The mechanism by which smoking accelerates vascular injury is?
Retention of sodium
Increased aldosterone production
Promoting endothelial dysfunction
Increasing plasma catecholamines
Smoking impacts on and potentiates the mechanisms at three separate stages of the development of vascular disease (atherosclerosis):1) Endothelial dysfunction2) Monocyte recruitment and development of the plaque3) Thrombosis at the damaged vessel wallRef: The Nature Of Disease: Pathology For The Health Professions, By Thomas H. McConnell, Page 279