All of the following are associated with hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism in males, EXCEPT:
Viral orchitis
Klinefelter's syndrome
Kallman's syndrome
Noonan syndrome
Kallman's syndrome is associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism resulting in decreased or absent GnRHsecretion. This syndrome is characterized clinically by anosmia, hypogonadism and other midline defects (cleft lip/palate, colour blindness, seizures, anosmia etc). This syndrome is due to impaired migration of GnRH releasing neurons to hypothalamus during the embryonic period. Ref: Cancer and Sexual Health By John P. Mulhall page 197; Organic psychiatry: the psychological consequences of cerebral disorder By William Alwyn Lishman page 526; Manual of Endocrinology and Metabolism By Norman Lavin page 292; The immunoassay handbook By David Wild page 567