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--- |
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license: cc-by-sa-4.0 |
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language: |
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- ar |
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- en |
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- de |
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- ru |
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- tr |
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- ab |
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- af |
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- sq |
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- am |
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- az |
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- bm |
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- eu |
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- be |
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- bn |
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- br |
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- bg |
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- ca |
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- zh |
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- hr |
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- cs |
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- da |
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- nl |
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- et |
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- fi |
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- fr |
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- ceb |
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- bur |
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- myv |
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- gl |
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- ka |
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- el |
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- gu |
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- ht |
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- he |
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- hi |
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- hu |
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- is |
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- id |
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- ga |
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- it |
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- ja |
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- kk |
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- kpv |
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- ko |
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- ky |
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- lv |
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- lt |
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- mk |
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- ml |
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- gv |
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- mr |
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- mdf |
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- 'no' |
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- oc |
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- ps |
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- fa |
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- pl |
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- pt |
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- ro |
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- sa |
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- gd |
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- se |
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- sd |
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- si |
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- sk |
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- sl |
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- es |
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- sr |
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- tl |
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- ta |
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- tt |
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- uk |
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- ur |
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- ug |
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- uz |
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- vep |
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- vi |
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- cy |
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- wo |
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- sah |
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- ltg |
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- lij |
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- hsb |
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size_categories: |
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- 1M<n<10M |
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--- |
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# MorphScore |
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MorphScore is a tokenizer evaluation framework, which evaluates the extent to which a tokenizer segments words along morpheme boundaries. This repository contains the datasets used to calculate MorphScore. |
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In total, we have datasetes for 86 languages, but only 70 languages have at least 100 items after filtering. |
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All datasets are derived from existing [Universal Dependencies treebanks](https://universaldependencies.org/). In the table below, we link the source dataset for each language. |
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See the [new preprint](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06378) for details and see the [GitHub repository](https://github.com/catherinearnett/morphscore) for details on using MorphScore. |
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## Languages |
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| **Language** | **ISO 639-3** | **ISO 15924** | **Num. Words** | **Num. Unique Words** | **Data Source(s)** | |
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|--------------|---------------|---------------|-----------------|-----------------------|---------------------| |
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| Abkhaz | abk | cyrl | 4518 | 3222 | [UD_Abkhaz-AbNC](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Abkhaz-AbNC/tree/master) v2.16 | |
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| Afrikaans | afr | latn | 7011 | 2093 | [UD_Afrikaans-AfriBooms](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Afrikaans-AfriBooms/tree/master) v2.16 | |
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| Albanian | sqi (tos) | latn | 897 | 702 | [UD_Albanian-STAF](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Albanian-STAF) v2.15 | |
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| Amharic | amh | ethi | 39 | 9 | [UD_Amharic-ATT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Amharic-ATT) v2.11 | |
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| Armenian | hye | armn | 18906 | 8994 | [UD_Armenian-ArmTDP](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Armenian-ArmTDP/tree/master) v2.13 (except test = v2.10) | |
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| Azerbaijani | aze | latn | 368 | 251 | [UD_Azerbaijani-TueCL](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Azerbaijani-TueCL) v2.16 | |
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| Bambara | bam | latn | 6849 | 665 | [UD_Bambara-CRB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Bambara-CRB) v2.13 | |
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| Basque | eus | latn | 50901 | 15932 | [UD_Basque-BDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Basque-BDT) v2.14 | |
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| Belarusian | bel | cyrl | 104096 | 31129 | [UD_Belarusian-HSE](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Belarusian-HSE/tree/master) v2.16 | |
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| Bengali | ben | beng | 102 | 67 | [UD_Bengali-BRU](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Bengali-BRU) v2.11 | |
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| Bhojpuri | bho | deva | 1371 | 360 | [UD_Bhojpuri-BHTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Bhojpuri-BHTB) v2.16 | |
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| Breton | bre | latn | 3054 | 1021 | [UD_Breton-KEB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Breton-KEB) v2.12 | |
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| Bulgarian | bul | cyrl | 44412 | 15468 | [UD_Bulgarian-BTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Bulgarian-BTB) 2.16 | |
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| Buriat/Buryat| bur | cyrl | 3646 | 2322 | [UD_Buryat-BDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Buryat-BDT) v2.11 | |
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| Cantonese/Yue Chinese| yue | hant | 42 | 13 | [UD_Cantonese-HK](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Cantonese-HK) v2.12 | |
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| Catalan | cat | latn | 15495 | 3385 | [UD_Catalan-AnCora](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Catalan-AnCora) v2.15 | |
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| Cebuano | ceb | latn | 264 | 136 | [UD_Cebuano-GJA](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Cebuano-GJA) v2.15 | |
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| Mandarin Chinese | zho/cmn | hans | 915 | 140 | [UD_Chinese-GSDSimp](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Chinese-GSDSimp) v2.13 | |
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| Croatian | hrv | latn | 75681 | 23363 | [UD_Croatian-SET](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Croatian-SET) v2.11 (except train = v2.13) | |
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| Czech | ces | latn | 200387 | 44025 | [UD_Czech-CAC](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Czech-CAC/tree/master) v2.16 | |
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| Danish | dan | latn | 25662 | 8256 | [UD_Danish-DDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Danish-DDT) v2.14 | |
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| Dutch | nld | latn | 42900 | 12512 | [UD_Dutch-Alpino](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Dutch-Alpino/tree/master) v2.14 | |
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| English | eng | latn | 31039 | 5844 | [UD_English-EWT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_English-EWT/tree/master) v2.16 | |
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| Erzya | myv | cyrl | 8147 | 4826 | [UD_Erzya-JR](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Erzya-JR) v2.16| |
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| Estonian | est | latn | 199597 | 62170 | [UD_Estonian-EDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Estonian-EDT) v2.16 | |
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| Finnish | fin | latn | 99308 | 41095 | [UD_Finnish-TDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Finnish-TDT/tree/master) v2.16| |
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| French | fra | latn | 103887 | 13508 | [UD_French-GSD](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_French-GSD) v2.16 | |
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| Galician | glg | latn | 29484 | 7113 | [UD_Galician-CTG](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Galician-CTG) v2.12 | |
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| Georgian | kat | geor | 20148 | 8622 | [UD_Georgian-GLC](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Georgian-GLC) v2.16 | |
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| German | deu | latn | 949279 | 49239 | [UD_German-HDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_German-HDT/tree/master) v2.16 | |
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| Greek | ell | grek | 21428 | 6986 | [UD_Greek-GDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Greek-GDT/tree/master) v2.16 | |
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| Gujarati | guj | gujr | 120 | 81 | [UD_Gujarati-GujTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Gujarati-GujTB/tree/master) v2.14 | |
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| Haitian Creole| hat | latn | 950 | 37 | [UD_Haitian_Creole-Adolphe](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Haitian_Creole-Adolphe) v2.16 | |
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| Hebrew | heb | hebr | 43102 | 9768 | [UD_Hebrew-HTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Hebrew-HTB) v2.15 | |
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| Hindi | hin | deva | 83865 | 4749 | [UD_Hindi-HDTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Hindi-HDTB) v2.15 | |
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| Hungarian | hun | latn | 12349 | 8103 | [UD_Hungarian-Szeged](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Hungarian-Szeged) v2.11 | |
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| Icelandic | isl | latn | 329620 | 40686 | [UD_Icelandic-IcePaHC](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Icelandic-IcePaHC) v2.16| |
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| Indonesian | ind | latn | 16844 | 3400 | [UD_Indonesian-GSD](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Indonesian-GSD) v2.16 | |
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| Irish | gle | latn | 31911 | 7474 | [UD_Irish-IDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Irish-IDT/tree/master) v2.15 | |
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| Italian | ita | latn | 73790 | 10981 | [UD_Italian-ISDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Italian-ISDT/tree/master) v2.16 | |
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| Japanese | jpn | jpan | 16898 | 5427 | [UD_Japanese-GSDLUW](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Japanese-GSDLUW) v2.15| |
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| Kazakh | kaz | cyrl | 4200 | 2738 | [UD_Kazakh-KTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Kazakh-KTB) v2.11 | |
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| Komi-Zyrian | kpv | cyrl | 2670 | 2017 | [UD_Komi_Zyrian-Lattice](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Komi_Zyrian-Lattice) v2.16 | |
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| Korean | kor | hang | 239862 | 86349 | [UD_Korean-Kaist](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Korean-Kaist) v2.11 | |
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| Kirghiz/Kyrgyz| kir | cyrl | 11752 | 4659 | [UD_Kyrgyz-KTMU](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Kyrgyz-KTMU) v2.15 (train), v2.16 (test) | |
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| Latvian | lav | latn | 141550 | 40081 | [UD_Latvian-LVTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Latvian-LVTB/tree/master) v2.16 | |
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| Lithuanian | lit | latn | 32378 | 13140 | [UD_Lithuanian-ALKSNIS](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Lithuanian-ALKSNIS) v2.16, except test (v2.15) | |
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| Macedonian | mkd | cyrl | 285 | 241 | [UD_Macedonian-MTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Macedonian-MTB) v2.13 | |
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| Malayalam | mal | mlym | 867 | 710 | [UD_Malayalam-UFAL](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Malayalam-UFAL) v2.12 | |
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| Manx | glv | latn | 2299 | 873 | [UD_Manx-Cadhan](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Manx-Cadhan) v2.15 | |
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| Marathi | mar | deva | 1610 | 663 | [UD_Marathi-UFAL](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Marathi-UFAL) v2.11 | |
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| Moksha | mdf | cyrl | 1733 | 1401 | [UD_Moksha-JR](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Moksha-JR) v2.16 | |
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| Northern Sami| sme | latn | 10360 | 5024 | [UD_North_Sami-Giella](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_North_Sami-Giella) v2.15 (train), v2.12 (test)| |
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| Norwegian | nob | latn | 87394 | 15716 | [UD_Norwegian-Bokmaal](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Norwegian-Bokmaal) v2.16| |
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| Occitan | oci | latn | 6751 | 2561 | [UD_Occitan-TTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Occitan-TTB) v2.16 | |
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| Pashto | pus | arab | 779 | 351 | [UD_Pashto-Sikaram](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Pashto-Sikaram) v2.16| |
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| Persian | fas | arab | 102374 | 14847 | [UD_Persian-PerDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Persian-PerDT) v2.16, except dev (v2.12) | |
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| Polish | pol | latn | 131836 | 42545 | [UD_Polish-PDB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Polish-PDB/tree/master) v2.13 | |
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| Portuguese | por | latn | 69430 | 13074 | [UD_Portuguese-CINTIL](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Portuguese-CINTIL) v2.13 | |
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| Romanian | ron | latn | 72968 | 19108 | [UD_Romanian-RRT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Romanian-RRT) v2.13| |
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| Russian | rus | cyrl | 590060 | 105749 | [UD_Russian-SynTagRus](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Russian-SynTagRus/tree/master) v2.16| |
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| Sanskrit | san | deva | 144583 | 32671 | [UD_Sanskrit-Vedic](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Sanskrit-Vedic) v2.14 | |
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| Scottish Gaelic | gla | latn | 27181 | 3495 | [UD_Scottish_Gaelic-ARCOSG](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Scottish_Gaelic-ARCOSG) v2.16 | |
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| Serbian | srp | latn | 37324 | 12278 | [UD_Serbian-SET](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Serbian-SET/tree/master) v2.11, except train (v2.13)| |
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| Sindhi | snd | arab | 3584 | 1132 | [UD_Sindhi-Isra](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Sindhi-Isra/tree/master) v2.16 | |
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| Sinhala | sin | sinh | 354 | 284 | [UD_Sinhala-STB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Sinhala-STB) v2.12| |
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| Slovak | slk | latn | 35545 | 16169 | [UD_Slovak-SNK](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Slovak-SNK) v2.16 | |
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| Slovenian | slv | latn | 93048 | 32134 | [UD_Slovenian-SSJ](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Slovenian-SSJ) v2.16| |
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| Spanish | spa | latn | 134449 | 17341 | [UD_Spanish-AnCora](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Spanish-AnCora) v2.15| |
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| Swedish | swe | latn | 29514 | 8135 | [UD_Swedish-LinES](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Swedish-LinES) v2.16| |
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| Tagalog | tgl | latn | 212 | 78 | [UD_Tagalog-Ugnayan](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Tagalog-Ugnayan) v2.6| |
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| Tamil | tam | taml | 4499 | 2178 | [UD_Tamil-TTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Tamil-TTB) v2.16 (except dev = v2.13) | |
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| Tatar | tat | cyrl | 899 | 708 | [UD_Tatar-NMCTT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Tatar-NMCTT/tree/master) v2.11| |
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| Turkish | tur | latn | 71984 | 32587 | [UD_Turkish-Kenet](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Turkish-Kenet/tree/master) train (v2.13), dev (v2.10), test (v2.9)| |
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| Ukrainian | ukr | cyrl | 44288 | 21584 | [UD_Ukrainian-IU](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Ukrainian-IU) v2.11| |
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| Urdu | urd | arab | 30825 | 2450 | [UD_Urdu-UDTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Urdu-UDTB/tree/master) v2.14| |
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| Uighur/Uyghur| uig | arab | 10427 | 3969 | [UD_Uyghur-UDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Uyghur-UDT) v2.13| |
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| Uzbek | uzb | latn | 2466 | 1934 | [UD_Uzbek-UT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Uzbek-UT) v2.16 | |
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| Veps | vep | latn | 598 | 399 | [UD_Veps-VWT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Veps-VWT) v2.16 | |
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| Vietnamese | vie | latn | 32 | 29 | [UD_Vietnamese-VTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Vietnamese-VTB/tree/master) v2.11 (except dev = v2.12)| |
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| Welsh | cym | latn | 11781 | 2860 | [UD_Welsh-CCG](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Welsh-CCG) v2.16 | |
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| Wolof | wol | latn | 9211 | 1734 | [UD_Wolof-WTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Wolof-WTB/tree/master) v2.13| |
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| Yakut | sah | cyrl | 479 | 330 | [UD_Yakut-YKTDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Yakut-YKTDT) v2.12| |
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| Latgalian | ltg | latn | 69 | 63 | [UD_Latgalian-Cairo](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Latgalian-Cairo) v2.16| |
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| Ligurian | lij | latn | 1318 | 637 | [UD_Ligurian-GLT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Ligurian-GLT/tree/master) train (v2.9), test (v2.16) | |
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| Upper Sorbian| hsb | latn | 3797 | 2498 | [UD_Upper_Sorbian-UFAL](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Upper_Sorbian-UFAL) train (v2.3), test (v2.8)| |
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## How to Cite |
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``` |
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@inproceedings{arnett2025alignment, |
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author = {Arnett, Catherine and Hudspeth, Marisa and O'Connor, Brendan}, |
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title = {{Evaluating Morphological Alignment of Tokenizers in 70 Languages}}, |
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year = {2025}, |
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booktitle={Proceedings of the ICML 2025 Tokenization Workshop (TokShop)}, |
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url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06378} |
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} |
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@inproceedings{arnett-bergen-2025-language, |
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title = "Why do language models perform worse for morphologically complex languages?", |
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author = "Arnett, Catherine and |
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Bergen, Benjamin", |
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editor = "Rambow, Owen and |
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Wanner, Leo and |
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Apidianaki, Marianna and |
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Al-Khalifa, Hend and |
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Eugenio, Barbara Di and |
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Schockaert, Steven", |
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booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics", |
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month = jan, |
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year = "2025", |
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address = "Abu Dhabi, UAE", |
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publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", |
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url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.441/", |
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pages = "6607--6623" |
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} |
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``` |