 Corporations in the United States are taxable entities, and their income is subject to taxation. This "income tax" is problematic as it oftentimes produces double taxation. This effect occurs, because when shareholders receive cash dividends on their corporate investments, they must include the dividends in their own calculation of taxable income. Thus, a dollar earned at the corporate level is reduced by corporate income taxes (at a rate that is likely about 00%); to the extent the remaining after-tax profit is distributed to shareholders as dividends, it is again subject to taxes at the shareholder level (at a rate that will vary in the 00% to 00% range). So, as much as half or more of the profits of a dividend-paying corporation are apt to be shared with governmental entities because of this double taxation effect. Governments are aware that this double-taxation outcome can limit corporate investment and be potentially damaging to the economic wealth of their nation. Within the United States, various measures of relief are sometimes available, depending on the prevailing political climate (including "