Which of the following drugs cause relaxation of LES? 1. Nitrates 2. Histamine blockers 3. Morphine 4. Atropine 5. Calcium channel blockers
1,2 & 3
1,4 & 5
1,2 & 5
All
Factor causing relaxation of LES Factor increasing LES pressure Pharmacological agents:nitrates, anticholinergics, barbiturates, calcium channel blockers, caffeine, theophylline, diazepam, dopamine, prostaglandin E1 and E2 and meperidine Pepperdine Chocolate Coffee Alcohol Smoking Fat Antacids Cholinergics Domperidone Metoclopramide Prostaglandin F2 Also know: LES pressure is higher in the supine position than in the upright position. Ref: Schwarz 9/e, Page 812; Harrison 17/e, Page 1741.