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心肌炎@### 案例 #2 一名有3年充血性心衰（CHF）病史的49岁阿根廷裔男性因工作时晕厥就诊急诊科。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "晕厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "充血性心衰（CHF）病史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@需要更多研究阐明伊伐布雷定治疗心绞痛的安全性和有效性以及研究使用这种药物后观察到的心动过缓和心房颤动发生情况。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心动过缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心房颤动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（五）全身性疾病 全身性疾病如过敏性紫癜、系统性红斑狼疮、皮肤黏膜淋巴结综合征、溶血性尿毒综合征及炎症性肠病等都可伴发胰腺炎。此类疾病因血管炎累及胰腺和其他脏器的血管，引起血管壁的炎症、坏死、血栓形成而致坏死性胰腺炎。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "坏死性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "敏性紫癜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "坏死性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "系统性红斑狼疮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "坏死性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤黏膜淋巴结综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "坏死性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溶血性尿毒综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "坏死性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "炎症性肠病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
1938年Wilmer首先提出了融合肾的概念，1957年McDonald和McClellan对其作了修正，并扩展至包括伴或不伴融合的交叉异位肾、孤立交叉异位肾和双侧交叉异位肾。从年龄分布来看，可小至新生儿，最年长为70岁；以男性多见，左侧异位至右侧多见。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "融合肾",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小至新生儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "融合肾",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "最年长为70岁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "融合肾",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "以男性多见"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
IgA分子结构的这些特性在IgA肾病的发生上有重要意义。 （二）IgA在肾小球系膜区的沉积 在IgA肾病中，IgA沉积的方式与肾小球的病理变化是相平行的。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "IgA肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IgA在肾小球系膜区的沉积"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
急性阑尾炎@ 有证据显示，对于成人阑尾脓肿，相对于保守治疗，腹腔镜下阑尾切除术可能是一种可行的一线治疗选择；然而，目前尚不推荐这一治疗方法。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹腔镜下阑尾切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "成人阑尾脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹腔镜下阑尾切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
细菌性脑膜炎@美国免疫实践咨询委员会 (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, ACIP) 建议青少年常规接种针对 A、C、Y 和 W-135 群 _脑膜炎球菌_ 的两种四价脑膜炎球菌多糖结合疫苗之一，这两种疫苗是：Menactra™ (MenACWY-D) 或 Menveo™ (MenACWY-CRM)。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Menactra™"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Menveo™"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "Menactra™",
"subject_type": "其他",
"object": {
"@value": "MenACWY-D"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "Menveo™",
"subject_type": "其他",
"object": {
"@value": "MenACWY-CRM"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
婴儿猝死综合征@避免产前和产后吸烟暴露 * 数据表明吸烟会通过影响中枢和肺部机制增加 SIDS 风险。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "SIDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
痔@最严重部位常位于盲肠及右半结肠，而直肠经常幸免。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "痔",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "盲肠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "痔",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "右半结肠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
肾细胞癌@ 有证据表明 60% 到 70% 的散在透明细胞型 RCC 患者也有 VHL 突变。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "RCC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "VHL"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
慢性淋巴细胞白血病@CLL 的关键标志物包括 T 细胞抗原 CD5、B 细胞表面抗原 CD19、CD20、CD23 以及表面免疫球蛋白弱表达。慢性淋巴细胞白血病@ 应进行外周血 FISH 检查为细胞遗传学分析，以帮助确定预后。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外周血 FISH 检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
对于有蛛网膜粘连的病人，可试用地塞米松口服、肌内注射或鞘内注射治疗。 【预后】 脑积水的预后差别较大，主要取决于治疗的及时与否和引起脑积水的病因及病变程度。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "地塞米松"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
小细胞肺癌@可能表现出杵状指和肥大性骨关节病，但相比非小细胞肺癌而言，更少见于 SCLC。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "杵状指"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肥大性骨关节病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
第九节 QT间期延长综合征 一种特殊的恶性室性心律失常-尖端扭转型室速可发生于QT间期延长综合征（long QT interval syndrome，LQTS）患儿，并可引起晕厥与猝死。遗传学研究显示心脏的钾、钠通道突变。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病机制",
"subject": "QT间期延长综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心脏的钾、钠通道突变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "QT间期延长综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "long QT interval syndrome"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "QT间期延长综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "LQTS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "QT间期延长综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "晕厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "QT间期延长综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "猝死"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
甲状腺癌@### 颈部淋巴病变 提示颈部转移。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "甲状腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈部淋巴病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
膀胱癌@ 如果排尿困难与尿路感染无关，那么对于此类患者，确诊是否为膀胱癌的关键是尿液细胞学检查， 并且在高达 90% 的患者中，结果呈阳性。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "膀胱癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿液细胞学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@对于症状较轻、控制较好的哮喘，可以每 1~2 年进行 1 次 PEFR 检查。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PEFR 检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
慢性肾病@### 疲倦 贫血常常与CKD相关联，因为一旦GFR下降至50ml/min/1.73m^2以下，肾脏产生的促红细胞生成素将会减少。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疲倦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@一些专家倡议对所有胸部 X 线检查或胸部 CT 发现肺气肿的患者进行肺量计筛查。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部 X 线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部 CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "筛查",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺量计筛查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
破伤风@各类抗精神病药物（多巴胺D2受体拮抗剂）均可造成这些症状，阻滞中枢多巴胺通路的非抗精神病药物也可引起这类症状，例如甲氧氯普安。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲氧氯普安"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
多发性骨髓瘤@### 非霍奇金淋巴瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 主要症状可能包括发热、盗汗和体重减轻。多发性骨髓瘤@骨髓中可能发生淋巴细胞性浸润。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非霍奇金淋巴瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淋巴细胞性浸润"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "非霍奇金淋巴瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨髓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非霍奇金淋巴瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非霍奇金淋巴瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非霍奇金淋巴瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重减轻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非霍奇金淋巴瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "盗汗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
结节型多动脉炎@血浆β-血栓球蛋白和Ⅷ因子相关抗原测定有助于随访疗效以及反映血管炎活动程度。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "结节型多动脉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "@血浆β-血栓球蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "结节型多动脉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Ⅷ因子相关抗原测定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
慢性淋巴细胞白血病@ 在美国，65 岁以上患者的 CLL 发病率为 24.6 例/100,000 人，45~64 岁患者的发病率为 5.6 例/100,000 人。慢性淋巴细胞白血病@每年新发诊断病例约为 8000 例，每年发生 5000 例死亡病例。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5.6 例/100,000 人"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@安慰剂效应对ESWL治疗疗效的评估可产生重要影响，该影响在胰源性疼痛患者的治疗中高达40%， 汇总估计值为20%（95% CI：9%-36%）。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "安慰剂效应"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
二、先天性二尖瓣关闭不全 单纯的先天性二尖瓣关闭不全（congenital mitral insufficiency）少见，多合并于其他心脏畸形、结缔组织病及代谢性疾病。 （一）二尖瓣脱垂 单纯的二尖瓣脱垂病因不明，可能与瓣膜和腱索胶原纤维黏液样变性有关。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "先天性二尖瓣关闭不全",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "二尖瓣脱垂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
喉癌@结果 可发现鳞状细胞癌 ### 可屈性光导纤维喉镜 检查 结果 检查 任何有声嘶、吞咽困难、吞咽痛（吞咽疼痛）或咽喉痛超过3周的患者均可行此检查。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "喉癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "可屈性光导纤维喉镜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "喉癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "声嘶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "喉癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吞咽困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "喉癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吞咽痛（吞咽疼痛）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "喉癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽喉痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
痛风@血培养可能有细菌生长。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
根据美国20 000例CF患者的调查，表现急性或持续呼吸道症状者占50. 5%，生长发育障碍、营养不良者占42. 9%，大便异常（如脂肪泻）占35. 0%，胎粪性肠梗阻为18. 8%，有家族史者占16. 8%。常见并发症包括肺不张、咯血、气胸、肺动脉高压、呼吸衰竭等。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺不张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咯血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气胸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺动脉高压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性或持续呼吸道症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生长发育障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "营养不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大便异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
癫痫持续状态@脑成像显示的结构损伤是这些癫痫发作的起源。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "损伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@虽然更年长的儿童才可以进行重复再现性的测试，但在大部分哮喘治疗中心，5岁以上儿童可以进行肺功能检查。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺功能检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "就诊科室",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "哮喘治疗中心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@对于胰腺影像学正常的可疑早期慢性胰腺炎患者，直接胰腺功能检测也可用于临床排除慢性胰腺炎（阴性预测值可达97%）。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰腺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "直接胰腺功能检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
早产@ 未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)，无论PPROM是早产的病因还是后果，都与母体及胎儿的感染风险增加密切相关。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "未足月胎膜早破",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早产"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "未足月胎膜早破"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（三）进一步检查 对呕吐原发病的位置和性质有初步判断后，应及时做进一步的检查，以明确诊断。 3.血气分析及生化检查 可了解患儿是否存在酸中毒、电解质紊乱。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血气分析及生化检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
（二）原发性蛛网膜下腔出血 原发性蛛网膜下腔出血是指非外伤性原因所致的颅底或脑表面血管破裂，大量血液直接流入蛛网膜下腔；而继发性者是由于脑出血后，血流穿破脑组织而蔓延至脑室及蛛网膜下腔所致。半数以上病例出现意识障碍、面色苍白和惊厥发作。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "原发性蛛网膜下腔出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "意识障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "原发性蛛网膜下腔出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "面色苍白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "原发性蛛网膜下腔出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "惊厥发作"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "原发性蛛网膜下腔出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "继发性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "原发性蛛网膜下腔出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "继发性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
乙型肝炎@### 蜘蛛痣 部分慢性HBV感染者及肝硬化患者可出现。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "乙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蜘蛛痣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@复发经常与病原体感染有关。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病原体感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@真正的非典型增生可以不需要检查，因为HPV常常是阳性的。 宫颈癌@结果 阳性或阴性 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部 ### 全血细胞计数 检查 结果 检查 血红蛋白<120g/L (12g/dL) 时怀疑有显著的出血。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血细胞计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
六、先天性肺淋巴管扩张症 先天性肺淋巴管扩张症（congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis）系胚胎期肺淋巴管弥漫性囊性扩张，压迫邻近肺组织所致。胸部X线摄片示肺野网状或颗粒状细小斑点影，偶可出现一侧肺异常透亮。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "先天性肺淋巴管扩张症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部X线摄片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "先天性肺淋巴管扩张症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
二、血小板无力症 瑞士医师Glanzmann于1918年首先报道本病，故又称Glanzmann thrombasthenia（GT）。 （二）实验室检查 1.血小板计数正常，血涂片上血小板散在分布，不聚集成堆。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "血小板无力症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "血小板无力症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血涂片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
2.病毒性脑炎 起病急，但其临床表现因脑实质部位的病理改变、范围和严重程度而有所不同。若出现呼吸节律不规则或瞳孔不等大，要考虑颅内高压并发脑疝的可能性。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸节律不规则"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瞳孔不等大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅内高压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑疝"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
胆管癌@### 丙型肝炎 丙型肝炎与肝内胆管癌强相关，OR为6.1，95%CI为4.3-8.6。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "丙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝内胆管癌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 肋软骨炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 胸壁肌肉骨骼不适，某种运动和深呼吸时加重。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肋软骨炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
消化性溃疡(peptic ulcer)主要是指发生在胃和十二指肠的慢性溃疡，即胃溃疡（gastric ulcer,GU) 和十二指肠溃疡（duodenal ulcer,DU)。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "peptic ulcer"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "胃溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "gastric ulcer"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "胃溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "GU"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "十二指肠溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "duodenal ulcer"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "十二指肠溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "DU"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
痛风@在两项 III 期试验中，与单独使用别嘌呤醇相比，雷西纳德 (lesinurad) 和别嘌呤醇联合使用小幅提高了在 6 个月时达到血清尿酸＜360 μmol/L (＜6 mg/dL) 的患者比例。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "别嘌呤醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@结果 可能正常，如合并肾脏疾病时可以有蛋白尿，如合并 UTI 则可以出现白细胞和亚硝酸盐阳性 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部 ### 胸部 X 线检查 (CXR) 检查 结果 检查 如果存在结核病或耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎或者其他肺疾病的症状或体征，应该进行胸部 X 线检查。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "结核病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部 X 线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部 X 线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部 X 线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "胸部 X 线检查",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "CXR"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【诊断】 根据患者有典型的胰腺炎病史，以及影像学上有慢性征象，慢性胰腺炎很容易诊断。 2.葡萄糖不耐受、脂溶性维生素缺乏、低球蛋白血症及肝功能升高。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝功能"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
狂犬病@多采用姑息治疗或支持治疗。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "姑息治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支持治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
DiGeorge综合征是以先天性甲状旁腺功能减退和胸腺发育不良所致的细胞免疫缺陷为特征的一类染色体微缺失综合征。患儿 多同时患有先天性心脏病，尤其是圆锥动脉干畸形,常见的包括法洛四联症、主动脉弓离断、室间隔缺损和永存动脉干等。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性心脏病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "圆锥动脉干畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "法洛四联症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "主动脉弓离断"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "室间隔缺损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "永存动脉干"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸腺发育不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细胞免疫缺陷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@真菌感染例如食道念珠菌病和隐球菌脑膜炎是 WHO 4 期疾病，病毒感染例如巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎也是 WHO 4 期疾病。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食道念珠菌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "隐球菌脑膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【流行病学及病原学】 细菌性脑膜炎的重要危险因素：其一为年幼儿对感染的病原缺乏免疫力；其二为近期有致病细菌的携带。 （三）脑膜炎球菌性脑膜炎 至今仍是全球性疾病，世界各地都有发病。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑膜炎球菌性脑膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "近期有致病细菌的携带"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
第三节 钩虫 病 钩虫病（hookworm diseases）的病原体是钩虫，钩虫共有3种，即十二指肠钩虫、美洲钩虫和锡兰钩虫，其中以前两者引起人类感染最为重要。我国钩虫平均感染率为6. 12%，多数为美洲钩虫和十二指肠钩虫混合感染。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "钩虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "6. 12%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
（七）自体干细胞移植 目前认为自体干细胞移植（autologous stem cell transplantation，ASCT）可作为传统药物和生物制剂治疗失败后的一种选择。 （九）外科手术 偶尔需要骨科手术来治疗JIA，如早期施行的滑膜切除术偶有成功报告，但在儿童病例中治疗价值极有限。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "JIA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "自体干细胞移植"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
急性膀胱炎@这些药物疗效相似；然而，如果当地单纯性膀胱炎病原体耐药率超过 20%，复方新诺明或甲氧苄氨嘧啶就不再作为一线治疗药物。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性膀胱炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "复方新诺明"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性膀胱炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲氧苄氨嘧啶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@淋巴结大和脾大。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脾大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@### 抗酸剂的使用 抗酸剂会降低由胃酸组成的抗微生物屏障的保护作用，进而增加细菌入侵的风险，尤其是老年人、免疫缺陷者和妊娠女性这些高风险人群。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗酸剂的使用"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
因此蛔虫病可在温暖季节传播，有时经年都可传播。蚴虫到达肺，表现为咳嗽、咳血丝痰，肺部体征常不明显，而X线检查可显示病灶淡影，有时类似支气管肺炎或粟粒性肺结核，但阴影游走或很快消失，称为蛔蚴性肺炎或蛔虫性嗜酸性粒细胞肺炎。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "粟粒性肺结核"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蛔蚴性肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
乳腺原位癌@## 新兴疗法 ### 曲妥珠单抗作为乳腺导管原位癌的辅助治疗 美国乳腺与肠道外科辅助治疗研究组(NSABP)正在进行一个Ⅲ期随机试验，研究曲妥珠单抗对既往进行保乳手术、切缘阴性和HER2过度表达的乳腺导管原位癌患者的治疗效果。乳腺原位癌@将患者随机分为6周全乳放疗伴或不伴同时使用曲妥珠单抗治疗。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "乳腺原位癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "曲妥珠单抗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "乳腺原位癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "曲妥珠单抗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
病毒性脑膜炎@[ 结核性脑膜炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/166) ### 隐球菌脑膜炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常为隐性发病，表现为几周或几个月内出现头痛和发热。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "隐球菌脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "病毒性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结核性脑膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "病毒性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "隐球菌脑膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@非ST段抬高型心肌梗死的心肌损伤严重程度取决于以下几个方面： * 缺血时间与再灌注时间 * 基础动脉粥样硬化的程度 * 受累区域存在侧支循环（储备血流量） * 受累冠状动脉血管的直径 * 阻塞程度 * 存在其他合并症（即糖尿病、肾功能衰竭或高血压）。非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 传统的看法是非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死患者最终会被诊断为非 Q 波心肌梗死，但 25% 的 NSTEMI 和生物标志物升高患者在几周后会发展为 Q 波心肌梗死。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖尿病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾功能衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非 Q 波心肌梗死"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Q 波心肌梗死"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
妊娠胆汁淤积@在治疗上，已不再使用考来烯胺，并增加熊去氧胆酸治疗 ### 早产 | 存在差异 | 低 胆汁酸可以直接作用于子宫肌组织，加速早产及分娩。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "熊去氧胆酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早产"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
淹溺的分类大多根据淹溺时间及缺氧程度、淹溺液体性质（淡水、海水、污水等）、出现并发症等情况而划分。淹溺（near-drowning）一般指发生淹溺后存活24小时以上；溺死（drowning）指因淹溺窒息于24小时内死亡。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淹溺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溺死"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
登革热@[ 麻疹感染 ](/topics/zh-cn/217) ### 风疹 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 斑丘疹，通常从头部蔓延到脚。 登革热@结膜炎。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "风疹",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "风疹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "风疹",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "斑丘疹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "斑丘疹",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "斑丘疹",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脚"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
图14-5 糖原分解、合成的代谢途径 （1）淀粉-（1，4→1，6）转葡萄糖苷酶 （2）糖原合成酶 （3）尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 （4）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶 （5）磷酸己糖异构酶 （6）己糖激酶 （7）葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶 （8）淀粉-1，6-葡萄糖苷酶（脱支酶）（9）磷酸化酶 （10）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶；糖（11）磷酸己糖异构酶 （12）磷酸果糖激酶 GSD目前分为11型。 GSDⅠb型 葡萄糖-6-磷酸转位酶缺陷，受累组织和临床表现同GSDⅠ型，并且有中性粒细胞减少。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "GSD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "GSDⅠb型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性淋巴细胞白血病@其作为单药治疗和联合治疗疗法正在调查研究中。 慢性淋巴细胞白血病@### Venetoclax 这是一种 Bcl-2 抑制剂，已获得美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 授予的突破性疗法认定，用于治疗 17p 缺失且有 CLL 既往治疗史（复发性/难治性）的患者。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Venetoclax"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@慢性支气管炎作为慢阻肺的另外一个亚型，这些炎症改变导致纤毛功能障碍、杯状细胞体积和数量的增加，从而导致黏液过度分泌。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "慢阻肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性支气管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@结果 接受 ART 的患者可能升高 ### 甲型肝炎血清检测 (IgG) 检查 结果 检查 所有患者都应该进行该项检查。 HIV 感染@结果 可能为阴性或阳性 ### 弓形虫血清学检查 (IgG) 检查 结果 检查 应在基线期对所有 HIV 感染者进行，特别是 CD4 计数＜200 个细胞/μL 的患者。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲型肝炎血清检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弓形虫血清学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "弓形虫血清学检查",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "IgG"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "甲型肝炎血清检测",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "IgG"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 血液动力学稳定：90 min内首次医疗接触 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI） * 直接 PCI 时置入支架（使用裸金属支架或药物洗脱支架）是血运重建的首选方法，前提是可以由有经验的操作者团队及时进行。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "经皮冠状动脉介入治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "经皮冠状动脉介入治疗",
"subject_type": "手术治疗",
"object": {
"@value": "PCI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
心力衰竭@继发于围生期窒息的一过性心肌功能障碍少见。 心力衰竭@ 2.小婴儿心力衰竭（出生后2至3个月）左向右分流型的心脏结构畸形多在此时期出现心力衰竭的典型表现，这与生后肺血管阻力降低和肺血流量增加有关。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小婴儿心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@ 蜂窝织炎 * 一线疗法：青霉素或氨苄西林。B族链球菌感染@ * 青霉素过敏患者：二代或三代头孢菌素（可能适用，具体取决于过敏反应类型）、大环内酯类抗生素或万古霉素。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "蜂窝织炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "二代或三代头孢菌素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "蜂窝织炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大环内酯类抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "蜂窝织炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "万古霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "蜂窝织炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "蜂窝织炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨苄西林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
3.出生低体重儿 以足月出生，但体重明显低于正常儿以及体格发育始终低于正常为其特征。 4. Noonan综合征 临床表现与Turner综合征相似，智能发育迟缓者较多，部分病人合并心血管畸形，其中以肺动脉狭窄及房间隔缺损最常见，其核型为正常男性或者女性。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "Turner综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出生低体重儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "Turner综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Noonan综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Noonan综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "智能发育迟缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Noonan综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心血管畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "出生低体重儿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格发育始终低于正常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性粟粒性肺结核(acute miliary tuberculosis of the lungs)，或称急性血行播散性肺结核，是结核分枝杆菌经血行播散而引起的肺结核，常是原发综合征发展的后果，主要见于小儿时期，尤其是婴幼儿。肺部CT扫描 可见肺影显示大小、密度、分布一致的粟粒影，部分病灶有融合。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性粟粒性肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺部CT扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急性粟粒性肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性血行播散性肺结核"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "急性粟粒性肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小儿时期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "急性粟粒性肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴幼儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
骨性关节炎@对于药物和非药物治疗不起作用的患者，全膝关节置换术对大部分患者能提供良好的长期的疼痛缓解。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全膝关节置换术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
表11-25 Lawrence横纹肌肉瘤临床分期 表11-26 根据Lawrence临床分期的生存率 【治疗】 横纹肌肉瘤的治疗需要多学科联合进行，包括外科手术、放疗和化疗。 （二）化疗 化疗或包括化疗的辅助治疗可显著地控制肿瘤的局部发展，改善生存率。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "化疗",
"subject": "横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "化疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外科手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "放射治疗",
"subject": "横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "放疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
任何有Reye综合征表现的婴儿均应考虑是否有脂肪酸氧化缺陷。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "Reye综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脂肪酸氧化缺陷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@结果 存在淋巴结病和/或内脏的结节提示转移癌。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "转移癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内脏的结节"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（三）免疫抑制剂 适用于难治性肾病综合征。 2.其他 包括苯丁酸氮芥（chlorambucil）0. 2mg/（kg•d），总剂量＜12～16mg；氮芥（chlormethine）0. 1mg/（kg•d）静脉注射，4天为一疗程，1个月后可重复一疗程；环孢素A （ciclosporin A，CsA）5mg/（kg•d）口服，缓解后减量，可用6个月，维持全血CsA谷浓度在100～200ng/ml水平；6-硫鸟嘌呤（6-TG）1. 5mg/（kg•d）口服，疗程一年。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯丁酸氮芥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氮芥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "环孢素A"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "6-硫鸟嘌呤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "环孢素A",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "ciclosporin A"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "环孢素A",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "CsA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "6-硫鸟嘌呤",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "6-TG"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "苯丁酸氮芥",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "chlorambucil"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "氮芥",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "chlormethine"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
乙型肝炎@男性感染风险是女性的1.6倍。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "乙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
第六节 维生素B6缺乏症 维生素B6有三种形式，即吡哆醇（pyridoxine，PN）、吡哆醛（pyridoxal，PA或PL）和吡哆胺（pyridoxamine，PM）。原发性缺乏罕见，因为大多数食物中都含有维生素B6，但是人工喂养儿因配制奶中维生素B6缺乏可致病。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "维生素B6缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "原发性缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "原发性缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "配制奶中维生素B6缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
甲状腺癌@ * 未分化癌：是一种未分化的肿瘤类型，可见有丝分裂和血管浸润。甲状腺癌@常伴有邻近组织侵犯，包括喉返神经、气管、肌肉、和/或食管。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "未分化癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉返神经"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "未分化癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气管"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "未分化癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌肉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "未分化癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食管"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@内镜治疗的方式为括约肌切开并放置多枚胆管塑料支架。慢性胰腺炎@不过，在胆管狭窄的情况下，植入单枚覆膜自膨式金属支架与植入多枚塑料支架的成功率相当。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胆管狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内镜治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内镜治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
慢性髓性白血病@ * 对治疗无反应的持续性脾肿大或脾肿大加重。慢性髓性白血病@ * 对治疗无反应的白细胞计数持续不变或增多（＞10 x 10^9/L [10 x 10^3/μL 10,000/μL）。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脾肿大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（五）其他部位 不包括原发于泌尿系的，腹膜后横纹肌肉瘤占了10%，组织类型为胚胎型或腺泡型，确诊时大多数都有淋巴结累积或远处转移灶，已经不能切除。偶有经二次探查术后转为对治疗敏感的，Ⅲ级病人的存活率为48%。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "腹膜后横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "48%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
}
] |
法洛四联症（tetralogy of Fallot,TOF)是婴儿期后最常见的青紫型先天性心脏病,约占所有先天性 心脏病的12%。 [辅助检査] 1. 血液检査 周围血红细胞计数和血红蛋白浓度明显增高，红细胞可达（5.0~8.0)x10I2/L, 血红蛋白170 ~ 200g/L,血细胞比容也增高，为53 vol% ~ 80vol%。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "法洛四联症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血红细胞计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "法洛四联症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血红蛋白浓度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "法洛四联症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "tetralogy of Fallot"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "法洛四联症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "TOF"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "法洛四联症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青紫型先天性心脏病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
第四节 黏多糖病 【概述】 黏多糖病（mucopolysaccharidosis，MPS）是一组遗传性溶酶体贮积症，因降解各种黏多糖所需的溶酶体酶缺陷，造成不能完全降解的黏多糖在溶酶体中贮积，并有大量黏多糖从尿中排出。除Ⅳ型和Ⅵ型外，患者都伴有智能落后。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "黏多糖病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "智能落后"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "黏多糖病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "mucopolysaccharidosis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "黏多糖病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MPS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "mucopolysaccharidosis",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MPS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
普通感冒@应将抗生素用于治疗确诊的感染。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "普通感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
二、B族链球菌感染 【病因学】 B族链球菌（group B streptococcus，GBS）又称无乳链球菌（streptococcus agalactiae），是Lancefield分类中的一种B组链球菌，属于带有荚膜的革兰阳性球菌，致病力较A群弱，但在新生儿及免疫功能低下者可引起严重感染，因而近年来受到普遍重视。 【临床表现】 早发GBS感染约占新生儿GBS感染的80%，常以肺炎、败血症或脑膜炎为临床特征，多在生后12～24小时内出现症状。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早发GBS感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "B族链球菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "B族链球菌",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "group B streptococcus"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "B族链球菌",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "GBS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "B族链球菌",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "无乳链球菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "B族链球菌",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "streptococcus agalactiae"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "早发GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "早发GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "败血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "早发GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "新生儿GBS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早发GBS感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【实验室检査】 由于先天性甲低发病率高，在生命早期对神经系统功能损害严重，且其治疗容易、疗效佳，因此早期诊断、早期治疗至为重要。 常用甲状腺制剂有两种:①L-甲状腺素钠:100μg/片或50μg/片，含T4,半衰期为1周，因T4浓度每日仅有小量变动,血清浓度较稳定,故每日服一次即可。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "先天性甲低",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "L-甲状腺素钠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
图14-5 糖原分解、合成的代谢途径 （1）淀粉-（1，4→1，6）转葡萄糖苷酶 （2）糖原合成酶 （3）尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 （4）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶 （5）磷酸己糖异构酶 （6）己糖激酶 （7）葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶 （8）淀粉-1，6-葡萄糖苷酶（脱支酶）（9）磷酸化酶 （10）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶；糖（11）磷酸己糖异构酶 （12）磷酸果糖激酶 GSD目前分为11型。 2.在1岁以后可以服用生玉米淀粉混悬液，剂量为每次1. 5g/kg，4小时1次。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GSD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生玉米淀粉混悬液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
超声心动图 二维超声可从多个切面显示缺损的部位、数目与大小等。 图11-8室间隔缺损X线胸片（正位片） 图11-9室间隔缺损左心室造影 【治疗】 室间隔缺损易并发呼吸道感染、充血性心力衰竭及感染性心内膜炎等，应及时诊治。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "室间隔缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "室间隔缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸道感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "室间隔缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "充血性心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "室间隔缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染性心内膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
有时可见恶心、呕吐、腹泻、腹痛、食欲缺乏等症状。 【诊断】 找到蛲虫卵或发现蛲虫成虫即可确诊蛲虫病。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "蛲虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "蛲虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹泻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "蛲虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "蛲虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【分类及发病机制】 珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血的分类有两种方法：①根据珠蛋白肽链基因缺陷情况分为α、β、γ和δ等。 2.红细胞渗透脆性试验 减低，0. 40%～0. 38%NaCl溶液开始溶血，在0. 20%或更低的低渗盐水中才完全溶血，轻型病例可正常。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红细胞渗透脆性试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "β"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "δ"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
睾丸癌@囊肿的位置有助于诊断。 睾丸癌@检查 阴囊超声检查可协助诊断。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "睾丸癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阴囊超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
巨细胞病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、风疹病毒等，以及原虫（如弓形虫）、衣原体、支原体（如解脲支原体）等也可引起新生儿感染性肺炎。通过羊水感染者，常有明显的呼吸困难和肺部啰音。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺部啰音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单纯疱疹病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "风疹病毒等"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "原虫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弓形虫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "衣原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "解脲支原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
第三节 钩虫 病第七篇 感染性疾病 第八章 寄生虫病【临床流行病学】 【病理改变】 【临床表现】 （一）钩蚴所致的症状 （二）成虫引起的症状 【诊断】 【治疗】 （一）一般疗法 （二）驱虫疗法 1.甲苯咪唑 2.丙硫咪唑 3.左旋咪唑 4.噻嘧啶 5.伊维菌素 6.联合用药 （三）对局部钩蚴性皮炎的治疗 【预防】钩虫病（ hookworm diseases ）的病原体是钩虫，钩虫共有3种，即十二指肠钩虫、美洲钩虫和锡兰钩虫，其中以前两者引起人类感染最为重要。 （二）成虫引起的症状 主要为失血性贫血，食欲缺乏及消化不良、腹泻而致营养缺乏。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "钩虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "寄生虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲苯咪唑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "寄生虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丙硫咪唑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "寄生虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左旋咪唑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "寄生虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伊维菌素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "寄生虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "联合用药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "hookworm diseases",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钩虫病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "失血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "失血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "消化不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "失血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "营养缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@ 前4个月纯母乳喂养和避免孕产期暴露于烟草烟雾是预防特异性疾病的有效因素，也是预防哮喘所提倡的行为因素。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "暴露于烟草烟雾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
小儿AIDS 流行病学史:同无症状HIV感染。 抗病毒治疗 核苷类反转录酶抑制剂:如齐多夫定（zidovudine,AZT)、二脱氧肌苷（DDI)、拉米夫定（lami- vudine，STC)和司坦夫定（stavudine，d4T),此类药物能选择性地与HIV反转录酶结合,并渗人正在延 长的DNA链中,使DNA链终止,从而抑制HIV的复制和转录。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "小儿AIDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "核苷类反转录酶抑制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "小儿AIDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "齐多夫定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "小儿AIDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "二脱氧肌苷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "小儿AIDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "司坦夫定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "齐多夫定",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "zidovudine"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "齐多夫定",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "AZT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "二脱氧肌苷",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "DDI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "拉米夫定",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "lami- vudine"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "拉米夫定",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "STC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "司坦夫定",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "stavudine"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "司坦夫定",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "d4T"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
乙型肝炎@ * 免疫耐受期：HBeAg 阳性；ALT 水平正常；HBV DNA 升高（一般＞100 万 IU/mL）；肝脏活检显示轻微炎症和纤维化。乙型肝炎@ * 慢性乙型肝炎非活动期：HBeAg 阴性，抗 HBe 阳性；ALT 水平正常；HBV DNA 低或检测不到；肝脏活检显示轻微坏死性炎症和不同程度的纤维化（反映了 HBeAg 阳性免疫活动期的肝损伤）。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "乙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性乙型肝炎非活动期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "乙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脏活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "乙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫耐受期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
白内障@检查 使用针孔镜进行视力检测可提示在不进行手术的情况下，改变眼镜度数能否提高视力。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "针孔镜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性粟粒性肺结核(acute miliary tuberculosis of the lungs)，或称急性血行播散性肺结核，是结核分枝杆菌经血行播散而引起的肺结核，常是原发综合征发展的后果，主要见于小儿时期，尤其是婴幼儿。肺 部可闻及细湿啰音而被误诊为肺炎。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性粟粒性肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺 部可闻及细湿啰音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "急性粟粒性肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急性粟粒性肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性血行播散性肺结核"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "急性粟粒性肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小儿时期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "急性粟粒性肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴幼儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
肝癌@ ### 梗阻性黄疸 可能因为肿瘤堵塞胆管。肝癌@ ### 直肠静脉扩张 这在晚期或失代偿期肝硬化的患者直肠中出现。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "梗阻性黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
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