 ** One study from a major publisher trade association shows that green OA actually ''increases'' downloads from publisher web sites. See the June 0000 [http://www.peerproject.eu/fileadmin/media/reports/00000000_PEER_Final_public_report_D0-00.pdf final report] of the PEER (Publishing and the Ecology of European Research) study, at p. 00: "A Randomised Controlled Trial indicates that making preprints visible in PEER repositories is associated with ''more'' traffic to the publisher sites at the aggregate level, but this varies by publisher and subject. Overall, PEER is associated with a significant, if relatively modest, ''increase'' in publisher downloads, in the confidence range 0.0% to 00.0%" (emphasis added). Also see the June 0000 PEER [http://www.peerproject.eu/fileadmin/media/reports/00000000_D0_0_PEER_Usage_Study_RCT.pdf Usage Study] at pp. 0-0: "This report reviews the findings of an experiment to measure the effect of exposing early article versions in repositories on downloads of the version of record at various publishers' web sites....There was a positive effect on publisher downloads in all four broad subject areas, but this was statistically significant only in the life (00.0%, CI00 00.0% to 00.0%) and physical sciences (00.0%, CI00 0.0% to 00.0%). The uplift in medicine and in the social sciences and humanities could be a chance effect. Larger publishers experienced a strong uplift (00.0%, CI00 0.0% to 00.0%), while the increase for smaller publishers was much weaker (0.0%) and could be a chance effect (p=0.00)....For three publishers, the uplift was both statistically significant (at the 0% level) and in double figures." Note that the PEER study was coordinated by the [http://www.stm-assoc.org/ International Association of Science, Technical and Medical Publishers], and funded by the EC eContentplus programme. 