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Game development	Game development ================ Gaming is one of the most popular computer activities. New technologies are constantly arriving to make it possible to develop better and more powerful games that can be run in any standards-compliant web browser. Develop web games ----------------- Welcome to the MDN game devel...
Web-related technologies	Web-related technologies ======================== This section of the site is a home for documentation on web-related technologies that aren't central to the MDN's remit (i.e. they aren't web standards technologies), but are nonetheless related to the web and of interest to web developers. Note: These documentati...
Learn web development	Learn web development ===================== Welcome to the MDN learning area. This set of articles aims to guide complete beginners to web development with all that they need to start coding websites. The aim of this area of MDN is not to take you from "beginner" to "expert" but to take you from "beginner" to "comfor...
Web technology for developers	Web technology for developers ============================= The open Web presents incredible opportunities for developers. To take full advantage of these technologies, you need to know how to use them. Below you'll find links to our Web technology documentation. Documentation for Web developers ---------------------...
The MDN Web Docs project	The MDN Web Docs project ======================== MDN Web Docs is free-to-use resource on which we document the open web platform. Our mission is to provide developers with the information they need to easily build projects on the web platform. This is the landing page for the MDN Web Docs project itself....
MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms ======================================================= Web technologies contain long lists of jargon and abbreviations that are used in documentation and coding. This glossary provides definitions of words and abbreviations you need to know to successfully under...
Mozilla	Mozilla ======= The articles below include content about downloading and building Mozilla code. In addition, you'll find helpful articles about how the code works, how to build add-ons for Mozilla applications and the like. Add-onsAdd-ons allow developers to extend and modify the functionality of Firefox. They are wr...
WebAssembly	WebAssembly =========== WebAssembly is a type of code that can be run in modern web browsers — it is a low-level assembly-like language with a compact binary format that runs with near-native performance and provides languages such as C/C++, C# and Rust with a compilation target so that they can run on the web. It is ...
Accessibility - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Accessibility ============= Web Accessibility (A11Y) refers to best practices for keeping a website usable despite physical and technical restrictions. Web accessibility is formally defined and discussed at the W3C through the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). See also -------- * Accessibility resources at M...
Chrome - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Chrome ====== In a browser, the chrome is any visible aspect of a browser aside from the webpages themselves (e.g., toolbars, menu bar, tabs). This is not to be confused with the Google Chrome browser. See also -------- * Browser and GUI Chrome
SPA (Single-page application) - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	SPA (Single-page application) ============================= An SPA (Single-page application) is a web app implementation that loads only a single web document, and then updates the body content of that single document via JavaScript APIs such as Fetch when different content is to be shown. This therefore allows users...
Prefetch - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Prefetch ======== Prefetching refers to the practice of speculatively fetching documents or subresources in the background for pages that the user is likely to navigate to in the near future. This can significantly reduce the load time for the prefetched page if the user does choose to navigate to it. Prefetching...
Identifier - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Identifier ========== An identifier is a sequence of characters in the code that identifies a variable, function, or property. In most languages, identifiers are case-sensitive and not quoted. In JavaScript, identifiers can contain Unicode letters, `$`, `_`, and digits (0-9), but may not start with a digit. An id...
DoS attack - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	DoS attack ========== DoS (Denial of Service) is a network attack that prevents legitimate use of server resources by flooding the server with requests. Computers have limited resources, for example computation power or memory. When these are exhausted, the program can freeze or crash, making it unavailable. A DoS at...
Slug - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Slug ==== A Slug is the unique identifying part of a web address, typically at the end of the URL. In the context of MDN, it is the portion of the URL following "<locale>/docs/". It may also just be the final component when a new document is created under a parent document; for example, this page's slug is `Glossar...
Cipher suite - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Cipher suite ============ A cipher suite is a combination of a key exchange algorithm, authentication method, bulk encryption cipher, and message authentication code. In a cryptosystem like TLS, the client and server must agree on a cipher suite before they can begin communicating securely. A typical cipher suite loo...
Canonical order - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Canonical order =============== In CSS, canonical order is used to refer to the order in which separate values need to be specified (or parsed) or are to be serialized as part of a CSS property value. It is defined by the formal syntax of the property and normally refers to the order in which longhand values should be...
Fuzz testing - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Fuzz testing ============ Fuzzing is a technique for testing software using automated tools to provide invalid or unexpected input to a program or function in a program, then checking the results to see if the program crashes or otherwise acts inappropriately. This is an important way to ensure that software is st...
URI - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	URI === A URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) is a string that refers to a resource. The most common are URLs, which identify the resource by giving its location on the Web. URNs, by contrast, refer to a resource by a name, in a given namespace, such as the ISBN of a book. See also -------- * URI on Wikipedia *...
Deep copy - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Deep copy ========= A deep copy of an object is a copy whose properties do not share the same references (point to the same underlying values) as those of the source object from which the copy was made. As a result, when you change either the source or the copy, you can be assured you're not causing the other obje...
Serialization - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Serialization ============= The process whereby an object or data structure is translated into a format suitable for transfer over a network, or storage (e.g. in an array buffer or file format). In JavaScript, for example, you can serialize an object to a JSON string by calling the function `JSON.stringify()`. CSS v...
Caret - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Caret ===== A caret (sometimes called a "text cursor") is an indicator displayed on the screen to indicate where text input will be inserted. Most user interfaces represent the caret using a thin vertical line or a character-sized box that flashes, but this can vary. This point in the text is called the **inserti...
Lazy load - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Lazy load ========= Lazy loading is a strategy that delays the loading of some assets (e.g., images) until they are needed by the user based on the user's activity and navigation pattern; typically, these assets are only loaded when they are scrolled into view. If correctly implemented, this delay in asset loadin...
Mutable - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Mutable ======= A mutable value is one that can be changed without creating an entirely new value. In JavaScript, objects and arrays are mutable by default, but primitive values are not — once a primitive value is created, it cannot be changed, although the variable that holds it may be reassigned. See also -------...
Non-normative - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Non-normative ============= Software specifications often contain information marked as non-normative or informative, which is provided to help readers understand the specification better, or to show an example or best practice. Non-normative parts of the specification are provided as guidelines, and are not con...
Grid Row - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Grid Row ======== A grid row is a horizontal track in a CSS Grid Layout, that is the space between two horizontal grid lines. It is defined by the `grid-template-rows` property or in the shorthand `grid` or `grid-template` properties. In addition, rows may be created in the implicit grid when items are placed o...
RTL (Right to Left) - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	RTL (Right to Left) =================== RTL (Right To Left) is a locale property indicating that text is written from right to left. For example, the `he` locale (for Hebrew) specifies right-to-left. Arabic (`ar`) is another common language written RTL. The opposite of RTL, LTR (Left To Right) is used in oth...
IETF - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	IETF ==== The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a worldwide organization that drafts specifications governing the mechanisms behind the Internet, especially the TCP/IP or Internet Protocol Suite. The IETF is open, run by volunteers, and sponsored by the Internet Society. See also -------- * Official web...
RGB - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	RGB === Red-Green-Blue (RGB) is a color model that represents colors as mixtures of three underlying components (or channels), namely: red, green, and blue. This model describes a color with a sequence of three numbers (typically between 0.0 and 1.0, or between 0 and 255). Each number represents the primar...
Prototype-based programming - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Prototype-based programming =========================== Prototype-based programming is a style of object-oriented programming in which classes are not explicitly defined, but rather derived by adding properties and methods to an instance of another class or, less frequently, adding them to an empty object. In sim...
Hotlink - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Hotlink ======= A hotlink (also known as an inline link) is an object (typically an image) directly linked to from another site. For example, an image hosted on site1.com is shown directly on site2.com. The practice is frowned upon, as it can cause unwanted bandwidth usage on the website hosting the linked-to...
Promise - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Promise ======= A `Promise` is an object that's returned by a function that has not yet completed its work. The promise literally represents a promise made by the function that it will eventually return a result through the promise object. When the called function finishes its work asynchronously, a function on t...
Local scope - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Local scope =========== Local scope is a characteristic of variables that makes them local (i.e., the variable name is only bound to its value within a scope which is not the global scope). See also -------- * Scope on Wikipedia
SQL Injection - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	SQL Injection ============= SQL injection takes advantage of Web apps that fail to validate user input. Hackers can maliciously pass SQL commands through the Web app for execution by a backend database. SQL injection can gain unauthorized access to a database or to retrieve information directly from the database. Man...
World Wide Web - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	World Wide Web ============== The World Wide Web—commonly referred to as WWW, W3, or the Web—is a system of interconnected public webpages accessible through the Internet. The Web is not the same as the Internet: the Web is one of many applications built on top of the Internet. Tim Berners-Lee proposed ...
Asynchronous - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Asynchronous ============ The term asynchronous refers to two or more objects or events that do not exist or happen at the same time, that is, they are not synchronous . When multiple related things happen without any being dependent on the completion of previous happenings, they are asynchronous. In computin...
IDE - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	IDE === An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or Interactive Development environment is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE normally consists of a source code editor, build automation tools and a debugger. See also -------- ...
Beacon - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Beacon ====== A web beacon is a small object, such as a 1 pixel gif, embedded in markup, used to communicate information back to the web server or to 3rd party servers. Beacons are generally included to provide information about the user for statistical purposes. Beacons are often included within third party scrip...
WebGL - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	WebGL ===== WebGL (Web Graphics Library) is a JavaScript API that draws interactive 2D and 3D graphics. The Khronos Group maintains WebGL, which is based on OpenGL ES 2.0. You can invoke WebGL within the HTML `<canvas>` element, which provides a rendering surface. All major browsers now support WebGL, but its...
Cross-site scripting (XSS) - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Cross-site scripting (XSS) ========================== Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a security exploit which allows an attacker to inject into a website malicious client-side code. This code is executed by the victims and lets the attackers bypass access controls and impersonate users. According to the Open Web Applic...
Canvas - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Canvas ====== The canvas element is part of HTML5 and allows for dynamic, scriptable rendering of 2D and 3D shapes and bitmap images. It is a low level, procedural model that updates a bitmap and does not have a built-in scene graph. It provides an empty graphic zone on which specific JavaScript APIs can draw (su...
Strict mode - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Strict mode =========== JavaScript's strict mode is a way to opt in to a restricted variant of JavaScript, thereby implicitly opting-out of "sloppy mode". Strict mode isn't just a subset: it intentionally has different semantics from normal code. Strict mode for an entire script is invoked by including the st...
Breadcrumb - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Breadcrumb ========== A breadcrumb, or breadcrumb trail, is a navigational aid that is typically placed between a site's header and the main content, displaying either a hierarchy of the current page in relation to the site's structure, from top level to current page, or a list of the links the user followed to ge...
Reflow - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Reflow ====== Reflow happens when a browser recalculates the position and geometry of certain parts of a webpage, such as after an update on an interactive site. This tends to be followed by repainting, which is when the browser redraws the webpage to show the resulting visual updates. See also -------- * Repain...
Operand - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Operand ======= An operand is the part of an instruction representing the data manipulated by the operator. For example, when you add two numbers, the numbers are the operand and "+" is the operator. See also -------- * Operand on Wikipedia
Parameter - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Parameter ========= A parameter is a named variable passed into a function. Parameter variables are used to import arguments into functions. For example: ```js function example(parameter) { console.log(parameter); // Output = foo } const argument = "foo"; example(argument); ``` There are two kinds of paramete...
ARIA - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	ARIA ==== ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) is a W3C specification for adding semantics and other metadata to HTML to cater to users of assistive technology. For example, you could add the attribute `role="alert"` to a `<p>` tag to notify a sight-challenged user that the information is important and ...
Document environment - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Document environment ==================== When the JavaScript global environment is a window or an iframe, it is called a document environment. A global environment is an environment that doesn't have an outer environment. See also -------- * document environment in the HTML specification
Internet - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Internet ======== The Internet is a worldwide network of networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (also named TCP/IP from its two most important protocols). See also -------- * How the Internet works (introduction for beginners)
Serializable object - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Serializable object =================== Serializable objects are objects that can be serialized and later deserialized in any JavaScript environment ("realm"). This allows them to, for example, be stored on disk and later restored, or cloned with `structuredClone()`, or shared between workers using `DedicatedWork...
SVG - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	SVG === Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is a 2D vector image format based on an XML syntax. The W3C began work on SVG in the late 1990s, but SVG only became popular when Internet Explorer 9 came out with SVG support. All major browsers now support SVG. Based on an XML syntax, SVG can be styled with CSS and made...
EXIF - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	EXIF ==== The Exchangeable Image File Format (EXIF) is a standard that specifies how metadata about a multimedia file can be embedded within the file. For example, an image might contain EXIF data describing the: pixel width, height, and density, shutter speed, aperture, ISO settings, capture date, etc. See also ...
Character encoding - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Character encoding ================== An encoding defines a mapping between bytes and text. A sequence of bytes allows for different textual interpretations. By specifying a particular encoding (such as UTF-8), we specify how the sequence of bytes is to be interpreted. For example, in HTML we normally declare a chara...
Rendering engine - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Rendering engine ================ A rendering engine is software that draws text and images on the screen. The engine draws structured text from a document (often HTML), and formats it properly based on the given style declarations (often given in CSS). Examples of layout engines: Blink, Gecko, EdgeHTML, WebKit. ...
Interpolation - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Interpolation ============= Interpolation is a process of calculating values based on known values. The interpolation is used to obtain intermediate values of properties, such as height, width, etc., during the process of their animation. In gradients, interpolation is used to define intermediate values of colors base...
BiDi - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	BiDi ==== BiDi (BiDirectional) refers to a document containing both right-to-left and left-to-right text. Even when both directionalities occur in the same paragraph, the text in each language must appear in its proper directionality. See also -------- * Bi-directional text on Wikipedia
XLink - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	XLink ===== XLink is a W3C standard which is used to describe links between XML and XML or other documents. Some its behaviors are left to the implementation to determine how to handle. Simple XLinks are "supported" in Firefox (at least in SVG and MathML), though they do not work as links if one loads a plain XML doc...
ECMAScript - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	ECMAScript ========== ECMAScript is a scripting language specification on which JavaScript is based. Ecma International is in charge of standardizing ECMAScript. See also -------- * ECMAScript on Wikipedia * ECMAScript
CSS Object Model (CSSOM) - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	CSS Object Model (CSSOM) ======================== The CSS Object Model (CSSOM) is a set of APIs for reading and modifying a document's style-related (CSS) information. In other words, similar to the way in which the DOM enables a document's structure and content to be read and modified from JavaScript, the CSSOM a...
Code point - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Code point ========== A code point is a number assigned to represent an abstract character in a system for representing text (such as Unicode). In Unicode, a code point is expressed in the form "U+1234" where "1234" is the assigned number. For example, the character "A" is assigned a code point of U+0041. Charact...
Normative - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Normative ========= Normative is a word commonly used in software specifications to denote sections that are standardized and must be followed as a rule. Specifications might also contain sections that are marked as non-normative or informative, which means those are provided there for the purpose of helping the r...
Layout viewport - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Layout viewport =============== The layout viewport is the viewport into which the browser draws a web page. Essentially, it represents what is available to be seen, while the visual viewport represents what is currently visible on the user's display device. This becomes important, for example, on mobile devices,...
First Meaningful Paint - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	First Meaningful Paint ====================== First Meaningful Paint (FMP) is the paint after which the biggest above-the-fold layout change has happened and web fonts have loaded. It is when the answer to "Is it useful?" becomes "yes", upon first meaningful paint completion. FMP is very sensitive to small differ...
Synchronous - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Synchronous =========== Synchronous refers to real-time communication where each party receives (and if necessary, processes and replies to) messages instantly (or as near to instantly as possible). A human example is the telephone — during a telephone call you tend to respond to another person immediately. Many...
Composite operation - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Composite operation =================== In CSS, the value of a property in a CSS rule is the underlying value of that property, and the value of that same property in a keyframe is its effect value. The composite operation is the specific operation that is used to combine an effect value with an underlying valu...
Server Timing - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Server Timing ============= The Server Timing specification enables the server to communicate performance metrics from the request-response cycle to the user agent, and utilizes a JavaScript interface to allow applications to collect, process, and act on these metrics to optimize application delivery. See also ------...
SDP - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	SDP === SDP (Session Description Protocol) is the standard describing a peer-to-peer connection. SDP contains the codec, source address, and timing information of audio and video. Here is a typical SDP message: ``` v=0 o=alice 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 host.anywhere.com s= c=IN IP4 host.anywhere.com t=0 0 m=a...
High-level programming language - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	High-level programming language =============================== A high-level programming language has a significant abstraction from the details of computer operation. It is designed to be easily understood by humans and for this reason they must be translated by another software. Unlike low-level programming lang...
NaN - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	NaN === NaN (Not a Number) is a numeric data type that means an undefined value or value that cannot be represented, especially results of floating-point calculations. For example, NaNs can represent infinity, result of division by zero, missing value, or the square root of a negative (which is imaginary, whereas a f...
Enumerated - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Enumerated ========== In computer science, an enumerated type is a data type consisting of a limited set of named values. HTML enumerated attributes -------------------------- In HTML, enumerated attributes are attributes with a limited, predefined set of text values. For example, the global HTML `dir` attribute...
Jank - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Jank ==== Jank refers to sluggishness in a user interface, usually caused by executing long tasks on the main thread, blocking rendering, or expending too much processor power on background processes.
Database - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Database ======== A database is a storing system that collects organized data, to make some works easier like searching, structure, and extend. In web development, most databases use the relational database management system (RDBMS) to organize data and programming in SQL. Some databases, however, don't follow th...
First CPU idle - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	First CPU idle ============== First CPU Idle measures when a page is minimally interactive, or when the window is quiet enough to handle user input. It is a non-standard Google web performance metric. Generally, it occurs when most, but not necessarily all visible UI elements are interactive, and the user interfac...
SCTP - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	SCTP ==== SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) is an IETF standard for a transport protocol which enables the reliable, in-order transmission of messages while offering congestion control, multi-homing, and other features to improve reliability and stability of the connection. It's used for sending traditio...
Page prediction - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Page prediction =============== Page Prediction is a browser feature or script which, when enabled, tells the browser to download resources the user is likely to visit before the user requests the content. Page prediction improves performance by enabling almost instant loading of predicted content. However, page p...
SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) ========================================================== The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) is the professional association of engineers and scientists that develop and define standards and technologies used to create, bro...
CDN - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	CDN === A CDN (Content Delivery Network) is a group of servers spread out over many locations. These servers store duplicate copies of data so that servers can fulfill data requests based on which servers are closest to the respective end-users. CDNs make for fast service less affected by high traffic. CDNs are u...
CORS-safelisted response header - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	CORS-safelisted response header =============================== A CORS-safelisted response header is an HTTP header in a CORS response that it is considered safe to expose to client scripts. Only safelisted response headers are made available to web pages. By default, the safelist includes the following response ...
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security) - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security) ======================================== Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) is a protocol used to secure datagram-based communications. It's based on the stream-focused Transport Layer Security (TLS), providing a similar level of security. As a datagram protocol, ...
Value - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Value ===== In the context of data or an object wrapper around that data, the value is the primitive value that the object wrapper contains. In the context of a variable or property, the value can be either a primitive or an object reference. In the context of CSS property values, there are specif...
Shadow tree - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Shadow tree =========== A shadow tree is a hidden set of DOM nodes whose topmost node is a shadow root. The shadow root is the topmost node of a shadow DOM and not part of the regular document's DOM tree. The shadow root is attached to another node tree through a specific DOM node referred to as its **hos...
Accessibility tree - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Accessibility tree ================== The accessibility tree contains accessibility-related information for most HTML elements. Browsers convert markup into an internal representation called the DOM tree. The DOM tree contains objects representing all the markup's elements, attributes, and text nodes. Browsers ...
Information architecture - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Information architecture ======================== Information architecture, as applied to web design and development, is the practice of organizing the information / content / functionality of a website so that it presents the best user experience it can, with information and services being easily usable and findable....
Type coercion - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Type coercion ============= Type coercion is the automatic or implicit conversion of values from one data type to another (such as strings to numbers). Type conversion is similar to type coercion because they both convert values from one data type to another with one key difference — type coercion is implicit wh...
Brotli - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Brotli ====== Brotli is a general-purpose lossless compression algorithm. It compresses data using a combination of a modern variant of the LZ77 algorithm, Huffman coding, and second-order context modeling, providing a compression ratio comparable to the best currently available general-purpose compression method...
DSL - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	DSL === The term DSL can have several meanings depending on the context. It may refer to: DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a type of broadband internet connection that sends wired data transmissions over telephone lines. DSL (Domain-Specific Language) A **Domain-Specific Language...
Immutable - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Immutable ========= An immutable value is one whose content cannot be changed without creating an entirely new value. In JavaScript, primitive values are immutable — once a primitive value is created, it cannot be changed, although the variable that holds it may be reassigned another value. By contrast, objects and...
IMAP - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	IMAP ==== IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is a protocol used to retrieve and store emails. More recent than POP, IMAP allows folders and rules on the server. Unlike POP3, IMAP allows multiple simultaneous connections to one mailbox. Clients accessing a mailbox can receive information about state changes made ...
DTMF (Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency signaling) - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	DTMF (Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency signaling) ========================================== Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signaling is a system by which audible tones are used to represent buttons being pressed on a keypad. Frequently referred to in the United States as "touch tone" (after the Touch-Tone trademar...
HPKP - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	HPKP ==== HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP) is an obsolete security feature that tells a web client to associate a specific cryptographic public key with a certain web server to decrease the risk of MITM attacks with forged certificates. See also -------- * RFC 7469 * Wikipedia: HTTP Public Key Pinning
TURN - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	TURN ==== TURN (Traversal Using Relays around NAT) is a protocol enabling a computer to receive and send data from behind a Network Address Translator (NAT) or firewall. TURN is used by WebRTC to allow any two devices on the Internet to enter a peer-to-peer connection. See also -------- * TURN on Wikipedia * Web...
Simple response header - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Simple response header ====================== Old term for CORS-safelisted response header.
Engine - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Engine ====== The JavaScript engine is an interpreter that parses and executes a JavaScript program. See also -------- * JavaScript engine on Wikipedia
Lossy compression - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Lossy compression ================= Lossy compression, or irreversible compression, is a data-compression method that uses inexact approximations and partial-data discarding to represent content. In simpler terms: lossy compression causes data from the initial file to be lost, possibly causing degradation in quali...
Vendor Prefix - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Vendor Prefix ============= Browser vendors used to add prefixes to experimental or nonstandard CSS properties and JavaScript APIs, so developers could experiment with new ideas. This, in theory, helped to prevent their experiments from being relied upon and then breaking web developers' code during the standardizatio...
ARPA - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	ARPA ==== .arpa (address and routing parameter area) is a top-level domain in the Domain Name System (DNS) used for Internet infrastructure purposes, especially reverse DNS lookup (i.e., find the domain name for a given IP address). The name comes from ARPA, currently known as DARPA, the Defense Advanced Rese...
WebKit - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	WebKit ====== WebKit is a framework that displays properly-formatted webpages based on their markup. Apple Safari depends on WebKit, and so do many mobile browsers (since WebKit is highly portable and customizable). WebKit began life as a fork of KDE's KHTML and KJS libraries, but many individuals and companies hav...
LGPL - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	LGPL ==== LGPL (GNU Lesser General Public License) is a free software license published by the Free Software Foundation. The LGPL provides a more permissive alternative for the strictly copyleft GPL. While any derivative work using a GPL-licensed program must be released under the same terms (free to use, share, study...
RSS - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	RSS === RSS (Really Simple Syndication) refers to several XML document formats designed for publishing site updates. When you subscribe to a website's RSS feed, the website sends information and updates to your RSS reader in an RSS document called a feed, so you don't need to check all your favorite websites man...
Main thread - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms	Main thread =========== The main thread is where a browser processes user events and paints. By default, the browser uses a single thread to run all the JavaScript in your page, as well as to perform layout, reflows, and garbage collection. This means that long-running JavaScript functions can block the thread, le...

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Dataset Card for MDN

Waifu to catch your attention.

Dataset Description

MDN is a ~57M Tokens (llama-2-7b-chat-tokenizer) / ~46.52M Tokens (RWKV Tokenizer) scrape of MDN (Developer.mozilla.org). It serves as a training resource for large language models and other NLP tasks. This card details the dataset's origin, content, and limitations.

Curated by: KaraKaraWitch
Funded by: Recursal.ai (I work there lol)
Shared by: KaraKaraWitch
Language(s) (NLP): English, Espanol, French, Japanese, Korean, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional
License: cc-by-sa-2.5

MDN was created under time constraints for the release of EagleX v1, and may contain biases in selection.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

Primarily used for language modeling.

Languages

MDN lists the following languages:

English
Espanol
French
Japanese
Korean
Brazilian Portuguese
Russian
Chinese Simplified
Chinese Traditional

Processing

We obtained a list of pages to download with the MDN's sitemap.xml. This was manually downloaded. For each sitemap, we scrape the website. saving the raw html responses for further filtering and cleaning.

For the actual html processing, we recommend reading the code found in the file: MDNClean.py.

The file itself is a typer application with the following commands:

- sitemap
  - Gets a list of urls to download and downloads it to a folder.
- clean
  - cleans a folder. saving each the cleaned text to a final jsonl.

We have noted an issue where there could be a false positive virus-detection on 4 of the compressed files. We have used the dataset in it's uncompressed form and didn't encounter any issues.

Data Instances

Refer to this sample to see all the relavant fields.

{
    "title": "Game development",
    "text": "\n\nGame development\n================\n\nGaming is one of the most popular computer activities. New technologies are constantly arriving to make\n it possible to develop better and more powerful games that can be run in any standards-compliant web\n browser.\n\nDevelop web games\n-----------------\n\nWelcome to the MDN game development center! In this area of the site, we provide resources for web<...TRUNCATED>"
}

The format has the following keys:

- "title" (str) [The title of the article]
- "text" (str) [The html content converted fro html into markdown.]

Recursal's Vision

To make AI accessible to everyone, regardless of language, or economical status

This is the collective goal of the RWKV Open Source foundation and Recursal AI, the commercial entity who backs it.

We believe that AI should not be controlled by a select few individual organization. And that it should be made accessible regardless if you are rich or poor, or a native speaker of english.

About RWKV

RWKV is an Open Source, non profit group, under the linux foundation. Focused on developing the RWKV AI architecture, in accordence to our vision.

The RWKV architecture scales efficiently and economically. As an RNN & Transformer hybrid, it is able to provide the performance similar to leading transformer models, while having the compute and energy efficiency of an RNN based architecture.

You can find out more about the project, and latest models, at the following

About Recursal AI

Recursal AI, is the commercial entity built to provide support for RWKV model development and users, while providing commercial services via its public cloud, or private-cloud / on-premise offerings.

As part of our vision. Our commitment, is to ensure open source development and access to the best foundational AI models and datasets.

The following dataset/models provided here, is part of that commitment.

You can find out more about recursal AI here

Dataset Curators

KaraKaraWitch. (I typically hang out in PygmalionAI discord, sometimes EleutherAI. If something is wrong, @karakarawitch on discord.)

I'd be happy if you could spread the word and recommend this dataset.

Licensing Information

MDN lists their license as CC-BY-SA.

Recursal Waifus (The banner image) are licensed under CC-BY-SA. They do not represent the related websites in any official capacity unless otherwise or announced by the website. You may use them as a banner image. However, you must always link back to the dataset.

Citation Information

@misc{MDN,
  title         = {MDN},
  author        = {KaraKaraWitch, recursal.ai},
  year          = {2024},
  howpublished  = {\url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/recursal/MDN}},
}

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