All are risk factors for the development of surgery associated chronic kidney disease, EXCEPT:
Older age
CCF
Emergency procedures
Spinal anaesthesia
Common risk factors for postoperative AKI include 1. Underlying chronic kidney disease, 2. Older age, 3. Diabetes mellitus, 4. Congestive hea failure 5. Emergency procedures. Cardiopulmonary bypass is a hemodynamic state characterized by nonpulsatile flow and exposure of the circulation to extracorporeal circuits. Longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass is a risk factor for AKI. Ref: Harrison-E-18, P-2296.