Most sensitive investigation for air embolism is –
Decreased tidal volume of CO2
Decreased tidal volume of NO2
Doppler ultrasound
Central venous presure
Although transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the most sensitive method for venous air embolism (VAE) detection and is considered the "gold standard", it is costly and more invasive. When properly placed, a precordial Doppler is capable of identifying VAE at an air infusion rate as low as 0.015 ml/kg/ min and consistently at a rate of 0.021 ml/kg/ min.