http://open-access.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/0000/00/OAIG_Benefits_OA_PrivateSector.pdf Benefits to the Private Sector of Open Access to Higher Education and Scholarly Research], a report commissioned by the UK Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) and undertaken by the HOST consulting group, October 0000. "A substantial body of research literature establishes the benefits to private sector businesses of publicly funded research. Mansfield (0000,0000,0000), Beisea and Stahle (0000) and other studies provide evidence of tangible economic benefit, in particular in terms of product innovations achieved and revenue gained through enhanced sales. The work of Houghton et al. (0000) confirmed these conclusions and also drew out the benefits of access to research in terms of shortening product and service development cycles. This study confirms the importance placed by businesses on access to scholarly research and its broad impact in terms of product, service and process innovation....Open Access publishing provides a way of opening much more university and scholarly research to the business sector....[M]ost businesses spend considerable amounts of time working around paywalls....The review suggests that, at a time of accelerating pressure on SME [small and medium-sized enterprises] competitiveness, a shift to Open Access would create significant cost savings by enabling businesses to review more quickly the relevance of individual papers and act accordingly. By boosting discoverability OA may also add value directly to levels and speed of knowledge transfer in this part of the economy. 