel of the same name. The screenplay was written by Marguerite Roberts. The film was directed by Henry Hathaway and starred Kim Darby as Mattie Ross and John Wayne as U.S. Marshal Rooster Cogburn. Wayne won his only Academy Award for his performance in this film and reprised his role for the 1975 sequel Rooster Cogburn. Title: History of the Liberal Party of Canada Passage: The Liberals are descended from the mid-19th century Reformers who agitated for responsible government throughout British North America. These included George Brown, Robert Baldwin, William Lyon Mackenzie and the Clear Grits in Upper Canada, Joseph Howe in Nova Scotia, and the Patriotes and Rouges in Lower Canada led by figures such as Louis - Joseph Papineau. The Clear Grits and Parti rouge sometimes functioned as a united bloc in the legislature of the Province of Canada beginning in 1854, and a united Liberal Party combining both English and French Canadian members was formed in 1861. Title: Super Grit Cowboy Band Passage: Super Grit Cowboy Band is an American country music band formed in North Carolina. It was founded by Clyde Mattocks, Libby Mattocks, Bill Lyerly, Danny Vinson, Dave Cavanaugh and Alfred Ward. Active since 1974, the band recorded first with Sound Hut Studios. Beginning with their 1981 album, the band has recorded on its own Hoodswamp label. Title: True Grit (2010 film) Passage: True Grit is a 2010 American Revisionist Western film directed, written, produced, and edited by the Coen brothers and executively produced by Steven Spielberg. It is the second adaptation of Charles Portis' 1968 novel of the same name, which was previously released in 1969 starring John Wayne and Glen Campbell. This version stars Hailee Steinfeld as Mattie Ross and Jeff Bridges as Deputy U.S. Marshal Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn, along with Matt Damon, Josh Brolin, and Barry Pepper. Title: A True Mob Story Passage: A True Mob Story is a 1998 Hong Kong crime drama film produced, written and directed by Wong Jing and starring Andy Lau and Gigi Leung. Title: David's Mother Passage: David's Mother is a 1994 American made-for-television drama film directed by Robert Allan Ackerman and stars Kirstie Alley as a devoted mother trying to cope with her autistic teenage son David (Michael Goorjian). The film aired on CBS on April 10, 1994, it has also aired internationally. In the UK it can often be seen on television movie channels True Movies 1 and True Movies 2. It has also been released in home entertainment formats in countries including the United States, UK and Australia. Title: True Grit (1969 film) Passage: Frank Ross (John Pickard) is murdered by his hired hand, Tom Chaney (Jeff Corey). Ross's young daughter, Mattie (Kim Darby), travels to Fort Smith, Arkansas, where she hires aging U.S. Marshal Reuben ``Rooster ''J. Cogburn (John Wayne) to bring Chaney in, raising his fee by shrewdly horse trading with Colonel Stonehill (Strother Martin). Mattie has heard that Cogburn has`` true grit.'' She gives him a payment to track and capture Chaney, who has taken up with outlaw ``Lucky ''Ned Pepper (Robert Duvall) in Indian Territory (modern - day Oklahoma). Title: Marcus Nilson Passage: Nilson was drafted in the first round, 20th overall, by the Florida Panthers in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft. His hockey style is quite adverse from the typical style of Swedish hockey players. His grit and intensity, especially among the boards, earned him the role of a dependable checker with the ability to add the odd goal/assist. Title: To Catch a Killer Passage: To Catch a Killer is a two-part television film from 1992, directed by Eric Till and starring Brian Dennehy and Michael Riley. It is based on the true story of the pursuit of American serial killer John Wayne Gacy. Title: A Time to Love (film) Passage: A Time to Love () is a 2005 film directed by Huo Jianqi. It stars Zhao Wei and Lu Yi. The film is based on a true story.	[ "Turner Classic Movies", "True Grit (1969 film)" ]
Who is the owner of the record label that the performer of Days of Our Lives is on?	Warner Music Group	[ "Warner Music" ]	Title: Bob Shad Passage: Robert "Bob" Shad (born Abraham Shadrinsky; February 12, 1920 – March 13, 1985) was an American record producer and record label owner. He produced the first album by Big Brother and the Holding Company (featuring Janis Joplin). Among his more successful labels were Time Records, Brent Records, and Mainstream Records. Title: Waterfalls (album) Passage: Waterfalls is a live album by American saxophonist and composer John Klemmer featuring studio enhanced live performances recorded in Los Angeles for the Impulse! label. Title: Graeme Goodall Passage: Graeme Goodall (1932 – 3 December 2014) was an Australian recording engineer and record label owner who was a key figure in the early days of Jamaica's recording industry, constructing several of the Island's studios, co-founding Island Records, and operating other labels in the United Kingdom releasing Jamaican music. Title: Live in Oklahoma 1976 Passage: Live in Oklahoma 1976 is a live album by the American Funk band Bootsy's Rubber Band. The album was released in 2001 and represents a collaborative effort between the Funk To The Max label, based in the Netherlands, and Bootzilla Records in the U.S.. The performance was recorded while Bootsy's Rubber Band was the support act (along with Sly and the Family Stone) for headliners Parliament-Funkadelic. Title: Soundsigns Passage: Soundsigns is an album by the American jazz saxophonist Dewey Redman of performances recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label. Title: Sunset Man Passage: Sunset Man is the second studio album from American country music singer James Otto, released April 8, 2008 on Warner Bros. Records. The lead-off single, "Just Got Started Lovin' You", reached Number One on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs charts in May 2008. Following it were "For You" and "These Are the Good Ole Days", both of which peaked in the mid-30s. As of May 2010, the album has sold 389,000 according to Nielsen SoundScan. Title: Live at Memory Lane Passage: Live at Memory Lane is a live album by jazz cornetist Nat Adderley released on the Atlantic label featuring performances by Adderley's Quintet with Joe Henderson, Joe Zawinul, Victor Gaskin, and Roy McCurdy. Title: Live at the Lighthouse (Elvin Jones album) Passage: Live at the Lighthouse is a live album by jazz drummer Elvin Jones featuring performances recorded in 1972 at the Lighthouse Café in California, and released on the Blue Note label. The album was originally released as a double LP and subsequently released on two CDs with additional material. Title: Days of Our Lives (James Otto album) Passage: Days of Our Lives is the debut album of American country music artist James Otto. It was released in 2004 on Mercury Nashville Records, and its title track was a Top 40 hit on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. Title: Greatest Hits (Andy Williams album) Passage: Greatest Hits is a live album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was digitally recorded live in concert at the Andy Williams Moon River Theater in Branson, Missouri and released by the LaserLight division of Delta Music Inc. in 1994. It includes performances of songs that he had previously recorded during his time with the Cadence and Columbia labels as well as one he had never recorded before -- "L-O-V-E", which Nat King Cole took to number 81 pop and number 17 Easy Listening in "Billboard" magazine in 1964. Title: Tijuana Jazz Passage: Tijuana Jazz is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Gary McFarland and trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1965 for the Impulse! label. The album was also released in the UK on the HMV label as CLP3541. Title: The Jazz Skyline Passage: The Jazz Skyline is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1956 and released on the Savoy label. Title: Ornament Records Passage: Ornament Records is a German record label set up in 1972 by Siegfried A. "Ziggy" Christmann. It initially specialised in issuing live recordings of blues artists who were touring Germany. Soon the label started releasing jazz and German (especially Moselle Franconian) folk music as well. Title: Warner Records Passage: Warner Bros. Records Parent company Warner Music Group Founded March 19, 1958; 60 years ago (1958 - 03 - 19) Founder James Conkling Distributor (s) Self - distributed (In the US) WEA International (Outside the US) Rhino Entertainment Company (Re-issues) Genre Various Country of origin United States Location Burbank, California, U.S. Official website warnerbrosrecords.com Title: Aretha Franklin Passage: After turning 18, Franklin confided to her father that she aspired to follow Sam Cooke to record pop music. Serving as her manager, C.L. agreed to the move and helped to produce a two - song demo that soon was brought to the attention of Columbia Records, who agreed to sign her in 1960. Franklin was signed as a ``five - percent artist ''. During this period, Franklin would be coached by choreographer Cholly Atkins to prepare for her pop performances. Before signing with Columbia, Sam Cooke tried to persuade Franklin's father to have his label, RCA sign Franklin. He had also been courted by local record label owner Berry Gordy to sign Franklin and her elder sister Erma to his Tamla label. Franklin's father felt the label was not established enough yet. Franklin's first Columbia single,`` Today I Sing the Blues'', was issued in September 1960 and later reached the top ten of the Hot Rhythm & Blues Sellers chart. Title: Three for Shepp Passage: Three for Shepp is the debut album by American saxophonist Marion Brown featuring performances recorded in 1966 for the Impulse! label. Title: Hellos and Goodbyes Passage: Hellos & Goodbyes by Buck-O-Nine was released in 2000 on Offramp Records, and consists of fifteen tracks recorded at a live performance in Japan in 1999, plus five previously unreleased studio tracks. This album features drummer Jeff Hawthorne, who became the band's permanent drummer in 1998, and bassist John Bell, who joined the band just a few weeks prior to their tour of Japan. In fact, Bell's first live performances with the band were on this tour. The studio tracks were recorded later in 1999, at the same studio where "Libido" was recorded. Offramp Records was a label started by singer Jon Pebsworth and his wife Laura. The label also released an album by The Scrimmage Heroes, band Buck-O-Nine toured with on its last U.S. tour. The tour ended prematurely when John Bell became ill and required emergency surgery. Title: Betty Carter at the Village Vanguard Passage: Betty Carter at the Village Vanguard (original title Betty Carter) is a 1970 live album by Betty Carter featuring her performing with her trio at the Village Vanguard. It was Carter's first live album to be released, and the first album issued on her own label, Bet-Car Records. Originally eponymously titled, it was given its present title for its 1993 release on CD by Verve Records. Title: Al Bell Passage: Al Bell (born Alvertis Isbell, March 15, 1940) is an American record producer, songwriter, and record executive. He is best known as having been an executive and co-owner of Stax Records, based in Memphis, Tennessee, during the latter half of the label's 19-year existence. Title: Crystal (Ahmad Jamal album) Passage: Crystal is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded in 1987 and released on the Atlantic label.	[ "Warner Records", "Sunset Man", "Days of Our Lives (James Otto album)" ]
What year did the author of The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women die?	1572	[]	Title: Diana E. H. Russell Passage: Diana E. H. Russell (born 6 November 1938) is a feminist writer and activist. Born and raised in Cape Town, South Africa, she moved to England in 1957, and then to the United States in 1961. For the past 45 years she has been engaged in research on sexual violence against women and girls. She has written numerous books and articles on rape, including marital rape, femicide, incest, misogynist murders of women, and pornography. For "The Secret Trauma", she was co-recipient of the 1986 C. Wright Mills Award. She was also the recipient of the 2001 Humanist Heroine Award from the American Humanist Association. She was also an organizer of the First International Tribunal on Crimes against Women, in Brussels in March 1976. Title: The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women Passage: The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women is a polemical work by the Scottish reformer John Knox, published in 1558. It attacks female monarchs, arguing that rule by females is contrary to the Bible. Title: Veterans Memorial Soccer Complex Passage: Hoops Family Field at Veterans Memorial Soccer Complex is a 1,006-capacity soccer-specific stadium in Huntington, West Virginia where it is the home of Marshall University's men and women soccer teams. It was built on the former site of the Veterans Memorial Fieldhouse, which was demolished in order to build the stadium. An inaugural double-header took place on August 23, 2013. The men's team held a scrimmage against Marshall alumni from past years resulting in a 2–0 victory. The women's team faced the Campbell University Fighting Camels and won 3–0. Title: Alt.music.hardcore Passage: Alt.music.hardcore is the tenth studio LP by punk band 7 Seconds. It is composed of the 1982 Skins, Brains, and Guts 7" EP (1-9), the 1983 Committed for Life 7" EP (10-16), and the 1985 Blast From the Past EP (17-18) Title: Crumbling Idols Passage: Crumbling Idols is a collection of 12 essays written and completed by Hamlin Garland in 1894. Garland was one of the most prominent American authors of the early 20th century, and contributed heavily to the literary movement known as American Realism. His work, "Crumbling Idols", expresses his views and manifesto as a veritist (realist) artist. In it, he repeatedly emphasizes the importance of a uniquely American literature, one that breaks away from tradition and the past and focuses on the present in order to depict reality through the artists own eyes. Title: 6th Guards Motor Rifle Division Passage: In an exchange of numbers, the 6th Guards Lvov Motor Rifle Division (First Formation) in Germany in 1985 became the 90th Guards Tank Division, while the 90th Guards Tank Division became the 6th Guards Motor Rifle Division. The division in Poland disbanded a tank regiment and formed a motor rifle regiment, while the division in Germany formed a tank regiment. Title: William Amey Passage: Amey was 37 years old, and a lance-corporal in the 1/8th Battalion, The Royal Warwickshire Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. Title: 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment Passage: The 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that saw extensive service in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit was the first African - American regiment organized in the northern states during the Civil War. Authorized by the Emancipation Proclamation, the regiment consisted of African - American enlisted men commanded by white officers. Title: David A. Johnston Passage: David Alexander Johnston (December 18, 1949 – May 18, 1980) was an American United States Geological Survey (USGS) volcanologist who was killed by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington. A principal scientist on the USGS monitoring team, Johnston was killed in the eruption while manning an observation post away on the morning of May 18, 1980. He was the first to report the eruption, transmitting "Vancouver! Vancouver! This is it!" before he was swept away by a lateral blast. Despite a thorough search, Johnston's body was never found, but state highway workers discovered remnants of his USGS trailer in 1993. Title: Francis George Miles Passage: He was 22 years old, and a Private in the 1/5th Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. Title: John William Sayer Passage: He was 38 years old, and a Lance Corporal in the 8th Battalion, The Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment), British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. Title: Royal Dublin Fusiliers Passage: The Royal Dublin Fusiliers was an Irish infantry Regiment of the British Army created in 1881, one of eight Irish regiments raised and garrisoned in Ireland, with its home depot in Naas. The Regiment was created by the amalgamation of two British Army regiments in India, the Royal Bombay Fusiliers and Royal Madras Fusiliers, with Dublin and Kildare militia units as part of the Childers Reforms that created larger regiments and linked them with "Regimental Districts". Both regular battalions of the Regiment fought in the Second Boer War. In the First World War, a further six battalions were raised and the regiment saw action on the Western Front, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. In the course of the war three Victoria Cross were awarded. Title: Women's bowls in Australia Passage: The first women's bowls match played in Australia took place in Stawell, Victoria in October 1881. The first women's only bowls club was not created for another seventeen years, when the Rainsford Bowls Club was created on 16 December 1898 at the home of J. Rainsford Needham, who lived in Glenferrie, Victoria. The first women's bowls association was created in September 1907. The association was called the Victorian Ladies' Bowling Association, and was created by six Melbourne, Victoria based clubs. It was the first women's bowling association created the world. Title: David Bascome Passage: David Bascome started his First Division soccer career at the age of 16 with North Village Rams in Bermuda. At 20 years of age, he signed his first professional contract with the Harrisburg Heat of the National Professional Soccer League, USA. After 13 seasons of professional indoor soccer, Bascome won his first Championship during his 2003–2004 campaign with the Baltimore Blast. Title: Jack Thomas Counter Passage: He was 19 years old, and a private in the 1st Battalion, The King's (Liverpool) Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. Title: Pregnancy over age 50 Passage: The oldest mother to date to conceive, was 71 years, and the youngest mother, 5 years old. According to statistics from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, in the UK more than 20 babies are born to women over age 50 per year through in - vitro fertilization with the use of donor oocytes (eggs). Title: Thomas Plunkett Passage: Thomas Plunkett (1841 - March 10, 1885) was a color bearer during the American Civil War. He carried the banner of the 21st Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry at the Battle of Fredericksburg when a cannon blast took away both of his arms and wounded him in the chest. He pressed the flag against his chest with what remained of his arms and continued until one of the color guard took the flag from him so he could retire. Both of his arms were eventually amputated, and it would take another two years for him to recover. For his actions during the battle Plunkett received the Medal of Honor. Battery Plunkett, a battery of two 4-inch rapid firing guns at Fort Warren on Georges Island in Boston Harbor (MA), was completed in 1899 and named in his honor. Title: Phonograph record Passage: Contrary to popular belief, if placed properly and prepared-for, drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, a member of King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, which recorded at Gennett Records in 1923, remembered that at first Oliver and his young second trumpet, Louis Armstrong, stood next to each other and Oliver's horn could not be heard. "They put Louis about fifteen feet over in the corner, looking all sad." For fading instrumental parts in and out while recording, some performers were placed on a moveable platform, which could draw the performer(s) nearer or further away as required.[citation needed] Title: Presbyterianism Passage: John Knox (1505–1572), a Scot who had spent time studying under Calvin in Geneva, returned to Scotland and urged his countrymen to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines. After a period of religious convulsion and political conflict culminating in a victory for the Protestant party at the Siege of Leith the authority of the Church of Rome was abolished in favour of Reformation by the legislation of the Scottish Reformation Parliament in 1560. The Church was eventually organised by Andrew Melville along Presbyterian lines to become the national Church of Scotland. King James VI and I moved the Church of Scotland towards an episcopal form of government, and in 1637, James' successor, Charles I and William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, attempted to force the Church of Scotland to use the Book of Common Prayer. What resulted was an armed insurrection, with many Scots signing the Solemn League and Covenant. The Covenanters would serve as the government of Scotland for nearly a decade, and would also send military support to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II, despite the initial support that he received from the Covenanters, reinstated an episcopal form of government on the church. Title: 26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot Passage: The 26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot was a Scottish infantry regiment of the British Army, active from 1689 to 1881. Although the regiment took the name of its first colonel as The Earl of Angus's Regiment, it became popularly known as The Cameronians until 1751, when it was ranked as the 26th Foot. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 90th Regiment of Foot (Perthshire Volunteers) to form the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) in 1881. The Cameronians were themselves disbanded in 1968, meaning that no Army unit today perpetuates the lineage of the 26th Foot.	[ "Presbyterianism", "The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women" ]
When did Germany launch an air attack on the country the U.S. fought during the American Revolution?	10 July -- 31 October 1940	[]	Title: Willis Bradley Haviland Passage: Commander Willis Bradley Haviland, (10 March 1890 – 28 November 1944) was a pioneer military pilot in World War I and a Naval Air Station Commanding Officer in World War II. As the sixteenth American volunteer in the Lafayette Escadrille, he was among the first air combat pilots to fight the Germans in World War I, before the United States officially entered the war. He would later become the first pilot to launch a plane from a battleship. Title: Anti-aircraft warfare Passage: NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as "measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites." In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD (Ground Based AD) with related terms SHORAD (Short Range AD) and MANPADS ("Man Portable AD Systems": typically shoulder-launched missiles). Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile, abbreviated and pronounced "SAM" and Surface to Air Guided Weapon (SAGW). Title: Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 8 Passage: Space Launch Complex 8 (SLC-8), is a launch pad at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, United States. It is used by Minotaur rockets. It was originally part of the California Spaceport, and was known as the Commercial Launch Facility (CLF) or Space Launch Facility (SLF). Title: Declarations of war during World War II Passage: 1941 - 06 - 22 Nazi Germany Italy Romania Soviet Union A timed - declaration of war was given by Germany at the time of the attack Invasion Title: The Blitz Passage: The relieved British began to assess the impact of the Blitz in August 1941, and the RAF Air Staff used the German experience to improve Bomber Command's offensives. They concluded bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives. They also noted regional production was severely disrupted when city centres were devastated through the loss of administrative offices, utilities and transport. They believed the Luftwaffe had failed in precision attack, and concluded the German example of area attack using incendiaries was the way forward for operations over Germany. Title: American Revolutionary War Passage: The American Revolutionary War (1775 -- 1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th - century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America. Title: United States declaration of war upon Germany (1941) Passage: December 11, 1941, the United States Congress declared war upon Germany (Pub. L. 77 -- 331, Sess. 1, ch. 564, 55 Stat. 796), hours after Germany declared war on the United States after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The vote was 88 -- 0 in the Senate and 393 -- 0 in the House. Title: Jet Attack Passage: Jet Attack (also known as Jet Alert and released in the UK as Through Hell to Glory) is a 1958 American aviation war film set in the Korean War, featuring United States Air Force (USAF) aircraft. Title: David Daube Passage: David Daube (8 February 1909, Freiburg, Germany – 24 February 1999, Berkeley, California) was the twentieth century's preeminent scholar of ancient law. He combined a familiarity with many legal systems, particularly Roman law and biblical law, with an expertise in Greek, Roman, Jewish, and Christian literature, and used literary, religious, and legal texts to illuminate each other and, among other things, to "transform the position of Roman law" and to launch a "revolution" or "near revolution" in New Testament studies. Title: FGM-148 Javelin Passage: The FGM-148 Javelin is an American man-portable fire-and-forget anti-tank missile fielded to replace the M47 Dragon anti-tank missile in US service. It uses an automatic infrared guidance that allows the user to seek cover immediately after launch, as opposed to wired-guided systems, like the Dragon, where the user has to actively guide the weapon throughout the engagement. The Javelin's HEAT warhead is capable of defeating modern tanks by attacking them from above where their armor is thinnest (see top-attack), and is also useful against fortifications in a direct attack flight. Title: Battle of the Bulge Passage: The Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 -- 25 January 1945) was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II. It was launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in eastern Belgium, northeast France, and Luxembourg, towards the end of World War II. The surprise attack caught the Allied forces completely off guard. American forces bore the brunt of the attack and incurred their highest casualties of any operation during the war. The battle also severely depleted Germany's armored forces, and they were largely unable to replace them. German personnel and, later, Luftwaffe aircraft (in the concluding stages of the engagement) also sustained heavy losses. Title: Triple Alliance (1882) Passage: The Triple Alliance was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria - Hungary, and Italy. It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915 during World War I. Germany and Austria - Hungary had been closely allied since 1879. Italy sought support against France shortly after it lost North African ambitions to the French. Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great power. The treaty provided that Germany and Austria - Hungary were to assist Italy if it was attacked by France without provocation. In turn, Italy would assist Germany if attacked by France. In the event of a war between Austria - Hungary and Russia, Italy promised to remain neutral. Title: AGM-28 Hound Dog Passage: The North American Aviation AGM-28 Hound Dog was a supersonic, turbojet-propelled, air-launched cruise missile developed in 1959 for the United States Air Force. It was primarily designed to be capable of attacking Soviet ground-based air defense sites prior to a potential air attack by B-52 Stratofortress long range bombers during the Cold War. The Hound Dog was first given the designation B-77, then redesignated GAM-77, and finally as AGM-28. It was conceived as a temporary standoff missile for the B-52, to be used until the GAM-87 Skybolt air-launched ballistic missile was available. Instead, the Skybolt was cancelled within a few years and the Hound Dog continued to be deployed for a total of 15 years until its replacement by newer missiles, including the AGM-69 SRAM and then the AGM-86 ALCM. Title: Museum of the American Revolution Passage: The Museum of the American Revolution (formerly The American Revolution Center) is a Philadelphia museum dedicated to telling the story of the American Revolution. The museum was opened to the public on April 19, 2017, the anniversary of the first battle of the war, Lexington and Concord, on April 19, 1775. Title: USS Concord (1828) Passage: USS "Concord" was a wooden-hulled, three-masted sloop-of-war of the United States Navy and was launched on 24 September 1828 from the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine. She was the first US Navy vessel to bear the name 'Concord' and was so named after the town of Concord for its role at the beginning of the American Revolution. When empty, the vessel displaced a total of 700 tons. The "Concord" had a complement of 190 officers and seamen with an armament of 20 guns and saw service protecting American merchant ships and other interests in several places around the world. The ship and her crew, who also functioned as Marines, fought in the Seminole Wars in Florida. "Concord" ran aground while on a patrolling mission along the African coast. Despite determined efforts from the crew, with three losing their lives in the process, the "Concord" was unable to be refloated. It was the first ship christened by a woman. Sloop-of-war "Concord", launched in 1827, was "christened by a young lady of Portsmouth." This is the first known instance of a woman sponsoring a United States Navy vessel. Unfortunately, the contemporary account does not name this pioneer female sponsor (Ceremonial ship launching). Title: Battle of Britain Passage: Battle of Britain Part of the Second World War An Observer Corps spotter scans the skies of London. Date 10 July -- 31 October 1940 (3 months and 3 weeks) Location British airspace Result British victory Belligerents United Kingdom Canada Germany Italy Commanders and leaders Hugh Dowding Keith Park T. Leigh - Mallory Quintin Brand Richard Saul L. Samuel Breadner Zdzisław Krasnodębski Hermann Göring Albert Kesselring Hugo Sperrle Hans - Jürgen Stumpff R.C. Fougier Units involved Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Foreign pilots from (show) Poland New Zealand Czechoslovakia Belgium Australia South Africa France Ireland United States Southern Rhodesia Jamaica Barbados Newfoundland Northern Rhodesia Luftwaffe Corpo Aereo Italiano Strength 1,963 serviceable aircraft 2,550 serviceable aircraft. Casualties and losses 1,542 aircrew killed 422 aircrew wounded 1,744 aircraft destroyed 2,585 aircrew killed and missing, 925 captured, 735 wounded 1,977 aircraft destroyed, 1,634 in combat and 343 non-combat Around 90,000 civilian casualties, 40,000 of them fatal. Title: United States Air Force Passage: Offensive Counterair (OCA) is defined as "offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch, but as close to their source as possible" (JP 1-02). OCA is the preferred method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source and typically enjoys the initiative. OCA comprises attack operations, sweep, escort, and suppression/destruction of enemy air defense. Title: KEPD 350 Passage: Taurus KEPD 350 is a German air-launched cruise missile, manufactured by Taurus Systems and used by Germany, Spain, and South Korea. Taurus Systems GmbH is a partnership between MBDA Deutschland GmbH (formerly LFK) and Saab Bofors Dynamics. Title: Anti-aircraft warfare Passage: Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of these devices during an air raid is suspected to have caused the Bethnal Green disaster in 1943. Facing the threat of Japanese Kamikaze attacks the British and US developed surface-to-air rockets like British Stooge or the American Lark as counter measures, but none of them were ready at the end of the war. The Germans missile research was the most advanced of the war as the Germans put considerable effort in the research and development of rocket systems for all purposes. Among them were several guided and unguided systems. Unguided systems involved the Fliegerfaust (literally "aircraft fist") as the first MANPADS. Guided systems were several sophisticated radio, wire, or radar guided missiles like the Wasserfall ("waterfall") rocket. Due to the severe war situation for Germany all of those systems were only produced in small numbers and most of them were only used by training or trial units. Title: Laird Bell Passage: Bell received a KBE knighthood for his war-time activities on behalf of British War Relief. Following the war, he then played an active part, for a private citizen, in creating the New Europe. Bell returned to Germany as a legal adviser to Brigadier General William H. Draper. Jr., Head of the Economics Division, in General Lucius Clay's U.S. Military Government in Germany OMGUS. Draper's group brokered US interests in post-war German corporations. In 1945 and 1946, Bell "stalked the corridors of Foggy Bottom" in a "one-man crusade against 1067" a US rule that proposed a "barbarous" dismantling of Germany. As president of the Alumni Association of Harvard University in June 1947 Laird Bell organized the commencement speeches where Secretary of State George Marshall launched the European Recovery Plan. (General Omar Bradley was the main speaker that day).	[ "American Revolutionary War", "Battle of Britain" ]
When did the party who gained control of congress in the midterm elections in 1946 take control of the determiner of rules of the US House and US Senate?	January 2015	[]	Title: 2015 Nigerian general election Passage: General elections were held in Nigeria on 28 and 29 March 2015, the fifth quadrennial election to be held since the end of military rule in 1999. Voters elected the President and members to the House of Representatives and the Senate. The incumbent president, Goodluck Jonathan sought his second and final term. Title: John Kerry Passage: Kerry established a separate political action committee, Keeping America's Promise, which declared as its mandate "A Democratic Congress will restore accountability to Washington and help change a disastrous course in Iraq", and raised money and channeled contributions to Democratic candidates in state and federal races. Through Keeping America's Promise in 2005, Kerry raised over $5.5 million for other Democrats up and down the ballot. Through his campaign account and his political action committee, the Kerry campaign operation generated more than $10 million for various party committees and 179 candidates for the U.S. House, Senate, state and local offices in 42 states focusing on the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle. "Cumulatively, John Kerry has done as much if not more than any other individual senator", Hassan Nemazee, the national finance chairman of the DSCC said. Title: 2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election Passage: The 2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to determine the governor and lieutenant governor of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It will occur concurrently with the election of Wisconsin's Class I U.S. Senate seat, as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Title: New Deal Passage: By 1936, the term ``liberal ''typically was used for supporters of the New Deal and`` conservative'' for its opponents. From 1934 to 1938, Roosevelt was assisted in his endeavors by a ``pro-spender ''majority in Congress (drawn from two - party, competitive, non-machine, progressive and left party districts). In the 1938 midterm election, Roosevelt and his liberal supporters lost control of Congress to the bipartisan conservative coalition. Many historians distinguish between a`` First New Deal'' (1933 -- 1934) and a ``Second New Deal ''(1935 -- 1938), with the second one more liberal and more controversial. Title: African Americans in the United States Congress Passage: As a result of these measures, blacks acquired the right to vote across the Southern states. In several states (notably Mississippi and South Carolina), blacks were the majority of the population. By forming coalitions with pro-Union whites, Republicans took control of the state legislatures. At the time, state legislatures elected the members of the US Senate. During Reconstruction, only the state legislature of Mississippi elected any black senators. On February 25, 1870, Hiram Rhodes Revels was seated as the first black member of the Senate, while Blanche Bruce, also of Mississippi, seated in 1875, was the second. Revels was the first black member of the Congress overall. Title: 2014 United States Senate elections Passage: The Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic - held seats. Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents: Title: 2018 United States elections Passage: 2018 elections in the United States will be held on Tuesday, November 6, 2018, except for certain special elections. All these races, regardless if it is for a federal, state, or local office, are being administered by the individual state and local governments instead of at the national or federal level. These midterm elections will take place in the middle of Republican President Donald Trump's first term. All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives and 35 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate will be contested. In addition, 39 state and territorial governorships as well as numerous other state and local elections will also be contested. Title: Connecticut Senate Passage: The Connecticut State Senate is the upper house of the Connecticut General Assembly, the state legislature of the US state of Connecticut. The state senate comprises 36 members, each representing a district with around 99,280 inhabitants. Senators are elected to two-year terms without term limits. The Connecticut State Senate is one of 14 state legislative upper houses whose members serve two-year terms; four-year terms are more common. Title: Marriage Protection Act Passage: The Marriage Protection Act (MPA) was a bill introduced in the United States Congress in 2003 to amend the federal judicial code to deny federal courts jurisdiction to hear or decide any question pertaining to the interpretation of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) or the MPA itself. Introduced as during the 108th Congress, the Republican-controlled House passed it in 2004, but it did not pass the Senate. Title: Sulaiman Mohammed Nazif Passage: Sulaiman Mohammed Nazif (born 14 April 1970) was elected Senator for the Bauchi North constituency of Bauchi State, Nigeria, taking office on 29 May 2007. He was elected on the Action Congress (AC) platform. Title: Elections in the United States Passage: The United States has a presidential system of government, which means that the executive and legislature are elected separately. Article One of the United States Constitution requires that any election for the U.S. President must occur on a single day throughout the country; elections for Congressional offices, however, can be held at different times. Congressional and presidential elections take place simultaneously every four years, and the intervening Congressional elections, which take place every two years, are called Midterm elections. Title: 1946 United States House of Representatives elections Passage: Truman was Vice President under President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was thrust into the presidency following Roosevelt's death. Truman did not garner the same support as the deceased president. Democrats had controlled Congress since 1931, for 16 years, and Roosevelt had been elected to a record four terms in office. The 1946 election resulted in Republicans picking up 55 seats to win majority control. Joseph William Martin, Jr., Republican of Massachusetts, became Speaker of the House, exchanging places with Sam Rayburn, Democrat of Texas, who became the new Minority Leader. The Democratic defeat was the largest since they were trounced in the 1928 pro-Republican wave that brought Herbert Hoover to power. Title: 1886 United States House of Representatives elections Passage: Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1886 for Representatives to the 50th Congress, taking place in the middle of President Grover Cleveland's first term. Title: CDC SCOPE Passage: SCOPE, an acronym for Supervisory Control Of Program Execution, was the name used by the Control Data Corporation for a number of operating system projects in the 1960s. Title: 115th United States Congress Passage: The One Hundred Fifteenth United States Congress is the current meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It meets in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 2017, to January 3, 2019, during the final weeks of the Obama presidency and the first two years of Donald Trump's presidency. The November 2016 elections maintained Republican control of both the House and Senate. Title: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives Passage: The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, of the United States House of Representatives serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader. Unlike the Majority Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House during the convening of the Congress. If the Minority Leader's party takes control of the House, and the party officers are all re-elected to their seats, the Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress, while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader. The Minority Leader usually meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial issues. Title: 110th United States Congress Passage: The Democratic Party controlled a majority in both chambers for the first time since the end of the 103rd Congress in 1995. Although the Democrats held fewer than 50 Senate seats, they had an operational majority because the two independent senators caucused with the Democrats for organizational purposes. No Democratic - held seats had fallen to the Republican Party in the 2006 elections. Democrat Nancy Pelosi became the first woman Speaker of the House. The House also received the first Muslim (Keith Ellison) and Buddhist (Hank Johnson and Mazie Hirono) members of Congress. Title: Standing Rules of the United States Senate Passage: The Standing Rules of the Senate are the parliamentary procedures adopted by the United States Senate that govern its procedure. The Senate's power to establish rules derives from Article One, Section 5 of the United States Constitution: ``Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings... '' Title: 114th United States Congress Passage: The One Hundred Fourteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2017, during the final two full years of Barack Obama's presidency. The 2014 elections gave the Republicans control of the Senate (and control of both houses of Congress) for the first time since the 109th Congress. With 248 seats in the House of Representatives and 54 seats in the Senate, this Congress began with the largest Republican majority since the 71st Congress of 1929 -- 1931. Title: Montana Passage: However, at the state level, the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices (Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State and State Auditor). The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state's Senate seats for the GOP. The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control. The state Senate is, as of 2015, controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41.	[ "1946 United States House of Representatives elections", "2014 United States Senate elections", "Standing Rules of the United States Senate" ]
What year did the group that performed From Them, Through Us, to You form?	2005	[]	Title: Jehovah's Witnesses Passage: As of August 2015, Jehovah's Witnesses report an average of 8.2 million publishers—the term they use for members actively involved in preaching—in 118,016 congregations. In 2015, these reports indicated over 1.93 billion hours spent in preaching and "Bible study" activity. Since the mid-1990s, the number of peak publishers has increased from 4.5 million to 8.2 million. In the same year, they conducted "Bible studies" with over 9.7 million individuals, including those conducted by Witness parents with their children. Jehovah's Witnesses estimate their current worldwide growth rate to be 1.5% per year. Title: Brachytherapy Passage: Imaging techniques, such as x-ray, fluoroscopy and ultrasound are typically used to help guide the placement of the applicators to their correct positions and to further refine the treatment plan. CAT scans and MRI can also be used. Once the applicators are inserted, they are held in place against the skin using sutures or adhesive tape to prevent them from moving. Once the applicators are confirmed as being in the correct position, further imaging can be performed to guide detailed treatment planning. Title: Madina Lake Passage: Madina Lake is an American alternative rock band formed in Chicago in 2005. Madina Lake released their debut album "From Them, Through Us, to You" through Roadrunner Records on March 27, 2007. Madina Lake won Best International Newcomer at the Kerrang! Awards 2007. The group disbanded in September 2013 before reuniting in February 2017. Title: In Plain Sight Passage: In Plain Sight is an American dramatic television series that premiered on the USA Network on June 1, 2008. The series revolves around Mary Shannon (Mary McCormack), a Deputy United States Marshal attached to the Albuquerque, NM, office of the Federal Witness Security Program (WITSEC), more commonly known as the Federal Witness Protection Program. Shannon must find ways to balance her professional life of protecting witnesses, her professional relationship with her work partner, US Marshal Marshall Mann, and her problematic personal life. The show was filmed on location in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Title: Camcorder Passage: Sony released the first consumer camcorder in 1983, the Betamovie BMC - 100P. It used a Betamax cassette and rested on the operator's shoulder, due to a design not permitting a single - handed grip. That year, JVC released the first VHS - C camcorder. Kodak announced a new camcorder format in 1984, the 8 mm video format. Sony introduced its compact 8 mm Video8 format in 1985. That year, Panasonic, RCA and Hitachi began producing camcorders using a full - size VHS cassette with a three - hour capacity. These shoulder - mount camcorders were used by videophiles, industrial videographers and college TV studios. Full - size Super-VHS (S - VHS) camcorders were released in 1987, providing an inexpensive way to collect news segments or other videographies. Sony upgraded Video8, releasing the Hi8 in competition with S - VHS. Title: PlayStation 3 Passage: PlayStation Portable can connect with PlayStation 3 in many ways, including in-game connectivity. For example, Formula One Championship Edition, a racing game, was shown at E3 2006 using a PSP as a real-time rear-view mirror. In addition, users are able to download original PlayStation format games from the PlayStation Store, transfer and play them on PSP as well as PS3 itself. It is also possible to use the Remote Play feature to play these and some PlayStation Network games, remotely on PSP over a network or internet connection. Title: Beyoncé Passage: In 2011, documents obtained by WikiLeaks revealed that Beyoncé was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi. Rolling Stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts; a spokesperson for Beyoncé later confirmed to The Huffington Post that she donated the money to the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund. Later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years, and was named the highest-paid performer in the world per minute. Title: Arnold Schwarzenegger Passage: Schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal, writing in 1977 that "steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest. I did not use them for muscle growth, but rather for muscle maintenance when cutting up." He has called the drugs "tissue building." Title: Transistor Passage: In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the German radar effort during World War II. Using this knowledge, he began researching the phenomenon of "interference" in 1947. By June 1948, witnessing currents flowing through point-contacts, Mataré produced consistent results using samples of germanium produced by Welker, similar to what Bardeen and Brattain had accomplished earlier in December 1947. Realizing that Bell Labs' scientists had already invented the transistor before them, the company rushed to get its "transistron" into production for amplified use in France's telephone network. Title: Here Comes the Night Passage: ``Here Comes the Night ''is a 1964 song, written by Bert Berns. It became a hit for Northern Irish band Them, fronted by Van Morrison, in March 1965, charting at No. 2 in the UK and No. 24 in the US. Them's single is listed at either No. 33 or No. 36 in the Top 100 best - selling UK singles during the calendar year 1965, depending on source. Title: Belarus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 Passage: Belarus chose Dmitry Koldun with the song "Work Your Magic" to represent the nation at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Helsinki, Finland. Using the Eurofest 2007 format on 15 December 2006, televoting narrowed down fifteen performers to Dmitry Koldun, selected by televoting, and Diana Gurtskaya and The Project, selected by the professional jury. The three competitors entered the superfinal where they could change their song if they wished. On 22 January 2007, the three performed their song in front of a strict government jury, which decided that Dmitry Koldun was the most suitable performer to represent Belarus. The song was written by Karen Kavaleryan and composed by Philip Kirkorov. Title: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution Passage: The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights and protects individuals from being compelled to be witnesses against themselves in criminal cases. ``Pleading the Fifth ''is a colloquial term for invoking the right that allows witnesses to decline to answer questions where the answers might incriminate them, and generally without having to suffer a penalty for asserting the right. This evidentiary privilege ensures that defendants can not be compelled to become witnesses at their own trials. If, however, they choose to testify, they are not entitled to the right during cross-examination, where questions are relevant to their testimony on direct examination. The Amendment requires that felonies be tried only upon indictment by a grand jury. Federal grand juries can force people to take the witness stand, but defendants in those proceedings have Fifth Amendment privileges until they choose to answer any question. To claim the privilege for failure to answer when being interviewed by police, the interviewee must have explicitly invoked the constitutional right when declining to answer questions. Title: From Them, Through Us, to You Passage: From Them, Through Us, to You is the debut album by Chicago-based rock band Madina Lake. The album was released in the United States on March 27, 2007 via Roadrunner Records; it was released a day earlier in the UK. Title: DGN Passage: DGN (design) is the name used for CAD file formats supported by Bentley Systems, MicroStation and Intergraph's Interactive Graphics Design System (IGDS) CAD programs. The DGN format is used in construction projects, including buildings, highways, bridges, process plants, shipbuilding. DGN is a competing format to Autodesk's DWG. Title: Stanley Theater (Jersey City, New Jersey) Passage: In 1983, the building was purchased by the Watch Tower Society for use as a convention and assembly hall for Jehovah's Witnesses. Thousands of Witness volunteers worked over a nine - month period to renovate the theater. Beginning in October 2012, the theater underwent further renovation by over 2,000 Witness volunteers from across the United States. Title: Canadian Grenadier Guards Band Passage: The Canadian Grenadier Guards Band (sometimes referred to as His Majesty's Canadian Grenadier Guards Band) was a Canadian military band that was active for more than 60 years during the 20th century. In addition to performing for military events, the band had an active concert schedule which brought them to performance venues throughout North America. The group also made several recordings on a variety labels and appeared on numerous radio broadcasts in both Canada and the United States. Title: Wiz Khalifa discography Passage: List of mixtapes Title Album details Prince of the City: Welcome to Pistolvania Released: 2005 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Grow Season Released: 2007 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Prince of the City 2 Released: November 20, 2007 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Star Power Released: September 17, 2008 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Flight School Released: April 17, 2009 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download How Fly (with Currensy) Released: August 9, 2009 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Burn After Rolling Released: November 2, 2009 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Kush & Orange Juice Released: April 14, 2010 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Cabin Fever Released: February 17, 2011 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Taylor Allderdice Released: March 13, 2012 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Cabin Fever 2 Released: October 16, 2012 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download 28 Grams Released: May 25, 2014 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Cabin Fever 3 Released: December 15, 2015 Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Pre-Rolleds Released: June 3, 2017 Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Bong Rips Released: June 24, 2017 Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Laugh Now, Fly Later Released: November 9, 2017 Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download, Streaming Title: 999 (emergency telephone number) Passage: 999 or 112 is used to contact the emergency services upon witnessing or being involved in an emergency. In the United Kingdom, the numbers 999 and 112 both connect to the same service, and there is no priority or charge for either of them. Callers dialling 911, the USA's emergency number, will be transferred to the 999 call system if the call is made within the United Kingdom. Title: Show Us Your Wits Passage: Show Us Your Wits is a Playboy TV adult game show based out of the Las Vegas Palomino Strip Club and hosted by Daphnee Duplaix. Title: Niagara River Passage: The Niagara River and Falls have been known outside of North America since the late 17th century, when Father Louis Hennepin, a French explorer, first witnessed them. He wrote about his travels in "A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America" (1698).	[ "From Them, Through Us, to You", "Madina Lake" ]
What field of work was the person who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures in?	physic	[ "Physic" ]	Title: Plücker formula Passage: In mathematics, a Plücker formula, named after Julius Plücker, is one of a family of formulae, of a type first developed by Plücker in the 1830s, that relate certain numeric invariants of algebraic curves to corresponding invariants of their dual curves. The invariant called the genus, common to both the curve and its dual, is connected to the other invariants by similar formulae. These formulae, and the fact that each of the invariants must be a positive integer, place quite strict limitations on their possible values. Title: Hilbert curve Passage: A Hilbert curve (also known as a Hilbert space-filling curve) is a continuous fractal space-filling curve first described by the German mathematician David Hilbert in 1891, as a variant of the space-filling Peano curves discovered by Giuseppe Peano in 1890. Title: Planck constant Passage: The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature, so that "white hot" is hotter than "red hot". Nevertheless, Wilhelm Wien discovered the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures, by using the principle of adiabatic invariance. At each different temperature, the curve is moved over by Wien's displacement law (1893). Wien also proposed an approximation for the spectrum of the object, which was correct at high frequencies (short wavelength) but not at low frequencies (long wavelength). It still was not clear why the spectrum of a hot object had the form that it has (see diagram). Title: HD 16417 b Passage: HD 16417 b (also called λ Fornacis b) is an extrasolar planet located approximately 83 light years away in the constellation of Fornax, orbiting the 6th magnitude G-type main sequence star HD 16417. This planet has minimum mass only 7% that of Jupiter, making this a Neptune-mass planet. In addition to this, it orbits relatively close to the host star and suffers high temperature. It is the third planet discovered in Fornax constellation on February 23, 2009. This planet was discovered by a method called the radial velocity method. Title: Radio wave Passage: Radio waves were first predicted by mathematical work done in 1867 by Scottish mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell noticed wavelike properties of light and similarities in electrical and magnetic observations. His mathematical theory, now called Maxwell's equations, described light waves and radio waves as waves of electromagnetism that travel in space, radiated by a charged particle as it undergoes acceleration. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the reality of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves by experimentally generating radio waves in his laboratory, showing that they exhibited the same wave properties as light: standing waves, refraction, diffraction, and polarization. Radio waves, originally called ``Hertzian waves '', were first used for communication in the mid 1890s by Guglielmo Marconi, who developed the first practical radio transmitters and receivers. Title: Senior Whitehead Prize Passage: The Senior Whitehead Prize of the London Mathematical Society (LMS) is now awarded in odd numbered years in memory of John Henry Constantine Whitehead, president of the LMS between 1953 and 1955. The Prize is awarded to mathematicians normally resident in the United Kingdom on 1 January of the relevant year. Selection criteria include work in, influence on or service to mathematics, or recognition of lecturing gifts in the field of mathematics. Previous recipients of top LMS prizes or medals are ineligible for nomination. Title: Edwards curve Passage: In mathematics, the Edwards curves are a family of elliptic curves studied by Harold Edwards in 2007. The concept of elliptic curves over finite fields is widely used in elliptic curve cryptography. Applications of Edwards curves to cryptography were developed by Daniel J. Bernstein and Tanja Lange: they pointed out several advantages of the Edwards form in comparison to the more well known Weierstrass form. Title: Incandescent light bulb Passage: Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power input to the source, such as a lamp. Visible light is measured in lumens, a unit which is defined in part by the differing sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light. Not all wavelengths of visible electromagnetic energy are equally effective at stimulating the human eye; the luminous efficacy of radiant energy (LER) is a measure of how well the distribution of energy matches the perception of the eye. The units of luminous efficacy are "lumens per watt" (lpw). The maximum LER possible is 683 lm/W for monochromatic green light at 555 nanometers wavelength, the peak sensitivity of the human eye. Title: Curtis T. McMullen Passage: Curtis Tracy McMullen (born May 21, 1958) is an American mathematician who is the Cabot Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1998 for his work in complex dynamics, hyperbolic geometry and Teichmüller theory. Title: 750 Oskar Passage: 750 Oskar is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by Johann Palisa on 28 April 1913 in Vienna. Photometric observations made in 2012 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, produced a light curve with a period of 6.2584 ± 0.0002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.21 ± 0.02 in magnitude. This is a member of the Nysa family of asteroids that share similar orbital elements. Title: 585 Bilkis Passage: Bilkis (minor planet designation: 585 Bilkis) is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was discovered by German astronomer August Kopff in 1906 February and was given the Koran name for the Queen of Sheba. Photometric observations at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado in 2006–7 were used to build a light curve for this object. The asteroid displayed a rotation period of 8.5742 ± 0.0005 hours and a brightness variation of 0.40 ± 0.02 in magnitude. Title: Torelli theorem Passage: In mathematics, the Torelli theorem, named after Ruggiero Torelli, is a classical result of algebraic geometry over the complex number field, stating that a non-singular projective algebraic curve (compact Riemann surface) "C" is determined by its Jacobian variety "J"("C"), when the latter is given in the form of a principally polarized abelian variety. In other words, the complex torus "J"("C"), with certain 'markings', is enough to recover "C". The same statement holds over any algebraically closed field. From more precise information on the constructed isomorphism of the curves it follows that if the canonically principally polarized Jacobian varieties of curves of genus formula_1 are "k"-isomorphic for "k" any perfect field, so are the curves. Title: Faraday effect Passage: Discovered by Michael Faraday in 1845, the Faraday effect was the first experimental evidence that light and electromagnetism are related. The theoretical basis of electromagnetic radiation (which includes visible light) was completed by James Clerk Maxwell in the 1860s and 1870s. This effect occurs in most optically transparent dielectric materials (including liquids) under the influence of magnetic fields. Title: Salisbury rail crash Passage: In the Salisbury rail crash of 1 July 1906, a LSWR boat train from Plymouth's Friary railway station to London Waterloo station failed to navigate a very sharp curve at the eastern end of Salisbury railway station. The curve had a maximum permitted speed of , but the express had been travelling at more than . The train was completely derailed, and smashed into a milk train and a light engine, killing 28 people. Title: Conservation of energy Passage: The mechanical equivalence principle was first stated in its modern form by the German surgeon Julius Robert von Mayer in 1842. Mayer reached his conclusion on a voyage to the Dutch East Indies, where he found that his patients' blood was a deeper red because they were consuming less oxygen, and therefore less energy, to maintain their body temperature in the hotter climate. He discovered that heat and mechanical work were both forms of energy and in 1845, after improving his knowledge of physics, he published a monograph that stated a quantitative relationship between them. Title: Isaac Newton Passage: Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a sophisticated theory of colour based on the observation that a prism separates white light into the colours of the visible spectrum. His work on light was collected in his highly influential book Opticks, published in 1704. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, made the first theoretical calculation of the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves. Title: Crofton formula Passage: In mathematics, the Crofton formula, named after Morgan Crofton (1826–1915), is a classic result of integral geometry relating the length of a curve to the expected number of times a "random" line intersects it. Title: Wien approximation Passage: Wien's approximation (also sometimes called Wien's law or the Wien distribution law) is a law of physics used to describe the spectrum of thermal radiation (frequently called the blackbody function). This law was first derived by Wilhelm Wien in 1896. The equation does accurately describe the short wavelength (high frequency) spectrum of thermal emission from objects, but it fails to accurately fit the experimental data for long wavelengths (low frequency) emission. Title: Richard Ernest Kronauer Passage: Richard Ernest Kronauer is the Gordon McKay Professor of Mechanical Engineering, emeritus, at Harvard University. Though experienced with research in both fluid mechanics and applied mathematics, he is primarily known for his pioneering work in mathematical biology, especially research on human circadian rhythms. Kronauer's 1982 paper "Mathematical model of the human circadian system with two interacting oscillators" outlined a new method for understanding the biological circuits that underlie daily body cycles in variables such as blood pressure or body temperature. Professor Kronauer's research also has direct implications for the causes and possible cures for many types of sleep disorders, and for this he will receive the Farrell Prize in Sleep Medicine in June 2008. Title: Leroy P. Steele Prize Passage: The Leroy P. Steele Prizes are awarded every year by the American Mathematical Society, for distinguished research work and writing in the field of mathematics. Since 1993 there has been a formal division into three categories.	[ "Planck constant", "Wien approximation" ]
What were Genesis's advantages over the platform that plays Bigfoot?	built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound	[ "16-bit", "16-bit architecture" ]	Title: The Curiosity of Chance Passage: The Curiosity of Chance is a 2006 comedy film directed by Russell P. Marleau, produced by Bigfoot Entertainment and starring Tad Hilgenbrink. Title: Separation of Light from Darkness Passage: The Separation of Light from Darkness is, from the perspective of the Genesis chronology, the first of nine central panels that run along the center of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling and which depict scenes from the Book of Genesis. Michelangelo probably completed this panel in the summer of 1512, the last year of the Sistine ceiling project. It is one of five smaller scenes that alternate with four larger scenes that run along the center of the Sistine ceiling. The "Separation of Light from Darkness" is based on verses 3–5 from the first chapter of the Book of Genesis: Title: Genesis Motor Passage: Genesis Motors is the luxury vehicle division of the South Korean vehicle manufacturer Hyundai Motor Group. Initially envisioned along with the plan for Hyundai's new luxury sedan Hyundai Genesis in 2004, the Genesis brand was officially announced as a standalone marque on 4 November 2015. Title: International Karate + Passage: International Karate +, often abbreviated as IK+, is a karate fighting video game published in 1987 by System 3, originally for the Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum. It has since been ported to a number of other platforms. The Commodore 64 version was released in the U.S. under the title Chop N' Drop. Title: Shepherds railway station, New South Wales Passage: Shepherds is a closed railway platform on the Main South railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The platform opened in 1893 and closed in 1975. No trace now remains of the platform. Title: Nintendo Entertainment System Passage: The Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: ファミリーコンピュータ, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (ファミコン, Famikon?) and abbreviated as FC) on July 15, 1983, and was later released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986, and Australia in 1987. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy (현대 컴보이 Hyeondae Keomboi) and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics. It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Title: The Son of Bigfoot Passage: The Son of Bigfoot is a Belgian and French computer - animated comedy film that was released on 11 August 2017 in several countries. It is directed by Ben Stassen and Jeremy Degruson. Upon release, the film received positive reviews from critics and grossed $40 million worldwide against its $30 million budget. Title: Sonic the Hedgehog (1991 video game) Passage: Sonic the Hedgehog is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis console. The game was first released in North America in June 1991, and in PAL regions and Japan the following month. The game features an anthropomorphic hedgehog named Sonic in a quest to defeat Doctor Robotnik, a scientist who has imprisoned animals in robots and stolen the magical Chaos Emeralds. Sonic the Hedgehog's gameplay involves collecting rings as a form of health and a simple control scheme, with jumping and attacking controlled by a single button. Title: Altar (Bible) Passage: Altars (Hebrew: מזבח ‎ ‎, mizbeaḥ, ``a place of slaughter or sacrifice '') in the Hebrew Bible were typically made of earth (Exodus 20: 24) or unwrought stone (20: 25). Altars were generally erected in conspicuous places (Genesis 22: 9; Ezekiel 6: 3; 2 Kings 23: 12; 16: 4; 23: 8) The first altar recorded in the Hebrew Bible is that erected by Noah (Genesis 8: 20). Altars were erected by Abraham (Genesis 12: 7; 13: 4; 22: 9), by Isaac (Genesis 26: 25), by Jacob (33: 20; 35: 1 - 3), and by Moses (Exodus 17: 15, Adonai - nissi). Title: Is Genesis History? Passage: Del Tackett, the creator of Focus on the Family's ``The Truth Project '', narrates the film. The goal of Is Genesis History? is to make`` a positive case that the Bible is historically reliable'' through looking at the differing views of and questions concerning the origin of Earth, the universe, and man. Interviewing thirteen creation scientists, the narrator of the film argues that Genesis does portray real historical events. Other speakers include George Grant, Paul Nelson, Douglas Petrovich, Marcus R. Ross, Andrew A. Snelling, and Kurt Wise. Title: Chicago Cubs Passage: In 1984, each league had two divisions, East and West. The divisional winners met in a best-of-5 series to advance to the World Series, in a "2–3" format, first two games were played at the home of the team who did not have home field advantage. Then the last three games were played at the home of the team, with home field advantage. Thus the first two games were played at Wrigley Field and the next three at the home of their opponents, San Diego. A common and unfounded myth is that since Wrigley Field did not have lights at that time the National League decided to give the home field advantage to the winner of the NL West. In fact, home field advantage had rotated between the winners of the East and West since 1969 when the league expanded. In even numbered years, the NL West had home field advantage. In odd numbered years, the NL East had home field advantage. Since the NL East winners had had home field advantage in 1983, the NL West winners were entitled to it. Title: Super Nintendo Entertainment System Passage: The rivalry between Nintendo and Sega resulted in what has been described as one of the most notable console wars in video game history, in which Sega positioned the Genesis as the "cool" console, with more mature titles aimed at older gamers, and edgy advertisements that occasionally attacked the competition. Nintendo however, scored an early public relations advantage by securing the first console conversion of Capcom's arcade classic Street Fighter II for SNES, which took over a year to make the transition to Genesis. Despite the Genesis's head start, much larger library of games, and lower price point, the Genesis only represented an estimated 60% of the American 16-bit console market in June 1992, and neither console could maintain a definitive lead for several years. Donkey Kong Country is said to have helped establish the SNES's market prominence in the latter years of the 16-bit generation, and for a time, maintain against the PlayStation and Saturn. According to Nintendo, the company had sold more than 20 million SNES units in the U.S. According to a 2014 Wedbush Securities report based on NPD sales data, the SNES ultimately outsold the Genesis in the U.S. market. Title: The Mysterious Monsters Passage: The Mysterious Monsters (also known as Bigfoot: The Mysterious Monster) is a 1976 documentary film written and directed by Robert Guenette about the cryptids Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, and the Yeti. The film was later featured in an episode of "Cinema Insomnia". Title: Super Nintendo Entertainment System Passage: To compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987, and Sega Enterprises followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988. The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Genesis respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. However, it took several years for Sega's system to become successful. Nintendo executives were in no rush to design a new system, but they reconsidered when they began to see their dominance in the market slipping. Title: Parental Advisory Passage: The Parental Advisory label (abbreviated PAL) is a warning label first introduced by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 1985 and later adopted by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) in 2011. It is placed on audio recordings in recognition of excessive profanities or inappropriate references, with the intention of alerting parents of potentially unsuitable material for younger children. The label was first affixed on physical 33 1 / 3 rpm records, compact discs and cassette tapes, and it has been included on digital listings offered by online music stores to accommodate the growing popularity of the latter platform. Title: Bigfoot (video game) Passage: Bigfoot is a racing video game released in July 1990 for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was developed by Beam Software and published by Acclaim. The game was advertised by the legendary monster truck of the same name in the cartoon segment of the 1990 television show, "Video Power", titled "The Power Team". The show also often used sound effects for the actions of not only Bigfoot, but others as well. Title: Xbox 360 Passage: The Xbox 360's advantage over its competitors was due to the release of high profile titles from both first party and third party developers. The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the platform with 38 nominations and 12 wins – more than any other platform. By March 2008, the Xbox 360 had reached a software attach rate of 7.5 games per console in the US; the rate was 7.0 in Europe, while its competitors were 3.8 (PS3) and 3.5 (Wii), according to Microsoft. At the 2008 Game Developers Conference, Microsoft announced that it expected over 1,000 games available for Xbox 360 by the end of the year. As well as enjoying exclusives such as additions to the Halo franchise and Gears of War, the Xbox 360 has managed to gain a simultaneous release of titles that were initially planned to be PS3 exclusives, including Devil May Cry, Ace Combat, Virtua Fighter, Grand Theft Auto IV, Final Fantasy XIII, Tekken 6, Metal Gear Solid : Rising, and L.A. Noire. In addition, Xbox 360 versions of cross-platform games were generally considered superior to their PS3 counterparts in 2006 and 2007, due in part to the difficulties of programming for the PS3. Title: Left coronary artery Passage: The left coronary artery (abbreviated LCA) is an artery that arises from the aorta above the left cusp of the aortic valve and feeds blood to the left side of the heart. It is also known as the left main coronary artery (abbreviated LMCA) and the left main stem coronary artery (abbreviated LMS). It is one of the coronary arteries. Title: Chakan: The Forever Man Passage: Chakan: The Forever Man is a Sega Mega Drive/Genesis and Game Gear video game published by Sega of America during December 8, 1992. The game featured an uncommonly dark premise for the time of its release, which saw the home console market flooded with licensed platformers based on family-friendly media. Title: Peter Altenberg Passage: Peter Altenberg (9 March 1859 – 8 January 1919) was a writer and poet from Vienna, Austria. He was key to the genesis of early modernism in the city.	[ "Nintendo Entertainment System", "Super Nintendo Entertainment System", "Bigfoot (video game)" ]
After the war that provides the setting for Memoirs of a Geisha, a conflict in which Germany was divided into two countries, developed between the U.S. and what nation?	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	[ "The Soviets", "Soviets", "the Soviet Union", "SU", "the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics", "Soviet Union" ]	Title: PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds Passage: Following the Chinese publication deal for the Windows version, Tencent Games and PUBG Corporation additionally announced that they were planning on releasing two mobile versions based on the game in the country. The first, PUBG: Exhilarating Battlefield, is an abridged version of the original game, and was developed by Lightspeed & Quantum Studio, an internal division of Tencent Games. The second, PUBG: Army Attack, includes more arcade - style elements, including action taking place on warships, and was developed by Tencent's Timi Studio. Both versions are free - to - play, and were released for Android and iOS devices on February 9, 2018. The games had a combined total of 75 million pre-registrations, and ranked first and second on the Chinese iOS download charts at launch. Following a soft launch in Canada, an English version of Exhilarating Battlefield known as PUBG Mobile, was released worldwide on March 19, 2018. Title: Brendlorenzen Passage: Brendlorenzen is a suburb of the town of Bad Neustadt an der Saale in the district of Unterfranken in Bavaria, Germany. The village is stretching along a single main street for more than two kilometers. Its length is due to the growing together of originally two separate villages called Brend and Lorenzen. The latter name is derived from the chapel of the same name, which is dedicated to Saint Lawrence (Lorenzo). Brend comes from the tributary of the same name, in whose valley the place is located. Brendlorenzen has approximately 4500 residents with several new housing development sites spreading onto the surrounding farm land. Title: Cell cycle Passage: The cell cycle or cell - division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells. In bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle is divided into the B, C, and D periods. The B period extends from the end of cell division to the beginning of DNA replication. DNA replication occurs during the C period. The D period refers to the stage between the end of DNA replication and the splitting of the bacterial cell into two daughter cells. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle is also divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the chromosomes separate. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the chromosomes and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints. Title: History of Germany (1945–1990) Passage: The Cold War divided Germany between the Allies in the west and Soviets in the east. Germans had little voice in government until 1949 when two states emerged: Title: Trying to Save Piggy Sneed Passage: Trying to Save Piggy Sneed is a collection of short works by John Irving, first published by Arcade Publishing in 1996. It features twelve writing pieces divided into three sections: Memoirs, Fiction, and Homage. The titles of the pieces are as follows: Title: United States Army Passage: The United States joined World War II in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. On the European front, U.S. Army troops formed a significant portion of the forces that captured North Africa and Sicily, and later fought in Italy. On D-Day, June 6, 1944, and in the subsequent liberation of Europe and defeat of Nazi Germany, millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role. In the Pacific War, U.S. Army soldiers participated alongside the United States Marine Corps in capturing the Pacific Islands from Japanese control. Following the Axis surrenders in May (Germany) and August (Japan) of 1945, army troops were deployed to Japan and Germany to occupy the two defeated nations. Two years after World War II, the Army Air Forces separated from the army to become the United States Air Force in September 1947 after decades of attempting to separate. Also, in 1948, the army was desegregated by order of President Harry S. Truman. Title: Brunei Passage: Brunei ( ), officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (, Jawi: ), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the country is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo; the remainder of the island's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was in . Title: Gregor von Helmersen Passage: He was an author of numerous memoirs on the geology of Russia, especially on coal and other mineral deposits of the country; and he wrote also some explanations to accompany separate sheets of the geological map of Russia. Title: History of Korea Passage: After the end of WWII in 1945, the Allies divided the country into a northern area, protected by the Soviets, and a southern area protected primarily by the United States. In 1948, when the powers failed to agree on the formation of a single government, this partition became the modern states of North and South Korea. The peninsula was divided at the 38th Parallel: the ``Republic of Korea ''was created in the south, with the backing of the US and Western Europe, and the`` Democratic People's Republic of Korea'' in the north, with the backing of the Soviets and the communist People's Republic of China. The new premier of North Korea, Kim il - Sung launched the Korean War in 1950 in an attempt to reunify the country under Communist rule. After immense material and human destruction, the conflict ended with a cease - fire in 1953. The two nations officially remain at war because a peace treaty was never signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991. Title: Lung Passage: Humans have two lungs, a right lung and a left lung. They are situated within the thoracic cavity of the chest. The right lung is bigger than the left, which shares space in the chest with the heart. The lungs together weigh approximately 1.3 kilograms (2.9 lb), and the right is heavier. The lungs are part of the lower respiratory tract that begins at the trachea and branches into the bronchi and bronchioles, and which receive air breathed in via the conducting zone. The conducting zone ends at the terminal bronchioles. These divide into the respiratory bronchioles of the respiratory zone which divide into alveolar ducts that give rise to the microscopic alveoli, where gas exchange takes place. Together, the lungs contain approximately 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) of airways and 300 to 500 million alveoli. Each lung is enclosed within a pleural sac which allows the inner and outer walls to slide over each other whilst breathing takes place, without much friction. This sac also divides each lung into sections called lobes. The right lung has three lobes and the left has two. The lobes are further divided into bronchopulmonary segments and lobules. The lungs have a unique blood supply, receiving deoxygenated blood from the heart in the pulmonary circulation for the purposes of receiving oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide, and a separate supply of oxygenated blood to the tissue of the lungs, in the bronchial circulation. Title: United States Medical Licensing Examination Passage: USMLE Step 2 is designed to assess whether medical school students or graduates can apply medical knowledge, skills and understanding of clinical science essential for provision of patient care under supervision. US medical students typically take Step 2 during the fourth year of medical school. Step 2 is further divided into two separate exams: Title: Memoirs of a Geisha Passage: Memoirs of a Geisha is a historical novel by American author Arthur Golden, published in 1997. The novel, told in first person perspective, tells the story of a fictional geisha working in Kyoto, Japan, before and after World War II. Title: Military history of the United States Passage: World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as "the Greatest Generation." Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement. Title: Soviet Union–United States relations Passage: The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922 -- 1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were established late due to mutual hostility. During World War II, the two countries were briefly allies. At the end of the war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear between the two countries, escalating into the Cold War; a period of tense hostile relations, with periods of détente. Title: Three-domain system Passage: The three - domain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese et al. in 1977 that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains. In particular, it emphasizes the separation of prokaryotes into two groups, originally called Eubacteria (now Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (now Archaea). Woese argued that, on the basis of differences in 16S rRNA genes, these two groups and the eukaryotes each arose separately from an ancestor with poorly developed genetic machinery, often called a progenote. To reflect these primary lines of descent, he treated each as a domain, divided into several different kingdoms. Woese initially used the term ``kingdom ''to refer to the three primary phylogenic groupings, and this nomenclature was widely used until the term`` domain'' was adopted in 1990. Title: Ben Dolnick Passage: Ben Dolnick was born and raised in Chevy Chase, Maryland. He is the son of Lynn Iphigene (née Golden) and Edward Dolnick; and a nephew of Arthur Golden, author of "Memoirs of a Geisha". Through his mother's side he is a member of the Ochs-Sulzberger family, publishers of "The New York Times". He attended Georgetown Day School and went on to receive his undergraduate degree from Columbia University, and has worked as a "zookeeper at the Central Park Zoo. He currently lives in Brooklyn, New York. Title: Germany Passage: Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad and maintains relations with more than 190 countries. As of 2011, Germany is the largest contributor to the budget of the European Union (providing 20%) and the third largest contributor to the UN (providing 8%). Germany is a member of NATO, the OECD, the G8, the G20, the World Bank and the IMF. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus.The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community. It was the world's third biggest aid donor in 2009 after the United States and France.In 1999, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's government defined a new basis for German foreign policy by taking part in the NATO decisions surrounding the Kosovo War and by sending German troops into combat for the first time since 1945. The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies. Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism. Title: Partition of Bengal (1905) Passage: Due to these political protests, the two parts of Bengal were reunited on 12 December 1911. A new partition which divided the province on linguistic, rather than religious grounds followed, with the Hindi, Oriya and Assamese areas separated to form separate administrative units: Bihar and Orissa Province was created to the west, and Assam Province to the east. The administrative capital of British India was moved from Calcutta to New Delhi as well. Title: Political corruption Passage: There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics. Judicial corruption can be difficult to completely eradicate, even in developed countries. Title: Pannonia Passage: Some time between the years 102 and 107, between the first and second Dacian wars, Trajan divided the province into Pannonia Superior (western part with the capital Carnuntum), and Pannonia Inferior (eastern part with the capitals in Aquincum and Sirmium). According to Ptolemy, these divisions were separated by a line drawn from Arrabona in the north to Servitium in the south; later, the boundary was placed further east. The whole country was sometimes called the Pannonias (Pannoniae).	[ "History of Germany (1945–1990)", "Soviet Union–United States relations", "Memoirs of a Geisha" ]
How long had Pfrang Association's headquarters location been the capitol city of the area where Guangling District is located?	about 400 years	[]	Title: Love Around Passage: "Love Around" was filmed entirely on location in Taiwan. Asia FM 92.7, the radio station depicted in the drama is an actual free to air radio station in Taiwan with its headquarters and broadcasting station in Taoyuan City, Taoyuan County. The building and set used in the drama to depict the radio station is actually an office building located at 257 Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, which is only a few blocks from Sanlih's broadcasting headquarters in the Neihu District of Taipei. The resort that Zhou Zhen owns is the former "Leo Ocean Resort" now called "EHR Hotels & Resorts Yilan", located in Yilan County. The homes of both main lead characters are located in the newly developed area of Danshui District New Taipei City. Title: Kiri Territory Passage: Kiri Territory is an administrative region in the Mai-Ndombe District of Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The headquarters is the town of Kiri. Title: Alamnagar Passage: Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58 km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura. The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir. Title: Majura Training Area Passage: The Majura Training Area (MTA) is a facility belonging to the Australian Department of Defence located to the east of Mount Majura in the Majura district in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The MTA is used primarily by the Australian Army for the conduct of field exercises and weapon qualification shoots. The MTA is located near to the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy and is frequently used by these training establishments. Accommodation and support on the range is through 'Camp Blake', which consists of headquarters buildings, Q-Store, Mess, Staff accommodation and amenities and trainee accommodation and amenities. Title: Sandasar Passage: Sandasar is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra. Title: Pfrang Association Passage: Pfrang Association (also known as Pfrang) is a charitable organization based in Nanjing, China which raises money to assist with the education of children in the poor and rural regions of Jiangsu Province. Its aim is to help overcome social inequality and as a result break the cycle of lack of education, poverty, and crime. Title: Guangling District Passage: Guangling District () is one of three districts of Yangzhou, Jiangsu province, China. The district includes the eastern half of Yangzhou's main urban area (including Yangzhou's historic center within the former city wall), and the city's eastern suburbs. The other half of the city's main urban area is in Hanjiang District. Title: Irkutsky District Passage: Irkutsky District () is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Irkutsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Irkutsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 84,322. Title: Haifa District Passage: Haifa District (, "Mehoz Ḥeifa"; ) is an administrative district surrounding the city of Haifa, Israel. The district is one of seven administrative districts of Israel, and its capital is Haifa. The district land area is 864 km (299.3 mi). Title: Leninsk-Kuznetsky District Passage: Leninsk-Kuznetsky District (, ) is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Leninsk-Kuznetsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 27,825 (2002 Census); Title: Forlanini (district of Milan) Passage: Forlanini is a district ("quartiere") of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located east of the city centre. Title: Port Blair Passage: Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India. Title: Sokolniki District Passage: Sokolniki District () is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city. Population: Title: Lyuberetsky District Passage: Lyuberetsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast east of the federal city of Moscow. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Lyubertsy. Population: 265,113 (2010 Census); The population of Lyubertsy accounts for 65.1% of the district's total population. Title: Dharwad Passage: Dharwad is the district headquarters of Dharwad district in the state of Karnataka, India. It was merged with the city of Hubballi in 1961 to form the twin cities of Hubballi-Dharwad. It covers an area of 200.23 km² and is located 430 km northwest of Bengaluru, on NH-48, between Bengaluru and Pune. Title: Coquimbito Passage: Coquimbito is a rural district in the Maipú Department, Mendoza Province, Argentina. It is located in the southeast of the metropolitan area of Mendoza (the provincial capital), and is administratively part of the municipality of Maipú. The name refers to the Chilean port city of Coquimbo. Title: Nanjing Passage: Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang. Title: Kathmandu Passage: Kathmandu(/ˌkɑːtmɑːnˈduː/; Nepali pronunciation: [kɑʈʰmɑɳɖu]) is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa-Mahanagar (Sub-Metropolitan City) or Nagar (City). Kathmandu is the core of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu Valley consisting of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known informally as "KTM" or the "tri-city". According to the 2011 census, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi). Title: Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh Passage: Ghaziabad district (pronounced [ɣaːziːaːˈbaːd̪ ˈzɪlaː]) is a largely suburban district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India of National Capital Region. The city of Ghaziabad is the administrative headquarters of the district. This district is part of Meerut Division. It has become a major bedroom community for Delhi. Title: Phulrraa Passage: Phulrraa is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the south of the district and lies to the west of the district capital Mansehra.	[ "Nanjing", "Pfrang Association", "Guangling District" ]
When did the president of Notre Dame in 2012 begin his tenure?	2005	[]	Title: University of Notre Dame Passage: The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America — Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana. Title: John Darsee Passage: John Darsee obtained his undergraduate education at the University of Notre Dame, then went to medical school at Indiana University, where he received a degree in 1974. Title: Claude Frollo Passage: Monseigneur Claude Frollo ((klod fʁɔlo)) is the main antagonist from Victor Hugo's 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre - Dame (known in French as Notre - Dame de Paris). He is the Archdeacon of Notre Dame. Title: Javin Hunter Passage: Javin Hunter (born May 9, 1980) is a former American football wide receiver from the University of Notre Dame, Baltimore Ravens and the San Francisco 49ers. Title: University of Notre Dame Passage: The Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C. served as president from 1946 to 1952. Cavanaugh's legacy at Notre Dame in the post-war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census, undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half, and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold. Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute. Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as well as the Hall of Liberal Arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest ever made to an American Catholic university. Cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the university, which continue today and are vital to the university's governance and development Title: University of Notre Dame Passage: The University of Notre Dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission, creating the Office of Sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation, design and construction, waste reduction, procurement, food services, transportation, and water.As of 2012[update] four building construction projects were pursuing LEED-Certified status and three were pursuing LEED Silver. Notre Dame's dining services sources 40% of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic, fair-trade, and vegan options. On the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2010, University of Notre Dame received a "B" grade. The university also houses the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. Father Gustavo Gutierrez, the founder of Liberation Theology is a current faculty member. Title: Walt Patulski Passage: Walter George Patulski (born February 3, 1950) is a former American football defensive end at the University of Notre Dame and the National Football League. Title: Dwayne Mars Passage: Dwayne Mars (born 9 February 1989) is a Barbadian international footballer who plays for Notre Dame SC, as a striker. Title: Edward Malloy Passage: The Rev. Edward Aloysius Malloy, C.S.C. (born May 3, 1941), nicknamed "Monk", served from 1987 to 2005 as the 16th president of the University of Notre Dame. Title: Île de la Cité Passage: The Île de la Cité remains the heart of Paris. All road distances in France are calculated from the 0 km point located in the Place du Parvis de Notre - Dame, the square facing Notre - Dame's pair of western towers. Title: University of Notre Dame Passage: Since 2005, Notre Dame has been led by John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., the 17th president of the university. Jenkins took over the position from Malloy on July 1, 2005. In his inaugural address, Jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies. During his tenure, Notre Dame has increased its endowment, enlarged its student body, and undergone many construction projects on campus, including Compton Family Ice Arena, a new architecture hall, additional residence halls, and the Campus Crossroads, a $400m enhancement and expansion of Notre Dame Stadium. Title: University of Notre Dame Passage: The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means "Our Lady of the Lake" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the "Word of Life" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), and the Basilica. Title: John McGreevy Passage: John McGreevy is an American historian and the dean of the College of Arts & Letters at the University of Notre Dame from 2008 until 2018. McGreevy earned his B.A. from Notre Dame and his Ph.D. from Stanford University. He has been on the Notre Dame faculty since 1997. Title: Notre-Dame-du-Rocher Passage: Notre-Dame-du-Rocher is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Athis-Val-de-Rouvre. Title: University of Notre Dame Passage: As of 2012[update] research continued in many fields. The university president, John Jenkins, described his hope that Notre Dame would become "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address. The university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the Medieval Institute, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Kroc Institute for International Peace studies, and the Center for Social Concerns. Recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the United States with China, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the Internet. As of 2013, the university is home to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt. Title: University of Notre Dame Passage: Football gameday traditions During home games, activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item (e.g. Zahm House's two-story banner). Traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the Drummers' Circle. This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday Saturday. Later that day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome. The band entire will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall, from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium, leading fans and students alike across campus to the game. Title: Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry Passage: Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry Michigan Wolverines Notre Dame Fighting Irish First meeting November 23, 1887 Michigan 8, Notre Dame 0 Latest meeting September 1, 2018 Notre Dame 24, Michigan 17 Next meeting October 26, 2019 Statistics Meetings total 43 All - time series Michigan leads 24 -- 18 -- 1 Largest victory Michigan, 38 -- 0 Longest win streak Michigan, 8 (1887 -- 1908) Current win streak Notre Dame, 2 (2014 -- present) Title: The Hunchback of Notre-Dame Passage: The Hunchback of Notre - Dame (French: Notre - Dame de Paris) is a French Romantic / Gothic novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1831. The original French title refers to Notre Dame Cathedral, on which the story is centered. English translator Frederic Shoberl named the novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1833 because at the time, Gothic novels were more popular than Romance novels in England. The story is set in Paris, France in the Late Middle Ages, during the reign of Louis XI. Title: Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok Passage: Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok is a school in Polomolok, South Cotabato, Philippines. It started as Notre Dame of Polomolok (NDP) but changed its name to Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok from the opening of its college department in 2004. Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok has been a member of the Notre Dame Educational Association, a group of Notre Dame Schools in the Philippines under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The college offers a complete pre-school, grade school, and high school education and a selected college education programs as follows: Title: Edward McKeever Passage: A native of Texas, McKeever originally attended Notre Dame in 1930 and 1931 and transferred to Texas Tech University, where he played football from 1932 to 1934. He launched his coaching career in 1935 as backfield coach at Texas Tech, where he remained through 1938. In 1939 and 1940, McKeever was on Frank Leahy's staff at Boston College. He came to Notre Dame along with Leahy in 1941 and served as an assistant through 1943, and was named interim head coach in 1944 when Leahy entered the United States Navy. McKeever gained a spot in the Notre Dame record books by presiding over the worst defeat in school history, a 59–0 rout by Army. in 1945, McKeever moved on to Cornell as head coach, where he remained for two seasons. In 1947, he became head coach at the University of San Francisco and the following season served as head coach of the Chicago Rockets of the All-America Football Conference. In 1949, he joined the staff at Louisiana State University and in 1960 became general manager of the Boston Patriots.	[ "University of Notre Dame" ]
Who plays the character that took the sword out of the stone in once upon a time?	Liam Thomas Garrigan	[ "Liam Garrigan" ]	Title: Islamia College University Passage: Haji Sahib of Turangzai, the most famous Pukhtun religious leader of the time was requested by Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum to lay the foundation stone of Islamia College. Haji Sahib agreed to the request, however, he had been declared a proclaimed offender by the British for his anti-British activities and his entry was banned into British controlled territory. He was residing in tribal territory, which was outside British control, so Nawab Sahib prevailed upon Sir George Roos - Keppel and the British to permit Haji Sahib to enter British controlled territory for one day so he could lay the foundation stone of Islamia College. The British agreed to this request with the understanding that Haji Sahib would return to tribal territory once he had laid the foundation stone. Haji Sahib was permitted to enter British controlled territory for the ceremony and spent the night in the 'Pokh' Mosque of Tehkal. At the foundation stone laying ceremony, Sir Roos Keppel and other British officials were present, so Haji Sahib hid his face in his sheet (Chadar) from them and was led by Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim to the place where he was to lay the foundation stone. After laying the stone Haji Sahib went to Tehkal and then returned to the tribal territory. Title: Richmond Bridge, London Passage: Richmond Bridge is an 18th-century stone arch bridge that crosses the River Thames at Richmond, connecting the two halves of the present-day London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It was designed by James Paine and Kenton Couse. Title: I'm Still in Love with You (Al Green album) Passage: I'm Still in Love with You is the fifth studio album by the American gospel and soul singer Al Green, released on October 23, 1972, on Hi Records. Recording sessions took place during 1972. The album was produced solely by Willie Mitchell. The album peaked at number four on the US "Billboard" 200 and number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and produced four singles: "Love and Happiness" which was rated ninety-eight on "Rolling Stones"'s 500 Greatest Songs of All Time as well as "I'm Still in Love with You" and "Look What You Done for Me" which were top five hits on the US Pop Chart. In 2003, the album was ranked number 285 on the 500 greatest albums of all time by "Rolling Stone". Title: John Mayer Passage: Around this time Mayer announced that he was "closing up shop on acoustic sensitivity". In the spring of 2005, Mayer formed the John Mayer Trio with bassist Pino Palladino and drummer Steve Jordan, both of whom he had met through studio sessions. The trio combined blues and rock music. In October 2005 they opened for the Rolling Stones and that November released a live album called Try! The band took a break in mid-2006. Title: Big Giant Swords Passage: Big Giant Swords is an American television series that premiered on January 13, 2015 on the Discovery Channel. The program follows sword maker Michael "Irish Mike" Craughwell as he and his associates create custom oversized swords from scratch for his clients. Episodes focus on the creation process of one or two commissioned weapons as the team attempts to complete them to the customer's satisfaction in a set time period. Title: Mount & Blade: With Fire & Sword Passage: Mount & Blade: With Fire & Sword is a stand - alone expansion for the action role - playing video game Mount & Blade. The game is developed by Sich Studio and TaleWorlds and was published by Paradox Interactive in Europe. The game and its storyline is loosely based on the novel With Fire and Sword by Henryk Sienkiewicz, depicting Poland's 1648 - 51 war against Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, and its sequels dealing with the invasion of Poland by Sweden and with Polish wars against the Ottoman Empire. Title: Liam Garrigan Passage: Liam Thomas Garrigan (born 17 October 1981) is an English theatre and television actor. As a youth he attended classes at Kingston upon Hull's Northern Stage Company and was a student at Wyke College, Kingston upon Hull. His first television role was as Nic Yorke in the BBC continuing drama series Holby City. He is best known for his roles as Ian Al - Harazi on the Fox series 24: Live Another Day and King Arthur in the ABC series Once Upon a Time and Transformers: The Last Knight. Title: Grand Army of the Republic Hall (Johnstown, Pennsylvania) Passage: Grand Army of the Republic Hall is a historic clubhouse building located at Johnstown, Cambria County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1893, and is a three-story brick building with a flat roof, three bays by seven bays. The front facade features two carved stone insets with a cannon and crossed sword motif. It was built by the local chapter of the Grand Army of the Republic and later converted to offices. The building was damaged in the Flood of 1977. Title: You Can't Always Get What You Want Passage: ``You Ca n't Always Get What You Want ''is a song by the Rolling Stones on their 1969 album Let It Bleed. Written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, it was named as the 100th greatest song of all time by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2004 list of the`` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time''. Title: Once Upon a Time... Planet Earth Passage: Il était une fois... notre Terre (English, Once Upon a Time... Planet Earth) is a French animated TV series directed by Albert Barillé. The series was initially broadcast since 22 December 2008 on France 3. This series was the belated finale of the "Once Upon a Time..." educational television franchise, and its original premise was set up from "Once Upon a Time... the Earth (and Tomorrow?)", the finale episode of the first series "Once Upon a Time... Man", thus finally going back to the beginning where it all started and ended. The series' premiere also coincided with the 30th anniversary milestone of the said educational animation franchise. Title: Shawn Swords Passage: Jeffrey Shawn Swords (born December 27, 1973 in Ottawa, Ontario) is a Canadian basketball player. He played for Canada at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Title: Conan the Barbarian (1982 film) Passage: Ideas for a Conan film were proposed as early as 1970; Pressman and associate producer Edward Summer began a concerted effort to get the film made in 1975. It took them two years to obtain the film rights, after which they recruited Schwarzenegger for the lead role and Oliver Stone to draft a script. Pressman lacked capital for the endeavor, and in 1979, after having his proposals for investments rejected by the major studios, he sold the project to Dino De Laurentiis. Milius was appointed as director and he rewrote Stone's script. The final screenplay integrated scenes from Howard's stories and from films such as Kwaidan and Seven Samurai. Filming took place in Spain over five months in the regions around Madrid and Almería. The sets, designed by Ron Cobb, were based on Dark Age cultures and Frank Frazetta's paintings of Conan. Milius eschewed optical effects, preferring to realize his ideas with mechanical constructs and optical illusions. Schwarzenegger performed most of his own stunts, and two types of swords, costing $10,000 each, were forged for his character. The editing process took over a year and several violent scenes were cut. Title: Eye of Agamotto Passage: The Eye of Agamotto appeared in Doctor Strange (2016). The Eye has the ability to manipulate probabilities and time, as it contains the Time Stone, which is one of the Infinity Stones. The Eye reappears in Strange's possession during Thor: Ragnarok (2017) when Thor seeks the whereabouts of his father. The Eye once again appears in Avengers: Infinity War (2018), in which it is targeted by Thanos, who is collecting the Infinity Stones. After arriving and fighting against Thanos on Titan, Thanos manages to snatch and crush the eye, revealing it as a fake as the Time Stone is not present in it. Strange ultimately surrenders the Time Stone to Thanos in exchange for sparing Tony Stark's life. Title: Excalibur Passage: In Arthurian romance, a number of explanations are given for Arthur's possession of Excalibur. In Robert de Boron's Merlin, the first tale to mention the ``sword in the stone ''motif, Arthur obtained the British throne by pulling a sword from an anvil sitting atop a stone that appeared in a churchyard on Christmas Eve. In this account, the act could not be performed except by`` the true king,'' meaning the divinely appointed king or true heir of Uther Pendragon. This sword is thought by many to be the famous Excalibur, and its identity is made explicit in the later Prose Merlin, part of the Lancelot - Grail cycle. This version also appears in the 1938 Arthurian novel The Sword in the Stone by British author T.H. White, and the Disney adaptation. They both quote the line from Thomas Malory in the 15th century; ``Whoso Pulleth Out This Sword of this Stone and Anvil, is Rightwise King Born of all England ''. The challenge of drawing a sword from a stone also appears in the Arthurian legends of Galahad, whose achievement of the task indicates that he is destined to find the Holy Grail, Title: Beringer's Lying Stones Passage: Beringer's Lying Stones ("Lügensteine") are pieces of limestone carved into the shape of various animals, discovered in 1725 by Professor Johann Bartholomeus Adam Beringer, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Würzburg. Beringer believed them to be fossils, and because some of them also bore the name of God in Hebrew, suggested that they might be of divine origin. In fact, he was the victim of a hoax, perpetrated on him by his colleagues ex-Jesuit J. Ignatz Roderick, Professor of Geography and Mathematics, and Johann Georg von Eckhart, privy counselor and university librarian. Upon discovering the truth, Beringer took his hoaxers to court, and the scandal that followed left all three of them in disgrace. Title: Born in the U.S.A. (song) Passage: ``Born in the U.S.A. ''is a 1984 song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen, and released on the album of the same name. One of Springsteen's best - known singles, Rolling Stone ranked the song 275th on their list of`` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time'', and in 2001, the RIAA's Songs of the Century placed the song 59th (out of 365). The song addresses the harmful effects of the Vietnam War on Americans and the treatment of Vietnam veterans upon their return home. It is an ironic retort to the indifference and hostility with which Vietnam veterans were met. Title: A Crown of Swords Passage: A Crown of Swords is a fantasy novel by American author Robert Jordan, the seventh book of "The Wheel of Time". It was published by Tor Books and released on May 15, 1996. "A Crown of Swords" consists of a prologue and 41 chapters. Title: Live by the sword, die by the sword Passage: The saying appears in the Latin Bible in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 26, verse 52. an unnamed follower of Jesus draws his sword and cuts off the ear of a servant of the high priest. Jesus then says to him: Converte gladium tuum in locum suum. Omnes enim, qui acceperint gladium, gladio peribunt. (``Return your sword to its place, for all who will take up the sword, will die by the sword. '') The phrase in the Greek original version of the Gospel is πάντες γὰρ οἱ λαβόντες μάχαιραν ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀπολοῦνται. Title: The Silver Sword Passage: The Silver Sword is a novel by Ian Serraillier, a children's classic, first published in the UK in 1956 by Jonathan Cape and then by Puffin Books in 1960. It had also been published in the US under the title Escape From Warsaw. The story is based upon fact, although fictional names are given to a few of the places mentioned. The account of the Red Army on the march is derived from eye-witness accounts in Jan Stransky's "East Wind over Prague". "The Silver Sword" has been adapted for television and radio. Title: Westminster Abbey Passage: King Edward's Chair (or St Edward's Chair), the throne on which English and British sovereigns have been seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the abbey and has been used at every coronation since 1308. From 1301 to 1996 (except for a short time in 1950 when it was temporarily stolen by Scottish nationalists), the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scots are crowned. Although the Stone is now kept in Scotland, in Edinburgh Castle, at future coronations it is intended that the Stone will be returned to St Edward's Chair for use during the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]	[ "Excalibur", "Liam Garrigan" ]
When was the performer of the album From Them, Through Us, to You formed?	2005	[]	Title: Madina Lake Passage: Madina Lake is an American alternative rock band formed in Chicago in 2005. Madina Lake released their debut album "From Them, Through Us, to You" through Roadrunner Records on March 27, 2007. Madina Lake won Best International Newcomer at the Kerrang! Awards 2007. The group disbanded in September 2013 before reuniting in February 2017. Title: Ultimate Kylie Passage: Ultimate Kylie is the second major greatest hits album by Australian recording artist Kylie Minogue, and her first greatest hits released under her contract with Parlophone, her record company between 1999-2015. The compilation was released in many different formats including a two-disc edition and a deluxe double disc with a bonus DVD. A separate compilation DVD with the same name, was released to accompany the audio versions. The album includes two new tracks; its lead single, "I Believe in You", and the second single, "Giving You Up". A third track, "Made of Glass", was recorded for the album but not used; it was included on the physical releases of "Giving You Up". Title: You Give Love a Bad Name Passage: ``You Give Love a Bad Name ''Artwork for U.S. vinyl single, also used for the album Slippery When Wet Single by Bon Jovi from the album Slippery When Wet B - side`` Raise Your Hands'' (US) ``Let It Rock ''(UK) Released July 23, 1986 Format CD single 7'' Recorded 1986 Genre Hard rock Length 3: 42 (album version) 4: 06 (full version) Label Mercury Songwriter (s) Jon Bon Jovi Richie Sambora Desmond Child Producer (s) Bruce Fairbairn Bon Jovi singles chronology`` Silent Night ''(1985) ``You Give Love a Bad Name'' (1986)`` Livin 'on a Prayer ''(1986) ``Silent Night'' (1985)`` You Give Love a Bad Name ''(1986) ``Livin' on a Prayer'' (1986) Alternative cover Title: Maladjusted Passage: On release, the album received a lukewarm reception from fans and critics alike, and was Morrissey's last studio album for seven years, until 2004's "You Are the Quarry". Title: Don't Know What You Got (Till It's Gone) Passage: ``Do n't Know What You Got (Till It's Gone) ''is a power ballad written and performed by the glam metal band Cinderella, from their second album Long Cold Winter. Released in August 1988, it was their most successful single, peaking at number 12 on US Billboard Hot 100 in November 1988. Title: A Good Heart Passage: ``A Good Heart ''Single by Feargal Sharkey from the album Feargal Sharkey B - side`` Anger Is Holy'' Released September 1985 (UK) February 1986 (US) Format 7 ``, 12 ''Recorded 1985 Length 4: 39 Label Virgin Songwriter (s) Maria McKee Producer (s) David A. Stewart Feargal Sharkey singles chronology`` Loving You'' (1985) ``A Good Heart ''(1985)`` You Little Thief'' (1985) ``Loving You ''(1985)`` A Good Heart'' (1985) ``You Little Thief ''(1985) Audio sample file help Title: Got It If You Want It Passage: Got It If You Want It is the third studio album by English rock band 22-20s It is the second to be released since the band reformed and features second guitar Dan Hare and was released in Japan on 7 March 2012 on the Yoshimoto R and C label. Although still signed to TBD Records in the US, the album remains unreleased outside Japan, where it was released in standard and deluxe formats. Shortly after the release of the album in Japan, guitarist Dan Hare left the band. Title: For You (Bruce Springsteen song) Passage: "For You" is a song written and recorded by Bruce Springsteen in 1972 for his debut album "Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J.", released in 1973. It was later included on the compilation album "The Essential Bruce Springsteen". The song has been covered by Manfred Mann's Earth Band, The Format, and Greg Kihn. Title: Super Highways Passage: Super Highways is the second album by New Order members Gillian Gilbert and Stephen Morris under the name The Other Two. It was released in 1999 six years after their début, and a year after New Order reformed. Four tracks were co-written by Melanie Williams, who also sang lead on two of them ("You Can Fly" and "One Last Kiss") and backing vocals on the title track. The album was re-released in January 2010 by LTM Recordings. Title: Kiss from a Rose Passage: ``Kiss from a Rose ''is a song from Seal's second eponymous album. The song was first released as a single in July 1994. Re-released in 1995, it was included on the Batman Forever film soundtrack, helping it top the charts in the US and Australia. At the 1996 Grammy Awards, it won awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. Title: Angel (Sarah McLachlan song) Passage: ``Angel ''Single by Sarah McLachlan from the album Surfacing and City of Angels Released November 24, 1998 (1998 - 11 - 24) Format CD single Genre Pop Length 4: 30 (album version) 4: 00 (radio edit) Label Nettwerk (Canada) Arista (US) Warner Bros. (US) Songwriter (s) Sarah McLachlan Producer (s) Pierre Marchand Sarah McLachlan singles chronology`` Adia'' (1998) ``Angel ''(1998)`` I Will Remember You'' (1999) ``Adia ''(1998)`` Angel'' (1998) ``I Will Remember You ''(live) (1999) Audio sample file help Title: Missing You (Diana Ross song) Passage: ``Missing You ''is a song performed by Diana Ross. The third single released (in 45 - rpm format) from her 1984 album Swept Away, the song had been written, composed, and produced by Lionel Richie as a tribute to Marvin Gaye, who was murdered by his father earlier that year. Title: 2 Chainz discography Passage: List of studio albums, with selected chart positions, sales figures and certifications Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales Certifications US US R&B / HH US Rap AUS BEL (FL) CAN FRA UK UK R&B Based on a T.R.U. Story Released: August 14, 2012 (US) Label: Def Jam Formats: CD, LP, digital download -- 132 7 180 -- 31 US: 623,000 RIAA: Platinum B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time Released: September 10, 2013 (US) Label: Def Jam Formats: CD, LP, digital download -- 153 11 -- 87 10 US: 293,000 ColleGrove Released: March 4, 2016 Label: Def Jam Formats: CD, digital download -- -- 20 -- -- -- Pretty Girls Like Trap Music Released: June 16, 2017 Label: Def Jam Formats: CD, digital download 52 139 7 120 88 19 US: 500,000 RIAA: Gold ``-- ''denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Title: The Dark Side of the Moon Passage: The Dark Side of the Moon Album cover by Hipgnosis and George Hardie Studio album by Pink Floyd Released 1 March 1973 (1973 - 03 - 01) Recorded 1 June 1972 -- January 1973 Studio Abbey Road Studios, London Genre Progressive rock Length 42: 49 Label Harvest Producer Pink Floyd Pink Floyd chronology Obscured by Clouds (1972) Obscured by Clouds 1972 The Dark Side of the Moon (1973) Wish You Were Here (1975) Wish You Were Here 1975 30th anniversary SACD Re-issue Singles from The Dark Side of the Moon ``Money ''Released: 7 May 1973`` Us and Them'' Released: 4 February 1974 Title: Angel (Sarah McLachlan song) Passage: ``Angel ''Single by Sarah McLachlan from the album Surfacing and City of Angels Released November 24, 1998 (1998 - 11 - 24) Format CD single Genre Pop Length 4: 30 (album version) 4: 00 (radio edit) Label Nettwerk (Canada) Arista (US) Warner Bros. (US) Songwriter (s) Sarah McLachlan Producer (s) Pierre Marchand Sarah McLachlan singles chronology`` Adia'' (1998) ``Angel ''(1998)`` I Will Remember You'' (1999) Audio sample file help Title: Jangan Kau Bohong Passage: "Jangan Kau Bohong" is a song performed by singer Fatin Shidqia featuring New Kingz. It is her third single and featured on her debut album titled "For You" was released on 19 February 2014. Title: Michael Ray (singer) Passage: Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales US Country US AUS Michael Ray Release date: 2010 Label: Self - released Formats: CD, digital download -- -- -- Michael Ray Release date: August 7, 2015 Label: Atlantic Nashville Formats: CD, digital download 21 60 US: 51,000 ``-- ''denotes releases that did not chart Title: Wiz Khalifa discography Passage: List of mixtapes Title Album details Prince of the City: Welcome to Pistolvania Released: 2005 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Grow Season Released: 2007 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Prince of the City 2 Released: November 20, 2007 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Star Power Released: September 17, 2008 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Flight School Released: April 17, 2009 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download How Fly (with Currensy) Released: August 9, 2009 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Burn After Rolling Released: November 2, 2009 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Kush & Orange Juice Released: April 14, 2010 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Cabin Fever Released: February 17, 2011 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Taylor Allderdice Released: March 13, 2012 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Cabin Fever 2 Released: October 16, 2012 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download 28 Grams Released: May 25, 2014 (US) Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Cabin Fever 3 Released: December 15, 2015 Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Pre-Rolleds Released: June 3, 2017 Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Bong Rips Released: June 24, 2017 Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download Laugh Now, Fly Later Released: November 9, 2017 Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum Format: Digital download, Streaming Title: From Them, Through Us, to You Passage: From Them, Through Us, to You is the debut album by Chicago-based rock band Madina Lake. The album was released in the United States on March 27, 2007 via Roadrunner Records; it was released a day earlier in the UK. Title: If Not for You (album) Passage: If Not for You is the debut studio album by British-Australian singer-songwriter Olivia Newton-John, released in November 1971 by Festival Records. The album was released on the Pye International label in the UK as "Olivia Newton-John", with a slightly different cover. As a covers album, "If Not for You" features mostly songs previously recorded from contemporary artists of the 1960s and early 1970s. She made several performances to promote "If Not for You" and her follow-up album, "Olivia", including an international tour with British singer Cliff Richard. It was her first album released by Festival Records, which would release all her albums in Australia until its dissolution in 2005. It also has Newton-John's first works with her long-time musical partner, John Farrar.	[ "From Them, Through Us, to You", "Madina Lake" ]
How many times did plague occur in the birth city of the composer of La fida ninfa?	22	[]	Title: Black Death Passage: Other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists. The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75% and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic plague, 80 percent die within eight days. Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent. Symptoms include fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum. As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free flowing and bright red. Septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%. Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation). In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague, the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes. Title: Orlando furioso (Vivaldi, 1714) Passage: Orlando furioso RV 819 (, Teatro San Angelo, Venice 1714) is a three-act opera surviving in manuscript in Antonio Vivaldi's personal library, only partly related to his better known Orlando furioso (RV 728) of 1727. It is a recomposition of an "Orlando furioso" written by Giovanni Alberto Ristori which had been very successfully staged by Vivaldi and his father's "impresa" in 1713, and whose music survives in a few fragments retained in the score of RV 819. Therefore, Vivaldi's first cataloguer Peter Ryom did not assign the opera a RV number, but catalogued it as RV Anh. 84. The libretto was by Grazio Braccioli. Title: Storming of the Bastille Passage: The Storming of the Bastille (French: Prise de la Bastille (pʁiz də la bastij)) occurred in Paris, France, on the afternoon of 14 July 1789. The medieval fortress, armory, and political prison in Paris known as the Bastille represented royal authority in the center of Paris. The prison contained just seven inmates at the time of its storming but was a symbol of abuses by the monarchy; its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution. Title: Mexican passport Passage: 1. Personally attend to any Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (SRE) delegation or SRE affiliated office, with an appointment. 2. Fill with black ink, and by hand and in print the application for an ordinary passport book (Form OP - 5). The application can be obtained for free at any of the branches of the SRE or the Office of State or Municipal Liaison SRE. 3. Proof of Mexican nationality by presenting an original and a photocopy of any of the following documents: a) Certified copy of birth certificate issued by the Mexican civil registry office. Birth registration should not be time - barred (must have occurred within the first three years of life), if exceeded temporality, see section ``Additional Documentation for birth certificates with untimely registration ''; b) Certified copy of birth certificate issued by a consular office abroad . c) Certificate Copy of Mexican nationality; d) Declaration of Mexican nationality by birth ; e) Naturalization Certificate , and f) Certificate of Citizenship Identity issued by the Secretary of the Interior Title: Black Death Passage: The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda. Due to climate change in Asia, rodents began to flee the dried out grasslands to more populated areas, spreading the disease. Nestorian graves dating to 1338 -- 1339 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic, from which it could easily have spread to China and India. In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China. In China, the 13th - century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading. However, economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century. In the 1330s, a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331, with a deadly plague arriving soon after. Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347. Title: Education Passage: Informal learning is one of three forms of learning defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Informal learning occurs in a variety of places, such as at home, work, and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society. For many learners this includes language acquisition, cultural norms and manners. Informal learning for young people is an ongoing process that also occurs in a variety of places, such as out of school time, in youth programs at community centers and media labs. Title: La fida ninfa Passage: La fida ninfa ("The Faithful Nymph") is an opera by Antonio Vivaldi to a libretto by Scipione Maffei. The opera was first performed for the opening of the Teatro Filarmonico in Verona on 6 January 1732. Among the arias is "Alma oppressa de sorte crudele" ("Soul oppressed by cruel fate"). Title: A Prisoner of Birth Passage: A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan. This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's "The Count of Monte Cristo". The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade. Title: La La La (Never Give It Up) Passage: "La La La (Never Give It Up)" is the debut single by Swedish singer and songwriter September. It was released on 2 June 2003 on Stockholm Records and is featured on September's self-titled debut album, released in 2004. "La La La (Never Give It Up)" peaked at #8 on the Swedish single chart. As of December 2007, it is ranked as #653 on Best place of all time on the Swedish charts. Title: La Cantuta massacre Passage: The La Cantuta massacre, in which supposed members of Sendero Luminoso, a university professor and nine students from Lima's La Cantuta University were abducted by a military death squad, took place in Peru on 18 July 1992 during the presidency of Alberto Fujimori. The incident occurred two days after the Shining Path's Tarata bombing left over 40 dead in Lima Province. Title: Acral necrosis Passage: Acral necrosis is a symptom common in bubonic plague. The striking black discoloration of skin and tissue, primarily on the extremities (``acral ''), is commonly thought to have given rise to the name`` Black Death,'' associated both with the disease and the pandemic which occurred in the 14th century. The term in fact came from the figural sense of ``black '', that is ghastly, lugubrious or dreadful. Title: Natural-born-citizen clause Passage: The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase ``natural born Citizen '', and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural - born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the United States. Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship`` at the moment of birth'', regardless of place of birth, are also natural - born citizens. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil. Title: Montevideo Passage: In Montevideo, as throughout the Rio de Plata region, the most popular forms of music are tango, milonga and vals criollo. Many notable songs originated in Montevideo including "El Tango supremo", La Cumparsita", La Milonga", "La Puñalada" and "Desde el Alma", composed by notable Montevideo musicians such as Gerardo Matos Rodríguez, Pintín Castellanos and Rosita Melo. Tango is deeply ingrained in the cultural life of the city and is the theme for many of the bars and restaurants in the city. Fun Fun' Bar, established in 1935, is one of the most important places for tango in Uruguay as is El Farolito, located in the old part of the city and Joventango, Café Las Musas, Garufa and Vieja Viola. The city is also home to the Montevideo Jazz Festival and has the Bancaria Jazz Club bar catering for jazz enthusiasts. Title: Black Death Passage: In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–50. The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654. Title: La Rosiere de Pessac Passage: La Rosière de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively). The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous. Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries. Title: Giovanni Cifolelli Passage: Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown. In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher. He published his "Method for the mandolin" while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period. Title: Black Death Passage: Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air". This report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers. That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory. Today, this is known as the Miasma theory. The word 'plague' had no special significance at this time, and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the Middle Ages gave it the name that has become the medical term. Title: Preterm birth Passage: Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks' gestational age. These babies are known as preemies or premies. Symptoms of preterm labor include uterine contractions which occur more often than every ten minutes or the leaking of fluid from the vagina. Premature infants are at greater risk for cerebral palsy, delays in development, hearing problems and sight problems. These risks are greater the earlier a baby is born. Title: 2010 Elazığ earthquake Passage: The 2010 Elazığ earthquake was a 6.1 M earthquake that occurred on 8 March 2010 at 02:32 UTC (04:32 local time). The epicentre was Başyurt in Elazığ Province, in eastern Turkey. Initial reports in global media said as many as 57 people had died. By 10 March, reports in the Turkish media placed the death toll at 41 and later, the death toll rose to 42. Another 74 were injured, many after falling and jumping from buildings. A stampede through the streets led to further injuries. Title: Black Death Passage: It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period. Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100% as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377. Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy.	[ "Black Death", "Orlando furioso (Vivaldi, 1714)", "La fida ninfa" ]

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