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PubmedQA167520	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: It is widely accepted that type 2 amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) generally occurs in patients with a normal thyroid gland without signs of thyroid autoimmunity. However, it is currently unknown if the presence of anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb) and/or anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb) in AIT patients without other signs of an underlying thyroid disease may impair the response to glucocorticoid therapy. We performed a pilot retrospective cohort study with matched-subject design and an equivalence hypothesis, comparing the response to glucocorticoid therapy between 20 AIT patients with a normal thyroid gland, low radioiodine uptake, undetectable TSH receptor antibodies and positive TgAb and/or TPOAb (Ab+ group), and 40 patients with the same features and absent thyroid antibodies (Ab- group). The mean cure time was 54 ± 68 days in the Ab+ group and 55 ± 49 days in the Ab- group (p = 0.63). The equivalence test revealed an equivalent cure rate after 60, 90 and 180 days (p = 0.67, 0.88 and 0.278, respectively). The occurrence of permanent hypothyroidism was higher in the Ab+ group than in the Ab- group (26.3 vs 5.13 %, p = 0.032).\n Question: Does the presence of anti-thyroglobulin ( TgAb ) and/or anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies ( TPOAb ) exclude the diagnosis of type 2 amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "no" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: It is widely accepted that type 2 amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) generally occurs in patients with a normal thyroid gland without signs of thyroid autoimmunity. However, it is currently unknown if the presence of anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb) and/or anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb) in AIT patients without other signs of an underlying thyroid disease may impair the response to glucocorticoid therapy. We performed a pilot retrospective cohort study with matched-subject design and an equivalence hypothesis, comparing the response to glucocorticoid therapy between 20 AIT patients with a normal thyroid gland, low radioiodine uptake, undetectable TSH receptor antibodies and positive TgAb and/or TPOAb (Ab+ group), and 40 patients with the same features and absent thyroid antibodies (Ab- group). The mean cure time was 54 ± 68 days in the Ab+ group and 55 ± 49 days in the Ab- group (p = 0.63). The equivalence test revealed an equivalent cure rate after 60, 90 and 180 days (p = 0.67, 0.88 and 0.278, respectively). The occurrence of permanent hypothyroidism was higher in the Ab+ group than in the Ab- group (26.3 vs 5.13 %, p = 0.032). Question: Does the presence of anti-thyroglobulin ( TgAb ) and/or anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies ( TPOAb ) exclude the diagnosis of type 2 amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis? Output:
PubmedQA19793	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of hypercapnic hyperventilation and normocapnic normoventilation on emergence time from propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. In this clinical trial, the differences in emergence time were evaluated in 80 patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery in Alzahra University hospital, Isfahan, Iran, in 2011-2012. Patients were randomly divided into four groups (groups 1-4) receiving isoflurane hypercapnic hyperventilation, isoflurane normocapnic normoventilation, propofol hypercapnic hyperventilation, and propofol normocapnic normoventilation, respectively. Hypercapnia was maintained by adding CO2 to the patient's inspired gas during hyperventilation. The emergence time and the duration of stay in recovery room in the four groups were measured and compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference tests. The average emergence time in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were (11.3 ± 3.2), (15.2 ± 3.8), (9 ± 4.2) and (11.8 ± 5.3) min, respectively. These differences were significant (P = 0.001). In patients receiving propofol hypercapnic hyperventilation, the emergence time was faster than in other groups. There was also a significant difference in duration of stay in recovery room between the groups (P = 0.004). Patients who received isoflurane hypercapnic hyperventilation had a shortest length of stay in the recovery room.\n Question: Does hypercapnic hyperventilation shorten emergence time from Propofol and Isoflurane anesthesia?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of hypercapnic hyperventilation and normocapnic normoventilation on emergence time from propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. In this clinical trial, the differences in emergence time were evaluated in 80 patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery in Alzahra University hospital, Isfahan, Iran, in 2011-2012. Patients were randomly divided into four groups (groups 1-4) receiving isoflurane hypercapnic hyperventilation, isoflurane normocapnic normoventilation, propofol hypercapnic hyperventilation, and propofol normocapnic normoventilation, respectively. Hypercapnia was maintained by adding CO2 to the patient's inspired gas during hyperventilation. The emergence time and the duration of stay in recovery room in the four groups were measured and compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference tests. The average emergence time in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were (11.3 ± 3.2), (15.2 ± 3.8), (9 ± 4.2) and (11.8 ± 5.3) min, respectively. These differences were significant (P = 0.001). In patients receiving propofol hypercapnic hyperventilation, the emergence time was faster than in other groups. There was also a significant difference in duration of stay in recovery room between the groups (P = 0.004). Patients who received isoflurane hypercapnic hyperventilation had a shortest length of stay in the recovery room. Question: Does hypercapnic hyperventilation shorten emergence time from Propofol and Isoflurane anesthesia? Output:
PubmedQA5701	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: To investigate the expression levels of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E (LY6E) and interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1) genes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to evaluate the relations between these gene expression levels and disease activity. The clinical data of 144 SLE patients, 27 non-SLE patients with rheumatic diseases, and 59 normal controls were collected. The SLE patients were further divided into 2 subgroups: active SLE group (n = 87) and non-active SLE group (n = 57) according to SLEDAI scores. Specimens of peripheral blood were drawn; total RNA was extracted and transcribed into cDNA. Sybr green dye based real-time quantitative PCR method was used to compare the expression levels (indicated as-DeltaDeltaCT value) of LY6E and IFIT1 in patients with SLE and those in the controls. (1) The-DeltaDeltaCT value of LY6E expression level of the SLE patients was 5.4760 +/- 1.9806, significantly higher than those of the non-SLE patients (3.4323 +/- 1.7456) and normal controls (4.5198 +/- 1.6359, both P = 0.001). (2) The-DeltaDeltaCT value of LY6E and IFIT1 mRNA expression of the active SLE patients were 6.1960 +/- 1.7729 and 6.4997 +/- 2.6297 respectively, significantly higher than those observed in the inactive SLE patients (4.3770 +/- 1.7764 and 4.1327 +/- 2.6044 respectively, both P = 0.000). The-DeltaDeltaCT values of LY6E and IFIT1 mRNA of the SLE patients were correlated with the SLEDAI scores, and with the numbers of matched criteria used in the diagnosis of SLE (P < 0.001).\n Question: Are [ Interferon-inducible genes lymphocyte antigen 6 complex E and tetratricopeptide repeats 1 correlated with clinical features of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus ]?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: To investigate the expression levels of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E (LY6E) and interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1) genes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to evaluate the relations between these gene expression levels and disease activity. The clinical data of 144 SLE patients, 27 non-SLE patients with rheumatic diseases, and 59 normal controls were collected. The SLE patients were further divided into 2 subgroups: active SLE group (n = 87) and non-active SLE group (n = 57) according to SLEDAI scores. Specimens of peripheral blood were drawn; total RNA was extracted and transcribed into cDNA. Sybr green dye based real-time quantitative PCR method was used to compare the expression levels (indicated as-DeltaDeltaCT value) of LY6E and IFIT1 in patients with SLE and those in the controls. (1) The-DeltaDeltaCT value of LY6E expression level of the SLE patients was 5.4760 +/- 1.9806, significantly higher than those of the non-SLE patients (3.4323 +/- 1.7456) and normal controls (4.5198 +/- 1.6359, both P = 0.001). (2) The-DeltaDeltaCT value of LY6E and IFIT1 mRNA expression of the active SLE patients were 6.1960 +/- 1.7729 and 6.4997 +/- 2.6297 respectively, significantly higher than those observed in the inactive SLE patients (4.3770 +/- 1.7764 and 4.1327 +/- 2.6044 respectively, both P = 0.000). The-DeltaDeltaCT values of LY6E and IFIT1 mRNA of the SLE patients were correlated with the SLEDAI scores, and with the numbers of matched criteria used in the diagnosis of SLE (P < 0.001). Question: Are [ Interferon-inducible genes lymphocyte antigen 6 complex E and tetratricopeptide repeats 1 correlated with clinical features of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus ]? Output:
PubmedQA93378	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs) are associated with premature valve stenosis, regurgitation, and ascending aortic aneurysms. We compared aortic size in BAV patients with aortic size in control patients with matched valvular lesions (aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, or mixed lesions) to determine whether intrinsic aortic abnormalities in BAVs account for aortic dilatation beyond that caused by valvular hemodynamic derangement alone. Diameters of the left ventricular outflow tract, sinus of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and proximal aorta were measured from transthoracic echocardiograms in 118 consecutive BAV patients. Annular area was measured by planimetry, and BAV eccentricity was expressed as the ratio of the right leaflet area to the total annular area. Seventy-seven control patients with tricuspid aortic valves were matched for sex and for combined severity of regurgitation and stenosis. BAV patients (79 men and 39 women, aged 44.1+/-15.5 years) had varying degrees of regurgitation (84 patients [71%]) and stenosis (48 patients [41%]). Within the bicuspid group, multivariate analysis demonstrated that aortic diameters increased with worsening aortic regurgitation (P:<0.001) and advancing age (P:<0.05) but not with the severity of aortic stenosis. BAV patients had larger aortic diameters than did control patients at all ascending aortic levels measured (P:<0.01), despite advanced age in the control patients.\n Question: Are bicuspid aortic valves associated with aortic dilatation out of proportion to coexistent valvular lesions?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs) are associated with premature valve stenosis, regurgitation, and ascending aortic aneurysms. We compared aortic size in BAV patients with aortic size in control patients with matched valvular lesions (aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, or mixed lesions) to determine whether intrinsic aortic abnormalities in BAVs account for aortic dilatation beyond that caused by valvular hemodynamic derangement alone. Diameters of the left ventricular outflow tract, sinus of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and proximal aorta were measured from transthoracic echocardiograms in 118 consecutive BAV patients. Annular area was measured by planimetry, and BAV eccentricity was expressed as the ratio of the right leaflet area to the total annular area. Seventy-seven control patients with tricuspid aortic valves were matched for sex and for combined severity of regurgitation and stenosis. BAV patients (79 men and 39 women, aged 44.1+/-15.5 years) had varying degrees of regurgitation (84 patients [71%]) and stenosis (48 patients [41%]). Within the bicuspid group, multivariate analysis demonstrated that aortic diameters increased with worsening aortic regurgitation (P:<0.001) and advancing age (P:<0.05) but not with the severity of aortic stenosis. BAV patients had larger aortic diameters than did control patients at all ascending aortic levels measured (P:<0.01), despite advanced age in the control patients. Question: Are bicuspid aortic valves associated with aortic dilatation out of proportion to coexistent valvular lesions? Output:
PubmedQA89911	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Serum total creatine kinase (total CK) level increases in the patients following electrical cardioversion. The same has been observed with CK-MB, an isoenzyme of the total CK with some cardiospecificity. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a new specific cardiac biological marker, is highly effective to discriminate myocardial and muscular injuries after noncardiac surgery. To assess cardiac damage after cardioversion, we measured serum cTnI, myoglobin, total CK, CK-MB mass, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after elective cardioversion of supraventricular tachycardia in 28 patients (eight women, 20 men; mean age, 64 +/- 10 years). Cumulative energy was below 370 J in 17 patients, between 370 and 900 J in eight patients, and 1,020 J in three patients. Serum cTnI was measured using a sandwich immunoenzymologic assay. The detection limit of the assay was 0.35 microgram/L and normal values range from 0.35 to 1.3 micrograms/L. In all but three patients, cTnI remained below 0.35 microgram/L. In these three patients, cTnI ranged between 0.35 and 0.9 microgram/L. There was no correlation between cTnI and the number or the energy of cardioversion. Myoglobin and total CK increased to abnormal concentrations in 11 patients (myoglobin, 630 +/- 190 micrograms/L, and total CK, 2,584 +/- 780 U/L) and reached myocardial infarction-like values in five patients. Modest increases of CK-MB were then also observed. A strong correlation was observed between the total energy of direct current cardioversion and the increase of either myoglobin (r = 0.87; p < 001) or total CK (r = 0.81; p < 001).\n Question: Does cardiac troponin I increase after cardioversion?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "no" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Serum total creatine kinase (total CK) level increases in the patients following electrical cardioversion. The same has been observed with CK-MB, an isoenzyme of the total CK with some cardiospecificity. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a new specific cardiac biological marker, is highly effective to discriminate myocardial and muscular injuries after noncardiac surgery. To assess cardiac damage after cardioversion, we measured serum cTnI, myoglobin, total CK, CK-MB mass, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after elective cardioversion of supraventricular tachycardia in 28 patients (eight women, 20 men; mean age, 64 +/- 10 years). Cumulative energy was below 370 J in 17 patients, between 370 and 900 J in eight patients, and 1,020 J in three patients. Serum cTnI was measured using a sandwich immunoenzymologic assay. The detection limit of the assay was 0.35 microgram/L and normal values range from 0.35 to 1.3 micrograms/L. In all but three patients, cTnI remained below 0.35 microgram/L. In these three patients, cTnI ranged between 0.35 and 0.9 microgram/L. There was no correlation between cTnI and the number or the energy of cardioversion. Myoglobin and total CK increased to abnormal concentrations in 11 patients (myoglobin, 630 +/- 190 micrograms/L, and total CK, 2,584 +/- 780 U/L) and reached myocardial infarction-like values in five patients. Modest increases of CK-MB were then also observed. A strong correlation was observed between the total energy of direct current cardioversion and the increase of either myoglobin (r = 0.87; p < 001) or total CK (r = 0.81; p < 001). Question: Does cardiac troponin I increase after cardioversion? Output:
PubmedQA67262	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Previous studies have shown that metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with an increased susceptibility to develop cardiovascular damage (CD). Experimental evidence indicates that inflammation and fibrosis could play a critical role in the development of CD in hypertension. This issue has not been clarified yet in patients with MS. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between markers of inflammation and fibrosis with CD in hypertensive patients with and without MS. One hundred twenty-eight essential hypertensive patients were included in the study: 51 with MS and 77 without MS. Clinical, biochemical parameters, 24-h urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER), levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and procollagen type 1 carboxy-terminal propeptide (PICP) were measured. All patients underwent an echocardiographic examination with transmitral Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Left ventricular mass indexed by height(2.7) (LVM/h(2.7)) (P < .001), early diastolic peak flow velocity/early myocardial diastolic velocity ratio (E/Em ratio), a TDI index of diastolic function (P < .001), and 24-h UAER (P < .05) were significantly higher in the group with MS, whereas peak myocardial systolic velocity (Sm), a TDI index of systolic function (P < .001), was lower. Serum levels of CRP (P < .001), TNF-alpha (P < .05), TGF-beta (P < .01), and PICP (P < .001) were significantly increased in MS. These markers were significantly related to higher LVMI(2.7), higher E/Em ratio, and increased 24-h UAER and a lower Sm in the whole population, with a further significant enhancement in MS.\n Question: Are markers of inflammation and fibrosis related to cardiovascular damage in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Previous studies have shown that metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with an increased susceptibility to develop cardiovascular damage (CD). Experimental evidence indicates that inflammation and fibrosis could play a critical role in the development of CD in hypertension. This issue has not been clarified yet in patients with MS. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between markers of inflammation and fibrosis with CD in hypertensive patients with and without MS. One hundred twenty-eight essential hypertensive patients were included in the study: 51 with MS and 77 without MS. Clinical, biochemical parameters, 24-h urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER), levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and procollagen type 1 carboxy-terminal propeptide (PICP) were measured. All patients underwent an echocardiographic examination with transmitral Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Left ventricular mass indexed by height(2.7) (LVM/h(2.7)) (P < .001), early diastolic peak flow velocity/early myocardial diastolic velocity ratio (E/Em ratio), a TDI index of diastolic function (P < .001), and 24-h UAER (P < .05) were significantly higher in the group with MS, whereas peak myocardial systolic velocity (Sm), a TDI index of systolic function (P < .001), was lower. Serum levels of CRP (P < .001), TNF-alpha (P < .05), TGF-beta (P < .01), and PICP (P < .001) were significantly increased in MS. These markers were significantly related to higher LVMI(2.7), higher E/Em ratio, and increased 24-h UAER and a lower Sm in the whole population, with a further significant enhancement in MS. Question: Are markers of inflammation and fibrosis related to cardiovascular damage in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome? Output:
PubmedQA6686	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Microparticles are membrane vesicles shed by cells upon activation and apoptosis. Agonists capable of inducing microparticle generation include cytokines, bacterial products, P-selectin, histamine. Cigarette smoke extract has also been recognized as an agonist involved in microparticle generation with an apoptosis-dependent mechanism. We investigated the possibility that cigarette smoke extract induces the rapid generation of proinflammatory microparticles by human mononuclear cells with a calcium-dependent mechanism. Human mononuclear cells were exposed to cigarette smoke extract. [Ca(2+)]i mobilization was assessed with the fluorescent probe Fluo-4 NW. Microparticles were quantified with a prothrombinase assay and by flow cytometry. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells and A549 alveolar cells were incubated with cigarette smoke extract-induced microparticles and the generation of ICAM-1, IL-8, and MCP-1 was assessed by ELISA. Exposure to cigarette smoke extract induced a rapid increase in [Ca(2+)]i mobilization. Microparticle generation was also increased. EGTA, verapamil and the calmodulin inhibitor, W-7, inhibited microparticle generation. Incubation of lung epithelial cells with cigarette smoke extract-induced microparticles increased the expression of proinflammatory mediators.\n Question: Is rapid shedding of proinflammatory microparticles by human mononuclear cells exposed to cigarette smoke dependent on Ca2+ mobilization?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Microparticles are membrane vesicles shed by cells upon activation and apoptosis. Agonists capable of inducing microparticle generation include cytokines, bacterial products, P-selectin, histamine. Cigarette smoke extract has also been recognized as an agonist involved in microparticle generation with an apoptosis-dependent mechanism. We investigated the possibility that cigarette smoke extract induces the rapid generation of proinflammatory microparticles by human mononuclear cells with a calcium-dependent mechanism. Human mononuclear cells were exposed to cigarette smoke extract. [Ca(2+)]i mobilization was assessed with the fluorescent probe Fluo-4 NW. Microparticles were quantified with a prothrombinase assay and by flow cytometry. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells and A549 alveolar cells were incubated with cigarette smoke extract-induced microparticles and the generation of ICAM-1, IL-8, and MCP-1 was assessed by ELISA. Exposure to cigarette smoke extract induced a rapid increase in [Ca(2+)]i mobilization. Microparticle generation was also increased. EGTA, verapamil and the calmodulin inhibitor, W-7, inhibited microparticle generation. Incubation of lung epithelial cells with cigarette smoke extract-induced microparticles increased the expression of proinflammatory mediators. Question: Is rapid shedding of proinflammatory microparticles by human mononuclear cells exposed to cigarette smoke dependent on Ca2+ mobilization? Output:
PubmedQA188802	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: To evaluate the effects of diazoxide on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-injured hepatocytes and further elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized (8 for donor and recipient per group) into five groups: I/R group (4 h of liver cold ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion); heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) small interfering RNA (siRNA) group (injection of siRNA via donor portal vein 48 h prior to harvest); diazoxide (DZ) group (injection of DZ via donor portal vein 10 min prior to harvest); HO-1 siRNA + DZ group; and siRNA control group. Blood and liver samples were collected at 6 h after reperfusion. The mRNA expressions and protein levels of HO-1 were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, and tissue morphology was examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Serum transaminases level and cytokines concentration were also measured. We observed that a significant reduction of HO-1 mRNA and protein levels in HO-1 siRNA and HO-1 siRNA + DZ group when compared with I/R group, while the increases were prominent in the DZ group. Light and transmission electron microscopy indicated severe disruption of tissue with lobular distortion and mitochondrial cristae damage in the HO-1 siRNA and HO-1 siRNA + DZ groups compared with DZ group. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels increased in the HO-1 siRNA and HO-1 siRNA + DZ groups, and decreased in the DZ group.\n Question: Does diazoxide attenuate ischemia/reperfusion injury via upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 after liver transplantation in rats?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: To evaluate the effects of diazoxide on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-injured hepatocytes and further elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized (8 for donor and recipient per group) into five groups: I/R group (4 h of liver cold ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion); heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) small interfering RNA (siRNA) group (injection of siRNA via donor portal vein 48 h prior to harvest); diazoxide (DZ) group (injection of DZ via donor portal vein 10 min prior to harvest); HO-1 siRNA + DZ group; and siRNA control group. Blood and liver samples were collected at 6 h after reperfusion. The mRNA expressions and protein levels of HO-1 were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, and tissue morphology was examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Serum transaminases level and cytokines concentration were also measured. We observed that a significant reduction of HO-1 mRNA and protein levels in HO-1 siRNA and HO-1 siRNA + DZ group when compared with I/R group, while the increases were prominent in the DZ group. Light and transmission electron microscopy indicated severe disruption of tissue with lobular distortion and mitochondrial cristae damage in the HO-1 siRNA and HO-1 siRNA + DZ groups compared with DZ group. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels increased in the HO-1 siRNA and HO-1 siRNA + DZ groups, and decreased in the DZ group. Question: Does diazoxide attenuate ischemia/reperfusion injury via upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 after liver transplantation in rats? Output:
PubmedQA95436	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: The Cephalic Index, an anthropometric measure of head shape, was reported to be different between individuals with and without signs of past or concurrent otitis media (OM). In this study, we compared the Cephalic Index and other measures of head shape among groups of children aged 36-48 months with a documented history of chronic OM with effusion (COME), recurrent acute OM (RAOM) and CONTROLS (few to no OM episodes) to test that hypothesis. In 41 CONTROL, 36 COME and 42 RAOM children, Maximum Head Width, Maximum Head Length and Head Circumference were measured and the Cephalic Index (Head Width/Head Length×100) was calculated. The four measures were compared among the three groups using a General Linear Model that included group, sex and race as factors and age as a covariate. There were no differences among groups in the Cephalic Index or Head Length. Head Width was significantly smaller in the RAOM when compared to the CONTROL group and Head Circumference was significantly smaller in the RAOM and COME groups when compared to the CONTROL group. For all measures, the distribution of values showed significant overlap among groups.\n Question: Is the Cephalic Index different among groups of children aged 36-48 months with chronic otitis media with effusion , recurrent acute otitis media and controls?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "no" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: The Cephalic Index, an anthropometric measure of head shape, was reported to be different between individuals with and without signs of past or concurrent otitis media (OM). In this study, we compared the Cephalic Index and other measures of head shape among groups of children aged 36-48 months with a documented history of chronic OM with effusion (COME), recurrent acute OM (RAOM) and CONTROLS (few to no OM episodes) to test that hypothesis. In 41 CONTROL, 36 COME and 42 RAOM children, Maximum Head Width, Maximum Head Length and Head Circumference were measured and the Cephalic Index (Head Width/Head Length×100) was calculated. The four measures were compared among the three groups using a General Linear Model that included group, sex and race as factors and age as a covariate. There were no differences among groups in the Cephalic Index or Head Length. Head Width was significantly smaller in the RAOM when compared to the CONTROL group and Head Circumference was significantly smaller in the RAOM and COME groups when compared to the CONTROL group. For all measures, the distribution of values showed significant overlap among groups. Question: Is the Cephalic Index different among groups of children aged 36-48 months with chronic otitis media with effusion , recurrent acute otitis media and controls? Output:
PubmedQA33760	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) is a multifunctional, extracellular lipid transport protein that plays a major role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. Recent in vivo studies suggested that unlike systemic PLTP, macrophage-derived PLTP would be antiatherogenic. The present study aimed at characterizing the atheroprotective properties of macrophage-derived PLTP. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated from PLTP-deficient and wild-type mice and their biochemical characteristics were compared. It is shown that macrophages isolated from PLTP-deficient mice have increased basal cholesterol content and accumulate more cholesterol in the presence of LDL compared with wild-type cells. Cholesterol parameters in macrophages of PLTP-deficient mice were normalized by dietary alpha-tocopherol supplementation.\n Question: Is cholesterol accumulation increased in macrophages of phospholipid transfer protein-deficient mice : normalization by dietary alpha-tocopherol supplementation?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) is a multifunctional, extracellular lipid transport protein that plays a major role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. Recent in vivo studies suggested that unlike systemic PLTP, macrophage-derived PLTP would be antiatherogenic. The present study aimed at characterizing the atheroprotective properties of macrophage-derived PLTP. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated from PLTP-deficient and wild-type mice and their biochemical characteristics were compared. It is shown that macrophages isolated from PLTP-deficient mice have increased basal cholesterol content and accumulate more cholesterol in the presence of LDL compared with wild-type cells. Cholesterol parameters in macrophages of PLTP-deficient mice were normalized by dietary alpha-tocopherol supplementation. Question: Is cholesterol accumulation increased in macrophages of phospholipid transfer protein-deficient mice : normalization by dietary alpha-tocopherol supplementation? Output:
PubmedQA28232	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is characterized by occlusion of pulmonary arteries by organized chronic thrombi. Persistent hypoxemia and residual pulmonary hypertension (PH) following successful pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) are clinically important problems; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We have previously reported that residual PH is closely related to severe pulmonary vascular remodeling and hypothesize that this arteriopathy might also be involved in impaired gas exchange. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between hypoxemia and pulmonary arteriopathy after PEA. Between December 2011 and November 2014, 23 CTEPH patients underwent PEA and lung biopsy. The extent of pulmonary arteriopathy was quantified pathologically in lung biopsy specimens. We then analyzed the relationship between the severity of pulmonary arteriopathy and gas exchange after PEA. We observed that the severity of pulmonary arteriopathy was negatively correlated with postoperative and follow-up PaO2 (postoperative PaO2: r = -0.73, p = 0.0004; follow-up PaO2: r = -0.66, p = 0.001), but not with preoperative PaO2 (r = -0.373, p = 0.08). Multivariate analysis revealed that the obstruction ratio and patient age were determinants of PaO2 one month after PEA (R2 = 0.651, p = 0.00009). Furthermore, the obstruction ratio and improvement of pulmonary vascular resistance were determinants of PaO2 at follow-up (R2 = 0.545, p = 0.0002). Severe pulmonary arteriopathy might increase the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference and impair diffusion capacity, resulting in hypoxemia following PEA.\n Question: Does severe Pulmonary Arteriopathy be Associated with Persistent Hypoxemia after Pulmonary Endarterectomy in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is characterized by occlusion of pulmonary arteries by organized chronic thrombi. Persistent hypoxemia and residual pulmonary hypertension (PH) following successful pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) are clinically important problems; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We have previously reported that residual PH is closely related to severe pulmonary vascular remodeling and hypothesize that this arteriopathy might also be involved in impaired gas exchange. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between hypoxemia and pulmonary arteriopathy after PEA. Between December 2011 and November 2014, 23 CTEPH patients underwent PEA and lung biopsy. The extent of pulmonary arteriopathy was quantified pathologically in lung biopsy specimens. We then analyzed the relationship between the severity of pulmonary arteriopathy and gas exchange after PEA. We observed that the severity of pulmonary arteriopathy was negatively correlated with postoperative and follow-up PaO2 (postoperative PaO2: r = -0.73, p = 0.0004; follow-up PaO2: r = -0.66, p = 0.001), but not with preoperative PaO2 (r = -0.373, p = 0.08). Multivariate analysis revealed that the obstruction ratio and patient age were determinants of PaO2 one month after PEA (R2 = 0.651, p = 0.00009). Furthermore, the obstruction ratio and improvement of pulmonary vascular resistance were determinants of PaO2 at follow-up (R2 = 0.545, p = 0.0002). Severe pulmonary arteriopathy might increase the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference and impair diffusion capacity, resulting in hypoxemia following PEA. Question: Does severe Pulmonary Arteriopathy be Associated with Persistent Hypoxemia after Pulmonary Endarterectomy in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension? Output:
PubmedQA134111	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Generally Rh-negative patients need to be transfused with Rh-negative red blood cells. For pregnant women carrying Rh-positive fetus, the antenatal anti-D detection and Rh immunoglobulin prophylaxis are required worldwide. In East Asia, a RhD variant, termed \"Asia type\" DEL, was found in approximately 30% of apparent Rh-negative individuals. The antigenic and molecular properties of the DEL were previously defined. Few data discuss whether DEL could be immunized by D antigen clinically although DEL was reported arousing alloimmunization to true Rh-negative patients. To determine whether the DEL variant can be immunized to the D antigen, we retrospectively evaluated 104 Rh-negative pregnancies with allo-anti-D antibodies, and we also tracked 199 consecutive apparent Rh-negative pregnant women, with a history of gestations or parturitions but not subject to anti-D gamma-globulin prophylaxis, for evidence of allo-anti-D. The DEL variant was first excluded by ccee phenotypes and then identified through PCR analysis or sequencing. In the retrospective study, we expected to find 30 DEL variants, yet none of the anti-D alloimmunized women were DEL-positive. And in the second group, none of 44 DEL-positive women versus 38 of 155 (24.5%) true Rh-negative women (those excluding DEL) formed allo-anti-D.\n Question: Is antenatal Rh prophylaxis unnecessary for `` Asia type '' DEL women?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Generally Rh-negative patients need to be transfused with Rh-negative red blood cells. For pregnant women carrying Rh-positive fetus, the antenatal anti-D detection and Rh immunoglobulin prophylaxis are required worldwide. In East Asia, a RhD variant, termed "Asia type" DEL, was found in approximately 30% of apparent Rh-negative individuals. The antigenic and molecular properties of the DEL were previously defined. Few data discuss whether DEL could be immunized by D antigen clinically although DEL was reported arousing alloimmunization to true Rh-negative patients. To determine whether the DEL variant can be immunized to the D antigen, we retrospectively evaluated 104 Rh-negative pregnancies with allo-anti-D antibodies, and we also tracked 199 consecutive apparent Rh-negative pregnant women, with a history of gestations or parturitions but not subject to anti-D gamma-globulin prophylaxis, for evidence of allo-anti-D. The DEL variant was first excluded by ccee phenotypes and then identified through PCR analysis or sequencing. In the retrospective study, we expected to find 30 DEL variants, yet none of the anti-D alloimmunized women were DEL-positive. And in the second group, none of 44 DEL-positive women versus 38 of 155 (24.5%) true Rh-negative women (those excluding DEL) formed allo-anti-D. Question: Is antenatal Rh prophylaxis unnecessary for `` Asia type '' DEL women? Output:
PubmedQA19437	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Comparison of topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension (CIP/DEX) to ofloxacin otic solution (OFL) for treatment of granulation tissue in children with AOMT. 599 children aged >/=6 months to 12 years with AOMT of up to 3 weeks' duration were enrolled. Patients received either CIP/DEX 4 drops twice daily for 7 days or OFL 5 drops twice daily for 10 days. Granulation tissue severity was graded at clinic visits on days 1, 3, 11, and 18. Granulation tissue was present in 90 of 599 AOMT patients (15.0%) at baseline. CIP/DEX treatment was superior to OFL for reduction of granulation tissue at the day 11 visit (81.3% compared with 56.1%, P = 0.0067) and the day 18 visit (91.7% compared with 73.2%, P = 0.0223). Both topical otic preparations are safe and well tolerated in pediatric patients.\n Question: Is topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension superior to ofloxacin otic solution in the treatment of granulation tissue in children with acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Comparison of topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension (CIP/DEX) to ofloxacin otic solution (OFL) for treatment of granulation tissue in children with AOMT. 599 children aged >/=6 months to 12 years with AOMT of up to 3 weeks' duration were enrolled. Patients received either CIP/DEX 4 drops twice daily for 7 days or OFL 5 drops twice daily for 10 days. Granulation tissue severity was graded at clinic visits on days 1, 3, 11, and 18. Granulation tissue was present in 90 of 599 AOMT patients (15.0%) at baseline. CIP/DEX treatment was superior to OFL for reduction of granulation tissue at the day 11 visit (81.3% compared with 56.1%, P = 0.0067) and the day 18 visit (91.7% compared with 73.2%, P = 0.0223). Both topical otic preparations are safe and well tolerated in pediatric patients. Question: Is topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension superior to ofloxacin otic solution in the treatment of granulation tissue in children with acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes? Output:
PubmedQA189743	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: To investigate the course of functional status assessed by health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with sustained clinical remission (REM). In recent RA clinical trials, we identified patients with subsequent visits of ≥24 weeks in clinical REM according to the disease activity score using 28-joint counts including C-reactive protein (DAS28) (≤2.6), or simplified disease activity index (SDAI) (≤3.3). Area under the curve (AUC) and mean HAQ scores throughout the time in sustained REM were compared using t test, analyses of variance (ANOVA) and adjusted general linear modeling (GLM) with repeated measures. In Cox regression analyses, the time to regain full physical function was modeled. Sensitivity analyses were performed in patients of sustained SDAI low disease activity (LDA; SDAI ≤11). A total of 610 out of 4364 patients achieved sustained DAS28 REM (14%) and 252 SDAI REM (5.8%). ANOVA testing for linear trend showed significant decrease of mean HAQ from week 0 (start of REM) to week 24, regardless of REM criteria used. AUC of HAQ throughout 24 weeks of REM was higher in DAS28 compared to SDAI REM (p ≤0.01). GLM adjusting for covariates showed significant decrease of monthly HAQ scores from week 0 to 24 (DAS28: 0.276, 0.243, 0.229, 0.222, 0.219, 0.209 to 0.199; p = 0.0001; SDAI: 0.147, 0.142, 0.149, 0.129, 0.123, 0.117 to 0.114; p = 0.029). Similarly, a decrease of HAQ over time was found in patients of sustained SDAI LDA. In DAS28 REM, the chance of regaining full physical function was higher for female (hazard ratio HR [95% confidence interval]: 1.41 [1.13-1.76]) and early RA patients (disease duration ≤2 years: HR 1.29 [1.01-1.65]); in SDAI REM no significant differences were found.\n Question: Does physical function continue to improve when clinical remission is sustained in rheumatoid arthritis patients?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: To investigate the course of functional status assessed by health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with sustained clinical remission (REM). In recent RA clinical trials, we identified patients with subsequent visits of ≥24 weeks in clinical REM according to the disease activity score using 28-joint counts including C-reactive protein (DAS28) (≤2.6), or simplified disease activity index (SDAI) (≤3.3). Area under the curve (AUC) and mean HAQ scores throughout the time in sustained REM were compared using t test, analyses of variance (ANOVA) and adjusted general linear modeling (GLM) with repeated measures. In Cox regression analyses, the time to regain full physical function was modeled. Sensitivity analyses were performed in patients of sustained SDAI low disease activity (LDA; SDAI ≤11). A total of 610 out of 4364 patients achieved sustained DAS28 REM (14%) and 252 SDAI REM (5.8%). ANOVA testing for linear trend showed significant decrease of mean HAQ from week 0 (start of REM) to week 24, regardless of REM criteria used. AUC of HAQ throughout 24 weeks of REM was higher in DAS28 compared to SDAI REM (p ≤0.01). GLM adjusting for covariates showed significant decrease of monthly HAQ scores from week 0 to 24 (DAS28: 0.276, 0.243, 0.229, 0.222, 0.219, 0.209 to 0.199; p = 0.0001; SDAI: 0.147, 0.142, 0.149, 0.129, 0.123, 0.117 to 0.114; p = 0.029). Similarly, a decrease of HAQ over time was found in patients of sustained SDAI LDA. In DAS28 REM, the chance of regaining full physical function was higher for female (hazard ratio HR [95% confidence interval]: 1.41 [1.13-1.76]) and early RA patients (disease duration ≤2 years: HR 1.29 [1.01-1.65]); in SDAI REM no significant differences were found. Question: Does physical function continue to improve when clinical remission is sustained in rheumatoid arthritis patients? Output:
PubmedQA126627	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether individuals with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) show differential activation during an emotional activation task compared with age- and sex-matched controls, by measuring changes in the concentration of oxygenated (oxyHb) and deoxygenated (deoxyHb) hemoglobin, using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Fourteen patients with PDD and 14 age- and sex-matched healthy controls participated in the study. The relative changes of concentrations of oxyHb and deoxyHb were measured on NIRS during an implicit processing task of fearful expression using Japanese standard faces. PDD patients had significantly reduced oxyHb changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) compared to healthy controls.\n Question: Does multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy show reduced activation in the prefrontal cortex during facial expression processing in pervasive developmental disorder?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether individuals with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) show differential activation during an emotional activation task compared with age- and sex-matched controls, by measuring changes in the concentration of oxygenated (oxyHb) and deoxygenated (deoxyHb) hemoglobin, using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Fourteen patients with PDD and 14 age- and sex-matched healthy controls participated in the study. The relative changes of concentrations of oxyHb and deoxyHb were measured on NIRS during an implicit processing task of fearful expression using Japanese standard faces. PDD patients had significantly reduced oxyHb changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) compared to healthy controls. Question: Does multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy show reduced activation in the prefrontal cortex during facial expression processing in pervasive developmental disorder? Output:
PubmedQA11976	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: ATP exerts diverse effects on various cell types via specific purinergic P2Y receptors. Intracellular signaling cascades are the main routes of communication between P2Y receptors and regulatory targets in the cell. We examined the role of ATP in the modulation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38 MAP kinases (MAPKs) in human colon cancer Caco-2 cells. Immunoblot analysis showed that ATP induces the phosphorylation of MAPKs in a time- and dose-dependent manner, peaking at 5 min at 10 microM ATP. Moreover, ATPgammaS, UTP, and UDP but not ADP or ADPbetaS increased phosphorylation of MAPKs, indicating the involvement of, at least, P2Y2/P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptor subtypes. RT-PCR studies and PCR product sequencing supported the expression of P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors in this cell line. Spectrofluorimetric measurements showed that cell stimulation with ATP induced transient elevations in intracellular calcium concentration. In addition, ATP-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs in Caco-2 cells was dependent on Src family tyrosine kinases, calcium influx, and intracellular Ca2+ release and was partially dependent on the cAMP/PKA and PKC pathways and the EGFR.\n Question: Does extracellular ATP activate MAP kinase cascades through a P2Y purinergic receptor in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ATP exerts diverse effects on various cell types via specific purinergic P2Y receptors. Intracellular signaling cascades are the main routes of communication between P2Y receptors and regulatory targets in the cell. We examined the role of ATP in the modulation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38 MAP kinases (MAPKs) in human colon cancer Caco-2 cells. Immunoblot analysis showed that ATP induces the phosphorylation of MAPKs in a time- and dose-dependent manner, peaking at 5 min at 10 microM ATP. Moreover, ATPgammaS, UTP, and UDP but not ADP or ADPbetaS increased phosphorylation of MAPKs, indicating the involvement of, at least, P2Y2/P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptor subtypes. RT-PCR studies and PCR product sequencing supported the expression of P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors in this cell line. Spectrofluorimetric measurements showed that cell stimulation with ATP induced transient elevations in intracellular calcium concentration. In addition, ATP-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs in Caco-2 cells was dependent on Src family tyrosine kinases, calcium influx, and intracellular Ca2+ release and was partially dependent on the cAMP/PKA and PKC pathways and the EGFR. Question: Does extracellular ATP activate MAP kinase cascades through a P2Y purinergic receptor in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line? Output:
PubmedQA169452	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Lassa virus and Marburg virus are two causative agents of viral hemorrhagic fever. Their diagnosis is difficult because patients infected with either pathogen present similar nonspecific symptoms early after infection. Current diagnostic tests are based on detecting viral proteins or nucleic acids in the blood, but these cannot be found during the early stages of disease, before the virus starts replicating in the blood. Using the transcriptional response of the host during infection can lead to earlier diagnoses compared to those of traditional methods. In this study, we use RNA sequencing to obtain a high-resolution view of the in vivo transcriptional dynamics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) throughout both types of infection. We report a subset of host mRNAs, including heat-shock proteins like HSPA1B, immunoglobulins like IGJ, and cell adhesion molecules like SIGLEC1, whose differences in expression are strong enough to distinguish Lassa infection from Marburg infection in non-human primates. We have validated these infection-specific expression differences by using microarrays on a larger set of samples, and by quantifying the expression of individual genes using RT-PCR.\n Question: Do lassa and Marburg viruses elicit distinct host transcriptional responses early after infection?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Lassa virus and Marburg virus are two causative agents of viral hemorrhagic fever. Their diagnosis is difficult because patients infected with either pathogen present similar nonspecific symptoms early after infection. Current diagnostic tests are based on detecting viral proteins or nucleic acids in the blood, but these cannot be found during the early stages of disease, before the virus starts replicating in the blood. Using the transcriptional response of the host during infection can lead to earlier diagnoses compared to those of traditional methods. In this study, we use RNA sequencing to obtain a high-resolution view of the in vivo transcriptional dynamics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) throughout both types of infection. We report a subset of host mRNAs, including heat-shock proteins like HSPA1B, immunoglobulins like IGJ, and cell adhesion molecules like SIGLEC1, whose differences in expression are strong enough to distinguish Lassa infection from Marburg infection in non-human primates. We have validated these infection-specific expression differences by using microarrays on a larger set of samples, and by quantifying the expression of individual genes using RT-PCR. Question: Do lassa and Marburg viruses elicit distinct host transcriptional responses early after infection? Output:
PubmedQA114930	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: The aim of this work was to compare the functional results of secondary Girdlestone hips with the results of total hip replacement (THR) after a Girdlestone situation. 72 patients with THR following a Girdlestone situation and 87 patients with a Girdlestone situation (90 hips) were compared with regard to defined endpoints. THR following a Girdlestone situation provided for significantly higher patient satisfaction (89 % versus 13 %) and hip function (HHS 63 versus 39 points). The groups only marginally differed with regard to the incidence of complications (0.32 versus 0.26 per patient) and the necessity for surgical revision (0.38 versus 0.31 per patient).\n Question: Is [ Reimplantation of the artificial hip joint in girdlestone hips superior to girdlestone arthroplasty by itself ]?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: The aim of this work was to compare the functional results of secondary Girdlestone hips with the results of total hip replacement (THR) after a Girdlestone situation. 72 patients with THR following a Girdlestone situation and 87 patients with a Girdlestone situation (90 hips) were compared with regard to defined endpoints. THR following a Girdlestone situation provided for significantly higher patient satisfaction (89 % versus 13 %) and hip function (HHS 63 versus 39 points). The groups only marginally differed with regard to the incidence of complications (0.32 versus 0.26 per patient) and the necessity for surgical revision (0.38 versus 0.31 per patient). Question: Is [ Reimplantation of the artificial hip joint in girdlestone hips superior to girdlestone arthroplasty by itself ]? Output:
PubmedQA104811	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Nerve repair using photochemically bonded human amnion nerve wraps can result in superior outcomes in comparison with standard suture. When applied to nerve grafts, efficacy has been limited by proteolytic degradation of bonded amnion during extended periods of recovery. Chemical cross-linking of amnion before bonding may improve wrap durability and efficacy. Three nerve wraps (amnion, cross-linked amnion, and cross-linked swine intestinal submucosa) and three fixation methods (suture, fibrin glue, and photochemical bonding) were investigated. One hundred ten Lewis rats had 15-mm left sciatic nerve gaps repaired with isografts. Nine groups (n = 10) had isografts secured by one of the aforementioned wrap/fixation combinations. Positive and negative control groups (n = 10) were repaired with graft and suture and no repair, respectively. Outcomes were assessed using sciatic function index, muscle mass retention, and histomorphometry. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and the post hoc Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). Cross-linking improved amnion durability. Photochemically bonded cross-linked amnion recovered the greatest sciatic function index, although this was not significant in comparison with graft and suture. Photochemically bonded cross-linked amnion recovered significantly greater muscle mass (67.3 ± 4.4 percent versus 60.0 ± 5.2 percent; p = 0.02), fiber diameter, axon diameter, and myelin thickness (6.87 ± 2.23 μm versus 5.47 ± 1.70 μm; 4.51 ± 1.83 μm versus 3.50 ± 1.44 μm; and 2.35 ± 0.64 μm versus 1.96 ± 0.47 μm, respectively) in comparison with graft and suture.\n Question: Does light-Activated Sealing of Nerve Graft Coaptation Sites improve Outcome following Large Gap Peripheral Nerve Injury?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Nerve repair using photochemically bonded human amnion nerve wraps can result in superior outcomes in comparison with standard suture. When applied to nerve grafts, efficacy has been limited by proteolytic degradation of bonded amnion during extended periods of recovery. Chemical cross-linking of amnion before bonding may improve wrap durability and efficacy. Three nerve wraps (amnion, cross-linked amnion, and cross-linked swine intestinal submucosa) and three fixation methods (suture, fibrin glue, and photochemical bonding) were investigated. One hundred ten Lewis rats had 15-mm left sciatic nerve gaps repaired with isografts. Nine groups (n = 10) had isografts secured by one of the aforementioned wrap/fixation combinations. Positive and negative control groups (n = 10) were repaired with graft and suture and no repair, respectively. Outcomes were assessed using sciatic function index, muscle mass retention, and histomorphometry. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and the post hoc Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). Cross-linking improved amnion durability. Photochemically bonded cross-linked amnion recovered the greatest sciatic function index, although this was not significant in comparison with graft and suture. Photochemically bonded cross-linked amnion recovered significantly greater muscle mass (67.3 ± 4.4 percent versus 60.0 ± 5.2 percent; p = 0.02), fiber diameter, axon diameter, and myelin thickness (6.87 ± 2.23 μm versus 5.47 ± 1.70 μm; 4.51 ± 1.83 μm versus 3.50 ± 1.44 μm; and 2.35 ± 0.64 μm versus 1.96 ± 0.47 μm, respectively) in comparison with graft and suture. Question: Does light-Activated Sealing of Nerve Graft Coaptation Sites improve Outcome following Large Gap Peripheral Nerve Injury? Output:
PubmedQA141372	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Infusion of insulin produces sympathoexcitation, nitric oxide (NO) generation and NO-mediated vasodilation. Because central nervous system NO may inhibit sympathetic outflow, the present study was designed to determine whether NO synthase blockade would enhance insulin-mediated sympathetic activation. We additionally aimed to determine whether augmented sympathoexcitation and reduced NO-mediated vasodilation, during combined NO synthase blockade and hyperinsulinemia, would result in a blood pressure increase. We infused vehicle (Control; n = 7) or insulin (10 mU/min) in anaesthetized rats receiving either no pretreatment (Insulin; n = 7) or after pretreatment with the NO blocker, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA-insulin; 0.25 mg/kg per min; n = 7), while measuring mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) during euglycemic clamp. An additional control group received L-NMMA (L-NMMA; n = 7). Insulin rats had large SNA increases (190 +/- 22% from 100% baseline), contrasting with small increases in the Control (136 +/- 10%) and L-NMMA (135 +/- 20%) groups. Unexpectedly, NO blockade abolished insulin-induced SNA increases in the L-NMMA-insulin group (96 +/- 12%). In agreement with the SNA findings, Insulin rats had heart rate increases while no heart rate changes were observed in the L-NMMA-insulin, Control, or L-NMMA groups. In addition, there was an unexpected was a lack of MAP increase in L-NMMA-insulin rats. MAP also did not change in the Control, L-NMMA or Insulin groups.\n Question: Does inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis attenuate insulin-mediated sympathetic activation in rats?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Infusion of insulin produces sympathoexcitation, nitric oxide (NO) generation and NO-mediated vasodilation. Because central nervous system NO may inhibit sympathetic outflow, the present study was designed to determine whether NO synthase blockade would enhance insulin-mediated sympathetic activation. We additionally aimed to determine whether augmented sympathoexcitation and reduced NO-mediated vasodilation, during combined NO synthase blockade and hyperinsulinemia, would result in a blood pressure increase. We infused vehicle (Control; n = 7) or insulin (10 mU/min) in anaesthetized rats receiving either no pretreatment (Insulin; n = 7) or after pretreatment with the NO blocker, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA-insulin; 0.25 mg/kg per min; n = 7), while measuring mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) during euglycemic clamp. An additional control group received L-NMMA (L-NMMA; n = 7). Insulin rats had large SNA increases (190 +/- 22% from 100% baseline), contrasting with small increases in the Control (136 +/- 10%) and L-NMMA (135 +/- 20%) groups. Unexpectedly, NO blockade abolished insulin-induced SNA increases in the L-NMMA-insulin group (96 +/- 12%). In agreement with the SNA findings, Insulin rats had heart rate increases while no heart rate changes were observed in the L-NMMA-insulin, Control, or L-NMMA groups. In addition, there was an unexpected was a lack of MAP increase in L-NMMA-insulin rats. MAP also did not change in the Control, L-NMMA or Insulin groups. Question: Does inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis attenuate insulin-mediated sympathetic activation in rats? Output:
PubmedQA194766	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Although there is growing awareness of the beneficial potential of onion intake to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, there is little information about the effect of onion on ischemic heart injury, one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. This study investigates the effect of the methanol-soluble extract of onion on ischemic injury in heart-derived H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat hearts in vivo. The underlying mechanism is also investigated. To evaluate the effect of onion on ischemia-induced cell death, LDH release and TUNEL-positivity were assessed in H9c2 cells, and the infarct size was measured in a myocardial infarct model. To investigate the mechanism of the cardioprotection by onion, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) were measured using an imaging technique; the caspase-3 activity was assayed, and Western blotting was performed to examine cytochrome c release in H9c2 cells. The methanolic extract of onion had a preventive effect on ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptotic death in H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat heart in vivo. The onion extract (0.05 g/ml) inhibited the elevation of the ROS, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation during hypoxia in H9c2 cells. In the in vivo rat myocardial infarction model, onion extract (10 g/kg) significantly reduced the infarct size, the apoptotic cell death of the heart and the plasma MDA level.\n Question: Does methanolic extract of onion ( Allium cepa ) attenuate ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via antioxidant effect?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Although there is growing awareness of the beneficial potential of onion intake to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, there is little information about the effect of onion on ischemic heart injury, one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. This study investigates the effect of the methanol-soluble extract of onion on ischemic injury in heart-derived H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat hearts in vivo. The underlying mechanism is also investigated. To evaluate the effect of onion on ischemia-induced cell death, LDH release and TUNEL-positivity were assessed in H9c2 cells, and the infarct size was measured in a myocardial infarct model. To investigate the mechanism of the cardioprotection by onion, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) were measured using an imaging technique; the caspase-3 activity was assayed, and Western blotting was performed to examine cytochrome c release in H9c2 cells. The methanolic extract of onion had a preventive effect on ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptotic death in H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat heart in vivo. The onion extract (0.05 g/ml) inhibited the elevation of the ROS, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation during hypoxia in H9c2 cells. In the in vivo rat myocardial infarction model, onion extract (10 g/kg) significantly reduced the infarct size, the apoptotic cell death of the heart and the plasma MDA level. Question: Does methanolic extract of onion ( Allium cepa ) attenuate ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via antioxidant effect? Output:
PubmedQA53227	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: The objective of this study was to clarify the usefulness of positron emission tomography (PET) using(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and carbon 11-labeled acetate (AC) for predicting the histologic types and tumor invasiveness of thymoma in a multicenter study. Forty thymomas were examined using both FDG-PET and AC-PET before surgery. The histologic types were type A in 1 thymoma, type AB in 12 thymomas, type B1 in 11 thymomas, type B2 in 7 thymomas, type B3 in 6 thymomas, and type C in 3 thymomas. Tumor invasiveness was assessed by pathologic tumor stage and was identified as stage I in 17 tumors, stage II in 17 tumors, stage III in 4 tumors, and stage IV in 2 tumors. FDG and AC uptake was measured as the maximum standard uptake value (SUV). The FDG-SUV in type C thymomas was significantly higher than that in the other types (A-B3; P = .001 - P = .048). The AC-SUV in type A/AB thymomas was significantly higher than that in the other tumor types (B1-C; P < .001 - P = .002). All 3 type C tumors had an FDG-SUV >or=6.3, and all 13 type A/AB tumors had an FDG-SUV <6.3 and an AC-SUV >or=5.7. All 17 thymomas that had an FDG-SUV <6.3 and an AC-SUV <5.7 were type B1, B2, or B3. Neither the FDG-SUV nor the AC-SUV differed significantly between the stages I/II tumors and stage III/IV tumors.\n Question: Are 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-acetate positron emission tomography useful modalities for diagnosing the histologic type of thymoma?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: The objective of this study was to clarify the usefulness of positron emission tomography (PET) using(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and carbon 11-labeled acetate (AC) for predicting the histologic types and tumor invasiveness of thymoma in a multicenter study. Forty thymomas were examined using both FDG-PET and AC-PET before surgery. The histologic types were type A in 1 thymoma, type AB in 12 thymomas, type B1 in 11 thymomas, type B2 in 7 thymomas, type B3 in 6 thymomas, and type C in 3 thymomas. Tumor invasiveness was assessed by pathologic tumor stage and was identified as stage I in 17 tumors, stage II in 17 tumors, stage III in 4 tumors, and stage IV in 2 tumors. FDG and AC uptake was measured as the maximum standard uptake value (SUV). The FDG-SUV in type C thymomas was significantly higher than that in the other types (A-B3; P = .001 - P = .048). The AC-SUV in type A/AB thymomas was significantly higher than that in the other tumor types (B1-C; P < .001 - P = .002). All 3 type C tumors had an FDG-SUV >or=6.3, and all 13 type A/AB tumors had an FDG-SUV <6.3 and an AC-SUV >or=5.7. All 17 thymomas that had an FDG-SUV <6.3 and an AC-SUV <5.7 were type B1, B2, or B3. Neither the FDG-SUV nor the AC-SUV differed significantly between the stages I/II tumors and stage III/IV tumors. Question: Are 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-acetate positron emission tomography useful modalities for diagnosing the histologic type of thymoma? Output:
PubmedQA138706	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) induces structural changes in the peritoneal membrane such as fibrosis, vasculopathy and angioneogenesis with a reduction in ultrafiltration capacity. Leukotriene (LT) receptor antagonists have been found to be effective to prevent fibrosis in some nonperitoneal tissues. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible beneficial effect of montelukast, a LT receptor antagonist, on peritoneal membrane exposed to hypertonic peritoneal dialysis in uremic rats. Of the 48 male, 5/6 nephrectomized Wistar rats 29 remained alive and were included in the study. These studied rats were divided into 3 groups: Group I (n=7) was the control group, Group II (n=8) was treated with 20 ml hypertonic PDF intraperitoneally daily and Group III was treated with montelukast and similar PDF treatment protocol. The morphological and functional changes in the peritoneal membrane as well as cytokine expression were compared between groups. Submesothelial thickness and the severity of the degree of hyaline vasculapathy were more prominent in group III when compared to group I. There were no significant differences between group II and other groups in terms of submesothelial thickness and the severity of the degree of hyaline vasculapathy. Increased expressions of TGF-β and VEGF in parietal peritoneal membrane were found in group II and group III when compared to group I. The amount of TGF-β and VEGF expression were similar in group II and group III.\n Question: Does cysteinyl 1 receptor antagonist montelukast , prevent peritoneal membrane damage in experimental chronic peritoneal dialysis model in rats?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "no" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) induces structural changes in the peritoneal membrane such as fibrosis, vasculopathy and angioneogenesis with a reduction in ultrafiltration capacity. Leukotriene (LT) receptor antagonists have been found to be effective to prevent fibrosis in some nonperitoneal tissues. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible beneficial effect of montelukast, a LT receptor antagonist, on peritoneal membrane exposed to hypertonic peritoneal dialysis in uremic rats. Of the 48 male, 5/6 nephrectomized Wistar rats 29 remained alive and were included in the study. These studied rats were divided into 3 groups: Group I (n=7) was the control group, Group II (n=8) was treated with 20 ml hypertonic PDF intraperitoneally daily and Group III was treated with montelukast and similar PDF treatment protocol. The morphological and functional changes in the peritoneal membrane as well as cytokine expression were compared between groups. Submesothelial thickness and the severity of the degree of hyaline vasculapathy were more prominent in group III when compared to group I. There were no significant differences between group II and other groups in terms of submesothelial thickness and the severity of the degree of hyaline vasculapathy. Increased expressions of TGF-β and VEGF in parietal peritoneal membrane were found in group II and group III when compared to group I. The amount of TGF-β and VEGF expression were similar in group II and group III. Question: Does cysteinyl 1 receptor antagonist montelukast , prevent peritoneal membrane damage in experimental chronic peritoneal dialysis model in rats? Output:
PubmedQA116646	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: To examine whether platelet-released adenosine diphosphate (ADP) would contribute to the stabilization of rabbit platelet aggregation induced by platelet activating factor (PAF). Rabbit platelet aggregation induced by PAF was measured turbimetrically. ADP release from rabbit platelets stimulated by PAF was determined by HPLC. Intracellular Ca2+ was measured using Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent indicator Fura 2-AM. PAF > or = 1 nmol.L-1 induced full platelet aggregation, which did not deaggregate over 5 min after aggregation reached peak. Platelet aggregation was deaggregated in a concentration-dependent manner by subsequent addition of ADP scavenger ATP-diphosphohydrolase (apyrase) at 5-100 mg.L-1. PAF 3 nmol.L-1 stimulated release of ADP (29% vs 6% of control), and elicited a rapid rise in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) which peaked at approximately 15 s. Then the [Ca2+]i gradually decayed from 585 +/- 80 nmol.L-1 within 100 s to a low level (364 +/- 82 nmol.L-1). Apyrase 100 mg.L-1, added 2 min after PAF, reduced [Ca2+]i to a lower level (171 +/- 29 nmol.L-1).\n Question: Does platelet-released ADP stabilize PAF-induced rabbit platelet aggregation by stabilizing intracellular calcium?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: To examine whether platelet-released adenosine diphosphate (ADP) would contribute to the stabilization of rabbit platelet aggregation induced by platelet activating factor (PAF). Rabbit platelet aggregation induced by PAF was measured turbimetrically. ADP release from rabbit platelets stimulated by PAF was determined by HPLC. Intracellular Ca2+ was measured using Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent indicator Fura 2-AM. PAF > or = 1 nmol.L-1 induced full platelet aggregation, which did not deaggregate over 5 min after aggregation reached peak. Platelet aggregation was deaggregated in a concentration-dependent manner by subsequent addition of ADP scavenger ATP-diphosphohydrolase (apyrase) at 5-100 mg.L-1. PAF 3 nmol.L-1 stimulated release of ADP (29% vs 6% of control), and elicited a rapid rise in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) which peaked at approximately 15 s. Then the [Ca2+]i gradually decayed from 585 +/- 80 nmol.L-1 within 100 s to a low level (364 +/- 82 nmol.L-1). Apyrase 100 mg.L-1, added 2 min after PAF, reduced [Ca2+]i to a lower level (171 +/- 29 nmol.L-1). Question: Does platelet-released ADP stabilize PAF-induced rabbit platelet aggregation by stabilizing intracellular calcium? Output:
PubmedQA11716	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Sleep loss has repeatedly been suggested to affect glucose metabolism adversely, raising the question as to the impact of subtle forms of sleep loss. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of a single night of sleep restriction to 4.5 h on endocrine parameters of glucose metabolism. We conducted crossover, balanced experiments including two conditions, i.e. one night of 4.5 h and one night of 7 h of sleep. In 10 healthy men, circulating concentrations of insulin, C-peptide, epinephrine, norepinephrine, GH, ACTH, cortisol, and glucagon were measured after sleep and sleep restriction, respectively, during basal rest and a subsequent stepwise hypoglycemic clamp. Mild sleep restriction induced a robust reduction in basal plasma glucagon levels that persisted throughout the hypoglycemic clamp (P < 0.03). Basal glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were unaffected by sleep restriction. Also, basal and hypoglycemia-stimulated concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and GH were unchanged after sleep restriction. Concentrations of ACTH (P < 0.05) and cortisol (P < 0.001) were reduced after sleep loss during baseline and at the start of hypoglycemia, but reached roughly comparable levels in both conditions at the end of the clamp (ACTH, P > 0.06; cortisol, P > 0.93).\n Question: Does mild sleep restriction acutely reduce plasma glucagon levels in healthy men?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Sleep loss has repeatedly been suggested to affect glucose metabolism adversely, raising the question as to the impact of subtle forms of sleep loss. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of a single night of sleep restriction to 4.5 h on endocrine parameters of glucose metabolism. We conducted crossover, balanced experiments including two conditions, i.e. one night of 4.5 h and one night of 7 h of sleep. In 10 healthy men, circulating concentrations of insulin, C-peptide, epinephrine, norepinephrine, GH, ACTH, cortisol, and glucagon were measured after sleep and sleep restriction, respectively, during basal rest and a subsequent stepwise hypoglycemic clamp. Mild sleep restriction induced a robust reduction in basal plasma glucagon levels that persisted throughout the hypoglycemic clamp (P < 0.03). Basal glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were unaffected by sleep restriction. Also, basal and hypoglycemia-stimulated concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and GH were unchanged after sleep restriction. Concentrations of ACTH (P < 0.05) and cortisol (P < 0.001) were reduced after sleep loss during baseline and at the start of hypoglycemia, but reached roughly comparable levels in both conditions at the end of the clamp (ACTH, P > 0.06; cortisol, P > 0.93). Question: Does mild sleep restriction acutely reduce plasma glucagon levels in healthy men? Output:
PubmedQA201113	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Abnormal expression of CEACAM6 observed on the ileal epithelium in Crohn's disease (CD) patients allows adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) to colonize gut mucosa. Since intestinal permeability is significantly increased in CD patients, we aimed at investigating whether and how AIEC alter barrier function. Tissue microarray was performed on ileal biopsies from CD patients in quiescent and active phases. CEABAC10 or wildtype mice were orally challenged with 10(9) bacteria. Intestinal permeability was assessed by measuring 4 kDa dextran-FITC flux in serum, barrier integrity was analyzed using biotin tracer experiment, and claudin-2 protein immunostaining. Bacterial translocation was analyzed in Ussing chambers. Pore-forming tight junction protein claudin-2 is strongly expressed in the ileum of 51% patients in quiescent phase and in 49% of the patients with active CD. Infection of CEABAC10 transgenic mice expressing human CEACAMs with AIEC, but not with nonpathogenic E. coli, led to a significant 3.0-fold increase in intestinal permeability and to disruption of mucosal integrity in a type 1 pili-dependent mechanism. This is consistent with the claudin-2 abnormal expression at the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells observed in AIEC-infected CEABAC10 mice. AIEC bacteria were able to translocate through CEABAC10 intestinal mucosa.\n Question: Do adherent-invasive Escherichia coli induce claudin-2 expression and barrier defect in CEABAC10 mice and Crohn 's disease patients?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Abnormal expression of CEACAM6 observed on the ileal epithelium in Crohn's disease (CD) patients allows adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) to colonize gut mucosa. Since intestinal permeability is significantly increased in CD patients, we aimed at investigating whether and how AIEC alter barrier function. Tissue microarray was performed on ileal biopsies from CD patients in quiescent and active phases. CEABAC10 or wildtype mice were orally challenged with 10(9) bacteria. Intestinal permeability was assessed by measuring 4 kDa dextran-FITC flux in serum, barrier integrity was analyzed using biotin tracer experiment, and claudin-2 protein immunostaining. Bacterial translocation was analyzed in Ussing chambers. Pore-forming tight junction protein claudin-2 is strongly expressed in the ileum of 51% patients in quiescent phase and in 49% of the patients with active CD. Infection of CEABAC10 transgenic mice expressing human CEACAMs with AIEC, but not with nonpathogenic E. coli, led to a significant 3.0-fold increase in intestinal permeability and to disruption of mucosal integrity in a type 1 pili-dependent mechanism. This is consistent with the claudin-2 abnormal expression at the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells observed in AIEC-infected CEABAC10 mice. AIEC bacteria were able to translocate through CEABAC10 intestinal mucosa. Question: Do adherent-invasive Escherichia coli induce claudin-2 expression and barrier defect in CEABAC10 mice and Crohn 's disease patients? Output:
PubmedQA8337	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Seventy percent glycolic acid solutions are being commonly used as superficial chemical peeling agents. The pH of these solutions ranges from 0.08 to 2.75. The histologic effects of these various pH solutions on human skin have not been studied. The histologic effects of several commercially available glycolic acid solutions at various pHs were examined. Test areas of seven glycolic acid solutions were applied to facial skin of two patients. The skin was not prepped for a peel prior to the application of the acid. The solution was left in place for 30 minutes, then neutralized. After 48 hours, a 2-mm punch biopsy was performed and examined histologically. The peeling solutions with a pH below 2 demonstrated the potential to induce crusting and necrosis, which was not seen with the partially neutralized solutions with a pH above 2. The higher concentration acids (70%) created more tissue damage than the lower concentration (50%) when comparing solutions with free acid.\n Question: Does a histological comparison of 50 % and 70 % glycolic acid peel using solutions with various pHs?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Seventy percent glycolic acid solutions are being commonly used as superficial chemical peeling agents. The pH of these solutions ranges from 0.08 to 2.75. The histologic effects of these various pH solutions on human skin have not been studied. The histologic effects of several commercially available glycolic acid solutions at various pHs were examined. Test areas of seven glycolic acid solutions were applied to facial skin of two patients. The skin was not prepped for a peel prior to the application of the acid. The solution was left in place for 30 minutes, then neutralized. After 48 hours, a 2-mm punch biopsy was performed and examined histologically. The peeling solutions with a pH below 2 demonstrated the potential to induce crusting and necrosis, which was not seen with the partially neutralized solutions with a pH above 2. The higher concentration acids (70%) created more tissue damage than the lower concentration (50%) when comparing solutions with free acid. Question: Does a histological comparison of 50 % and 70 % glycolic acid peel using solutions with various pHs? Output:
PubmedQA185352	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: This prospective study evaluated whether extraductal catheter probe EUS as an adjunct to endoscopic retrograde cholangiography can detect or rule out choledocholithiasis and other pathologic conditions of the distal common bile duct. A total of 119 patients referred because of suspected choledocholithiasis or other bile flow obstruction for endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and papillotomy were included in this prospective study. Extraductal EUS of the distal common bile duct with a radial-scanning catheter probe was followed immediately by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and papillotomy by a second examiner who was blinded to the EUS findings. Extraductal EUS and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography findings were compared. Extraductal EUS detected 33/34 bile duct stones and all papillary adenomas (16 patients). In 8/34 patients, stones were missed on cholangiography but were seen after papillotomy and stone extraction. Extraductal EUS missed 10 peripheral lesions, one pancreatic tumor, and two distal bile duct stenoses. Overall, the sensitivity of EDUS was 78% and specificity was 98%.\n Question: Does catheter probe extraductal EUS reliably detect distal common bile duct abnormalities?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: This prospective study evaluated whether extraductal catheter probe EUS as an adjunct to endoscopic retrograde cholangiography can detect or rule out choledocholithiasis and other pathologic conditions of the distal common bile duct. A total of 119 patients referred because of suspected choledocholithiasis or other bile flow obstruction for endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and papillotomy were included in this prospective study. Extraductal EUS of the distal common bile duct with a radial-scanning catheter probe was followed immediately by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and papillotomy by a second examiner who was blinded to the EUS findings. Extraductal EUS and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography findings were compared. Extraductal EUS detected 33/34 bile duct stones and all papillary adenomas (16 patients). In 8/34 patients, stones were missed on cholangiography but were seen after papillotomy and stone extraction. Extraductal EUS missed 10 peripheral lesions, one pancreatic tumor, and two distal bile duct stenoses. Overall, the sensitivity of EDUS was 78% and specificity was 98%. Question: Does catheter probe extraductal EUS reliably detect distal common bile duct abnormalities? Output:
PubmedQA207155	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 is expressed in the vascular endothelium and metabolizes arachidonic acid to biologically active epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which have the crucial role in the modulation of cardiovascular homeostasis. We sought to assess the association between the human CYP2C9 gene and coronary artery disease (CAD) in Xinjiang Han Population of China. 301 CAD patients and 220 control subjects were genotyped for 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the human CYP2C9 gene (rs4086116, rs2475376, rs1057910, and rs1934967) by a Real-Time PCR instrument. The datas were assessed for 3 groups: total, men, and women via diplotype-based case-control study. For women, the distribution of genotypes, dominant model and alleles of SNP2 (rs2475376) showed significant difference between the CAD patients and control participants (p = 0.033, P = 0.010 and p = 0.038, respectively). The significant difference of the dominant model (CC vs CT + TT) was retained after adjustment for covariates in women (OR: 2.427, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.305-4.510, p = 0.005). The haplotype (C-T-A-C) and the diplotypes (CTAC/CTAC) in CYP2C9 gene were lower in CAD patients than in control subjects (p* = 0.0016, and p* = 0.036 respectively). The haplotype (C-C-A-T) was higher in the CAD patients than in the control subjects in women (p* = 0.016).\n Question: Is diplotypes of CYP2C9 gene associated with coronary artery disease in the Xinjiang Han population for women in China?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 is expressed in the vascular endothelium and metabolizes arachidonic acid to biologically active epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which have the crucial role in the modulation of cardiovascular homeostasis. We sought to assess the association between the human CYP2C9 gene and coronary artery disease (CAD) in Xinjiang Han Population of China. 301 CAD patients and 220 control subjects were genotyped for 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the human CYP2C9 gene (rs4086116, rs2475376, rs1057910, and rs1934967) by a Real-Time PCR instrument. The datas were assessed for 3 groups: total, men, and women via diplotype-based case-control study. For women, the distribution of genotypes, dominant model and alleles of SNP2 (rs2475376) showed significant difference between the CAD patients and control participants (p = 0.033, P = 0.010 and p = 0.038, respectively). The significant difference of the dominant model (CC vs CT + TT) was retained after adjustment for covariates in women (OR: 2.427, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.305-4.510, p = 0.005). The haplotype (C-T-A-C) and the diplotypes (CTAC/CTAC) in CYP2C9 gene were lower in CAD patients than in control subjects (p* = 0.0016, and p* = 0.036 respectively). The haplotype (C-C-A-T) was higher in the CAD patients than in the control subjects in women (p* = 0.016). Question: Is diplotypes of CYP2C9 gene associated with coronary artery disease in the Xinjiang Han population for women in China? Output:
PubmedQA82224	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Endothelial dysfunction is the basic and original sign of atherogenesis. Some evidences show that C-reactive protein (CRP) and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis. However, the effects of CRP on atherosclerosis and the related mechanisms require elucidation. The levels of basic total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, CRP, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were respectively measured in rabbits, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation function was also evaluated. Animals were randomly divided into two groups: PVAT(-) and PVAT(+) group (removing or keeping pericarotid adipose tissue (PCAT)). Both of the two groups were exposed to a high-fat diet for six-week, and then sustained CRP treatment was performed for a week, at this time point all the above parameters were remeasured. In addition, mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were respectively evaluated by Polymerase Chain Reaction and immunoblotting in PCAT and cultured adipocytes treated by CRP. High-fat diet greatly increased the serum lipids and inflammatory markers, induced endothelial dysfunction and imbalance between NO and ET-1, increased mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1 and enhanced macrophage infiltration of PCAT. CRP treatment could further promote macrophage infiltration of PVAT, induce the imbalance between NO and ET-1, aggravate endothelial dysfunction especially in PVAT(+) arteries, and could also enhance the above-mentioned mRNA and protein expression in PCAT and cultured adipocytes.\n Question: Does c-reactive protein promote vascular endothelial dysfunction partly via activating adipose tissue inflammation in hyperlipidemic rabbits?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Endothelial dysfunction is the basic and original sign of atherogenesis. Some evidences show that C-reactive protein (CRP) and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis. However, the effects of CRP on atherosclerosis and the related mechanisms require elucidation. The levels of basic total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, CRP, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were respectively measured in rabbits, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation function was also evaluated. Animals were randomly divided into two groups: PVAT(-) and PVAT(+) group (removing or keeping pericarotid adipose tissue (PCAT)). Both of the two groups were exposed to a high-fat diet for six-week, and then sustained CRP treatment was performed for a week, at this time point all the above parameters were remeasured. In addition, mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were respectively evaluated by Polymerase Chain Reaction and immunoblotting in PCAT and cultured adipocytes treated by CRP. High-fat diet greatly increased the serum lipids and inflammatory markers, induced endothelial dysfunction and imbalance between NO and ET-1, increased mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1 and enhanced macrophage infiltration of PCAT. CRP treatment could further promote macrophage infiltration of PVAT, induce the imbalance between NO and ET-1, aggravate endothelial dysfunction especially in PVAT(+) arteries, and could also enhance the above-mentioned mRNA and protein expression in PCAT and cultured adipocytes. Question: Does c-reactive protein promote vascular endothelial dysfunction partly via activating adipose tissue inflammation in hyperlipidemic rabbits? Output:
PubmedQA47760	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: The accurate intraoperative localization of malignant nodes can pose a challenge to the surgical oncologist. Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning has significantly increased our ability to detect suspicious lesions. We investigated the ability of a novel, handheld tool to evaluate suspicious nodes intraoperatively and to correlate its findings with those seen on preoperative PET scan. Ten nude rats were inoculated with a lymphogenic mesothelioma tumor line and followed weekly with PET scan studies. When suspicious lymph nodes were found, animals were dissected and the intraoperative amount of tissue radiation was analyzed as \"tumor-to-background ratio\" (TBR) using the PET probes. The intraoperative probe was used to guide dissections and select high-risk nodes based on their specific radiotracer uptake. A total of 52 nodes were harvested; eight of these were suspicious on preoperative PET scan studies. Using a TBR of 2.5, the intraoperative probes were able to localize all suspicious nodes previously seen on PET scan. Both gamma (sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 86%; positive predictive value (PPV): 57%; negative predictive value (NPV): 100%) and beta (sensitivity: 88%; specificity: 91%; PPV: 64%; NPV: 98%) probes showed an excellent area under the curve (AUC) in the receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC). Both probes had an AUC of 0.95 for localizing suspicious nodes on PET scan. Furthermore, the AUC for detecting malignancy for the gamma probe was 0.90 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.83-0.99), and for the beta probe it was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.94-1.0), suggesting a better performance of the beta probe for detecting malignancy.\n Question: Do novel handheld PET probes provide intraoperative localization of PET-avid lymph nodes?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: The accurate intraoperative localization of malignant nodes can pose a challenge to the surgical oncologist. Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning has significantly increased our ability to detect suspicious lesions. We investigated the ability of a novel, handheld tool to evaluate suspicious nodes intraoperatively and to correlate its findings with those seen on preoperative PET scan. Ten nude rats were inoculated with a lymphogenic mesothelioma tumor line and followed weekly with PET scan studies. When suspicious lymph nodes were found, animals were dissected and the intraoperative amount of tissue radiation was analyzed as "tumor-to-background ratio" (TBR) using the PET probes. The intraoperative probe was used to guide dissections and select high-risk nodes based on their specific radiotracer uptake. A total of 52 nodes were harvested; eight of these were suspicious on preoperative PET scan studies. Using a TBR of 2.5, the intraoperative probes were able to localize all suspicious nodes previously seen on PET scan. Both gamma (sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 86%; positive predictive value (PPV): 57%; negative predictive value (NPV): 100%) and beta (sensitivity: 88%; specificity: 91%; PPV: 64%; NPV: 98%) probes showed an excellent area under the curve (AUC) in the receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC). Both probes had an AUC of 0.95 for localizing suspicious nodes on PET scan. Furthermore, the AUC for detecting malignancy for the gamma probe was 0.90 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.83-0.99), and for the beta probe it was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.94-1.0), suggesting a better performance of the beta probe for detecting malignancy. Question: Do novel handheld PET probes provide intraoperative localization of PET-avid lymph nodes? Output:
PubmedQA98352	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Ki-67 is a cell proliferation protein associated with aggressive clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). A recent report suggests that Ki-67 may represent a surrogate marker for coagulative tumor necrosis. Thus, the goal was to directly test whether Ki-67 and necrosis convey similar or distinct information for the prognostic assessment of ccRCC. Tumor specimens from 741 consecutively treated patients who underwent surgery for ccRCC between 1990 and 1999 were evaluated. Tumor specimens were assessed for various clinicopathologic features, including levels of tumor cell Ki-67 expression. Associations of these features with death from RCC were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. At last follow-up, 396 patients had died, including 238 who died from ccRCC at a median of 2.1 years after surgery. Although tumor cell Ki-67 expression and coagulative tumor necrosis were highly correlated, the prognostic information conveyed by these 2 markers failed to overlap. For the subset of patients with necrotic tumors, high levels of Ki-67 more than doubled the risk of death from RCC (risk ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52-3.11; P < .001). For patients with tumors lacking necrosis, high levels of Ki-67 expression were similarly correlated with an increased risk of death from RCC (risk ratio, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.66-3.77; P < .001).\n Question: Are ki-67 and coagulative tumor necrosis independent predictors of poor outcome for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma and not surrogates for each other?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Ki-67 is a cell proliferation protein associated with aggressive clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). A recent report suggests that Ki-67 may represent a surrogate marker for coagulative tumor necrosis. Thus, the goal was to directly test whether Ki-67 and necrosis convey similar or distinct information for the prognostic assessment of ccRCC. Tumor specimens from 741 consecutively treated patients who underwent surgery for ccRCC between 1990 and 1999 were evaluated. Tumor specimens were assessed for various clinicopathologic features, including levels of tumor cell Ki-67 expression. Associations of these features with death from RCC were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. At last follow-up, 396 patients had died, including 238 who died from ccRCC at a median of 2.1 years after surgery. Although tumor cell Ki-67 expression and coagulative tumor necrosis were highly correlated, the prognostic information conveyed by these 2 markers failed to overlap. For the subset of patients with necrotic tumors, high levels of Ki-67 more than doubled the risk of death from RCC (risk ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52-3.11; P < .001). For patients with tumors lacking necrosis, high levels of Ki-67 expression were similarly correlated with an increased risk of death from RCC (risk ratio, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.66-3.77; P < .001). Question: Are ki-67 and coagulative tumor necrosis independent predictors of poor outcome for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma and not surrogates for each other? Output:
PubmedQA152123	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: To study the effect of drugs that increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate on the ability of rat retinal pigment epithelial cells to phagocytize rod outer segments (ROS). Cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells were treated with cholera toxin, forskolin, isoproterenol, or isobutylmethylxanthine and the phagocytosis of ROS by such treated cells was compared to that of control specimens. All of the drugs examined inhibited the ingestion, but not the binding of ROS by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cell viability was not compromised by the drug treatment because they rapidly recovered their ability to ingest ROS when the drug was removed. Dose-response curves for the inhibition of ROS phagocytosis by forskolin and isoproterenol demonstrated that this process is exquisitely sensitive to these agonists, with an IC50 for these drugs of 33 nmol/l. The results showed no measurable quantitative correlation between cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels and the inhibition of ROS phagocytosis.\n Question: Is the phagocytosis of rod outer segments inhibited by drugs linked to cyclic adenosine monophosphate production?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: To study the effect of drugs that increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate on the ability of rat retinal pigment epithelial cells to phagocytize rod outer segments (ROS). Cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells were treated with cholera toxin, forskolin, isoproterenol, or isobutylmethylxanthine and the phagocytosis of ROS by such treated cells was compared to that of control specimens. All of the drugs examined inhibited the ingestion, but not the binding of ROS by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cell viability was not compromised by the drug treatment because they rapidly recovered their ability to ingest ROS when the drug was removed. Dose-response curves for the inhibition of ROS phagocytosis by forskolin and isoproterenol demonstrated that this process is exquisitely sensitive to these agonists, with an IC50 for these drugs of 33 nmol/l. The results showed no measurable quantitative correlation between cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels and the inhibition of ROS phagocytosis. Question: Is the phagocytosis of rod outer segments inhibited by drugs linked to cyclic adenosine monophosphate production? Output:
PubmedQA135138	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Little is known about how parental migration status may be associated with children's diets. We examined whether the intake of selected foods by six-year-old children differed according to their parents' migration status, taking education level into account. This study used pooled baseline data from two clustered randomised controlled trials of A Healthy School Start, conducted in municipalities of low-to-medium socio-economic status in Stockholm County, Sweden. The children's intake of selected healthy and unhealthy foods was reported by parents using the Eating and Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the children's height and weight were measured. Parental education and country of birth were self-reported. Data were available for 520 children. Low parental education was associated with significantly higher intakes of fruit, higher intakes of several unhealthy foods and lower intakes of vegetables. Children of parents born outside the Nordic region had higher intakes of all unhealthy foods as well as fruit and vegetables, even when adjusted for education. A negative association between high education and overweight was only seen in children of Nordic-born parents.\n Question: Does the intake of selected foods by six-year-old Swedish children differ according to parental education and migration status?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Little is known about how parental migration status may be associated with children's diets. We examined whether the intake of selected foods by six-year-old children differed according to their parents' migration status, taking education level into account. This study used pooled baseline data from two clustered randomised controlled trials of A Healthy School Start, conducted in municipalities of low-to-medium socio-economic status in Stockholm County, Sweden. The children's intake of selected healthy and unhealthy foods was reported by parents using the Eating and Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the children's height and weight were measured. Parental education and country of birth were self-reported. Data were available for 520 children. Low parental education was associated with significantly higher intakes of fruit, higher intakes of several unhealthy foods and lower intakes of vegetables. Children of parents born outside the Nordic region had higher intakes of all unhealthy foods as well as fruit and vegetables, even when adjusted for education. A negative association between high education and overweight was only seen in children of Nordic-born parents. Question: Does the intake of selected foods by six-year-old Swedish children differ according to parental education and migration status? Output:
PubmedQA80679	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Systemic inflammation before surgery, as evidenced by the Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), predicts postoperative complications and cancer-specific survival in various types of cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance GPS in hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sixty-six patients who underwent elective hepatic resections for HCC were include in the study. Patients were classified into three groups: GPS 0 [C-reactive protein (CRP)≤1.0 mg/dl and serum albumin ≥3.5 g/dl, n = 54], GPS 1 [CRP >1.0 mg/dl or serum albumin <3.5 g/dl, n = 11], and GPS 2 [CRP>1.0 mg/dl and serum albumin <3.5 g/dl, n = 1]. We retrospectively examined the association between GPS (0 or 1) and perioperative clinical variables and outcome. In univariate analysis, GPS 0 patients had significantly better preoperative the retention rate of indocyanine green at 15 minutes (ICGR15) (p=0.0418), Child-Pugh classification (p = 0.0075) and model for end-stage liver disease score (p = 0.0007) than did GPS 1 patients. In multivariate analysis, blood loss and GPS 1 were independent risk factors for pulmonary complications (p = 0.0118 for blood loss, p = 0.0143 for GPS 1), red blood cell concentration transfusion (p = 0.0036 for blood loss, p = 0.0117 for GPS 1) and flesh frozen plasma transfusion (p = 0.0020 for blood loss, p = 0.0044 for GPS 1). Albumin product transfusion, duration of operation (p = 0.0478), blood loss (p = 0.0420) and GPS 1 (p = 0.0111) were independent risk factors. Disease-free and overall survival of GPS 0 and GPS 1 patients were comparable.\n Question: Is glasgow prognostic score related to blood transfusion requirements and post-operative complications in hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Systemic inflammation before surgery, as evidenced by the Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), predicts postoperative complications and cancer-specific survival in various types of cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance GPS in hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sixty-six patients who underwent elective hepatic resections for HCC were include in the study. Patients were classified into three groups: GPS 0 [C-reactive protein (CRP)≤1.0 mg/dl and serum albumin ≥3.5 g/dl, n = 54], GPS 1 [CRP >1.0 mg/dl or serum albumin <3.5 g/dl, n = 11], and GPS 2 [CRP>1.0 mg/dl and serum albumin <3.5 g/dl, n = 1]. We retrospectively examined the association between GPS (0 or 1) and perioperative clinical variables and outcome. In univariate analysis, GPS 0 patients had significantly better preoperative the retention rate of indocyanine green at 15 minutes (ICGR15) (p=0.0418), Child-Pugh classification (p = 0.0075) and model for end-stage liver disease score (p = 0.0007) than did GPS 1 patients. In multivariate analysis, blood loss and GPS 1 were independent risk factors for pulmonary complications (p = 0.0118 for blood loss, p = 0.0143 for GPS 1), red blood cell concentration transfusion (p = 0.0036 for blood loss, p = 0.0117 for GPS 1) and flesh frozen plasma transfusion (p = 0.0020 for blood loss, p = 0.0044 for GPS 1). Albumin product transfusion, duration of operation (p = 0.0478), blood loss (p = 0.0420) and GPS 1 (p = 0.0111) were independent risk factors. Disease-free and overall survival of GPS 0 and GPS 1 patients were comparable. Question: Is glasgow prognostic score related to blood transfusion requirements and post-operative complications in hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma? Output:
PubmedQA117761	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: The plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) is the principal means by which sensory neurons expel Ca2+ and thereby regulate the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and the processes controlled by this critical second messenger. We have previously found that painful nerve injury decreases resting cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels and activity-induced cytoplasmic Ca2+ accumulation in axotomized sensory neurons. Here we examine the contribution of PMCA after nerve injury in a rat model of neuropathic pain. PMCA function was isolated in dissociated sensory neurons by blocking intracellular Ca2+ sequestration with thapsigargin, and cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration was recorded with Fura-2 fluorometry. Compared to control neurons, the rate at which depolarization-induced Ca2+ transients resolved was increased in axotomized neurons after spinal nerve ligation, indicating accelerated PMCA function. Electrophysiological recordings showed that blockade of PMCA by vanadate prolonged the action potential afterhyperpolarization, and also decreased the rate at which neurons could fire repetitively.\n Question: Does painful nerve injury increase plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase activity in axotomized sensory neurons?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: The plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) is the principal means by which sensory neurons expel Ca2+ and thereby regulate the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and the processes controlled by this critical second messenger. We have previously found that painful nerve injury decreases resting cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels and activity-induced cytoplasmic Ca2+ accumulation in axotomized sensory neurons. Here we examine the contribution of PMCA after nerve injury in a rat model of neuropathic pain. PMCA function was isolated in dissociated sensory neurons by blocking intracellular Ca2+ sequestration with thapsigargin, and cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration was recorded with Fura-2 fluorometry. Compared to control neurons, the rate at which depolarization-induced Ca2+ transients resolved was increased in axotomized neurons after spinal nerve ligation, indicating accelerated PMCA function. Electrophysiological recordings showed that blockade of PMCA by vanadate prolonged the action potential afterhyperpolarization, and also decreased the rate at which neurons could fire repetitively. Question: Does painful nerve injury increase plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase activity in axotomized sensory neurons? Output:
PubmedQA114483	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: To determine whether the initiation or titration of irbesartan alters the pharmacodynamics and/or pharmacokinetics of warfarin in a clinically significant manner, thereby requiring additional monitoring of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. Daily doses of warfarin were administered to 16 healthy males for 21 days (10 mg on day 1 and 2.5-10 mg on days 2-21). Irbesartan (300 mg/day) or placebo was concomitantly administered on days 15-21. The pharmacodynamic parameters prothrombin time (PT) and prothrombin time ratio (PTR) were evaluated throughout the study. Plasma and urine samples were collected before and up to 24 h after administration on days 14, 15 and 21 for the determination of the maximum concentration (C(max)), time to reach C(max)(t(max)), the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of S-warfarin and the cumulative urinary excretion of warfarin and its metabolites. Pre-dose plasma samples were also collected to determine the C(min) of S-warfarin (days 12, 13, 14 and 21) and irbesartan (days 19, 20 and 21). Analysis of PTR data revealed no significant difference between the group mean PTR values at day 22 and those at day 15 (P=0.699). S-warfarin concentrations in plasma and urine, as well as the urinary concentrations of the metabolites of warfarin, were not affected by concomitant single- or multiple-dose administration of irbesartan. Plasma C(min) concentrations of S-warfarin and irbesartan were also not affected.\n Question: Does irbesartan affect the steady-state pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "no" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: To determine whether the initiation or titration of irbesartan alters the pharmacodynamics and/or pharmacokinetics of warfarin in a clinically significant manner, thereby requiring additional monitoring of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. Daily doses of warfarin were administered to 16 healthy males for 21 days (10 mg on day 1 and 2.5-10 mg on days 2-21). Irbesartan (300 mg/day) or placebo was concomitantly administered on days 15-21. The pharmacodynamic parameters prothrombin time (PT) and prothrombin time ratio (PTR) were evaluated throughout the study. Plasma and urine samples were collected before and up to 24 h after administration on days 14, 15 and 21 for the determination of the maximum concentration (C(max)), time to reach C(max)(t(max)), the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of S-warfarin and the cumulative urinary excretion of warfarin and its metabolites. Pre-dose plasma samples were also collected to determine the C(min) of S-warfarin (days 12, 13, 14 and 21) and irbesartan (days 19, 20 and 21). Analysis of PTR data revealed no significant difference between the group mean PTR values at day 22 and those at day 15 (P=0.699). S-warfarin concentrations in plasma and urine, as well as the urinary concentrations of the metabolites of warfarin, were not affected by concomitant single- or multiple-dose administration of irbesartan. Plasma C(min) concentrations of S-warfarin and irbesartan were also not affected. Question: Does irbesartan affect the steady-state pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin? Output:
PubmedQA203956	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Patient-perceived noise from prostheses after total hip arthroplasty (THA) does occur, yet questions remain including the overall frequency of this finding, demographic and prosthesis-related factors, and the association of noise generation with patient-reported outcomes. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the frequency with which patients report noise coming from the hip after THA; (2) to identify patient and prosthesis-related factors associated with noise generation; and (3) to ascertain if noise generation is associated with pain or functional impairment after THA. A five-center study was designed to quantify the degree of residual symptoms and functional deficits in patients undergoing THA. Three centers were academic practices, whereas two centers were private practices that provided training programs for orthopaedic residents and fellows. Each contributing surgeon was fellowship-trained and specialized in joint replacement. Inclusion criteria for this study were (1) men between 18 and 60 years old and women between 18 and 55 years old; (2) patients requiring primary hip surgery as a result of noninflammatory arthritis such as osteoarthritis, traumatic arthritis, or avascular necrosis; (3) a UCLA activity score of 6 or more before they were limited by pain; and (4) patients who had undergone a primary THA within 1 to 4 years before the start of the study and had a minimum of 1 year of clinical followup. Attempts were made to contact all identified patients meeting these inclusion criteria. Data were collected by an independent, third-party survey center blinded to the implant design and bearing surface used who administered questionnaires about residual symptoms, function, and pre- and postoperative activity levels using previously published survey instruments. Patients were specifically queried regarding perceived noise from their THA. We retrospectively identified 1242 eligible patients. Of the 1242 patients, 105 were found to have exclusions during the screening section of the questionnaire: postoperative infection (six THAs), fracture (two), dislocation (seven), or revision (17); limited activity level because of an operation on the opposite hip (34); and premorbid UCLA score of less than 6 (39). In addition, 128 individuals refused to participate, 156 were never available, 108 were not found as a result of a bad address/phone number, 48 were contacted but did not complete the interview, nine had died, and six had a language barrier. This left 682 of the 1137 eligible patients with completed surveys (60% response rate). The mean age was 50 ± 8 years at the time of surgery with 63% being men, and they were contacted at a mean of 3 ± 1 years postoperatively. Bearing surfaces (femoral head-acetabular liner) included 210 (31%) metal-on-metal, 144 (21%) ceramic-on-ceramic, 142 (21%) ceramic-on-polyethylene, 141 (21%) cobalt-chromium-on-polyethylene, and 44 (6%) oxidized zirconium-on-polyethylene. Differences in baseline demographic variables were accounted for using multiple logistic regression statistical analyses. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to determine the association of noise generation with residual symptoms. Overall, 9% (61 of 682; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7-11) of young patients undergoing primary THA reported noise generation. Females (12% [30 of 251 patients]) were noted to have an increased likelihood of reporting noise versus males (7% [30 of 431 patients]; odds ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-3.1; p = 0.03). After controlling for potential confounding variables including female sex and length of followup, patients receiving a ceramic-on-ceramic or metal-on-metal bearing surface (14% [50 of 355]) reported an increased frequency of grinding, popping, and clicking in the 30 days before survey administration versus those receiving a polyethylene liner with a ceramic, oxidized zirconium, or cobalt-chromium femoral head (3% [10 of 327 patients]; odds ratio, 5.6; 95% CI, 2.7-11.5; p < 0.001). Noise generation was associated with increased pain (r = 0.23, p < 0.001) and stiffness (r = 0.22, p < 0.001) after THA.\n Question: Do hard-on-Hard Bearings Are Associated With Increased Noise Generation in Young Patients Undergoing Hip Arthroplasty?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Patient-perceived noise from prostheses after total hip arthroplasty (THA) does occur, yet questions remain including the overall frequency of this finding, demographic and prosthesis-related factors, and the association of noise generation with patient-reported outcomes. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the frequency with which patients report noise coming from the hip after THA; (2) to identify patient and prosthesis-related factors associated with noise generation; and (3) to ascertain if noise generation is associated with pain or functional impairment after THA. A five-center study was designed to quantify the degree of residual symptoms and functional deficits in patients undergoing THA. Three centers were academic practices, whereas two centers were private practices that provided training programs for orthopaedic residents and fellows. Each contributing surgeon was fellowship-trained and specialized in joint replacement. Inclusion criteria for this study were (1) men between 18 and 60 years old and women between 18 and 55 years old; (2) patients requiring primary hip surgery as a result of noninflammatory arthritis such as osteoarthritis, traumatic arthritis, or avascular necrosis; (3) a UCLA activity score of 6 or more before they were limited by pain; and (4) patients who had undergone a primary THA within 1 to 4 years before the start of the study and had a minimum of 1 year of clinical followup. Attempts were made to contact all identified patients meeting these inclusion criteria. Data were collected by an independent, third-party survey center blinded to the implant design and bearing surface used who administered questionnaires about residual symptoms, function, and pre- and postoperative activity levels using previously published survey instruments. Patients were specifically queried regarding perceived noise from their THA. We retrospectively identified 1242 eligible patients. Of the 1242 patients, 105 were found to have exclusions during the screening section of the questionnaire: postoperative infection (six THAs), fracture (two), dislocation (seven), or revision (17); limited activity level because of an operation on the opposite hip (34); and premorbid UCLA score of less than 6 (39). In addition, 128 individuals refused to participate, 156 were never available, 108 were not found as a result of a bad address/phone number, 48 were contacted but did not complete the interview, nine had died, and six had a language barrier. This left 682 of the 1137 eligible patients with completed surveys (60% response rate). The mean age was 50 ± 8 years at the time of surgery with 63% being men, and they were contacted at a mean of 3 ± 1 years postoperatively. Bearing surfaces (femoral head-acetabular liner) included 210 (31%) metal-on-metal, 144 (21%) ceramic-on-ceramic, 142 (21%) ceramic-on-polyethylene, 141 (21%) cobalt-chromium-on-polyethylene, and 44 (6%) oxidized zirconium-on-polyethylene. Differences in baseline demographic variables were accounted for using multiple logistic regression statistical analyses. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to determine the association of noise generation with residual symptoms. Overall, 9% (61 of 682; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7-11) of young patients undergoing primary THA reported noise generation. Females (12% [30 of 251 patients]) were noted to have an increased likelihood of reporting noise versus males (7% [30 of 431 patients]; odds ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-3.1; p = 0.03). After controlling for potential confounding variables including female sex and length of followup, patients receiving a ceramic-on-ceramic or metal-on-metal bearing surface (14% [50 of 355]) reported an increased frequency of grinding, popping, and clicking in the 30 days before survey administration versus those receiving a polyethylene liner with a ceramic, oxidized zirconium, or cobalt-chromium femoral head (3% [10 of 327 patients]; odds ratio, 5.6; 95% CI, 2.7-11.5; p < 0.001). Noise generation was associated with increased pain (r = 0.23, p < 0.001) and stiffness (r = 0.22, p < 0.001) after THA. Question: Do hard-on-Hard Bearings Are Associated With Increased Noise Generation in Young Patients Undergoing Hip Arthroplasty? Output:
PubmedQA161428	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: To determine the dose response of human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on mitogenic activity, and the supplementary role of serum in cultured bovine and human corneal endothelial cells (BCECs, HCECs). To investigate the effect of bFGF on endothelial wound healing of human corneas in vitro. In cell culture, DNA synthesis was assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Wound healing was studied using paired human corneas after mechanical damaging of the endothelium. One cornea was treated with bFGF, and the mate served as control. Wound closure was determined after staining with trypan blue. Endothelial cell density (ECD) was assessed in the closed wound area after alizarin red staining. DNA synthesis was assessed using 3H-thymidine autoradiography. In cell culture, bFGF induced a dose-dependent mitogenic response on BCECs and HCECs. Addition of serum to the culture medium shifted the dose-response curve to considerably lower bFGF concentrations. In organ culture, the time of complete wound closure shortened only marginally (0.5 day) after bFGF treatment (P < 0.01). In the closed wound center, ECD was significantly higher in 1 ng/ml bFGF-treated corneas (686 +/- 134 cells/mm2) than in controls (554 +/- 117 cells/mm2), an increase of +25%. Doses of 0.1 and 10 ng/ml also were effective, but less so than with 1 ng/ml (+11% and +15%, respectively), whereas a dose of 100 ng/ml even had a negative effect (-11%). DNA synthesis was marginally enhanced in bFGF-treated (1 ng/ml) corneas.\n Question: Does basic fibroblast growth factor stimulate corneal endothelial cell growth and endothelial wound healing of human corneas?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: To determine the dose response of human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on mitogenic activity, and the supplementary role of serum in cultured bovine and human corneal endothelial cells (BCECs, HCECs). To investigate the effect of bFGF on endothelial wound healing of human corneas in vitro. In cell culture, DNA synthesis was assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Wound healing was studied using paired human corneas after mechanical damaging of the endothelium. One cornea was treated with bFGF, and the mate served as control. Wound closure was determined after staining with trypan blue. Endothelial cell density (ECD) was assessed in the closed wound area after alizarin red staining. DNA synthesis was assessed using 3H-thymidine autoradiography. In cell culture, bFGF induced a dose-dependent mitogenic response on BCECs and HCECs. Addition of serum to the culture medium shifted the dose-response curve to considerably lower bFGF concentrations. In organ culture, the time of complete wound closure shortened only marginally (0.5 day) after bFGF treatment (P < 0.01). In the closed wound center, ECD was significantly higher in 1 ng/ml bFGF-treated corneas (686 +/- 134 cells/mm2) than in controls (554 +/- 117 cells/mm2), an increase of +25%. Doses of 0.1 and 10 ng/ml also were effective, but less so than with 1 ng/ml (+11% and +15%, respectively), whereas a dose of 100 ng/ml even had a negative effect (-11%). DNA synthesis was marginally enhanced in bFGF-treated (1 ng/ml) corneas. Question: Does basic fibroblast growth factor stimulate corneal endothelial cell growth and endothelial wound healing of human corneas? Output:
PubmedQA179772	[ { "role": "user", "content": "TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\n INPUT: Using longitudinal data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we examined behavior problems and social and academic outcomes from ages 9 through 12 in children classified into five trajectories of physical aggression, on the basis of maternal ratings obtained from 24 months through 9 years (N = 1195). Outcome data were obtained from teacher reports, observations of children's behavior, and children's self-reports. Children on the high-stable aggression trajectory (3% of sample) showed the most severe adjustment problems, including poorer social skills, higher levels of externalizing problems, and more self-reported peer problems; those on the moderate-stable aggression trajectory (15%) showed poor regulation and inattention. Although children with moderate levels of early aggression that decreased sharply by school entry (12%) appeared well adjusted at follow-up, those who showed a low level of stable aggression (25%) evidenced some unanticipated social and behavior problems. Children in the contrast group (45%) were consistently very low in aggression from toddlerhood onward.\n Question: Do trajectories of aggression from toddlerhood to age 9 predict academic and social functioning through age 12?\n Output: " }, { "role": "assistant", "content": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer the biomedical question based on the provided input. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: Using longitudinal data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we examined behavior problems and social and academic outcomes from ages 9 through 12 in children classified into five trajectories of physical aggression, on the basis of maternal ratings obtained from 24 months through 9 years (N = 1195). Outcome data were obtained from teacher reports, observations of children's behavior, and children's self-reports. Children on the high-stable aggression trajectory (3% of sample) showed the most severe adjustment problems, including poorer social skills, higher levels of externalizing problems, and more self-reported peer problems; those on the moderate-stable aggression trajectory (15%) showed poor regulation and inattention. Although children with moderate levels of early aggression that decreased sharply by school entry (12%) appeared well adjusted at follow-up, those who showed a low level of stable aggression (25%) evidenced some unanticipated social and behavior problems. Children in the contrast group (45%) were consistently very low in aggression from toddlerhood onward. Question: Do trajectories of aggression from toddlerhood to age 9 predict academic and social functioning through age 12? Output: