Sleep spindles are seen in which stage
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Sleep spindles are bursts of neural oscillatory activity that are generated by interplay of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and other thalamic nuclei during stage 2 NREM sleep in a frequency range of ~11 to 16 Hz (usually 12-14 Hz ) with a duration of 0.5 seconds or greater (usually 0.5-1.5 seconds) After generation in the TRN, spindles are sustained and relayed to the coex by a thalamo-thalamic and thalamo-coical feedback loops regulated by both GABAergic and NMDA-receptor mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission. Sleep spindles have been found in all tested mammalian species and in vitro cells. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 822,823,824
Nervous system