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Course Project Summary
Objective Each student is to select research question related to money and banking and develop a well written paper that provides insight into the topic. The goal is to Obtain a better understanding Of the topic, While relating the identified topic or concept with real world scenarios. Guidelines For this project, select one of the following research questions below. If you want to select a topic that does not appear in the list below, please contact me for approval. 1. What has been the impact of the recent mortgage crisis on the money supply in the united States?What actions did the Federal Reserve take in response to the mortgage crisis? 2.
What interventions were taken by the Federal Reserve during the most recent recession and how did these actions compare to strategies implemented in the past? Were their actions successful? 3. How has the Federal Reserve strategy of the last five years affected the dollar exchange rate? Why did the Federal Reserve follow this strategy? Has it been successful? 4. How have Federal Reserve actions on the discount rate in the last three years affected inflation and unemployment in the united States?S. What is the nature of any problems and concerns created by supreme lending for lenders, investors, borrowers, and the economy as a whole? 6. What interventions were taken by the Federal Reserve to bail out investment firms and mortgage companies? (Provide specific examples). Why did the Federal Reserve bail-out financial institutions other than commercial banks? Discuss this policy response taking into account the current structure of Federal Reserve governance and regulatory activity. 7.
Explain the global market and banking connection.Are global markets regulated well? Discuss important risk incinerations, including exchange risk concerns. 8. What is the connection between economic and environmental shocks (e. G. Global events, wars, commodity price fluctuations) and changes in money and banking strategy? Highlight specific examples.
9. Discuss the current structure of the banking industry. Compare and contrast today’s structure versus historical structures. Why has consolidation occurred and who will experience benefits and losses – customers, the institutions, etc. Why have bank failures occurred?Are there any consequences of consolidation and failure in the industry? 0, What are the effects of electronic transactions and banking upon the industry and/or monetary policy? Have innovations created greater or less efficiency? What has been the role tooth Federal Reserve? Once you have selected your research question, review the materials in the text that can help you get started, and then begin conducting outside research using the online library, the Internet, the Wall Street Journal websites, the Economist, and so forty prom your research, create an annotated bibliography. An annotated bibliography includes the full preference in PAP format and a paragraph explaining the value of the source to your research.
) This will help you both in organizing your research, and in generating your reference page at the end Of the project. At the end Of Week 3 you Will submit a Topic Proposal in Which you Will identify the topic you selected for the Course Project. Within this Topic Proposal, you will also include the annotated bibliography for your sources. You are required to have five to seven outside sources for this project.
The Topic Proposal Will consist of a one page, typed, and single spaced paper.
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(Reddit r/Filmmakers)
Keep this trailer when you try to sell it to distribution companies.
Cut another trailer that is 1.5 to 2 minutes long
Cut a teaser for 30 seconds.
Delete this post (see if the mods can pull it completely), pull this video from youtube so it becomes a broken link, upload a 2 minute trailer, and STOP Promoting the fact you made it for $100 until after you sell the film. Why? Because if you end up selling it to a film distribution company, They will only want to buy it for $100. Its a cat and mouse game. Let them guess how much you made it for. You will end up on top like Robert Rodriguez did with El Mariachi. Maybe not 2 million but you will have more then what you started with. If you don't understand it, hire a lawyer to read over it. I am very serious about this one.
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Before anyone jumps all over this topic and shuts it down, many people would be surprised at just how many attributes and qualities of ice hockey can be found at the Summer Olympics.
While any comparison between summer and winter sports can often be very debatable, similarities to ice hockey can be found inside of multiple summer events. Let’s take a look at the many ways in which ice hockey compares to our favourite summer sports. All of the following attributes and qualities can typically be found on the ice each and every game.
Just by watching a few minutes of the Olympics, it’s obvious that many of the competing athletes have outstanding athleticism. In hockey, the ability to stop, turn, spin, accelerate, shoot, and be physical all are a result of athleticism.
Handball is a sport which is not only exciting, but it’s also one which exemplifies great athletic ability. In the match below, Croatian and Danish women take part in an Olympic handball match that is filled with leaps and throws.
An essential skill for any hockey player is the ability to maintain one’s balance. The game is just so quick, and without proper balance, success would be hard to achieve. Balance allows players to absorb checks, change directions, and stay on their feet at all times. Core strength is known to improve balance, and many of the National Hockey League’s top players excel because of their terrific balancing ability.
In the Summer Olympics, balance can best be found on the aptly named balance beam. In this video, American gymnast Shawn Johnson shows how proper balance leads to great rewards, as she puts on a tremendous display. This performance would lead to her winning the event and receiving a gold medal in Beijing.
Confidence and Desire
In many competitive sports, if someone doesn’t have confidence in their abilities, they might as well go home. The same applies to ice hockey and the Summer Olympics. All competitors are among the best in the business, and each and every one of them has earned their way to to the top of their sport.
This tennis match shows Milos Raonic of Canada taking on Jo-Wilfried Tsonga of France during the 2012 Olympics in London. It was the longest tennis match in Olympic history, and consisted of a third set which just wouldn’t end. During such a long match, high confidence is needed just to keep the legs moving. The desire of these two players to win clearly showed during that match as forty-eight games were played during the set.
It’s fair to say that many of hockey’s greatest players have amazing sets of hands. From Sidney Crosby to Alex Ovechkin and Steven Stamkos, the elite forwards in the NHL all have great mitts.
A sport which perfectly shows how quick hands win championships is badminton. As easy as it may sometimes look, badminton is actually a very challenging sport to play. This is mostly due to the quick hands that are needed to succeed when playing. In the video below, Lin Dan of China took on Lee Chong Wei of Malaysia in the gold medal match of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. Watch as the players use lightning-fast hands and wrists to pound the shuttlecock back and forth. It’s really quite impressive.
There’s a reason the highest-paid players in the NHL are usually skilled forwards: it’s hard to be one. Not everyone has the natural ability to be like a Pavel Datsyuk or an Ilya Kovalchuk. Fortunately for all the fans, at least one really skilled player can usually be found on each team. Without them, it can be very difficult to win. As a result, skill is a very valuable attribute.
For all the hardcore basement ping-pong players who are reading, you’ll be glad to see that table tennis is being included in this article. Watching some of these Olympians go all out on the floor can be electrifying to see. Feel free to use the video below as proof. Ma Lin of China takes on his fellow countryman, Wang Hao, in the gold medal match, and they can go back and forth on the table at rapid speed. The reason they can do so is, simply put, they have extreme skill.
Elite NHL speedsters such as Michael Grabner and Erik Karlsson can be a pleasure to watch when they fly down the ice. The ways they can utilize their speed are countless. Speed enables players to cruise right around slower defenders, and it can add an extra element to their skill level.
Seriously, does anyone else in the world represent speed to a tee than Usain Bolt? During the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, Bolt set a world record without even looking like he was trying. While his competitors were all going full speed, Bolt was showboating and nonchalantly flying to the finish line. Not much more needs to be said.
Massive bodies in the National Hockey League tend to do very well. Given the strength these players have, it should come as no real surprise. The captain of the Boston Bruins, Zdeno Chara is well-known around the league as a beast of a body. Not only is he the tallest player in league history, but he’s also one of the strongest players in today’s game. Enforcers and tough guys tend to be in tremendous shape as well, as their bodies are constantly being tested. Former Philadelphia Flyers’ grinder Riley Cote was a prime example.
Weightlifting is the clear choice when it comes to showing strength in the Summer Olympics. The men and women who participate in these events have huge bodies and unreal amounts of strength. They are able to raise astounding weights above their heads, and deserve high praise for what they are able to lift.
That sums up my comparison between ice hockey and the Summer Olympics. Hopefully more of us can find similarities between the two. While ice hockey is by no means technically similar, there are many parts of the game that can be applied to the Summer Olympics. There are a number of other ones out there; it’s all about finding them.
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In "The Most Dangerous Game," what are the two possible meanings of the title?
1 Answer | Add Yours
"The Most Dangerous Game" is a title with two possible meanings.
First, "Game" is a word used to refer to animals that are hunted for sport or food. Since General Zaroff is bored hunting animals which cannot reason, he invents a new "game" to hunt, that of captured humans. Since humans can reason and make plans, they are more capable of avoiding and fighting a hunter than animals, which makes them a more "dangerous game."
Second, "Game" refers to a sport or activity. Zaroff's passion for hunting -- his preferred "game" -- has waned with boredom, and so he creates a new game. However, since this involves capturing and murdering innocent and unwilling participants, he cannot practice this sport on the mainlands, where civilization will reject his reasoning. Therefore, he moves his "dangerous game" to an island. His "game" is dangerous to him, because if he were caught at it, he would be convicted of murder and probably executed.
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Lesson 1: WALT: What was Prehistoric Medicine like and why was it like it?? WILF: Can describe (C) and explain (B) the main features of prehistoric life and medicine
Lesson Development Starter - Watch the clip and take brief notes on prehistoric medicine Stand and Share 1. Mix and pair up - Study the presentation below and Rally Robin - what were the main features of prehistoric life and medicine? 2. Stand and Share 3. In a new pair now study the detailed ppt and add to your lists 4. Pair Up again and Rally Coach this exercise 4. Solo work - complete the Interactive diagram and print 5. Plenary - Paraphrase Passport todays WALT
Lesson 2 WALT: Why was prehistory a time of continuity? WILFs: Can describe explain the main features of prehistorical society (C)... can list and explain possible reasons for continuity (C)... Can analyse and evaluate causes of continuity and come to a supported conclusion (A*) Lesson Development
1. Starter Find Someone Who 2. Mix Up and Rally Coach the exercise - drop notes into Word and save in a new folder for GCSE History 3. Mix Up again and with a new partner Rally Robin 'Why was prehistoric medicine basic and why didn't it change?' 4. Stand and Share 5. Rally coach the interactive diagram 5. Extension - review the detailed PPT, take notes and complete the questions on the last slide in your books 6. Plenary - Mix Pair Share
Lesson 3 Development WALT: What was Prehistoric Medicine like and why was it like it? WILF: Can describe (C) and explain (B) the main features of prehistoric life and medicine 1. Pair up - promenade your face partner and discuss what you can remember about prehistory and prehistoric medicine 2. Sit down and with your shoulder partner Rally robin a list with 2 columns and 2 rows as below, Use the new textbooks to help you.
Features of Prehistoric Medicine
Reasons why Prehistoric medicine was relatively poor
3. Stand and Share 4. Now try the new Find Someone Who (both sides) 5. In your table groups plan and create a spider diagram which explains WHY prehistoric man knew so little about medicine. Use the large sugar paper and pens. Use the words: TECHNOLOGY, EDUCATION, RELIGION, COMMUNICATIONS, ECONOMY, GOVERNMENT as the heading for each leg of the diagram. Use the new textbooks to help you.
6. When instructed one can stray to share and steal an idea from another group PLENARY: Each write one quiz quiz trade question and answer card based on what you have learnt about prehistoric medicine, then play the game
Summary from the BBC
Prehistoric people were hunter-gatherers. They lived in small groups and constantly moved around the country seeking out the best conditions for shelter and food supplies. In order to explain the many things in the world they could not otherwise understand, they believed in spirits.
Medicine was extremely basic and what treatments there were reflected their close relationship to nature and their superstition about spirits. Though prehistoric people had very little idea of how the body worked treatments included:
* simple cures using medicinal herbs.
* setting broken limbs.
* blaming evil spirits for disease.
* employing 'medicine men' whom they believed wielded power over spirits.
* practising trepanning to release evil spirits.
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PART 2: THE MEDIATORIAL KINGDOM IN OLD TESTAMENT PROPHECY
[EDITOR’s NOTE: This article is the 2nd in the series by Dr. McClain, Former President of Grace Theological Seminary, which constituted the W. H. Griffith Thomas Memorial Lectureship at Dallas Theological Seminary, November 9–12, 1954]
Since this area which we are about to enter is in certain respects the most important one of the entire investigation, something by the way of introduction should be said regarding the nature, interpretation and extent of kingdom prophecy.
The Nature of Kingdom Prophecy
a. Viewed from one standpoint, kingdom prophecy arises out of definite historical situation existing immediately before the eyes of the prophet. There is probably no exception to this rule. Even in purely predictive prophecy, or what some have called apocalyptic prediction, although the prophet may say nothing about the immediate historical situation, it nevertheless provides the background of what he has to say about the future. There is no such thing as predictive prophecy totally unrelated to history.
b. Sometimes prophecies of the kingdom have what has been called a “double reference,” or which might be more accurately called an “apotelesmatic” character. As Delitzsch has written, “All prophecy is complex, i.e., it sees together what history outrolls as separate: and all prophecy is apotelesmatic, i.e., it sees close behind the nearest-coming, epoch-making turn in history, the summit of the end.” That is, somewhat as a picture lacks the dimension of depth, the prophecy often lacks the dimension of time: events appear on the screen of prophecy which in their fulfillment may be widely separated in time. Thus the student may find a prophecy referring to some event in the near future connected with the historical phase of the kingdom, and also to some far off event connected with the Messiah and his millennial kingdom. When the first event arrives it becomes the earnest and divine forecast of the more distant and final event. An excellent example may be found in Isaiah 13:17—14:4, a prediction which begins with the defeat of Babylon by the Medes, and moves from that point immediately to a Babylon of the end-time. The same phenomenon may be observed in prophecies of the coming of the Messianic King, which New Testament history “outrolls” into two advents greatly separated in time. Such a view of prophecy does not mean an abandonment of its literality, as some have argued. The double prediction is literal, and is to be literally fulfilled: The Medes have destroyed historic Babylon, and God will also literally destroy a future Babylon. Christ has come once literally; and He will again break into the stream of history with no less literality.
Interpretation of Kingdom Prophecy
Without paying too much attention to individual variations, I have reduced the important methods now current to three, which I have named the literal, the eclectical, and the critical; being deeply conscious of the inadequacy of mere names. As I am in the habit of saying to my classes, you should feel at liberty to improve upon my suggestions—but be sure that yours are better than mine.
The literal method. Probably this method has never been stated better than by Ellicott: “The true and honest method of interpreting the Word of God [is] the literal, historical, and grammatical.” This method, as its adherents have explained times without number, leaves room for all the devices and nuances of language, including the use of figure, metaphor, simile, symbol and allegory. in their criticism of this literal method, most of its critics have been guilty of a “crasser literalism” than ever used by any reputable adherent of the method in its application to the Word of God. Certainly the literal method is not without its problems, but these problems are only such as naturally arise out of the nature of human language. Basically the method is extremely simple. For example, Psalm 72:6 speaks of the Messianic King as follows: “He shall come down like rain upon the mown grass.” Here we have a literal coming—the Lord “shall come down.” Also the effect of his coming is literal, although in this case it is described by a simile—”like rain upon the mown grass.” If you have ever seen the glorious effect of a summer shower coming down on a field of grass which, has been cut, then you will have some idea of what the literal effect of our Lord’s coming will be upon a troubled world. Of course, if you wish to depart from simple common sense, you can say that in this text “grass” stands for the church at Pentecost; “mown” stands for the unsanctified state of the disciples upon that occasion; and, the “rain” stands for the gift of the Holy Spirit. Once launched on the sea of conjecture, it is not surprising that interpreters finally arrive at strange ports, as far removed from reality as the “beautiful isle of somewhere.”
In a comparatively recent book written by Oswald T. Allis under the title Prophecy and the Church, the author in the course of his anti-millennial argument makes a curious attack upon the literal method of prophetical interpretation. First he criticizes severely some premillennial writers for being more concerned about “typical interpretation” than about the Old Testament history from which the alleged types are gathered. This criticism might well be taken to heart. But then Allis goes on to complain that, “If Ruth can give ‘a foreview of the Church,’ if ‘the larger interpretation’ of the Songs of Solomon concerns the Church, why must the Church be absent from the glorious visions of Isaiah?” Now it is hard for me to believe that the very able and intelligent writer of these words does not know exactly what he is doing, even though a careless reader might miss the point. Reduced to a simple statement, his argument is that if we premillennialists are willing to take Old Testament history typically, we should not object to the taking of Old Testament prophecy typically. “In dealing with prophecy,” Allis writes, our premillennial “treatment is marked by a literalism which refuses to recognize types.” This seems to Allis “strikingly inconsistent” on our past.
As a matter of fact, the inconsistency is in Allis and in his fallacious argument. Our answer is as follows: First, premillennialists take both history and prophecy literally. We may indeed, within proper limits, find in history certain types and shadows of things to come, but no one among us in his right senses ever questioned the literality of the history. But what about the author of Prophecy and the Church? Well, Allis accepts the history as literal, but denies the literality of the prophecy, at least in certain areas of the Old Testament, and insists that a typical interpretation is the only one! If Allis were as willing to accept the literality of Old Testament prophecy as he is of its history, I for one would raise no serious objection if he should find some legitimate “types” in both. I would insist, however, that just as in any proper interpretation of Old Testament history Joseph is always Joseph and not Christ, even so in prophecy Israel is always Israel and never the church. This does not mean that the preacher must never take a prophecy concerning Israel and apply it to the church. But he should always know what he is talking about, and make certain that his hearers know.
There is, after all, a fundamental difference between Biblical history and prophecy which must not be overlooked. History deals with a literal event, which may or may not be a type pointing to some future event. Thus a type seems to be always prophetic in nature. As the late William G. Moorehead once wrote, “A type always prefigures something future. A Scriptural type and predictive prophecy are in substance the same, differing only in form.” On the other hand, prophecy (predictive) deals directly with the future reality. To talk about a “typical interpretation” of prophecy, therefore, is something like saying that prophecy should be interpreted prophetically! Perhaps it would help to clear the air if we could get rid of all the adjectives, and simply use the term interpretation alone in its first and original sense, “to give the meaning of.” We could then go on from there and talk about other things, such as types and applications. This is what we mean by literal interpretation.
The eclectic method. This is sometimes called the “spiritual” method, for the reason that “spiritualizing” is its most distinctive feature. The great church father Origen is generally regarded as the originator of this method, although in his better moments he insisted on…an exact grammatical interpretation of the text as the basis of all exegesis.” Origen was a Platonist in philosophy, which explains much in his theology. In his hands the spiritualizing method of Biblical interpretation became a useful tool in opposing the doctrine of a literal millennial rule of Christ on earth, something which no consistent Platonist could possibly accept.
The term spiritual should be rejected, I feel strongly, as a proper name for the anti-literal method of interpretation, for at least two reasons: First, the word spiritual is much too fine to be surrendered without protest for wrong uses; and second, no one of any consequence was ever known to employ the “spiritualizing” scheme consistently and exclusively. For example, Dr. Shedd speaks disparagingly of what he calls “the blooming age of Millenarianism,” and finds that this age was mainly caused by the adoption of “the literal interpretation of the Old Testament prophecies” as opposed to the spiritual method. But it must be said to the credit of this able scholar that he himself did not use the “spiritualizing” method exclusively, not even in his approach to Old Testament prophecy. He only resorted to it under the spell of his very narrow and inadequate notions about the kingdom. At other times in his Biblical interpretations Dr. Shedd became just as literal as the “literalists” whom he criticizes. Doubtless we should thank God that not all men are logically consistent in holding their erroneous opinions. What can happen when men cut loose from literality may be seen in Gregory the Great’s exposition of the book of Job, where we learn that the partiarch’s three friends denote the heretics; his seven sons are the twelve apostles; his seven thousand sheep are God’s faithful people; and his three thousand humpbacked camels are the depraved Gentiles!
Actually therefore the anti-millenarian scheme of prophetical interpretation is eclectic, employing both the spiritualizing and literal methods.
The critical method. Adherents of this method regard the Bible for the most part as a collection of human writings setting forth the religious experiences of men in their search for God. Since it was written by men, they argue, the Bible should be treated like other books written by men. Feeling no compulsion to defend any doctrine of Biblical inspiration or infallibility, they move through the Biblical literature dropping burning matches anywhere and everywhere, regardless of what may be burned up. The one good thing in this attitude is that the Bible is permitted to speak for itself literally. If the Bible says something which to these men seems to contradict history or science, so much the worse for the Bible. They simply reject what it says. Among the more moderate members of this school of interpretation is the late A. B. Davidson, who leaves no question whatever about his attitude toward the Old Testament prophecies concerning Israel and the coming kingdom. The question of interpretation here, he argues, is a “double one.” The first question is, what did the prophets mean? “And to this question there can be one answer,” writes Davidson, “Their meaning is the literal sense of their words” (Italics are mine). The second question has to do with the fulfilment of the prophecies. Again let Davidson answer his own question in his own words: “There is no question as to the meaning of the Old Testament prophecies; the question is how far this meaning is now valid” (Italics mine – “Eschatology,” Hasting’s Bible Dictionary, I, 73). Although we may regret his conclusion, at least Davidson’s candor is refreshing.
The Extent of Kingdom Prophecy
In a very real sense, all Messianic prophecy in the Old Testament is kingdom prophecy. Even those predictions which deal with Messiah’s humiliation and sufferings cannot be separated from the context of regal glory. As Archibald M’Caig has rightfully observed concerning the great prophetic period in Old Testament history, “The prophecies all more or less have a regal tint, and the coming one is preeminently the coming king” (M’Caig, “King, Christ as,” International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia, III, 1802).
Generally we may say that Old Testament prophecy of the future mediatorial kingdom of God begins with a few scattered references in the Pentateuch; opens up clearly in the records of the historical kingdom; grows in volume and brilliance as the historical kingdom declines; and comes to its close in Malachi.
This material is so extensive that no attempt can be made in these lectures to present an exhaustive list of references; nor shall I try to deal with the ideas in the order of their historical utterance. I can only set forth in very much condensed form a series of generalizations, supported by selected but representative material from the inspired text as time permits. The question before us is, therefore, What do the Old Testament prophets say about the future kingdom? Whether their conception is identical or not with the kingdom announced in the gospel records is a question to be dealt with in a later lecture.
The Literality of the Coming Kingdom
This kingdom of Old Testament prophecy is not merely an ideal kingdom like the Kantian “kingdom of ends,” something toward which man must ever strive but never attain. On the contrary, it will be as real and literal in the realm of sense experience as the historical kingdom of Israel or the kingdom of Great Britain today. All prophecy from first to last asserts and implies this literality: in such details as its ruler (Isa 33:17), its geographical location (Isa 14:1–2), its citizens (Jer 23:3–6), its capital city (Isa 2:5), the nations involved (Isa 11:11), and numerous other details which will appear in the progress of this study.
Worthy of special notice here is the fact that the prophets picture the coming kingdom as one which will destroy and supplant other kingdoms which are literal (Dan 2, 7). The divine kingdom does indeed come down from heaven, but the arena of action is on earth where the heavenly kingdom supplants literal kingdoms and functions in their stead. There is no place left for an unfilled vacuum in human history. Furthermore, the prophets insist that the coming kingdom will actually be a revival and restoration of the Old Testament kingdom of history: “the former dominion” shall be returned to the nation of Israel in the city of Jerusalem (Mic 4:1, 7, 8); the tabernacle of David, which is fallen, shall again be raised up by divine power, “as in the days of old” (Amos 9:11). In all these and a thousand other details there is the unmistakable flavor of literality.
And lest there be some misunderstanding on this point, let me say that I am not using the term literal as absolutely opposed to the term spiritual. Even spiritual things are literal; in fact, they are the most literal of all in the whole realm of reality. By literality here I mean that the prophetical details of the coming kingdom will be tangible in the world of sense experience: “Thine eyes shall see the King…they shall behold the land” (Isa 33:17); and “All flesh shall see it together” (Isa 40:5). With such words before us, therefore, we should not be too quick to criticize the literal-mindedness of the early apostles when they asked of the risen Christ, “Lord, wilt thou at this time restore again the kingdom to Israel?” (Acts 1:6).
The Future Establishment of the Kingdom
The time of its establishment, to the prophets, sometimes seems to be very near at hand: Haggai says it will come in it “a little while” (2:6–9 ); Isaiah says, “a very little while” (29:17). Yet other predictions indicate that the kingdom is far in the future, after the lapse of “many days” (Hos 3:4, 5), or in the “latter days” (Isa 2:2). Doubtless the reconciliation of these forecasts may be found in the divine mind to which our many days are only a very little while.
The establishment of the kingdom is always preceded by divine judgments. There will be world-wide military preparation and devastating wars among the nations (Joel 3:9–16; Isa 3:25—4:1): great cosmic disturbances affecting the heavenly bodies (Joel 2:30–31); a special judgment upon the nation of Israel which will attend their regathering back into the land of the promised kingdom (Ezek 20:35, 33, ASV); and also a special judgment upon the living Gentile nations, based primarily upon their treatment of Israel whom they have scattered among the nations and robbed of their silver and gold (Joel 3:1–8). Some of these divine judgments will fall upon the earth itself, causing it to “reel to and fro like a drunkard”—all this to precede that glorious day “When the Lord of hosts shall reign in mount Zion, and in Jerusalem” (Isa 24:17–23).
Thus the coming of the kingdom in established form will be a world-shaking event. Although the divine work of preparation may seem at times almost interminable, its actual establishment will not be a long and gradual process, so imperceptible at times that sceptics will be able to dispute whether there even be such a thing as a kingdom of God. On the contrary, the coming of the kingdom will be sudden, comparable only to the falling of a great stone from heaven; supernatural in its descent as a stone “cut out without hands”; and catastrophic in its immediate effects, destroying the governments of earth so completely that no trace of them can be found (see Dan 2, 7).
The Ruler of This Future Kingdom
The names and titles applied to the coming King indicate that ‘he will be both human and divine in nature. He is called “a man” (Isa 32:1, 2), one like unto a “son of man” (Dan 7:13, 14), the “son” of God (Ps 2:7), a “rod of the stem of Jesse” (Isa 11:1), a “righteous branch of David” (Jer 23:5), “God” and “the Lord Jehovah” (Isa 40:9, 10, ASV), “Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace” (Isa 9:6, 7).
He will be perfect in character, wisdom and ability. The Spirit of God rests upon him in wisdom, understanding, counsel, might, knowledge, and fear of the Lord; righteousness is the girdle of his loins, and faithfulness the girdle of his reins (Isa 11:1–5). He does not win his way to power by the ordinary means of demagoguery or military force; his voice is not heard in the street and a bruised reed shall he not break; yet unlike other rulers and statesmen he “shall not fail or be discouraged till he have set judgment in the earth” (Isa 42:1–4).
But over against this clearly revealed glory, there is a deep note of mystery in the career of the coming King. He is presented in Old Testament prophecy as a man of sorrow, despised and rejected of men; wounded, bruised, afflicted and dying for the iniquities of men (Isa 53). He is the great shepherd of Israel, yet he is smitten by the sword of God, and the sheep are scattered (Zech 13:7; cf. Isa 40:9–11). He is “Messiah the Prince” of Israel, ruler of the nations, yet he is “cut off” and has nothing which belongs to his regal glory (Dan 9:25, 26).
This mysterious problem did not go altogether unnoticed by the Jewish rabbins; some thought there might be two Messiahs, one the “son of Joseph” who would die, the other the “son of David” who would reign in glory. Other Jewish scholars applied the prophecies of the suffering to the nation of Israel personified, a view favored by modern Jewish interpretation. These proposed solutions, however, seem to be deflnitely post-Christian in origin, and were motivated probably by Jewish antagonism toward the Christian interpretation of Old Testament prophecy. It is highly doubtful whether anyone, having the Old Testament Scriptures alone and with no knowledge of Christian history, could or ever did arrive at a correct solution of the problem: that is, not two Messiahs, but one Messiah with two comings separated by a vast gulf in time.
We do know, however, that the problem was given serious consideration in pre-Christian times by the Old Testament prophets themselves. These men saw clearly the sufferings and glory of Messiah; they also understood the sequence of events—the sufferings would be first, and the glory would “follow.” But the time relation between the two was an unsolved problem to the Old Testament prophets, although they searched their own inspired writings to discover “what time or what manner of time” was signified (1 Pet 1:9–11, ASV). If this time relationship was ever revealed exactly to the prophets, Scripture is wholly silent as to any such revelation. And this silence will become a fact of high importance when we come later to the gospel records and ask, Was the kingdom in any sense postponed?
The Nature of Government in the Kingdom
The Mediatorial Kingdom as set forth in Old Testament prophecy is monarchical in form. The ruler will sit upon a “throne,” and the government will be “upon his shoulder” (Isa 9:6, 7). He receives his authority and holds it by divine grant: he is God’s king, established upon his throne by God himself (Ps 2:6; Dan 7:14). His rule will be characterized by severity, but a severity based upon absolute justice and righteousness (Ps 2:7–9; Isa 11:4a). And although he will rule the nations with a rod of iron, yet with infinite tenderness he will deal with the meek and the needy, gathering the lambs in his arms and carrying them in his bosom (Isa 40:10, 11).
In its external organization, the prophets picture the kingdom with the mediatorial king at its head; associated with him are those who are called “princes” (Isa 32:1); the “saints” possess the kingdom, doubtless the saved of Old Testament days (Dan 7:18, 22, 27); the living nation of Israel is given first place of favor and authority on earth, and the nation which rebels against it will perish (Isa 60:3, 10, 12). The subjects of this kingdom will include “all people, nations, and languages” (Dan 7:14), though certain passages suggest an unwilling subjection on the part of some, a point I shall discuss later.
All the functions of government are centered in the person of the mediatorial king. The prophet Isaiah sees him and names him as “judge,” “lawgiver,” and “King”—remarkable forecast of the conventional divisions of modern government: judicial, legislative, and executive (Isa 33:22). The founding fathers of our own American government, approaching their task with a deep suspicion of human nature, designed a system of checks and balances to separate these three departments and keep any one of them from getting too much power. Although it seems clumsy, wasteful and inefficient at times, our government has provided a welcome refuge for personal liberty in such a world as this, and will continue to do so—if we can keep it. But this is not the most ideal form of government. When God’s own glorious King takes over the kingdoms of the earth, it will be safe at last to concentrate all the functions of government in one Person. This does not mean that he will do everything, but rather that he will be the directing head and final authority; thus providing a unifying center, both infinitely wise and good, for all the activities of government, something which no government on earth has ever had.
The Extent and Duration of the Kingdom
“In that day,” the prophet Zechariah declares, “The Lord shall be king over all the earth” (14:9). And the Psalmist describes the scope of his government with still greater detail, “He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the River unto the ends of the earth. They that dwell in the wilderness shall bow before him; and his enemies shall lick the dust…. Yea, all kings shall fall down before him; all nations shall serve him” (72:8–11). Instead of regarding government as a necessary evil—the less of it, the better—the beneficent rule of the mediatorial kingdom will permeate and affect every department of human life: “In that day shall there be upon the bells of the horses, HOLINESS UNTO THE LORD…. Yea, every pot in Jerusalem and in Judah shall be holiness unto the Lord of hosts” (Zech 14:20–21). That artificial and popular distinction between the secular and the sacred will disappear in the immediate presence of the King who is the giver and sustainer of all that exists.
The rule and power of this kingdom will never suffer any diminution or reverses, such as are common with ordinary governments: “Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no end, upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to order it, and to establish it with judgment and with justice from henceforth even forever.” This is because its foundation is not in man but in God: “The zeal of the Lord of hosts will accomplish this” (Isa 9:7). And joining together in a single passage the two ideas of universality and eternity, Daniel describes the rule of the mediatorial King as a dominion extending over all, and also “an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away,” and “which shall not be destroyed” (7:14). The throne of this kingdom endures forever because, as the Psalmist declares, it is “Thy throne, O God” (45:6).
The Extensive Nature of the Kingdom
An examination of how and where the kingdom functions in human life will shed light upon its vast extension. Its establishment will bring about sweeping changes in every department of man’s activity, so far-reaching that Isaiah speaks of its arena as “a new earth” (65:17). Every need of humanity will be anticipated and provided for: “Before they call,” God says, “I will answer” (Isa 65:24). For the most part, the various current views of the kingdom are too narrow; in concentrating upon some one aspect, men have missed the richness and greatness of the kingdom. Nowhere in all Scripture is its great variety revealed so clearly as in the Old Testament prophets, who saw the coming kingdom functioning in at least six important realms:
The kingdom will be spiritual in nature. It will bring personal salvation from the hand of God (Isa 12:1–6), divine forgiveness for sin (Jer 31:34), provision of God’s own righteousness for men (Jer 23:3–6), moral and spiritual cleansing, a new heart and a new spirit (Ezek 36:24–28), inward harmony with the laws of the kingdom (Jer 31:33), recognition by men of all nations that Jehovah is the true God, the God who is able to answer prayer (Zech 8:20–23), the restoration of genuine joy and gladness to human life (Isa 35:10), and the pouring out of God’s Spirit “upon all flesh” (Joel 2:28).
The spiritual blessings enumerated above are only a few out of the many which the kingdom brings to a sinful and needy world. I have no quarrel with the dictum of writers who insist that the kingdom is “spiritual,” unless they insist upon a definition of the term which is exclusively Platonic, or unless they should be so foolish as to deny that a spiritual kingdom can function in a world of sense experience. As a matter of fact, it would not be wrong to say that the kingdom of Old Testament prophecy is basically “spiritual,” yet a kingdom producing tangible effects in every department of human life.
The kingdom will be ethical in its effects. At last there will be a proper estimate of moral values in human life; the fool will no longer be called noble (Isa 32:5); darkness will not be called light. An adjustment of moral inequalities will sweep through every department of human relationships (Isa 40:3–5). Moral retribution at last will become an individual matter: men shall no longer say, “The fathers have eaten a sour grape, and the children’s teeth are set on edge. But every one shall die for his own iniquity” (Jer 31:29–30): thus removing one of the greatest present stumbling blocks to rational belief in a moral universe.
The kingdom will bring great social and economic changes. All wars will be eliminated (Zech 9:10). But instead of abolishing the arts and sciences which today are contributing to the horrors and destruction of warfare, these things will be turned to economic uses: the sword becomes a plowshare and the spear a pruninghook; and, I suppose, the stuff of the atomic bomb will generate power and light up the darkness (Isa 2:4). An era of worldwide peace will be ushered in by divine sanctions, never to end again (Isa 9:7). Social justice at last will become a reality, not merely something to be talked about by self-seeking politicians: Men will actually get and enjoy what they produce; one shall not build a house and another live in it (Isa 65:21–22). No longer will the weak, the poor, and the ignorant, be subject to economic exploitation; but they shall be redeemed from “deceit and violence” because they are “precious” in the sight of the great King (Ps 72:1–4, 12–14). With complete social and economic justice for all, everything in human life will be tenderly fostered. The hopeless invalid will not be consigned to the tragic comfort of euthanasia; neither will the backward child be finally and rigidly classified at a fixed capacity-level; “a bruised reed will he not break, and a dimly burning wick will he not quench” (Isa 42:3, ASV). Even that stubborn obstacle to human understanding and international accord, the barrier of languages, will apparently be broken down. “The discord of Babel shall, as it were, give place to unity of language.” Philosophy, science and religion will dwell together in harmony, abundantly available to all (Isa 33:6, ASV).
The kingdom will have political effects. With its establishment on earth, a central authority will be set up for the adjudication and settlement of international disputes; and this authority will have not only the requisite wisdom to make just and impartial decisions but also the power to enforce them: “Out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem; and he shall judge among the nations” (Isa 2:3–4). Thus resort to war will become both unnecessary and useless. National security, that political mirage of uneasy statesmen, will be guaranteed to all. Military science will become obsolete-”Neither shall they learn war any more” (Isa 2:4). The international problem of the Jew, which is certainly political in part, will be solved permanently by the divine restoration of this people to their own land (Amos 9:14–15), and by the reestablishment and unification of the Jewish state: “One nation in the land…and one king shall be king of them all; and they shall be no more two nations, neither shall they be divided into two kingdoms any more at all” (Ezek 37:22–24). The present Jewish State in Palestine indicates a trend toward the fulfilment of prophecy, but no permanent solution can ever be reached apart from divine intervention on the part of the mediatorial King (Zech 12:3–9).
The kingdom will have ecclesiastical effects. Its ruler will combine in his own person the offices of both King and Priest (Ps 110; cf. Zech 6:13). Thus both church and state become one in purpose and action; which is certainly the ideal combination if, as the Word of God teaches, there is but one true religion. The American policy of complete separation of church and state, which I fully approve under the present conditions, is not however the ideal policy, but rather a policy of safety in a sinful world where political and ecclesiastical power too often get into the wrong hands. In the days of the coming kingdom a central sanctuary will be established on earth, to which men from all nations will come to worship the one true God whose glory will be visibly revealed in the mediatorial King (Ezek 37:26–28; 43:1–7). With this revelation, what we call “religious freedom” will come to an end, and man’s dream of religious unity will become a reality, secured by divinely imposed sanctions wherever actively opposed (Zech 14:16–19).
It has been objected (carelessly, I think) that a central sanctuary at Jerusalem for worship would be a backward step, reversing the spiritual and universal principle laid down by our Lord when he said to the Samaritan woman, “The hour cometh when ye shall neither in this mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the Father…. They that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth” (John 4:21–24). The objection misses the point of the passage entirely. Our Lord was not abolishing worship in the city of Jerusalem (There are churches there today), but he was adding the idea of universality to the historical idea of localized worship. The reestablishment of a central sanctuary in Jerusalem for international worship will no more detract from the principle of universality than the going of Bishop Oxnam up to the First Methodist Church of his city next Sunday morning. The assumption that universality and locality in worship are mutually exclusive ideas is certainly unwarranted either in reason or revelation. Objections like this arise out of prejudice not logic.
The kingdom will be physical in its effects. Bodily infirmities will be healed, and disease controlled by divine prevention (Isa 35:5–6; 33:24). Longevity of life will be restored: in fact, it is suggested that the crisis of physical death will be experienced only by those incorrigible individualists who rebel against the laws of the kingdom (Isa 65:20, 22). The ordinary hazards of physical life, so tragic and heartbreaking today, will then be under supernatural control (Isa 65:23; Ezek 34:23–31). In that day some modern books on ethics will be largely obsolete: as for example, Durant Drake has written, “When we have done our best we are still at the mercy of fortune…. If all men were perfectly virtuous, we should still be at the mercy of flood and lightning, poisonous snakes, icebergs and fog at sea, a thousand forms of accident and disease, old age and death. The millennium will not bring pure happiness to man; he is too feeble a creature in the presence of forces with which he cannot cope” (Problems of Conduct, Revised Edition, 1920, p. 168).
The answer of the prophets to all this is that in the coming kingdom men “shall not labor in vain, nor bring forth for calamity” (Isa 65:23, ASV). For the earth in that day will be under the direct control of One whose voice even the “winds and the waves obey.”
The inauguration of the kingdom will, furthermore, be signalized by tremendous geological changes (Zech 14:3–4; Ezek 38:19–20); and these changes could very naturally bring about corresponding climatic alterations, causing the waste regions of the earth to become fruitful and “blossom as the rose” (Isa 35:1, 6, 7). At the same time there will come a great increase in the fertility and productiveness of the soil, so that “the plowman shall overtake the reaper” (Amos 9:13). Even in the animal world some remarkable changes will come to pass: “The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb…and a little child shall lead them…. They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain, saith the Lord” (Isa 11:6, 9).
Such is the extensive nature of the mediatorial kingdom as presented by the Old Testament prophets. And in closing, I would like to suggest that it satisfies and reconciles all legitimate viewpoints. The kingdom is spiritual; with effects which are ethical, social, economic, political, ecclesiastical, and physical. To single out any one of these important aspects, and deny validity to the others, is to narrow unwisely the breadth of the prophetic vision and to set limits upon the possibilities of human life on earth under God.
Article above adapted from BSac 112:446 (April 1955), pp. 108-124.
Alva J. McClain, the founder and first president of Grace Theological Seminary and Grace College, was born in Iowa and later grew up in Sunnyside, Washington. Shortly after his marriage to Josephine Gingrich in 1911, he and his wife were saved under the preaching of Dr. L.S. Bauman. He had been attending the University of Washington, but removed to Los Angeles, where he attended the Bible Institute of Los Angeles and sat under the teaching of Dr. R.A. Torrey.
Upon graduating from Biola, he enrolled in Xenia Theological Seminary and completed work for the B.D. and Th.M. degrees–following which he was called to the First Brethren Church of Philadelphia, where he served from 1918 to 1923. During the pastorate he taught at the Philadelphia School of the Bible. Because of ill health, he resigned and removed to California, where he finished his work for the A.B. degree at Occidental College, graduating as valedictorian. Later he was awarded the honorary degree of LL.D. at Bob Jones University, and the D.D. degree at the Bible Institute of Los Angeles.
In 1925 and 1926, he served as professor of Bible at Ashland College. In 1927-1929 he taught Christian theology at the Bible Institute of Los Angeles. In 1930, the first graduate school of theology in the Brethren Church was organized at Ashland College under his leadership, where he served as its first academic dean and professor of Christian theology.
In 1937 Grace Theological Seminary was organized under his direction, and as first president and professor of Christian theology, he served from 1937 to 1962. Dr. McClain authored many short treatises, but will be remembered for his monumental work on Christian theology, The Greatness of the Kingdom, one of seven volumes he had projected concerning the entire scope of Christian faith. He will long be remembered as scholar, theologian, educator, master teacher, and Christian gentleman.
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User:
Here is an extract from a webpage:
"Mushrooms also have many medicinal properties due to which they are really very beneficial for your health. They are rich in potassium and zinc,11 Proven Health Benefits of Mushrooms Articles which help your body to function in a better way. After knowing about these benefits of mushroom, you will definitely include it in your daily diet. So let us know about the amazing health benefits of mushroom: 1. Lower Cholesterol: White mushrooms contain a rich amount of protein which help to prevent cholesterol from growing. In addition, it contains fiber and some important enzymes that work to prevent cholesterol from rising. The protein present in mushrooms helps in reducing excess fat and cholesterol in the body. 2. Make Bones Strong: White mushrooms have enough calcium which helps to make your bones strong. Consuming mushrooms on a daily basis reduces the risk of joint pain, osteoporosis and many other disorders related to bones. 3. Strengthen the Immune System: Mushrooms contain a powerful."
Write an extensive and detailed course unit in a textbook for college students related to the extract above, focusing on "Regulation" as part of "STUDY AIDS / CPA (Certified Public Accountant)". Do not just list concepts, but develop each one in detail before moving to the next, as we prioritize depth of understanding and comprehensive exploration of the subject matter over breadth.
Try to:
- Ensure in-depth coverage of the concepts.
- Use a narrative, thought-provoking style.
- Connect the topic with current trends, real-life examples, or recent studies.
Do not include a title, introductory phrases, or images. Write the content directly.
Assistant:
Chapter 15: Regulating Nutrients - The Role of Fungi: An Examination of Mushrooms' Impact on Human Health
I. Introduction
The world of fungi has long been overlooked when considering its impact on human health and nutrition. However, within this kingdom lies a group of organisms that possess significant potential in regulating essential nutrients necessary for maintaining optimal wellbeing. This chapter delves into the fascinating realm of mushrooms and their role in managing critical components such as lowering cholesterol levels, strengthening bone health, and bolstering immune system functioning. By exploring these areas through a regulatory lens, we aim to shed light on how these seemingly simple organisms can contribute significantly to public health and overall quality of life.
II. Mushrooms and Lipid Regulation: Focus on Cholesterol Reduction
A. Understanding Cholesterol Metabolism
Cholesterol plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular membrane integrity and serving as a precursor for various steroid hormones. Despite its importance, excessive accumulation of cholesterol in circulation can lead to detrimental effects on cardiovascular health. Therefore, understanding factors influencing cholesterol metabolism becomes paramount in mitigating associated risks.
B. Dietary Interventions for Cholesterol Management
Diet represents one of the most modifiable lifestyle factors affecting plasma lipid profiles. Plant-based sources of proteins have gained considerable attention due to their ability to promote favorable changes in blood lipids. Among these, edible mushrooms stand out as promising candidates given their high protein content and unique bioactive compounds.
C. Mechanistic Insights into Mushrooms' Hypocholesterolemic Effects
Several mechanisms underlie the hypocholesterolemic effect exhibited by mushrooms. Firstly, they provide an abundant source of eritadenine, a compound known to inhibit hepatic cholesterol synthesis while enhancing biliary excretion. Secondly, mushrooms contain substantial amounts of soluble fibers like beta-glucans, which bind to bile acids and facilitate fecal elimination, thereby promoting reduced intestinal reabsorption of cholesterol. Lastly, certain species harbor specific enzymes capable of degrading dietary cholesterol, further contributing to decreased circulatory concentrations.
III. Calcium Homeostasis and Skeletal Integrity: Exploring Mushrooms' Potential
A. Overview of Calcium Physiology
Calcium serves as a vital mineral responsible for numerous biological processes, including neuronal signaling, muscle contraction, and skeletal maintenance. Given its pivotal functions, ensuring adequate calcium homeostasis remains imperative for preserving overall health.
B. Dietary Strategies for Enhanced Calcium Absorption
While dairy products traditionally serve as primary dietary sources of calcium, plant-based alternatives offer valuable contributions towards meeting recommended daily allowances. Specifically, white button mushrooms exhibit remarkable potential due to their rich calcium content and capacity to enhance gut absorption via vitamin D-mediated pathways.
C. Vitamin D Synthesis in Edible Mushrooms: A Key Player in Calcium Regulation
Exposure to ultraviolet B radiation triggers vitamin D~2~ conversion to its active form, calcifediol, within mushrooms. Consequently, consumption of these irradiated fungi provides a viable non-animal source of vitamin D, facilitating enhanced intestinal calcium uptake and subsequent utilization for skeletal reinforcement.
IV. Immunomodulatory Properties of Mushrooms: Bridging Nutrition and Immunity
A. Fundamentals of Innate Immunity
Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defense against invading microorganisms and noxious stimuli. Components involved in this response include physical barriers, phagocytic cells, inflammatory mediators, and complement systems, among others.
B. Bioactive Compounds in Mushrooms: Modulating Host Defense Responses
Edible mushrooms house diverse arrays of biologically active molecules implicated in immunoregulation. Examples include polysaccharides, terpenoids, phenolic derivatives, and lectins, all displaying varying capacities to modulate innate immune responses. These compounds act synergistically to elicit downstream signaling events culminating in heightened resistance against infectious agents and malignancies.
V. Current Trends and Future Perspectives
As consumer preferences shift toward sustainable, plant-forward diets, incorporating functional foods like mushrooms offers exciting opportunities for disease prevention and management. Leveraging advances in molecular techniques and genetic engineering could unlock novel applications of these versatile organisms, ultimately revolutionizing approaches to public health and personalized medicine.
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Bonus Stage (Sonic Mania)
From Sonic Retro
Sonic Retro emblem.svg Sonic Mania
Bonus Stage
• Blue Spheres
• Pinball
Sonic Mania Bonus Stage BlueSpheres2.png
SonicMania PC PinballBonusStage.png
Bonus Stage
Special level, Sonic Mania
Number of Acts: 32 (Blue Spheres)
By jumping into the star ring while hitting a checkpoint in Sonic Mania, you will enter the Bonus Stage. Entering requires having a certain amount of rings similar to Sonic the Hedgehog 2 and Sonic 3 & Knuckles. At least 25 rings are required in Mania Mode, but 50 are required in Encore Mode. Normally, one type of Bonus Stage is available, but Sonic Mania Plus adds a second Bonus Stage.
Blue Spheres (Mania Mode)
This is the main type of Bonus Stage that is played in Mania Mode. It is identical to Blue Sphere, the Special Stage of Sonic 3 & Knuckles, and thus the rules are the same. To complete the stage, you must go around the stage and collect all the blue spheres while avoiding the red ones. As a reward for completing the stage by collecting all the blue spheres, the player earns a silver medallion. The medallion will be gold if the player collects every Ring in the stage. These medallions serve to unlock bonus features such as extra gameplay features or extra modes. Only silver medallions are required to unlock all the bonus content; getting all golds serves no other benefit than an extra achievement/trophy.
There are a total of 32 stages to complete, with 16 of them being the original layouts from Sonic 3 & Knuckles, and the other 16 being all-new layouts with new color schemes. When all 32 have been completed, Blue Spheres mode will be unlocked, allowing the player to play a randomly generated Bonus Stage a lá Blue Sphere with two styles. In the "Original" style, the stage pieces are the same as those in Blue Sphere, while the "Mania" style adds two extra sphere types originally from the Sonic 3 Remastered proof-of-concept[1]:
• Green Spheres - When the player touches these, they will turn into blue spheres, requiring the player to go over them again to collect them.
• Pink Spheres - These spheres warp the player to another part of the stage. These work in pairs and can only be used once.
Pinball (Encore Mode)
This type of Bonus Stage is added to the game if the player has the Encore DLC installed. It is generally played in Encore Mode, but it can also be played in Mania Mode when all 32 gold medallions have been earned.
This Bonus Stage is a pinball mini-game where the player aims to score points and win bonus items. The player's character rolls around a giant pinball table, collecting rings and bouncing off bumpers and drop targets to earn points. When the player reaches the top of the table, they are given the chance to win a prize from the Combi Catcher, which can be a shield, an extra life (Mania Mode only) or a character the player doesn't have (Encore Mode only). Catching a ring capsule will deposit all the rings collected within the Bonus Stage into the player's ring count, and catching a capsule with a small ring surrounded by arrows will restore all the rings and drop targets on the table. If the player catches an Eggman bomb, the points they have accumulated in the Bonus Stage are reset to zero. For every 10,000 points scored, the player earns a Continue.
By repeatedly attempting the Combi Catcher, more sections of the pinball table will open up to the player, which makes reaching the top more difficult, but also gives the player more rings and targets to hit and further increase their score. When the player's character is not within the upper sections on the pinball table, then those sections' Flippers will be retracted into the ground, allowing the player to roll over them. Once the player moves past them, they will pop up and become operable until the player moves down to the lower sections. Once the player falls down the bottom of the table, the Bonus Stage ends.
References and Easter eggs
Reference Appears in Source Game Source Level
Blue Spheres as the Bonus Stage for Mania Mode. Blue Spheres Sonic 3 & Knuckles Special Stage
The concept of a pinball table as a Bonus Stage. Pinball Sonic Spinball Bonus Stage
A remix of Trap Tower's BGM as the background music. Pinball SegaSonic the Hedgehog Trap Tower
The Combi Catcher prize machine. Pinball Chaotix Newtrogic High Zone
The Giant Mech's bombs in the prize machine. Pinball Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (16-bit) Death Egg Zone
Sonic Mania
SonicMania title.png
Main page (Plus)
Downloadable content
Promotional material
Magazine articles (Plus)
Hidden content
Technical information
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I would like to ask the following questions:
1) How to hide iAD when the user clicks on the empty screen? 2) How to identify inactivity i.e. If user has an opened some application and leave the iphone and went away and application remained open?
According the apple documentation, this method is responsible for dismissing the iAD. but this method is still not working in my code. Any sample or how this method works?
- (void)cancelBannerViewAction
A banner view action can cover your application’s user interface. However, your application continues to run, and receives events normally. If your application receives an event that requires the user’s attention, it can programmatically cancel the action and uncover its interface by calling cancelBannerViewAction. Canceling actions frequently can cause a loss of revenue for your application.
Reference from Apple
But still I am unable to execute? This method is not working properly
share|improve this question
if it's help you then please accept answer. – Nilesh Jun 6 '12 at 9:39
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
You can just do something like below code.
- (void)bannerViewDidLoadAd:(ADBannerView *)banner
if (!self.adBannerViewIsVisible)
NSLog(@"\nBanner Success");
[UIView beginAnimations:@"animateAdBannerOn" context:NULL];
// assumes the banner view is offset 50 pixels so that it is not visible.
banner.frame = CGRectOffset(banner.frame,0,-94);
[UIView commitAnimations];
self.adBannerViewIsVisible = YES;
if (self.adBannerViewIsVisible)
NSLog(@"\nBanner Failed");
[UIView beginAnimations:@"animateAdBannerOff" context:NULL];
banner.frame = CGRectOffset(banner.frame, 0, 94);
[UIView commitAnimations];
self.adBannerViewIsVisible = NO;
Just specify location of iAd in your code then you can change it's position by just changing value in this line
banner.frame = CGRectOffset(banner.frame, 0, 94);`
Hope this may clear what you want.
share|improve this answer
I think the method didFailToReceiveAdWithError works when the AD is not able to received. i.e. on Airplane mode etc. But my question is how would I forcefully, dismiss the iAD once it appears? – Maverick Jun 6 '12 at 13:50
For that you can just some logic when you want to hide iAd just make new method with code in side didFailToReceiveAdWithError method. – Nilesh Jun 7 '12 at 5:56
Actually, didFailToReceiveAdWithError is executed when you mobile is not able to get the ad either by any circumstances which are guniene. like no internet connectivity. My object is totally different. I donot wish to call didFailToReceiveAdWithError, I want to forcefully dismiss the AD and it would not be the proper way to dismiss the AD by calling it from didFailToReceiveAdWithError. – Maverick Jun 11 '12 at 12:50
yes if you want to hide ad then please write code inside didFailToReceiveAdWithError within your another method and call them when you want to hide add – Nilesh Jun 11 '12 at 14:52
Hiding an iAd has nothing to do with didFailToReceiveAdWithError. I can just hide the iAd by calling bannerView.hidden=YES. This delegate method is very useful to take action when container fails to receive and iAd. It is not appropriate place for dismissing the iAd. Why not I use cancelBannerViewAction inspite of this! Since it is more appropriate rather than using didFailToReceiveAdWithError – Maverick Jun 13 '12 at 14:23
Your Answer
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(From reddit r/guns)
I have a 995 in 9mm and have not had a single problem. Only about 100 rounds through it but still. It's not that bad. They don't claim to make fancy pistols either. And everyone over exaggerates the un reliability. They make an ugly but mostly functionable firearm for people who cannot afford something nice. I also had to get a replacement part for my 9mm. Nothing I had to have for it to work just a newer firing pin because the design changed. I got it shipped with no costs at all to me. Not many companies these days have a lifetime unconditional warranty.
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Study funded by butter industry finds butter can be bad for health
Butter is delicious, but excess consumption of it has come to be associated with potential health risks, such as high-cholesterol.
Perhaps hoping to turn the food's image around, the Danish Dairy Research Foundation funded its own exploration into the issue, but the results did not come out in their favor.
It was determined that even in moderate amounts, butter can raise cholesterol levels overall and spur a specific increase in LDL cholesterol -- the sort that accumulates and can cause blockages of the arteries.
In performing the study, researchers put participants on diets that involved different sources.
During the two 5-week stretches, some had foods containing olive oil, while others enjoyed dishes including butter.
Neither the research team nor the participants were told who was consuming which one or when.
Follow-up examinations at the end of the test period showed that those with the butter-enhanced diets had higher cholesterol levels than the olive oil group.
Though the study's results are much like those of many explorations before it, the fact that the funding entity's product was regarded unfavorably is decidedly more unique.
In recent times, industry-driven research has declared many controversial products, from sugary soda to high-fat cheese, to be perfectly safe.
See some healthier butter substitutes you can use in your cooking and baking:
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User:Write an educational piece suited for college students related to the following text snippet:
"FUTURE VALUE
DEFINITION
Future value refers to the value of a sum of money at a particular point of time in the future. Due to the interest-earning capacity of money, a sum of money invested now will accumulate to a greater amount in the future.
CALCULATOR
#### Enter the following details:
Cashflows:
Timing of cashflows:
Rate of interest: (%)
Present value of cashflows:
FORMULA AND DERIVATION
Consider a sum of money $$c$$ invested into a bank account that pays interest at the rate $$i$$. If $$c$$ is invested at the beginning of the year, an amount of $$c+ic$$ would be accumulated by the end of the year($$ic$$ is the amount of interest paid on $$c$$. So, the future value of $$c$$ after one year is
$FV=c+ic=c\left(1+i\right)$
In the second year, this amount of $$c\left(1+i\right)$$ will again accumulate at the rate $$i$$. Thus, the future value of this amount by the end of second year would be
$FV=c\left(1+i\right)\times \ \left(1+i\right)=c{\left(1+i\right)}^2$
Similarly, for a su"
Do not just list concepts, but develop each one in detail before moving to the next, as we prioritize depth of understanding and comprehensive exploration of the subject matter over breadth. Focus on:
- Rigor: Ensure in-depth coverage of the concepts/sections.
- Engagement: Write with an academic, professional and engaging tone that captivates interest.
- Application: Incorporate specific, practical examples, such as proofs in calculus or critical dates and figures in history.
Do not include a title or an introduction, simply write the content without headlines and introductory phrases. Do not use images.
Assistant:Future Value: A Comprehensive Guide for College Students
Money has the unique ability to grow and generate earnings through interest. This inherent quality of money forms the basis of various financial tools and techniques used in personal finance, corporate finance, and public finance. One such fundamental concept is the 'future value' of money. Simply put, the future value refers to the worth of a certain sum of money at a specified point in time in the future. It takes into consideration the impact of compound interest, which arises from reinvestment of earned interest back into the principal sum. Understanding the future value and its calculation can help individuals and businesses make informed decisions regarding savings, investments, loans, and other financial transactions.
Calculating Future Value: The Basics
To calculate the future value, you need three key pieces of information: the initial investment or series of cash flows, their respective timing, and the annual interest rate. Let us explore these components further:
1. Cash Flows: These are the amounts of money involved in the transaction under consideration. They could represent a single lump sum payment or multiple payments made periodically. For instance, when saving for retirement, your regular monthly contributions form part of the cash flow.
2. Timing of Cash Flows: Determining the appropriate intervals between successive cash flows is crucial for accurate calculations. Commonly adopted time frames include annually, semi-annually, quarterly, and monthly.
3. Interest Rate: Also known as the discount rate, it reflects the cost of borrowing funds or return on investing capital. Expressed as a percentage, it represents the opportunity cost of choosing one option over another. For example, if two different mutual fund schemes offer returns of 8% p.a. and 9% p.a., respectively, then the latter provides better growth potential due to its higher interest rate.
Armed with the above inputs, investors and financiers can utilize a variety of methods to determine the future value. Here, we introduce the formula for finding the future value of a present sum using simple interest first. Later, we discuss how to compute the future value involving compound interest and multiple periods using a more intricate formula derived therefrom.
Formula & Derivation: From Simple Interest to Compound Interest
Let c denote the initial investment or present value. Additionally, let i stand for the annual interest rate, expressed as a decimal (e.g., 5% becomes 0.05). With these definitions clear, consider the case where $c$ is deposited at the beginning of the year and earns interest at the rate $i$:
* At the end of the first year, the original deposit ($c$) grows to $c + ic$, where $ic$ denotes the accrued interest computed via simple multiplication of the initial investment ($c$) and the annual interest rate ($i$). Consequently, the total amount obtained at the end of the first year equals $c\left(1+i\right)$.
* When left untouched, this new balance continues earning interest throughout the subsequent years. Hence, during the second year, the existing balance ($c\left(1+i\right)$) expands further owing to the effect of additional interest gained. Mathematically, the final tally after two years totals $c{\left(1+i\right)}^2$.
* By extension, the pattern described earlier repeats itself consistently across every succeeding year, leading up to the desired endpoint – the future value of $c$. Therefore, upon reiterating the process for n consecutive cycles, the resulting expression assumes the shape below:
$FV = c{\left(1+i\right)}^n$
This equation encapsulates the essence of computing the future value utilizing compound interest based on periodic additions within discrete timeframes. Next, we delve deeper into illustrative scenarios elucidating applications of the formula discussed so far.
Example Calculations: Demonstrating Practical Applications
Suppose John desires to amass $100,000 for his daughter's college education five years down the line. Assuming he currently possesses $60,000 earmarked specifically towards this goal and intends to invest it wisely at an annual interest rate of 4%. Utilizing our newly acquired knowledge about future values, we find out whether John meets his objective ahead of schedule or falls short of the target corpus.
Plugging the given numbers into the formula yields:
$FV = 60{000}{\left(1+0.04\right)}^5 = 73{164}.23
Thus, John successfully achieves his aim since the calculated FV surpasses the required $100,000 mark. However, should he wish to maintain the same pace of progression while contributing extra resources regularly, say $1,000 per month, he must factor in those incremental influxes too. To accommodate them seamlessly, extend the current framework iteratively as follows:
1. First Month: Begin by considering the very first installment ($1,000), coupled with the initial investment ($60,000). Applying the standard formula separately onto both constituents generates individual results, namely $60{000}{\left(1+0.04\right)}^{5 - 1}$ for the former and ${1000}{\left(1+0.04\right)}^{5 - 1}$ for the latter.
2. Second Month: Now incorporate the previously unaccounted-for earnings emanating from the preceding cycle. Essentially, augment last month's outcome by adding the proceeds generated from fresh interests stemming from the opening balances. Specifically, merge the net gains from step 1 with the latest addition ($1,000):
* Merge $60{000}{\left(1+0.04\right)}^{4}$ with ${1000}{\left(1+0.04\right)}^{4}$.
* Similarly, combine ${1000}{\left(1+0.04\right)}^{4}$ with the upcoming payment ($1,000).
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until reaching the fifth anniversary. Ultimately, sum all intermediate outcomes derived thus far, yielding the grand total representing John's culminating wealth.
Conclusion
The future value constitutes a vital pillar in comprehending monetary principles governing diverse facets of personal and institutional finances. Through rigorous examination of underlying factors dictating its computation, together with real-world exemplifications illuminating its utility, learners gain valuable insights capable of informing sound decision-making processes pertaining to long-term planning objectives.
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(r/KingkillerChronicle)
Well, I think /u/well_well_wells has a well-thought out and well-reasoned response to your comment, and that may well be the major factor in play here with all the negativity welling up, but I think there are a few additional reasons that contribute to the attitude of the sub:
1. Fanbases in Reddit are generally d-holes. Any time a community feels like an entity (whether that is an author, a video game country, etc.) owes it something more than they currently have, people are extremely negative. This is part of our social media culture in general, where people can hide behind a username and hurl unkindness at others without personal repercussion. It sucks, but it's not really unique to this sub. Other subs I frequent are actually far worse... it is extremely discouraging to see people act like this.
2. This sub has been particularly edgy over the last few months ever since one particular user has been flooding us with ridiculous and absurd theories, frequently as often as a few times a week. Everyone has the right to post their own content and opinions, but everyone has been so tired of this one person, and I think that has made us more cynical of other theories and thoughts as well-- causing us to be a little less gracious and snippy to some people unfairly because we are on guard against wacko posts.
3. Similar to point 2, I think people have been waiting so long that we have seen some *really* great theories with a ton of reasoning and proof, so when someone rolls in with a poorly thought out theory we tend to shoot it down pretty quickly. Instead of responding like this, we should kindly engage with them-- even point them to the more well-thought out theories as a rebuttal-- but we fail to respond in that way because we are tired of having these conversations over and over throughout the years.
I'm not saying any of those three reasons make the negative responses right, but I believe those are some of the contributing factors, along with the point already made that the fanbase has an extra layer of frustration due to the long wait for DoS. Regardless, there are still some great members who are active here, and I think your post is a good reminder for all of us to quit being d-bags and to be a little more patient and gracious when a post doesn't meet our standards.
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Q: What was the response? A 2 person conversation:
+Who is Ada Jack Carver Snell?
+Ada Jack Carver Snell Ada Jack Carver Snell (April 7, 1890 – December 1, 1972) was an American short story writer originally from Natchitoches, Louisiana.
+What about his early life?
+Ada Snell was born to a middle class Baptist couple, Marshall H. Carver and the former Ada W. Jack.
+What about his family?
+Her maternal grandfather, Colonel William H. Jack of Natchitoches, kept pheasants, eagles, and peacocks.
+Did he go to school?
+Ada graduated from Judson College in Marion, Alabama, the "alma mater" of another Natchitoches-area resident, the naturalist Caroline Dormon.
+Did he get married?
+On February 25, 1918, Ada married John Barnard Snell (January 21, 1884 – March 20, 1959) in Shreveport, Louisiana, while he was on furlough from the United States Army during World War I.
+Did they have children?
+
A: John Snell was from Minden in Webster Parish in northwestern Louisiana.
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Soybean Oil: Good or Bad for You?
Find out what American’s most-consumed oil could be doing to your health
Soybean oil recently made headlines when researchers from the University of California, Riverside, shared the findings from a new study at a medical conference. They discovered that mice fed a diet rich in soybean oil — both the regular stuff and a variety genetically modified to have lower levels of omega-6 fatty acids (which most Americans over-consume) — gained more weight, had fattier livers and more glucose intolerance (a risk factor for diabetes) than mice fed a diet rich in coconut oil.
An earlier mouse study by the same research team suggested a link between soybean oil and an increased likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome — a cluster of heart disease and diabetes risk factors that include belly fat, unhealthy cholesterol levels, high blood pressure and high blood sugar.
So does that mean soybean oil belongs in the nutritional doghouse? Time — and specifically, more research — will tell.
For now, most experts and organizations, including the American Heart Association and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, give soybean oil the thumbs up, along with olive, canola and other plant-based oils.
"While soybean oil has some saturated fat, the majority is polyunsaturated, which studies have found can help reduce bad cholesterol levels in the blood and lower the risk of heart disease and stroke," says Holley Granger, MS, RDN, a dietitian based in Birmingham, Alabama.
Like other vegetable oils, soybean oil also is a good source of vitamin E, says Kristen F. Gradney, RDN, LDN, spokesperson for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. That antioxidant supports heart, eye and brain health.
America’s most-consumed oil
Americans consume far more soybean oil than any other oil, including canola and olive. It's the most common ingredient in generic vegetable oil, and it's used in all kinds of processed foods, turning up in everything from salad dressing to crackers, baked goods, potato chips and nondairy creamer. It's cheap and has a neutral flavor and a high smoke point (the temperature at which a fat begins to smoke and smell acrid).
From a culinary perspective, "soybean oil's mild flavor makes it ideal for baking, roasting, sautéing and marinating," says Holley Granger, MS, RDN, a dietitian based in Birmingham, Alabama.
The UC Riverside research calls soybean oil's virtue into question. Researchers used the same kind of soybean oil available on supermarket shelves and in amounts comparable to those found in the American diet, say researchers Frances M. Sladek, PhD, and Poonamjot Deol, PhD. The results weren’t encouraging.
In the study, they compared conventional soybean oil with two other oils. One was Plenish, a type of soybean oil genetically modified to be low in linoleic acid (the main fat in soybean oil) and high in oleic acid (the type of fat found in olive oil). The other was coconut oil, which is rich in saturated fat.
The mice fed either type of soybean oil were more likely to gain weight and become diabetic and insulin resistant. "They also had large lipid droplets in their liver and ballooning, a sign of liver injury," note Sladek and Deol. But the genetically modified oil seemed to be slightly less harmful than the conventional. The mice who consumed it had less insulin resistance than the ones who consumed conventional soybean oil.
Related: Farmed Fish: Yay or Nay
"The GM Plenish seems to have fewer negative effects [than conventional soybean oil], indicating that genetic engineering can introduce beneficial properties to a crop. But both conventional and Plenish soybean oil appear to be less healthy in terms of obesity and diabetes than coconut oil."
More research is needed to understand what component of soybean oil may be contributing to weight gain and other health problems. The research team also is investigating the effects of different fats on gut bacteria, for example.
In the meantime, they say, "It's highly unlikely that small amounts of soybean oil are detrimental."
The soybean oil hazard everyone agrees on
"Soybean oil is often used in processed foods in an unhealthier version, as a trans-fat-containing partially hydrogenated oil," says Grainger.
Partially hydrogenating soybean (or any) oil helps it stay solid at room temperature — think margarine or shortening. This type of trans fat boosts “bad” LDL cholesterol while lowering beneficial HDL cholesterol, making it just about the worst fat you can eat for your heart.
Related: Quiz: Are You Heart Smart?
Grainger's advice: Read labels and skip products that list partially hydrogenated soybean (or other) oil among the ingredients.
Limiting processed foods, which most health experts recommend, is an easy way to avoid trans fats from hydrogenated soybean oil.
If generic vegetable oil is your go-to cooking fat, Grainger suggests branching out for both flavor and nutrition. "I always recommend eating a variety of foods from different sources to maximize your intake of vitamins and minerals," she adds. "So experiment with other oils in the kitchen, like olive, grape seed, peanut or canola oil. And check out nuts, fatty fish or avocado for more heart-healthy food sources."
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Question: In this task, you are given an input list A comprising of numbers and alphabets. You need to extract and sort the unique alphabets in the list. The alphabets in the input list will only be in lowercase. Return -1 if there is no alphabet in the input list.
['2575', 'i', 'j', '8077', 'd', 'q', 'p']
Answer: d, i, j, p, q
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(From subreddit singing)
Singing is hard af...
Good vocal lessons are pretty expensive and all we do is run scales and give basic advice here and there.
I don't even know if its improving my vocals, I feel like there is so much more detail to singing that its very difficult to see if you even doing it correctly.
I went around had like 5 different vocal coaches and they all pretty much followed the same routine. Scales for 30 minutes and sang a song for 30 minutes critiquing it.
There was never any mention of the technique..... Maybe something like opens your soft palate something like that.
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Tags: Glee, Friendship, Humor, lang en
Never Have I Ever
Title: Never Have I Ever
**By:** blaineandsamevanderson
Paring: Blaine/Sam
Rating: PG-13
Warnings/Tags:
Summary: A game of Never Have I Ever at a Glee party. That will end well.
**Notes**: Sorry for any typos. My transcription software doesn't always understand what I say and I don't always catch the mistakes. I have trouble typing things by hand since I suffered an injury last year to my right hand and it seizes up if I try to do too much.
* * *
"This is such a bad idea," Blaine groaned as he sat beside Sam and accepted a half full shot glass from Puck.
"Suck it up, Frodo," Santana drawled. "You've got to learn to hold your drink at some point."
Spring break found Santana, Rachel and Kurt (with Adam in tow) back in Lima and someone had the idea to have a big glee party. Sugar offered up her basement and that was how they found themselves sitting in a circle, ready to play Never Have I Ever. Because apparently Spin the Bottle was too tame.
"Okay," Finn began," never have I ever performed to a sold-out crowd."
No one drank and Santana snarked, "Lame, Hudson."
Artie nodded in agreement. "Never have I ever gone streaking on a dare."
Sam, Adam, Santana and Puck drink and earned some good-natured cat calls.
"Never have I ever compromised myself to achieve my goals," Rachel said primly and, again, Puck and Sam drank. She blinked, seemingly startled, then grimaced. "Sorry."
Puck shrugged. "I think everyone knows about the 'Pool Boy Special' and Evans's adventures as an underage stripper."
Trying to change the subject, Blaine blurted, "Never have I ever had a crush on someone I know I shouldn't."
He drank himself, along with Sam, Tina, Artie, Ryder, Marley, Finn, Rachel, Kurt and Puck.
When it came to Joe, he offered, "Never have I ever achieved spiritual enlightenment during a retreat."
No one drank.
"Never have I ever felt like I belong in Lima Ohio," Kurt side and Finn was the only one who drank.
Unique raised her glass and smirked, "Never have I ever been so fabulous it hurts!"
She drank, along with Tina, Brittany, Sugar, Kitty, Rachel, Kurt and Santana.
"Never have I ever been sloppy drunk without the next day hangover," Tina said and no one drank.
"Never have I ever slapped someone's booty!" Sugar crowed, drinking with Sam, Blaine, Brittany, Kurt, Santana and Puck.
All the boys, plus Tina, Rachel, Brittany and Santana all drank when Kitty declared, "Never have I ever kissed a girl."
"Never have I ever kissed a boy," Ryder countered and all the girls, plus Blaine, Kurt, Adam and Sam drank.
Even a few drinks in, Santana's eyes were sharp and she pointed. "Trouty, what boy have you been macking on!"
He shrugged. "Well, no one recently."
She continued to watch him as Puck handed out fresh ½ shots. "Never have I ever blown a guy."
Sam rolled his eyes, but drank with Blaine, Tina, Brittany, Kitty, Rachel, Adam, Kurt and Santana.
"We are talking later," Santana told Sam and he sighed.
"Never have I ever been truly loved by someone who wasn't family," Sam said with sad eyes and Blaine, Tina, Brittany, Finn, Rachel, Kurt and Santana drank.
And, clearly Sam was a depressed drunk with self-esteem issues.
Before anyone else could go, Blaine pressed Sam's shot into his hands and said earnestly, "I know it's probably not what you meant, but love is love, right? And I love you. Don't you love me?"
"Of course," Sam immediately replied. "You're the most awesome bro ever!"
Knocking back the drink, Sam then chose to wrap himself around Blaine, who hugged him tightly, both of them slumping over, half out of the circle.
Kurt raised an eyebrow and commented, "Well, that's different."
Puck snorted. "Not really. If you haven't noticed, they're in the midst of an epic bromance…okay, a bromance with a weird amount of cuddling, but whatever, Evans is…Well, huh, Dude! Evans, you awake over there?"
"Yeah."
"You straight? Cuz straight dudes don't normally give blow jobs."
"Sam's a half-dolphin," Brittany informed the room, reaching over and patting Sam's hip.
Santana shrugged as the game dissolved. "Yeah, they're clearly just focusing all that clingy, needy, codependency on each other… But without the good parts of a relationship. Idiots."
"Ooh," Brittany cooed, poking at Sam. "You two should totally have sex! That would be so hot!"
Blaine snorted and hid his face against Sam's neck, while Sam just grumbled and tangled his legs with Blaine's.
At that point, they realized giving Marley any alcohol was a bad idea, as she burst into tears. Ryder and Jake looked confused and began trying to sneak the bottle away from Puck. Kitty, Unique and Sugar collected Marley and huddled with her in a corner.
"Oh, a triangle I take it. That's never happened before," Kurt sighed, looking over at Adam. "In this group, there's a lot of relationship drama."
"Clearly," he said as Rachel burst into tears and Finn looked disgruntled.
Eventually, the only people left in the circle were Kurt, Adam, Puck, Santana, Brittany, Sam and Blaine (who were still huddled in a lump). Surveying their crying, scattered, freaking out friends, Santana huffed. "Here's to us. Badasses, bitches and dolphins of all kinds, the only ones smart enough to stay the fuck out of the drama tonight."
"I must tell you again Kurt, I do like your friends," Adam said, gamely raising his glass.
Kurt patted his arm and murmured affectionately, "At least one of us does."
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Scottish National Dictionary (1700–)
ROWAN, n. Also row(e)n, roun (Rnf. 1788 E. Picken Poems 118); †roan(e), †rone; raw(e)n, raun (Bnff. 1767 Caled. Mercury (6 April)); raan, ran (Abd. 1767 Abd. Jnl. (5 Oct.); Lth. 1825 Jam.), rane. See also Rodden. [′rʌuən, †ro:ən; ne.Sc. †rɑ:n]
1. The mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia. Gen.Sc. Also attrib. and in n.Eng. dial.
Sc. 1751 Chrons. Atholl and Tullibardine Families III. 404:
The Rones, Water Alder, &c., &c., was as full of frute as they could hang. Mry. 1767 Abd. Journal (6 April):
Some Rane or Mountain Ash. Rxb. 1802 J. Leyden Remains (1819) 88:
In Keeldar's plume the holly green, And rowan leaves, nod on. Sc. 1808 Scott Marmion ii. Intro.:
How clung the rowan to the rock, . . . With narrow leaves and berries red. m.Lth. 1870 J. Lauder Warblings 11:
The briar and the rowan. Sc. 1886 Stevenson Kidnapped i.:
The big rowans in the kirkyard. Bnff. 1902 Trans. Bnff. Field Club 10:
Over the byre doors and along the eaves you would see “raan” or rowan sticks and red thread. Sc. 1920 A. Gray Songs 57:
A rowan stood by the waterside.
2. The fruit of the mountain ash (Lnk. 1832 W. Patrick Plants 139). Gen.Sc.
Abd. 1827 J. Imlah May Flowers 129:
There aft I the mountain ash reeved o' the rowans. Rxb. a.1860 J. Younger Autobiog. (1881) 3:
The rowans, and other berries. Ayr. 1890 J. Service Notandums 52:
The wee dyvour loons . . . speel the trees for rowans and geans. Dmf. 1899 Country Schoolmaster (Wallace) 11:
The red rowans were withering on their stems. Sc. 1923 R. Annand End of Fiammetta 35:
Red as the rowan bade she still.
3. Combs.: (1) rowan berry, roan(e) —, the fruit of the mountain ash (Uls. 1953 Traynor). Also attrib. Gen.Sc.; (2) rowan-buss, bush, the mountain ash (Uls. 1953 Traynor); a bough of the tree; (3) rowan jelly, a tart-flavoured preserve made from the fruit of the mountain ash and served as an accompaniment to game or meat. Gen.Sc.; (4) rowan tree, row(e)n-, rountree, rowntrie, roan-, rone-, ra(u)ntree, raantree, raw(e)n tree, rantiree, rantry, ranty (Uls. 1880 Patterson Gl.), also double form rantry-tree (Abd. 1768 A. Ross Works (S.T.S.) 143), the mountain ash (Sc. 1808 Jam.). Gen.Sc. Also in n.Eng. dial.
(1) Abd. 1723 Monymusk Papers (S.H.S.) 98:
I have gathred a quantity of roanberries. Sc. 1759 J. Justice Br. Gardener's Cal. 385:
The Quickbeam or Roane Berry Tree. Sc. 1814 Scott Diary (23 Aug.):
Like round red rowan-berries. Ags. 1891 Barrie Little Minister iv.:
A twig of rowan berries stuck carelessly into her black hair. (2) Lnk. 1806 J. Black Falls of Clyde 108:
Rax yon row'n buss to me. Sc. 1843 R. Nicoll Poems 141:
The bonnie rowan bush In yon lane glen. Kcb. 1895 Crockett Lilac Sunbonnet xix.:
That picturesque Glenkens warrior, who set a rowan bush on his bare head for a helmet plume. (3) Sc. 1883 Cookery Bk. Lady Clark of Tillypronie (Frere 1909) 176:
Rowan Jelly. Wash the Rowan berries well. Sc. 1929 F. M. McNeill Sc. Kitchen 221:
Rowan jelly is an excellent accompaniment to grouse, venison, and saddle of mutton. (4) Ork. 1721 P. Ork. A.S. XI. 41:
20 Roan trees from Rot Mclelland in the Goos Dubb to be sett ther . . . ¥1 16 0. Sc. 1734 J. Cockburn Letters (S.H.S.) 13:
Have you any rawen tree Berrys laid in earth? Crm. 1756 Caled. Mercury (9 Nov.):
Geen, Laburnum, and Rone or Ran Trees. Abd. 1768 A. Ross Helenore (S.T.S.) 12:
The jizzen-bed wi' rantree leaves was sain'd. Per. a.1800 Lady Nairne Songs (1905) 258:
Oh! Rowan Tree, Oh! Rowan Tree, thou'lt aye be dear to me. s.Sc. 1820 Letter Bks. Sir W. Scott (Partington 1930) 322:
Straight opposite this rowntreegutter on the other side of the Glen. Dmf. 1826 R. Chambers Pop. Rhymes 277:
Black luggie, lammer bead, Rowan-tree, and red thread, Put the witches to their speed! Rnf. 1837 Crawfurd MSS. X. 108:
Gude, or Sweet or Peace be here and rowntree [A saying to bring good luck]. ne.Sc. 1881 W. Gregor Folk-Lore 188:
The rawn-tree in the widd-bin Haud the witches on cum in. Abd. 1945 Scots. Mag. (Feb.) 378:
The nyaakit ra'antree's gapin' for the snaw.
You may wish to vary the format shown below depending on the citation style used.
"Rowan n.". Dictionary of the Scots Language. 2004. Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd. Accessed 20 Mar 2018 <http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/rowan>
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Subreddit: learnart
Right off the bat, her back is as straight as a board from the base of her shoulder blades down to her pelvis. And it looks like she's supporting the weight of her upper body with her head against the window rather than her upper back, which would be a more natural and comfortable way to do it.
And her neck looks too long as well; with her head tilted back, having it appear longer in the front is fine (the neck is always longer on the front, throat side anyway) but it should appear even shorter and squashed in the back to match the stretch on the front.
While we're on the neck, that muscle that comes up the side of the neck attaches to the skull behind the ear, not in front of it at the jaw.
It *may* be that her legs should be attached higher up on her pelvis, too; it *looks* that way to me but I'm not 100% on it.
The light falling across her forehead makes it look like there's a big, bony ridge projecting at her temple. Like, unusually big and bony. More subtlety there would be called for, I think.
Compared to the rest of her, the bottle looks a little cartoony. I think that's mainly down to the way you've put in those thick dark lines for the thickness of the bottom of the bottle and the bottom edge of the lip at the tip of it.
I like the way you've captured the turn across her face with the lighting, but I'm not 100% sure where the light source is coming from or how strong it's supposed to be.
And you did well with her hand but made a bit of a hash of her ear.
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Sunday, February 20, 2011
Follow Your Heart. Do What You Love.
To do something well you have to like it. To do something that's worth your time, you have to love it. It's not as easy as it sounds, doing what you love is a lot more complicated than you think. Even figuring out what you love is a hard task. As for me, I have hard times trying to figure out what's best for me. Sometimes, I get confused when people tell me their opinion and tell me that they're right and I should think that way too. Then I get persuaded and start thinking, "Oh, that makes sense," and start to think like them when I should be creating my own opinion to things. And sometimes I feel like I need to follow everyone else's heart in order to "fit in," when it should be the opposite. So I have decided to "Follow My Heart." Cliche? It's a simple statement, yet so complicated. Most of us struggle with this--forming an opinion, following our own heart. There are so many ideas that float around in my head, topics that are debated, and controversial issues that are discussed. I need to have a solid basis for my opinion on these topics, my very own voice of opinion in order to follow my heart, my dreams. It gets so confusing when it comes to figuring out what it is that I absolutely love. I'm still learning, figuring out what it is that keeps me alive. Then I came across this encouraging message I got from a good friend of mine a couple of weeks ago when I was trying to decide whether I wanted to transfer or not: "I know that you will make the right decision for yourself no matter what. Some people view following your heart as a weakness but I see it as a strength to follow something that is so uncertain. I love you. Sweet dreams." I haven't deleted this message, and I don't plan to. I look at it time to time when I'm discouraged, and it gives me comfort, and courage to get back up again and keep following something that is so unsure.. After all, "everything happens for a reason."
Now I'll turn my head to Life Drawing.. I had an incredibly hard time drawing a male model on Friday. It was really hard for me to see the "egg" and other muscles. I find it easier to draw a female than a male model. This is definitely a challenge for me. They seem to look a lot different than the ones of the female model's. I feel that I draw women better than I draw men, because I'm more familiar with the female body, my own body. I think a female form is a far more interesting subject because of the curvy, flowy outer lines.
1. I think its never wrong to follow your dreams and heart. I'm a very passionate person, and I can't even imagine not living life chasing after something, going for what I want and not living life without regrets!
Also, I think you present a really interesting idea as far as the Female versus Male drawing goes.
Its pretty common that people who generally can draw females well, can't draw males as well and vice versa. I wonder if its because your drawing style and anatomy tend to skew towards a particular body type.
Myself, I find the female figure easier to draw as well, always have. The muscles seem to place a lot more easily, and the curves and edges are a lot more pronounced.
2. It's funny, but now that I've seen the male model, it's harder to draw the female! I just see the muscles easier on his chest and sides and when I look the at the female I lose them in under the skin.
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A/N: Where does the time fly? I haven't updated in forever! Anyway, here's another chapter for you lovely readers! Thank you for the support. Enjoy! xx IFHD
Chapter 26: It Is What It Is
Song Inspirations: "It Is What It Is" by Lifehouse, "Nothing" by The Script, "Hesitate" by Stone Sour, and "In My Veins" by Andrew Belle
Gwaine let out a muffled groan as he continued to lie, immobile, in a supine position. His head throbbed, even more painful than the aftereffects of alcohol, as his consciousness slowly returned. Eyes fluttering open, he desperately attempted to remember what had transpired, what had caused him to be in this position in the first place. His orbs were transfixed upon the grey ceiling before him, vision still blurred; then, his gaze slid to his right, towards the lingering presence that he felt there. As he caught sight of Lourdes worriedly peering down upon him, the knight bolted upwards and jumped from the mattress, finding renewed strength as the need to defend himself jolted through his system. He frantically looked for any weapon within the room to defend himself with. Although the young woman placed her open palms before her in a placating gesture, Gwaine took a few steps back from her, mistrust emanating from his flashing orbs. "Stay away from me!"
Lourdes had been in the middle of treating Gwaine when he began to wake. When she returned to her chambers, she saw the knight, still unconscious, upon the stone floor. Alarmed at the possibility that she had been responsible for this, the young woman was quick to pull the knight upon her bed, assess what had been done to him, and begin a healing spell. Now, seeing the abhorrence in his eyes and the hostility in his actions towards her, she was certain that she was to blame for his injuries. "Gwaine, please." She took a few, cautious steps towards him, holding her hands out before her. "Whoever that was…whoever that hurt you…that wasn't me. I swear it."
He didn't budge. He said with a snarl, "You tricked me once, creature, but you will not do so again."
The way that he spoke to her caused Lourdes' heart to constrict. What had truly happened when she was under Czernobog's control? Was she responsible for hurting others who she cared about? Guilt and inadequacy overtook her then, feeling as though she hadn't been powerful enough to resist the spell in the first place. Distress lined her expression as she perceived Gwaine quickly backing away towards her door. She quickly needed to convince him that she was herself once more, so she blurted, "I remember everything that happened between us."
Gwaine's brows furrowed as he halted his movement. "What?"
"The Rising Sun tavern. The walk back to the castle." Lourdes pressed onward, her countenance softening as she locked eyes with the knight. "My chambers…" Although Gwaine's eyes darted away at this, she continued, "I'm sorry, Gwaine. What else can I say or do to make you believe that it is truly me?"
There was one way, Gwaine thought.
After a brief pause, the knight questioned:
"Who does your heart truly belong to?"
Face becoming white, Lourdes froze at the unexpected query. She opened her mouth to utter a reply, but quickly clamped it shut, for the thoughts in her head were too confusing and convoluted for her to explain with words. As she continued to say nothing, Gwaine could see and feel her hesitation; the knight's stance subsequently relaxed, his spine straightening. With a quick nod to her form, he proclaimed. "I now believe that it is truly you who has returned."
Unnerved by Gwaine's subsequent, dejected demeanour, Lourdes could only watch in silence as the knight swiftly exited her room.
"Alright, Cillian." Gwaine ensued to slam his elbow upon the table top. Using his free hand, he gestured to the red-headed warrior in challenge, as though beckoning for him to come forward. "Show me what you're made of!"
"What the hell are you saying?" Cillian cried out in the Anihc tongue in animated frustration through the jeers, laughs, and cheers of their comrades surrounding them. He rolled his eyes as he waved the knight off with a dismissive gesture. He couldn't allow foreign taunts to distract him. "Whatever you said, pansy knight, I'll best you anyway!"
Gwaine's face contorted at the grinning warrior's response, which was followed by jests and booming guffaws from the Anihc warriors. "Huh?" Now the one confused, the knight looked towards his Camelot comrades, receiving only curt shrugs and blank looks from them. Gwaine's eyes darted back to Cillian in unamused suspicion. "Did…did you just make fun of me?"
Although the news of the impending northern attack had spread throughout the kingdom, the warriors and knights of Camelot resolved to drink their situations away and busy themselves with contests in the local tavern one last time. To the satisfaction of Camelot's knights, the space was almost three times the size of the tavern of The Rising Sun, and, much to their contentment, was filled with the beautiful barmaids of Anihc. This was certainly the type of distraction that they needed before placing their lives on the line once more.
The arm wrestling battle between Gwaine and Cillian ensued. Over a dozen warriors and knights gathered around them, commentating on their efforts and screaming out lighthearted taunts. Lancelot, Merlin, Arthur, Leon, and Elyan all stood by Percival, who keenly looked upon the friendly contest; whoever won this match would face him next!
An approaching form served to distract Gwaine. As his attention wholly fixated upon Lourdes, all of his efforts and energy rescinded; this momentary exhibition of weakness then allowed Cillian to easily slam his fist upon the table and take the match. To the shouts and cheers of the Anihc warriors and the groans of the knights of Camelot, Cillian ensued to stand and throw his hands in the air repeatedly in celebration. Gwaine consequently mumbled a curse, breathing out through his bottom lip. As he waved off Cillian's celebrations, the warrior, nevertheless, turned to him and shook his arm. "Good…match, Sir Gwaine." The beaming warrior began unsurely, trying his best to speak in the Western tongue.
With a small smile at the conciliatory gesture, the long-haired knight returned the armshake. He then spoke in the Anihc tongue with surprising ease, "Good match, Warrior Cillian."
The large grin upon Cillian's face quickly faded, however, as Percival took his stance before him. As the giant of a knight crossed his arms in challenge, the Anihc warrior nervously gulped, his head having to rise to even make eye contact with the knight. Gwaine also had to wince at this, for he himself had once challenged Percival in an arm wrestling competition; it felt as though the knight could have completely dislocated his shoulder! Gwaine finished, eyes squinted towards Cillian, "…And good luck."
"We need to prepare the men to ride out in the morning, or the morning after." Lourdes had been saying to Arthur a few paces from where the match was occurring. "My," she paused, choosing her words carefully, "…informant did not specify the numbers of Czernobog's men, but I believe that we must prepare as many men as possible. However, I want to leave a few warriors to guard the castle and the surrounding village and…" She trailed off at this point when she distinctly heard Gwaine speaking her tongue.
Arthur looked at her expectantly, bottom lip slightly protruding in thought. "And…?" As he patiently waited for her to continue, he clearly discerned that Lourdes was distracted. Following her line of sight, Arthur could see her stare transfixed upon Lancelot and Gwaine's direction, where the two knights stood side by side. Waving a palm in front of her face in an attempt to break her concentration, the blonde-haired king cocked his head to the side. "Lourdes? Hello up there?" When she still didn't respond, he grumbled under his breath, "I think you've been around Merlin for too long…"
Without warning, Lourdes lightly pushed at Arthur's shoulder in jest. "I heard that." Her eyes flickering back to Arthur, she chided, "Merlin's much wiser than you give him credit for. You have no idea how much he has helped and guided me since we met." She nudged him. "And I know he has always been there for you - always loyal, always by your side - whether you like to admit it or not."
Merlin overheard this; it caused him to smile.
The king's eyes softened as he perceived the sincerity in her tone and expression and, most importantly, the meaning in her words. "I know." Arthur replied lightly, squeezing Lourdes' shoulder in a conceding manner. "I just don't tell him often. I'm afraid it'll make his head bigger than it already is."
Lourdes could only close her eyes and shake her head amusedly; if that was the best Arthur could do at expressing his emotions with her, then she would take it. With a pat on Arthur's arm, she took her leave from his side and traversed the floor towards Lancelot. All around her, the people of Anihc began to bow; however, she quickly signaled for them to halt the gesture. She did not want to distract any of the tavern's patrons, for she hypothesized that her presence would make some within act quite differently. Perhaps that's why she longed for Camelot once more; aye, she was a respected medic and many were fond of her in Arthur's kingdom, but, at the end of the day, she received the same treatment as anyone else. She felt as though she did not have to live up to such high expectations, and she could act without duty gnawing at her. Most of all, she could be entirely herself, with little consequence to deter her from doing so.
As she reached the knight, she discreetly took his hand in hers, subtly gaining his attention. It took every effort for Lancelot not to kiss her at that very moment, but, with much willpower, he somehow managed to restrain himself. The knight merely squeezed her hand in return and hovered his adoring eyes upon her face. Lourdes couldn't help but smile despite the news that she brought. "We ride out within the next couple of days, Lancelot. I have already spoken with Arthur about the plans."
The knight took a step closer to her, taking her other hand in his. "No matter what happens, I will stay by your side."
"In truth, I do not want you to come at all." She admitted, head lowering as she broke the stare. "It would be much safer if you and the knights stayed here," A sigh escaped her lips, "but, given your personalities and from past experience, I know none of you will heed my commands anyway."
Overcome with emotion, Lancelot could no longer restrain himself. He placed a gentle palm upon her face, then stroked a tendril of her hair behind her ear. "We worry about you and your people just as much as you worry about us." Resting his hand upon the side of her head, his thumb then caressed her cheek. "Take comfort in the fact that our force united will be stronger than our force divided."
Gwaine caught on to the closeness in which Lourdes and Lancelot stood and the actions that they displayed with one another. Not heeding Merlin's worried calls behind him, the ale-filled knight stalked - almost in a winding manner - towards the exit of the tavern. The slight commotion was keenly noticed by Lourdes and, giving Lancelot a light embrace, took her leave. The princess tried to ignore the knight's questioning look as she departed, ensuring that she attempted to act as calm as possible. Sharing a knowing look with Merlin as she passed him, she inconspicuously followed Gwaine outside.
The crisp, evening air instantly met her body as she stepped out of the tavern doors. Peering to her right, she caught sight of Gwaine staggering through the deserted street in the direction of the gardens. Without any ale to impede her movements, it didn't take long for Lourdes to catch up with the knight. In silence, she caught Gwaine by the waist as he stumbled upon a protruding root. The knight's glossy eyes slid to her form as he slurred, "It's always how it goes, isn't it? You open your heart up to someone, and it just gets…stomped all over." He forced a lopsided smile as his head lolled to the side. "But it is what it is."
"Gwaine, you've had too much ale," with a grunt, Lourdes attempted to keep the waddling knight on his two feet. "Please, you need to rest. We are preparing to…"
"Do not take me for a fool!" He attempted to release himself from her grasp, retracting his arm. His face contorted as his eyes narrowed. "I may act like one at times, but I assure you, I certainly am not one."
"I've never taken you for a fool. Ever." Lourdes desperately caught Gwaine's hand in hers as he began to stagger away. "I apologize for all of the pain that I've caused you, for any wrong that I have done to you. It was never, ever my intention to do that." Unrestrained, tears began to appear in the brims of her eyes. The knight turned to face her now. "You are such a good, selfless man, Gwaine. I saw that in you from the very beginning. You deserve so much more than…"
Such sweet words fell upon deaf ears. Instead of placating the knight, Lourdes saw that she only succeeded in upsetting him even more. With a step backwards, Gwaine questioned despondently, "Why are you telling me all of this? Do you think it'll change anything?"
Lourdes' head shook in a curt manner. "Gwaine, I -"
"I'm in love with you." The knight's arms lifted at his sides at his declaration. "I'm in love with you, Lourdes, but you're not in love with me. Do you see the problem in that?" A scoff escaped his lips as he shrugged. "Either way, what can a knight like me ever give to a princess, anyway? Absolutely nothing."
A sharp intake of breath allowed Lourdes to momentarily control her emotions. "That's not true!" With purposeful strides, she crossed the space between them and took Gwaine's face in her hands. "Gwaine, you are worth more to me than you will ever understand. Please know this."
With softness lining his look, it seemed as though the knight was quickly succumbing to the princess' words and actions. He cursed himself for being so weak and relenting when it came to her. Now, his actions seemed as though he was entirely sober, his feet becoming steady once more. "You have changed me forever, and for that, I am grateful." He began, though his countenance remained hard, "But despite everything that has transpired between us, I can see that you have already made your choice…."
Lourdes' face crinkled with hurt. "Gwaine…"
"…so I will make mine." He quickly interjected, his chin rising as he proclaimed, "I choose to no longer remain in this torturous state. What has passed between us, princess, will soon be a distant memory to me."
And with that, Gwaine stalked away from her sight.
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sixth sense
Tag: rb
[Snippet]
Running from my past, couldn’t help it out
I’m tryna be a fool, a fool for you
And I am walking on the lane
But I was on delay
I’m tryna leave it all, leave it all behind
I see your ghost behind, running towards me
I’m gonna let you go, I hope it doesn’t hurt
And I am letting all of it go
But I was wearing our couple clothes
I’m tryna work it out, or leave it all behind
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Composition by Novera Ahmed, Bangladesh National Museum, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
When describing the works of the first modern Bangladeshi sculptor Novera Ahmed, Zainul Abedin proclaimed “What Novera is doing now will take us a long time to understand – she is that kind of artist.” This aptly describes the forward-looking and progressive thought of the pioneer in the field of sculpture, Novera Ahmed.
Novera Ahmed was born in a culturally inclined family in Chittagong, where she was inspired by her mother’s skills in making doll houses out of clay and became fascinated with working with three-dimensional forms. The sculptor herself remained an enigma for scholars and thinkers. A book on Novera Ahmed, published in 1995, written by Hasnat Abdul Hye that represented a version of Novera Ahmed which Rezaul Karim Sumon, a scholar who has done extensive research on Ahmed, described to be “more fiction than fact” and “full of speculation viewed through the male-gaze.” In fact, the representation of Ahmed in the media in Bangladesh general was mostly poorly-sourced guesswork concocted out of rumours or less.
Seated Woman by Novera Ahmed, Bangladesh National Museum, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
As Ahmed was educated in London at the Camberwell School of Arts, and Florence, her sculptural vocabulary was based on a combination of western ideas and folk traditions. Many of her artefacts were based on village lives and folk motifs, of which she was a keen observer. She also incorporated Buddhist themes in her works, and developed an individual style that depicted the experiences of women. Her education had to happen in Europe as during the time women in then East Pakistan were not accommodated in higher education. Government Institute of Arts was the first art-school to do so, and only from the 1954-1955 session after Ahmed had completed her schooling.
Reclining Figure by Novera Ahmed, Bangladesh National Museum, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Her first public work was the frieze in the Central Public Library (now Dhaka University Library) in 1957, the subject of which was rural life of East Bengal. She also worked on some small relief structures on the same subject, which had a sense of monumentality. The fact that two of the pioneering modern artists of Bangladesh got involved with one of the first modern buildings of Bangladesh is nevertheless fascinating.
In August 1960, Ahmed came into prominence with her first solo exhibition titled ‘Inner Gaze’, organised on the ground floor of Central Public Library (now Dhaka University Library). With a display of 75 of her works, mainly executed in cement, it was the first-ever solo sculpture exhibition by any sculptor of Bangladesh. It was inaugurated by General Azam Khan of the Pakistan Army, who was so impressed with her work that he gave her a grant of ৳10,000 to promote sculpture as an art form. In the early 1960s, upon the Pakistan Art Council’s invitation, she moved to West Pakistan, and produced many works there. In 1962, she travelled to Bombay to learn Bharatanatyam, and a year later moved to Paris where she remained for the rest of her life. She lived in Thailand from 1968 to 1970, and had her second solo exhibition in Bangkok’s Alliance Française in 1970. At that time she was using remains from plane crashes of American aeroplanes from the Vietnam War.
Part of the mural by artist Hamidur Rahman and Novera Ahmed at the room under Shaheed Minar [It was destroyed by the Pakistani Army on 25th March 1971]
Novera Ahmed was one of the original designers of the Shaheed Minar, in which she collaborated with Hamidur Rahman. The media labelled her as obhimani, citing as fact her not getting recognition for Shaheed Minar as the reason for her leaving, and not returning to the country. However, Rezaul Karim Sumon believes that this was not true. He further affirms that the irresponsible projection of Novera Ahmed’s personality extended to her work, as misinformed interpretations of the works started being printed on national press. Eventually, she turned into a cult. Becoming part of the conversation not because of her work but because of her media portrayed ‘personality’. However, there is little doubt as to whether she was bold or not. Posing for a photograph dressed as the Hindu goddess Baishnabi wearing Rudraksh garland, in a conservative Muslim society indicates that she was unapologetic in expressing herself.
To Novera Ahmed art is and should always be part of the everyday life of a healthy society. She said “We must let the people grow up with work of art playing a direct positive part in their everyday lives. We must return to the concept of city planning which has inspired the growth of great cities of the world, giving it a new interpretation. We must ignite among our people the spark of curiosity, about the inner visions, meanings and truths of life, which can come only by bringing art within the horizon of our city life.” It doesn’t seem that the art of sculpting has yet had this kind of impact on the life of its citizens as she envisioned.
She was awarded the Ekushey Padak in 1997 in absentia, and an exhibition was arranged from her works left behind in Dhaka in April-May, 1998. However, little care was taken to preserve her works as most of the works that survived did so due to her patrons. Same is true for a lot of her contemporaries. Many of her works have either been squandered and destroyed or in disarray. Her vision for society seems some distance away but respect for her work and impact should not be.
Written by: Farhat Afzal
Edited by: Muntakim Haque and Mohammad Tauheed
Photos: First three CC4.0 open-source, by: Mashkawat.ahsan; Shaheed Minar mural photo – Public Domain, by Prof. Rafiqul Islam.
Published 9th April, 2020, 19:32 | Last updated on: 14th April, 2020, 16:35.
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The Keystone XL pipeline may have divided advocates and lawmakers in Washington, but the controversial project has also united a wide group of Native American tribes whose lands the pipes would cross.
The proposed pipeline would run for 1,179 miles from southern Alberta to the Gulf of Mexico, crossing through six states and the territories of numerous tribes from the Dene and Creek Nations to the Omaha, Ho-chunk and Panka tribes.
These tribal nations say the US government has failed to adequately consult and negotiate the matter with them, despite the direct effect the pipeline’s route would have on their lands
“I think that a lot of tribes are really frustrated at the lack of inclusion in this process that's guaranteed through our treaty rights,” says Dallas Goldtooth of the Indigenous Environmental Network. Goldtooth says their primary concern is that the State Department’s permitting process has overlooked tribal treaties with the federal government.
For example, he says, "the Keystone pipeline passes right through the heart of the Oceti Sacowin Treaty area that was established before the Laramie Treaty back in 1868. A lot of the tribal nations really stick to the wording and negotiated agreements that were made and are treaties and we really encourage the federal government to really stick to those.”
But tribes on both sides of the US-Canada border are also concerned about a range of environmental problems like pollution, accelerated climate effects and potential danger to the tribes' water supply.
As it runs across the United States, the pipeline crosses over the Ogallala Aquifer, which supplies water to Nebraska and surrounding states. The aquifer “provides enormous resources to the agricultural breadbasket of America,” Goldtooth says. “The potential for a spill there is far too great of a risk for not only tribal members but for non-native people to take in this region,” he said.
The Environmental Protection Agency recently acknowledged that many of the environmental questions surrounding Keystone XL were probably underevaluated — or not evaluated at all. Goldtooth interprets the EPA's report as a critical acknowledgement that the pipeline will contribute to greater emissions and carbon pollution.
“I think that has always been a talking point that proponents of the pipeline have always used — and continue to say: that this will not contribute to greater carbon pollution. But that's just plain not true,” Goldtooth said. “I really do appreciate the EPA stepping forward and making that note.”
Goldtooth feels the native people's lack of inclusion in the Keystone discussion belies a lack of respect. He remembers that, on the occasions that the State Department did consult with tribal groups, those meetings were typically conference calls with tribal representatives gathered in a room, or in-person meetings with low-level State Department officials.
“A lot of tribes just found that offensive, to be plain spoken,” Goldtooth says. “They expect something higher up, given the nation-to-nation relationship.”
The Senate passed a bill approving the pipeline last month, but its prospects are still slim: President Barack Obama has threatened to veto the law, and the Republican majority in Congress lacks the votes to overturn such a move.
But if the pipeline does somehow win approval, Goldtooth says Congress should anticipate a strong response from the tribes along Keystone's route. “Our tribes — the Oceti Sacowin, the Lakota, Dakota and the Nakota nations — are very proud of our political activism," he says.
He mentions that the Rosebud Sioux tribe already has prepared an encampment on a portion of the proposed route, and will increase their presence if the pipeline is approved.
“What we see are fellow native people that are suffering because of [a] continued colonial process of extracting minerals and resources from our communities without our consent,” Goldtooth says. “And so we really want to stand in solidarity, across no matter what border may be, with our indigenous brothers and sisters.”
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Industrial heat pumps, using waste process heat as the source, deliver heat at a higher temperature for use in industrial process heating, preheating, or space heating. There is debate over their definition, but, in general, they represent a worthwhile method of improving the energy efficiency of industrial processes and reducing primary energy consumption.
Industrial heat pumps (IHPs) offer various opportunities in all types of manufacturing processes and operations. Increased energy efficiency is certainly their most obvious benefit, but few companies have realised the untapped potential of IHPs in solving production and environmental problems. This Application Note demonstrates that IHPs can offer the least-cost option for removing bottlenecks in production processes and allowing greater product throughput and, in fact, may be an industrial facility’s best way of significantly and cost-effectively reducing combustion-related emissions.
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Once you have properly brazed the assembly, you will need to clean the brazed joint. Cleaning a braze joint is a two step process. The first step is to remove all flux residues. Second, pickle the joint to remove any oxide scale formed during the brazing process.
Step 1: Flux Removal
Flux removal is a simple, but essential operation. Flux residues are chemically corrosive and, if not removed, could weaken certain joints. Since most brazing fluxes are water soluble, the easiest way to remove them is to quench the assembly in hot water (120°F/50°C or hotter). Best bet is to immerse them while they're still hot, just making sure that the filler metal has solidified completely before quenching.
The glass-like flux residues will usually crack and flake off. If they're a little stubborn, brush them lightly with a wire brush while the assembly is still in the hot water. You can use more elaborate methods of removing flux as well like an ultrasonic cleaning tank to speed the action of the hot water or live steam.
Troubleshooting When Removing Flux
The only time you run into trouble removing flux is when you haven't used enough of it to begin with or you've overheated the parts during the brazing process. Then the flux becomes totally saturated with oxides, usually turning green or black. In this case, the flux has to be removed by a mild acid solution. A 25% hydrochloric acid bath (heated to 140- 160°F/60-70°C) will usually dissolve the most stubborn flux residues.
Simply agitate the brazed assembly in this solution for 30 seconds to 2 minutes. No need to brush. A word of caution: acid solutions are potent, so when quenching hot brazed assemblies in an acid bath, be sure to wear a face shield and gloves. After you've gotten rid of the flux, use a pickling solution to remove any oxides that remain on areas that were unprotected by flux during the brazing process.
Step 2: Pickling Oxide Scale
The best pickle to use is generally the one recommended by the manufacturer of the brazing materials you're using.
Highly oxidizing pickling solutions, such as bright dips containing nitric acid, should be avoided if possible, as they attack the silver filler metal. If you do find it necessary to use them, keep the pickling time very short.
The pickling solutions recommended below may be used to remove oxides from areas that were not protected by flux during the brazing process and are typically used after the flux residue has been removed from the brazed assembly.
|Oxide removal from copper, brass, bronze, nickel silver and other copper alloys containing high percentages of copper.||10 to 25% hot sulphuric acid with 5 to 10% potassium dichromate added.||Pickling can be done at same time flux is removed. Will work on carbon steels, but if pickle is contaminated with copper, the copper will plate out on the steel and will have to be removed mechanically. This sulphuric pickle will remove copper or cuprous oxide stains from copper alloys. It is an oxidizing pickle, and will discolor the silver filler metal, leaving it a dull gray.|
|Oxide removal from irons and steels.||A 50% hydrochloric acid solution, used cold or warm, More diluted acid can be used (10 to 25%) at higher temperatures (140-160°F/60-70°C.)||A mixture of 1 part hydrochloric acid to 2 parts water can be used for Monel and other high nickel alloys. Pickling solution should be heated to about 180°F/80°C. Mechanical finishing is necessary for bright finishes. This HCI pickle is not like bright dips on nonferrous metals.|
|Oxide removal stainless steels and alloys containing chromium.||20% sulphuric acid, 20% hydrochloric acid, 60% water, used at a temperature of 170°-180°F(75-80°C.)||This pickle is followed directly by a 10% nitric dip, and then a clean water rinse.|
|20% hydrochloric acid, 10% nitric acid, 70% water, used at about 150°F(65°C.)||This pickle is more aggressive than the sulphuric-hydrochloric mixture listed above, and will etch both the steel and the filler metal.|
Once the flux and oxides are removed from the brazed assembly, further finishing operations are seldom needed. The assembly is ready for use, or for the application of an electroplated finish. In the few instances where you need an ultra-clean finish, you can get it by polishing the assembly with a fine emery cloth. If the assemblies are going to be stored for use at a later time, give them a light rust-resistant protective coating by adding a water soluble oil to the final rinse water.
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(Subreddit: Patriots)
Congratulations: From a Seahawks Fan
Man. It's hurts just to type this, because I honestly felt the game was ours to lose in the final seconds. And we did. Jesus, that sounds like I am taking away from you guys, and I'm not trying to. It's the whole, did we lose it? Did the Patriots win it? It's a bit of both really.
BUT, credit must go to Butler, who made an incredible move on that ball and out muscled a guy much larger than he was.
Credit must go to Brady. Who is the greatest QB of all-time. Sure, Joe Montana may still have something to say about it, but in my opinion, it's Brady. He picked apart the vaunted LOB, and led you guys back down 10 in the 4th Quarter.
Credit must go to Belichick, who came with it with a great game plan.
Credit to the entire team, that fought though the adversity of [post gets removed if I say the words].
I'm a proud Seahawks fan, and I hurt more than words can describe. At the same time, I know you all understand our pain. You too, have had your hearts ripped out in Super Bowls, and good God, it looked like it was happening again.
It's a rainy, dreary day here in Seattle. Everyone is just walking around in a fog.
Congratulations New England Patriots, you absolutely earned this victory.
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Many of us might have asked this question, or might have been told many different answers. You know what? The answer lies within us, and we just need to listen to our body to find out what posture our spine likes. Our body is designed in an economical way elegantly so that we use the least amount of energy to do the most work. However, being economical does not mean being lazy. It is far from that.
Good spinal posture for supporting body weight
Do you know that our spine is actually in S-shape when viewing from the side? It’s because the spine absorbs the shock every step we walk. The reaction force from these steps transmits from the ground through our trunk to our head, supporting our body weight. Instead of stacking up spinal segments in a straight line like a bamboo pole, our body cleverly aligns the segments in S-shape like the shape of spring to help absorb this loading. S-shape viewing from the back is called scoliosis, which sometimes may need medical attention. But a moderate S-shape viewing from the side is entirely normal. It is necessary and beneficial for our weight-bearing.
Good spinal posture for breathing
Another important reason for the spine to be in moderate S-shape is, it facilitates proper breathing. Every time we inhale, our mid-back spine bends slightly backwards to help pull in air. And when we exhale, the opposite occurs to help expel air. The moderate S-shape gives room to these movements so that we breathe smoothly. Just put your hand on your upper back and feel the movement when you breathe in and out.
How good spinal posture looks like
What is a moderate S-shape for the spine? Well, we don’t need to measure to the degree, see the last paragraph for why. As a general rule, when your ear, shoulder, hip and ankle align in a straight line in standing, you are almost there.
Keeping good spinal posture actively
Most of us are born with this moderate S-shape spine, but maintaining this shape is our job. The moderate S-shape spine does not hold itself up against gravity by itself. Instead, this is done by many muscles, often working in pairs and opposite directions, e.g. abdominal muscles (moving the trunk forward) and back muscles (moving the trunk backwards). When one muscle is weak and its counterpart tight, or when both are weak, this moderate S-shape will be pulled out of shape. Imagine the tents we set up 20 years ago, the relationship between the poles and the strings. When the strings are tied at a balanced tension at all sides of the pole, the pole will stand properly. Maintaining the strength and flexibility at the right amount around the spine is essential in keeping the spine posture proper. Nowadays, many people are talking about core muscles, and maintaining a healthy spinal posture is one of the reasons why we need to activate these muscles.
Keep it and keep it moving
Our body intelligently designs the spine in a moderate S-shape to help us absorb shock and breathe well. Our job is to recognize it and keep our muscles in proper strength and flexibility to maintain this shape so that the spine can work well, not to slouch overly, not to straighten overly. Having said that, we mentioned that we don’t need to measure this posture to the degree, because static posture is not what our spine likes the most, no matter how proper the posture is. Our spine prefers a balance between proper posture and movement. We will talk more about movement in our future blogs. Meantime, enjoy these tips to keep our spine healthy and happy.
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Why do babies have more bones than adults? Babies have more bones than adults because as they grow up, some of the bones fuse together to form one bone. This is because babies have more cartilage than bone. New born babies have around 305 bones.
Do babies have more bones than grownups?
Babies have more bones than adults. Children’s bones are continuously growing. Kids’ bones are more flexible than adults’ bones.
Which bones fuse after pregnancy?
Take the humerus, the upper arm bone: It starts as three or four separate pieces of cartilage. After birth, the cartilage that makes up each piece begins to transform, individually, into bone. After about three years, the pieces then meet and continue to fuse together.
How many bones do adults have?
The adult human skeleton is made up of 206 bones. These include the bones of the skull, spine (vertebrae), ribs, arms and legs.
Does a male or female skeleton have more bones?
Within the same population, males tend to have larger, more robust bones and joint surfaces, and more bone development at muscle attachment sites. However, the pelvis is the best sex-related skeletal indicator, because of distinct features adapted for childbearing.
What can a baby do that an adult Cannot?
Babies who are between three- to four-months-old are able to see differences in pictures with far more detail than older people, meaning that they can see colours and objects in a way that grown adults never will be able to.
Do babies have all their bones?
A baby’s body has about 300 bones at birth. These eventually fuse (grow together) to form the 206 bones that adults have. Some of a baby’s bones are made entirely of a special material called cartilage (say: KAR-tel-ij). Other bones in a baby are partly made of cartilage.
At what age do bones fuse?
A skeleton in progress
The bones in the skull don’t fully fuse until ages 1 to 2. Children have more dense, elastic tissue (called cartilage) in their joints and other bony structures (such as the ribs). This allows the bones to continue to develop and grow as the child grows.
Why adults have less bones than babies?
Babies have more bones than adults because as they grow up, some of the bones fuse together to form one bone. This is because babies have more cartilage than bone. New born babies have around 305 bones. A baby’s skeleton is mostly made up of cartilage.
Can bones fuse together?
However, if the ligaments calcify, the bones can fuse together and make movement impossible. This is why AS can be disabling in its advanced stages. AS inflammation can also affect other joints and organs in your body.
Which is the weakest bone in your body?
The stapes is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body, and is so-called because of its resemblance to a stirrup (Latin: Stapes).
|Anatomical terms of bone|
What is the shortest bone in the body?
At 3 mm x 2.5 mm, the “stapes” in the middle ear is the smallest named bone in the human body. The shape of a stirrup, this bone is one of three in the middle ear, collectively known as the ossicles.
What is the largest heaviest and strongest bone in the human body?
The femur is the largest and thickest bone in the human body. By some measures, it is also the strongest bone in the human body.
Can you tell gender from bones?
The human pelvis provides the most reliable means for determining the sex of skeletal remains. … Although measurements may be taken to determine the gender of the remains, an experienced anthropologist often can tell simply by visual inspection. 5 The skull also can be used to determine the sex of an individual.
Do females have more bones?
In the majority of populations, men have larger and stronger bone and joint surfaces, and more bone at muscle attachment sites. However, women have stronger pelvises because of their distinct ability to carry a child and experience childbirth.
Do females have more ribs than males?
Most people have the same number of ribs, regardless of their sex. However, researchers have noted that although they are rare in the general population, cervical ribs are more common in females than males.
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Blackberry Farm
The Preservationist
Having the ability to preserve all that cannot be used in the fresh state, affords the opportunity for the preservationist to work with a berry farmer for example to purchase their whole crop, ensuring that the berries are grown in a sustainable fashion and providing the farmer with the security of knowing their product will not go to waste. The results are jams, jellies and preserves of a natural quality, ones that derive their flavor from the ingredient rather than additives. Blackberry’s small-batch preserves pay homage to the true meaning of abundance with stewardship and respect for the orchard’s natural goodness. through recipes passed down by our Appalachian forebears, our artisans revive the craft of "putting by" with each jar that’s sealed. using only the highest quality ingredients.
Shannon Walker
The Preservationist and Beekeeper
Shannon Walker grew up eating and preserving from the land. With the guiding hand of his grandparents he saw living out of the garden a way of life. His grandmother showed him how to cook and preserve while his grandfather influenced his love of gardening and foraging. After a successful career as a photographer, Shannon decided to change his path and took up work in the kitchen and spent the next 7 years in the kitchens of Blackberry Farm, a local restaurant or two and even had his own catering business. He returned to Blackberry Farm in the Main House kitchen in early 2009, and then stepped into the role of Preservationist in 2011. The Larder is a natural place for Shannon as he gets to express creativity, love of the food culture and products from East Tennessee, and use his skills as a chef and those that his grandmother passed down. Shannon’s high regard for the land, passion for farming, foraging, bee keeping and the history of the area is apparent in each jar he creates. Shannon sees his role as the Preservationist at Blackberry Farm more than preserving the season’s bounty, but to also protect and share the southern Appalachian culture and food history.
image description
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<gh_stars>0
import QuestionAnswer from '../shr/base/QuestionAnswer';
import Lang from 'lodash';
class FluxQuestionAnswer {
constructor(json) {
this._questionAnswer = QuestionAnswer.fromJSON(json);
}
get entryInfo() {
return this._questionAnswer.entryInfo;
}
/*
* Getter for QuestionText
*/
get questionText() {
return this._questionAnswer.questionText.string;
}
/*
* Getter for Members
* Return array of references
*/
get members() {
if (Lang.isUndefined(this._questionAnswer.panelMembers)) return [];
return this._questionAnswer.panelMembers.observation;
}
/*
* Getter for value
* Return value(currently just true/false for answer to questions)
*/
get value() {
return this._questionAnswer.findingResult.value;
}
/*
* Getter for author
* Return author
*/
get author() {
return this._questionAnswer.metadata.informationRecorder || null;
}
get relevantTime() {
if (this._questionAnswer.relevantTime) {
return this._questionAnswer.relevantTime.value;
}
return null;
}
isROS() {
return this._questionAnswer.findingTopicCode && this._questionAnswer.findingTopicCode.codeableConcept && this._questionAnswer.findingTopicCode.codeableConcept.coding[0].code.value === 'C95618';
}
toJSON() {
return this._questionAnswer.toJSON();
}
}
export default FluxQuestionAnswer;
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Véritable Lyrics
Or Pur Vol. 1
Lyrics to Véritable Lyricsmania staff is working hard for you to add Véritable lyrics as soon as they'll be released by Balao, check back soon!
In case you have the lyrics to Véritable and want to send them to us, fill out the following form:
Artist: Balao lyrics
Album: Or Pur Vol. 1
Title: Véritable
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This September, we’re celebrating cat month with expert tips on caring for and enjoying time with your cat. This week, we’ll share healthcare tips along with some of the more common medical conditions to watch for in your indoor or outdoor tabby.
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Diseases are Common
If you or anyone you know has ever lived with a cat, then you’ve probably dealt with a urinary tract issue of some kind or another. It’s common in cats that are overweight or eat nothing but dry food.
Look for symptoms such as trouble urinating (crying while going), blood in their urine, vomiting, dehydration, depression, urinating in unusual places, and a lack of appetite. It can be a serious problem, so get your cat to the vet for a checkup if you think there’s an issue.
All Aboard the Vomit Train
Cat vomit isn’t fun to clean up. But the cat dosen't enjoy it either. When a feline vomits, it can be any number of issues, including something they ate, infections, diabetes, or just simply a hairball. Usual checkups with the vet can help ensure that more serious issues aren’t the cause.
Fleas Love Cats
But your domesticated, wannabe mountain lion doesn’t love those tiny, annoying invaders. The best remedies for cats are flea collars, medication, powders, foams, and topicals. Signs your cat might have fleas include continual scratching and licking, hair loss due to scratching and licking, hot spots, and visible fleas on the skin.
Watch for Tapeworms
Okay, you cannot see tapeworms that live inside your cat. But this common cat health issue, often caused when a cat eats a flea, can escalate quickly. If you notice your cat is losing weight for no apparent reason, look closely at their feces. Tapeworm segments (that look like grains of rice) will usually show up in their stool, and can come out of your cat’s odorous-end while it’s sleeping. Your vet will treat tapeworms with oral or topical remedies.
And You Thought Dog Diarrhea was Bad
Runny cat feces is even worse. Common symptoms include allergies, infections, or bad food. Some of the more concerning issues are liver disease, intestinal parasites, and cancer. When your kitty gets diarrhea, give them plenty of fresh water but remove their food for up to 24 hours. If the problem persists and if they are vomiting, have a fever, or have no interest in food or water, take them to the vet.
Cat Eye Issues
Like dogs, cats can develop eye diseases. For felines, the underlying problems include corneal ulcers, cataracts, glaucoma, retinal disease, and viruses. If they have cloudy eyes, always have gunk in the corner of their eyes, paw at their eyes, or continually have wet fur below their eyes, ask your vet for guidance.
Even Cats Get Sick
When a cat comes down with something, it’s generally in their upper respiratory system. Symptoms include a runny nose, teary eyes, sneezing (yes, cats sneeze), cough, or fever. Your veterinarian may have advice on how to treat the symptoms and help your cat recoup.
How to Spot Possible Cancer
As with other pets, cancer is a possibility. Common cancers in cats include feline leukemia, lymphosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Look for lumps, swelling, sores on the skin that don’t heal, lethargy, difficulty breathing, and excessive vomiting.
Cat Care Starts at Coastal
Always talk to your vet about options that are right for you and your cat, then stop by your local Coastal to pick up all of your cat care supplies. We carry aisles of flea treatments, tapeworm options, food, toys, treats, bedding, and a lot more for all the furry and feathered critters in your life.
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Understanding the Markets
Introduction Background Factors
Who sets mortgage rates? Why do rates change? How often do rates change? What is a Mortgage Backed Security (MBS)? These are some of the questions we are often asked by our audience and following is a brief explanation of the MBS market and how it works.
Mortgage loan interest rates, and the corresponding fees or points charged for various rates, are driven by the prices of Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS). While lenders, in effect, set their own mortgage rates, how those rates are set is driven largely by the then current prices of Mortgage Backed Securities. MBS are actually pools, or groups, of mortgages packaged into securities for sale in the secondary market. One security may, for example, be made up of 500 loans totaling $75,000,000. These MBS are traded in markets in a manner very similar to stocks and other fixed income securities, and what investors will pay for these drives interest rates.
Direct lenders originate loans, and wholesale and correspondent lenders purchase loans, from Mortgage Brokers or smaller lenders, most often with the intent to resell those loans into the secondary market, packaging them into MBS. So the going price in the secondary market for loans at various interest rates influences the rates and prices a lender will offer to the public or a Mortgage Broker. Although lender and wholesaler rate sheets are typically issued no more than a couple of times each day, the value of the mortgages, or the price of MBS, is actually constantly changing.
Unlike purchasing or selling stock, where the price is whatever it is at the moment you make the trade, lenders generally issue a rate sheet setting forth their rates and corresponding points/premiums for those rates, and honor those rates, until the change in MBS prices reaches a certain threshold, before passing new prices on to their customers in the form of a new rate sheet. Typically lenders will issue new rate sheets as prices change by more than 4/32nds to 8/32nds, or 0.125% to 0.25% points.
A few other characteristics unique to the MBS market also distinguish it from equity and Treasury markets, but the overall operation is similar. A wide range of economic, social, and political factors leads to changes in the value of a mortgage whenever new information is released. This tutorial serves as an introduction to these influences.
As a mortgage professional, your business is greatly impacted by changes in mortgage rates. From a client relationship perspective, the implications are many. An unexpected increase in rates may cause clients to change their mind about a loan you are discussing, cause them to not qualify, result in dissatisfaction with you as their loan officer, or result in other problems. Or you may offer a rate and point quote to clients which they accept, only to find out prices have moved swiftly and suddenly, and those terms are no longer available from your lender. On the other hand, an improvement in rates, if you know about it and communicate it to your client, can create a loyal client for life when they benefit from it by receiving a better price or a lower rate. In your clients' eyes, you are the expert guiding them through the financing process, and you greatly increase your credibility with them if you are informed and help them make better decisions. This is not to be confused with “playing the market” and simply hoping rates improve.
While you may not, and need not, learn all the factors that affect MBS prices, you can benefit greatly from understanding the basics and staying informed. MBSQuoteline addresses this need by providing the complete MBS market information resource for mortgage professionals. Keeping track of changes in MBS prices and staying on top of all the news that impacts them is a difficult and time consuming job. As you're aware, there are limitless web sites, TV channels, newsletters, and other sources devoted to the stock and bond markets. But streaming real-time MBS pricing and related news is very hard to find and very expensive. Hence MBSQuoteline. Our primary role is to watch the markets constantly so you don't have to, giving you a cost effective source of the MBS news, pricing and information you need everyday in your business.
Our first task is to decide what information is important to a mortgage professional and relevant to improving your business decisions. For this to be useful, we must then communicate the information to you in a timely, concise, and easy to understand fashion. Whatever your level of interest and time constraints, you will be able to intuitively find the information you seek on MBSQuoteline, and we provide it to you in real-time. To truly get a feel for the markets, it's helpful to do more than just read reports. By looking at the actual tick by tick price movements of the streaming price quotes and the price charts for different time periods, you will become skilled at avoiding the consequences of unexpected price changes.
Before looking at the factors that drive mortgage rates, it's helpful to understand a little about the process through which a mortgage passes from the originator to the ultimate investor who will own it. In the early days of the mortgage industry, a typical transaction involved a bank originating a mortgage loan which would be held by the bank as part of its portfolio for the entire life of the loan. In this system, the bankers had to be very careful in evaluating the risk of each loan since they were the ones who suffered from making bad loans. The major downside to this approach was a lack of diversification in most portfolios. All of the loans were made in the same region to the bank's customers, so an economic downtown such as the oil bust in Texas might cause many of the loans to go into default at the same time.
As financial markets grew more sophisticated and financial institutions increased in size, new techniques were developed which helped alleviate the risks of concentrated loan portfolios. Through a process called securitization, pools of mortgages were combined together and sold as Mortgage Backed Securities. Mortgages from across the country were packaged together so that a downturn in the prospects of one industry or region would affect only a small portion of the mortgages in the portfolio. This made investors, such as mutual funds and pension funds, much more willing to own mortgages as an investment. The greater demand resulted in higher prices paid and conversely lower mortgage rates.
Another objection by investors to owning MBS was that lenders no longer had much incentive to scrutinize the quality of the loans they originated because they were selling them off immediately to someone else. Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and Ginnie Mae were created largely to address this issue. The credit standards created by them meant that investors no longer had to worry about the quality of the loans they were buying. The loans were guaranteed by the agencies, removing nearly all the risk to investors of default. So when loans are underwritten to, say FNMA Guidelines, investors know there is a certain underlying credit quality for the MBS that they purchase and even if a borrower defaults on their mortgage, the investor will be fully repaid..
To summarize, MBS are simply pools of mortgages backed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, or Ginnie Mae which are traded in a manner very similar to Treasury bonds. The size of the MBS market is comparable to the Treasury market. Investors receive payments based on the level of interest and principal made by the consumers who obtained the mortgages. The calculation of the actual value of a MBS requires some extremely sophisticated mathematics, but most of the major factors can be easily understood. The main difference between MBS and other types of fixed income investments is that consumers have the option to prepay a mortgage. When a mortgage is paid off early, the expected stream of payments comes much sooner than expected. Predicting the effects of prepayments on the value of MBS is what requires the advanced mathematical models.
As a simple example, say current mortgage rates are 5.5% and there is a MBS made up of mortgages at 8%. The security would sell at a premium due to the high return, but not as high as that of a comparably yielding Treasury bond, due to concerns about prepayment. An investor would be reluctant to pay too large a premium for the security, because the mortgages are likely to be refinanced and paid off. In that scenario, the investor would receive the principal balance of the loans, but would never realize the higher return it paid a premium for. If the MBS offers a lower yield than the prevailing rates, it will be offered at a discount rather than a premium to compensate.
Investments of all types compete for Investor funds. The risk adjusted return of one investment competes with other risk adjusted returns. The better the return, the higher the demand. MBS prices rise and fall as demand rises and falls. At its simplest, this is how mortgage rates are determined.
Price and yield always move in opposite directions for a fixed rate security. For example, if a $100 security has a coupon rate of 9%, it pays $9.00 in interest per year. If you purchase the $100 security for $100 (or par), then the $9.00 in interest yields 9%. However, if you can get a 10% return on another investment, you might purchase the $100 security for only $90, so the $9.00 in interest is a return of 10% . So you purchased the security at a discount to make up for the lower coupon rate on the security. This is exactly why discount points are charged on lower rate mortgage loans - to make up for the lower return. As the price goes down, the yield increases. This is the mechanism through which price changes for MBS determine mortgage rates.
The two factors with the most impact on interest rates are economic growth and inflation. The faster the economy is growing, the more demand there will be for capital, leading to a higher cost for borrowing money. That's why good news about the economy is often good for stocks but sinks bond and MBS prices. In addition, growing economic activity adds to demand for all types of resources which leads to inflation. Inflation erodes the value of a dollar, so a lender will demand more dollars back at a later date to compensate for the lost purchasing power. Since mortgage rates are often fixed for the life of the loan, inflation over the years can seriously diminish an investment’s inflation adjusted return. At the time an Investor purchases a MBS, the rate of inflation will be over the life of the loan must be predicted. The Investor will demand that the yield on his investment exceed the expected rate of inflation by enough to earn a reasonable return. Predicting what inflation will be for years in the future can be very difficult, and being wrong can be very costly. This is why MBS prices are so highly sensitive to anything that changes ones expectation of future inflation.
Any news which provides information about the current level and expected level of economic growth or inflation will influence prices. Economic reports which contain measurements of the strength of the various parts of the economy and the amount of inflation are released daily. Some reports have more significance than others. MBSQuoteline lists all the important reports, explains them, and ranks them by the degree to which they affect MBS markets. After reading our analysis on a regular basis, you will quickly learn why investors react to the announcements the way they do. . We fully brief you in advance about all such events and provide thorough analysis in real time as they occur. The benefit to you is you will know what is happening, and why, AS IT IS HAPPENING, allowing you to make the right decision for your business, such as whether to lock a loan or not, or advise a client of the impending risk.
As with the price of any product, any factor which affects the supply or the demand will alter the price. In addition to economic news, there are other notable influences on the demand for MBS which often affect the price. Investors turn to MBS markets when they want an investment which is less risky than equities. In times of political instability the demand is greater for these lower risk instruments, so a terrorist attack, for example, may produce a rally in MBS markets. Foreign central banks may have motives for purchasing securities which are different from investors who are assumed to be seeking to maximize their investment return. To balance foreign exchange transactions related to imports and exports, they may be forced to buy or sell US securities regardless of what they consider to be the best investment At times, investors simply want to protect their principal and choose to park their money in safe assets like US Government guaranteed MBS or Treasuries.
We could write a book on all the factors which affect mortgage rates, but this serves as a basic introduction. By reading the easy to understand analysis on MBSQuoteline on a regular basis, you will develop the expertise to understand the events which determine mortgage rates. The result is you will become a knowledgeable and informed Mortgage Professional in your clients' eyes, giving you a critical advantage over your competitors.
Subscribe to MBSQuoteline today, and you will make better decisions from now on-Guaranteed.
MBSQuoteline. The next thing you know.
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Стефан был полон Святым Духом тогда и в течение некоторого времени до этого, но он не всегда был наполнен им. Другие примеры можно встретить в отрывках: Лука 16:23; Деяния 2:30; Галатам 2:14.
Translate to English
English:
He was full of the Holy Spirit then and had been for some time before; but he had not always been full of it.
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The Red-Eyed Tree Frogs are colorful and nocturnal frogs. It’s simple to keep them, and they are not too difficult to breed. There should be little questions as to why they’re so popular.
Most of the red-eyes sold in the U.S. are captured from the wild; these animals frequently arrive ill and parasitized. Also, they do not fare well in captivity. In addition, there are the potential environmental effects of taking so many of these creatures out of their natural habitats.
In this piece, I will try to guide you through the basics of successfully breeding these beautiful Red-eyed tree frogs, as this is quite an accomplishment as a pet frog owner!
What is a Red-Eyed Tree Frog?
The Red-Eyed Tree Frog is a tree frog that can be found in lowland rainforests along streams, ponds, and rivers due to the need for water for their offspring to mature. These frogs are entirely arboreal (tree dwellers) and typically live in groups near water sources. They hardly ever touch the ground.
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Amphibia
- Order: Anura
- Family: Hylidae
- Genus: Agalychnis
- Species: calidryas
- Scientific name: A. calidryas
Male Red-Eyed Tree Frogs can reach lengths of 2 cm, while females typically reach lengths of up to 4 cm. It is easily recognized because of its protruding red eyes, its body’s mixture of yellow, green, and blue hues, and its orange-colored toes.
This frog conceals its distinctive colors when it is sleeping, but if a predator is going after it, it will show them to frighten or distract the pursuer. The Red-Eyed Tree Frog can climb trees and leaves thanks to suction cups on its toes, just like other tree frogs can. They can climb better than they swim because of their limbs being longer.
This frog, which is a member of the Hylidae frog family, has another eyelid known as “nictitating membrane”. This protects its vulnerable eye from harm. Although it colors the eye into a red hue, it does not impair vision.
How many eggs does a Red-Eyed Tree Frog lay?
This species’ female frogs lay a clutch of 20–60 eggs one by one over water on the underside of a leaf before abandoning the eggs. Tadpoles fling themselves into the water after hatching. The process of metamorphosis lasts for about three months, after which the frogs return to the trees.
Red-Eyed Tree Frog breeding instructions
Red-eyed tree frogs can breed almost all of the time, but there are some preparations you can make to improve the likelihood of a triumphant reproductive session.
Having a carefully controlled environment is essential for red-eyed tree frogs in order to breed in captivity. Only mature, healthy frogs can be subjected to these situations.
Increase the food consumption of your amphibians by about 25%, starting about a month before the intended breeding attempt. Don’t forget to provide feeder insects, like crickets, that have been fed nutritious foods like carrots, sweet potatoes, and greens, and have been gutloaded.
Before giving the insects to your frogs, feed them this improved diet for two days. Be sure to apply a high-quality vitamin/mineral supplement to all insects.
Along with changing their diet, you can simulate the coming rainy season by increasing the temperature inside their enclosure by a bit (while still confirming to keep it under 80F).
Also mist the enclosure more frequently. A rise in temperature is not as significant as a rise in humidity. Alternatively, you can reduce ventilation to raise humidity. However, you should be cautious because foul air can cause bacterial infections.
Begin raising the temperature and misting two weeks prior to the intended breeding attempt. Separate the sexes if the males start to amplex the females.
When you introduce your amphibians to the rain chamber, the male frogs are almost always ready to breed. During the development of the eggs, the females should start to look swollen. It appears as though the backbone is sunken on large female who is carrying eggs due to the side bulges. In particular, in pregnant animals, you can occasionally see eggs through their belly.
Now you should introduce them to the rain chamber, provided both sexes are prepared for breeding.
Red-eyed tree frogs procreate in large numbers during or after the rainy seasons. Most breeders construct a rain chamber in order to mimic these conditions in captivity. Any kind of waterproof container, including a sizable aquarium or a plastic trash can that has been modified, can be used to create a rain chamber.
You’ll need one spray bar that is attached to a mini pump and placed at the top of the terrarium. Turning the pump on simulates a rainstorm, and water droplets start falling from above. You have to plug the pump into an electrical timer and submerge it in about 3 inches of water. It should automatically turn on and rain for a few hours several times every night.
For egg deposition, float a number of large tropical plants. These can be raised either epiphytically on cork bark slabs or tree fern panels and covered in sphagnum moss.
You might also consider floating a piece of cork bark on the water to provide frogs with a foothold in case they drop and need to quickly escape. Last but not least, incorporate an aquarium heater that has a thermostat and set the temperature to roughly 80 degrees.
In order to maintain humidity during the day, turn the pump on for 15 minutes in four hour intervals. The frogs must be well fed in advance because you cannot feed them inside the rain chamber and they could stay there for up to a week.
In addition to perches that are both inside and outside of the direct water spray, make sure there are numerous perches available for the red eyes to use when they are not active. Additionally, make sure the frogs, which will fall into the water, can easily escape.
Remove the frogs after the eggs have been laid. The egg masses will drown if the adult red frogs accidentally knock or move them into the water. Usually, eggs are discovered between two to four days after the frogs are put inside the rain chamber.
Taking care of the Eggs
The waiting begins once your eggs are there! 10 to 14 days after being laid, eggs usually begin to hatch.
The egg clutch will develop fairly quickly; in a couple of days, tiny green tadpoles will become visible. These will gradually enlarge until they break the egg’s shell and plunge into the water.
An egg cluster could occasionally be infertile. Discard the eggs if they begin to crumble after going several days without exhibiting any signs of fertilization. When new breeders first lay their eggs or after the red eyes have recently done so, there can be infertile clutches.
An egg mass that is healthy will typically contain a few infertile eggs. Ignore the infertile eggs unless they begin to grow mold, which could spread and ruin the entire clutch. If this happens, get rid of the bad ones.
Taking Care of Tadpoles
Tadpole care is not difficult. In general, you should keep the water quality excellent and feed frequently.
After hatching, keep the tadpoles in the water until they can swim on their own, which typically takes about 4 days. It is now time to transfer the tadpoles to a different tank and start feeding them since their yolk should have been absorbed by this time.
Tadpoles spend the first few weeks of their lives mostly immobile on the aquarium’s bottom. Once they start to move, start giving them fine-flaked fish food and perform periodic partial water changes.
Water quality can be preserved with the aid of a sponge filter. Most tadpoles will finish their metamorphosis in eight weeks if their water is kept at 75 degrees, but some tadpoles will need longer.
Make sure the aquarium has a screen cover because the small red-eyes can climb glass using toe pads once their front arms have grown. To make it easier for newly metamorphosed frogs to climb on, place a small piece of drifting wood or wine cork in the water.
Although tadpoles can be kept together in a group, you should take care not to overcrowd them as they have been known to engage in cannibalism. It is advised to keep 20 to 30 tadpoles in each 5-gallon plastic tub. As the tadpoles grow, decrease the number per tub.
Replace half of the water with fresh water twice per week. This interval increases every other day as tadpole size increases. Daily feedings of tadpoles involve the use of premium tropical fish food, such as Sera Micron, brine shrimp flakes, etc. You must provide enough food so that it can be finished in 10 minutes.
In just 5 to 6 weeks, they will quickly reach a height of 1.5 inches and sprout back legs.
Within two weeks, they will develop “wings,” which are actually just the front legs with the skin peeled back. To prevent newly transformed froglets from escaping the tadpole tank, install a transparent cover on it.
Take out the freshly transformed red eyes as soon as they move out of the water.
The majority of froglets will try to climb up the glass after morphing, but it’s always a good idea to provide some pieces of wine cork for a quick exit out of the water.
Move recently transformed red-eyes to a basic setup with wet paper towels, a water bowl, and a few plants once they can climb out on their own. Confirm that the tank is kept moist because young frogs are susceptible to desiccation. The rest of the setup can be the same as for adults. For the first month, ten to twenty froglets should be housed in a 5-10 gallon aquarium.
Sort froglets by size as they mature. This will lessen the likelihood that larger siblings will outcompete smaller ones for food.
Baby red-eyed tree frogs should not be given food before the tail has been completely absorbed; the newly hatched frog will continue to consume this for a few following days after emerging from the water.
Each night, once their tails have been absorbed, the froglets will eat fruit flies and crickets. Sprinkle nutritional fluids lightly over each offering.
4 Handy tips and tricks for breeding Red-Eyed Tree Frog
- Male to female ratio should be at least 2:1, and males should be introduced to the rain chamber one or two days before females in order to prevent competition between the sexes, which could promote breeding.
- Try to move to the rain chamber as soon as a thunderstorm starts to develop. According to anecdotal evidence, barometric pressure changes brought on by rainstorms may facilitate successful reproduction.
- If the quality of the water declines, waste that has accumulated will fall on frogs and cause health issues. Therefore, change part of the water everyday.
- After one to two weeks, if breeding has not started, remove the frogs back to their regular terrarium, feed them heavily for another week, and then try again.
In order to achieve brilliant breeding results, you must inform yourself well enough about the breeding cycle of the Red-Eyed Tree Frog. If these frogs can be properly bred and nurtured, they can become a modest income source, as this species of frog is quite rare and beloved amongst pet enthusiasts.
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It was the fall of 1929. Though the beginning of September saw a dramatic decline in stock prices, no one could have anticipated the consequences of such a drop. But by October 29, or "Black Tuesday," the U.S. stock market had completely crashed. What followed was an economic crisis unlike any that had come before—one that reverberated across the globe and throughout the 1930s. Money was tight, whether you were rich or poor. International trade dropped, while unemployment rates soared to frightening heights.
And yet, despite the hardship, people continued to lead their lives and fight the good fight. The following books about the Great Depression show us that some people even became heroes—from Plennie Wingo's record-breaking travels to a grandfather's secret acts of kindness. Others faced added obstacles like home-destroying dust storms, while an entire country saw a major overhaul of their culinary tradition. Whatever the case, the books below tell fascinating stories of courage, change, and corruption from 1929 to 1939, as the world fell into—and climbed out of—the Great Depression.
The Man Who Walked Backward
With almost everyone struggling to stay afloat, many Americans cooked up money-making schemes and sought out fame. Plennie Wingo of Abilene, Texas was one such individual—though his path to glory (and his means of getting there) was a bit unusual: In April of 1931, Plennie donned a pair of steel-heeled shoes, made postcards of himself, and began a backwards trek around the world. But in his quest to find sponsorships and a bankable name, this 36-year-old adventurer found so much more. From an unfortunate run-in with the law to the surprising kindnesses of strangers, Plennie’s journey across Steinbeck’s America—then to Hitler’s Germany, and beyond—was full of memorable experiences that paint a unique portrait of the Great Depression era.
The Great Depression held the U.S. in a firm grip from 1929 to 1939, all but depleting morale. The 1933 election of President Frank D. Roosevelt restored some stability, though full recovery still sat on the distant horizon—and with plenty of speed bumps blocking the pathway there. But while the decade was a tumultuous one, it also ushered in new traditions, pastimes, and inventions that forever changed American life. Since Yesterday brings readers into this transformative ten-year period, chronicling the nation's slow emergence from the shadows of its greatest economic downturn.
With Hard Times, Studs Terkel has captured an entire generation—using words straight from the mouths of Great Depression survivors. Here, you'll find the testimonies of everyone from hard-scrabble Okie farmers to major political players like C. Wright Patman and Hamilton Fish. The result is a rich and varied tapestry of human experience that is both an oral record of the 1930s and a tribute to the resilience of the American spirit.
Once in Golconda
Most stories of the Great Depression begin with the crash of 1929, but John Brooks’s “True Drama of Wall Street” goes back to the bull markets of the 1920s that preceded the crash. In the period between the World Wars, the American stock market seemed too big to fail, and investors and bankers were on top of the world.
How did so much prosperity turn so quickly to disaster? Brooks tells the story of Wall Street’s dizzying highs and tragic lows, using as his jumping-off point the legendary city of Golconda in India. According to the stories, anyone who passed through Golconda attained fantastic riches—at least, until the city ran out of wealth.
The Day the Bubble Burst
In the 1920s, Americans approached finance, business, and government policy with blind optimism. Nothing, as far as they were concerned, could ever go wrong. But the events of October 29, 1929 proved that these opinions were actually delusions, as the "untouchable" U.S. stock market came crashing down—and took the world economy with it. This New York Times bestseller profiles the powerful men behind the scenes—and the everyday citizens who suffered the consequences of their actions—to offer an engaging history of the Great Depression that doesn't feel like it's just been pulled from a dusty shelf.
Lords of Finance
Despite popular belief, the Great Depression can be traced back to individuals—four influential bankers, to be exact. This quartet included the Bank of England’s Montagu Norman, the French Émile Moreau, Hjalmar Schacht of the Reichsbank, and Benjamin Strong from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. In the devastating aftermath of World War I, these men prioritized the restoration of economic stability—and believed their success lay in reintroducing the gold standard. Finance expert Liaquat Ahamed's Pulitzer Prize-winning analysis examines how this decision led to the crash of 1929 (and the catastrophe that ensued), which also bears disturbing parallels to our own modern-day economic crises.
The Worst Hard Time
As Americans buckled under the weight of the Great Depression, those on the Western High Plains were struck by another disaster: the Dust Bowl. Far more severe than any storm that had come before, these "black blizzards" were reminiscent of a biblical plague—killing both crops and people. In his National Book Award winner, Timothy Egan reveals the factors behind their intensity and frequency—likely a combination of the reckless farming practices and the wider economic collapse. But at its heart, The Worst Hard Time is an intimate portrayal of the men and women who saw their world fall apart and lived to tell the tale.
A Secret Gift
In 1933, the struggling residents of Canton, Ohio saw a peculiar ad in the newspaper: Would families write to one Mr. B. Virdot about their Great Depression experience in exchange for $10? In reality, Virdot's true name was Sam Stone, and he simply wanted to provide much-needed relief for the upcoming Christmas season. Seventy-five years later, Stone's grandson discovered the locals' responses in a suitcase, whereupon he set out to learn the stories behind them. His search not only unveiled the effects of his grandpa’s secret generosity, but of the man's secretly troubled youth. The entire investigation is recounted in this book—a unique and moving entry in the canon of Great Depression nonfiction.
Unlike so many accounts of the Great Depression, Little Heathens is one of joy, excitement, and family. Author Mildred Armstrong Kalish was just five years old when the economic devastation reached her grandparents' Iowa farm. While times were certainly difficult—and Kalish is nothing but honest when it comes to describing her family’s struggles—such hardship fostered a greater appreciation for life’s simple pleasures. Whether Kalish is recounting her earnest attempts at digging to China, the rigors of running a farm, or tasting honey straight from the beehive, “the Depression-era challenges and triumphs [have never been] so lovingly recounted” (Bookmarks Magazine).
A Square Meal
Even people's dinners couldn't escape the Great Depression! In Square Meal, Jane Ziegelman and Andrew Coe show readers how the era's political and economic strife trickled down into American kitchens and supermarkets. Most of the changes stemmed from the government's new role as food providers—a responsibility they didn’t assume with relish, but which ultimately shaped our speed-driven, convenience-obsessed, and science-based diet. The book also includes recipes and advertisements from the time, rounding out what is a fascinating look at the Great Depression's far-reaching legacy.
Dancing in the Dark
The Great Depression was, indeed, a dark time in America and all over the world, but it was also a time of great cultural inventiveness. As an escape from the harsh realities of life—and sometimes as a way to deal with or even embrace them—Americans turned to everything from vaudeville to the movies, from swing bands to art Deco design.
In Dancing in the Dark, Morris Dickstein, a professor emeritus of English and Theater at CUNY, paints a comprehensive picture of American culture during the dark days of the Great Depression—from musicals and screwball comedies to the shadows of the Dust Bowl. The Great Depression was a time of anxiety and suffering, but it was also a period of hope and surprising optimism, which Dickstein captures in his wide-ranging cultural survey.
The Great Crash 1929
Never once out of print since it was first published in 1955, John Kenneth Galbraith’s bracing, witty, and erudite record of rampant speculation and the resulting dire financial disaster unfortunately remains as relevant today as it was when he first wrote it. “Economic writings are seldom notable for their entertainment value,” Atlantic Monthly once said of Galbraith’s classic, “but this book is.”
As each new financial bubble is compared to the crash of 1929, Galbraith’s detailed and insightful look at what went wrong, newly updated with an introduction dealing with some more recent financial ups and downs, feels as topical in 2019 as it was upon its debut.
The Match King
Stepping away from big picture views of the Great Depression, The Match King paints a portrait of the kind of man who helped make it happen, even while he, himself, was a rare success story in the wake of the crash. So why did Ivar Kreuger commit suicide in 1932?
Frank Partnoy’s book is part biography, part economic treatise on a largely unknown and often misunderstood financial genius who created innovative financial products that wreaked havoc on the markets and prefigured many of the problems that our economy faces today. As a Swedish immigrant, Kreuger made his fortune raising money and loaning it to Europe in exchange for matchstick monopolies. The tactic made him rich, but at what cost?
This post is sponsored by Hachette. Thank you for supporting our partners, who make it possible for The Archive to continue publishing the history stories you love.
Featured photo of "Migrant Mother" by Dorothea Lange: Wikipedia
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Free Edible Crafts for Small Kids for Vacation Bible School: Noah's Ark & Animals Are Kids Favorite Food Craft Ideas
Are you looking for free edible crafts for small kids for vacation Bible school? Here are two fun food crafts based on popular Bible stories, like Noah and the ark, and themes like animals.
These inventive learning activities allow little learners to experience colors, sizes, shapes, and textures as well as reinforce biblical concepts and lessons. For kids, the fun of doing is just as exciting as the result.
Vacation Bible School Crafts Supply List
Here’s what you need to recreate the Noah and the ark group arts and crafts project with small kids attending VBS at your church or children’s ministry. If your budget is limited, like that of most children’s ministries, consider asking parents to donate some of the more expensive items.
For each of the items listed, the exact quantity needed depends on class size. The supplies listed below will yield one cake decorated with a Noah and the ark theme.
- One muffin tin (12 cupcake capacity)
- One 13x9 inch metal cake pan
- One package Reynolds baking cups (cupcake liners)
- One can Baker’s Joy Original No-Stick Baking Spray with flour or enough coconut oil and flour to grease the cake pans
- One-tablespoon wheat germ
- Five eggs
- Three tablespoons instant nonfat dry milk powder
- One and one-half cups apple juice
- One can Betty Crocker Whipped Fluffy White Frosting
- One can Betty Crocker Rich & Creamy Chocolate Frosting
- Cinnamon sugar (mix one-teaspoon sugar with one-fourth cup sugar
- One-cup coconut (tint half-blue and half-green)
- One 14-ounce bag Skittles Blenders Bite Size Candies
- Blue and green food coloring
- One 2 ¼-ounce package Barnum’s Animal Crackers
- Two jumbo white marshmallows
- Small plastic bowls or five ounce disposable cups (to hold the various decorating ingredients)
- Plastic knives (to spread the frosting)
What to Do Before the VBS Craft
Prior to the day you plan to assemble the Noah’s ark edible craft, prepare the cakes as follows:
- Grease and flour the cake pans. Put the cupcake liners in nine of the muffin cups. Prepare the chocolate batter according to the package directions with these exceptions:
- Substitute one-half cup of apple juice for the water. This boosts the nutrition by adding 50 percent of the daily requirement for Vitamin C and one percent calcium.
- Add one-tablespoon wheat germ to the dry batter. This adds one gram of fiber and two grams of protein.
- Add one tablespoon of instant nonfat dry milk power. This increases the nutrition by adding approximately two grams of protein and 60 milligrams of calcium.
- Pour one-fourth cup of the batter into the prepared round cake pan. Use the remaining batter to fill the muffin cups, measuring out one-half cup batter per cup. Fill the empty cups with hot water before putting the pan into the oven.
- Bake at 350 degrees Fahrenheit for approximately 20 minutes (actual baking time will vary depending on the oven.) Use a toothpick inserted in the middle of the cake and cupcakes to test for doneness. The toothpick comes out clean when they are done. (Reserve the cupcakes to use with another of the free edible crafts for small kids for vacation Bible school.)
- Cool the cake in the pan (on a wire rack) for about ten minutes, and then turn it out onto a clean plate.
Prepare the white cake according to the package directions except:
- Substitute one-cup apple juice for the water. This adds 100 percent of the percent daily value for vitamin C and two percent for calcium.
- Add two tablespoons instant nonfat dry milk power to boost the nutrition by about four grams of protein and 120 milligrams of calcium.
- Bake at 350 degrees Fahrenheit for about thirty-two minutes or until a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean. Cool in pan. You can remove the cake from the pan and put it on a serving platter or decorate it in the pan.
How to Make Edible Sand
Noah's Ark Edible Craft Project
Just follow these simple steps for assembling Noah's ark, which is one of the free edible crafts for small kids for Vacation Bible School.
- Using a serrated bread knife, cut a one-half inch slice off the top of the small chocolate cake. Reserve for use with another project. Cut the cake in half to form two semi-circles. Cut the rounded ends off one of the semi-circles to make a semi-square shape.
- Spread a thin layer of white frosting over the surface of the cake.
- Sprinkle the cinnamon sugar over the bottom one-third of the frosting (ground).
- Sprinkle the green coconut over the cinnamon sugar (grass).
- Sprinkle the blue coconut over the top one-third of the cake (sky).
- Spread chocolate frosting over the top and sides of the chocolate cake semi-circle and semi-square. Place the frosted cake on the right hand side of the cake (ark).
- Use the Skittles to create a colorful rainbow in the sky over the ark.
- Place a dab of frosting on the back of the animal crackers and match them up by pairs. Arrange them on the cake.
- Cut the marshmallows in half and arrange in the sky.
- Admire your edible art project, and then cut, eat, and enjoy.
How the Kids Make the Craft
Here's how the kids participate:
- Let them mix the coconut and food coloring together in a plastic bowl, tossing well to combine. They can sprinkle the cinnamon sugar and the coconut on the cake.
- Have them sort the different colors of Skittles candies and place them in separate disposable cups. Invite them to create the rainbow.
- Let them match up pairs of the animal crackers, put on the frosting, and stick them on the cake.
- After an adult puts the white icing on the cake, let them use the plastic knives to smooth it.
- Cut the marshmallows with kitchen shears, and encourage the kids to arrange them on the cake.
Let the students do as much of the assembly as possible. Encourage them to wait their turn and share.
While the kids are working on the project, casually use conversational questions to reinforce learning. Here are some suggestions:
- Who made the grass and sky?
- What does the rainbow symbolize?
- Why do you think God put the rainbow in the sky?
Creating visual and sensory links for children helps them learn faster and retain the information longer.
Animal Cupcakes Edible Crafts
Use these simple but fun cupcakes with a wide range of themes:
- Safari themes
- Island themes
- Western themes
- Jungle themes
- Parable of the Lost Sheep
All you need is one cupcake per child, some edible food markers, vanilla wafers, cake frosting, and decorations. Put the cake decoration supplies out on the table, and let the kids decorate their cupcakes however they like. Use the same conversational questions or create your own to tie the craft to the lesson materials.
Free edible crafts for small kids for vacation Bible school are always popular with kids. Many times, they have as much fun making the crafts as they do eating them. When working with food crafts, it’s usually a good idea to check student’s records for any food allergies.
References: Author's own experience in the classroom as a Christian educator and lay children's minister.
© 2011 Donna Cosmato
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Worki pod oczami charakteryzują nie tylko tzw. nocnych marków. Mogą pojawiać się z wiekiem, czasem powodem są genetyczne predyspozycje. Na ich powstanie ma wpływ dieta, ale przede wszystkim utrata kolagenu i elastyny we krwi. Poznaj sposoby na worki pod oczami!
Czy worki pod oczami same znikną?
Worki pod oczami to nic innego jak charakterystyczna opuchlizna, która powstaje na skutek nagromadzenia się limfy w tkance podskórnej okolic oka, a także utrata jędrności skóry. Charakterystyczne sine worki mogą pojawić się same na różnych etapach życia lub z powodu niektórych chorób. Częste jest także genetyczne przekazanie tej cechy. Pamiętaj, by kontrolować stan swojego zdrowia – jeżeli zaniepokoiła Cię nagła pojawiająca się w okolicach oka opuchlizna, udaj się do specjalisty. Czy na worki pod oczami nie ma ratunku? Na pewno nie znikną one samoistnie – na szczęście istnieją metody skuteczne w walce z Twoim problemem.
Domowe sposoby na worki pod oczami
Możesz spróbować zmniejszyć opuchliznę wokół oka wykorzystując sprawdzone kosmetyki przeznaczone do okolic oczu. Przechowuj swoje kosmetyki w lodówce – chłód dobrze sprawdza się w przypadku opuchlizny. Zimny krem nie tylko usprawni Twoje krążenie, ale też przyniesie ulgę. W czasie codziennej pielęgnacji możesz wykorzystywać również specjalne żelowe osłonki na oczy, które – odpowiednio schłodzone – również zapewnią skórze wokół oczu ukojenie. Zrezygnuj jednak z domowego sposobu, jakim jest przykładanie kostek lodu bezpośrednio na tkankę. Może to nie tylko podrażnić okolice oka, ale też spowodować niechciane efekty w postaci popękanych naczynek lub zaczerwienień. To metody, które pozwolą zmniejszyć widoczność lub zapobiec powiększaniu się worków pod oczami, jednak nie zniwelują ich.
Jak usunąć worki pod oczami?
Po pierwsze musisz pozwolić skórze na naturalną regenerację. Sięgając bez wiedzy po domowe sposoby możesz w łatwy sposób pogłębić swój problem. Jeżeli nie masz pewności, jaka metoda zwalczania worków pod oczami sprawdzi się u Ciebie, skorzystaj z poradnictwa doświadczonej kadry Skin Medic. W jaki sposób usuniesz worki pod oczami?
Geneo+ – jeżeli zależy Ci, by skutecznie pozbyć się worków pod oczami, możesz skorzystać z najnowszych osiągnięć medycyny estetycznej. Zabieg oparty o technologię Geneo+ nie tylko pozwoli Ci pozbyć się Twojego problemu, ale również poprawi koloryt skóry, usunie drobne zmarszczki z okolic oka i wzmocni tkankę skórną. Wsparcie doświadczonego specjalisty pomoże Ci uporać się z opuchlizną i odzyskać piękne i wypoczęte spojrzenie. Terapia Geneo+ to połączenie masażu skóry i kosmetycznego usuwania martwego naskórka. W czasie zabiegu wykorzystywana jest specjalna, wyposażona w kapsułkę ze składnikami aktywnymi, głowica. Jej działanie ożywi Twoją skórę, zapobiegnie dalszemu wiotczeniu tkanki i usunie opuchliznę. Ile zabiegów potrzebujesz, by Twoja skóra w okolicy oka odzyskała zdrowy i piękny wygląd? Dużą poprawę zauważysz już po pierwszej wizycie. Jeżeli Twoja skóra potrzebuje bardziej intensywnej regeneracji, możesz spodziewać się ok. 4 zabiegów. Bezpośrednio po ich zrealizowaniu dostrzeżesz, że problem zniknął, a skóra nabrała sprężystości i blasku.
Mezoterapia oczu – zabieg ten pozwala wprowadzić pod skórę niezbędne składniki odżywcze, które nie tylko nawilżą okolice oka, ale również pozwolą Ci odmłodzić tkankę. Mezoterapia ma na celu wzmocnienie działania substancji odżywczych poprzez umieszczenie ich pod warstwą naskórka – dzięki temu mogą one zadziałać w bardziej intensywny sposób. Zastanawiasz się, kiedy warto skorzystać z mezoterapii oczu? Zabieg ten świetnie sprawdzi się w przypadku widocznych zasinień okolic oka, obrzęków oraz zmian wywołanych spadkiem mikrokrążenia. Składniki aktywne, zawarte w preparatach używanych podczas terapii, umożliwiają pobudzenie naturalnych procesów regeneracyjnych skóry.
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An ancient Pembrokeshire burial site may have been in use 10,000 years ago – twice as far back as recently thought according to archaeologists working at the site.
Until last year the Trefael Stone in Pembrokeshire was considered one of many linked to nearby Bronze Age locations and considered largely unremarkable until archaeologists from Bristol University and the Welsh Rock Art Organisation were given permission to examine 1.9kg of cremated human bones from the site, which has been excavated since 2009.
Last year it was revealed that Stone Age ritual burials had in fact taken place at the location, near Nevern, over 5,500-years-ago.
Now modern carbon dating techniques have revealed the site was used for burials as recently as 1,900 BC, while other artefacts found, including ancient beads and pottery may date back even further, to the Mesolithic period, over 10,000 years ago.
Leading archaeologist Dr George Nash said the excavation had revealed a site which was of “symbolic significance to ancients for millennia.”
He said: “The best comparison I can come up with is with a medieval churchyard.
“When you walk around it, the most obvious examples of graves from about 100 years ago, but when you search a little further you can see the evidence of older burials, and how the site has altered and evolved over the centuries.
Dr Nash said it is still under debate why the site became a significant burial ground over thousands of years ago, but it is largely believed that such locations once symbolised the periphery of prehistoric territories where hunter-gatherers would have met to trade and negotiate.
“Because they would have come back there generation after generation, it became ingrained in their collective psyche as a place of almost romantic importance.” Dr Nash said
Dr Nash says the Trefael Stone itself topped a Neolithic burial chamber, probably a portal dolmen dating back 5500 years, one of western Britain’s earliest burial monument types.
“The cremation burial, one of only a handful within this part of Western Britain to be dated using modern chronometric dating techniques, clearly shows that Trefael was more than just a standing stone.
“Careful archaeological excavation over three years has shown that the site has been utilised over at least a 5,000 year period.
“The cremation burial, along with an excavated burial chamber belonging to a Bronze Age cairn, are among a number of significant discoveries from this remarkable site and clearly show a relationship between Neolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices.”
Dr Nash said the team were amazed that any artefacts were found at the site given the acidic nature of the soil, centuries of agriculture and the area’s popularity over the generations with people seeking to unearth ancient treasures.
He added: “The soils around this site are very acidic, so I’m astonished how the pottery and the bones have survived all this time.
“What we have found is extremely rare.”
Phil Bennett, culture and heritage manager of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park where the site is located, said: “It’s so rewarding to see opportunities to better understand the rich and varied archaeological heritage of the National Park.
“We welcome the opportunity to enable visitors, residents and young people to better enjoy and learn about their National Park.
“The more we learn about the ancient landscapes of the National Park, the more likely it is that people will respect and want to protect them.”
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Problem: What location did the touring musician family return to at the end of the tour? Answer the above question based on the context below: The Mozart family grand tour was a journey through western Europe, undertaken by Leopold Mozart, his wife Anna Maria, and their musically gifted children Maria Anna (Nannerl) and Wolfgang Amadeus from 1763 to 1766. At the start of the tour the children were aged eleven and seven respectively. Their extraordinary skills had been demonstrated during a visit to Vienna in 1762, when they had played before the Empress Maria Theresa at the Imperial Court. Sensing the social and pecuniary opportunities that might accrue from a prolonged trip embracing the capitals and main cultural centres of Europe, Leopold obtained an extended leave of absence from his post as deputy Kapellmeister to the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg. Throughout the subsequent tour, the children's Wunderkind status was confirmed as their precocious performances consistently amazed and gratified their audiences. The first stage of the tour's itinerary took the family, via Munich and Frankfurt, to Brussels and then on to Paris where they stayed for five months. They then departed for London, where during a stay of more than a year Wolfgang made the acquaintance of some of the leading musicians of the day, heard much music, and composed his first symphonies. The family then moved on to the Netherlands, where the schedule of performances was interrupted by the illnesses of both children, although Wolfgang continued to compose prolifically. The homeward phase incorporated a second stop in Paris and a trip through Switzerland, before the family's return to Salzburg in November 1766. The material rewards of the tour, though reportedly substantial, did not transform the family's lifestyle, and Leopold continued in the Prince-Archbishop's service. However, the journey enabled the children to experience to the full the cosmopolitan musical world, and gave them an outstanding education. In Wolfgang's case this would continue through further journeys in the following six years, prior to his appointment by the Prince-Archbishop as a court musician.
A: Salzburg
Problem: Given the question: What is the last name of the person whose half-brother was in the service of the Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels? Answer the above question based on the context below: George Frideric Handel was born on 23 February 1685 in the German city of Halle. It is unclear what initial musical education he received; his father, Georg Händel, was not a music lover, and did not at first appreciate or encourage his son's precocious talents. Nevertheless, by the age of ten Handel had become an accomplished organist; his playing in the royal chapel at Weissenfels, where his half-brother Karl was in the service of the Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, impressed the duke, who persuaded Händel senior that the boy should have a proper musical education. As a result, Handel began formal study under Friedrich Zachow, the organist of the Lutheran church at Halle.Handel's biographer Jonathan Keates writes that: "From [Zachow] Handel learned not only a great deal about the line and shape of an aria, about strong, adventurous bass lines and solid choral writing, but also about those delicacies of instrumental colouring which he later perfected in his own style". Handel's musical development also benefited from an early and lasting friendship with Georg Philipp Telemann, whom he met in 1700. In February 1702 Handel enrolled at the University of Halle, perhaps intending to study law. In March he took up the post of organist at Halle's Calvinist cathedral (Domkirche), a prestigious appointment for one so young and indicative of his burgeoning musical reputation in the city.At some time, possibly in late 1702 or early 1703, Handel visited Berlin, where his father had held an honorary post as physician to the elector who, in 1701, had become the Prussian king Frederick I. In Berlin Handel first experienced Italian opera, and may have met the Italian composers Giovanni Bononcini and Attilio Ariosti, who were writing operas for Frederick's court. The king heard of Handel's abilities, and wanted him to train as a future court composer, but Handel's horizons had been broadened by his sojourn in Berlin and he was developing his own ideas for his future. He declined the king's offer, and returned to Halle to fulfil...
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
The answer is:
Handel
[Q]: What does Abigail's father do for work? Answer the above question based on the context below: Joe Hickey, his wife Cheryl and his cousin Marvin have developed a money-making scheme – they kidnap the child of rich parents, hold the child for 24 hours and demand ransom money from the father. They each have a specific role in the operation – Marvin kidnaps the child, Joe stays in the victims' house to control the mother, and Cheryl deals with the father. Dr. Will Jennings is a research physician who has just had his big career break by patenting a new anesthetic drug. His wife, Karen Jennings, who was previously a nurse, is a stay-at-home mother to their daughter Abigail, aka Abby (Dakota Fanning). Joe targets Abigail as the next kidnapping victim and the trio begin to enact their usual plan. Abby is kidnapped by Joe and Marvin and they soon discover that she has asthma and is dependent on an inhaler pump. Marvin takes Abby to his cabin and Joe holds Karen hostage. Cheryl keeps Will at gunpoint and informs him of his daughter's kidnapping. It is subsequently revealed that Cheryl and Joe kidnapped Abby because they believe that Will is responsible for the recent death of their daughter Katie: Katie had a tumor and died while being operated on by Will. Will reveals that Katie died because of unforeseen bleeding accidentally caused by the head surgeon during the operation; the surgeon then lied to Joe and Cheryl, convincing them that Katie's death was as a result of negligence by Will in Katie's recovery to avoid scrutiny by them. It is revealed that Joe's real plan is not to let Abby go home after the ransom is paid, but rather, to keep her and raise her as his own daughter.
****
[A]:
research physician
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Translate the following sentence to French:
For example, EU Member States have adopted very different approaches to company taxation that affect innovation.
Dans la promotion d’une attitude positive envers la science et la technologie, la politique officielle joue un rôle capital.
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ERIC Number: ED375249
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1994
Reference Count: N/A
Service Learning for All Students. Fastback 375.
Fertman, Carl I.
This document provides an overview of service learning (SL) and shows how teachers can incorporate SL into elementary, middle, and high school curricula. First, SL is differentiated from community service and volunteerism. The four basic elements of SL (preparation, service, reflection, and celebration) are explained along with strategies for incorporating them into curricula and the benefits and drawbacks of various types of SL activities (direct and indirect service and civic action). The role of SL advisory committees and categories from which committee representatives are generally selected are examined. Discussed next are the importance of effective communication to the success of SL programs and considerations in and ways of monitoring/evaluating SL programs. The following benefits of SL are described: adult models for young people, student self-direction, parent involvement, improved workplace relationships, school-community partnerships, and altered perceptions of youth. Outlined next are approaches to infusing SL into elementary, middle, and high school curricula based on the following: community service classes, mandatory services, collaboration with community-based organizations, targeted populations, club-linked service, career/vocational education courses, in-school service, special events, and summer service. Concluding the document is a list of 25 organizations providing information related to SL. (MN)
Descriptors: Advisory Committees, Citizenship Education, Classroom Techniques, Curriculum, Educational Benefits, Educational Practices, Educational Strategies, Elementary Secondary Education, Fused Curriculum, Partnerships in Education, Public Service, School Community Relationship, Service Learning, Vocational Education
Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation, P.O. Box 789, Bloomington, IN 47402-0789.
Publication Type: Reports - General
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation, Bloomington, IN.
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Wednesday, 08 March 2017 17:26
2 Retirees Travel 200 Miles Daily for NE Auto Body Program
MPCC Elderly Journey 1
Kent Silvester discusses tactics with LeRoy Musick at Mid-Plains Community College in NE. The men drive from Imperial five days a week to take auto body classes in North Platte.
How far would you commute for an education? By the time the current school year is over, Kent Silvester, 66, and LeRoy Musick, 76, will have driven approximately 16,000 miles.
The Imperial men are learning about classic car restoration at Mid-Plains Community College in North Platte, NE. The route they take to get there is 100 miles--one way.
"It's about an hour and 35 minutes unless we have to stop for a train or slow down for deer," said Musick. "Because we're on Mountain Time and the college is on Central Time, we have to leave Imperial around 5 a.m."
They make the drive five days a week, often stopping along the way to pick up donuts for the rest of the class. Despite being time-consuming, the journey is one they always look forward to.
"The Auto Body program is a lot of fun, which is what we're taking it for," said Silvester. "It's common to reach a crossroads after retirement, and start to wonder, 'Do I buy a new recliner, or do I get out and do something?' This program has really helped me keep active."
It's also put him in touch with a lot of new friends with similar interests, such as Musick. The two had been acquaintances for a long time. They met because Silvester used to frequent a restaurant owned by Musick in Imperial, however, it wasn't until last summer that they really bonded over cars.
Silvester had been taking night classes through the college since January of 2016 in an attempt to restore a 1970 Chevelle super sport 454 that had been sitting in his Quonset for 25 years.
"I thought I could fix it up pretty quickly, but the more I got into it, the more damage I found," said Silvester. "The front fenders and rear quarter panels were bad, the wheel wells were rusted and the interior had been destroyed by mice and raccoons."
Realizing the project would take more work than he originally anticipated, Silvester decided to enroll in the Auto Body Technology program full-time in the fall. He then went on the hunt for someone to travel with, both for the company and to split the cost of gas.
Silvester knew Musick liked classic cars because he had seen him at car shows. He also knew Musick had a vehicle he was trying to fix up: a 1941 Mercury Convertible, purchased in pieces out of Missouri.
"When Kent told me about the program at MPCC, I jumped at the chance," said Musick. "I had a heated shop with sandblasters, polishers and welders, but no paint booth. I also didn't have any help, and my knees aren't the best. At the college, if I need to push the car around, someone is there to assist me. It would take me several days to line up that kind of help at home."
For Silvester, the biggest benefit to being in the program has been receiving advice from experienced instructors.
"They bring up ideas I never would have thought of," said Silvester. "They let me make the decisions, but when they offer a suggestion, it's usually for the betterment of the car. I actually feel like I'm making progress now. At home, I just felt like I was spinning my wheels."
Observing the projects of others has been inspirational for the men as well. The program includes a good mix of both traditional students right out of high school and non-trads such as Silvester and Musick.
"All of us have different types of vehicles, so we get to see every kind of hot rod you can imagine," said Silvester. "It's especially fun watching the kids get excited as their projects come together. That energy keeps us old guys going. It's motivational."
The excitement is also also relatable.
"If you have the opportunity to get into a program like this, it's definitely worth it," said Silvester. "If nothing else, for the feeling of self-accomplishment. When you get to take a car that was once a shell, start it up and drive it out of the shop – nothing compares to that."
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9 Things to Do BEFORE School Starts!
Hey Parents! A successful school year begins before the first day of school. Don’t stress! We have you covered with these 9 simple steps:
1-“Walk-through” the school.
Especially, if this is a new school! Locate their classroom and make notes about the seating arrangement. If your kid goes to several different teachers during the day: walk their entire schedule with them. Noting the arrangement and “feel” for each class. It is suggested to do these things even if it is not a new school because it will at least be new teachers and classrooms.
HELP THEM FIND:
- Classrooms & homeroom
- Bathrooms & Lockers
- Gym & Cafeteria
- Nurse’s Office
2-Review your child’s IEP/504 Plan.
While performing #1 is a great time to request, or have a meeting about your children’s current accommodations. Figure out what has been working well and identify areas that still need improvement. The accommodations they receive will need to reflect the challenges they will face this school year.
- Report cards, interim/progress reports
- Notes from the teacher, disciplinarian, or principal
- Tests and Standardized Scores
- Goals for this year
3-Get & Stay Organized.
By now, you probably know that organization is key! While it is a little extra work getting everything set up, you will be really glad you did. Recalling your children’s biggest organizational challenges, come up with solutions before school starts. Get them hooked on a calendar system, by noting due dates for homework, class projects and other assignments. Figure out a system (#4 has tips) your children will be able to manage at school and home. If they have a locker, get a locker shelf to arrange their books in order of schedule. Don’t wait until the last minute to get school supplies. The best reason of all… according to Time Magazine school supplies are cheaper when purchased before school starts! (With the exception of computers, laptops and tablets, September is the best time to buy those large ticket items.)
- PRO TIP: Most states have a tax-free weekend in August, saving you between 3-10% right off the bat. Add that to some killer sales and you’re in business. Louisiana’s Tax Free Dates 2017.
- SUPER SAVER TIP: Reuse folders, notebooks and other supplies from last year. Have your kids decorate them, or label over old writing. Check out yard sales, or the dollar store for many of the supplies your kids need.
SUPPLIES TO GET:
4-Design a landing/launch pad.
A landing pad is a designated area for your kids to neatly drop their keys, books, bags, sports equipment, projects, assignments, homework and anything else they have when they walk in from school. After a quick snack, get cranking on homework, then, prep. Viola! It transforms into a launch pad! If they get in the habit of setting it up the night before, mornings will be a cinch! The location should be near the door without blocking it. To keep it neat and orderly you might need bins, cubbies, mini lockers, or shelves dedicated to each kid.
5-Plan After-school activities
Scheduling exercise, even if it is just around the neighborhood, is a great way for your kids to run out some of that energy, and gain focus and discipline. Studies prove that martial arts, checkers/chess clubs, and sports can improve academic performance
Tae Kwon Do is highly recommended for its unique disciplinary and defensive approach. Or check into these New Orleans After-school activities.
Waiting until school starts is often too late to secure a good tutor. Ideally, you have been working with your kids to get ahead, or stay on task with challenging subjects this summer. If not, no harm done. The idea is to keep them ahead during the school year by giving them one-on-one tutoring in their toughest subject. Some schools can provide this but if not, here are some New Orleans tutors.
- PRO TIP: Combine 5 & 6 to kill 2 (angry) birds with 1 stone!
7-Make a Family Calendar
Making a universally accessible Family Calendar can save a lot of time and headaches. It prevents mix-ups, overbooking, and missed appointments, or deadlines. Ideally, get a white board with room for everyone to add their individual schedules. This gives your children (and you) a sense of control over your lives. The more you involve them in creating the calendar, the more likely they (and you) are to adhere to it.
8-Review your Kids’ Meds
Did you opt for a drug holiday this summer? If so, make sure you have medication(s) on hand to start a week, or 2 before school starts. This ensures they are still on the adequate dosage(s) and not going through initial side effects their first week back. If you kept their medications going, make sure they have an appointment with their doctor a few weeks before school starts. It can be a busy time so do not wait to make that appointment because you might not get in soon enough!
9-Set Goals Together
Sit down with your kids, let them talk about school and just listen. Extract what they want from school, not just what you want. Give them prompts like, “I would like to learn…” “I want to do better in…” “I want to continue doing well in…” “I am most worried about…” This can allow you to gain their perspective and work towards goals that are measurable and attainable. For children with mental health issues, setting and achieving goals is tantamount to their continued success in school and beyond. Click on the picture below for some examples.
*While it is not my goal to make money on this blog, I have recently “monetized” it using Amazon Associate links. It is minimal I assure you. More importantly, the links I have provided is from tons of research and combing through websites to provide you with the most up-to-date, inexpensive, and practical information and tools to make life (having a child with a mental disorder) easier.
Posted on August 2, 2017, in ADHD, children, Diversity, Multicultural, ODD, psychiatry, psychology and tagged 504 plan, ADHD, back to school, IEP, mental health, organization, psychiatry, Psychology, school, things to do before school, tips for parents. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.
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The latest invaders, as we have been reporting, are harlequin ladbybirds from the USA, bigger and brasher than our own relatively demure native species – and before that we have had armies of ants, squadrons of giant spiders, and goose-stepping panzer divisions of angry German wasps.
But over the years, flat old agricultural Cambridgeshire has attracted more than its fair share of insect intruders. In the 1960s, carrot fly devastated crops in the eastern part of the county; in the 70s, warble fly, which attacks cattle, was a major threat to farmers; and in the 80s, the infamous Colarado beetle turned up unannounced, prompting a huge scare for the Cambridgeshire potato crop, one of the biggest in Britain.
People living in the villages of East and West Perry, close to Grafham Water, are used to insects that breed near the water, but in 1970, they were unable to leave their homes for fear of being covered from head to foot in mosquitoes. When they swarmed, villagers described the phenomenon as ‘a thick brown fog’. Experts from the Grafham Water Authority said the building of the massive reservoir, just a few years earlier, had “disturbed the balance of nature”, and the advice was that in time things would settle down.
Alien invaders in the form of ‘woolly bears’, black-headed grubs, caused havoc in 1971. Their food of choice was jumpers, scarves and other woollen garments, and huge numbers of them found their way into wardrobes and airing cupboards.
Hot weather in the 1990s, in 1995 and 1998 particularly, triggered an insect breeding frenzy, with bed bugs and bluebottles a major problem. At George Pateman Court in Cambridge, a block of flats run by the Cambridge Housing Society, residents refused to pay their rent until an infestation of ‘super bugs’, which blanketed their bedclothes at night, was eradicated.
In 1972, heart transplants at Papworth Hospital had to be suspended after Pharaoh’s ants got into the operating theatres. The ants are so tiny they are hardly visible to the naked eye, and doctors were worried patients’ wounds might be contaminated. It took more than a fortnight for pest control teams to get rid of them.
Cambridge was hit by the Great Plague of Greenfly in 1979. Shop fronts were turned green with aphid slime, car windscreens were covered, and people took to wearing face masks, dark glasses and headgear to keep the insects from getting up noses, in eyes and in the hair.
Our photos here recollect the great Grafham mozzie plague of 1970; one of the biggest wasp nests ever found in Cambridge, at Chesterton in 1969; a young man covered in locusts in 1981 (does anyone know the story behind the picture?); and a monster spider from 1990.
The children in the colour photo are welcoming back one insect that got away in 2001 – a three-inch long hissing cockroach, the classroom pet at Milton Road Junior School, which somehow escaped and was on the run for six weeks before being recaptured lurking in a waste bin.
Have you got any creepy-crawly tales? Get in touch by emailing [email protected], or writing to Memories, Newsroom, Cambridge News, Winship Road, Cambridge CB24 6BQ.
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South Dakota Kidnapping Native American Children While Making The Federal Government Pay For It (AUDIO)
The history of Native American relations in the United States is at best abysmal. From intentionally introducing disease, village massacres, and widespread racism against the native population, the United States has not been a friend of our indigenous people. Those of native culture have had their lands stolen, treaties ignored, and been subject to humiliating and degrading treatment for centuries.
The most horrifying, however, has been the systematic attempt to exterminate them as a people entirely; new light has come out that, despite laws to the contrary, these policies continue to be in effect, as recently covered at the Great Plains Indian Child Welfare Act Summit from May 15 through May 17 2013 in Rapid City, South Dakota. At the conference, a report by the Indian Child Welfare Act directors in South Dakota made a huge splash. The total population of South Dakota under the age of 18 is around 200,000, according to the U.S. Census taken in 2010. Of those children, approximately 23,000 children are Native American. And of those children, the state of South Dakota have seized approximately 750 every year from their immediate families. This statistic alone is troubling, especially when combined with the issue of tribal authority (the state of South Dakota does not have authority over the tribes), but even more so is what happens next.
What the study found was that rather than place these children with other tribal members or relatives, as required by law, the state instead places them almost exclusively with white families, away from their cultural heritage.
In so doing, South Dakota is running afoul of a definition, that of genocide. While in traditional thinking, genocide refers to a direct attempt to exterminate a racial or cultural group through direct extermination, there is another form of genocide, that of cultural elimination. The definition of genocide, according to the United Nations General Assembly’s Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, is as follows: … any of the following acts commit with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. The Native American population is the poorest in the nation, with an astounding 50% poverty rate. There has been a targeted effort to forcibly sterilize Native American women.
And here we find South Dakota with a system which has resulted in over half of the children in their foster care system being from Native American families. NPR covered this heavily for their report “Native Foster Care: Lost Children, Shattered Families” in 2011.
Here’s the audio: LINK
But for those in power within South Dakota, this program brings with it a double benefit. Not only do they contribute to exterminating the Native culture, they get to have Uncle Sam pay for it. Every Native American child within the foster care system is paid for by the federal government, to the sum of almost $80,000 per child, per year, of which South Dakota only pays out under $10,000. This $70,000 surplus, which is intended to go into anti-poverty programs, healthcare, and family support for troubled children, instead goes right into the general fund for the state. It is a calculated scheme to defraud the United States government of tens of millions per year. It is a tragedy, how we as humans have allowed the systematic persecution of the Native population. To see such a program in this day and age makes the tragedy even more real. The forced sterilization programs, in which thousands of women were sterilized, either by force or through trickery, dropped the average child-per-Native woman from 3.29 in 1970 to 1.30 in 1980. The damage done by this program was so severe that even decades after its official end, the fertility rate remains dangerously low. And now the implementation of a program to take away what few children they can have is almost too much to bear.
This abuse of power has put the entire child welfare system in South Dakota in danger, making every child taken in to the system’s care suspect. Situations where true abuse have happened are dwarfed by those where it has not. The state is in danger of having its system called into question, potentially dismantled, all due to the systemic abuse of Native people. There is no room for racism, for this culture war, in a modern society. South Dakota should be ashamed of itself, and return those children taken illegally immediately to their families. Following this, a complete and thorough policy audit should be mandated, along with the termination of the management who enacted and enforced this policy.
Lastly, the money which was defrauded from the federal government should be turned over to the families as restitution. A culture survives through its children. We are the United States, a multi-cultural melting pot of people. This attempt by bigoted people to undermine the very principle of the United States, of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, brings shame to this grand nation of ours, and it must end now.
Author: Nathaniel Downes is a native of New Hampshire, now living in Seattle Washington developing the next-generation super-powered MMORPG, City of Titans. He has just released his first book, available in Hardcover, Paperback, and Kindle.
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Кузуча
Кузуча — Ресейдегі өзен. Кемеров облысы, Краснояр өлкесі, Томск облысы жер аумақтарынан ағып өтеді. Өзен сағасы Тюхтет өзенінің сол жағалауынан 20 км қашықтықта орналасқан. Өзен ұзындығы 25 км-ді құрайды.
Су реестрінің мәліметтері
Ресей мемлекеттік су тізілімінің мәліметі бойынша Жоғарғы Обь су алабы өңіріне жатады, өзеннің сушаруашылық бөлігі — Чулым Ачинск қаласынан Зырянское ауылындағы су өлшейтін постқа дейін. Өзен саласы — Томнан Чулымға дейінгі (Жоғарғы) Обь тармағының су алаптары, өзен алабы — Ертіске қосылу құйылысына дейінгі (Жоғарғы) Обь.
Ресей су ресурстары федералды агенттігі дайындаған РФ территориясын сушаруашылығы бойынша аудандастыру жөніндегі геоақпараттық жүйе мәліметтері бойынша:
Мемлекеттік су реестріндегі су объектісінің коды — 13010400212115200016428
Гидрологиялық тұрғыдан зерттелу (ГЗ) коды — 115201642
Су алабының коды — 13.01.04.002
ГЗ томының нөмірі — 15
ГЗ бойынша шығарылуы — 2
Дереккөздер
Сыртқы сілтемелер
Ресей Федерациясы Табиғи ресурстар және экология министрлігі
Кемеров облысы өзендері
Краснояр өлкесі өзендері
Томск облысы өзендері
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Marines and their families were more likely to die from several types of cancer, as well as Lou Gehrig’s disease, if they came in contact with Camp Lejeune toxic water over a 34-year period, according to a 2014 report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
On January 13, 2017, the Department of Veterans Affairs announced a finalized rule for presumptive service-connection of eight diseases associated with contaminants in the water supply at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune between 1953 and 1987. Learn More
Were you stationed at Camp Lejeune? Answer five questions to learn if you or your family may be entitled to compensation or other benefits due to environmental hazards exposure.
CREDIT: Camp Lejeune Toxic Water by VetsHQ Infographics & Research
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A Spiritual and Educational Legacy Including McCallie School and Girls Preparatory School
The businesses that employ members of your family. The scenic spots where you bring your out of town relatives. The route you ride your bike on Saturdays. The hospital that helped your kids get well. What these aspects of our daily lives have in common is that they were all made possible by people who founded not only some of Chattanooga’s most enduring businesses, but a large part of the makeup of our city as we know it today.
The men and women featured here didn’t just create profitable, lasting companies and institutions. They shaped the history, infrastructure, and culture of our city, overcoming challenges such as the Great Depression, personal illness, and shifting economies, to make a positive impact on the lives around them. They might not have known in the early years and the lean years if their businesses would survive, much less change the fate of the little boom town on the river. But by daring to start new business ventures, creating charitable organizations, opening tourist attractions, preserving land, and building iconic buildings, they became not just a part of Chattanooga’s history, but integral to its future.
By Meghan O’Dea
Thomas Hooke McCallie was just 3 years old when he arrived by flat-bottomed boat at Ross’ Landing in March of 1841 with his father, Thomas McCallie, and mother, Mary Hooke McCallie. His father, a prosperous man, continued his previous work in the mercantile business after their arrival, and the family promptly moved to their new home on what is now McCallie Avenue on the corner of Lindsay Street.
McCallie eventually went on to receive theological training at Union Theological Seminary in New York City. He returned to Chattanooga after the death of his father in 1859 and immediately took charge of his family. In January of 1862, right after the American Civil War had broken out, he married Ellen Douglas Jarnagin, daughter of former United States Senator Spencer Jarnagin, and accepted a call to the Presbyterian Church (now First Presbyterian Church) in Chattanooga. He continued as a pastor and spiritual leader in Chattanooga until his death in 1912.
Described as a “commanding figure in religious and civic life, interested and active in all that contributed to the welfare of the city and state,” McCallie recognized Chattanooga’s proximity to river and rail made it not only a strategic location in the war, but also a location from which institutions that would affect the South could be built. He and his wife had 16 children, with eight living into adulthood. These talented and devoted children included the founders of McCallie School, the founder of Girls Preparatory School, a City of Chattanooga chaplain, a longtime teacher at Bright School, and more than one businessman.
“My great-grandfather’s values were faith, family, and service with an emphasis on education,” says Thomas H. McCallie III. “As I see it, his progeny have carried those values well.”
To Read About More of Chattanooga’s Founding Fathers, click the following links:
Robert H. Siskin
Leo & Ruby Lambert
Garnet & Frieda Carter
Thomas Hooke McCallie and Descendants
Harry S. Probasco & Descendants
Rody Davenport & Sons
O.D. and Ruth McKee
William Emerson Brock & William Emerson Brock Jr.
Zeboim Cartter Patten
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Modern photography is amazing. With one lens, a photographer can zoom in on an object far and make it appear near. Then he can put on a wide-angle lens and get the big picture from close-up.
Time-lapse photography is one of the most interesting methods. Every night, the weatherman shows how clouds advanced over our area with satellite pictures. Though seeming to be in continuous motion, they are actually taken by time-lapse every half-hour or so and placed in sequence. You may have seen a flower photographed in this way and made to appear to sprout before your very eyes. If one had watched constantly, the changes were taking place so slowly that they would not have been noticeable.
What about applying time-lapse to history? Let’s look at the church of Christ at Ephesus.
PICTURE #1: SPROUTING – A.D. 52.
On Paul’s second mission tour, he visited Ephesus after leaving Corinth, and evidently planted the church there (Acts 18:19). Ephesus means desirable, and in many ways it was a desirable place to live. It was thought to have been founded by the Amazons about 2000 B.C. and was located in west Asia Minor, near the sea. This first glimpse is of sprouts just cracking open the ground.
PICTURE #2: WEEDING – A.D. 54-56.
On the third preaching journey, Paul spent between two and three years teaching in the city (Acts 19:8-10). He spent his time weeding out false doctrines and pagan practices. Ephesus derived its greatness from two sources, commercial trade and religion. During the Roman Period it was a center for the mother goddess worship, known to the Greeks as Artemis and to the Romans as Diana.
Diana is a beautiful name, and one might suppose that Diana would be a beautiful goddess. To the contrary, Diana of the Ephesians was a short, squat, repulsive-looking character covered with many breasts which emphasized fertility. It was believed by the superstitious Ephesians that Diana fell down from heaven. The magnificent temple of Diana took more than a century to construct. It was built about 400 B. C. and burned the night Alexander the Great was born. Immediately rebuilt, it could accommodate 24,500 persons and is reckoned as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
Worship in the Temple was comprised of the burning of incense and the playing of flute music as a result of which the people reached an emotional frenzy in which shameless sexual orgies were engaged (Marlin). These immoral practices of the priestesses and the merchants hawking silver shrines made it a difficult place to preach the Gospel.
Nonetheless, this teaching in the school of Tyrannus was so successful that those who practiced magical arts brought their books and burned them (valued at 50,000 pieces of silver) (Acts 19:18-20). The sale of silver shrines began to fall off, and the silversmiths caused uproar (Acts 19:26-41). After this was settled Paul left for Macedonia. It was during this stay that he wrote 1 Corinthians. It is now a well-groomed garden – the church even has elders.
PICTURE #3: NURTURING – A.D. 57.
Paul stopped on the nearby island of Miletus and made his farewell address to the Ephesian elders (Acts 20). Their mutual love is evident as these tenderhearted men weep because they will see Paul’s face no more. Their desire to depart with prayer gives evidence of their spirituality. The picture now is of a church that has been carefully nurtured to the point of strong health.
PICTURE #4: WATERING – A.D. 62.
About a decade after the church had been started, Paul wrote a letter to the Ephesians commending their faith and love. A careful reading of this epistle shows that they had done well. They appeared well organized and busy. During these early years they had been growing, expanding and doing the will of God. He commends their sincerity (Ephesians 6:24). Teaching is to Christians what watering is to plants – necessary and strengthening (1 Corinthians 3:6). Timothy (1 Timothy 1:3-4), Acquila and Priscilla (Acts 18:25), and Apollos had all spent time watering the Ephesian church. It should have been one of the most thoroughly instructed of all the first-century congregations. The picture now is a well-watered and self-sufficient church.
PICTURE #5: PRODUCING – A.D. 66.
A few years later, in all probability very soon after the beginning of the Jewish war, tradition says that the city became the home of the Apostle John. This may or may not be true, but circumstances make it possible, if not probable. He was supposed to have taken Mary, the mother of Jesus, there to live (cf. John 19:26-27). This picture is of a church faithfully serving their Lord and producing the fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:21-23; John 15:1-3).
PICTURE #6: WILTING – A.D. 96.
It was probably during the reign of Domitian (81-96 A.D.) that John was banished to Patmos. He was released and died during the reign of Trajan according to Iraneus (an early church historian). Tradition relates that at a very old age John, too feeble to walk, would be carried into this church’s assembly and would admonish the members, little children, love one another. During this period the Lord gives His assessment of the Ephesian church through the apostle John (Revelation 2:1-7). He compliments them on their works, but has found a disease in the plant. They have left their first love (Revelation 2:4). He commands immediate action – repent, remember, repeat (the first works) (Revelation 2:5).
PICTURE #7: DEAD – A.D. 200.
We have no way of knowing whether they corrected their problem and later were poisoned by some false doctrine, but, sadly, the church died sometime during the second century. It evidently passed into apostasy as it is known in later centuries as a leading city for the councils of the early Roman church. The picture now is of a dead plant, brown and dried up.
Time-lapse photography is interesting. What if the church where we attend had been historically photographed? At which stage would we now be? The ending does not have to be a sad one, the Lord’s vineyard need never die. He will come one day and transplant His faithful vineyards over in the land when the tree of life and the Rose of Sharon continually bloom.
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Kujawy
Kujawy (, ) – region historyczno-etnograficzny położony w północno-środkowej Polsce, w dorzeczu środkowej Wisły i górnej Noteci. Główną grupą etnograficzną regionu są Kujawiacy.
Duże połacie centralnych Kujaw zajmują czarne ziemie – jedne z najurodzajniejszych gleb w Polsce. Do bogactw naturalnych należy także sól kamienna, wydobywana w okolicach Inowrocławia i sól warzona z solanki z odwiertów w Ciechocinku.
Historyczną stolicą Kujaw jest Włocławek. Zwyczajowo pod względem etnograficznym rozdziela się region na Kujawy Wschodnie ze stolicą we Włocławku i Kujawy Zachodnie ze stolicą w Inowrocławiu. Niekiedy wyróżniane są także Kujawy Północne na terenach dawnego księstwa bydgosko-wyszogrodzkiego ze stolicą w Bydgoszczy, która od XVII wieku pozostaje największym ośrodkiem gospodarczym i demograficznym całych Kujaw.
Niektórzy ludoznawcy – m.in. Oskar Kolberg i Zygmunt Gloger – ze względu na wspólną historię i etnografię ziemi chełmińskiej i dobrzyńskiej, skłonni byli uznać oba te regiony za część regionu kujawskiego. Podobne godło i wspólna historia w XIII w. łączy także Kujawy z ziemią sieradzką i łęczycką.
Toponimia
Etymologia nazwy Kujawy była w historii różnie wywodzona. Najbardziej prawdopodobny zdaje się być wykład Stanisława Rosponda, który wywodzi nazwę Kujawy od słów kui, kuiati oznaczających wicher i zarówno odmianę terenu równinnego, wydmowego, narażonego na silne jego podmuchy. Etymologia nazwy Kujaw związana jest zatem z fizjografią tej krainy.
Nazwa Kujawy pojawiła się po raz pierwszy w źródłach pisanych w 1136 r. Wymienia ją Bulla gnieźnieńska wydana przez papieża Innocentego II, biorąca pod opiekę papieską archidiecezję gnieźnieńską. Później nazwa krainy występuje w wielu średniowiecznych dokumentach. Odnotowuje ją również w swoich kronikach mistrz Wincenty zwany Kadłubkiem.
Granice
Historyczne
Kujawy jako region historyczny sąsiadują na północy z Pomorzem Gdańskim i ziemią chełmińską, na zachodzie z Wielkopolską, na południu z ziemią łęczycką, a na wschodzie z Mazowszem.
Granice Kujaw biegną lewym brzegiem Wisły od ujścia Skrwy na południu po ujście Wdy na północy, ciągną się ku zachodowi do Koronowa i Nakła po Pakość do Noteci, dalej skręcają na zachód od rzeki, przechodzą przez jezioro Trląg, łukiem przecinają lasy strzeleńskie, dochodząc do jeziora Skulskiego i górnej Noteci, obejmują dalej Jezioro Brdowskie, Chodecz i Lubień Kujawski, aby dojść poprzez Skrwę do Wisły.
Współcześnie większa część Kujaw leży na terenie województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego, zaś ich południowe fragmenty na terenie województwa wielkopolskiego (fragmenty powiatów kolskiego i konińskiego) i mazowieckiego (fragmenty powiatów płockiego i gostynińskiego).
W skład Kujaw wchodzą dwa powiaty grodzkie: Bydgoszcz i Włocławek (bez dzielnicy Zawiśle leżącej w ziemi dobrzyńskiej) oraz powiaty ziemskie: aleksandrowski, bydgoski (bez gminy Dąbrowa Chełmińska i fragmentu gminy Koronowo), inowrocławski (bez terenu położonego na zachód od jezior Pakoskich), radziejowski i włocławski. Fragmenty Kujaw znajdują się także w powiatach: mogileńskim (gmina Strzelno i Jeziora Wielkie), toruńskim (gmina Wielka Nieszawka), żnińskim (okolice Barcina i Łabiszyna), kolskim (okolice Przedcza i Brdowa), konińskim (gmina Wierzbinek, Sompolno, Skulsk), płockim (okolice Nowego Duninowa) i gostynińskim (północno-zachodnie fragmenty gminy Gostynin). Również lewobrzeżna część Torunia (Podgórz) leży na terenie Kujaw.
Etnograficzne
W przeszłości historyczna i etnograficzna granica Kujaw pokrywała się w przybliżeniu do końca XVIII wieku. Jednakże już w XVI – XVII w. na tzw. Kujawach Północnych (okolica Bydgoszczy, Fordonu, Solca i Koronowa) intensywne kontakty handlowe i rodzinne z kupiectwem Gdańska, miastami i folwarczną szlachtą Wielkopolski i Pomorza (spławny handel zbożowy i solny) zaważyły o tym, że mieszczaństwo i szlachta tych okolic zaczynały myśleć w kategoriach, które przekraczały wąski krąg zagadnień jednego regionu, czy krainy. Po rozbiorach Polski wskutek zmian granic politycznych, osadnictwa niemieckiego i germanizacji oraz wpływów kulturowych sąsiednich regionów następował stopniowy zanik poczucia kujawskiej przynależności regionalnej wśród mieszkańców okolic Koronowa, Bydgoszczy, Łabiszyna i Barcina, a także na południowym i wschodnim pograniczu dzielnicy z Wielkopolską i Mazowszem (Gostynin, Kutno, Koło, Sompolno).
Wskutek wpływów kulturowych i gospodarczych sąsiednich regionów (Wielkopolska, Mazowsze, Pomorze Gdańskie), wielokrotnej zmiany granic politycznych, germanizacji w XIX w. oraz wymiany ludności, zasięg etnograficzny Kujaw skurczył się od północnego zachodu, południa i wschodu i obejmuje współcześnie głównie tereny znajdujące się na Równinie Inowrocławskiej i Pojezierzu Kujawskim.
Regionalizacja Kujaw
Kujawy nie są i nie były regionem jednolitym etnograficznie. Ze względu na różnice kulturowe oraz fizjograficzne wyróżnia się dwa rodzaje podziałów Kujaw:
Historyczno-etnograficzny – powstały wskutek rozbiorów I RP, kiedy przez Kujawy przechodziła granica pomiędzy Prusami i Rosją. Podział ten spowodował różnice kulturowe i dialektalne wśród ludności kujawskiej:
Kujawy Zachodnie lub Kujawy Czarne – obejmujące obszar zaboru pruskiego, niekiedy utożsamiany z terenami dawnego księstwa gniewkowskiego i inowrocławskiego. Stolicą Kujaw Zachodnich jest Inowrocław.
Kujawy Wschodnie, Południowe lub Białe – obejmujące obszar zaboru rosyjskiego, niekiedy utożsamiany z terenem dawnego księstwa brzesko-kujawskiego. Stolicą Kujaw Wschodnich jest Włocławek.
Kujawy Północne – utożsamiane z obszarem dawnego księstwa bydgosko-wyszogrodzkiego. Mianem Kujaw Północnych określany jest teren powiatu bydgoskiego (lecz bez gminy Dąbrowa Chełmińska i zachodniego obszaru gminy Koronowo). Niekiedy region ten bywa łączony z Kujawami Zachodnimi.
Etnograficzno-geograficzny:
Kujawy czarne – bezleśne tereny o urodzajnych czarnoziemach, strefa intensywnej produkcji rolnej; z uwagi na położenie wyróżnia się Kujawy czarne inowrocławskie, radziejowskie i brzeskie;
Kujawy białe (polne) – centralna część Kujaw położona między Gniewkowem, Aleksandrowem Kujawskim i Brześciem; w odróżnieniu od Kujaw czarnych posiada gleby piaszczysto-gliniaste (szare) i niewielkie zagajniki leśne;
Kujawy nadwiślańskie – pas terenu otaczający od południa Wisłę, obejmuje wsie dawniej olęderskie i miasta leżące nad rzeką, związane niegdyś z handlem zbożowym: Solec Kujawski, Podgórz, Nieszawę, Włocławek; Oskar Kolberg zalicza także do tego regionu powiat bydgoski z Bydgoszczą, Fordonem i Koronowem, zaś nizinę nadrzeczną od Solca do Bydgoszczy nazywa Żuławami Kujawskimi;
Kujawy zagoplańskie – tereny położone między jeziorem Gopło od wschodu, a na zachodzie ograniczone jeziorami Pakoskimi i nurtem Małej Noteci (zwanej również Kwieciszewicą lub Notecią Zachodnią) mieszczą m.in. Kruszwicę i Strzelno;
Kujawy garbate – pogranicze kujawsko-pałuckie od Pakości na południu do Nowej Wsi Wielkiej na północy;
Bachorza – rejon zabagnionej (od XIX w., zmeliorowanej) doliny Bachorze na wschód od Kruszwicy; łączy poprzez dział wodny jezioro Gopło ze Zgłowiączką;
Kujawy leśne – południowy skraj regionu na Pojezierzu Kujawskim w okolicy Lubienia, Chodcza i Przedcza;
Kujawy borowe – tereny zalesione borami sosnowymi na wschodnim i południowym obrzeżu regionu, zamieszkiwane przez Borowiaków Kujawskich (okolice Izbicy Kujawskiej i Brdowa, Lasy Gostynińsko-Włocławskie).
Historia
Starożytność i wczesne średniowiecze
Kujawy należą do obszarów, na których stwierdzono najstarsze w Polsce ślady osadnictwa, sięgających neolitu i okresu kultury łużyckiej.
Z Kujawami wiąże się plemię Goplan, których niektórzy badacze utożsamiają z Mazowszanami-Kłobianami lub po prostu z Kujawianami. Stworzyli oni strukturę plemienną z głównymi ośrodkami w Gnieźnie i Kruszwicy. Przed rokiem 950 roku Kujawy zostały włączone w skład państwa Polan, będąc dla nich pomostem dla ekspansji w kierunku Pomorza Wschodniego. W wyniku zajęcia terytorium Goplan ziemie kujawskie znalazły się pod silnym wpływem kultury polańskiej i zatraciły mazowszański charakter.
Żyzne gleby i obfite źródła solne Kujaw sprzyjały wczesnemu rozwoju osadnictwa i powstawaniu licznych grodów – ośrodków wojskowo-administracyjnych i gospodarczych, miejsc wymiany handlowej. Na ziemiach tych powstały także pierwsze kościoły i klasztory (Mogilno, Kruszwica, Strzelno), będące wówczas ogniskami życia kulturalnego, a zachowane do dziś są jednymi z najstarszych zabytków architektury romańskiej w Polsce.
Średniowiecze
Nazwa Kujawy pojawia się po raz pierwszy w 1136 r. w Bulli gnieźnieńskiej. Dotyczy ona tylko obszaru nadwiślańskiego późniejszych Kujaw. Dopiero od XIII wieku nazwa ta zaczyna być używana w celu określenia ziemi kruszwicko-włocławskiej.
O roli Kujaw dla państwowości polskiej okresu średniowiecznego decydowało ich znaczenie gospodarcze i strategiczne. Żyzność kujawskiego czarnoziemu bagiennego, w znacznej już mierze eksploatowanego rolniczo, gęste osadnictwo, eksploatowanie licznych źródeł słonych (Słońsk, Kruszwica), hutnictwo żelaza, wykorzystujące złoża rudy darniowej (Otłoczyn, Sędzin, Adolfin), decydowały o zamożności tamtejszej ludności. Kujawy były też miejscem, gdzie krzyżowały się ważne szlaki handlowe. Do najważniejszych należał szlak bursztynowy (pochodzący jeszcze z czasów rzymskich), biegnący od południa przez Kalisz i okolice nadgoplańskie ku północy na teren Pomorza i Prus, oraz wczesnośredniowieczny trakt ruski, biegnący z Kijowa przez Płock, Włocławek, Kruszwicę i dalej do północnej Wielkopolski i Pomorza Zachodniego. Jednocześnie samo położenie Kujaw miało strategiczne znaczenie dla północnej ekspansji piastowskiej (Pomorze, Prusy, Mazowsze). Obszar Kujaw został włączony w skład państwa piastowskiego przed 950 rokiem i stanowił dla Piastów bazę w celu opanowania Pomorza Wschodniego, co potwierdzają badania archeologiczne przeprowadzone na grodziskach w Strzelcach Dolnych, Tucholi i Opaleniu.
Kujawy były początkowo połączone z Mazowszem i podlegały mazowieckim książętom dzielnicowym. Wraz z ziemią chełmińską i późniejszą ziemią dobrzyńską stanowiły trzon ich posiadłości aż do końca XII w. Najpierw rządził tym terytorium Bolesław Kędzierzawy, a w latach 1173–1186 jego syn Leszek Bolesławowic. Najprawdopodobniej w 1191 r. Kujawy zagarnął Bolesław, syn Mieszka III Starego, i władał nimi jako pierwszy książę kujawski aż do swej śmierci w 1195 r. W latach 1195–1202 rządy sprawował ojciec zmarłego, Mieszko III Stary. Następnie Kujawy powróciły do dawnego związku z Mazowszem i znalazły się pod władzą Konrada Mazowieckiego, który jednak respektował pewną odrębność dzielnicy kujawskiej, gdyż tytułował się księciem mazowieckim i kujawskim.
W 1233 roku Konrad Mazowiecki wydzielił dla swego 20-letniego najmłodszego syna Kazimierza odrębne księstwo kujawskie ze stolicą w Inowrocławiu, a siedzibą biskupią we Włocławku. 36 lat jego rządów skutkowało rozwojem gospodarczym i terytorialnym Kujaw m.in. o ziemię bydgosko-wyszogrodzką (Kujawy Północne). W wyniku układów z braćmi, Kazimierz I kujawski zdobył również ziemię sieradzką, łęczycką i dobrzyńską. W 1238 r. prawa miejskie uzyskał Inowrocław, będący w tym czasie siedzibą księcia, zbudowano tam również zamek. Na północnych rubieżach Kujaw książę osadził cystersów (1253 – Byszewo, w 1288 r. przeniesieni do Koronowa) oraz prowadził udaną działalność, służącą integracji nowo pozyskanych terenów z resztą swego księstwa. Wyrażało się to nadaniami ziemskimi, czynionymi na tych obszarach na rzecz rycerstwa z własnego otoczenia, jak również awansem rycerstwa miejscowego. W okresie wojny celnej z Krzyżakami (1250), Kazimierz I kujawski skierował handel kujawski do własnych portów wiślanych w Bydgoszczy i Solcu, z pominięciem Torunia, co zintensyfikowało rozwój spławnego handlu zbożowego.
Po śmierci Kazimierza I w 1267 roku jego księstwo uległo podziałowi pomiędzy pięciu synów, z których najstarszy Leszek Czarny otrzymał ziemię sieradzką (później rządził w Krakowie), drugi w kolejności – Ziemomysł otrzymał księstwo inowrocławskie (Inowrocław, Kruszwica, Radziejów, Słońsk, Bydgoszcz, Wyszogród), a młodszy Władysław Łokietek otrzymał wschodnie obszary Kujaw jako księstwo brzeskokujawskie. Inni synowie: Kazimierz i Siemowit uzyskali odpowiednio ziemię łęczycką i dobrzyńską. W okresie rządów Ziemomysła inowrocławskiego (1267–1287) toczyły się walki z księciem wielkopolskim Bolesławem Pobożnym. W wyniku tych walk dzielnica kujawska została uszczuplona na rzecz Wielkopolski (kasztelania bydgoska, kruszwicka i radziejowska 1268–1285) oraz Pomorza Gdańskiego (kasztelania wyszogrodzka 1271–1296).
Po śmierci księcia Kujaw inowrocławskich Ziemomysła w 1287 roku, jego księstwo uległo podziałowi pomiędzy trzech synów. Na początku XIV wieku doszło do wykrystalizowania księstw, rządzonych samodzielnie przez każdego z nich. Leszek tytułował się odtąd księciem Kujaw i Inowrocławia, Przemysł – księciem Kujaw, Wyszogrodu i Bydgoszczy, Kazimierz – księciem Kujaw i Gniewkowa. W 1327 lub 1328 r. wobec wybuchu wojny polsko-krzyżackiej, Władysław Łokietek zjednoczył pod swoją władzą księstwa kujawskie: brzeskie, inowrocławskie i bydgosko-wyszogrodzkie. Odrębność do 1364 r. zachowało jedynie księstwo gniewkowskie.
Wojna polsko-krzyżacka 1327–1332 spowodowała duże zniszczenia na Kujawach. Jeszcze w 1329 r. Krzyżacy zdobyli ziemię dobrzyńską oraz spalili Włocławek. W 1330 r. obrócili w ruinę Wyszogród oraz Bydgoszcz, w 1331 r. zdobyli Inowrocław, a w 1332 r. Brześć. 27 września 1331 roku pod Radziejowem i Płowcami doszło do walnej bitwy wojsk Łokietka z armią krzyżacką, w wyniku której wojska zakonne poniosły duże straty. Mimo tego cała dzielnica znalazła się pod okupacją krzyżacką aż do 1337 r., kiedy Kazimierz Wielki uzyskał w Wyszehradzie gwarancję warunkowego zwrotu całych Kujaw (kasztelania inowrocławska, bydgoska, wyszogrodzka, kruszwicka, księstwo gniewkowskie i brzeskokujawskie) oraz ziemi dobrzyńskiej. Decyzja ta została potwierdzona pokojem w Kaliszu w 1343 r. W 1346 r. Kazimierz Wielki nadał prawa miejskie Bydgoszczy, a władzę na Kujawach w imieniu monarchy sprawowali: wojewoda, starosta i sędzia, zlokalizowani w Brześciu. W połowie XIV w. nastąpiło rozdzielenie kujawskich urzędów starościńskich między Brześć, Bydgoszcz (od 1358 r.) i Inowrocław (1364 r. po zastawieniu przez Władysława Białego księstwa gniewkowskiego). Czasy Kazimierza Wielkiego przyniosły również budowę czterech zamków obronnych na Kujawach: w Bydgoszczy, Kruszwicy (zachowana wieża), Przedczu (częściowo zachowany) i Złotorii.
W okresie rządów Ludwika Węgierskiego (1370–1382), ziemia dobrzyńska oraz północno-zachodnia część Kujaw (terytorium bydgoskie) została oddana w lenno Kaźkowi Słupskiemu, a w latach 1378–1392 terytorium bydgoskie, inowrocławskie, gniewkowskie oraz ziemię dobrzyńską oddano w lenno Władysławi Opolczykowi. Dodatkowo po śmierci Ludwika Węgierskiego (1383) Kujawy brzeskie opanował Siemowit IV Mazowiecki. Dopiero zabiegi Władysława Jagiełły spowodowały odzyskanie w komplecie ziem kujawskich i wcielenie ich do Królestwa Polskiego.
Pod koniec XIV wieku dawne tereny księstw kujawskich pozostały podzielone administracyjnie na dwa województwa: inowrocławskie (z powiatami inowrocławskim i bydgoskim) i brzeskokujawskie (z powiatami brzeskim, kruszwickim, radziejowskim, przedeckim i kowalskim). Dodatkowo w skład województwa inowrocławskiego wchodziła zachowująca odrębność samorządową ziemia dobrzyńska z trzema powiatami: dobrzyńskim, rypińskim i lipnowskim. Granica między województwami ciągnęła się od Nieszawy na wschodzie po Gębice na zachodzie przez okolicę Służewa, Kruszwicy i Strzelna. Granicą oddzielającą na północy Kujawy od Prus Królewskich była linia Trzęsacz – Wielonek (na północ od Koronowa) oraz rzeka Wisła. Od Wielkopolski oddzielał Kujawy m.in. ciąg jezior byszewskich do Ślesina (granica z powiatem nakielskim), Noteć (granica z powiatem kcyńskim) i Jeziora Pakoskie (granica z powiatem gnieźnieńskim).
Od XV do XVIII wieku
W XV wieku istniały na terenie Kujaw cztery hierarchie urzędów ziemskich: dwie pełne (brzeska i inowrocławska) oraz dwie niepełne (bydgoska i gniewkowska). Kolejność używana w dokumentach wskazuje, że urzędy brzeskie były wyższe od odpowiadających im inowrocławskich, co było następstwem stanu z czasów Władysława Łokietka i Kazimierza Wielkiego. Wyższość ta utrzymała się następnie w porządku senatorów Rzeczypospolitej. Obie części Kujaw dzieliły się do XIV w. na kasztelanie, a następnie na powiaty. W ciągu XIV w. zanikła część kasztelanii (wyszogrodzka, zamątwiańska, gniewkowska), a w XV w. powiatów (gniewkowski).
Podział na dwie części Kujaw, istniejący do upadku Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów, nie zatarł więzi etnicznej i dzielnicowej, wzmacnianej przez wspólne miejsca obrad sejmiku ziemskiego obu województw (Radziejów – od XVI w., Lipno dla ziemi dobrzyńskiej), wspólne godło, formację wojskową, gwarę, strój i powiązania społeczno-gospodarcze.
W czasie wielkiej wojny polsko-krzyżackiej (1409–1411) Kujawy spełniały ważną rolę strategiczną jako przedpole działań wojennych. W 1409 r. pod odbitym z rąk Krzyżaków zamkiem w Bydgoszczy zawarto rozejm, zaś w 1410 r. część sił krzyżackich pod wodzą Henryka von Plauen oczekiwała pod Świeciem na działania zaczepne z północnych Kujaw, nie biorąc z tego powodu udziału w bitwie pod Grunwaldem. W bitwie tej pod wodzą Władysława Jagiełły walczyły chorągwie: kujawska i dobrzyńska, zaś w październiku 1410 r. pod Koronowem rycerstwo polskie również z udziałem Kujawian stoczyło zwycięską bitwę z Krzyżakami.
Po raz ostatni Kujawy przeżyły najazd krzyżacki w 1431 r., kiedy to spalony został Inowrocław i Włocławek. Dygnitarze kujawscy stanęli na czele stronnictwa przygotowującego zjednoczenie Pomorza z Polską poprzez działania w otoczeniu Kazimierza Jagiellończyka oraz kontakty z opozycją w Prusach Zakonnych. Wywołana ich działalnością wojna trzynastoletnia, w której uczestniczyła licznie szlachta kujawska zarówno w pospolitym ruszeniu, jak i rotach zaciężnych, przyniosła Polsce odzyskanie dostępu do morza. Umożliwiło to ziemi kujawskiej wykorzystanie w kolejnym stuleciu nowej koniunktury gospodarczej, związanej ze wzrostem eksportu polskich towarów drogą wiślaną przez Gdańsk.
Późnośredniowieczne Kujawy, choć nie były dużą krainą – uważane były przez współczesnych za jedną z bogatszych i ważniejszych ekonomicznie ziem polskich. Ocenia się, że gęstość zaludnienia na centralnych Kujawach w XIV wieku znacznie przekraczała przeciętny wskaźnik dla całego Królestwa. W procesie polsko-krzyżackim w 1339 r. wyżej oceniono straty królewskie poniesione z tytułu zaboru Kujaw, niż Pomorza Gdańskiego, ziemi chełmińskiej i michałowskiej. Podstawą bogactwa tej ziemi w XIII – XV w. było obok wyjątkowo urodzajnych gleb, położenie na szlakach handlowych: z Bałtyku nad Morze Czarne oraz drogi z północy na Węgry. W XV wieku głównym przedmiotem eksportu stało się zboże spławiane masowo drogą wodną Wisły. Związany z tym był rozwój gospodarki folwarczno-pańszczyźnianej oraz miast handlowych na szlaku wiślanym: Włocławka, Nieszawy, Torunia, Solca i Bydgoszczy, która dodatkowo stanowiła port wiślany dla szlachty wielkopolskiej. Przedmiotem wymiany były także towary przechodzące tranzytem z południowej i wschodniej Europy, takie jak wosk, skóry, wełna i bydło. Wraz z rozwojem gospodarczym nastąpił rozwój miast oraz osadnictwa wiejskiego, które uzyskiwało prawo czynszowe i prawne formy samorządu (prawo niemieckie). Kulminacyjny punkt rozwoju gospodarki folwarczno-pańszczyźnianej na Kujawach nastąpił w XVI wieku. W przeciwieństwie do innych regionów, na terenie Kujaw istniał typ dużego 1–2 łanowego (do 35 ha) gospodarstwa chłopskiego. Podstawową grupę ludności wiejskiej (ok. 85%) stanowili kmiecie, a drugą grupę – zagrodnicy, pracujący jako najemnicy w gospodarstwie pana, sołtysa lub kmiecia. Przy dworach szlacheckich pracowała czeladź wywodząca się z różnych grup społecznych. Odrębną natomiast grupę stanowili rzemieślnicy wiejscy: kowale, kołodzieje, bednarze, garncarze, młynarze zależni od pana wsi, z którym mieli kontrakt na okresową lub dożywotnią dzierżawę.
W XVI – XVII w. większość ziemi na Kujawach należała do szlachty (folwarcznej i zagrodowej). Nie było wielkich posiadłości ziemskich. Przeważały majątki, w skład których wchodziły 3–4 wsie. Ok. 15% stanowiła własność królewska, zaś 25% – kościelna. Największymi kościelnymi właścicielami ziemskimi były: biskupstwo włocławskie, kapituły: włocławska i kruszwicka oraz klasztory: norbertanek w Strzelnie i cystersów w Koronowie.
W końcu XVI wieku w pasie nadwiślańskim Kujaw pojawiło się osadnictwo olęderskie. Największe nasilenie tego procesu nastąpiło w XVIII w. Osadnicy – początkowo Holendrzy, później Niemcy, zajmowali tereny zalewowe, bagniste, wymagające szczególnego gospodarowania. Należały do nich m.in. nadwiślańskie wsie: Strzelce Dolne, Fordonek, Łęgnowo, Otorowo, Przyłubie, Wielka i Mała Nieszawka, Rudak, Stawki, Brzoza, Otłoczyn, Wołuszewo, Słońsk. Na obszarach tych wykształcił się nowy typ budownictwa zagrodowego, różniący się od polskich wsi, położonych na równinnych, centralnych Kujawach.
Od lat 20. XVII wieku zaczął się stopniowy upadek gospodarczy Kujaw spotęgowany kolejnymi wojnami polsko-szwedzkimi. Potop szwedzki i wojna północna spowodowały załamanie handlu zbożowego oraz wyludnienie miast. Ożywienie gospodarcze regionu nastąpiło dopiero pod koniec XVIII wieku w związku z przechodzeniem na system gospodarki czynszowej.
Pod zaborami (1772–1807)
W wyniku I rozbioru w 1772 Królestwo Prus zagarnęło znaczną część województwa inowrocławskiego i zachodnią część województwa brzesko-kujawskiego. Obszary te weszły w skład Obwodu Nadnoteckiego (1772–1806) ze stolicą w Bydgoszczy, który objął pozyskane przez Prusy tereny kujawsko-wielkopolskie. Po II rozbiorze reszta Kujaw przeszła pod panowanie Prus. Rejon ten wszedł w skład nowej prowincji pruskiej Prusy Południowe. W rezultacie III rozbioru Polski ponownie dokonano rozczłonkowania ziem kujawskich, dzieląc je między Prusy Zachodnie (Obwód Nadnotecki – m.in. okolice Bydgoszczy i Inowrocławia), Prusy Południowe (rejon Brześcia, Kowala i Radziejowa) i Prusy Nowowschodnie (okolice Włocławka).
Jakkolwiek utrata państwowości stanowiła katastrofę polityczną, to w sferze gospodarczej takiej zapaści nie odnotowano. Na Kujawach rozpoczęto przeobrażanie struktury agrarnej poprzez oczynszowanie i uwłaszczenie chłopów oraz wprowadzenie nowych roślin uprawnych m.in. ziemniaka, który w krótkim czasie stał się podstawą wyżywienia ludności wsi. Nastąpiła intensyfikacja produkcji rolnej, w szczególności zbóż, wywołana dużym popytem na rynkach zagranicznych i korzystnym cłem. Jednocześnie w konfiskowanych majątkach kościelnych i majątkach czynnych uczestników insurekcji kościuszkowskiej, a także w przejętych przez rząd pruski królewszczyznach i dobrach starościńskich, rozpoczęto akcje zasiedleńcze ludnością niemiecką (okolice Bydgoszczy, Czarnocin, Modzerowo, Dobiegniewo, Zbrachlin).
Księstwo Warszawskie (1807–1815)
W okresie Księstwa Warszawskiego cały region kujawski został włączony do departamentu bydgoskiego i podzielony na powiaty: brzeski, bydgoski, inowrocławski, kowalski i radziejowski. Jedynie ziemia dobrzyńska jako powiat lipnowski pozostała w departamencie płockim.
Pod zaborami (1815–1920)
W 1815 na mocy postanowień kongresu wiedeńskiego Kujawy zostały podzielone pomiędzy Królestwo Polskie (pozostające w unii personalnej z Rosją) i Królestwo Prus. Dokonane zmiany miały istotny wpływ na zróżnicowanie cywilizacyjne obu części rozdzielonych Kujaw.
W granicach Królestwa Polskiego znalazła się południowo-wschodnia część regionu kujawskiego oraz ziemia dobrzyńska. Obszar ten został objęty zasięgiem województw (od 1837 r. gubernie): mazowieckiego (powiaty: brzeski, kowalski i radziejowski) oraz płockiego (ziemia dobrzyńska). Od 1816 r. wprowadzono obwody jako pośrednie jednostki podziału administracyjnego pomiędzy województwem a powiatem. Stolicami obwodów zostały: Włocławek (wschodnie Kujawy, czasowo przeniesiony do Brześcia Kujawskiego) oraz Lipno (ziemia dobrzyńska). Po upadku powstania styczniowego (1863) władze rosyjskie przeprowadziły reformę administracyjną. Należący do guberni płockiej obwód lipnowski został podzielony na powiaty lipnowski i rypiński, natomiast należący do guberni warszawskiej obwód włocławski został podzielony na powiat włocławski i radziejowski (po przeniesieniu władz z Radziejowa do Nieszawy otrzymał nazwę nieszawskiego).
W granicach Królestwa Prus znalazła się północno-zachodnia część Kujaw z Inowrocławiem i Bydgoszczą. Cały ten obszar wraz z Wielkopolską wchodził w skład Wielkiego Księstwa Poznańskiego – jednej z 10 prowincji państwa pruskiego, któremu formalnie zagwarantowano pewną autonomię (do 1848 r.) Prowincje pruskie dzieliły się na mniejsze struktury administracyjne: rejencje (niem. Regierungsbezirke), te zaś na powiaty (niem. Kreise). Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie podzielono na dwie rejencje: poznańską i bydgoską. Ta ostatnia obejmowała od 1818 r. 9 powiatów wielkopolsko-kujawskich, m.in. bydgoski, inowrocławski i mogileński. Po 1887 r. liczba powiatów rejencji bydgoskiej wzrosła do 13, przy czym Bydgoszcz, w związku z przekroczeniem liczby 25 tys. mieszkańców, od 1875 r. stała się wydzielonym powiatem miejskim.
Granica rozdzielająca Kujawy na część pruską (Kujawy Pruskie) i rosyjską (Kujawy Kongresowe) ciągnęła się od Otłoczyna w pobliżu Torunia po Wilczyn na południe od Strzelna. Po stronie pruskiej pozostały m.in. Gniewkowo, Strzelno, Mogilno, a po rosyjskiej – Służewo, Radziejów, Piotrków Kujawski, Skulsk. Podział ten przetrwał do początku I wojny światowej. Ponad stuletni rozdział umocnił poczucie przynależności regionalnej mieszkańców tych prowincji, ale spowodował również umocnienie stereotypów i odrębności, które trudno było przełamać w przyjętych po odzyskaniu niepodległości podziałach administracyjnych II Rzeczypospolitej. Różnice w kulturze materialnej nie zniwelowały natomiast jedności kultury duchowej, stroju i gwary. Podziały wynikały z różnic polityki społeczno-gospodarczej, jaką prowadziły państwa zaborcze. W Prusach ustawa uwłaszczeniowa ukazała się w 1823 roku, zaś w zaborze rosyjskim – w 1864 r. Z uwłaszczeniem chłopów w Prusach wiązała się też komasacja i separacja gruntów, co z punktu widzenia gospodarczego było zjawiskiem umożliwiającym intensyfikację produkcji rolnej. Z drugiej strony rosyjska część Kujaw odczuła znacznie ciężary, zniszczenia i represje związane z powstaniami: listopadowym i styczniowym. Po powstaniu styczniowym pod wpływem haseł pracy organicznej odnotowano różne formy kształcenia ludności wsi, zwłaszcza przy dworach szlacheckich.
W latach I wojny światowej zaszła konieczność organizacji nowych podziałów terytorialnych o charakterze przejściowym w części południowo-wschodniej Kujaw, związanych z okupacją ziem Królestwa Polskiego przez Rzeszę Niemiecką i Austro-Węgry. Z większości jego ziem utworzono wówczas Generalne Gubernatorstwo Warszawskie. Na obszarze okupowanych Kujaw połączono powiaty włocławski i nieszawski w jeden powiat włocławski, a także lipnowski i rypiński w powiat lipnowski.
W 1909 powstało Muzeum Kujawskie we Włocławku założone przez Polskie Towarzystwo Krajoznawcze.
II Rzeczpospolita
Południowo-wschodnia część regionu kujawskiego jeszcze w 1919 r., weszła w skład niepodległego państwa polskiego. Powiaty włocławski, lipnowski, rypiński i nieszawski zostały przydzielone do województwa warszawskiego, które powstało na mocy Ustawy Tymczasowej o organizacji władz administracyjnych II instancji z 2 sierpnia 1919 r. W obrębie województwa warszawskiego pozostawały do 1 kwietnia 1938 r.
Po stronie pruskiej cześć Kujaw Zachodnich już w styczniu 1919 r. uwolniły się od niemieckiego panowania wskutek objęcia tych terenów przez powstanie wielkopolskie. Pozostała część Kujaw z Bydgoszczą, a także powiaty pomorskie musiały czekać na uprawomocnienie się decyzji traktatu wersalskiego do stycznia 1920 r. W międzyczasie wydana została Ustawa o tymczasowej organizacji byłej dzielnicy pruskiej z dnia 1 sierpnia 1919 r., która tworzyła 2 województwa: poznańskie i pomorskie. Granica pomiędzy wymienionymi województwami zachowywała dotychczasowe podziały administracyjne pruskie. Powiaty: bydgoski, szubiński, wyrzyski z Nakłem, inowrocławski, jak też żniński, mogileński i strzeleński weszły w skład województwa poznańskiego.
Dokonany podział terytorialno-administracyjny, pomimo zapowiedzi jego tymczasowego charakteru, okazał się dość trwały. Dopiero wchodząca w życie od 1 kwietnia 1938 r. reforma administracyjna zjednoczyła całe Kujawy w obrębie województwa pomorskiego. W skład tego województwa zwanego „Wielkim Pomorzem”, które obejmowało 23 powiaty ziemskie i 5 grodzkich, wchodziło 7 powiatów „kujawskich”: bydgoski (grodzki), bydgoski (ziemski), szubiński, inowrocławski (grodzki), inowrocławski (ziemski), nieszawski i włocławski oraz 2 powiaty „dobrzyńskie”: lipnowski i rypiński.
W 1934 roku przystąpiono do organizacji Muzeum Nadgoplańskiego w Kruszwicy. Otwarte w 1939 roku posiadało cenną kolekcję obiektów etnograficznych m.in. mebli i strojów.
II wojna światowa
Podczas II wojny światowej prawie całe Kujawy zostały wcielone do III Rzeszy w granice prowincji Kraj Warty (), z wyjątkiem rejonu Bydgoszczy, włączonego do Okręgu Rzeszy Gdańsk-Prusy Zachodnie (niem. ). Wymienione prowincje niemieckie dzieliły się na rejencje: pierwsza na poznańską, inowrocławską i łódzką, druga – rejencję gdańską, kwidzyńską i bydgoską.
Pod względem podziału administracyjnego II stopnia, północno-zachodnia część regionu kujawskiego weszła w skład rejencji bydgoskiej, zaś część środkowa i południowo-wschodnia w skład rejencji inowrocławskiej (powiaty inowrocławski, włocławski, nieszawski i mogileński).
Okres powojenny
W latach 1945–1975 niemal całe Kujawy znalazły się w granicach województwa bydgoskiego. Reforma administracyjna z 1950 r. nie spowodowała w tym zakresie zmian, poza przyłączeniem do Bydgoskiego powiatów z pogranicza kujawsko-wielkopolskiego: żnińskiego i mogileńskiego. W ramach drobnych korekt, w 1955 r. utworzono powiat radziejowski z części dotychczasowego powiatu aleksandrowskiego, a na ziemi dobrzyńskiej – powiat golubsko-dobrzyński z części powiatów rypińskiego i lipnowskiego. Kolejna reforma administracyjna z 1975 r. spowodowała podział Kujaw między województwa: bydgoskie (część zachodnia) i włocławskie (część wschodnia plus ziemia dobrzyńska).
W 1999 roku niemal całe Kujawy weszły w skład województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego. Drobne skrawki Kujaw znalazły się ponadto w granicach województw mazowieckiego (tereny między granicą województwa a Skrwą) oraz wielkopolskiego (Przedecz, Wierzbinek).
Kalendarium
1136 – po raz pierwszy, w Bulli papieża Innocentego II, zostaje wymieniona nazwa Kujawy
1186 – Mieszko III Stary zajmuje Kujawy należące do dzielnicy mazowieckiej i tworzy osobne księstwo dla swego syna Bolesława
około 1231 – ponowne utworzenie księstwa przez Konrada I Mazowieckiego dla swego syna Kazimierza I Kujawskiego
1267 – podział na dwa księstwa: inowrocławskie i brzeskokujawskie
1327 – Kujawy przechodzą pod bezpośrednią władzę króla Władysława Łokietka
1331 – bitwa pod Płowcami
1332–1343 – Kujawy w posiadaniu Krzyżaków
XV – XVIII w. – Kujawy dzielą się na województwa: inowrocławskie i brzeskokujawskie (wspólny sejmik w Radziejowie)
1772–1793 – podczas I i II rozbioru zagarnięte przez Prusy
1807–1815 – w Księstwie Warszawskim
1918 – Kujawy wracają do Polski
Warunki naturalne
Charakterystyka
Część Kujaw leży w regionie określanym jako Wysoczyzna Kujawska. Jest to płaska lub lekko falista wysoczyzna morenowa o średniej wysokości 100–130 m n.p.m. Miejscami występują wzniesienia morenowe i wały piaszczysto-żwirowe. Pod utworami lodowcowymi występują pokłady soli kamiennej i potasowej, a w warstwach trzeciorzędowych pokłady węgla brunatnego, gliny ceramicznej.
W obrębie Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej wyróżnia się część północną określaną jako Równina Inowrocławska. Ma ona charakter monotonnej równiny o wysokości 75–90 m n.p.m. urozmaiconej niekiedy przez pojedyncze pagórki. Jest to jeden z nielicznych w Polsce przypadków rozległej równiny moreny dennej lodowca. Część druga wysoczyzny, rozciągająca się na południe od linii Radziejów – Brześć Kujawski – Kowal stanowi Pojezierze Kujawskie. Na tym obszarze spotyka się pas wzgórz morenowych związanych z czołową strefą lądolodu. Wzniesienia sięgają 100, niekiedy nawet i 140 m n.p.m. Krajobraz urozmaicają dodatkowo głęboko wcięte rynny lodowcowe i zaklęsłości wypełnione jeziorami. Na zachodzie regionu ciąg Gopła i jezior Pakoskich oddziela Wysoczyznę Kujawską od Gnieźnieńskiej.
Północną granicę Kujaw stanowi Pradolina Toruńsko-Eberswaldzka, która na wschód od Nakła rozszerza się w Kotlinę Toruńsko-Bydgoską. W rejonie Bydgoszczy i Koronowa Kujawy Północne obejmują fragment Pojezierza Pomorskiego.
Regiony fizycznogeograficzne
Kujawy znajdują się w obrębie 9 mezoregionów należących do 3 makroregionów podprowincji Pojezierza Południowobałtyckie. Większość dzielnicy kujawskiej znajduje się w obrębie makroregionu Pojezierze Wielkopolskie (315.5) – mezoregiony Równina Inowrocławska (315.55) i Pojezierze Kujawskie (315.57). Zachodnie obrzeża Kujaw wchodzą natomiast w skład Pojezierza Gnieźnieńskiego (315.54).
Północne obrzeża Kujaw graniczące z Wisłą należą do makroregionu Pradolina Toruńsko-Eberswaldzka (315.3) – mezoregiony Kotlina Toruńska (315.35) i Kotlina Płocka (315.36). Z kolei tzw. Kujawy Północne (powiat bydgoski) należą do mezoregionów: Dolina Fordońska (314.83), Wysoczyzna Świecka (314.73) i Dolina Brdy (314.72). Północno-zachodni skraj historycznych Kujaw zajmuje także fragment Pojezierza Krajeńskiego (314.64).
Klimat
Położenie Kujaw na pograniczu Niziny Wielkopolsko-Kujawskiej i Pojezierza Mazurskiego powoduje, że w regionie tym zaznaczają się wyraźnie cechy przejściowości pomiędzy oddziaływaniem wpływów oceanicznych i kontynentalnych. Cechą charakterystyczną są niskie opady atmosferyczne, nie przekraczające 500 mm, a miejscami sięgające 450 mm. Średnia temperatura roczna () jest nieco wyższa od średniej krajowej. Zimy bywają łagodne z małą i krótkotrwałą pokrywą śnieżną. Klimat cechuje się stosunkowo dużą liczbą dni pogodnych, usłonecznionych. Latem i jesienią przeważają wiatry o kierunku zachodnim i południowo-zachodnim, a zimą wschodnie i północno-wschodnie.
Gleby
Kujawy stanowią teren o glebach na ogół dobrych. Największą powierzchnię zajmują gleby płowe i brunatne. Urodzajne czarne ziemie zajmują około jedną trzecią powierzchni regionu i występują głównie na Równinie Inowrocławskiej (na północ od Inowrocławia oraz okolice Radziejowa). Miejscami występują torfy, gliny oraz gleby piaszczyste. Najsłabsze gleby występują w pasie nadwiślańskim oraz w powiecie bydgoskim.
Hydrografia
Sieć rzeczna na Kujawach jest uboga. Charakterystyczna jest dysproporcja pomiędzy dużą arterią wodną, jaką stanowi Wisła, a ubogą siecią drobnych cieków, z których wiele funkcjonuje okresowo. Na taki stan rzeczy składają się: wyjątkowo niska suma rocznych opadów atmosferycznych oraz rzeźba geologiczna terenu, która sprzyja dużym stratom wody wskutek parowania.
Większość Kujaw należy do dorzecza Wisły, lecz w zachodniej części regionu przebiega dział wodny oddzielający go od dorzecza Odry. Z większych rzek oprócz Wisły znaczenie żeglowne odgrywają rzeki: Noteć, Zgłowiączka i Brda.
Na terenie Kujaw występuje blisko 600 jezior o powierzchni większej od 1 ha, które zajmują rynny oraz oczka polodowcowe. Największe z nich to: Gopło (2150 ha), Jeziora Pakoskie (750 ha) Głuszyńskie (625 ha), Chodeckie, Modzerowskie, Borzymowskie, Rakutowskie (414 ha), Jezioro Brdowskie (198 ha), Jezuickie (146 ha).
W przeszłości duże znaczenie komunikacyjne miało jezioro Gopło. Według Jana Długosza w czasach historycznych istniało połączenie Gopła z Wartą, a także z Wisłą przez Kanał Bachorze i Zgłowiączkę. Warunkiem tych połączeń był wyższy poziom wody w jeziorze o ok. 3 m. W okresie historycznym na terenie Kujaw istniały także rozległe bagna, m.in. nad Bachorzą, Notecią, koło Dziemian, w źródliskach Zielonej, Ostrowskiego i Gąskiego Błota, w źródliskach Tążyny i szereg innych. W wyniku prac melioracyjnych przeprowadzonych w XIX wieku oraz budowy kanałów (Bydgoski, Górnonotecki) nastąpiło obniżenie poziomu wód podziemnych o około 2 m.
Lasy
Centralna, rolnicza część Kujaw jest jednym z najmniej zalesionych regionów kraju (obecnie lasy to 15% powierzchni). Większe kompleksy leśne otaczają region od północy (Puszcza Bydgoska, Lasy Gostynińsko-Włocławskie) i od południa (Lasy Mirachowskie).
Już w XIV wieku okolice Kruszwicy i Strzelna miały charakter bezleśnej, moczarowej równiny; lasy i bagna stanowiły wtedy 62% ogólnej powierzchni Kujaw. W XVI wieku było to 48%, a w XVIII już tylko 37%. Proces ten pogłębiał się w XIX wieku. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza środkowej i południowej części Kujaw wschodnich.
Ochrona przyrody
Na terenie Kujaw (w granicach historycznych) znajduje się w całości Nadgoplański Park Tysiąclecia chroniący ekosystem jeziora Gopło. Ponadto w skład regionu wchodzą fragmenty dwóch parków krajobrazowych: Gostynińsko-Włocławskiego oraz Nadwiślańskiego. Cenne przyrodniczo obszary chronione są również w obszarach chronionego krajobrazu: Wydm Kotliny Toruńsko-Bydgoskiej, Wydm śródlądowych na południe od Torunia, Łąk Nadnoteckich, Lasów Balczewskich, Lasów Miradzkich, Jeziora Głuszyńskiego, Jeziora Modzerowskiego, Północnego Pasa Rekreacyjnego miasta Bydgoszczy, Zalewu Koronowskiego oraz Rynny Jezior Byszewskich. W skład listy zatwierdzonych rezerwatów przyrody wchodzi: 10 leśnych, 4 ornitologiczne, 2 florystyczne, 1 słonoroślowy i 1 geomorfologiczny.
Lista rezerwatów przyrody:
leśne
Różanna Dęby – 200-letnia świetlista dąbrowa w gminie Koronowo
Augustowo – ols porzeczkowy i ols torfowcowy położony w gminie Dobrcz
Ostrów koło Pszczółczyna – grąd niski dębowo-grabowy nad Notecią w okolicy Łabiszyna
Dziki Ostrów – dąbrowa świetlista na ostrowie leśnym łąk nadnoteckich koło Brzozy Bydgoskiej
Łażyn – 150-letni bór sosnowy w Puszczy Bydgoskiej
Mierucinek – grąd dębowy w gminie Dąbrowa
Dębice – fitocenozy leśne zarostowe i łąkowe w okolicy Michelina
Wójtowski Grąd – grądy i bory mieszane na wydmowym zboczu rynny jeziornej w Lasach Gostynińsko-Włocławskich
Olszyny Rakutowskie – olsy i łęgi jesionowo-olszowe w gminie Kowal
Grodno – jezioro Grodno wraz z naturalnymi zbiorowiskami leśnymi, położony w gminie Baruchowo między Kowalem, a Lubieniem
florystyczne
Tarkowo – bór świeży ze stanowiskiem kserotermicznej wiśni karłowatej, położony na południowym skraju Puszczy Bydgoskiej
Rejna – stanowisko wiśni karłowatej w Lasach Balczewskich
ornitologiczne
Balczewo – chroni miejsca lęgowe i żerowiska ptaków błotnych i wodnych w gminie Dąbrowa Biskupia
Czapliniec Ostrowo – chroni miejsca lęgowe czapli siwej nad jeziorem Ostrowskim w Lasach Miradzkich
Jezioro Rakutowskie – ochrona jeziora i jego otoczenia w Lasach Gostynińsko-Włocławskich
Jazy – chroni miejsca lęgowe czapli siwej w Lasach Gostynińsko-Włocławskich
słonoroślowy
Ciechocinek – ochrona bogatego zespołu słonorośli przy tężniach w Ciechocinku
geomorfologiczny
Gościąż – położony w Lasach Gostynińsko-Włocławskich
Na Kujawach znajdują się ponadto obszary chronione w sieci Natura 2000:
Obszary specjalnej ochrony ptaków:
Dolina Dolnej Wisły (obszar Natura 2000)
Ostoja Nadgoplańska
Błota Rakutowskie
Obszary mające znaczenie dla Wspólnoty:
Jezioro Gopło
Solecka Dolina Wisły
Dybowska Dolina Wisły
Nieszawska Dolina Wisły
Włocławska Dolina Wisły
Słone Łąki w Dolinie Zgłowiączki
Ciechocinek
Równina Szubińsko-Łabiszyńska (fragment)
Pojezierze Żnińsko-Mogileńskie (fragment)
Miasta
Biskupią stolicą Kujaw była Kruszwica, a później Włocławek (po przeniesieniu do niego stolicy biskupstwa w 1. połowie XII w.). W okresie rozbicia dzielnicowego na początku XIV wieku, wyodrębniły się księstwa kujawskie: brzeskokujawskie, inowrocławskie, bydgosko-wyszogrodzkie i gniewkowskie. Od XIV w. do 1772 r. siedzibami wojewodów były Inowrocław i Brześć Kujawski, zaś Radziejów siedzibą wspólnego sejmiku ziemskiego województw kujawskich.
Do miast, które najwcześniej otrzymały prawa miejskie na terenie Kujaw, należały grody leżące na stosunkowo wcześnie zasiedlonych urodzajnych ziemiach Niziny Kujawskiej: Strzelno (1231), Inowrocław (1238), Brześć Kujawski (1250), Radziejów (1252), Włocławek (1255), Gniewkowo (po 1267), Kruszwica (1303). Później lokowano miasta na terenach położonych na obrzeżach dzielnicy: Raciążek (1317), Solec Kujawski (1325), Bydgoszcz (1346). W II poł. XIV w. lokowano: Pakość (1359), Przedecz (1363), Koronowo (1368), Fordon (1382).
Do miast królewskich i siedzib starostów grodowych należały w XV – XVIII w.: Brześć Kujawski, Bydgoszcz, Inowrocław, Kowal, Kruszwica, Przedecz i Radziejów. Innymi miastami królewskimi były m.in. Brdów, Gębice, Gniewkowo, Fordon, Solec Kujawski, Skulsk, Podgórz. Do miast kościelnych zaliczały się m.in. Koronowo, Raciążek, Sompolno, Strzelno, Włocławek, zaś do prywatnych miast szlacheckich: Chodecz, Izbica Kujawska, Lubień Kujawski, Lubraniec, Pakość, Służewo. Do największych miast kujawskich w okresie przedrozbiorowym należały: Bydgoszcz i Włocławek (powyżej 3 tys. mieszkańców w XVI w.) oraz Inowrocław (2 tys.) Nieco niżej plasowały się Brześć Kujawski, Kowal i Radziejów. Współcześnie zaś największe ośrodki Kujaw to Bydgoszcz (341 tys.), Włocławek (108 tys.) i Inowrocław (71 tys.).
Do miast Kujaw należą:
Miasta zdegradowane
Do dawnych miast Kujaw należą:
Turystyka
Region obfituje w zabytki architektury romańskiej (XI – XII w.) Należą do niej m.in. Bazylika kolegiacka św. Piotra i Pawła w Kruszwicy, rotunda świętego Prokopa w Strzelnie, klasztor norbertanek w Strzelnie, kościół św. Małgorzaty w Kościelcu Kujawskim, kościół NMP w Inowrocławiu. Do najstarszych świątyń na Kujawach należy także katedra we Włocławku oraz klasztory cystersów w Szpetalu i Byszewie.
Przez zachodnią cześć Kujaw biegnie Szlak Piastowski. Do najważniejszych miejscowości turystyczno-krajoznawczych należą: Kruszwica, Strzelno, Inowrocław, Włocławek, Bydgoszcz, Koronowo. Uzdrowiskami są Ciechocinek, Inowrocław, Wieniec-Zdrój. Walory rekreacyjne oferują kąpieliska nad jeziorami (Przyjezierze, Jezuickim, Borównem, Zalewem Koronowskim), lasy (Puszcza Bydgoska). Corocznie urządzane są rekonstrukcje bitew polsko-krzyżackich: pod Płowcami (1331) i pod Koronowem (1410).
Na Kujawach stosunkowo liczne są ośrodki kultu religijnego: miejsca pielgrzymkowe w Markowicach w gminie Strzelno, Ostrowąs w gminie Aleksandrów Kujawski, Pieraniu w gminie Dąbrowa Biskupia), Kalwaria Pakoska (w jej skład wchodzą 23 kaplice i barokowy kościół Ukrzyżowania z 1661 roku), czy Brdów na południowym krańcu Kujaw z sanktuarium maryjnym i barokowym klasztorem paulinów.
Wybitne osoby związane z Kujawami
Władysław Łokietek (1260–1333) – król Polski;
Kazimierz III Wielki (1310–1370) – król Polski;
Jan z Ludziska (1400–1460) – humanista;
Bartłomiej z Bydgoszczy (1480–1548) – bernardyn, leksykograf, autor pierwszego słownika łacińsko-polskiego;
Tekla Justyna Chopin (1782-1861) – matka kompozytora Fryderyka Chopina
Albert Abraham Michelson (1852–1931) – fizyk amerykański, laureat nagrody Nobla w 1907 roku
Jan Kasprowicz (1860–1926) – polski poeta, dramaturg;
Samuel Poznański (1864-1921) – rabin postępowy, orientalista, historyk
Władysław Umiński (1865-1954) – pisarz tworzący fantastykę naukową
Julian Marchlewski (1866–1925) – polski i sowiecki działacz komunistyczny
Stanisław Noakowski (1867–1928) – architekt, malarz;
Stanisław Przybyszewski (1868–1927) – polski pisarz, poeta, dramaturg
Leon Marchlewski (1869-1946) – chemik, rektor Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, polityk
Włodzimierz Jasiński (1873-1965) – duchowny, rektor Wyższego Seminarium Duchownego w Łodzi
Jan Nagórski (1888-1976) – lotnik, inżynier
Roman Kozłowski (1889-1977) – paleontolog, geolog
Tadeusz Reichstein (1897–1996) – biochemik, laureat Nagrody Nobla
Pola Negri (1897–1987) – aktorka, gwiazda Hollywood
Marian Rejewski (1905–1980) – matematyk i kryptolog, który złamał szyfr Enigmy, porucznik Armii Polskiej w Wielkiej Brytanii
Zbigniew Przybyszewski (1907-1952) – komandor porucznik, żeglarz
Zdzisław Mrożewski (1909-2002) – aktor
Mieczysław Wejman (1912-1997) – grafik, malarz, profesor, rektor Akademii Sztuk Pięknych w Krakowie
Józef Glemp (1929–2013) – prymas Polski w latach 1981–2009
Andrzej Kreütz-Majewski (1936-2011) – scenograf, malarz, pedagog
Jan Nowicki (1939-2022) – aktor
Zachariasz Jabłoński (1940-2015) – paulin, profesor UKSW, definitor generalny Zakonu Paulinów, mariolog, dziennikarz
Danuta Waniek (1946) – polityk
Leszek Balcerowicz (1947) – polityk, ekonomista, nauczyciel akademicki
Stanisław Gądecki (1949) – arcybiskup metropolita poznański
Jerzy Engel (1952) – piłkarz, trener
Ireneusz Niewiarowski (1953) – polityk
Andrzej Tretyn (1955) – biolog
Zbigniew Boniek (1956) – piłkarz, trener
Janusz Drzewucki (1958) – poeta, dziennikarz, krytyk literacki, wydawca
Radosław Sikorski (1963) – polityk
Wojciech Polak (1964) – prymas Polski od 2014
Andrzej Nejman (1974) – aktor, reżyser, dyrektor Teatru Kwadrat w Warszawie
Adam Palma (1974) – gitarzysta
Aneta Szczepańska (1974) – judoczka, srebrna medalistka Olimpiady w Atlancie w 1996
Tomasz Sekielski (1974) – dziennikarz radiowy i telewizyjny
Jacek Kurowski (1976) – dziennikarz, prezenter telewizyjny
Dawid Woliński (1977) – projektant mody, stylista
Radosław Hyży (1977) – koszykarz
Paulina Chylewska (1978) – dziennikarka, prezenterka telewizyjna
Uwagi
Przypisy
Bibliografia
Biegański Zdzisław: Kształt terytorialno-administracyjny regionu kujawsko-pomorskiego w XIX i XX wieku. [w:] Prace Komisji Historii Bydgoskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego. T. XVII. Związki Kujaw i Pomorza na przestrzeni wieków. Zbiór studiów pod red. Zdzisława Biegańskiego i Włodzimierza Jastrzębskiego.
Bieniak Jan. Rola Kujaw w Polsce piastowskiej. [w:] Ziemia Kujawska I. Inowrocław – Włocławek, 1963.
Dunin-Karwicka T., Rola tradycji w kulturze wsi kujawskiej, Toruń 2000
Dekowski Piotr. Przynależność polityczna Bydgoszczy przed 1238 rokiem. [w:] Kronika Bydgoska XIII (1991). Bydgoszcz 1993.
Guldon Zenon: Rozmieszczenie własności ziemskiej na Kujawach w II połowie XVI w.: Toruń: Roczniki Towarzystwa Naukowego, 1964
Guldon Zenon: Podziały administracyjne Kujaw i ziemi dobrzyńskiej w XIII – XIV wieku: Warszawa, Poznań : Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1974.
Guldon Zenon: Zaludnienie miast kujawskich w XVI i pierwszej połowie XVII wieku. Prace komisji historii BTN: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe oddział w Łodzi: 1963
Guldon Zenon. Lokacje miast kujawskich i dobrzyńskich w XIII – XVI w. [w:] Ziemia Kujawska II. Inowrocław – Włocławek, 1968.
Kabaciński Ryszard. Terytorium księstwa gniewkowskiego w XIV wieku. [w:] Ziemia Kujawska IV, 1974. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Karczewski Krzysztof, Sieradzan Wiesław. Postawy polityczne książąt kujawskich Siemysławowiców. [w:] Ziemia Kujawska IX. Inowrocław, 1993.
Karczewska Joanna. Elita Kujaw Inowrocławskich podczas rządów synów Ziemomysła. [w:] Ziemia Kujawska XIV. Inowrocław, 2000–2001.
Karwasińska Jadwiga: Sąsiedztwo kujawsko-krzyżackie 1235–1343: Rozprawy Historyczne Towarzystwa Naukowego Warszawskiego T. VII z. 1: 1923.
Krajewski Mirosław, Kujawy wschodnie i ziemia dobrzyńska w latach okupacji hitlerowskiej (1939-1945), Oficyna Wydawnicza „Lega", Włocławek 2002, .
Krysiak A. „Inowrocław i Kujawy”.
Kukier Ryszard: Regionalizacja etnograficzna Kujaw: Prace komisji historii BTN: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe oddział w Łodzi: 1963.
Nowakowski Tomasz. Kazimierz Wielki a Bydgoszcz. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2003.
Rybkowska Alicja, Żaryn Jan, Żaryn Małgorzata: Polskie Dzieje. Od czasów najdawniejszych do współczesności: Warszawa, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1998.
Szkulmowska W. (red.), Sztuka ludowa Kujaw: przeszłość i teraźniejszość, Bydgoszcz 1997.
Szybkowski Sobiesław. Ziemscy urzędnicy bydgoscy za Andegawenów i pierwszych Jagiellonów (1370–1492). [w:] Ziemia Kujawska XIV. Inowrocław, 2000–2001.
Śliwiński Błażej: Pogranicze kujawsko-pomorskie w XII – XIII wieku: z dziejów Bydgoskiego i Wyszogrodzkiego w latach 1113–1296: Warszawa-Poznań: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe: 1989.
Zajączkowski Stanisław. Polska a Zakon Krzyżacki w ostatnich latach Władysława Łokietka. Lwów. Towarzystwo Naukowe, 1929.
Zobacz też
Księstwo kujawskie
Ziemia kujawska
Władcy Kujaw
Książęta kujawscy
Kujawiacy
Borowiacy Kujawscy
Gwara kujawska
Haft kujawski
Kujawiak (taniec)
Linki zewnętrzne
Kujawy w Toruńskim Serwisie Turystycznym
Regiony historyczne Polski
Hasła kanonu polskiej Wikipedii
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Years of cohabitation degenerated into distrust and fear as news and propaganda of horrific violence debased the foundations of friendships. Furthermore, those who had experienced violence first-hand were influential in demanding and executing reprisals.
The colonial regime was designed to limit the capacity of the Indian population to influence its politics. This structural disconnect allowed the Indian elites to take decisions in 1947 with minimal concern for those they were supposedly representing.
- Amabel Crowe
Read full thesis here: http://www.academia.edu/7801480/The_Sikhs_and_the_Partition_of_the_Punjab
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What are the advantages and limitations of dynamic type languages compared to static type languages?
See also: whats with the love of dynamic languages (a far more argumentative thread...)
The ability of the interpreter to deduce type and type conversions makes development time faster, but it also can provoke runtime failures which you just cannot get in a statically typed language where you catch them at compile time. But which one's better (or even if that's always true) is hotly discussed in the community these days (and since a long time).
A good take on the issue is from Static Typing Where Possible, Dynamic Typing When Needed: The End of the Cold War Between Programming Languages by Erik Meijer and Peter Drayton at Microsoft:
Advocates of static typing argue that the advantages of static typing include earlier detection of programming mistakes (e.g. preventing adding an integer to a boolean), better documentation in the form of type signatures (e.g. incorporating number and types of arguments when resolving names), more opportunities for compiler optimizations (e.g. replacing virtual calls by direct calls when the exact type of the receiver is known statically), increased runtime efficiency (e.g. not all values need to carry a dynamic type), and a better design time developer experience (e.g. knowing the type of the receiver, the IDE can present a drop-down menu of all applicable members). Static typing fanatics try to make us believe that “well-typed programs cannot go wrong”. While this certainly sounds impressive, it is a rather vacuous statement. Static type checking is a compile-time abstraction of the runtime behavior of your program, and hence it is necessarily only partially sound and incomplete. This means that programs can still go wrong because of properties that are not tracked by the type-checker, and that there are programs that while they cannot go wrong cannot be type-checked. The impulse for making static typing less partial and more complete causes type systems to become overly complicated and exotic as witnessed by concepts such as “phantom types” and “wobbly types” . This is like trying to run a marathon with a ball and chain tied to your leg and triumphantly shouting that you nearly made it even though you bailed out after the first mile.
Advocates of dynamically typed languages argue that static typing is too rigid, and that the softness of dynamically languages makes them ideally suited for prototyping systems with changing or unknown requirements, or that interact with other systems that change unpredictably (data and application integration). Of course, dynamically typed languages are indispensable for dealing with truly dynamic program behavior such as method interception, dynamic loading, mobile code, runtime reflection, etc. In the mother of all papers on scripting , John Ousterhout argues that statically typed systems programming languages make code less reusable, more verbose, not more safe, and less expressive than dynamically typed scripting languages. This argument is parroted literally by many proponents of dynamically typed scripting languages. We argue that this is a fallacy and falls into the same category as arguing that the essence of declarative programming is eliminating assignment. Or as John Hughes says , it is a logical impossibility to make a language more powerful by omitting features. Defending the fact that delaying all type-checking to runtime is a good thing, is playing ostrich tactics with the fact that errors should be caught as early in the development process as possible.
Static type systems seek to eliminate certain errors statically, inspecting the program without running it and attempting to prove soundness in certain respects. Some type systems are able to catch more errors than others. For example, C# can eliminate null pointer exceptions when used properly, whereas Java has no such power. Twelf has a type system which actually guarantees that proofs will terminate, "solving" the halting problem.
However, no type system is perfect. In order to eliminate a particular class of errors, they must also reject certain perfectly valid programs which violate the rules. This is why Twelf doesn't really solve the halting problem, it just avoids it by throwing out a large number of perfectly valid proofs which happen to terminate in odd ways. Likewise, Java's type system rejects Clojure's
PersistentVector implementation due to its use of heterogeneous arrays. It works at runtime, but the type system cannot verify it.
For that reason, most type systems provide "escapes", ways to override the static checker. For most languages, these take the form of casting, though some (like C# and Haskell) have entire modes which are marked as "unsafe".
Subjectively, I like static typing. Implemented properly (hint: not Java), a static type system can be a huge help in weeding out errors before they crash the production system. Dynamically typed languages tend to require more unit testing, which is tedious at the best of times. Also, statically typed languages can have certain features which are either impossible or unsafe in dynamic type systems (implicit conversions spring to mind). It's all a question of requirements and subjective taste. I would no more build the next Eclipse in Ruby than I would attempt to write a backup script in Assembly or patch a kernel using Java.
Oh, and people who say that "x typing is 10 times more productive than y typing" are simply blowing smoke. Dynamic typing may "feel" faster in many cases, but it loses ground once you actually try to make your fancy application run. Likewise, static typing may seem like it's the perfect safety net, but one look at some of the more complicated generic type definitions in Java sends most developers scurrying for eye blinders. Even with type systems and productivity, there is no silver bullet.
Final note: don't worry about performance when comparing static with dynamic typing. Modern JITs like V8 and TraceMonkey are coming dangerously-close to static language performance. Also, the fact that Java actually compiles down to an inherently dynamic intermediate language should be a hint that for most cases, dynamic typing isn't the huge performance-killer that some people make it out to be.
Well, both are very, very very very misunderstood and also two completely different things. that aren't mutually exclusive.
Static types are a restriction of the grammar of the language. Statically typed langauges strictly could be said to not be context free. The simple truth is that it becomes inconvenient to express a language sanely in context free grammars that doesn't treat all its data simply as bit vectors. Static type systems are part of the grammar of the language if any, they simply restrict it more than a context free grammar could, grammatical checks thus happen in two passes over the source really. Static types correspond to the mathematical notion of type theory, type theory in mathematics simply restricts the legality of some expressions. Like, I can't say
3 + [4,7] in maths, this is because of the type theory of it.
Static types are thus not a way to 'prevent errors' from a theoretical perspective, they are a limitation of the grammar. Indeed, provided that +, 3 and intervals have the usual set theoretical definitions, if we remove the type system
3 + [4,7]has a pretty well defined result that's a set. 'runtime type errors' theoretically do not exist, the type system's practical use is to prevent operations that to human beings would make no sense. Operations are still just the shifting and manipulation of bits of course.
The catch to this is that a type system can't decide if such operations are going to occur or not if it would be allowed to run. As in, exactly partition the set of all possible programs in those that are going to have a 'type error', and those that aren't. It can do only two things:
1: prove that type errors are going to occur in a program
2: prove that they aren't going to occur in a program
This might seem like I'm contradicting myself. But what a C or Java type checker does is it rejects a program as 'ungrammatical', or as it calls it 'type error' if it can't succeed at 2. It can't prove they aren't going to occur, that doesn't mean that they aren't going to occur, it just means it can't prove it. It might very well be that a program which will not have a type error is rejected simply because it can't be proven by the compiler. A simple example being
if(1) a = 3; else a = "string";, surely since it's always true, the else-branch will never be executed in the program, and no type error shall occur. But it can't prove these cases in a general way, so it's rejected. This is the major weakness of a lot of statically typed languages, in protecting you against yourself, you're necessarily also protected in cases you don't need it.
But, contrary to popular believe, there are also statically typed languages that work by principle 1. They simply reject all programs of which they can prove it's going to cause a type error, and pass all programs of which they can't. So it's possible they allow programs which have type errors in them, a good example being Typed Racket, it's hybrid between dynamic and static typing. And some would argue that you get the best of both worlds in this system.
Another advantage of static typing is that types are known at compile time, and thus the compiler can use this. If we in Java do
"string" + "string" or
3 + 3, both
+ tokens in text in the end represent a completely different operation and datum, the compiler knows which to choose from the types alone.
Now, I'm going to make a very controversial statement here but bear with me: 'dynamic typing' does not exist.
Sounds very controversial, but it's true, dynamically typed languages are from a theoretical perspective untyped. They are just statically typed languages with only one type. Or simply put, they are languages that are indeed grammatically generated by a context free grammar in practice.
Why don't they have types? Because every operation is defined and allowed on every operant, what's a 'runtime type error' exactly? It's from a theoretical example purely a side-effect. If doing
print("string") which prints a string is an operation, then so is
length(3), the former has the side effect of writing
string to the standard output, the latter simply
error: function 'length' expects array as argument., that's it. There is from a theoretical perspective no such thing as a dynamically typed language. They are untyped
All right, the obvious advantage of 'dynamically typed' language is expressive power, a type system is nothing but a limitation of expressive power. And in general, languages with a type system indeed would have a defined result for all those operations that are not allowed if the type system was just ignored, the results would just not make sense to humans. Many languages lose their Turing completeness after applying a type system.
The obvious disadvantage is the fact that operations can occur which would produce results which are nonsensical to humans. To guard against this, dynamically typed languages typically redefine those operations, rather than producing that nonsensical result they redefine it to having the side effect of writing out an error, and possibly halting the program altogether. This is not an 'error' at all, in fact, the language specification usually implies this, this is as much behaviour of the language as printing a string from a theoretical perspective. Type systems thus force the programmer to reason about the flow of the code to make sure that this doesn't happen. Or indeed, reason so that it does happen can also be handy in some points for debugging, showing that it's not an 'error' at all but a well defined property of the language. In effect, the single remnant of 'dynamic typing' that most languages have is guarding against a division by zero. This is what dynamic typing is, there are no types, there are no more types than that zero is a different type than all the other numbers. What people call a 'type' is just another property of a datum, like the length of an array, or the first character of a string. And many dynamically typed languages also allow you to write out things like
"error: the first character of this string should be a 'z'".
Another thing is that dynamically typed languages have the type available at runtime and usually can check it and deal with it and decide from it. Of course, in theory it's no different than accessing the first char of an array and seeing what it is. In fact, you can make your own dynamic C, just use only one type like long long int and use the first 8 bits of it to store your 'type' in and write functions accordingly that check for it and perform float or integer addition. You have a statically typed language with one type, or a dynamic language.
In practise this all shows, statically typed languages are generally used in the context of writing commercial software, whereas dynamically typed languages tend to be used in the context of solving some problems and automating some tasks. Writing code in statically typed languages simply takes long and is cumbersome because you can't do things which you know are going to turn out okay but the type system still protects you against yourself for errors you don't make. Many coders don't even realize that they do this because it's in their system but when you code in static languages, you often work around the fact that the type system won't let you do things that can't go wrong, because it can't prove it won't go wrong.
As I noted, 'statically typed' in general means case 2, guilty until proven innocent. But some languages, which do not derive their type system from type theory at all use rule 1: Innocent until proven guilty, which might be the ideal hybrid. So, maybe Typed Racket is for you.
Also, well, for a more absurd and extreme example, I'm currently implementing a language where 'types' are truly the first character of an array, they are data, data of the 'type', 'type', which is itself a type and datum, the only datum which has itself as a type. Types are not finite or bounded statically but new types may be generated based on runtime information.
The most concise dynamically-typed languages (e.g. Perl, APL, J, K, Mathematica) are domain specific and can be significantly more concise than the most concise general-purpose statically-typed languages (e.g. OCaml) in the niches they were designed for.
The main disadvantages of dynamic typing are:
Run-time type errors.
Can be very difficult or even practically impossible to achieve the same level of correctness and requires vastly more testing.
No compiler-verified documentation.
Poor performance (usually at run-time but sometimes at compile time instead, e.g. Stalin Scheme) and unpredictable performance due to dependence upon sophisticated optimizations.
Personally, I grew up on dynamic languages but wouldn't touch them with a 40' pole as a professional unless there were no other viable options.
From Artima's Typing: Strong vs. Weak, Static vs. Dynamic article:
strong typing prevents mixing operations between mismatched types. In order to mix types, you must use an explicit conversion
weak typing means that you can mix types without an explicit conversion
In the Pascal Costanza's paper, Dynamic vs. Static Typing — A Pattern-Based Analysis (PDF), he claims that in some cases, static typing is more error-prone than dynamic typing. Some statically typed languages force you to manually emulate dynamic typing in order to do "The Right Thing". It's discussed at Lambda the Ultimate.
It depends on context. There a lot benefits that are appropriate to dynamic typed system as well as for strong typed. I'm of opinion that the flow of dynamic types language is faster. The dynamic languages are not constrained with class attributes and compiler thinking of what is going on in code. You have some kinda freedom. Furthermore, the dynamic language usually is more expressive and result in less code which is good. Despite of this, it's more error prone which is also questionable and depends more on unit test covering. It's easy prototype with dynamic lang but maintenance may become nightmare.
The main gain over static typed system is IDE support and surely static analyzer of code. You become more confident of code after every code change. The maintenance is peace of cake with such tools.
There are lots of different things about static and dynamic languages. For me, the main difference is that in dynamic languages the variables don't have fixed types; instead, the types are tied to values. Because of this, the exact code that gets executed is undetermined until runtime.
In early or naïve implementations this is a huge performance drag, but modern JITs get tantalizingly close to the best you can get with optimizing static compilers. (in some fringe cases, even better than that).
It is all about the right tool for the job. Neither is better 100% of the time. Both systems were created by man and have flaws. Sorry, but we suck and making perfect stuff.
I like dynamic typing because it gets out of my way, but yes runtime errors can creep up that I didn't plan for. Where as static typing may fix the aforementioned errors, but drive a novice(in typed languages) programmer crazy trying to cast between a constant char and a string.
Static Typing: The languages such as Java and Scala are static typed.
The variables have to be defined and initialized before they are used in a code.
for ex. int x; x = 10;
Dynamic Typing: Perl is an dynamic typed language.
Variables need not be initialized before they are used in code.
y=10; use this variable in the later part of code
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Authenticity of Pag cheese
In order to protect the authenticity of Pag cheese, in 2005 The association of Pag cheese producers was established. The Association includes the most important registered producers of Pag cheese on the island, including Gligora Dairy.
The protected authenticity (originality) label can be assigned only to food products whose quality is conditioned by tradition of their production in a certain history period in a certain region in a certain way. Namely, the climate, the soil type, the location, the natural vegetation, cultivated herbs in a region and the way of farming certain animal species are related to differences among the similar cheese types. Along with those, tradition and experience passed on through generations are key factors for recognition of cheese authenticity.
The association of Pag cheese producers asked for recognition of authenticity of Pag cheese as they had met the following criteria: Pag cheese was produced in the past the way it is produced today. The way of production and the knowledge are passed on through generations, milk and cheese production take place in the defined region (Pag), the cheese is typical of the region of production, it is original and authentic. Specific feature of the cheese are conditioned by the authenticity of sheep species, the taste depends on the natural farming, keeping the sheep in the open area with meadows covered with specific aromatic herbs.
Traditionally produced cheese can also be protected by geographic origin labels or traditional image, yet the most valuable protection is authenticity label. Several hundreds of farming products and food are assigned the label of authenticity and geographic origin.
Short overview of production of Pag cheese and Pag curd
The production of Pag cheese and curd is seasonal, as the sheep are milked from January to June on the island. On average, one sheep gives 0.75 l of milk a day. Most of the sheep are still being milked manually. After each milking, which takes place twice a day, over a hundred of Pag sheep milk producers bring the milk at gathering points on the island where the milk is to be stored and cooled. The milk from gathering points then daily goes to the plant in Kolan and is processed to become Pag cheese.
After receiving the milk in the Dairy and after filtration process, the raw milk can be processed thermally or not, depending on the season and the needs. Afterwards, milk is heated at the temperature of about 30°C. Then rennet is added into the milk and it takes half an hour for the milk to turn into cheese (to coagulate). The coagulated mass should then be cut so that tiny coagulated grains can be seen, the size of a wheat grain, and then the mass is heated at the temperature of about 40°C. The cheese grains continue with heating and with drying for additional several minutes. Depending on the season and milk content, experienced cheese makers can adjust the time and the temperature.
After the drying is done, a part of the whey is filtered and afterwards cooked in special dishes to get the famous Pag curd, while the rest is taken away for the pre-pressing process. The cheese mass is put into molds and then molds are put in the press where for several hours the cheese is being pressed systematically. After that, the cheese is salted and put into a liquid called brine in special pools. In the salting area near the pool for brining process there are shelves used for drying where the cheese is stored after brining. Pag cheese stays in the brine for a day or two.
The last and very important production stage is cheese ripening. The cheese is stored on special shelves in the ripening area with the temperature of about 14°-18° C with relative humidity being about 75%-85%. This lasts for at least 60 days up to 2 years. Every day cheese producers turn around the ripening cheese, they wash and oil the pieces, and traditionally they can apply ashes or must to prolong the ripening process.
registered producers of pag cheese association of pag cheese producers experienced cheese makers traditionally produced cheese cheese protected by geographic origin
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Senzomotorická inteligence – Wikipedie
Senzomotorická inteligence je období trvající od narození do asi dvou let, dítě prozkoumává a chápe svět pouze díky svým smyslovým vjemům a motorickým dovednostem. Jedná se o první fázi kognitivního vývoje dle Jeana Piageta.
V dané teorii kognitivního vývoje významnou roli zastávají procesy asimilace a akomodace. Piaget předpokládal, že "mechanismus spočívá v asimilaci, tzn. že každý nový spoj je integrován do dřívějšího schématu či struktury. Subjekt se stává citlivým k těmto vnějším podnětům jen do té míry, jak je dovede asimilovat do předem vytvořených struktur. Tyto podněty pak budou uvedené struktury měnit a obohacovat a povedou k novým asimilacím" [1]. Dítě tedy nové informace zahrnuje (asimiluje) do stávajících schémat, které využívá novým způsobem, a na jejichž základě nové zkušenosti interpretuje. Akomodace spočívá v novém uspořádání schémat. Dítě získává nové informace, díky kterým se existující schémata zdají již nedostatečná (neúplnost a nepřesnost), a tudíž je třeba předešlá schémata uzpůsobit novým poznatkům [2].
1 Jean Piaget a jeho metoda
2.1 1. substadium - používání reflexů
2.1.1 Příklady zápisů
2.2 2. substadium - první zvyky a primární kruhové (cirkulární) reakce
2.2.1 Příklady zápisů
2.3 3. substadium - sekundární kruhové (cirkulární) reakce
2.3.1 Příklady zápisů
2.4 4. substadium - koordinace sekundárních schémat a jejich aplikace na nové situace
2.4.1 Příklady zápisů
2.5 5. substadium - terciární kruhové (cirkulární) reakce
2.5.1 Příklady zápisů
2.6 6. substadium - internalizace schémat
2.6.1 Příklady zápisů
Jean Piaget a jeho metoda[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Jean Piaget (9. srpna 1896 – 16. září 1980) se narodil ve Švýcarsku. Za svou kariéru napsal přes 60 knih a několik stovek článků [3] a je řazen do stovky nejvýznamnějších psychologů 20. století, kde se dokonce řadí na nejpřednější příčky [4].
Psychologii se začal věnovat až později, nejprve získal doktorát v přírodních vědách. Po krátkém působení ve dvou psychologických laboratořích v Curychu odešel do Paříže na Sorbonnu, kde ho Théodor Simon zaměstnal při standardizaci testů pro pěti- až osmileté děti. "Dával se s dětmi do řeči, kladl jim otázky o okolním světě, pečlivě naslouchal jejich vysvětlením a vybízel je k řešení hlavolamů, které sám vymýšlel a které se všechny staly jádrem jeho celoživotní výzkumné metody" [5].
Jean Piaget své poznatky stavěl na výsledcích svého pozorování, kterému věnoval velké množství času. Pozoroval děti, jak si hrají, povídal si s nimi či se jich ptal na různé otázky, a díky těmto aktivitám dokázal objevit "spousty fascinujících, silných jevů, které měl každý před očima, ale jen málokdo byl natolik nadaný, aby je viděl" [5]. Zaměřil se na studium intelektuálního vývoje jeho vlastních dětí Jacqueline, Lucienne a Laurenta [3]. Své děti pozoroval v podstatě každý den, a to i několikrát denně. Jeho pozorování bylo neuvěřitelně detailní, a tudíž si všímal i podrobností. Stejně tak pečlivě a detailně zapisoval podrobný popis pozorovaného chování dětí či různých pokusů s nimi. O jeho důkladnosti svědčí i zaznamenávaný věk dětí, který si značil s přesností na dny [6].
Senzomotorická inteligence[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Senzomotorická inteligence je prvotní fází kognitivního vývoje dítěte trvající od narození do přibližně dvou let. V rámci tohoto období dochází k prvotnímu rozvoji poznávacích procesů, jenž je založen na vnímání a poznávání okolního světa prostřednictvím vlastních smyslů a motorických dovedností (kontakt s objekty) [2].
Jelikož dítě ještě nemluví a taktéž si ještě neosvojilo symbolickou funkci, poznání dosahuje díky smyslovým vjemům a pohybům, to znamená, že dítě využívá "senzomotorické koordinace činností bez zásahu představ nebo myšlení." Však i díky těmto činnostem dokáže organizovat skutečnost a vytvářet komplikované soustavy asimilačních schémat, a tím také řešit i některé problémy [1].
Poznávání a učení dítěte v senzomotorickém období je závislé na manipulaci s objekty, které zrovna poznává a "probíhá na úrovni konkrétního kontaktu s reálným světem, v časovém úseku současnosti" – dítě objekty poznává "tady a teď" [2].
Dítě tedy zatím není schopno myšlení ani citového života pojícího se na představy, jež by mu "umožňovaly zpřítomnit předměty či osoby za jejich nepřítomnosti". I přesto je tento vývoj velmi rychlý a důležitý pro vývoj pozdější. Dítě si už nyní vytváří určité poznávací struktury, jež jsou později využívány jako základ dalších vjemových a intelektuálních konstrukcí [1].
Pro dítě v tomto období je také typický jeho egocentrismus, což znamená, že původní svět dítěte je zcela zaměřen na vlastní tělo a vlastní aktivitu. S tím také souvisí přesvědčení, že za původce dění považuje jen svoji vlastní činnost. Během prvních měsíců života se dítě postupně decentralizuje a začíná se řadit jako objekt mezi ostatní objekty světa. Přichází také na to, že příčinou dění mohou být kterékoli další předměty [1].
Jean Piaget období senzomotorické inteligence rozdělil na šest dílčích substadií.
1. substadium - používání reflexů[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Piaget se zabýval tím, odkud děti berou jejich první schémata (struktury, která jsou základem myšlení) a uvědomil si, že raná schémata vůbec nemusejí vypadat jako schémata dospělých lidí. To, co si děti přinášejí na svět a umožňuje jim adaptovat se na svět, jsou jejich reflexy, které se už od počátku postupně adaptují na prostředí [7]. Reflexy významné pro budoucnost umožňují 'reflexní cvičení', což znamená zpevňování reflexního chování funkčním cvičením. Příkladem může být například sací reflex novorozence, u něhož je již po několika dnech pozorovatelné jistější sání a efektivnější nacházení prsu [1].
Právě proto, že se reflexy dětí začnou velmi rychle adaptovat na okolní prostředí, je toto substadium dle Piageta velmi krátké – asi měsíc [7].
Příklady zápisů[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Pozorování 1. – Od narození lze pozorovat sací pohyby: spontánní pohyby a špulení rtů doprovázené posuny jazyka, zatímco se paže zapojují divokými a více nebo méně rytmickými gesty a hlava se hýbe laterálně atd.
Pozorování 3. – Třetí den Laurent dělá nové pokroky v jeho přizpůsobování se prsu. Vše, co potřebuje, aby s otevřenou pusou úspěšně našel, je, že se musí dotknout prsu svými rty. Hledá však jak na špatné straně, tak na straně správné, to znamená na té straně, kde byl proveden kontakt [6].
2. substadium - první zvyky a primární kruhové (cirkulární) reakce[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Důsledkem interakce reflexu a prostředí se reflex mění a již není stejný, jako byl, dá se tedy hovořit o akomodaci daného reflexu. Piaget si všiml, že někdy děti schémata zkoušejí jen kvůli požitku z daného úkonu, což naznačuje, že jednání již nejsou čistě reflexivní (např. sání může být pozorováno i bez stimulu). Dále vypozoroval, že děti často zkoušejí aktivovat reflexní schémata jejich stimulací jinými částmi svého těla (např. Dítě náhodně mává ručičkama kolem, dlaně občas plácnou do jeho obličeje a náhodou se dotknou rtů. Dítě pak prsty strčí do úst a začne sát. Pak se snaží koordinovat sací reflex s pohyby ruky, aby dosáhlo stejné akce.) Schémata ztrácí svůj čirý reflexní charakter a začínají být koordinována s ostatními aktivitami těla dítěte. Náhodně se stala nějaká akce, dítěti se to zdá zajímavé, a proto se snaží o zopakování dané akce. Tento druh koordinace mezi existujícími schématy a tělesnou aktivitou vlastního těla dítěte se nazývá primární kruhová reakce [7].
Toto období je nejběžnější od 1. do 4. měsíce, poté upadá frekvence primárních kruhových reakcí a postupně se začínají objevovat sekundární kruhové reakce [7].
Pozorování 20. – Laurentovi je 0;1(5) s 0;1(6) a pokouší se chytit svůj palec ihned po tom, co se probouzí, ale vleže na zádech se mu to nedaří. Jeho ruce sahají na obličej bez nalezení úst. Ve vertikální poloze však svá ústa nalézá velmi rychle.
Pozorování 42. – V jistých zvláštních případech můžeme pozorovat tendenci opakovat, kruhovými reakcemi, zvuky objevené čirou náhodou. Tudíž Lucienne 0;2(12) po zakašlání několikrát začíná znovu pro zábavu. Laurent vydechává vzduch, který provází neurčitý zvuk. Když je mu 0;2(26) opakuje hlaholení, které obvykle doprovází svou radostí, ale bez smíchu a čistě fonetickým zájmem. Když je Lucienne 0;2(15), využívá svůj hlas v podobných okolnostech atd [6].
3. substadium - sekundární kruhové (cirkulární) reakce[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Sekundární kruhové reakce pracují na stejném principu jako primární, ale pozornost je zde zaměřena na vnější objekty, které jsou nyní ohniskem schémat. Děti se již nesnaží 'rekonstruovat' pouze zkušenosti související s jejich tělem, ale do svých schémat zapojují také vnější věci. Dítě často provede nějakou činnost, opět obvykle nejprve náhodně, která má určitý efekt na okolní prostředí, které dítě pozoruje, a pak se snaží zajímavou událost znovu vytvořit. Tyto snahy nejsou omezeny pouze na pozorovatelné efekty, ale mohou se týkat i sluchových schémat [7]. Toto chování souvisí s vynořením koordinace mezi viděním a uchopováním, kdy dítě do rukou bere a pohybuje vším, co má na dohled a v dosahu [1].
Pozorování 94. – Když je Lucienne 0;3(5), třese se svým dětským košem díky silným pohybům jejích nohou, což vede k tomu, že se její panenky začínají houpat. Lucienne se na ně dívá, směje se a začíná znovu. Tyto pohyby jednoduše způsobují radost.
Pozorování 102. – Když je Lucienne 0;4(15) uchopuje rukojeť chrastítka kulatého tvaru. Pohyby rukou vedou k tomu, že chrastítko začíná vytvářet náhlý a silný zvuk. Lucienne hýbe celým tělem, hlavně chodidly, aby hluk nepřestal. Její výraz je směsí strachu a potěšení, ale pokračuje [6].
4. substadium - koordinace sekundárních schémat a jejich aplikace na nové situace[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Podle Piageta toto období začíná okolo 8. nebo 9. měsíce a dochází v něm k významnému intelektovému pokroku. V předchozích fázích děti uměly rozvíjet pouze jednotlivá, izolovaná schémata a pouze se pokoušely napodobit akce, které se náhodou staly. V této fázi počínají být pro-aktivní, chovat se tak, aby něčeho dosáhly. Tudíž začínají propojovat dvě či více schémat za účelem provedení plánované akce [7]. Dítě prostředky a cíle koordinuje, což se projevuje v každé neočekávané situaci. Jsou ovšem využívány jen prostředky z již známých asimilačních schémat [1].
V tomto stadiu se také vynořuje zkoumání objektu, a to tím způsobem, že se dítě pokouší nový objekt zařadit do co nejvíce možných schémat. Dítě dokáže řetězit a využít sérii schémat, aby nové věci lépe porozumělo [7].
Pozorování 124. – Jacqueline je 0;8(8) a snaží se popadnout svoji kačenku, ale já ji popadám ve stejný okamžik jako ona. Pevně hračku drží ve své pravé ruce a svojí levou rukou moji ruku tlačí pryč. Opakuji experiment držením pouze ocásku kačenky: opět tlačí moji ruku pryč.
Pozorování 128. – Také Laurent od 0;8(7) používá mé ruce jako 'prostředníka' k tomu, abych se navrátil k aktivitám, které jej zajímají. Například se dotýkám své tváře levým prostředníkem, poté bubnuji na své brýle (směje se). Pak dávám své ruce mezi jeho oči a svůj obličej. Dívá se na mé brýle, poté na moje ruce a jemně tlačí mé ruce k mému obličeji [6].
5. substadium - terciární kruhové (cirkulární) reakce[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Terciární kruhové reakce jsou v této fázi podobné těm předchozím tím, že jsou znovu a znovu opakovány, ale dítě už je neprovádí za účelem dosažení stejných efektů, ale právě k dosažení pokaždé jiných zajímavých efektů. Je aplikováno staré schéma, ale není využito k tomu, aby dosáhlo stejného výsledku, jež se již objevil – cílem je vytvoření série nových efektů. Také se zdá, že záměrem není se jen něco naučit o objektech, ale také se učit, jak objekty se světem interagují či jaké jsou mezi objekty vztahy. V této fázi je však porozumění objektům stále limitováno tím, co jsou s nimi děti v danou chvíli schopni provést (např. nemohou předem přemýšlet nad tím, co se může stát) [7].
Pozorování 141. – Když je Laurentovi 0;10(11), leží na zádech, nicméně však pokračuje v jeho experimentech z minulého dne. Postupně popadne labuť, krabici atd., natáhne ruku a nechá je spadnout. Jasně mění pozici pádu. Někdy natáhne ruku vertikálně, někdy ji drží šikmo, před či za očima atd. Když objekt spadne na novou pozici (např. jeho polštář), nechá jej pak spadnout ještě několikrát na stejnou pozici, aby prozkoumal prostorový vztah, poté pozmění situace [6].
6. substadium - internalizace schémat[editovat | editovat zdroj]
V období internalizace schémat je dítě schopno zvnitřňovat své chování. Pokud se před ním vyskytne nějaký problém, zdá se, že nad ním uvažuje a řešení hledá vnitřními pokusy nebo zvnitřněným jednáním [8].
Podle Piageta dochází k internalizaci schémat kolem 18. měsíce. Věřil, že jakmile se jednou schémata stanou mentálně reprezentovaná, jsou schopna další asimilovat nejen rychle, ale i spontánně – skoro automaticky [7].
K asimilaci schémat vysokou rychlostí dochází, jakmile se senzomotorická schémata dokáží vzájemně koordinovat, a tím tak dochází k danému chování. Dítě je postupně také schopno nápodoby s časovým odstupem a dospívá k základní podobě symbolické hry. Tyto skutečnosti nasvědčují tomu, že se v náznacích začíná objevovat představa, jež však nepřekonává rudimentární úroveň představ šimpanzů [8].
"Dítě se tak stává schopným najít nové prostředky již nejen vnějším neboli materiálním tápáním, ale zvnitřněnými kombinacemi, které vyúsťují v náhlé porozumění neboli vhled" [1].
Pozorování 180. – Zde začíná experiment, který chceme zdůraznit. Vkládám řetízek zpět do krabičky a otevírám ji na 3 mm. Lucienne neví, jak otevírání a zavírání krabičky od zápalek funguje a neviděla mě, jak tento experiment připravuji. Ovládá pouze dvě předchozí schémata: otáčet krabičku tak, aby z ní obsah vypadl a vložení prstu do škvíry, aby řetízek vytáhla. Tuto poslední proceduru samozřejmě zkouší jako první: strká prst dovnitř a šmátrá po řetízku, ale nejde jí to. Následuje pauza, během které Lucienne vykazuje velice podivuhodné reakce, které svědčí nejen o tom, že se snaží přemýšlet nad situací a přemýšlet nad operacemi, které je nutno provést, ale také o imitaci, která hraje roli ve vzniku reprezentace. Lucienne napodobuje rozšiřování škvíry. Dívá se na škvíru s velkou pozorností: poté otevře a zavře ústa, nejprve mírně, pak šíře a šíře. Lucienne zřejmě pochopila existenci mezi ústní dutinou a škvírou a přála si dutinu zvětšit [6].
↑ a b c d e f g h Piaget, J., & Inhelderová, B. (1997). Psychologie dítěte. Praha: Portál.
↑ a b c Vágnerová, M. (2005). Vývojová psychologie I.: dětství a dospívání. Praha: Karolinum.
↑ a b Smith, L. (2000, November). A Brief Biography of Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget Society [online]. Retrieved from http://www.piaget.org/aboutPiaget.html
↑ a b Hunt, M. (2000). Dějiny psychologie. Praha: Portál.
↑ a b c d e f g Piaget, J. (1952). The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: International University Press.
↑ a b c d e f g h i When thinking begins. Retrieved from http://www.bxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2014/11/16/50007779/Piaget%20When%20Thinking%20Begins10272012_0000.pdf
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Malala Yousafzai is a young Pakistani teenager whose fight for the right of girls to receive an education has inspired admiration all over the world.
"I want to serve. I want to serve the people. I want every girl, every child, to be educated."
"I don't mind if I have to sit on the floor at school. All I want is education. And I'm afraid of no one."
"We realize the importance of our voice when we are silenced."
Nobel Peace Prize Winner 2014
Malala's won the 2014 Nobel Peace Price. Here is her acceptance speech from Oslo.
Have a look on the map and consider the location of Pakistan and its neighbours. What do you know about Pakistan? Pakistan is a scenic, densely populated country. Since it became independent after the partition of India in 1947 due to the Hindu - Muslim conflict, it has been a scene of conflicts and terrorism.
The cradle of the Taliban, an Islamic, fundamentalist movement, was in Pakistan. It eventually spread to Pakistan's neighbour to the west, Afghanistan. In 1996 - 2001 they came to power in Afganhistan and ruled the country with strict Sharia laws. The Taliban regime was collectively condemned for their brutal treatment of women.
Malala, born in 1997, comes from the Swat Valley in Northwest Pakistan. In this valley the Taliban has at times banned girls from attending schools. Already from when she was 11 years old, Malala promoted her strong view that girls should be educated.She advocated her views through her own blog which was published on BBC's Urdu website.On the 9th of October, 2012, a gunman entered the school bus asking for Malala. She identified herself by saying: "I am Malala." The gunman fired three shots against her head. She was mortally injured, but she recovered enough to be transferred to Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham. Suddenly, she became the most famous teenager in the world.
Make an Oral Presentation
We have provided two paragraphs with biographical information about Malala. You have been asked to give an oral presentation with important biographical facts and events from Malala's life. Which facts and events would you focus on, and why?
Your biographical presentation should not exceed 10 minutes.
A Voice Heard
Make a Speech
Listen to Malala's Speech in the General Assembly in the UN.
Malala wants to be a voice heard on behalf of all these millions of uneducated girls in the world.
Make a speech (3 - 5 minutes) where you consider:
- To what extent she has succeeded. Give reasons for your views.
- There is often a gap between words and action. How can words become reality in this matter?
When you plan your speech, you should focus on what rhetorical devices to use. Give your speech in front of an audience.
- Read Article 26 and sum up the main contents in your own words.
- Based on the Mandela quote above and Article 26, make a posting on a social media site with the title:
Why Education Matters (maximum 700 characters)
- Debate pro et contra the following quotes from Article 26:
- "Education should be free at least in the elementary and fundamenal stages"
- "Elementary education shall be compulsory"
- "Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children."
- Discuss the Mandela quote.
In what way can education be a weapon?
Find Out and Discuss
- Browse through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These articles apply for all humans in every part of the world. Choose at least three fields where women are left behind.
Sugggest what measures could be taken to reach the goal of equality.
- This UN survey, displays gender inequalities among the UN member countries.
- Compare Norway to one or two other countries of your choice. Focus on all the fields of concern.
- Make a table where you compare your findings.
- Discuss your findings.
Nodes which use this node
- ENGLISH – PROGRAMME SUBJECT IN PROGRAMMES FOR SPECIALIZATION IN GENERAL STUDIES
- elaborate on and discuss current debates in the English-speaking world
- elaborate on and discuss questions related to social and economic conditions in some English-speaking countries
- produce texts in a variety of genres with clear content, appropriate style, good structure, and usage that is precise and accurate
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Q: Who is Jesse K. Hines?
A: Jesse K. Hines Jesse K. Hines (1829 – September 20, 1889) was a Democratic member of the Maryland House of Delegates from Kent County and served as the Speaker of the House for the 1874 session.
Q: What did he do for a living?
A: Prior to his service in the state House, Hines was a Clerk of the Circuit Court for Kent County.
Q: Did he ever go to war?
A: Hines served as a captain in the Union Army during the Civil War.
Q: What other interesting information can you tell me?
A: Hines was the third state Insurance Commissioner, from 1877 until his death twelve years later in Baltimore.
Q: What did he do as Insurance Commissioner?
A: In 1881, he fought "graveyard insurance" companies whose policies had become a popular means for western Marylanders to speculate on others' deaths.
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Q: Given the task definition, example input & output, solve the new input case.
In this task you will break down a question into the basic steps required to answer it.
A question decomposition is a numbered list of operations that must be performed to answer the original question. Imagine explaining your question to a friendly droid by listing each action it should take in order for the question to be answered. Each step in our decomposition should refer to either an entity (known or unknown), a propery of an entity or a query operation (count, group, union, etc.)
Here are the list of step templates and their description:
Select: A select step is used to return a set of objects. There are no references to previous steps in a select step. template: Return [attributes]
Filter: A filter step is used to return results from a previous step to which a certain condition applies. template: Return [#step] [condition]
Project: A project step should return certain attributes of the results of a previous step. template: Return [attributes] of [#step]
Aggregate: An aggregate step returns an aggregator function applied on a step's result. template: Return the [aggregator] of [#step].
Group: A group step is an aggregator applied on attributes. template: Return the [aggregator] of [#step] for each [attribute]
Superlative: A superlative step is used to return the result with a highest/lowest attribute among other results. template: Return [#step1] [where] [#step2] [is] [highest / lowest]
Comparative: A comparative step is used when we need to compare an attribute with a number to filter results. template: Return [#step1] [where] [#step2] [comparator] [number]
Union: A union step is used to return results of two steps together. template: Return [#step1] [or / ,] [#step2]
Intersection: An intersection step returns the result that two steps have in common. template: Return [attribute] of both [#step1] and [#step2]
Discard: A discard step returns result of a step and excludes result of another step from it. template: Return [#step1] besides [#step2]
Sort: A sort returns result of another step in a specific order. template: Return [#step1] [ordered / sorted by] [#step2]
Is true: An is true step checks a condition on another result and returns a true or false. template: Return [is / if] [condition]
Arithmetic: An arithmatic step operates an arithmatic operation on one or more steps. template: Return the [arithmetic op.] of [#step1] [and] [#step2].
Example: question: What are the distinct creation years of the departments managed by a secretary born in state 'Alabama'?
Output: #1 return secretaries
#2 return #1 born in state 'Alabama
#3 return departments managed by #2
#4 return distinct creation years of #3
Referring to previous steps is vital in constructing multi-step decompositions. In this example each step refers to the step before to perform a single filter on it to reach the final result.
New input case for you: question: If there are people sitting in chairs in the left image.
Output:
A: #1 return left image
#2 return people of #1
#3 return chairs
#4 return if #2 are sitting in #3
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Lag B’Omer Celebrates Jewish Heritage and Resilience
Lag B’Omer is one of the minor Jewish holidays, suspending the traditional mourning restrictions, such as wedding celebrations and the inability to cut ones hair, on the Hebrew calendar during the seven weeks between Passover and Shavuot. In Judaic custom, the holiday is named after Hebrew numerology; this joyous festival falls on the 33rd day of the Omer, hence the name, Lag B’Omer. To understand the importance of Lag B’Omer, we must first understand the Omer and its significance.
In the Hebrew Bible, the Omer corresponds to the period between the Exodus from Egypt and the deliverance of the Torah. During this time, a young nation emerged from slavery and oppression, preparing itself physically, psychologically, and spiritually for the great events at Mount Sinai. The period of the Omer is a bridge that connects Passover and Shavuot, two of the three major holidays when the ancient Israelites would pilgrimage to the temple. Shavuot, the Hebrew word for “weeks,” refers to the Jewish festival marking the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai.
The frequently asked question is: why do we celebrate Lag B’Omer? The renowned scholar, Rabbi Akiva was a sage of the Mishna, the written works of the oral Judaic law, around 100 CE. Rabbi Akiva is credited with collecting written and oral texts to form the interpretations for the Hebrew Bible, all of which have exerted powerful influences still used today.
The story is told that Rabbi Akiva, having become a central pillar of teaching, amassed a following of 24,000 students. He preached proper love and true respect. When his devotees did not do this, an epidemic plague occurred during the first 32 days of the Omer, claiming almost all the students’ lives. However, no students died on the Lag B’Omer.
On Lag B’Omer, we mourn the memory of the students of Rabbi Akiva who died. We also mourn for the lost possible history that died with the 24,000 disciples during the first 32 days of the Omer.
Perhaps, this story is a parable rabbis use to discuss a horrific historical scene. Rabbi Akiva believed that another famous rabbi of the time, Bar Kokhba, was the true Messiah. Bar Kokhba led an unsuccessful revolt against Roman rule in Judea, in 132 CE. Many of Rabbi Akiva’s students joined Bar Kohba in the revolt and were murdered when it failed. The rabbis under Roman persecution had to be cautious about referring to rebellions, and may have created the story of the plague that stopped on Lag B’Omer to hint at the deaths sustained during the Bar Kohkba revolt.
The third reason for the celebration of Lag B’Omer among Jewish holidays is its significance as a new period for Rabbi Akiva. He established a new venue for his legacy, including the famous revolutionary Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, known as Rashbi. Rashbi continued to defy Roman rule and fled for his life, spending 12 years hiding with his son in a cave. While hiding, Rashbi continued studying Torah, concentrating specifically on its hidden, mystical dimensions. Rashbi is said to have died on Lag B’Omer, and to have reveled the secrets of the Torah to his students before his passing.
Lag B’Omer celebrates the re-establishment of Rabbi Akiva’s legacy, which sustains commitment to Torah study and the observance of the laws. If not for this re-establishment, there would be no Torah, no observance, and no Judaism.
The end of the mourning period is observed (and celebrated) on Lag B’Omer, because it allows us to remember that mourning is temporary. With time, a person becomes stronger and more resilient. It is one of those few Jewish holidays that allows us to internalize the depths of destruction and gives us a fresh awareness of the resilience of our peers.
Lag B’Omer is a time on the Hebrew calendar for reinforcing unity, for developing an appreciation that Torah study is a joint effort, not an individual one. The more we learn to appreciate this, the more the fountains of Torah open up and hydrate people’s thirst for observance.
This Lag B’Omer, Everlasting Footprint encourages everyone to celebrate the unity and resilience of the Jewish people. It is important to remember the crux of this holiday: Lag B’Omer teaches that pain and suffering does not last forever, but that legacies are everlasting.
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(From Reddit r/fosterdogs)
Good luck from fellow uk foster specializing in shepherds. You don’t mention previous dog experience so i’m assuming you are reasonably new.
Please make sure you have support on behavior and training from the rescue. Have the rescue provided an agreement?
While all may be well shepherds can have problems, i love training them and watch them going to great homes, the last one took nearly 9 months of staying with me and lots of training.
Look at 3 days, 3 weeks, 3 months rule for dogs. There are great online trainers such as Kikopup.
Shepherds are such lovely dogs. Illryian shepherds are on my, if i have a chance to foster i will list 😀 currently have a Great Dane for variety.
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Julienne Chloe February 22, 2018 Worksheets
At a young age, kids are initial instructed to create letters in print only. When children reach the age of eight to ten, they are shown exactly how to write in cursive. They might discover this dull and quite hard initially. But one fun means to teach them this is to use worksheets also. The basic cursive worksheets that you can make use of are Rockin’ Round Letters, Climb ’n’ Move Letters, Loopy Letters, Bumpy Letters, as well as Mix ’n’ Match. Worksheets are now being made use of in the majority of institutions as they are shown efficient in cultivating a kids’s discovering procedure. There were researches that reveal children reacting far better to worksheets contrasted to various other boring and also stringent techniques of training.
Some totally free math worksheet sites allow you to select requirements, click a switch, and generate a websites of issues. These sorts of website permit worksheets that produce arbitrary figures in numbers. You must find much more durable troubles sets on web-generated math worksheets. Exactly how can web sites give away math worksheets? Do totally free mathematics worksheet web sites generate income? Yes as well as no. Allow’s simply say it is really vital that you check out as well as support your favorite totally free mathematics worksheets website! Finally, nobody intends to spend for mathematics worksheets any longer. Thatís OK because there are great deals of position on the Internet to obtain freebies. Find arithmetic worksheets that resolve your demands and also supply trainees with affordable issues sets, Free Of Charge!
4. Mathematics worksheets are not accessible. Some pupils are unable to gain access to tools that a lot of us consider provided when they attempt to complete worksheets. They might be not able to realize pencils, control their movements within the restricted areas given on the sheet, or be able to just maintain their paper while writing. Other students, consisting of those for whom English is not their key language or that struggle with reading, have problem reviewing the directions, words, and math terminology on the worksheets. Still other trainees need different visual representations or methods of involvement in order acquire an understanding the web content. The majority of mathematics worksheets do not supply info in numerous formats so they are hard to reach to students with a wide range of discovering capabilities as well as styles.
Homeschool worksheets are a vital part of the pupil’s homeschool experience. They enable the kid to test his or her understanding, and also they supply them a practical application for their learning. Worksheets additionally, when made use of correctly, offer both the students as well as moms and dad/ tutor immediate feedback as to the youngster’s development. This implies they can be made use of to mention areas where the pupil requires additional support. Homeschool worksheets luckily will not over-tax your budget. There are several areas where you can obtain them at extremely low costs. As a matter of fact, several websites provide printable worksheets for free.
Here are a few suggestions for such tasks: 1. The alphabet tune: This stays a beautiful means to practice the alphabet. Sing it gradually and also sing it often. If you have a huge alphabet chart and point out to every letter while you sing, it will be of great worth. You can give all youngsters letter cards in order (alphabet flashcards); they can hold up each letter as it is sung. 2. Show a magazine or picture book to children. Ask to determine all circumstances of the provided letter in any web page. 3. Hand out letter cards to all children. Call out a letter. The kid with that said card needs to be available in front of the class as well as show the letter. 4. Separate the course into 2 teams. Offer one group letter cards. Give other team various items. The very first team will certainly hold up a letter. The 2nd group should hold up a things that begins keeping that letter.
1. Math worksheets are not involving. Various research study studies have actually discovered that when students are actively involved with the web content, they have a far better possibility of understanding as well as remembering what they have actually discovered. Unfortunately, mathematics worksheets often tend to bore most trainees, specifically those who require the most aid in mathematics. Engagement entails far more than memorizing repeating of a treatment. Mathematics worksheets tend to existing really comparable problem types over and over, leading to ordinary method of separated skills. For students that recognize the material and also successfully finish an assignment, another worksheet comes to be useless. On the other hand, for the trainees that do not comprehend the product, an alternative method of instruction is what’s needed. One more worksheet just contributes to the student’s frustration, or worse, adds to an idea that ”I’ll never ever comprehend math.” A charming picture or a ”fill-in-the-blanks” puzzle not does anything to enhance interaction or discovering (and also allow’s encounter it, those riddles are not amusing!). Instead, instructors need to enhance engagement by providing trainees with workouts in which they discover patterns and also connections, solve issues, or think creatively about math connections.
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Humans are deeply curious beings. Our lives, economy, and society are shaped so strongly by a drive to obtain information that we are sometimes called informavores: creatures that search for and digest information, just like carnivores hunt and eat meat.1 What is it that drives our hunger for information?
From an evolutionary perspective, there is a clear reason why animals would seek out information: it can be vital to their survival and reproduction. A bird that spent its whole life eating berries from a single bush and never explored its environment could be missing out on a much better food source nearby. Thus it is not surprising that exploration is common in the animal world. For example, monkeys will push a button at high rates for a chance to peek out of the window,2 and roundworms do not crawl to a food source directly, but rather circle towards it in a way that gives them the most information about their environment.3
What drives animals’ information-seeking behaviors? One possibility is that each individual animal learns over the course of its life that a greater knowledge of its environment leads to rewards like food or other essential resources. However, while this is something we can imagine humans or monkeys learning, it is probably beyond the capacity of roundworms. Furthermore, we see curiosity-driven behaviors in very young animals, before they have had enough experience to learn the association between knowledge and rewards. For example, human newborns look at new visual scenes for much longer than at known visual scenes.4
Another possibility is that evolutionary pressures have made information intrinsically rewarding. The reason so-called “primary rewards” like food and sex are pleasurable is because animals that enjoy eating and reproducing are more likely to survive and produce offspring.(a) Evolution has therefore built up a reward system in the brain that drives behaviors that help animals acquire essential resources. Could this same reward system be prompting information-seeking behavior by making animals find new information intrinsically rewarding?
If learning is intrinsically rewarding, the brain should respond to new information in a way similar to how it responds to primary rewards like food and sex. Indeed, neuroimaging studies show that when people are curious about the answers to trivia questions or watch a blurry picture become clear, reward-related structures in their brains are activated.5 However, since the resolution of neuroimaging is still quite rough, these studies cannot show whether the reward-related structures in the brain actually respond in the same way to information as they do to primary rewards like food. For this we need to study the behavior of single neurons.
Neuroscientist Ethan Bromberg-Martin and his colleague Okihide Hikosaka were the first to find signatures of reward responses to information within single neurons.6 They designed a task in which monkeys saw two pictures and had to choose one. Then, after a short delay, the monkeys would receive either a large or a small reward. If the monkey chose one of the pictures (the informative picture), it would get a cue that indicated whether the delay would be followed by a small or large reward. If it chose the other picture (the uninformative picture), it would see a cue that gave no information about the upcoming reward. Even though the choice of picture did not affect the size of the reward, the monkeys almost always chose the informative picture, presumably because they were curious and found it rewarding to get a hint about the outcome.
While the monkeys performed this task, Bromberg-Martin recorded activity in their dopamine neurons, which play a crucial role in primary reward processing and in motivating behavior. By increasing their activity in the face of both rewards and cues that predict rewards, dopamine neurons flag rewarding situations and experiences for the rest of the brain. Bromberg-Martin and Hikosaka looked at how the monkeys’ dopamine neurons responded to the pictures and found that activity increased in response to the informative picture and decreased in response to the uninformative picture. The reward-predicting dopamine neurons responded to information in the same way they respond to other primary rewards like food and sex.
Bromberg-Martin and Hikosaka’s study indicates that a core component of the brain’s reward processing system can motivate animals to seek out information as well as primary rewards. Since both food and information can drive behavior that promotes survival, it makes sense that somewhere in the brain they are processed similarly. However, we would also expect that they be represented differently in other parts of the brain. A good book and a candy bar are both rewarding, but in distinct ways – and if you’re hungry, you are not going to be satisfied by reading the latest bestseller.
With this distinction in mind, neuroscientist Tommy Blanchard teamed up with Bromberg-Martin and colleague Ben Hayden to investigate how information and primary rewards are represented in the orbital frontal cortex, an area of the brain involved in many complex cognitive behaviors, including evaluating rewards.7 By again recording the monkeys, he found that neurons in this area responded to both information and primary rewards, but, unlike dopamine neurons, did not treat these two variables in the same way. For example, an individual neuron in the orbital frontal cortex might increase its activity in response to a primary reward, but decrease its activity in response to information (or vice versa).
Blanchard’s research indicates that primary rewards and information are represented differently in the orbital frontal cortex, in contrast to the midbrain (the home of dopamine neurons), where they are integrated into a single representation. Processing these rewards differently in the more advanced part of the brain may allow for behavioral flexibility – the ability to seek out information in some contexts, but focus on primary rewards in other situations.(b)
What this body of research demonstrates is that primates really are informavores – information stimulates our brains the same way food and sex do. Yet there are also parts of our brains that differentiate between information and other rewards, allowing for behavioral flexibility and complex decision making.
Many questions still remain about humanity’s innate curiosity. For example, how do reward circuits in different parts of the brain interact with each other? Why are some types of information more interesting to us than others, and why are different people interested in such different things? Let’s hope our curiosity will continue to lead us to a further understanding of curiosity itself!
- Miller, G.A. 1983. “Informavores.” Pp. 111-113 in The Study of Information: Interdisciplinary Messages, edited by F. Machlup and U. Mansfield. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Butler, R.A. 1957. “The influence of deprivation of visual incentives on visual exploration motivation in monkeys.” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 50: 177-179.
- Calhoun, A.J., S.H. Chalasani, and T. O Sharpee. 2014. “Maximally informative foraging by Caenorhabditis Elegans.” ELife 3: e04220.
- Friedman, S., A.N. Nagy, and G.C. Carpenter. 1970. “Newborn attention: differential response decrement to visual stimuli.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 10(1): 44-51.
- Kang, M.J., M. Hsu, I.M. Krajbich, G. Loewenstein, S.M. McClure, J.T.-Y. Wang, and C.F. Camerer. 2009. “The wick in the candle of learning: epistemic curiosity activates reward circuitry and enhances memory.” Psychological Science 20: 963–973. Jepma, M., R.G. Verdonschot, H. van Steenbergen, S.A.R.B. Rombouts, S. Nieuwenhuis. 2012. “Neural mechanisms underlying the induction and relief of perceptual curiosity.” Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 6(5). Gruber, M.J., B.D. Gelman, and C. Ranganath. 2014. “States of Curiosity Modulate Hippocampus-Dependent Learning via the Dopaminergic Circuit.” Neuron 84(2): 486-496.
- Bromberg-Martin, E.S. and O. Hikosaka. 2009. “Midbrain dopamine neurons signal preference for advance information about upcoming rewards.” Neuron 63(1): 119-126.
- Blanchard, T.C., B.Y. Hayden, and E.S. Bromberg-Martin. 2015. “Orbitofrontal cortex uses distinct codes for different choice attributes in decisions motivated by curiosity.” Neuron 85(3): 602-614.
- (a) Primary rewards are resources or activities that are necessary for the survival of a species. Without a reward system encouraging it to seek out food, water, and sex, for example, a species would go extinct. Secondary rewards are those that can indirectly result in primary rewards, money being a good example.
- (b) Over the course of evolution, the orbital frontal cortex, together with other parts of the frontal cortex, has increased dramatically in size in primates compared to other animals. Perhaps the behavioral flexibility and intelligence we see in primates is facilitated by more complex and differentiated representations of the world, such as those that Blanchard observed.
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Saturday, December 5, 2009
Why does the CBC hate Canada .....
and the Province of Alberta, in particular? See how CBC's article is so very keen to note what they themselves probably in all likelihood MADE someone say at the protests in London, UK, so they could use that line in their reporting.
The first stop for many in the march was the headquarters of BP, the large British-based oil company, because of its relationship Alberta's tar sands project. "We have to leave the tar sands oil in the ground," said one of the speakers.
CBC is hell bent on trying to get Albertans out of jobs so they can be on the Govt's teats like the sucklings in Ontario and Quebec. Are the idiots at CBC so blind and partisan that they are clamoring to shut down production at the Oil Sands and thus put thousands of people out of work? What is wrong with CBC ? It is all the more galling because we the taxpayers are paying the fat salaries of these people thus enabling them to shaft us royally.
I went through at least a dozen online media articles on the protests to see if I could find a reference to the Canadian Oil Sands or "Tar" sands as the CBC likes to tell us again and again to tarnish the image of the Oil discovery of the century, but I could find not one mention .... NOT A ONE.
CBC hunting for adverse news on Canada and on the Canadian govt makes them an entity which I consider to be traitorous and blatantly so. What are we going to do about this situation? Why cannot we call for a referendum to fire all the top brass at CBC and replace them with people who have at least a modicum of common sense.
Here are some links to some of the newspapers on the topic of the protests.
IntheNews TimesOnLine GoogleHostedNews VOA ReutersCanada
1. Is there anyway possible to destroy the CBC? Petitions or a referendum? When you tune into their radio station you hear two things; left wing garbage or some unknown Canadian talent that specializes in singing off key.
2. Oxfam, Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth and the World Wildlife Federation — called the protest "The Wave,"
There is the answer, groups that have nothing to do with climate change are looking for money, and they smell the BIG money in climate change.
They can bash Alberta all they want, but we will continue to develop and supply the very fuel they need to fly to Copenhagen.
I say, let them canoe there, then I might listen to them.
3. Do you know how much an editor makes at the CBC? How about a production assistant? Maybe you know how much an ENG camera operator makes? If you don't know, then how can you comment about the fat salaries that these people may be making?
4. Oh Skinny Dipper, you poor soul. Is that all you could come up with that you think was amiss in my post? Does that mean you agree with the rest?
5. Regardless what they are being paid, it is obviously too much.
6. The CBC hates Alberta because it is a Toronto centric organization that sees the political and economic power in Canada shifting westward, and they realize that with that shift the media power will follow. Just remember how the eastern press establishment savaged the Asper media empire because it was headquartered in, of all places, Manitoba. How Ghastly, one might even have to leave Toronto to secure employment some day!
7. The CBC doesn't deserve one red cent of taxpayer funds. Time to demand the Government abolish the anti-Canadian, extreme lefty, junk journalist, self serving blood sucking CBC.
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Question: Here's some sample python code which implements this functionality:
```python
def update_high_hand_hygiene(ethic):
"""Updates high hand hygiene score given ethical context."""
# Define possible outcomes of updating score depending on ethic
if ethic == 'Engineering':
outcome = random.randint(0, 9) / 10
elif ethic == 'Medicine' or 'Law':
outcome = random.uniform(0.85, 1)
else:
outcome = random.uniform(0.7, 0.84)
return outcome
```
Answer: Write a Python code snippet to Check Low Regular health check-ups: Preventive Measures for Good Health for Decision Making for Professionals. Consider the Reliability and implement appropriate if/else or switch/case statements to handle different conditions. Dry-run, then provide comments explaining your decision-making process and how the control flow is structured.
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1. Mediaite
2. The Mary Sue
3. Styleite
4. The Braiser
5. SportsGrid
6. Gossip Cop
Are The Broncos Using ‘Papa John’s’ As An Audible Call, And Is It Not The Most Hilarious Bit Of In-Game Advertising Ever?
manning papa johnsIf you’ve watched an NFL game over the last year, you know that Peyton Manning is all about Papa John’s pizza. Manning not only appears in a bunch of totally obnoxious commercials with Mr. John — he also owns 21 franchise locations in the Denver area. Needless to say, the record-setting quarterback has a stake in the success of the pizza chain.
So what are we to make of this video (via BI Sports) from yesterday’s Broncos-Eagles game, where it appears that “Papa John’s” has become an audible call for the Denver offense? The on-field mics picked up Manning’s chatter with the line, and included at least half a dozen mentions of the Papa John’s name. (Update: Another theory is that this was the Eagles defense calling an audible — either way, it’s weird):
It sounds like a comedy sketch. There’s definitely a commercial idea in there somewhere, where Papa John’s is like “Marklar” in South Park. The only words anybody knows are “Papa John’s.” Papa John’s. Papa John’s.
Maybe the call originally started as a joke, and is now a legitimate way for the Broncos to make a change at the line. Meanwhile, Domino’s executives must be furious.
Hopefully the NFL tells the Broncos to tone it down with the subliminal/totally blatant advertising for Manning’s pizza venture. Papa John’s is already one of the league’s biggest advertisers (see also: the really stupid “Put a topping on it!” series with Rich Eisen), and they don’t need any more free promos, no matter how unintentionally weird and hilarious they may be.
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During the economic development process, it is observed that services sector has gained importance in many importances. In the services sector, transportation is the sector that the most investment is made and the most added values are created. With various carrying types, transportation sector holds considerable share both in domestic and foreign trade with cargo transportation and in tourism and urban transportation with passenger carrying. As for the transportation sector in Turkey, in the early years of the Republic, short range railway and seaway transportation is observed to be made in the Western Anatolia. Upon the establishment of the Republic, much importance was put on railway transportation and the railway systems which would provide east-west and north-south connection were built. In early years of the 1950s, importance was started to be given in highway construction, and considerable improvement was achieved in seaport and airport construction. Overland transportation, after the years of 1950s, has been the most widely used transportation type that exhibited development due to the high cost of the substructure investments in terms of railway transportation. In recent years, Turkey has been experiencing important developments related with railway transportation. Due to playing great role of railway transportation in Turkeys effectiveness in carrying international cargo, being on an important location in the international corridor, increasing the public investments and allowances for the railway transportation, works has been started especially in terms of international cargo transportation. In this study, by examining the general structure of the transportation sector in Turkey, foresight of railway transportation until 2025 has been aimed to be made. In this frame, it is aimed to determine the role of the railway transportation in Turkeys potential economic development.
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― Mi scias, nobla Antef, ke kiel viaj respektindaj antaŭuloj loĝas en plej belaj tomboj, same vi, ilia filo, estas la plej eminenta el la nomarĥoj de Egipto. Kaj vi sendube scias, ke en mia kortego kaj armeo, same kiel en mia reĝa koro, la unuan lokon okupas mia favorato, la ĉefo de la gvardio, Tutmozis.
― Via sankteco, sinjoro de la vivanta kaj de l' okcidenta mondo! Kiel la tuta Egipto kaj ĉio, kio estas en ĝi, apartenas al vi, same ĉi tiu domo kaj ĉiuj ĝiaj loĝantoj estas via propraĵo. Kaj se vi deziras en via koro, ke mia filino fariĝu edzino de via favorato Tutmozis, estu do tiel...
― Mi deziras al vi feliĉon, mia filo ― finis Antef kun rideto ― kaj grandan paciencon. Ĉar mia plej amata filino Hebron havas jam dudek jarojn, estas la unua elegantino en Teboj kaj kutimis havi sian propran volon...
― Ju pli longe mi rigardas vin, Hebron, des pli forte mi miras. Se ĉi tien enirus fremdulo, li pensus, ke vi estas diino aŭ ĉefpastrino, sed neniam, ke vi estas feliĉa fianĉino.
― Vi eraras, sinjoro ― respondis ŝi. ― En ĉi tiu momento mi estas feliĉa, sed ne de mia fianĉiĝo...
― Kiel tio estas ebla?... ― interrompis la faraono.
― La edziĝo ne logas min kaj certe mi preferus fariĝi la ĉefpastrino de Izido, ol edzino...
― Kial do vi edziĝas?
― Mi faras tion por la patro, kiu volas nepre havi heredonton de sia gloro. Kaj precipe, ĉar vi tion deziras, sinjoro...
― Ĉu Tutmozis povus ne plaĉi al vi?
― Tion mi ne diras. Tutmozis estas bela, estas la unua eleganto en Egipto, bele kantas kaj ricevas premiojn en la ludoj. Lia rango de l' ĉefo de la gvardio de via sankteco estas unu el la plej altaj en la lando. Malgraŭ tio, se la patro ne petus min kaj vi ne ordonus, mi ne fariĝus lia edzino... Cetere eĉ tiel mi ne estos!... Al Tutmozis sufiĉos mia riĉaĵo kaj la titoloj, kiujn li heredos de mia patro, kaj la reston li trovos ĉe la dancistinoj.
― Kaj li scias pri sia malfeliĉo?
― Li scias de longe, ke eĉ se mi ne estus filino de Antef, sed de lasta el la paraŝitoj, mi ne donus min al homo, kiun mi ne amas. Kaj mi povus ami nur superan ol mi.
― Ĉu vi diras tion serioze?... ― ekmiris Ramzes.
― Mi ja havas dudek jarojn, do jam de ses jaroj ĉirkaŭas min adorantoj. Sed baldaŭ mi ekkonis ilian valoron... Kaj hodiaŭ mi preferus aŭskulti interparoladojn de saĝaj pastroj, ol kantojn kaj amindumojn de elegantaj junuloj.
― En tia okazo, mi ne devus sidi apud vi, Hebron, ĉar mi ne estas eĉ eleganto kaj tute ne posedas la saĝon de l' pastroj...
― Ho vi, sinjoro, estas iu pli granda ― respondis ŝi, forte ruĝiĝante. ― Vi estas militestro, kiu venkis... Vi estas vivega kiel leono, rapida kiel vulturo... Antaŭ vi milionoj falas sur la vizaĝon, la ŝtatoj tremas... Ĉu mi ne scias, kian teruron naskas via nomo en Tiro kaj Ninivo? La dioj povus envii vian potencon...
― Hebron, Hebron... Se vi scius, kian maltrankvilon vi semas en mia koro!...
― Jen kial ― diris ŝi ― mi konsentas edziniĝi kun Tutmozis... Mi estos pli proksima al via sankteco kaj, almenaŭ ĉiun kelkon da tagoj mi vidos vin, sinjoro...
― Ho sinjoro! ― ekkriis li ― ĉu mia filino ne diris ion nekonvenan?... Ŝi estas nedresebla leonino....
― Trankviliĝu ― respondis la faraono. ― Via filino estas plena de saĝo kaj seriozeco. Ŝi eliris, ĉar ŝi rimarkis, ke la vino de via ekscelenco tro gajigas la festenantojn.
― Efektive, en la salono regis granda bruo, tiom pli, ke Tutmozis, forlasinte la rolon de vic-mastro, fariĝis la plej viva festenanto.
― Konfidencie mi diros al via sankteco ― murmuretis Antef ― ke la kompatinda Tutmozis devos sin gardi en la ĉeesto de Hebron...
― Se oni ordonus al mi difini la karakteron de lia sankteco Ramzes XIII, vere, mi ne scius tion fari...
― Frenezulo! ― intermetis Mefres.
― Ĉu li estas frenezulo, mi ne scias ― diris Herhor. ― En ĉiu okazo li estas tre danĝera homo. Asirio jam dufoje rememorigis al ni pri la definitiva traktato, kaj hodiaŭ, kiel mi aŭdis, komencas maltrankviliĝi pro la armado de Egipto.
― Ne grave, ne grave ― diris Mefres ― pli danĝere estas, ke ĉi tiu malpiulo volas tuŝi la trezorojn de Labirinto.
― Mi pensas ― diris la nomarĥo de Emsuĥ ― ke pli malbona ankoraŭ estas la promesoj, faritaj al la kamparanoj. La enspezoj de la ŝtato kaj la niaj ekŝanceliĝos, se la popolaĉo komencos festi ĉiun sepan tagon... Kaj se la faraono donus al ili teron...
― Li estas kapabla fari tion ― murmuretis la ĉefa juĝisto.
― Ĉu vere?... ― demandis la nomarĥo de Horti. ― Ŝajnas al mi, ke li volas sole monon. Se oni cedus al li iom el la trezoroj de Labirinto...
― Ne eble estas ― interrompis Herhor. ― Al la ŝtato minacas neniu danĝero, sed nur al la faraono, kaj tio ne estas la sama afero. Due, same kiel akvobaro estas forta, ĝis kiam ne trapenetris ĝin flueto de akvo, same Labirinto estas plena, ĝis kiam ni ne prenos el ĝi la unuan oran pecon. Ĉio sekvus ĝin... Cetere, kiun ni helpos per la trezoroj de la dioj kaj ŝtato?... Junulon, kiu malrespektas la religion, humiligas la pastrojn kaj ribeligas la popolon. Ĉu li ne estas pli danĝera, ol Assar?... Tiu estas barbaro, tio estas vera, sed tute ne malutilas nin.
― Ne estas deca afero, ke la faraono tiel malkaŝe amindumas la edzinon de sia favorato, jam en la tago de la edziĝo... ― diris la meditanta juĝisto.
― Hebron mem allogas lin! ― diris la nomarĥo de Horti.
― Ĉiu virino allogas ĉiujn virojn ― respondis la nomarĥo de Emsuĥ. ― Sed la homo ricevis la prudenton por ne peki.
― Ĉu la faraono ne estas la edzo de ĉiuj virinoj en Egipto? ― murmuretis la nomarĥo de Abs. ― Cetere, la pekoj koncernas la juĝon de l' dioj, kaj nin interesas nur la ŝtato...
― Danĝera!... danĝera!... diris la nomarĥo de Emsuĥ, skuante la manojn kaj la kapon. ― Estas neniu dubo, ke la popolaĉo jam fariĝis insultema kaj baldaŭ ekribelos. Tiam neniu ĉefpastro aŭ nomarĥo estos sendanĝera ne nur je sia povo kaj riĉaĵo, sed eĉ je la vivo.
― Kontraŭ la ribelo ni havas rimedon ― intermetis Mefres.
― Antaŭ ĉio oni povas malhelpi la ribelon ― diris Mefres ― se ni konigos al la pli prudentaj el la popolo, ke tiu, kiu promesas al ili favorojn, estas frenezulo.
― Li estas homo la plej sana sub la suno! ― murmuretis la nomarĥo de Horti. ― Oni devas nur kompreni, kion li volas.
― Frenezulo!... frenezulo!... ― ripetis Mefres. ― Lia pli aĝa sampatra frato jam ŝajnigas simion kaj drinkas kun paraŝitoj, kaj li komencos fari la samon morgaŭ, postmorgaŭ...
― Estas malbona kaj neprudenta rimedo proklami frenezulo homon de sana animo. Ĉar kiam la popolo rimarkos la mensogon, ĝi ĉesos kredi al ni en ĉio, kaj tiam nenio haltigos la ribelon.
― Se mi diras, ke Ramzes estas frenezulo, mi devas havi pruvojn ― diris Mefres. ― Kaj nun aŭskultu!
― Diru al mi ― daŭrigis Mefres ― ĉu homo de sana animo kuraĝus, estante kronprinco, publike batali kontraŭ bovo, en ĉeesto de kelke da miloj da Azianoj? Ĉu prudenta princo, Egiptano, vagus nokte al fenicia templo? Ĉu li forpuŝus sen motivo, inter la sklavinojn sian unuan virinon, kio estis kaŭzo de morto ŝia kaj de ŝia infano...
― Ĉion ĉi ― daŭrigis la ĉefpastro ― ni vidis en Pi-Bast: mi kaj Mentezufis estis atestantoj de la drinkulaj festenoj, dum kiuj la kronprinco, jam duone freneza, blasfemis kontraŭ la dioj kaj ofendis la pastrojn...
― Tiel estis ― jesis Mentezufis.
― Kaj kion vi pensas ― diris varmiĝante Mefres ― ĉu homo sana je la spirito, estante ĉefa militestro, forlasus la armeon, por persekuti kelke da libiaj banditoj?... Mi preterpasas multajn malpli gravajn aferojn, ekzemple la projekton donaci al la kamparanoj festojn kaj teron, kaj mi demandas vin: ĉu mi povas ne nomi freneza homon, kiu faris tiom da malsaĝaĵoj, sen motivo, por plezuro!...
― Oni devas konsideri ― intermetis la plej alta juĝisto ― por ne esti maljusta al li...
― La sankta Mefres faras al li grandan favoron ― diris li per kategoria tono ― nomante lin frenezulo. En la kontraŭa okazo ni devus rigardi lin kiel perfidulon...
― Jes, la homo nomata Ramzes XIII, estas perfidulo, ĉar ne li elektas spionojn kaj ŝtelistojn por trovi la vojon al la trezorejoj de Labirinto, ne nur li forpuŝas la traktaton kun Asirio, traktaton ne necesan por Egipto...
― Gravaj kulpigoj! ― diris la juĝisto.
― Sed krom tio, aŭskultu, li interkonsentas kun la malnoblaj Fenicianoj pri fosado de kanalo inter Ruĝa kaj Meza maro! Ĉi tiu kanalo estas la plej granda minaco por Egipto, ĉar nia lando, en momento, povas esti subakvigita! Ne nur la trezoroj de Labirinto sed niaj temploj, domoj, kampoj, ses milionoj da malsaĝaj, sed senkulpaj homoj, fine nia vivo kaj la vivo de niaj infanoj estus en danĝero...
― Se estas tiel!... ― eksopiris la nomarĥo de Horti.
― Mi kaj la nobla Mefres certigas, ke estas tiel, kaj ke ĉi tiu sola homo amasigis en siaj manoj tiajn danĝerojn, kiaj neniam ankoraŭ minacis Egipton... Jen kial ni kunvokis vin, respektindaj viroj, por trovi rimedojn de l' savo... Sed ni devas agi rapide, ĉar la intencoj de ĉi tiu homo galopas antaŭen, kiel vento en la dezerto, kaj faru la dioj, ke ili ne superŝutu nin...
― Kion konsili? ― diris la nomarĥo de Emsuĥ. ― Ni vivas en niaj nomesoj, malproksime de la kortego kaj krom tio ne sole ne konas la intencojn de ĉi tiu frenezulo, sed ni eĉ ne suspektis, ni preskaŭ ne kredas... Tial mi pensas, ke plej bone estas lasi la aferon al vi, noblaj Herhor kaj Mefres. Vi trovis la malsanon, vi serĉos sanigilon kaj aplikos ĝin... Kaj se maltrankviligas vin la grandega respondeco, prenu kiel helpanton la plej altan juĝiston...
― Jes!... Jes!... li diras la veron... ― aprobis la ekscititaj altranguloj.
― Mia vivo kaj honoro estas en viaj manoj ― finis Herhor. ― Se tio, kion mi diris, estas malvera, vi kondamnos min al la morto, kaj mian korpon al la bruligo.
― Mia palaco havas tiom da anguloj, ke oni povas spioni kaj aŭskulti, ke ĉiu mia ago estas observata. Eĉ al mia respektinda patrino ree komencas paroli voĉoj, kiuj jam eksilentis en Memfiso, kiam mi dispelis la pastrojn... Kaj tial ― daŭrigis lia sankteco ― mi povas akcepti neniun ĉe mi, sed mi devas forlasi la palacon kaj en sendanĝera loko interkonsiliĝi kun miaj servistoj...
― Ĉu mi devas sekvi vian sanktecon? ― demandis Tutmozis, vidante, ke la faraono serĉas mantelon.
― Ne. Vi devas resti ĉi tie kaj gardi mian ĉambron, por ke neniu eniru. Enlasu neniun, eĉ mian patrinon, eĉ la ombron de mia eterne vivanta patro... Diru, ke mi dormas kaj volas neniun vidi.
― Estos, kiel vi diris ― respondis Tutmozis, surmetante al li mantelon kun kapuĉo.
― Nubio ― respondis la faraono.
― Libio ― respondis la demandanto kaj subite posteniĝis, kvazaŭ timigita.
― Ah, tio estas Eunana!... Kion vi faras ĉi tie?
― Mi ĉirkaŭiras la ĝardenojn. Mi faras tion kelke da fojoj ĉiunokte ĉar iafoje englitas ŝtelistoj.
― Vi agas prudente. Sed memoru, ke la unua devo de la gvadisto estas silenti... Ŝteliston elpelu, sed se vi renkontus ian altrangan personon, ne haltigu ĝin kaj silentu, ĉiam silentu... Eĉ se... tio estus la ĉefpastro Herhor mem!...
― Ho sinjoro ― ekkriis Eunana ― nur ne ordonu al mi honori nokte Herhoron aŭ Mefreson... Mi ne scias, ĉu ĉe ilia vido la glavo mem ne elsaltus el mia ingo...
― Via glavo estas mia ― respondis li ― kaj nur tiam povas eliĝi el la ingo, kiam mi ordonos.
― Hebron?...
― Tio estas vi?... vi?... Kiel longe mi atendis!...
― Sidiĝu ― diris ŝi, montrante al li tabureton apud sia apogseĝo.
― Sidiĝu! Kaj... Kaj ĵuru, ke vi ripetos al neniu, tion, kion mi diros al vi...
― Per la ombro de mia patro... ― diris li.
― Aŭskultu ― parolis la reĝino mallaŭte ― mi estis por vi preskaŭ patrino... Se do vi perfidus la sekreton, la dioj punus vin... Ne... Ili nur faligus sur vian kapon parton de la malfeliĉegoj, kiuj pendas super nia gento... .
"Ŝi freneziĝis?..." ― pensis li kun teruro.
― Rigardu ĉi tiun fenestron ― daŭrigis ŝi ― ĉi tiun arbon... Ĉu vi scias, kiun mi vidis hodiaŭ nokte sur ĉi tiu arbo, antaŭ la fenestro?...
― Ĉu la sampatra frato de lia sankteco venis Tebojn?...
― Tio ne estis tiu ― murmuretis ŝi plorante. ― Tio estis li mem... mia Ramzes!...
― Sur la arbo?... Hodiaŭ nokte?...
― Jes! La lumo de la torĉo falis rekte sur lian vizaĝon kaj figuron... Li havis tunikon kun blankaj kaj bluaj strioj... frenezan rigardon... li ridis sovaĝe, kiel tiu, malfeliĉa lia frato, kaj diris: "Rigardu, patrino, mi jam scias flugi, kion sciis nek Seti, nek Ramzes Granda, nek Ĥeops... Rigardu, kiel al mi kreskas flugiloj!..." Li etendis al mi la manojn, kaj mi senkonscia de doloro, tuŝis tra la fenestro liajn manojn, lian vizaĝon, kovritan de malvarma ŝvito... Fine li deglitis de la arbo kaj forkuris...
― Tio ne estis Ramzes! ― diris li kategorie. ― Tio estis homo, kiu tre, tre similas lin, malnobla Greko, Likon, kiu mortigis lian filon, kaj hodiaŭ estas en la manoj de l' ĉefpastroj!... Tio ne estis Ramzes!... Tio estas krimo de la malnoblaj Herhor kaj Mefres...
― Ĉu mi ne rekonus mian filon?...
― Likon, oni diras, estas ekstreme simila al li ― diris Tutmozis.
― Tio estas afero de l' pastroj... Malnoblaj!... Morto estas tro malmulte por ili...
― Do la faraono dormis la hodiaŭan nokton en sia ĉambro? ― subite demandis la reĝino.
― Li do ne dormis?
― Li dormis... ― diris la favorato per malcerta voĉo.
― Vi mensogas! Sed diru al mi, ĉu li ne havis tunikon kun blankaj kaj bluaj strioj?...
― Mi ne memoras... ― murmuretis Tutmozis.
― Ree vi mensogas... Kaj ĉi tiu mantelo... diru, ke ĝi ne estas mantelo de mia filo... Mia sklavo trovis ĝin sur la sama arbo...
― Ne, reĝino. Tio ne estas la faraono. Tio estas Likon kaj la krimo de l' pastroj, pri kiu oni devas tuj raporti al lia sankteco...
― Kaj se tio estis Ramzes?... ― ree demandis la reĝino, kvankam en ŝiaj okuloj jam estis videbla brilo de la espero.
― Bone, ke vi rememorigis al mi ĉi tiun Likonon... Mi memoras!... Kaŭze de li Mefres suspektis Ramzeson pri idmortigo, kaj hodiaŭ eble li uzas lin por malhonori la sinjoron... En ĉiu okazo al neniu eĉ unu vorton pri tio, kion mi konfidis al vi... Se Ramzes... se li vere estus ŝarĝita per tia malfeliĉo, eble ĝi estas nur momenta... oni ne povas humiligi lin, disvastigante tiajn novaĵojn, oni eĉ ne povas sciigi al li tion!... Se tio estas krimo de la pastroj, ni devas esti singardaj. Kvankam... la homoj, kiuj uzas tiajn fortojn, ne povas esti fortaj...
― Mi esploros tion ― interrompis Tutmozis ― sed kiam mi konvinkiĝos...
― Nur ne parolu pri tio al Ramzes, mi petegas vin per la ombro de viaj patroj!... ― ekkriis la reĝino, kunmetante la manojn. ― La faraono ne pardonus al ili, transdonus ilin al tribunalo, kaj tiam devus okazi unu el du malfeliĉoj: aŭ oni kondamnus al la morto la plej altajn pastrojn de la ŝtato, aŭ la tribunalo senkulpigus ilin... Kaj tiam?... Kontraŭe, Likonon persekutu kaj mortigu sen kompato, kiel rabobeston, kiel serpenton...
"Se la malnobla Greko vivas ankoraŭ, malgraŭ la malliberejo de l' pastroj ― pensis li ― antaŭ ĉio, anstataŭ grimpi sur arboj kaj sin montri al la reĝino, li preferus forkuri... Mi mem faciligus al li la forkuron kaj superverŝus per rekompencoj, se li konfesus al mi la veron kaj serĉus rifuĝejon kontraŭ ĉi tiuj friponoj... Sed la tuniko, la mantelo?... Kial erarus la patrino?"
― Mi devas ― diris li ― interparoli kun Hiram pri gravaj aferoj, mi do eliras. Restu garde ĉi tie, apud mia dormoĉambro, kaj se iu volus paroli kun mi, ne enlasu lin...
"Eble ― pensis li ― la pastroj venenis lin per hiskiamo, kaj li, sentante, ke proksimiĝas eksplodo de la malsano, forkuras el la domo?... Ah, ni vidos."
― Kio okazis... ― demandis Tutmozis, sentante malvarmon en la koro.
― Ĉefo! ― diris Eunana ― hieraŭ en la ĝardeno mi vidis homon, kiu kuris nuda kaj kriis per nehoma voĉo... Oni alkondukis lin al mi kaj ĉefo... mortigu min!...
― Ĉi tiu nuda homo... ĉi tiu... mi ne povas diri...
― Kiu li estis?... ― demandis la terurita Tutmozis.
― Mi diros nenion plu!... ― ĝemis Eunana. Mi demetis mian mantelon kaj kovris la sanktan nudecon... Mi volis rekonduki lin en la palacon, sed... sed la sinjoro ordonis al mi resti kaj silenti... silenti!...
― Kaj kien li iris?...
― Mi ne scias... ne rigardis kaj ne permesis rigardi al la soldatoj... Li malaperis ie en la ĝardeno... Mi avertis miajn homojn ke... ili nenion vidis... nenion aŭdis... kaj se iu aŭdis aŭ vidis, li tuj estos sufokita...
― Mi ne scias ― diris li malvarme ― mi ne scias kaj mi komprenas nenion de tio, kion vi rakontis al mi. Sed memoru, ke mi foje kuris nuda, kiam mi trinkis tro multe da vino, kaj ke mi avare rekompencis tiujn, kiuj min ne vidis. La kamparanoj, Eunana, kaj la laboristoj ĉiam iras nudaj. La grandaj sinjoroj nur tiam, kiam tio plaĉas al ili. Kaj se mi aŭ iu el la altranguloj ekdezirus stariĝi sur la kapo, saĝa kaj pia oficiro ne devus miri.
― Mi komprenas ― respondis Eunana, fikse rigardante la ĉefon. ― Kaj ne nur mi ripetos tion al miaj soldatoj, sed eĉ tuj, en la hodiaŭa nokto, mi promenos nuda en la ĝardeno, por ke ili sciu, ke la superuloj havas la rajton fari, kion ili volas...
― Glora patro de Hebron, mia respektinda edzino ― komencis Tutmozis ― per via konduto mi vidas, ke vi, divenas, pri kio mi volas paroli?...
― La nomarĥo de Teboj ĉiam devas esti singardema ― respondis Antef. ― Mi supozas ankaŭ, ke la ĉefo de la gvardio de lia sankteco ne povis honori min per sia vizito por malgrava afero.
― Ĉu vi aŭdis la malnoblajn novaĵojn, kiujn la malamikoj de la ŝtato disportas pri nia estro?...
― Se temas pri mia filino Hebron ― rapide respondis la nomarĥo ― mi rememorigas al vi, ke hodiaŭ vi estas ŝia sinjoro kaj ne povas postuli, ke mi...
― Malnoblaj homoj ― diris la bofilo ― disvastigas la famon, ke la faraono estas freneza... Ĉu vi aŭdis pri tio, mia patro?...
― La malsaĝo estas senlima, kiel la oceano, ĝi povas enteni ĉion.
― Tio ne estas malsaĝaĵo, sed krimo de la pastroj, kiuj posedas homon, similan al lia sankteco, kaj uzas lin por malnobiaj agoj.
― Pri tiu Likon, kiu mortigis la infanon de la kronprinco, mi aŭdis ― respondis Antef. ― Sed kie vi havas pruvojn, ke Mefres malliberigis Likonon en Pi-Bast, ke li venigis lin Tebojn kaj ke li ellasas lin en la reĝajn ĝardenojn, por ke li tie ludu la rolon de la ― faraono freneziĝinta?...
― Ĝuste tial mi demandas vian ekscelencon: kion fari?... Mi ja estas la ĉefo de la gvardio kaj mi devas gardi la honoron kaj la personon de nia sinjoro.
― Kion fari... kion fari?... ― ripetis Antef. ― Antaŭ ĉio, zorgi, ke la abomenaj novaĵoj ne atingu la orelojn de l' faraono...
― Ĉar okazus granda malfeliĉo. Se nia sinjoro ekaŭdos, ke Likon en lia nomo ludas la rolon de frenezulo, li terure ekkoleros!... Kompreneble li turnos sin kontraŭ Mefres kaj Herhor... Eble li nur insultos ilin, eble malliberigos, eĉ mortigos... Kion ajn li faros, li faros sen pruvoj, kaj tiam? La hodiaŭa Egipto ne amas plu fari oferojn al la dioj, sed ĝi ankoraŭ stariĝos ĉe la flanko de l' pastroj, kontraŭ kiuj oni maljuste agis... kaj tiam?... Ĉar mi pensas ― aldonis li, proksimiginte la buŝon al la orelo de Tutmozis ― ĉar mi pensas, ke tio estus la fino de la dinastio...
― Kion do fari?...
― Ĉiam la samon! ― ekkriis Antef. ― Trovu Likonon, pruvu, ke Mefres kaj Herhor kaŝis lin kaj ordonis al li ludi la rolon de la faraono freneziĝinta... Tion vi povas fari, se vi volas konservi la favoron de lia sankteco. Pruvojn, kiel eble plej multe da pruvoj!.. Ĉi tie ne estas Asirio, nenion vi povas fari kontraŭ la ĉefpastroj sen la plej alta tribunalo, kaj neniu tribunalo kondamnos ilin sen palpeblaj pruvoj!... Cetere, ĉu vi estas certa, ke oni ne donis al la faraono frenezigan venenon?... Tio ja estus pli simpla, ol sendi nokte homon, kiu konas nek la signalvortojn, nek la palacon kaj ĝardenojn... Mi diras al vi: pri Likon mi aŭdis de konfidinda buŝo, de Hiram. Sed mi ne komprenas, kiel Likon povus fari en Teboj tiajn mirindaĵojn.
― Ah, ah!... ― interrompis Tutmozis. ― Kie estas Hiram?
― Tuj post via edziĝo li forveturis Memfison, kaj antaŭ kelke da tagoj li jam estis en Hiten.
"En la nokto ― pensis li ― kiam al Eunana oni alkondukis tiun nudan homon, la faraono diris, ke li iras al Hiram. Kaj ĉar Hiram ne estis en Teboj, do?... Do lia sankteco jam en tiu horo ne sciis mem, kion li parolas!"
― Ĉu via ekscelenco aŭdis la famojn, kiuj rondiras pri nia sinjoro?...
― La faraono estas juna, povas do rondiri pri li diversaj fabeloj ― respondis Sem, strange rigardante Tutmozison. ― Sed tiaj aferoj ne koncernas min; mi anstataŭas lian sanktecon en la servado al la dioj, mi plenumas tion plej bone, kiel mi povas, kaj la aliaj aferoj ne interesas min.
― Mi scias, ke via ekscelenco estas fidela servisto de la faraono ― daŭrigis Tutmozis ― kaj mi ne havas la intencon min miksi en la pastrajn sekretojn. Sed mi devas turni vian atenton al unu malgranda fakto... Mi eksciis tute certe, ke la sankta Mefres kaŝas Likonon, Grekon, kiun ŝarĝas du krimoj: li estas la mortiginto de la faraona filo kaj li tro similas lian sanktecon... La sankta Mefres ne altiru la malhonoron sur la respektindan pastraron kaj plej baldaŭ transdonu la krimulon al la tribunalo. Ĉar se ni trovos Likonon, mi ĵuras, ke Mefres perdos ne sole la oficon, sed la kapon. En nia ŝtato oni ne povas senpune ŝirmi banditojn kaj kaŝi homojn, similajn al la plej alta estro!...
― Mi penos averti la sanktan Mefreson pri ĉi tiuj suspektoj, malhonoraj por li. Sed ĉu via ekscelenco scias, kio minacas homon, kulpigantan iun pri krimo?
― Mi scias kaj mi akceptas la respondecon. Sed mi estas tiel certa pri tio, kion mi diras, ke mi tute ne zorgas pri la sekvoj de miaj suspektoj. La maltrankvilon mi lasas al la sankta Mefres kaj mi deziras al li, ke mi ne bezonu transpasi de l' avertoj al la agoj.
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# divide data into 10 buckets
import random
def buckets(filename, bucketName, separator, classColumn):
"""the original data is in the file named filename
bucketName is the prefix for all the bucket names
separator is the character that divides the columns
(for ex., a tab or comma and classColumn is the column
that indicates the class"""
# The first file as training file will contain the first line as format
# mpg file format: "class num num num num num comm"
# put the data in 10 buckets
numberOfBuckets = 10
data = {}
# first read in the data and divide by category
with open(filename) as f:
lines = f.readlines()
for line in lines:
if separator != '\t':
line = line.replace(separator, '\t')
# first get the category
category = line.split()[classColumn]
data.setdefault(category, [])
data[category].append(line)
# initialize the buckets
buckets = []
for i in range(numberOfBuckets):
buckets.append([])
# now for each category put the data into the buckets
for k in data.keys():
#randomize order of instances for each class
random.shuffle(data[k])
bNum = 0
# divide into buckets
for item in data[k]:
buckets[bNum].append(item)
bNum = (bNum + 1) % numberOfBuckets
# write to file
for bNum in range(numberOfBuckets):
f = open("%s-%02i" % (bucketName, bNum + 1), 'w')
for item in buckets[bNum]:
f.write(item)
f.close()
# example of how to use this code
# buckets("pimaSmall.txt", 'pimaSmall',',',8)
# currentdir = '../data/ch5/pimaSmall/pimaSmall'
# buckets(currentdir + '/'+ 'pimaSmall.txt', currentdir + '/'+ 'pimaSmall',',',8)
currentdir = '../data/ch5/mpgData/mpgData'
buckets(currentdir + '/'+ 'mpgData.txt', currentdir + '/'+ 'mpgData','\t',0)
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View Full Version : [Sessions][IE 5] Auth wrong or something else?
08-31-2007, 08:51 PM
Hi all,
I'm working on a web application and I'm almost done for the first version.
I check several browser to see how the application is showing it's html css.
But when I use Internet Explorer 5 I can't login and I don't know why.
Some explanation:
The code if you entered a valid username with password:
if( isset( $_SESSION['login']) || $_SESSION['login'] )
header("Location: index.php?page=home");
if( $correctLogin )
$_SESSION['account_id'] = mysql_result($getUsr, 0, 0); //account id opslaan
$_SESSION['real_name'] = mysql_result($getUsr, 0, 3); //user opslaan vanuit het formulier in de sessie
$_SESSION['login'] = true; //als login klopt sessie login aanmaken
$setIsLoggedIn = "
is_logged_in = '1'
WHERE account_id='" . $_SESSION['account_id'] . "'";
mysql_unbuffered_query( $setIsLoggedIn ) or die( mysql_error() );
In every page of the application there's checking a PHP file if your are logged in, if so than you may view the requested page else go to login.php
if ( !isset($_SESSION['login']) || !$_SESSION['login'] )
header("Location: login.php");
Allright, if I change header("Location: index.php?page=home"); into http://website.com then the header works fine, with index.php?page=home it redirects to login again.
So I think the //auth code isn't working well, this is only with IE5. With FF,IE6+,Opera7+ etc etc it is working well.
Can anybody tell me why IE5 doesn't login to my application?
Thanks in advance.
08-31-2007, 09:57 PM
My first question would be: Why?
I'm all for supporting different browsers. But a browser without any reasonable marketshare?
(I'm not trying to flame, just curious)
So I think the //auth code isn't working well
I think if all major browsers handle it properly, and an older browser does not, I think you're dealing with a bug.
It might not be able to deal with relative forwards as well.
Are you sure it's doing what you think it is doing? Usually when something is acting completely illogical, I like to go back and be 100% sure that what I think is happening, is in fact what is happening.
Using Fiddler, and logging statements (so you can see in a seperate file where the code goes) evaluate what is happening.
It's possible that IE5 doesn't handle the session cookie properly with the location forward call, resulting in it thinking that it is a new session (echo out the session ID into a debug file).
EDIT: Looks like I found a fellow Dutchian ;)
08-31-2007, 10:07 PM
Hehe, I knew that somebody will asked that.
Why I'm supporting IE5, I don't now actually.
I'm obsessed that my code is working in many browsers, I don't know I like that. (It's hard to express thit in English for me...but ok).
I thought also it is bug, but I'm not sure, so I posted a tread . ;)
Yes, I'm sure it's doing what I'm thinking it is doing for 99%.:rolleyes:
I do that PHPSESSIONID debug thing tomorrow(now I'm getting a beer at the bar).;)
09-02-2007, 03:34 PM
I couldn't test it so far because my IE5 crashes all the time...
I don't know why, anybody any idea to to solve my problem?
09-02-2007, 03:52 PM
This is not really a bug, but following a standard. From the header() section of the php manual -
Note: HTTP/1.1 requires an absolute URI as argument to Location: including the scheme, hostname and absolute path, but some clients accept relative URIs. You can usually use $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'], $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] and dirname() to make an absolute URI from a relative one yourself:
/* Redirect to a different page in the current directory that was requested */
$host = $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'];
$uri = rtrim(dirname($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']), '/\\');
$extra = 'mypage.php';
header("Location: http://$host$uri/$extra");
?> Only some browsers/versions support relative addresses in a header() redirect.
EZ Archive Ads Plugin for vBulletin Copyright 2006 Computer Help Forum
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The Art Nouveau movement (1890-1914) coincided with a period of the most extraordinary population explosion in history.
Flowers were used as intricate and exquisite motifs to adorn all available surfaces: wallpaper, jewelry, clothing. Flowers in art were a way for artists to celebrate the beauty and wonder of nature.
Here are some of the most influential works from that time, which prompted the use of flowers as motifs in the art after that:
“Willendorf Goddess.” (c. 24,000 BCE)
This paleolithic statue near Willendorf, Austria, is over twenty-five thousand years old. She is considered to be the oldest depiction of the female body. Her exaggerated breasts and hips, combined with a noticeable lack of feet or facial features, lead many scholars to believe she was used as a fertility figure.
This ancient artifact shows that flowers have long inspired art, whether it was a conscious decision or not. Flowers for art are only a recent development in a long tradition.
“La Vierge aux Rochers.” (c. 1310-1375)
La Vierge aux Rochers is a painting of the Madonna and Child by French artist Enguerrand Quarton, painted c. 1350. Mary kneels on the grass with an arrangement of red carnations behind her; she appears to be caressing the stem of one.
Her long dress also features intricate floral designs at the hems, adding to the overall beauty of this oil on panel painting. Floral arrangements of this age are different from those you can find today from The Bouqs Co.
The iconic artwork from the Middle Ages features gothic-style red carnations that have been bisected at the waist.
Yayoi Kusama Bedroom Painting. (1991)
Though this painting is not from the Art Nouveau period, it does feature a flower in its center: a red acorn blossom that Yayoi Kusama painted directly on the ceiling of her bedroom in Tokyo during 1991.
To create kaleidoscope impressions, she frequently paints polka dots and flowers on flat surfaces. Kusama has admitted that she has never even seen an acorn in real life, but that did not stop her from painting them down on herself every day when she was a child.
“The Birth of Venus.” (c. 1486-1487)
This painting is one of the most famous paintings by Italian Renaissance artist Sand to Botticelli. The iconic scene features Venus, the goddess of love; she is wrapped in her famous orange scarf and emerging from the water with pink flowers strewn behind her.
This painting helped rekindle interest in flowers used as motifs for art, starting with French artist Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.
“A Bouquet of Sunflowers.” (1888)
This painting by Vincent Van Gogh depicts a vase filled with sunflowers, a flower representing happiness and abundance. He completed it in only two weeks during 1888 when Van Gogh was living with his brother in Paris. This painting is the first one to feature sunflowers prominently.
“La Danse.” (1899)
Henri Matisse’s “La Danse” featured a large tree directly through its center, surrounded by women wearing tunics and flowers in their hair. This painting is a prime example of the Art Nouveau movement’s significant themes: femininity, nature, and sexuality.
“The Dance.” (1909)
Edgar Degas’ “La Danse” featured similar inspiration from The Nabis artists’ love for flowing lines and flat surfaces. In this painting, he goes a step further and creates an almost mirror-like effect on both the floor and the wall. The Dance here refers to an impromptu dance in a flower garden.
Though flowers have always inspired artists in paintings and sculptures, they did not become a motif for art until the late 1800s. The bouquets of flowers in pictures helped inspire sculptures and other works of art for years after artists painted them.
Artists found new ways to paint flowers on flat surfaces instead of using them as two-dimensional objects. The Nabis artists inspired many generations of artists to use flowers as inspiration for their works. Still, the most influential work was The Birth of Venus, painted by Sandro Botticelli c. 1486-1487.
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Friday, October 9, 2015
With Love...
"I believe that imagination is stronger
than knowledge. That myth is more
potent than history. That dreams are
more powerful than facts. that hope
always triumphs over experience. That
laughter is the only cure for grief. And
I believe that love is stronger than death."
~Robert Fulghum
At a vintage sale I went to recently I was sifting through a pile of antique postcards when I came across a beautiful old Valentine. It was in pristine condition as if it had been carefully tucked away somewhere for years as a treasured keepsake. It was only a couple dollars and I found I couldn't walk away from it, so it came home with me. I know some people ask sometimes what is the appeal of something that is old? Why would you fill your home with things that are used instead of fresh and new? Memory is a powerful thing. It moves and inspires us. I worked in an antique store for years and I heard the phrases "My children don't want my heirlooms" and "We don't know what to do with our estate. No one in our family wants our things" many, many times. Everyone's taste is different, and that is good, but I think there is something to be said for placing value on the past. I love old things because they are unique, because they have a character and charisma that is often absent in what can be found in stores today. I also like to believe that I have rescued something that was once precious to someone and that I am preserving, if only in the smallest of ways, a fragment of their days.
You can find some of these treasures in my Etsy Shop! Be sure to have a look!
1. Jenn: Wow, what a powerfully written introduction to this post. Your words struck a nerve and brought tears to my eyes. Reminded me of the times I should have treasured more often "mere things" from loved ones in my past. It's the memories that they symbolize that I miss. If only . . . Nowadays I cherish everything old that has a story to tell. And there are so many stories!
The greeting card you just couldn't leave behind. Yes, it's beautiful, but it's the thought that counts. Someone put a lot of thought, love and feeling in selecting that particular card. I hope the recipient appreciated it.
Thank you. Wonderful and thoughtful post. I keep reading your words over and over. Definitely one of your best. Photos excellent as always.
1. You are such a sweetheart Christine! Thankyou very much for your beautiful comment. I just love hearing from you! You and I are definitely kindred spirits. :) I hope that you are having a lovely week!
Jennelise xo
2. I love old things, too, and could sometimes weep to think that some beautiful object had no meaning to family members-so they disposed of it. So sad. Glad you re-love those things--as do I. xo Diana
1. Thankyou for your comment Diana! I know what you mean - I don't know how people part with treasures like that. But then again I tend to part with a lot of things for my shop! Sometimes I look back at everything I have sold and wonder to myself, "What on earth were you thinking!?" :)
Jennelise xo
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Selective Harmonic Suppression for Finite-Control-Set Model Predictive Control
For finite-control-set model predictive control with long horizons, a method is proposed that allows targeted harmonics in the current spectrum to be suppressed. The method involves adding band-pass filters at target frequencies, which are then included in the state-space representation of the prediction model. The underlying optimization problem can be efficiently solved with sphere decoding, allowing the use of long horizons to improve the system performance. A case study with a grid-connected converter is presented and simulations are provided that demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
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2017, 88 pages, 22X24cm, 63 colour photographs
projection (noun): 1. an image or representation of an object formed on a surface from elsewhere; the action of forming such an image; the process of projecting an image on a film, slide, etc., on to a screen for viewing. 2. the drawing, especially on mathematical principles, of a map or plan of a surface, or of a two-dimensional diagram of a three-dimensional object; the representation of a spherical surface on a plane surface. 3. (geometry) the drawing of straight lines or rays (especially from a fixed point) through every point of a given figure, usually so as to intersect a surface and describe on it a new figure each point of which corresponds to a point of the original; also, the resulting figure. Μore generally: a representation of a figure on a surface according to a particular system of correspondence between its points and the points of the surface; an analogous operation performed in a space of different dimension. 4. (mathematics) a homomorphism that maps a vector space, etc., into a part of itself such that each element of the part is unchanged by the mapping. 5. the action of placing a thing or part so that it sticks or stands out, or projects beyond the general line or surface; the fact or condition of being so placed as to project; jutting out, extension. An object which projects or extends beyond the adjacent surface; a projecting part or thing. 6. the action of forecasting or estimating future events, based on current trends or data; an instance of this; a prediction, a forecast. 7. (theatre) the action of conveying a particular image or impression to others; the ability to impress one’s presence on others, or to communicate one’s character or personality; depiction, representation of (oneself or one’s attributes). 8. (psychology) the process of causing thoughts, ideas, or emotions to exist, or appear to exist, in the external world; an instance of this, a mental image visualized or regarded as a reality. 9. (psychology) the unconscious transfer of one’s desires or emotions to another person or some external object. 10. (psychology) spatial localization of a sensory impression.
“Absence: the shell of presence”
(…) you are exposed to the irremediable light of a stale and completely forsaken material. This irremediability constitutes the monogram that Akis Detsis’ photographs trace on things.
Irremediability means that these things are destined to their being-as-they-are without any compensation, or more accurately to their only being-as-they-are (…).
This implies that necessity and potentiality, those two cruxes of western thinking, disappear in this post-crisis world of Detsis. His world is now and forever necessarily potential and potentially necessary. Between the “not-being-able-of-not-being” dictated by the demand of necessity and the “being-able-of-being” that dictates the oscillating potentiality, all natural elements as well as all human creations presented here seem to be enjoying an unimpeachable fall, while something like a cosmic halo is hovering above them. (…)
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WRITING AN INFORMAL LETTER
TO A FRIEND
(1º ESO- SECCIÓN BILINGÜE)
CHOOSE ONE of these uncommon objects.
Then, write a letter to a friend telling them how you found it and what you did with it later.
Answer these questions:
1. WHERE did you find it?
2. WHERE were you?
3. WHO were you with?
4. WHY was it unusual?
5. WHAT did you do with the object?
6. WHAT happened in the end?
BEFORE YOU WRITE YOUR FINAL VERSION, CHECK THIS:
- Does the letter answer all the questions?
- Has it got all the necessary information?
- Is it easy to understand?
- Is it well organised?
- Is the grammar correct?
- Have you used different words?
- Have you used punctuation and capital letters?
...AND THESE ARE SOME OF THE STORIES MY STUDENTS OF 1º ESO B PRODUCED!!
VERY IMAGINATIVE I MUST SAY!!!
WOW! THEY REALLY SURPRISED ME WITH
THE UNEXPECTED TURNS OF THEIR STORIES!
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Mandrake refers to any plant from the Mandragora plant genus. Mandrakes often have a substance in them called bifurcation, and this substance is known to give this plant a humanlike figure. These plants are often used in rituals.
Many cultures have a different take on these plants. For example, many Hebrews considered this plant's fruits to be a symbol of love. The fruits of this plant were believed to be a cure for infertility, and they were highly valued by women because of this common-held belief. Mandrakes are also constantly mentioned in the Old Testament, particularly in Song of Songs.
However, in many other cultures, there is believed to be a darker side to these plants. It is commonly believed that if one were to pluck a mandrake out of the ground with its roots still intact, then that mandrake would make a horrid yell. Anyone within earshot of the yell would immediately drop dead.
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Dental Resources: Ethics
One of the greatest issues facing dental education today is the ethical and professional behavior of its students. In recent years, the news media has been inundated with stories of cheating scandals and impropriety within dental schools. Institutions and organizations within the profession have made significant attempts to put an end to the cheating, yet despite the valiant and commendable efforts on the part of these bodies, widespread misconduct still remains. Ethics is the foundation upon which the profession of dentistry is based, and due to the integrity of the profession, certain privileges and rights are afforded to us as professionals. Those privileges and rights can be taken away if we do not maintain proper stewardship over those that we care for.
ASDA White Paper on Ethics and Professionalism in Dental Education
In order to properly define and summarize the issue of ethics in the dental profession, ASDA created a White Paper on Ethics and Professionalism in Dental Education. The purpose of the white paper is to provide an overview of the state of ethics in dental education today, as well as offer solutions on how our profession can rectify this dilemma. This publication was sent to our constituent organizations, including the ADA, state and specialty societies, student dental groups, as well as to each dental school dean. Our goal is that this paper be used as a tool to better the ethical climate in dental education and the profession.
Student Professionalism and Ethics Association (SPEA)
The Student Professionalism and Ethics Association in Dentistry is a national, student driven association that was established to promote and support students’ lifelong commitment to ethical behavior in order to benefit the patients they serve and to further the dental profession.
The objectives of the Association are:
Act as a support system for students in strengthening their personal and professional ethics values by:
Providing a resource for ethics education and development.
Fostering a non-punitive, open-forum environment for ethics communication
Promoting awareness of ethics standards and related issues within dentistry
Collaborating with leadership of the dental profession to effectively advocate for our members
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Given the question: Title: Black Drawing Salve in a Jar! Review: Many are used to getting the "tried and true" Black Drawing Salve, Ichthammol in a tube. My earliest memories are of the Druggist scooping it into a a small round tin and labelling it. With Ichthammol being more difficult to find at local Drug Stores, I'm glad to get this "industrial size". It seems to last forever and is a medicine cabinet staple.A glob on a band-aid strategically placed on bug bites, boils or splinters, softens the boo-boo and brings the splinter, stinger or pus to the surface usually within 24 hours. Just be aware the oily, tarry salve WILL STAIN clothes, bedding etc. and NEEDS to be covered.Through the years we've used this on both humans and animals, it works well. My Dad, a carpenter, seemed to always have a deep splinter, us kids with boils, pets with ailments kept my parents doctoring us. You didn't go to the REAL doctor until their treatments failed...I lived to tell about it and treat my kid too !!! Is the review positive or negative?
The answer is:
Positive
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From subreddit AvoidantAttachment
How to express my needs without making my DA partner feel "not enough"? Every time we speak on the phone lately, as we don't live together, he is distracted, bored, yawns, says he has nothing to say, doesn't respond. Because we both work we don't have many chances to catch up besides seeing each other on the weekend.
Talking like this is a way to connect when we aren't together, to me. But when I told him, he instantly felt I was criticizing him. I was, in a sense-- connecting a day a week when we meet in person is not enough to me after four years of relationship. We are both busy and tired... but I can't pretend I expect nothing (the bar is already low). I can't deny to him that the behaviour is not enough... but he feels attacked. What to do?
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Understanding of and memory for a complex auditory event: an experimental case study to resolve an evidentiary issue in a trial
Abstract While many studies have focused on eyewitness’ perception and memory, few studies on earwitness’ ability to understand and remember complex sound events have been conducted. The present study included 73 participants and explored whether it is possible for children and adults to understand and later recall a complex sound event. The aim was to resolve an evidentiary issue in a trial concerning a 7-year-old child’s earwitness testimony and whether is it possible to understand a complex sound environment based solely on aural perception. The participants listened to a recording that replicated the aurally perceived situation described by the child witness in his testimony. The results showed, that adults and children could identify only a few, familiar sounds of the 16 sounds presented in free recall. They recognized the correct sounds poorly (51.9% vs. chance level of 50%): significantly better than chance only if the retention interval was immediate and the sounds could be heard clearly (57.5%). The results suggest that the participants were not able to understand what was transpiring and, thus, could not later recall the sound events. The findings highlight that understanding this kind of a complex sound event is a difficult task and that the experimental role of a witness psychologist is valuable for resolving evidentiary issues for the court. The implications for the case and the limitations of the study were discussed.
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Globalization has forever changed the world of business and academia. Every year, thousands of conferences are held, and many of these conferences have a truly global audience, with attendees and speakers from a wide variety of cultural and linguistic backgrounds.
Conveying your message to a multi-lingual audience requires skill and planning.
How Globalization Spurs the Need for New Language Competencies
The article "The Impact of Globalization on Communication Skills Development" observes: "Communication skills development has always been an important factor of success in business, but the influence of globalization and cross-cultural interaction in recent decades has impacted the types of communication skills needed in dramatic ways. No longer can entrepreneurs afford to simply communicate well within their own homogeneous cultures. Today, people need to understand the dynamics of long-distance collaboration, the impact of culture on manners of speaking and body language, and how to use technology to communicate with people on the other side of the globe."
As businesses and universities engage with an ever-widening range of cultures and languages, it is increasingly clear that language interpretation is a service in high demand. Businesses and Universities wishing to adequately reach their entire global audience must accommodate cultural and linguistic differences in order to be effective and successful.
The Role of Simultaneous Translation in Conferences
Perhaps nowhere is the need for a way to remove language barriers more apparent than in the realm of conferences and presentations which are open to an international audience. It is in this context that simultaneous interpretation often comes into play.
In the past, businesses and universities holding conferences with a multi-lingual audience often used consecutive interpretation, a process in which a speaker would say a few words in his or her native language and then pause for an interpreter to interpret those words into another language spoken by some of the conference attendees.
Consecutive interpretation, though, is limited in certain respects. First, it takes additional time, thus lengthening the conference to the detriment of all participants. Second, it is distracting for attendees and speakers, breaking the natural flow of speech.
As the need for interpretation has increased, it has become more of a standard practice for businesses or universities holding conferences for multi-lingual delegates to use simultaneous interpretation to overcome these obstacles. The article "Simultaneous Interpreting: Some Frequently Asked Questions!" notes: "Simultaneous interpretation has now become the most widely used method, in every type of meeting from business conventions to summit conferences, and can even be done via remote communications links. It is much less time-consuming and enables a multilingual conference, with participants speaking a number of languages, to proceed without interruption."
Conferences requiring the services of simultaneous interpreters fall into two broad categories: large-scale conferences hosted by businesses with an international presence in which delegates may come from a variety of countries, and smaller-scale local or community conferences held in the U.S. with a target audience that includes some non-English speakers.
Considerations When Planning Conferences
If you are planning a conference for which simultaneous interpreting is needed, there are some key factors that will help you lay a good groundwork for your event. Here are a few things to consider:
• Is your target audience largely an international group, or is it a relatively small group of delegates who have limited English proficiency?
• How large is your anticipated audience?
• Where will your conference be held?
• How many different languages will be spoken by your delegates?
• Will your entire conference be held in one location or one session, or will there be break-out sessions which might necessitate portable interpreting equipment?
• What is the budget for the language services you will require?
Equipment and Budgetary Considerations: Size Matters
The equipment that will be used for your conference will be largely determined by the venue in which the event will be held, the budget you have for the project, and the nature and size of your audience.
Equipment choice for interpretation depends on a variety of factors.
For smaller events or events in which delegates will be asked to move from one place to another for breakout sessions, portable equipment is useful. Working largely like walkie-talkies with headphones, this portable equipment is a cost-effective option for small events where only one extra language is spoken.
For slightly larger events where one additional language is spoken, simultaneous interpreters will likely use a table-top, partially enclosed interpreter's booth.
For large events where many languages will be interpreted, it is best to use glass-enclosed, sound-proof booths, where a hard-wired feed will go directly from the speaker's stand to an interpreter's headset. This option is more expensive than other options but provides the best atmosphere for interpreters and delegates to benefit from the presentations at the conference.
Tips for Getting the Most from Simultaneous Interpreters
There are a number of things you can do to ensure that your delegates get the full benefit that simultaneous interpreters can provide. Jason Selden, director of Client Services at Dynamic Language, makes the following suggestions:
• If possible, provide your language service provider with an itinerary for the conference well ahead of schedule.
• Provide a list of topics to be covered, participants, and bios for guests and speakers to your language service provider.
• Provide a glossary of terms related to the conference subject matter, allowing enough time for the interpreter to become familiar with such terms well ahead of the event.
Tips for Speakers at Conferences Involving Simultaneous Interpretation
Public speaking often presents a challenge. For those who are tasked with speaking to an international audience or an audience who will be listening with the aid of a simultaneous interpreter, that challenge becomes a little more pronounced.
Speaking at an international conference requires minor adjustments in your normal speaking pattern.
LinkedIn's "How to Speak in Public through Interpretation" gives this advice:
• Research your audience and your venue.
• Avoid industry or professional jargon and acronyms which may not be familiar to your audience.
• Speak slightly slower than usual, and watch for cues from your audience to determine their level of comprehension.
• Give your audience time to get their headphones and interpretation channels working well before you begin your presentation.
• If you will be answering questions from the audience, do not rely on your own understanding of the language. Wait to hear the official interpretation from the professional interpreter before answering.
• Avoid slang, abbreviations, and jokes which may not have the desired effect with a diverse cultural group.
The Bottom Line
Businesses and universities working on a global scale have need of language service providers to accurately convey their message to a multilingual, multicultural audience. Working with professional language service providers, you can plan and execute a good strategy for getting your point across in conferences and presentations through the use of simultaneous interpreters.
To get more information about how to get the most from conference interpreting, download our Ebook: A Guide On Conference Interpreting For Event Planners today.
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Question: Can you give me a short story description for this dialog?
Bill: Hey, how are you doing today?
Clerk: I'm doing well, thank you. How about yourself?
Bill: I'm good, thanks. Just doing some shopping by myself for the first time and feeling a bit nervous.
Clerk: That's understandable. It can be overwhelming at first, but you'll get the hang of it. Do you need any help finding anything?
Bill: No, I think I've got it covered. Thanks though.
Clerk: No problem. Let me know if you need anything else.
Answer: Sure, a short story description for this dialog could be:
Bill goes on a solo mission to the grocery store. He feels nervous because he's never been there by himself before.
Question: And a title?
Answer: Sure, a title for this dialog could be:
Bill goes on a solo mission. Now Bill feels nervous.
Question: What would be one theme of this story?
Answer: One theme of this story could be: "being nervous"
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Global Rocket 1
Global Rocket 1 (GR-1) adalah Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) dari rudal balistik antarbenua (ICBM) yang dikembangkan tetapi tidak digunakan oleh Uni Soviet selama Perang Dingin.
Sistem ini juga diberi nama NATO SS-X-10 Scrag, dan membawa sebutan industri Soviet 8K713.
Referensi
Peluru kendali balistik
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<reponame>tanscy-cassie/engineering-education
---
title: <NAME>
type: authors
linkedin: https://linkedin.com/in/louise-findlay23
website: https://spyrath.dev
images:
- url: /engineering-education/authors/louise-findlay/avatar.jpeg
---
<NAME> is a web developer and founder of Spyrath Dev. An RGU graduate, she's worked on many web projects from the custom designed WordPress sites she specialises in to fully-fledged custom developed Node.js web apps. Always keen to continue learning, she's participated in the MLH Pre-Fellowship and WorldSkills Advanced Web Design Heat.
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Pottery is one of the most common categories of finds in archaeological research. Both the methods of production and basic shapes change through time. For this reason it is often possible to assign pottery finds to a specific period or culture making this sort of analysis important for the dating of sites, certainly when other methods are not available. Next to this it can offer insight into the society that produced it, for example study of the composition of a pottery complex (what forms are there and what does this tell us about their functions?) or regarding the specific context (what sorts of pottery for what purposes?). Even societal relationships may be construed to a certain extent. Pottery is, therefore, not just the tangible remains of of a culture but also the legacy of the potter him/herself.
Archol has a lot of experience of analysis of pottery from the prehistoric, Roman, middle ages and 'modern' periods in regular collaboration with the specialists of Leiden university. Detailed technological and typo-morphological research is carried out by the Laboratory for Pottery studies. Our specialists are also available to external parties. Contact us for a tender.
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<reponame>svrooij/personal-website
---
id: 326
title: Smart energy meter
date: 2020-04-10T11:33:12+01:00
guid: http://svrooij.nl/?p=326
old_permalink: /2020/04/smart-energy-meter/
spay_email:
- ""
twitter_image: /assets/images/2020/04/smartmeter_dashboard.png
categories:
- Home automation
tags:
- home automation
- P1
- slimme meter
- smartmeter
---
A lot of people in the Netherlands have a smartenergy meter. They send the total usage to the power network provider on a regular interval. But is also has a port that can be used to monitor the usage yourself, and this can be really interesting.
<!--more-->
## Hardware needed
* A P1 cable to read the data, I'm using [this one](https://www.sossolutions.nl/slimme-meter-kabel?referal=svrooij).
* A Raspberry Pi (or similar) device
* SD card with some OS for your pi
## Software
You can use whatever software you want to read the data from the meter. The cable above just creates a serial device (over USB). So you should be able to read in from the console.
I'm however using [Smartmeter2mqtt](https://github.com/svrooij/smartmeter2mqtt) (build myself). It gives you a nice dashboard for checking the actual status and provides a lot of other outputs, like a tcp socket (with parsed or unparsed data), a json endpoint on the webserver and allows you to http post the data to some other system for futher save keeping. It also has a mqtt output that will post the data to your MQTT server.
## Dashboard
The dashboard used websockets to automatically update the data the moment it arrives. The image will change depending on if you're send electricity to the grid or using electricity from the grid.
The switch will change depending on the current tarrif. Switched automatically by the grid provider.
## Notifications
Currently I'm just using the dashboard to check the current usage. This allows me to see wether the fryer has finished heating up. I'm planning to make notifications based on changes in current usages. For instance if I turn on the fryer, the usage goes up with 1786 Watt, it is done heating if it goes down by that amount.
Anyone got any ideas on what you could build with that knowlage?
I was thinking about notifications when the washmachine is finished washing, or something like that.
Or maybe notify us we left some device on when we are leaving the house (like curling-iron, fryer or something like that).
## Solar panels, turn on devices
I'm even planning on turning on devices if we produce a lot of energy. In the screenshot you can see we are currently delivering 1081 watt to the grid. So we could also instruct the washing machine to start laundry right now, but that would require a connect washing machine. So future plans.
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Ibliso
Ibliso () estas en islamo nomo de malica spirito, diablo, Satano.
Korano pli ofte uzas la pli ĝeneralan nocion شيطان [ŝajtan] (Satano).
Islamo
Demonoj
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input: Please answer the following: Read the bio below and try to give details on chris carter -lrb- actor -rrb- 's: - caption - birth name - birth date - name - birth place Bio: chris carter is a canadian actor and screenwriter .
++++++++++
output: - caption is promotional to the rescue ! . still of chris carter in chris & john- birth name is chris carter- birth date is 10 march 1985- name is chris carter- birth place is ontario , canada
input: Please answer the following: Read the bio below and try to give details on christy byrne 's: - sport - county - icposition - clyears - province - icyears - fullnsme - code - icprovince - birth date - name - counties - club - birth place - irish Bio: christy byrne -lrb- born 1971 in county kildare , ireland -rrb- is a former irish sportsperson . he played gaelic football with his local club castlemitchell and was a member of the kildare senior inter-county team from 1994 to 2003 .
++++++++++
output: - sport is gaelic football- county is kildare- icposition is goalkeeper- clyears is ? -- province is leinster- icyears is 1994 -- 2003- fullnsme is christopher byrne- code is football- icprovince is 2- birth date is 1971- name is christy byrne- counties is kildare- club is castlemitchell- birth place is county kildare , ireland- irish is criostóir Ó broin
input: Please answer the following: Read the bio below and try to give details on john cortes 's: - imagesize - website - caption - party - spouse - office - occupation - children - term start - name - nationality - image - birth place - alma mater Bio: `` this article is about the gibraltarian politician . for the american politician of the same name , see john cortes -lrb- florida politician -rrb- . '' the hon. dr. john emmanuel cortes , mbe , is an ecologist , zoologist , justice of the peace and gibraltarian mp , member of the gibraltar socialist labour party . he is married and has two children .
++++++++++
output: - imagesize is 200px- website is -lsb- website -rsb- http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/office-of-the-chief-minister/minister-portfolios/2079-minister-for-health-and-environment-the-hon-dr-john-cortes john cortes at the government of gibraltar- caption is dr. . john cortes , minister for health in gibraltar- party is gibraltar socialist labour party -lrb- gslp -rrb-- spouse is valerie- office is government minister- occupation is zoologist politician- children is zoe and mark- term start is 2011- name is john emmanuel cortes- nationality is british -lrb- gibraltarian -rrb-- image is dr john cortes.jpg- birth place is gibraltar- alma mater is university of oxford
input: Please answer the following: Read the bio below and try to give details on the boils 's: - instrument - years active - origin - labels - genre - name - image size - background - current members - associated acts Bio: the boils were an american oi ! / punk rock band from philadelphia , pennsylvania , officially formed in 1996 . their most popular song `` the orange and the black '' is used at every philadelphia flyers hockey after every flyers win as of april 13 , 2006 . it has become an anthem for philadelphia flyers fans . they have also played on the warped tour and toured the country with similar bands oxymoron and the casualties . the boils debuted their first self-titled cd-ep in 1998 on creep records before cyclone records released the full-length version - also self-titled - a year later .
++++++++++
output:
- instrument is vocals , bass , guitar , drums- years active is 1994 -- 2009- origin is philadelphia , pennsylvania chester , pennsylvania- labels is schukyill switchblade records , tko records , creep records ,- genre is street punk oi ! punk rock- name is the boils- image size is 500- background is group_or_band- current members is greg john brennan , oscar capps , mike bardzik , shawn boil fate - guitar west coast '09 , eric endrikat , christof endrikat ,- associated acts is violent 3rd year freshmen , dropkick murphys society -lrb- band -rrb- , plow united ,
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Brussels, 09 Mar 2005
Europe, perhaps more than other region in the world, has a heritage of manuscripts and archive documents that are steadily deteriorating or are in less than optimum condition due to fire, water damage, stains or poor restoration work.
The physical deterioration of these documents is a major loss to European cultural heritage. In 2003, the European Commission therefore decided to fund a two year innovative project aimed at developing a user-friendly and cost-effective tool for the digitalisation, virtual restoration and archiving of ancient, degraded texts and manuscripts.
The IsyReaDeT project, funded under the CRAFT scheme of the Fifth Framework Programme (FP5), has now achieved this goal and developed a successful modular prototype based on a multispectral camera and image processing algorithms.
In an interview with CORDIS News, Elena Console and Rossella Tassone from TEASAS in Italy, who have been coordinating the project, explained how this novel system works.
'Multispectral imaging, by using a selection of spectral bands such as ultraviolet and infrared rays, makes it possible for the user to obtain the images of damaged documents and see what is invisible to the naked eye,' explained Dr Console.
'Infrared rays enable us to see hidden characters or even characters that have disappeared over time. Ultraviolet rays enable us to see what caused the degradation of the text without having to touch the document and without a chemical test that would further damage and even destroy the document,' added Dr Console.
Once the multispectral camera has revealed the hidden features in the damaged document, the digital image can then be enhanced with various image-processing techniques to erase stains and increase the readability of the text.
As Dr Console and Ms Tassone explained, the IsyReaDeT prototype was tested on a document provided by the Walters Art Museum of Baltimore in the US. This document, the Archimedes Palimpsest, is an ancient manuscript of several treatises by the great philosopher and mathematician, which had been re-used and over-written with a Byzantine prayer in the 12th century.
Thanks to the IsyReaDeT system, it was possible to recover what had been written under the prayer and recuperate the Archimedes texts.
'We are extremely happy with the results of the project,' Dr Console told CORDIS News. 'We have achieved a modular system which is small in size, small in price and simple to use even for people with no expertise in mathematics.'
'Furthermore,' added Dr Console, 'the system can be used preventively and is not restricted to damaged documents. It enables the virtual reproduction and diffusion through the Internet, as well as on multimedia CD-ROMs, of books and documents. Our aim is to disseminate culture in order to reach more people.'
The fact that the system is modular also means that a user interested only in multispectral acquisition or only in image enhancement can use the modules separately.
'The prototype still needs some fine-tuning of course as it can always be improved. We are now looking for other sources of financing to turn this prototype into a marketable product,' concluded Dr Console.
For further information on IsyReaDeT, please visit:
Item source: http:///dbs.cordis.lu/cgi-bin/srchidadb?C ALLER=NHP_EN_NEWS&ACTION=D&SESSION=&RCN= EN_RCN_ID:23487 Previous Item Back to Titles Print Item
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Statement:
In 2020, it was reported that Universal Pictures is working on a remake of the film set in the present day, and being written by Matt Orton.
Source:
Universal Pictures is remaking “The Night of the Hunter,” a 1955 film adaptation based on the novel by Davis Grubb.
Matt Orton (“Operation Finale”) is penning the script. Though little is known about the new project, it is expected to be a contemporary version of the original thriller, rather than a period piece.
“The Night of the Hunter” follows a religious fanatic, con man and murderer who marries a widow, knowing that her deceased husband had hid $10,000 from authorities following a bank robbery. The widow’s young children are reluctant to tell him where their real dad hid the money as the man plots more sinister ways to find where to find the cash. The 1955 version, starring Robert Mitchum, was considered controversial at the time, given dark themes including Mitchum’s character preying on young children.
Peter Gethers will produce alongside Amy Pascal, who will produce through her Universal-based Pascal Pictures. Universal’s senior VP of production Jay Polidoro will oversee the project on behalf of the studio.
Though productions across town have been shutdown indefinitely, studios are still working on adding projects to their development slates, especially when it comes to setting writers and directors to developing IP.
Orton previously wrote 2018’s “Operation Finale,” a historical drama starring Oscar Isaac and Sir Ben Kingsley. Since then, Orton has written “Battle of Britain” and is currently working on “Knights,” a live action family film for Disney Plus.
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Sunday, August 18, 2013
Long Term Food Storage: Mylar Bags
I plan on doing a couple of posts on long term food storage. Since I have been playing with mylar recently, I figured I should start with that.
The purpose of mylar bags for the prepper is to store dry goods for long term. Mylar is impermeable to light and can be sealed air tight with a simple application of heat (vacuum food sealer machine, hair straightener, clothes iron) across the open end of the bag. At the most basic description, mylar bags are layers of plastic and foil laminated together to make it impervious to light, air, and moisture; these being three of the four things we try to protect dried food from to extend storage life. The fourth thing being heat.
Since you want to keep out light (the easy part), moisture and air (specifically the oxygen part), a mylar bag is frequently paired with an O2 absorber and occasionally a desiccant (moisture absorber). If your storage food is sufficiently dry, only an O2 absorber is needed.
The most common sizes are the 1 gallon and 5 gallon bags. The 5 gallon bags have the convenience of a one bag 5 gallon bucket. The drawbacks are... 5 gallons of beans is a lot to open and use all at once. The 1 gallon bags are convenient sizes for use, but are less convenient for storage as you really can't get 5 bags in a 5 gallon bucket. You have to decide what will work better for you when the time comes to use the food. If you have or plan on a large prepper group, 5 gallon bags in buckets probably have no real drawbacks for you. My personal choice is the 1 gallon size. An open bag has less of one type of food that needs to be used up quickly and allows for a variety to be stored in a 5 gallon bucket with spaces between the bags for other supplies (condiments, spices, plastic utensils, etc).
Food items suitable for storage in mylar bags are beans, rice, flour, sugar, oats, pasta... see the trend? Small grains and legumes that are generally stored dry. Some preppers have had trouble storing grains that are sharp (popcorn, some pastas) as they will puncture the mylar. If you want to store these items, you can leave them in their original bags (or a zip top type bag) so the bag is padded from the sharp ends of the food being stored. Just be sure that your O2 absorber can draw the air from around the pasta or corn by puncturing its original plastic bag in a couple places or by not sealing the zip top bag completely.
The basic instructions for use:
-fill the bag (not completely, leave some room for sealing), drop in an O2 absorber, then seal the mylar. That's it. After sealing, be sure the bag is in a secure, safe place and let it go. Keep it in a stable, cool, environment for maximum storage life of the food items.
The details:
-fill the bag:
Put in the food (in this case white rice) and an oxygen absorber. Leave enough room to be able to seal the top and have a little extra (I'll explain why in a moment)
-seal the bag:
I have tried a couple of methods for this and settled on one. First the not-so-best-choice ones:
the food sealer:
Notice the thin line of seal below a lot of wasted space? I didn't like the wasted space, nor did I like the thin seal line on this one.
the thicker seal with space above:
This has a thick seal space with a small amount unsealed on top. There is no reason for the unsealed top since you can't pull the bag open.
the one I settled on:
This one shows the seal I settled on along with some technique used. This is a top seal that is about 1 1/2 inches deep.
The sealing process:
These bags fall over very easily making a mess. I put the bags in a box that is just the right height for them. This way I can fill several, drop in the oxygen absorbers, then seal them all quickly. When I have 4 full one gallon bags (what fits in my box), I put my wood stick on the edge of the box, bend the top over and use a regular clothes iron on high to close most of the bag up. I then insert a straw, suck out as much air as I can, hold the top closed while pulling out the straw out and applying the iron to the last couple inches. You don't have to pull all the air out, the O2 absorber will finish the necessary parts for you.
Once they are sealed, label (food and amount) and date them (I know I won't be remembering what and when next week, let alone in 10-20 years) and set them aside. After a short time (say... a day...) the oxygen will be absorbed from the inside of the bag and you should see a good seal:
Here are a couple things I have learned from reading various blog posts and forum threads, then from doing:
- don't fill the bag completely. Leave some space below the seal, so, if for some reason you need to, you can cut the sealed top off (the only way to open this), then reseal the bag without wasting it. You could mess up the seal, forget the O2 absorber (ahem... no... I've never done that...), or need to open it to use just a part of the product. If you leave a bit of room, you will be able to reseal the bag. If you fill it to the top, or seal it to the top of the food, you won't be able to just reseal it without removing some of the product.
-oxygen absorbers work as soon as they are exposed to air. To keep them fresh and functioning, keep them out of the air (simple enough). My method: put my spare ones in a small glass jar. I drop them in, fill the rest of the jar with beans (less air left to waste their functioning power), the snug down the top. It looks like this:
In review: have your product, bags, O2 absorbers, hot iron and sharpie ready to go. If you are opening a new bag of absorbers, have a plan on what you are doing with the extras that aren't needed for this session. Bag the product, drop the absorber in, seal the bag, label the bag, then record the item somewhere so you know what you have in storage without having to check and count bags.
Friends, this is simple, cheap, and easy. I suggest doing it now while food is cheap. So now... WWYD?
What have you sealed up? How do you store it? Have you run into any problems or learned a technique that others can benefit from? I would love to discuss it with you in the comments.
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花 作り方 折り紙. 【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。 折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・
心華やぐ「花くす玉」の作り方 くす玉 作り方 折り紙、多面体 折り紙、くす玉の作り方 from www.pinterest.com
折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・ 【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。 そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste
Source: poccyary.com
【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。 そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste
Source: www.pinterest.com
【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。 折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・
Source: www.pinterest.jp
そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste 折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・
Source: www.p-shunka.jp
そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste 【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。
Source: weboo.link
そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste 折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・
Source: www.pinterest.jp
【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。 折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・
Source: weboo.link
折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・ 【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。
Source: nordpop.com
そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste 折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・
Source: ikihanamantul.blogspot.com
折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・ そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste
Source: ameblo.jp
そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste 【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。
Source: www.pinterest.com
【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。 折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・
Source: www.pinterest.jp
【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。 折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・
Source: hokennays.com
【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。 そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste
Source: origami.ruyox.com
折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・ そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste
Source: www.pinterest.jp
そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste 【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。
Source: live.t4g.org
そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste 折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・
Source: www.pinterest.co.uk
【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。 そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste
Source: www.pinterest.jp
折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・ そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste
Source: www.pinterest.nz
【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。 そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste
Source: harajuk.web.app
折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・ 【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。
折り紙で作る春の花（3月・4月・5月）をまとめました。 幼稚園児でも作れる花や、母の日のプレゼントにピッタリなカーネーションの折り方も紹介しています。 色々な春の花を紹介しています。 たくさん作ってみてくださいね。 スポ・・・
【折り紙（おりがみ）】 花 あやめの折り方 作り方 【必要な折紙・・・1枚】 こちらは折り紙1枚で折るあやめですよ。 花を折ってしまった後、花びら部分をボールペンでくるっと巻いて、花びらにカーブを付けるのがポイントです。 そんな花の折り紙のバラを折り紙で作ってみませんか？ 今回は簡単な立体のバラの折り方を2種類紹介していきます。 ちょっとした飾りにもなりますよ！ では、紹介していきます。 バラ．1の作り方 バラ．1の作り方ste
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Ce n'est qu'en agissant à l'unisson et avec la coopération des pays voisins de l'Ethiopie, et en mobilisant davantage l'ensemble de la communauté internationale, que nous pourrons améliorer la situation préoccupante de l'Éthiopie et amorcer un retour à la normale afin que les personnes soient traitées comme des entités et non comme des instruments.
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Vidage Séjour d'un navire en cale sèche, le tonneau de jauge brute (minimum de 2 500 tonneaux), par jour Séjour d'un navire en cale sèche, la tonne métrique de cargaison à bord, par jour Quayage au quai de débarquement nord, le mètre, par jour a) navire faisant l'objet de travaux Quayage au quai de débarquement nord, le mètre, par jour b) navire ne faisant pas l'objet de travaux Quayage à la jetée sud, le mètre, par jour Entreposage de la cargaison, des matériaux de construction, de matériel ou de machines, la tonne métrique, par jour Droits de terre-plein, la tonne métrique (minimum de 50 tonnes métriques) (imputation unique) Grue, l'heure a) crochet de charge léger Grue, l'heure b) crochet de charge principal d'une capacité de levage d'au plus 50 tonnes métriques Grue, l'heure c) crochet de charge principal d'une capacité de levage de plus de 50 tonnes métriques Grue mobile, l'heure a) grue de 9 tonnes métriques Grue mobile, l'heure b) grue de 20 tonnes métriques Chariot élévateur à fourches, l'heure Compresseur d'air, l'heure de distribution Navire-atelier à moteur, l'heure Eau douce, le mètre cube Énergie électrique, le kilowatt-heure Stationnement, par section,par quart de travail Amarrage et relâchement des amarres Projecteurs pour illumination a) normaux (pylône), l'heure Projecteurs pour illumination b) flottants (4 projecteurs), l'heure Heures supplémentaires des employés de la cale sèche, par employé, l'heure Service de commissaire, par employé, l'heure
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C'est également une raison de croire et d'espérer qu'on a maintenant entièrement dissipé les craintes de voir le processus préparatoire de la Conférence sur le financement du développement empiéter sur le mandat de partenaires multilatéraux importants que nous avons invités à prendre part aux travaux.
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Si l'article 55bis, paragraphe 1, demandait la seule acceptation d'un mécanisme mis à la disposition par le Conseil de l'Europe, il n'est pas à exclure que le parlement d'un Etat demande le statut d'invité spécial avant que ce dernier ne soit admis aux Nations Unies ou à la CSCE.
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Sydney’s Botanic Gardens are an important part of Australia’s tree heritage and Australia’s oldest scientific institution. Established during the reign of King George III, the Gardens were granted the royal epithet in 1959 by his great-great-great-great-granddaughter, Queen Elizabeth II. The gardens are an important part of Australia’s tree heritage.
The botanic gardens are the site of the first farm which was began within weeks of the establishment of the colony of New South Wales by Governor Phillip in 1788 and are part of the Domain established by Phillip in 1792. The traditional foundation date of the gardens was 13 June 1816, the date of completion of Mrs Macquarie’s Road along the eastern perimeter.
The landscaping of the foreshore of Farm Cove, now enclosed within the botanic gardens began under the guidance of Governor Macquarie’s wife Elizabeth in 1811. Initially access was limited to the ‘gentry’, but the gardens were officially opened to the general public on 13 September 1831.
Probably the most notable tree to have grown in the Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens was the Wishing Tree. A Norfolk Island pine, it was planted at the request of Mrs Macquarie in 1815. It is reputed to have come from Norfolk Island in a tub and was first planted in the Old Government House garden, at the corner of what are now Phillip and Bridge Streets in Sydney’s CBD.
According to Edwin Wilson in his book, The Wishing Tree1, in earlier times people believed that spirits lived in trees and would not pass certain ‘sacred’ trees without stroking their bark to appease the tree spirits and sometimes to make a wish.
Generally the instructions for making a wish were to close your eyes, make a wish, then open your eyes and walk forwards around the tree three times, then backwards around the tree three times. On the last circuit the wish was to ‘wished’ again.
Thus the idea of ‘wishing trees’ and the expression ‘touch wood’. The custom grew around the Sydney Wishing Tree that children and lovers should walk around it six times – three times forward, three backward and then make their secret wishes.
The Wishing Tree was removed in 1945 when old age and decay threatened to topple it. Souvenirs were made from its wood and sold to help disabled soldiers returning from Second World II.
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The Interstellar Medium Absorption Gradient Experiment Rocket (IMAGER) launched on Wednesday, November 21 at 3:55AM MST from White Sands, New Mexico. IMAGER probes the correlation between dust extinction, and the metallicity and radiation environment in M101 at ultraviolet wavelengths.
IMAGER simultaneously imaged the nearby spiral galaxy M101 in three 400Å wide bandpasses, measuring the apparent strength of the 2175Å bump and the UV continuum. With photometry from IMAGER and data from Spitzer, we will examine the morphology in the UV extinction curve and the IR emission features as a function of metallicity and radiation field hardness. This study will directly impact our understanding of the nature of dust and our ability to accurately account for the effects of dust on observations at all redshifts.
Evidence from studies of starburst galaxies indicates that active formation of high mass stars modifies the UV dust extinction curve as seen by a lack of the characteristic 2175Å bump (Englebracht et al. 2008). The face-on spiral galaxy M101 is an ideal laboratory for the study of dust near regions of massive star formation, with many well studied HII regions and a steep metallicity gradient, log(O/H)+12 = 7.4→ 8.8 (Kennicutt et al. 2003).
What is the origin of the 2175Å extinction bump? Some dust grain models suggest that the 2175Å bump and the aromatic features (seen in Spitzer data) are carried by the same material (Li & Draine 2002). Spitzer Space Telescope observations have revealed that the strength of the aromatic features (PAH features) correlates better with radiation field hardness than with metallicity. This suggests that the small grains are being processed from radiation in these HII regions. We examine if this correlation extends to the UV- are the UV extinction features best correlated with the aromatic features and radiation hardness, or are they better correlated with the metallicity?
To detect the strength of the ultraviolet extinction features and the continuum, IMAGER capitalizes on three uniquely defined bandpasses, which will provide an excellent probe of this hypothesis that the 2175Å bump and the aromatic features are carried by the same material.
Photos from assembly of the IMAGER telescope. Far left: Secondary mirror mount with accordion and clamp reed structure. Left: Primary and Secondary mounted within the telescope tube. Right: Primary whiffle-tree mirror mount. Far Right: Off axis tertiary mirror in hexapod mount.
|Telescope||f/12.29 Ritchey-Chretien; AlMgF2, coated for high reflectance in the UV at NASA GSFC|
|Primary and Secondary||0.5 meter, primary mounted with whiffle tree design ; .12 meter convex secondary, mounted with spring and stainless steel accordion design , with clamping reeds, optimized for alignment ; set polished at Optical Mechanics, Inc.|
|Tertiary Mirror||.1 meter off axis parabolic mirror from SORL mounted with hexapod structure|
|Field of View||30 arcminutes, fits M101 with pointing and alignment tolerances|
|Camera Assembly||Anodized assembly containing four custom beamsplitting dichroics from Acton Optics, 11 lenses in MgF2, and CaF (9 COTS), and 9 COTS AlMgF, fold mirrors from CVI Melles Griot and Edmund Optics|
|Readout Electronics||Refurbished previously flown sounding rocket electronics to read wedge-and-strip anodes|
|Detector||40mm microchannel plate detector from Photek Ltd., with CsTe photocathode on a MgF2 window for high QE in UV. microchannel pores are 3x10μm, 107 gain, in resistive sea configuration with 4 wedge and strip anodes at detector focal plane, each anode with a square active area of 400mm2.|
IMAGER launched at 3:55 MST from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. It reached an apogee of 293km (182 miles) and collected data in the UV for 380seconds. 15 minutes after launch, it landed ~50 miles downrange. The IMAGER experiment crew joined NSROC team members and WSMR personnel for a flight on a Huey helicopter to retrieve the payload.
Launch video-composite video of range cam, 30ft cam, and camera located in the IMAGER control room.
We have collected 380s of on-target data in 3 ultraviolet bands. We combine this data with knowledge of detector and instrument distortions, as well as lab-based wavelength calibration to produce reduced science data.
To examine the strength of the 2175Å feature, we will perform aperture photometry on the HII regions in M101. Then, we will generate color-color plots and compare to theoretical curves based on models of stellar evolution and radiative transfer effects. We compare the strength of this feature at a given galactic location to the local galactic properties (radiation field hardness and metallicity). If the 2175Å feature traces the aromatic features, we would expect the central region to have the same bump strength, declining past a central 'threshold radius'.
IMAGER SCIENCE TEAM:
Principal Investigator: Professor Timothy Cook, UML
Project Scientist: Meredith Danowski, Boston University
Project Scientist: Dr. Karl Gordon, Space Telescope Science Institute
Project Engineer: Dr. Brian Hicks, UML
Mechanical Engineer: Jason Martel, UML
Project Scientist: Chris Mendillo, Boston University
Project Scientist: Ewan Douglas, Boston University
Co-Investigator: Professor Supriya Chakrabarti, UML
UML News, December 7, 2012: Physics Professor Rocket Launch a Success; Instrument Observed Distant Spiral Galaxy M101 (http://www.uml.edu/News/stories/2011-12/Rocket-launch.aspx)
NASA Mission update, November 21, 2012: IMAGER Launch Successful (http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sounding-rockets/news/imager-dd.html)
Sounding Rocket, Fourth Quarter 2012 Report: 36.260 UG Cook- IMAGER successfully launched November 21, 2012 (http://sites.wff.nasa.gov/code810/files/Rocket_Report_4th_qt_2012.pdf)
UML News, October 25, 2012: Astrophysicist Set to Launch Rocket Experiment; Instrument Will Observe Spiral Galaxy Near Big Dipper's Handle (http://www.uml.edu/News/stories/2011-12/Cook-rocket-experiment.aspx)
Sounding Rocket, Third Quarter 2012 Report: Integration and Testing 36.260 UG Cook- IMAGER (http://sites.wff.nasa.gov/code810/files/Rocket_Report_3rd_qt_2012.pdf)
Public talks and presentations from IMAGER team members and links to inquiry based curricula about rockets and space!
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Congenital dislocation of the hip
Childhood Diseases / / March 26, 2016
Congenital hip dislocation
For many years there was an unfair opinion that congenital dislocation of the hip - the result of careless actions obstetricians at child birth.Perhaps, in some very rare cases, dislocations occur in maternity wards, but congenital dislocation - a disease quite different and much more serious.This illness is formed in utero.Due to abnormal development of the fetus hip joint head is loose in the cavity intended for her.
Radiographs hryaschiki joints are not visible, so to detect congenital hip dislocation can only be born in the baby.Therefore, it is strongly recommended to mothers in the first days with the doctor very carefully examine the newborn.If a baby one leg at least a little shorter than the other, and the gluteal folds are asymmetrical, if he somehow is uneven and unequal assigns legs in hand, you have every reason for serious concern.
One of the first methods of prevention and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip, the easiest and at the same time effective, is widely swaddling.Doctors insist that it is so swaddled babies in maternity hospitals - including those who have not revealed any defects.And just as my mother must swaddle children at home until the age of three.Doing this is not difficult.
If you use diapers, the diaper on top of or underneath it is necessary to lay pelenochku flannel, folded in four, and fix it simple diaper folded triangle.With this method, the baby is in the "frog" position, and femoral head takes its place in the cavity.Under no circumstances, and at the more dislocation of the hip, the baby should not be swaddled tightly.And do not believe anyone if they come to say that without the tight swaddling the baby's legs will be crooked - it's a prejudice have long refuted the practice.
What happens when treatment dysplasia do not start from the first days of life?Bone toddler system develops, the femoral head is gradually increased in size.At the same time, idle cavity is filled with connective tissue and becomes smaller, and right in her head increasing very soon may be extremely difficult.Develop very adverse secondary effects: the femoral head is displaced laterally or from above the basin."Hang out" with the head movements of the baby, like a skating rink on the pavement, rolled over the basin and knead it to such an extent that the site ceases to grow - in the future it will have to increase by surgery.
strongly recommended to parents as soon as possible after discharge from hospital show baby orthopedic surgeon.Much to the chagrin of some mom and dad bethink late and bring the kids, who are already beginning to walk, and it becomes obvious that they are very falls on one leg.
Congenital hip dislocation in infants is often associated with other serious diseases - hypertonic adductors.Hip is not given, not because his head is not in a depression, but because of the surge of natural muscle.To remove the spasm is held very long-term care, which, in addition to the orthopedist, neurologist and involved.Late initiation of treatment dysplasia occurs very difficult and requires a full understanding doctor and parents.It lasts for many months or even years, and the result depends on the professionalism of the one who treats the child, and the parents of the careful observance of all medical recommendations.
Even if it is possible to straighten the femoral head into the cavity, then at some point, develop residual subluxation, because it is due to the delay in the treatment of the baby is not formed right joint.The great trouble for the baby if mom and dad turn to chiropractors or any other "healers" promising to cure congenital hip dislocation in a single session.As a result, a one-time, a sharp reduction of dislocation occurs the same number of sudden circulatory problems and then developing serious complication - necrosis of the femoral head.
Therefore, parents should remember that cure the disease in a short time is impossible.At very early treatment with the help of soft gaskets can sometimes diverting straighten a dislocated in three or four months.In more complex cases for the treatment of used stirrups Pavlik and other special attachments.All remedies should be used only for its intended purpose orthopedist, not on the advice of friends, relatives, and friends.
If treatment begins in the age of three months, no tools no longer prescribe, and impose functional plaster cast.Reduction of dislocation under its influence occurs for one - six months.If unable to reposition dislocated by a plaster bandage move to the next stage of treatment - do it under general anesthesia and achieve good results.But unlike chiropractors doctors for a long time preparing the child for the procedure.
Absolutely, in severe cases, when all of these methods are not enough to resort to surgery.Sometimes dislocated hip is so rotated around its axis, which has to do detorsionnuyu osteotomy.This corrective surgery, and it does not need to be afraid.With an undeveloped roof cavity is plastic surgery, which is called - plastic roof.
Upon completion of the treatment appointed sparing regime, the observance of which depends entirely on the father and mother.First of all, it is in full exemption from school physical education lessons.Running, jumping, somersaults - all this for your kid.Under the ban are: sports, dynamic dancing, long trips with heavy lifting, and all that that creates an unnecessary burden on the hips.Also needed are therapeutic exercises to strengthen all muscle groups that surround the joints.That is, for large and medium gluteal muscles and the abdominal muscles, which are also involved in walking.Good to go swimming, bike riding, but not to fatigue.
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On-screen versus print reading?
New research finds that children are reading more on electronic devices than they are reading in print. Find out why books are still very important here.
On-screen vs off-screen? Time for a healthier reading balance
New research released by the National Literacy Trust finds that for the first time children are reading more on computers and other electronic devices than they are reading books, magazines, newspapers and comics.
What does this mean for children’s reading ability? While technology provides refreshing ways of engaging children in literature, the research found that children who only read on-screen are much less likely to be good readers than those who also read in print form. In addition, they are significantly less likely to enjoy reading.
This points to a very real danger in cutting out books altogether, and Words for Life is calling for parents to ensure their children have a healthy reading balance between both books and technological devices.
The National Literacy Trust surveyed 34,910 young people aged 8 to sixteen and found that:
- 39% of children and young people read daily using electronic devices including tablets and eReaders, but only 28% read printed materials daily. The number of children reading eBooks has doubled in the last two years (from 6% to 12%).
- Children say they prefer to read on screen. Over half (52%) said they would rather read on electronic devices but only a third (32%) would rather read in print.
- Nearly all children have access to a computer at home and 4 out of 10 now own a tablet or a smartphone, while 3 in 10 do not have a desk of their own.
- Girls are significantly more likely than boys to read in print (68% vs 54%)
- Girls are also more likely to read on a range of on-screen devices including mobile phones (67% girls vs. 60% boys), eReaders (84% girls vs. 69% boys), and tablets (70% girls vs. 67% boys).
The research examines the influence of this technology on children’s reading abilities and their enjoyment of reading. It found those who read daily only on-screen are nearly twice less likely to be above average readers than those who read daily in print or in print and on-screen (15.5% vs 26%). Those who read only on-screen are also three times less likely to enjoy reading very much (12% vs 51%) and a third less likely to have a favourite book (59% vs 77%).
National Literacy Trust Director, Jonathan Douglas says:
“Our research confirms that technology is playing a central role in young people’s literacy development and reading choice. While we welcome the positive impact which technology has on bringing further reading opportunities to young people, it’s crucial that reading in print is not cast aside.
“We are concerned by our finding that children who only read on-screen are significantly less likely to enjoy reading and less likely to be strong readers. New technology clearly has a valuable part to play in literacy development, but we would encourage parents to ensure their children still read in print form if they are to become avid readers and reach their full potential in school. At www.wordsforlife.org.uk, parents can find advice, activities and booklists to help them support their children’s literacy development.”
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Warehouses De Pauw NV (WDPSF) CEO Joost Uwents on Q4 2021 Results - Earnings Conference Call | Seeking Alpha
Warehouses De Pauw NV (WDPSF) CEO Joost Uwents on Q4 2021 Results - Earnings Conference Call
Jan. 28, 2022 2:17 PM ETWarehouses De Pauw (WDPSF)
Warehouses De Pauw NV (OTC:WDPSF) Q4 2021 Earnings Conference Call January 28, 2022 9:00 AM ET
Alexander Makar – Corporate Finance Analyst
Mickaël Van Den Hauwe – CFO
Vic Peters – FINFLOW
Frédéric Renard – Kepler Cheuvreux
Unidentified Analyst – KBC Securities
Francesca Ferragina – ING
Michael Glazer – Liberty SBF
Unidentified Analyst – Aviva
Good afternoon, Team WDP. At home are in one of our offices. Good morning to our friends in the U.S. Good afternoon, Europe. Good evening Asia. Welcome, everybody, of the live stream of the full-year results of WDP over 2021. Just one practical thing, we are open for all your questions, but put them in the chat box during the presentation and we will answer them afterwards one-by-one. Thank you. So Mission 2021 accomplished. Ready for growth and may for future. '21 was again very good year for us. And we could secure, again, €500 million of new investments. And this gives us at the end, a portfolio today of €6 billion, and above that, a development pipeline of almost €600 million.
So we could reach our target of 1.1 EPRA earnings per share; a growth by 10% towards last year. And based on this, we can give you a new outlook of, again, another $0.10 extra, which brings us by the end of the year at EBITDA earnings per share of $1.2. An important this, that we could reach that goal by securing only 75% of the targets portfolio growth. So we did faster and other better yields. All this brings us, like mentioned, up the portfolio of €6 billion we wanted and based on the outlook we can say that our long-term targets are within reach and we will be able to realize them one year earlier than initially foreseen. So time for new plans based on the future of logistics and the importance of the supply chain for every company.
And we brought this together and the vision that it pictures a visionary DC that you can see here. And in all our plans, for the first time, we will do more than only external growth. The first 20-year of WDP, our growth was driven by external growth. And now we can add extras to this external growth. So up to external growth plus. There is like already some years to structural growth of our business based on industry drivers that we all know. But now we can add to other drivers to new engines of growth our -- the hidden value of our existing portfolio and also climate as an opportunity. And we never went for growth to growth but profitable growth. And this means that we can grow our earnings per share from €1 in 2020 to €1.5 in '25, so 50% in five years’ time.
And in the meantime, our portfolio will grow further up to €8 billion. And indeed, there are now the new drivers. That's the most important [Indiscernible] external growth based on all the structural drivers of our business. And of course, we will capitalize on our existing regions, the BENELUX and Romania. But we will also be broadening towards an EU footprint by further deployment in Germany and France. And above this external growth, we will get value from our existing portfolio by unlocking all the potential through extra services have great sustainability measures and so on. And above that, we see climate as an opportunity. Thanks to our new climate action plan and especially energy. We see energy as a new business within the energy transformation where we think that buildings and especially distribution centers will have a very important role.
Just to remember once, our real long-term success drivers were always focus, culture, clients, and alignment. And this gives us already 20 years of profitable growth mentioned in one single overarching TPI earnings-per-share. And so we realized the last 10 years, an average growth of our earnings per share of 8%. And by this plan, we can continue to do so for the next four years with the same 8%. But now, Alexander will first comment on the markets insights.
Alexander Makar
Thank you, Joost, and good afternoon, everyone. Let's briefly discuss the current state of the markets and its outlook. 2021 was yet another great year for logistics real estate. When we look at the strength of Europe's economic recovery but also the strength of the logistics market, both were reflected in very strong take-up and investment activity. When we look at demands, we see it's ranging all the way from last-mile up to larger scale logistics. When we look at the demand momentum coupled with growing scarcity, limited availability of land, but also supply demand imbalances. We saw vacancy rates dropping to new lows; mostly remarkable in Romania, but also well noted in Belgium where we reached [Indiscernible] 1%.
Mostly in regions where supply has fallen very sharply over the past 12 months, we've now seen pressure being added through these ERV s. The momentum was also well-maintained in investment markets, where also the yields dropped to new lows. All in all, we can conclude that the logistics market is in well strength and with a strong demand, we see that the position that WDP has today, we're very well-positioned to capture the new growth in the market as well. That being said, we see more restricted zoning and growing scarcity, which is becoming a challenge, which urges us to become more intelligent on sourcing, but also make more utilization of our existing portfolio.
When we're looking out on the demand drivers that will support the external growth in our portfolio, we can broadly speak and say that they remained relatively unchanged given that they are structural of nature. Clearly there are nuances in the regions in which we're active, but all-in-all, it's mostly sector breathing. Whether we talk about omnichanneling, automation, supply chain resilience, or sustainable developments, these all bring more complexity to the table. But all these strengths are well experienced in our portfolio. Something that you also comment on right now.
Thank you, Alexander. And indeed, in our activity, let's say that's a report of everything that Alexander said, and there we can show in reality all those trends. Of course, we always say that we don't buy anything, and then you always do something, and in the end, we bought for €170 million up at a very decent yields, and not only existing buildings, but also new land reserves but I'll come back on that later. But if you look then into detail in our projects, well -- we again have executed a lot of projects have we made and we finished almost 400,000 square meters of new projects across our different areas. And let's say it's where all kinds of the projects we see in the market. There was food, food e-commerce, pharma, retail, e-commerce.
So let's say a little bit of everything in all our regions. So well spread and indeed almost 400,000 square meters and with a CapEx of 300 million. But indeed above the things we realized, we have already more than the double of square meters under construction. Also, well spread over the different regions, and we have almost 900 square meters under construction, or that pipeline that I mentioned of €600 million. and this at the same yield of the one realized already so the basis of our growth. But above all those projects and all those square meters that we are constructing now, we still have a very nice land bank, the real development potential.
And much more than just the land bank, we can also continuously replenish it. Indeed, we had a land bank of €100 million last year, but we could add another €100 million, which we could use almost directly full and within new projects, and we could keep and this year, even enlarge our land bank from €100 million up to, when everything is realized, more than €170 million, which gives us a building potential of 1.5 million square meters that we can build with this land bank. But the most important elements are the dynamics, the fact that it's not only €1 million who stays there, but that's we can within a year as land for direct developments. The valuation, well, I think it's still very conservative and we still are, so no doubt even leads to very nice portfolio revaluation, our valuations are still conservative.
Based, of course, very high qualitative portfolio strategic logistics corridors with more than 50% of them are suitable for urban logistics. Occupancy rate stays very high. I would say it's only frictional emptiness. It's a full house. And more than half of all the leases that are maturing this year are already extended, so there also a very good base. And our client basis with [Indiscernible], of course, still as the most important client or tenant, it stays very diversified and not only on a client-level, but also in industry-level. But today, we are not only speaking about the short-term future but also about the real long-term future. The one who really -- where we really have to care about by launching a new climate action plan. A new climate action plan, we worked already a long time as our ESG journey.
First, we worked and we start working on the S&G. And we said in the meantime, we are preparing the real thing, the E were -- and of course, I think every ESG roadmap has to end and has in the heart of it, a climate action plan that we prepared last year, and so we can now say that we can be and we will be net zero by 2050. And we have already a long history in sustainability. We started with our solar panels in 2007 and based on that, step-by-step, we went further and further, and now, let's say, we really have a structured, long-term climate action plan that goes up to 2050. A climate action plan made for future and based on three important tracks: WDP Energy, WDP Decarb Plus, and WDP Green. Alexander will explain all the details of that plan.
Thank you Joost. So as you also mentioned, we aim to become net zero throughout our complete value chain, meaning scope 1, 2 and 3 by 2050. And we have set up three main tracks with very clear and ambitious objectives in order to become net zero by 2050. And the first track relates to energy. And the objective of this track is to become the green energy solutions provider of our clients by leveraging our existing know-how, but also adding on with more innovation. We know that in the EU, for example, 40% approximately of the buildings of the energy consumption is derived from buildings. And given the EU climate ambitions, we know it's a challenge, but also an opportunity for WDP to show its green leadership and contribute to the energy transition.
And for that reason, we have chosen to upscale our renewable energy capacity by creating 250 megawatt peaks of renewable energy capacity, or solar panel capacity by 2025. We do not just stop at the energy production. We also want to have 100% of green energy procured by of our clients of those contracts that we have under control. And furthermore, we will focus also on energy efficiency. We want to have 100% of our entire portfolio to be equipped with LED lighting by 2030, making use of all the space that we would have in and around our warehouses to generate energy and link it through micro grid systems and then resort systems would make our warehouses the actual solar power station of the future.
And to add-on, you must know that when we look at the basis and the foundation of our climate action plan is based on data, data that we derived from our energy monitoring system, which measures all the utilities that we have in our warehouses of our clients. Meaning, the water, gas, and electricity. And we start laying that out already in 2018, and we gathered the data for nearly three years, which was a foundation of our climate action plan. And given the importance and the value add, we decided to enter into strategic partnership with Nano Grid, the energy profit company. When we continue to the second track, WD in [Indiscernible], the main objective is to decarbonize our entire value chain, our scope 1, 2, and 3.
We do not just stop at our own corporate activities being our scope 1 and 2. We know what the impact is of our development activities on the environment. And for that reason, we have set up a very ambitious and transparent and genuine roadmap in decarbonizing our entire value chain. Transparent, because we set targets for our Scope 1, 2, but also our Scope 3. It's ambitious because we aim to become net zero well before 2050 for Scope 1 and 2, but also partly Scope 3. And genuine because we know what the impact is of our upstream development activities, and we will work on that to reach it and obtain net zero by 2050 as well. To give just one more example, when we look at the right graph upward, we see the evolution of our Scope 1 and 2 emissions over the past years, and our outlook.
As we said, we want to become scope 1 at 2 net-zero for our own corporate activities by 2025 and for our car park by 2030. And just to give you an example, we already started stepping away from fossil fuels in 2016 and 2017. We continue to further invest in green procurement in order to become net zero by 25 already for corporate offices. Then finally, to continue on the third track, which is Green; there we want to implement and we want to integrate sustainability in the development, the operations, but also the financing of our Company and the group on the long-term. And there we have rolled out an entire business case where we can maximize our efforts in terms of [Indiscernible], but also related to reporting and other standards. And for that, we want to have DTC&D recommendations implemented already by 2024 in the annual report of 2023.
Aside from that, we also want to have 75% of our entire property portfolio to be certified [Indiscernible] certificates. Next to that, we also want to have 75% of our debt to be green. And in order to achieve this ambitious targets, we must both invest in our existing portfolio, but aside from that, also on our new developments. And one of the key actions that we will make is to certify all new developments going forward as of now with [Indiscernible] Group as a minimum. And finally, we will also participate into the CTP in 2022. And to give you a bit more insight in how extensive our research was, we will show you this graph. And basically, we want to indicate that we did not only look at the climate footprint, which are the main 6 GHG emissions. We went beyond that and we integrated the environmental footprint, where we also focus on the human life, soil, measuring land and water pollution, which was way more expensive. And then on this slide, this is actually where all our data and analysis comes together.
We have calculated our entire carbon footprint for the year 2020, and we had some very remarkable insights. The first of all was when we look at our own corporate activity scope 1 and 2, we realized that it was just a less than 1% of our total carbon footprint. Another remarkable insight was that more than 65% of the entire carbon footprint relates to our upstream scope 3 emissions. And the third one is that approximately 1/3 or 35% of the emissions relates to the downstream scope 3 of our client's energy use. And that's why we decided to implement in a zero strategy in which we maximize our efforts, focusing not only on scope 1, 2, and scope 3 downstream, but also on our upstream activities by 2015. And it is a brief roadmap on how we will decarbonize our scope 3 emissions by 2015.
For scope 3 upstream emissions, we will maximize our efforts by investing more in sustainable materials, in circular materials, and more circular PV panels. Aside from that, we will continuously invest and explore new technologies. For Scope 3 downstream emissions to become net zero by 2040, we will further integrate and invest into the green energy procurement, energy efficiency solutions for our clients, of course. Aside from that, we will upscale the renewable energy capacity and finally, we'll further integrate electrification of our warehouses. And all-in-all, and it's a major difference that we want to make is that we will maximize our efforts. And finally, we will participate to carbon removal rather than just offsetting our CO_2 emissions. And with that being said, I will hand over the word back to Mitch for the comments on the financial results.
Thank you [Indiscernible] Joost and Alexander and also welcome from my side. So let me walk you through the performance of last year. And for those who like large numbers, we generated €1 billion of profits last year. Now, of course, this is accounting profits, so we need to actually look at the underlying components. And these were, first of all, the most important one underlying recurring cash earnings or EPRA earnings with just to over €200 million, which was up 10% on a per-share basis at €1.10. And these results are more -- most importantly very broad-based by all our teams and countries. Main driver, of course, has been and will be for the next years, the steady stream of development completions, which were all delivered on time and on budget by our teams.
And also next to that, on an organic basis, we too had like-for-like rental growth of 1.4%, which was driven 1.1 by indexation and 0.3 by a slightly higher occupancy rates and a flat reversion rates, so that's -- that last point, that means that all contracts with a break got rolled over at the same conditions and track the highest inflation, though we see upward pressure rising and see growing potential for positive rental spreads. Although we expect also to have -- for this to happen only gradual considering the existing contracts that are obviously in place. And also what we have to point out is that we do boast 10% on a per-share basis. But actually, that includes €350 million of equity raise. So with the average share counts also plus 5%, so that makes the results look very strong, although it was partially held by some couple of non-recurring items as well.
And also note that the plus 10% is in line with the guidance, but with the upgraded guidance in the middle of the year where we went from plus 7% to plus 10%. And the difference versus our original guidance relates to the effect that we had a consistently high occupancy rate, some acquisitions, and also no doubtful provision so very strong rent collection rates and very strong and paying client base. And obviously, what's most striking in these numbers is obviously that we had a reevaluation of €850 million for the full year, which is a revaluation of the portfolio of plus 17%. And when we look at the components, that actually breaks down as follows. We had for 60% downward yield shift in the portfolio, for 20% ERV uplift s in the portfolio, and for the remaining 20% that is related to project development gains.
And to give you some more colors on the drivers behind that, yield shift was 80 basis points downward, ERV uplift was plus 3%, and the average leads and capital gain for project development surplus upon completion was 40%. And that is also, of course, the main driver behind the 40% growth in our NEV we saw last year. And just as a general comment as well, and I do acknowledge that most of you know these that -- these results and also our guidance incorporates a provision should we not be able to maintain our writ status in the Netherlands due to the uncertainty. And it's had an impact of €4 million in the EPRA earnings and €100 million of deferred tax liability in the portfolio results. Then when we take a look at our balance sheet, I think there we invested again as promised over €400 million.
And also very importantly, and we talked a lot about the revaluation of the portfolio, but that was funded mostly by new -- real new equity and the -- plus 400 million CapEx was funded by, as mentioned, €350 million of equity through the ABB at the start of the year, contributions in kind, stock dividends, and retained earnings. So meaning that we stick to your principle of having a very stable and solid capital structure. And that's in combination with a strong revaluation of the portfolio, which is still conservative as Joost mentioned when compared to current market yields. This make of obviously our metrics look very strong. And above all, our balance sheet also remains very liquid.
I think here, that summarizes it very well on these slides on the metrics, you can see for yourself with Warehouses De Pauw now firmly below 40%, and above all, our net debt to EBITDA adjusted around 8 times, which is where we wanted to be and our most important [Indiscernible] symmetric, and that is indeed the result of this policy of having finance or financing our growth on a 50-50 debt equity mix in a very consistent way. Also in terms of liquidity, there all is well under control and which more than 750 million of undrawn credit facilities we can cover, at least until the end of '23 all committed capital expenditure and upcoming refinancing. So there, the baseline is actually unchanged a well-funded balance sheet and ready for further growth.
And within this growth, as mentioned by Alexander, we also seek to issue even more green loans, as we will implement a policy to maximize the green certification of our assets Then perhaps looking a bit at the cost of funding itself, our cost of debt declines towards 1.8% by year-end based on good coverage metrics. And here it's important to mention that our income, our earnings, is inflation linked. The revenue side is fairly well inflation linked, and our cost base, mainly the interest expenses, are protected for rising rates due to a high hedge ratio and I think more than ever, we can say that due to the growing scarcity of our products, meaning our land positions and our buildings, we are more than ever protected for a rise in inflation. And then looking at the longer-term perspective, you can see our LTV declines as a portfolio got revalued and we consistently financed on a 50-50 debt equity mix.
So that actually means that as mentioned to you before, we have not leveraged on portfolio revaluations. And to maintain a real stability in our capital structure, we look at the left-hand chart on net debt to EBITDA, which actually hasn't moved in the last 10 years. And I think that also shows and demonstrates the consistency with which we manage the capital structure. Likewise, as we have a strict discipline in allocating capital as well to profitable projects. Then moving further on the outlook, there -- what the outlook on -- for 2022 is concerned, we got for another rise of €0.10 towards €1.20. So that's a rise of plus 9% year-on-year based on the same drivers of course and the development completions, and also with a higher inflation -- level, a higher level of indexation of the contracts.
And this figure is also robust as it is mainly driven by projects delivered end last year in 2021 because we have a very steady stream of project deliveries in Q4 '21 and the end the projects that are currently in the pipeline will mostly contributing full as from 2023. So I think that's it on financing and outlook and we would like to revert now and start the Q&A session. Alexander.
A - Alexander Makar
Thank you, [Indiscernible]. If you have any further questions, please put them in the chat. And as the first set of questions from Frédéric Renard from Kepler Cheuvreux. The first one is on the acquisition that we made over the past year. The 173 million CapEx, if we could give any additional comments on the 102 million that remains to be accrued in the balance sheet.
It's about banking. It's a combination of lands that will be purchased and some sale and leasebacks that are being scheduled. It's combination, Frederic.
And on the outlook for 2022, could we communicate on the level of indexation expectations that we have.
Yes, they're -- actually the -- so perhaps first and how a lot of contracts structured. All our contracts are CPI-linked and we have, let's say, 70% has no cap and 30% has a cap, let's say, between 3% and 4%, which means that up 'til 3%, we fully captured inflation and above it, let's say 4%, 5% then we can capture around 90% of inflation. And when you look at the actual level of indexation on average, the combination of '21, '22 for the contracts, index is 4.0%. We should be able to capture contractually 3.5% but in the accounts in '22, in the guidance, it is at 2.5%. And so that compares to the 3.5% which we will capture, but the only difference is the timing aspect.
And can we also give more indication on the rental uplift that we made from the renegotiations of the 54% out of the 14% leases maturing in 2022?
For '21, most of them got just rolled over at the same conditions. And here for the ones for '22, we had a couple of them with an uplift already. It's about €500,000. But do note that we cannot automatically do it for every contract. Our teams are aware of this. We look at it. It needs to be market-based and we have also -- it's also data-driven. But do note that we specially had it in the presentation and that we see in the medium-term rental upside potential. But with a commercial approach, we do not have let's say like in the UK, automatic 5 years’ market rental review.
It's indexed at a break, then when we want to renegotiate the entire contract, then you need to cancel the contract. And that's a bit aggressive and not our approach. But whenever there is potential for discussion with the clients, we will do and have this discussion that's why we mentioned and we see the potential it is growing. So the estimated rental values are increasing and growing now above our contractual rents. And we expect this spread to increase. And that increases the potential in the medium-term, but it will grow gradually.
And also with the time difference and because if you negotiate something today, it can be that is only applicable next year.
And then we have a few questions on the new growth plan. First of all, what is the yield on costs that we target in both Western Europe and Romania?
It's a 5% for Western Europe development yields, and 7% in Romania.
And the signs from the regions that we currently target, anything new on the radar?
Well, we will enlarge, and like we said, our core business and our core countries stays the [Indiscernible] and Romania, but we'll now actively broadening our activities towards Germany and deeper into France. And we have set -- we have an existing portfolio in France, but we will go deeper in France, and also we did our first project in Germany, and we will also focus on Germany further.
And maybe to continue on the growth expectations. So in the projected 8% CAGR of EPRA EPS, can we give more color on the indexation that is included?
Yeah, for -- so for '22 we took the 3.5% which will come then with the lag partially in '22, '23 at the 3.5% And for the other years, we took the 5 year EU inflation swap of 2% and we in the business plan, we take a total. Like-for-like rental growth on average of 2.5%. So which is 2% inflation and 50 beeps rent reversion, about $1 million that the latter is.
And on the external growth, the $2 billion that we targeted, can we give more color on the regions and we're going to target for quantified?
There is no specific quantification on the regions. So let's say we look up every profitable, good project with a right ERR [Indiscernible] this in our region. And so we will -- it has never been that we really want to say that so many there are only there, let's say, so we will go for the good and profitable projects wherever they are.
And when it comes to the reshoring front, do we already feel the impact of companies moving or reshoring from Asia all the way through Europe?
Well, reshoring of production and because that's the real reshoring that is indeed that's not happening so fast. But we see people and clients of us thinking about. It is of course, not so easy, but for small things it happens already. And we see it, let's say we see it sometimes for pharmaceutical things for high value add productions, we see people thinking about that, or even for other more normal production, but then they are looking more eastwards than into say Western Europe.
And maybe just to continue on the future development and the yields on costs. What about the development margins? What are our expectations on that front?
Well, last year in '21, the development margins were around 40%. In the meantime, obviously, yields have dropped and development -- as market yields have dropped, development yields have dropped too; that's why we also take this new assumption of 5% and 7% in our business plan. For the moment, development margins are still intact because the stabilized yields have dropped too, but there's -- yes, building costs are rising too. Sometimes you can feed it through to the tenant depending on how strong your cards are with the land position. We do know that it is a very strong competition as well. So there is pressure on development margins as well, even though that in the short-term, they are rather stable, but in absolute terms, the yields have come down.
And with regards to the portfolio of WDP. Do we think that or do we believe that we will see less big-box in our warehouses and a shift towards urban warehouses?
Let's say we do it all, like we invest everywhere in our region. We do them both. And in our region, relative we have a very high, dense population, and we have let's say a region of more big agglomerations instead of big cities. You can say like more than 50% of our warehouses are suited for urban logistics. But let's say we will focus on all kinds of logistics on the big boxes, on urban logistics, and all the others. We go really -- we just do logistics, but within logistics we go for everything.
And with the land availability decreasing over time, especially most popular destinations to we believe that we should shift into new regions, whether that be in the Netherlands more to the North.
Let's say in the Netherlands, we are almost everywhere active we even go above smaller. Let's say that today growing and it's almost the limits but yes, if there are good things, we can go higher. But indeed by adding Germany and going and not only the Finlay’s but by adding Germany and deeper into France, we think that there are more than enough possibilities within the current portfolio.
And now we would also add that. That's also one of the reasons why we didn't not to go to let's say five to 10 more countries and because it makes no sense to have in each country only let's say $200 million. You need to really have a platform via genuine players and also do not forget the importance and the value of building those clusters in our market, because this will give us in the medium-term, also more pricing power by having a lot of buildings in one region, and the more challenging it would get to grow, to secure land and to grow then the more valuable your existing portfolio gets so [Indiscernible] it goes hand-in-hand.
And also, by being deeper in the market, you can also make more personal and doing added value investments. So it has also a big advantage of being, let's say, not everywhere active, but being deeper into the markets where you are.
And maybe to continue on the location of our property assets. How many of our logistics platforms are located along cargo railway aligns?
Well, 20% of the portfolio is really dedicated on moving modal sites. But let's say that the majority of our buildings is in the neighbors of multimodal sites. So you don't need to be always on-site but in the neighborhood off and that's also thanks to our high dense network of all kind of terminals. We can -- let's say, they are very close to one or another terminal.
And then we have another question from Vic Peters (ph.) on our land bank. Can we fully exploited the land bank when countries increasingly impose limits on CO2 emissions and our local authorities prefer more employment?
It is more difficult. Land is becoming more scarce. But there are also better and high-quality of these projects where indeed that adds value. I think just -- there is -- it are not just boxes anymore where they just shuffle with some goods. No, it is more and more high-tech buildings and they are really the heart of every business. So the importance of our distribution centers is getting more and more
important. And so the investments are higher. And so you can also then go to the local authorities. And so with better projects which are just so much more than just some boxes within a big box.
Another question on the Romanian portfolio, what are the expectations on the construction costs in Romania, and would a potential Inflation in construction cost limit the growth potential that we see in the market?
Of course, there is -- also a construction costs are higher in Romania, but I would say at the same level as here in Western Europe, there are no other elements and it is the same inflation of the same cost -- higher cost off our Romanian products towards construction costs in Western Europe. And so there are -- indeed this being not limits on our growth. On the contrary, I would say Romania, it's a very stable country, it's more stable every day. It has a good growth perspective. And so there are not so many warehouses, yet. The region, Romania it has big as a [Indiscernible]. In Romania you have 50 million square meters of warehouses in Romania, only five. And indeed, economy is not so far yet. But that is, indeed, a very good basis for further growth together with our clients, and the knowledge we have there, there are no limits on the growth today.
And then another follow-up question from [Indiscernible] from [Indiscernible]. How can we further unlock value in the existing portfolio and how we will do it, and to follow-up, how do we believe whether or not our portfolio is still undervalued?
I'll start [Indiscernible]? I think -- yes, indeed we have -- when lands becomes more scarce than your existing portfolio, of the one who owns lands and buildings, that's getting a higher value. And indeed, and we are not only a developer, but also an investor. We have a very nice standing portfolio of 6 million square meters of buildings and that you can use now, together with your clients, when there is no new land available to upgrade it to make it better. And indeed, we have already questions for that from different clients. Last year, we have totally, let's say, 3 clients who asked, can we make a project together to make our building better and upgrade them?
Okay. Finally, it was not the big amount. It was almost €10 million, but we could hire effective rent with 10%. ERVs went up with 10% and we could get a revaluation of 25% after the investment so that our small investments together for me, proofs that you can indeed together with your client upgrade further to your building and all the climate action plan requests of our clients will also create their demand to make it better together with the clients.
Yeah. And I would also add to how we will further on local value within the existing portfolio there. We have the screening on our portfolio too, and we believe that it is at least €100 million of redevelopments, profitable redevelopment, CapEx, we can do within the existing portfolio and like Joost mentioned also in the in the energy space, we can add more hardware, let's say to our buildings by even increasing more the solar capacity footprint, adding batteries. Adding the infrastructure for electric vehicle charging. Now it is only, let's say, passenger cars, then small vans. But when the trucks will come, that will be another ballgame as the buildings will need to get better and better equipped, and that provides opportunities to invest and get more out of the existing buildings.
And then the second part of the question was how you compare to market yields? Well, our portfolio's currently valued at an EPRA net initial yield of 4.7. But let's say, excluding Romania first, 4.3. That screens towards market yields -- market prime yields of between 3 and 3.5. So that still screens conservatively. And in Romania, the portfolio is valued at just over 7 EPRA net initial yield. But there, there is no real benchmark because there is no investment market. Is only a couple of large developer investors for buying holds and developments who are active?
And then we have another question Winllerby (ph.) from KBC Securities. In order to get more visibility on the structural growth of e-commerce, how comfortable are we beyond 2023 given that e-commerce stocks lately have been quite volatile?
Well, there are studies from CBRE that says that only for e-commerce between now and 25, we will need another 30 million square meters of warehouses only for E-commerce. Of course, probably this will also, let's say, diminish some classical retail warehouses. But indeed there is still a structural growth of need of e-commerce space in Europe. The coming year, up to '25.
And then another question from Enneth. The remaining portfolio has posted a positive fair value and change this year? Please elaborate on what you see in the market in terms of demand and investments transactions?
We can only say that there are no real -- there is no investment market, is not institutionalized. There is also nothing coming on the market and if what -- based on what we see in years, is that if something would come on the markets tomorrow, that it would at least be 6%-7% yields and that's --
[Indiscernible] we just own -- we just do buy and hold both --
And therefore, the €30 million revaluation you saw in the portfolio was some development gains and it's 25 basis points, yield shift to limited but there is no benchmark, there are no transactions. But a risk premium versus Western Europe is obviously extremely high.
And how do we supply -- how do we assess the supply situations in our core markets? Are we concerned in any specific region in terms of speculative developments?
No. The market is demanding enough. No. We see no problems in any specific region or sub-region.
And could we give more visibility on our land reserves, whatever that should decrease again, and can we deploy more land?
If we could -- if we can, we will do it, and we have done it last year. We increased it by 50%. If we can do a bit more than we would be happy to do that of course. We have very strong people and boots on the ground who first have to secure land positions and above all, water.
And ask for land, and not just for speculative land, or just by saying, I want to buy it and I will do a project. No, you can go and say, I want to do a project with this or this client in this sector, and then let's say you get much more chance to get a piece of land. And so that's also important, but those projects, and that fact you never see in our land bank because at the moment that comes in, it goes directly into projects.
Yeah. And to add further on that, it's not about putting a check or money on the table. It's about having an industrial project with the client and then you can buy the land.
One of the best examples of the last two years was Lokaren for the biggest chocolate box in the world. Well, indeed, the land was foreseen and was dedicated for [Indiscernible]. But you had and you needed to be able to get the project and then you could get the land. Nobody could buy it without having [Indiscernible].
And maybe to follow up on that question. Do we see any major difference in the permitting process between France and the Benelux?
Not really. It's a little bit longer and you have a combination of your building permit and your exportation permit. But -- that you have more and more in Belgium too and Netherlands so there -- no, there is no real -- can take a little bit longer, but we don't see a real difference.
And then a question from [Indiscernible] from Aviva, whether we see any possibilities to start investing in infrastructure such as water purification or larger scale wind mill projects, for example?
Let's say, we look at everything that is logistics related infrastructure. It has to have a link with our core activity because do not forget our company's purpose that we help our clients grow within the heart of their supply chain, so we provide a home to their supply chains so it's link to infrastructure for logistics, yes then we can look at it.
Another question from Michael Glazer on the projected 8% EPS CAGR versus the previous growth plan, EPS CAGR is a higher, can we get some insight on to what extent it comes from more developments or inflation or other income?
Well, if we would have made -- what we did is that we were needing, or we were close to achieving within the short term, the targets of the old plan. And then we set around the table and we thought, okay, how can we still add value for our clients and shareholders in a growing competitive environment. And how can we add new drivers as well, so that's we are ready for the long-term, and not only think about the next 2, 3 years. And then we said, "Okay, that is this secular structural demand driver. And these are there to stay, like Joost explained. And this will account for around 75% of the compound annual growth rates of 8%. So they give a basis of 6% and we add another layers of 2% growth per year, so 25% of the growth will come from these drivers like, like-for-like or rental growth, and the energy space.
And then we have another question from Francesca from IMG which regards to our new developments and cost inflation, how has it evolved over the past year, both constant inflation, as well as the lead times in development?
Well I think we can say that on average, construction costs went up [Indiscernible] 20%,
10%-15% now.
10%-15% now, sometimes that's a max 20%.
But 10%-15% versus pre -COVID.
Pre-Covid, but then towards the real downside within COVID the 20%, but let's say that now it's stabilizing on that high level. And so as from now, you can calculate it into your projects. But indeed, besides the cost inflation there is also indeed the lead time in the construction. There is no -- let's say we were able to deliver all the project or almost all the projects together with our clients in time until now. But for new projects, there we have to take into account a longer realization period.
And also to give you some color on that in the past, it was, let's see, as soon as we secured the land 6 months for permitting, 9 months for construction, and these 9 months has now become between 12 and 15 months. So you could see a net effect of 3 to 6 months related to supply chain issues like mainly for the raw materials and capacity constraints with the construction companies. But there we have the benefit too, of working already for many years with the -- in partnerships with the main construction companies in all the countries of activities.
And then we have another question with regards to our plants in Germany. To what extent would it contribute by 2025 and can we give a general update on how our plans are going.
Well, a general update. I think we made that general update the end of last year where we said that we could pre -let our first projects fully before ending the construction. So let's say we planted our flag and we realized a real profitable, very nice project. And in the meantime, we also hired a Business Development Manager who will start the 1st of March. And so then, let's say, with a first existing building and a first development, demand can start and go into Germany and really start deploying further our activities there.
And then a follow-up, do we expect a major difference in development yields in Germany compared to with the Benelux?
Not in the development yields. Investment yields or let's say -- also their investment yields are the same on the market is as liquid or even a little bit more liquid than the Netherlands but it's the same environment as the Netherlands.
And then we have another question from Gerald on the nitrogen policy in the Netherlands. Will that potentially negatively affect growth, ambitions or our EPS forecasting by 2025?
And we have covered most questions unless anyone has any other remaining question, please put it in the chat. We have just one other question with regards to the like-for-like rental levels. As indicated, it's moving very slowly but what are we seeing in terms of market rent evolutions?
Yeah, what we see, it's very scattered. It depends really on the micro-market. But we're seeing in some locations at least plus 10%. And that is also the levels, the uplifts we saw in these couple of renegotiations we had, like we mentioned.
And we have no further questions.
A - Joost Uwents
Well, then let's say we could keep our promise to get it into one hour and then I have to say thank you all for listening to us and listening to our livestream, we're commended 21 and more important about the future. We are ready for further growth, external growth, internal growth covered by climate opportunities.
Thank you all very much and have a nice weekend.
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