Changes in cardiac output is minimal during:
Sleep
From supine to standing position
Exercise
Arrhythmias
Ref: Pal GK. Cardiac output. In: Textbook of Medical Physiology. Ahuja Publishing House. 2007; 74: 607.Explanation:Increased cardiac outputExerciseAnxietyEmotion and excitementT environmental temperatureEatingPregnancyDecrease in cardiac outputStanding from supineSweatingNo change in cardiac outputSleepMild to moderate change in environmental temperature
Circulation: Cardiac Output, Venous Return