Which of the following are the clinical abnormalities of uremia?
Hyperphosphatemia
Uremic frost
Peptic ulcer
All the above
Ans. is 'd' i.e., All the aboveClinical abnormalities in uremiaFluid and electrolyte disturbances* Volume expasion (I)* Hyponatremia (I)* Hyperkalemia (I)* Hyperphosphatemia (I)Endocrine-metabolic disturbances * Secondary hyperparathyroidism (I or P)* Adynamic bone (D)* Vitamin D-deficient osteomalacia (I)* Carbohydrate resistance (I)* Hyperuricemia (I or P)* Hypertriglyceridemia (I or P)* Increased Lp (a) level (P)* Decreased high-density lipoprotein level (P)* Protein - energy malnutrition (I or P)* Impaired growth and development (P)* Infertility and sexual dysfunction (P)* Amenorrhea (I/P)* Beta2-Microglobulin associated amyloidosis (P or D)Neuromuscular disturbances * Fatigue (I)* Sleep disorders (P)* Headache (P)* Impaired mentation (I)* Lethargy (I)* Seizures (I or P)* Muscle cramps (P or D)* Myopathy (P or D)* Asterixis (I)* Muscular irritability* Peripheral neuropathy (I or P)* Restless legs syndrome (I or P)* Myoclonus (I)* Coma (I)* Dailysis disequilibrium syndrome (D)Cardiovascular and pulmonary .disturbances * Arterial hypertension (I or P)* Congestive heart failure or pulmonary edema (I)* Hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy (I, P, or D)* Pericarditis (I)* Uremic lung (I)* Accelerated atherosclerosis (P or D)* Hypotension and arrhythmias (D)* Vascular calcification (P or D)Dermatologic disturbances * Pallor (I)* Hyperpigmentation (I, P, or D)* Pruritus (P)* Ecchymoses (I)* Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (D)* Uremic frost (I)Gastrointestinal disturbances * Anorexia (I)* Gastrointestinal bleeding (I, P, or D)* Nausea and vomiting (I)* Idiopathic ascites (D)* Gastroenteritis (I)* Peritonitis (D)* Peptic ulcer (I or P) Hematologic and immunologic disturbances * Anemia (I)* Increased susceptibility to infection (I or P)* Lymphocytopenia (P) Leukopenia (D)* Bleeding diathesis (I or D)* Thrombocytopenia (D)I - Denotes an abnormality that improves with therapy.P - Denotes an abnormality that tends to persist or even progress despite an optimal program.D - Denotes an abnormality that develops only after initiation of dialysis therapy.
Kidney