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麻风病@ 2 型反应（麻风结节性红斑） * 最常见于 BL 和 LL。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "麻风结节性红斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "麻风结节性红斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎@ ### 计算机断层扫描 (computed tomography, CT) 已经发现计算机断层扫描较经胸超声心动图在检测感染性心内膜炎患者瓣膜异常中存在优势，但它可能发现不了小病灶，例如小的瓣叶穿孔（直径≤2mm）。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "计算机断层扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@大多数的咽炎仅局限于咽部，但偶有咽炎是全身感染的一部分（如传染性单核细胞增多症、土拉菌病、HIV感染）。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
现分述病毒性心肌炎各期主要症状、体征。 （三）超声心动图 如有心力衰竭，左心室的舒张末期和收缩末期内径增大，缩短分数和射血分数减低，左心房内径增大。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
慢性肾病@腹部平片有助于含钙肾结石的检测，是一种非特异性的检查方式。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "慢性肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部平片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
百日咳@ 在治疗百日咳时，阿奇霉素和克拉霉素较红霉素而言疗效相当，但更易耐受，且副作用更少、更轻。 百日咳@红霉素作为阿奇霉素和克拉霉素的备选药物。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "百日咳",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "百日咳",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿奇霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "百日咳",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "克拉霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（二）地方性甲状腺肿的诊断标准 居住在地方性低碘甲状腺肿病的流行区，有甲状腺肿大的临床表现及相关的压迫症状，排除甲状腺肿大的其他甲状腺疾病，实验室检查表现为尿碘偏低，血浆中TSH可有不同程度增高，血浆中T4、T3浓度多属于正常，但严重患者T4低于正常，T3稍高，甲状腺扫描也可见弥漫型或结节性甲状腺肿大。 （三）药物治疗 可通过碘化油的口服或注射来满足机体对碘的需要。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "地方性甲状腺肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "碘化油的口服或注射"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
急性髓性白血病@### 定义 急性髓性白血病 (acute myeloid leukaemia, AML) 是一种由骨髓、外周血或髓外组织中髓样原始细胞克隆性扩增导致的疾病。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "acute myeloid leukaemia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "AML"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨髓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外周血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
3.抗核抗体（ANA） ANA检测不能确定或排除JIA诊断。256例JIA患儿检测ANA阳性结果分析与发病年龄偏小、不对称性关节炎及虹膜睫状体炎的发生有关。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "ANA",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "抗核抗体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "JIA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗核抗体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
产后抑郁症@情绪障碍问卷 是用于双相情感障碍筛查的最有效测试。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "筛查",
"subject": "双相情感障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "情绪障碍问卷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
在以免疫复合物介导的疾病中，补体下降往往提示疾病活动，免疫复合物介导的肾炎尤其如此，如狼疮肾炎、血清病、链球菌感染后肾炎、冷球蛋白血症及部分与风湿性疾病相关的肾炎（如多动脉炎肾炎）。 （3）抗受体抗体： 如抗乙酰胆碱受体及抗胰岛素受体抗体等所引起的自身免疫性神经传导性病变（自身免疫性重症肌无力）和胰腺等神经内分泌相关疾病。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "风湿性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗受体抗体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@在考虑实施保留生育功能的手术时，肿瘤的大小是最重要的一个标准，但是也越来越多地考虑其他的标准，例如肿瘤级别、宫颈管受累、淋巴血管间隙浸润和 MRI 标准。宫颈癌@在宫颈切除术后，由于宫颈薄弱，发生妊娠中期流产和早产常见；据一项关于 210 例患者的综述报道，17% 的患者后来娩出活产儿。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "宫颈切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 药物性肾损害可表现为各种临床综合征，与药物种类、损害机制、使用时间及机体状况有关。 （六）慢性肾衰竭 由木通、防己和益母草等含马兜铃酸的中草药所引起的肾损害表现为进行性难以逆转的肾衰竭。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "药物性肾损害",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性肾衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "慢性肾衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "木通"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "慢性肾衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "防己"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "慢性肾衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "益母草"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
（四）Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病） 本病属常染色体隐性遗传病，多见于芬兰人。临床表现为肌张力低下，运动发育迟缓，但最终能站立和行走，约于5岁左右出现关节挛缩。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌张力低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动发育迟缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "最终能站立和行走"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节挛缩"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "芬兰人"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
持续性抑郁症@### 女性 心境恶劣的终身患病率为：男性约 2%，女性约 4%。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "持续性抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "女性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "心境恶劣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "心境恶劣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "女性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
胃炎@### 化脓性胃炎 查看全部 首选 – 收入ICU和支持治疗 #### 第一选择 [ 去甲肾上腺素 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 起始给予0.5-1μg/min静脉输注，根据疗效逐渐调整剂量，最大输注速率为30μg/min。 胃炎@或 [ 多巴胺 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 起始给予1-5μg/kg/min静脉输注，根据疗效逐渐调整剂量，最大输注速率为50μg/kg/min。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "化脓性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多巴胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "就诊科室",
"subject": "化脓性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ICU"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "化脓性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支持治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "化脓性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "去甲肾上腺素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
失眠症@检查 多导睡眠图和 EMG 结果有助于鉴别失眠症和 PLMD。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多导睡眠图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "EMG"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PLMD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
卵巢癌@卵巢癌复发时，腹水发生可导致恶心呕吐、腹胀、早饱、呼吸困难和疼痛等症状。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "卵巢癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "卵巢癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "卵巢癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早饱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "卵巢癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "卵巢癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
铅中毒@但是，小型企业的人员，例如油漆工、水暖工和手工艺者，其雇主通常不进行这样的检测。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "铅中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "水暖工"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
有学者推算，经重复测量后，儿童高血压的真正发病率低于5%，且只有不足1%的患者才需要治疗。 【病因和发病机制】 （一）病因 高血压通常分为原发性和继发性两种，儿童高血压多为后者，如继发于肾血管和肾实质病变、心血管系统疾病、神经及内分泌系统异常、重金属中毒等，其中尤其是肾性高血压最常见，约占80%，应积极寻找病因，以求根治。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "原发性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "继发性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "儿童高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肾血管和肾实质病变",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "心血管系统疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "神经及内分泌系统异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "重金属中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【并发症】 小肠结肠炎 为本病的常见并发症，可见于任何年龄，尤其是新生儿。重者炎症侵犯肌层,出现浆膜充血、水肿、增厚,导致渗出性腹膜炎。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌层"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "浆膜充血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "增厚"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "渗出性腹膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@患者应接种流感疫苗和肺炎链球菌疫苗。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流感疫苗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺炎链球菌疫苗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@## 诊断标准 ### 头痛疾病国际分类：第 3 版（β 版）：无先兆的偏头痛 A. 至少满足 B至D 诊断标准中的 5 次发作 B. 头痛发作持续 4 至 72 小时（在儿童和 18 岁以下的青少年中，发作可能持续 2 至 72 小时） C. 头痛发作时至少伴有以下 2 个特征： * 单侧性/双侧性/额颞位置，但通常不是枕部 * 搏动性 * 中度或重度 * 因日常体力活动而加剧/或致日常体力活动减少 D. 头痛发作时至少有以下 1 个特征： * 恶心和/或呕吐 * 畏光和高声恐怖 E. 不能用其他疾病解释 。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无先兆的偏头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "额颞位置"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "无先兆的偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "日常体力活动减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "无先兆的偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "因日常体力活动而加剧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "无先兆的偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "无先兆的偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "畏光"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "无先兆的偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高声恐怖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
白喉@呼吸道隔离（口罩和标准措施，如洗手）对那些有呼吸道定植的患者是必要的。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸道隔离"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
第六章 上呼吸道疾病第八篇 呼吸系统疾病第一节 先天性喉喘鸣先天性喉喘鸣（ congenital laryngeal stridor ） ，常发生于出生后不久，主要症状为吸气时发生喘鸣。多数患儿于新生儿期出现喘鸣症状，有的则于出生后1 ～ 2个月，因感冒或腹泻后逐渐出现。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性喉喘鸣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喘鸣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性喉喘鸣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸气时发生喘鸣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "先天性喉喘鸣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "congenital laryngeal stridor"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
急性膀胱炎@在一项研究中，α-溶血素、纤毛和甘露糖抵抗性 IVa 型凝集素等细菌毒性因子的存在与膀胱炎进展到急性肾盂肾炎相关。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性膀胱炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "α-溶血素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性膀胱炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤毛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "膀胱炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性肾盂肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
前列腺癌@ ### 放疗或手术导致的尿失禁症状 | 短期 | 中 由膀胱和尿道括约肌内壁刺激引起。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "前列腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿失禁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@不推荐使用双异丙吡胺，这种情况下，该药物与其他药物相比可降低心排出量。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "双异丙吡胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
心房扑动@### 病史 大约 60% 的心房扑动患者发作是急性疾病过程的一部分，并随之缓解。 心房扑动@ * 高血压性心脏疾病 * 心力衰竭 * 哮喘 * COPD * 甲状腺功能亢进症 * 二尖瓣或三尖瓣瓣膜疾病 * 心房颤动 * 结构性心脏病，例如肥厚型心肌病或先天性心脏病 * 近期的心脏或胸部手术，包括消融手术 * 既往心肌梗死、肺栓塞或其他病变能导致心房扩张 * 糖尿病。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "心房扑动",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高血压性心脏疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
除GSD Kb型为X连锁隐性遗传外，其余都是常染色体隐性遗传性疾病。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "GSD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "X连锁隐性遗传"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
根据临床表现，急性上感不难诊断，但需与流行性感冒鉴别。腹痛明显者应与急性阑尾炎鉴别。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "急性上感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性阑尾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "急性上感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流行性感冒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
痛风@尿酸排泄剂会增加尿酸的肾排泄，忌用与已知尿酸生成过多的患者。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿酸排泄剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
慢性淋巴细胞白血病@分期基于体格检查和血细胞计数。慢性淋巴细胞白血病@ CT 扫描可能用于确认是否存在腹膜后、纵膈或肺门淋巴结肿大。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血细胞计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
自从对正常免疫系统有了更深的认识，免疫诊断技术也应用于NHL的诊断，NHL是淋巴细胞在分化成熟过程中某个时期细胞恶变的结果。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "NHL",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫诊断技术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "NHL",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淋巴细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "NHL",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细胞恶变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
一、远端肾小管酸中毒（Ⅰ型） 远端肾小管酸中毒（distal renal tubular acidosis，dRTA）亦称经典的RTA，是由于各种原发性或继发性因素引起远端小管上皮细胞排泌H+障碍、尿及可滴定酸排出减少，体内H+储积而下降，Cl代偿性增高导致高氯性代谢性酸中毒。其特征在于虽有明显的酸中毒，但尿仍不能被酸化，pH＜5. 5。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "远端肾小管酸中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "有明显的酸中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "远端肾小管酸中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿仍不能被酸化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "远端肾小管酸中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "pH＜5. 5"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
多发性骨髓瘤@帕比司他 (Panobinostat) 是一种泛-HDAC 抑制剂，已在一些国家获准用于治疗 MM。多发性骨髓瘤@在 PANORAMA 1 试验中，帕比司他组患者使用帕比司他、硼替佐米和地塞米松联合用药方案治疗在无进展生存期 (PFS) 方面显著优于安慰剂组（分别为 11.99 个月和 8.08 个月，P ＜ 0.0001）。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "帕比司他"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硼替佐米"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "地塞米松"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "帕比司他",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "Panobinostat"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部 ### 存在危险因素 在新生儿中，主要危险因素包括出生后第一周内起病、胎膜早破、早产、分娩期间产妇发热、绒毛膜羊膜炎、发生B族链球菌感染的孪生同胞、产妇年龄未满20岁以及产妇有大量定植（菌尿症）。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出生后第一周内起病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胎膜早破"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早产"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "分娩期间产妇发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "绒毛膜羊膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "产妇年龄未满20岁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "产妇有大量定植（菌尿症）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
第五章 青紫型先天性心脏病 第一节 法洛四联症 法洛四联症（tetralogy of Fallot，TOF）是最常见的青紫型先天性心脏病，约占青紫型先天性心脏病的70%左右，约占所有先天性心脏病的10%。 【并发症】 常见的并发症为脑血栓、脑脓疡及感染性心内膜炎。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "法洛四联症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑血栓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "法洛四联症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑脓疡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "法洛四联症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染性心内膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "法洛四联症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "tetralogy of Fallot"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "tetralogy of Fallot",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "法洛四联症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "TOF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "法洛四联症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "法洛四联症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性心脏病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "法洛四联症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青紫型先天性心脏病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@[ 急性冠脉综合征 ](/topics/zh-cn/152) ### 抑郁症 | 存在差异 | 高 心肌梗死后的常见并发症，患者应当对其常规筛检。 ST段抬高型心肌梗死@抗抑郁治疗和心理治疗可能非常必要。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗抑郁治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心理治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抑郁症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抑郁症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "筛查",
"subject": "抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "筛检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
有8%～62%的儿童还有白天过度嗜睡症状。在儿童OSAS中白天行为问题比较常见，主要表现为在校表现不良、多动、智力低下、情绪问题、害羞或退缩性行为、进攻性行为和学习问题。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童OSAS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白天过度嗜睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
③Ⅲ型：少或无沉积（寡免疫反应型）；包括：a.抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体阳性，b.抗中性粒细胞抗体阴性。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Ⅲ型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗中性粒细胞抗体阴性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
胃炎@进行血液培养和胃抽出物培养。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血液培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃抽出物培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【病理】 脑白质损伤在病理上可分为三种类型：①囊性脑室周围白质软化：侧脑室周围深部白质区呈灶性坏死，所有细胞成分丢失，形成多发性囊腔，即1962年由Banker等命名的经典脑室周围白质软化（PVL），软化灶可单灶，也可多灶，多分布于侧脑室前后角极的外侧，也可发生于侧脑室外侧及背侧白质；②非囊性脑室周围白质软化：侧脑室周围深部白质灶性坏死，形成胶质瘢痕，但无囊腔形成；③弥漫性脑白质病变：脑白质无灶性坏死，但中央区白质少突胶质细胞前体呈弥漫性凋亡伴星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞浸润。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "脑白质损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "囊性脑室周围白质软化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "脑白质损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弥漫性脑白质病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
第十一章 心力衰竭 心力衰竭（heart failure）（以下简称心衰）指心脏不能泵出足够的血液以满足机体代谢所需的一种病理生理状态。心力衰竭@可因心肌功能受损或血流动力学负荷过重引起。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌功能受损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血流动力学负荷过重"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "heart failure"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心衰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@## 筛查 ### 指南 2012 年版美国预防服务工作组 (United States Preventive Services Task Forc, USPSTF) 指南肯定了联合检查（使用 HPV+细胞学）。宫颈癌@如果单独使用细胞学检查，那么这一人群应该每3年进行1次筛查。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细胞学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
心源性休克尚有原发疾病的症状和体征，如室上性阵发性心动过速者，心率可达250次/分以上，有阵发性发作病史及心动图改变。心脏压塞者则有颈静脉怒张、奇脉和心音遥远等体征。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心源性休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈静脉怒张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心源性休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "奇脉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心源性休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心音遥远"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心源性休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心率可达250次/分以上"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
阿尔茨海默病@典型的脑电图发现包括，重复脑电图检查时可见三相周期性尖波复合波。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@通常预后的判断基于 FEV1，后者是肺功能检查的一部分。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "FEV1"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺功能检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
类癌综合征@### 危险因素 ### 弱 查看全部 ### 遗传性多发性内分泌肿瘤Ⅰ型 (MEN-1) 综合征 大约 10%的神经内分泌肿瘤与 MEN-1 有关。类癌综合征@ 然而，这些肿瘤很少引起类癌综合征。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "神经内分泌肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "类癌综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "神经内分泌肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MEN-1"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@步骤 4（持续） – 联合 – 必要时短效β2受体激动剂+教育 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 吸入沙丁胺醇 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : （100 μg/剂的定量吸入器）运动前 5 分钟或需要时每 4-6 小时 200 μg（2 喷） 或 [ 吸入左沙丁胺醇 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : （45 μg/剂的定量吸入器）运动前5 min或必要时4-6 h 90 μg（2喷） 短效β2受体激动剂剂量逐渐增加说明患儿哮喘控制不佳，并且需要升级治疗。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸入沙丁胺醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸入左沙丁胺醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
骨性关节炎@度洛西汀最常见的副作用是恶心、乏力、便秘、口干、以及食欲下降，在与曲马多同时使用时，可能会增加5-羟色胺的影响。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乏力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口干"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "度洛西汀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
中枢性性早熟国外报道的发病率为0. 6%。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "中枢性性早熟",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "0. 6%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 小型缺损可无症状，一般活动不受限制，生长发育不受影响，仅 图11-7 室间隔缺损示意图 体格检查时听到胸骨左缘第3、4肋间响亮的全收缩期杂音，常伴震颤，肺动脉第二心音正常或稍增强。缺损较大时左向右分流量多，患儿多生长迟缓,体重不增,有消瘦、喂养困难，活动后乏力、气短、多汗,易患反复呼吸道感染,易导致充血性心力衰竭等。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "小型缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "充血性心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "小型缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸道感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小型缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多汗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小型缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气短"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小型缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活动后乏力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小型缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喂养困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小型缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "消瘦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小型缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重不增"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小型缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生长迟缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
因右下肺静脉造影时右心下缘呈弯刀状放射影，也称为弯刀综合征（scimitar syndrome）。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "弯刀综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "scimitar syndrome"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。1/3～1/2有前驱病史，表现为病前2～3周内出现发热、乏力、关节痛及肌痛等上感症状或非特异性表现。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乏力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌痛等上感症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非特异性表现"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "RPGN"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急进性肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "急进性肾炎综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@ 在英国，肝硬化的死亡率从 1993 年的 6/100,000 增加到 2000 年的 12.7/100,000。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "6/100,000"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "12.7/100,000"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
MP肺炎重症病例可合并胸腔积液和肺不张，也可发生纵隔积气和气胸、坏死性肺炎等。少数患儿表现危重，发展迅速,可出现呼吸窘迫，甚至需要呼吸机支持或体外膜肺支持，可导致死亡。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "MP肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸窘迫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "MP肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸机支持"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "MP肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体外膜肺支持"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "MP肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸腔积液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "MP肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺不张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "MP肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纵隔积气"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "MP肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气胸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "MP肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "坏死性肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
前驱期后经数天无症状期进入急性期，出现溶血性贫血、急性肾衰竭和血小板减少。 由于HUS存在广泛的微血管血栓形成，可导致多系统损害，除胃肠道和肾脏外，尤以中枢神经系统受累多见，是最常见的死因。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溶血性贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性肾衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
巨细胞病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、风疹病毒等，以及原虫（如弓形虫）、衣原体、支原体（如解脲支原体）等也可引起新生儿感染性肺炎。 【临床表现】 （一）宫内感染 多在娩出后24小时内发病，婴儿出生时多有窒息，复苏后可见呼吸快、呻吟、体温不稳定、反应差，逐渐出现啰音等表现。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸快"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呻吟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体温不稳定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反应差"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "逐渐出现啰音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单纯疱疹病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "风疹病毒等"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "原虫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弓形虫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "衣原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "解脲支原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
第十章 小儿血尿的鉴别诊断 血尿（hematuria）是儿科泌尿系统疾病最常见的症状，可分为肉眼及镜下血尿。近年来根据尿红细胞形态改变等改变，常将血尿分为肾小球性血尿及非肾小球性血尿，有利于临床诊断。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血尿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾小球性血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血尿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非肾小球性血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血尿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "hematuria"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血尿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肉眼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血尿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "镜下血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@[ 肠易激综合征 ](/topics/zh-cn/122) ### 显微镜结肠炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 在老年人中多见，症状持续时间长，无便血。 食物中毒@检查 结肠镜检查显示正常外观的黏膜，活检显示淋巴细胞浸润和/或胶原蛋白层增厚，依据这些表现，可作出诊断。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "显微镜结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结肠镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "显微镜结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "显微镜结肠炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
口腔黏膜炎@### 诊断标准 国家癌症研究所不良事件常用术语标准4.03版： 1. 无症状或症状轻微：无干预指征 2. 中度疼痛，不影响进食。口腔黏膜炎@ 4. 危及生命；有紧急干预指征。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "口腔黏膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "危及生命"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "口腔黏膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无症状或症状轻微"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "口腔黏膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中度疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
普通感冒@### 抗生素治疗 抗生素无法缓解普通感冒的症状，而且已知可引起不良反应。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "普通感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
转移性乳腺癌@曲妥珠单抗 emtansine加帕妥珠单抗对于 HER2-阳性转移性乳腺癌可能是一种有潜力的治疗药物。 转移性乳腺癌@### 贝伐珠单抗 贝伐珠单抗是一种针对血管内皮生长因子的人源化单克隆抗体。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贝伐珠单抗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
白喉@不论其免疫状况，应给予预防性抗生素，虽然疗效尚未得到证实。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "预防性抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
七、百日咳肺炎 百日咳肺炎（pertussis pneumonia）由百日咳杆菌引起，多为间质性肺炎，亦可因继发细菌感染而引起支气管肺炎。必要时加用氨苄西林或利福平等。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨苄西林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "利福平"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "pertussis pneumonia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "百日咳杆菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
第八章 肺部感染性疾病 肺炎是儿科常见病、多发病，而且有资料表明，小儿肺炎是目前我国婴幼儿死亡的首位原因，迄今仍严重威胁着小儿的生命和健康。我国尚无确切数字，据估计细菌、病毒及混合感染的比例各占1/3左右。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "混合感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小儿肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "小儿肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴幼儿死亡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "混合感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1/3左右"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@[ 全身性癫痫发作 ] ### 感音神经性耳聋 | 短期 | 低 B族链球菌感染性脑膜炎最常见的神经系统并发症，7%的存活者诉有感音神经性耳聋。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感音神经性耳聋"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感音神经性耳聋"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@ 对于运动性哮喘患者，运动前10-15 分钟使用短效β2受体激动剂可以使患者在3小时之内不发作。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动性哮喘"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性髓性白血病@## 诊断标准 ### 2016 年世界卫生组织 (World Health Organization, WHO) 髓系肿瘤和急性白血病分类修订版 慢性期 * 存在 BCR-ABL 融合基因，但没有加速期及急变期的特点。慢性髓性白血病@ * 与治疗无关的持续性血小板减少（＜100 x 10^9/L [100 x 10^3/μL 或 100,000/μL]）；或对治疗无反应的持续性血小板增多（＞1,000 x 10^9/L [1,000 x 10^3/μL 或 1,000,000/μL]）。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "持续性血小板减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
多发性骨髓瘤@多种新药（帕比司他、达雷木单抗、埃罗妥珠单抗、埃沙佐米）已在一些国家获准用于治疗复发性难治性 MM 患者。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "复发性难治性 MM",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "帕比司他"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "复发性难治性 MM",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "达雷木单抗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "复发性难治性 MM",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "埃沙佐米"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
骶髂关节炎是明确诊断JAS的关键条件。JAS早期可能发现因腰骶关节病变所致腰椎前突消失，限制了脊柱下部前弯（Schober征阳性）。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "JAS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腰椎前突消失"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
胆管癌@缓解胆道梗阻方法包括手术分流，内镜胆道支架置入术，经皮胆道引流。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手术分流"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内镜胆道支架置入术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "经皮胆道引流"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
慢性胃炎 饮食治疗:养成良好的饮食习惯和生活规律。 药物治疗:①黏膜保护剂:如碱式碳酸铋、硫糖铝、蒙脱石粉剂等;②抑制胃酸药物:常用西咪替丁、雷尼替丁、法莫替丁等;③胃肠动力药:腹胀、呕吐或胆汁反流者加用多潘立酮、西沙必利、莫沙必利等;④有幽门螺杆菌感染者应进行规范的抗Hp治疗.(见消化性溃疡的治疗）。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黏膜保护剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "碱式碳酸铋"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硫糖铝"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蒙脱石粉剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抑制胃酸药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "西咪替丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "雷尼替丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "法莫替丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃肠动力药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多潘立酮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "西沙必利"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "莫沙必利"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗Hp治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
根据临床表现，急性上感不难诊断，但需与流行性感冒鉴别。高热患儿以物理降温为主，酌情结合口服药物降温。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "急性上感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "物理降温"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性上感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "药物降温"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "急性上感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流行性感冒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肝癌@ ### 低血糖，非糖尿病性 | 存在差异 | 中 少见，肝癌相关性低血糖可由胰岛素样生长因子 2（IGF-2）的分泌而导致。 肝癌@[ 非糖尿病性低血糖 ](/topics/zh-cn/509) ### 肝衰竭 | 存在差异 | 中 因为慢性肝病和肝硬化导致。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肝癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肝癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血糖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肝癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非糖尿病性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "慢性肝病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
表14-9 伴有异常汗味或尿味的遗传疾病 表14-10 尿液三氯化铁试验与代谢病 表14-11 尿液二硝基苯肼（DNPH）试验、乙酸试验（Acetest）与疾病 遗传代谢病的确诊需进行血氨基酸分析、铜蓝蛋白、半乳糖及17-羟孕酮等特异性底物或者产物的测定。串联质谱技术（tandem mass，MS/MS）已成为遗传代谢病的常规诊断工具，能对一个标本一次进行数十种氨基酸、有机酸及脂肪酸代谢性疾病的检测，达到了一次实验检测多种疾病的目的，目前已成为遗传代谢病的常规检测项目。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "串联质谱技术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血氨基酸分析"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "铜蓝蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "17-羟孕酮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "串联质谱技术",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "tandem mass"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "串联质谱技术",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "MS/MS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "tandem mass",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "MS/MS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "脂肪酸代谢性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "串联质谱技术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@检查 普通的胸部x光片：在50%的患者中，胸腺瘤由胸部平片偶然发现。 非小细胞肺癌@正电子放射断层造影术（PET）可能对判断恶性及纵膈外牵连有一定价值。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "胸腺瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "正电子放射断层造影术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "正电子放射断层造影术",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "PET"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
②假膜性小肠结肠炎：由难辨梭状芽胞杆菌引起。此菌大量繁殖，产生毒素A(肠毒素）和毒素B(细胞毒素）致病，表现为腹泻,轻症大便每日数次，停用抗生素后很快痊愈。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "假膜性小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹泻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "假膜性小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大便每日数次"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "假膜性小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "停用抗生素后很快痊愈"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "假膜性小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "难辨梭状芽胞杆菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
心肌炎@在第二和第三个阶段，巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞和其他炎症细胞浸润心肌。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "其他炎症细胞浸润心肌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎@ 【实验室检查】 （一）血培养 血细菌培养阳性是确诊感染性心内膜炎的重要依据，凡原因未明的发热、体温持续在1周以上，且原有心脏病者，均应积极反复多次进行血培养，以提高阳性率，若血培养阳性，尚应做药物敏感试验。 感染性心内膜炎@ （二）超声心动图 超声心动图检查能够检出直径大于2mm以上的赘生物，因此对诊断感染性心内膜炎很有帮助，此外在治疗过程中超声心动图还可动态观察赘生物大小、形态、活动和瓣膜功能状态，了解瓣膜损害程度，对决定是否做换瓣手术有参考价值。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声心动图检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血细菌培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
第四节 先天性肌营养不良 先天性肌营养不良（congential muscular dystrophies，CMDs）为一组不同类型的疾病，其分类（表16-16）。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "先天性肌营养不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "congential muscular dystrophies"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "先天性肌营养不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CMDs"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@最常被报道的副作用是味觉障碍、鼻腔不适和鼻充血，累及大约 20% 的患者。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "味觉障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻腔不适"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻充血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
短时间触电患儿可表现头晕、心悸、面色苍白，体格检查多无阳性体征，但触电时间稍长或电压过高，可表现心跳加快、心律不齐、血压下降和休克，严重者甚至出现心室颤动和呼吸、心跳停止。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "触电",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头晕"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "触电",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心悸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "触电",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "面色苍白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "触电",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查多无阳性体征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "触电",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心跳加快"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "触电",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心律不齐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "触电",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血压下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "触电",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "触电",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心室颤动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "触电",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸、心跳停止"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（七）肝移植 原位肝移植（orthotopic liver transplantation，OLT）是目前治疗AHF最有效的方法，在儿科领域已有较多成功的报道。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "原位肝移植",
"subject_type": "手术治疗",
"object": {
"@value": "orthotopic liver transplantation"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "原位肝移植",
"subject_type": "手术治疗",
"object": {
"@value": "OLT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "AHF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "原位肝移植"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
痛风@在关节的伸肌面上，尤其是在肘关节、膝关节、跟腱上，可能存在坚硬的皮下结节（痛风石）。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肘关节"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "膝关节"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "跟腱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮下结节（痛风石）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@对难控持续性哮喘患者，因机体对气体滞留的临床过度通气反应而出现胸壁畸形（哈里逊氏沟）。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "胸壁畸形",
"subject_type": "症状",
"object": {
"@value": "哈里逊氏沟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
痛风@### 其他诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部 ### 红斑和皮温增高 有时可能不易察觉，需要仔细检查。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮温增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
毛细胞白血病@嘌呤类似物治疗目前认为是 HCL 的一线治疗，治疗完全缓解率高，可延长无疾病进展生存。 毛细胞白血病@### 其他治疗 对复发或耐药 HCL 患者的其他治疗选择包括应用单克隆抗体为基础的治疗或干扰素。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "毛细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单克隆抗体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@### 红斑样丘疹或斑块 经常表现为有鳞屑或者出血性痂的皮损。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红斑样丘疹或斑块"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鳞屑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血性痂的皮损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肛门癌@女性患者应进行妇科检查以排除侵袭阴道。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "肛门癌@",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "妇科检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "肛门癌@",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阴道"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
@ 【临床表现】 手足口病的临床表现复杂而多样。 1.普通病例急性起病,可发热或不伴发热,多有咳嗽、流涕、食欲缺乏等非特异性症状。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不伴发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流涕"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肾损害多发生于出现皮肤紫癜的3个月内（95%），尽管有报道肾损害可出现在皮肤紫癜之前以及在皮肤紫癜1年之后，但在6个月后出现肾损害一般不应轻易视之为紫癜性肾炎。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "紫癜性肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤紫癜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
骨性关节炎@ 临床和影像学诊断标准 * 膝关节痛伴有骨赘，在以下3项标准中至少1项呈阳性：年龄大于50岁；僵硬小于30分钟；捻发感。骨性关节炎@若无血沉结果，髋关节屈曲度≤115°可以代替（敏感度86%，特异度75%）。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "僵硬小于30分钟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无血沉结果"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
三尖瓣闭锁@ 【辅助检查】 （一）胸部 X线 肺血流量少者，肺野肺血减少，肺动脉干凹陷，心胸比值正常或轻度增大，右房缘凸出明显。 三尖瓣闭锁@ 图9-35 三尖瓣闭锁患儿（2月）典型心电图显示：电轴左偏，右房肥大和右心室低电压 （三）超声心动图 剑突下及心尖四腔位可清楚捕捉到三尖瓣缺如和右心室发育不良的特征性变化、估计心房间交通的大小，结合Doppler显像估计左右心房间的压力阶差，从而了解心房间的分流程度。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "三尖瓣闭锁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "三尖瓣闭锁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部 X线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "三尖瓣闭锁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺野肺血减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "三尖瓣闭锁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺动脉干凹陷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "三尖瓣闭锁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "右房缘凸出明显"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@疾病持续状态 ### 免疫抑制或高风险转移癌 查看全部 首选 – 口服类维A酸 #### 第一选择 [ 阿维A ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 每日一次,25-50mg口服，持续9-12个月 或 [ 异维A酸 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 0.5-1mg/kg/day口服，持续9-12个月 口服类维A酸被证实能预防复发和进展，特别是在免疫抑制的患者中（例如AIDS，器官移植患者）， 同样在早发高风险（如大且有侵袭性）肿瘤，高日光暴露以及轻度着色皮肤也有效。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高风险转移癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口服类维A酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高风险转移癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿维A"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高风险转移癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "异维A酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口服类维A酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高日光暴露",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口服类维A酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "轻度着色皮肤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口服类维A酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "AIDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口服类维A酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@使用柳氮磺胺吡啶的临床经验多于美沙拉嗪、巴柳氮、奥沙拉秦。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "美沙拉嗪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巴柳氮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "奥沙拉秦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
心肌病@ 第一节 扩张性心肌病 【病因】 扩张性心肌病（dilated cardiomyopathy，DCM）在各种类型心肌病中最为常见，在美国及欧洲，其年发病率约为2/10万～8/10万人口，据估计每10万人口中约有36人患有DCM。心肌病@最近的报道显示成人DCM患者中47%为特发性，12%与心肌炎有关，11%与冠状动脉病变有关，另有30%为其他原因。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "扩张性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "扩张性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "冠状动脉病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "扩张性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "dilated cardiomyopathy"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "扩张性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "DCM"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
轻度狭窄易被漏诊，重度狭窄患儿生后即有明显症状。螺旋CT三维重建可清楚地显示气管结构。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "轻度狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "螺旋CT三维重建"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
在低渗性脱水，水从细胞外进入细胞内，使循环容量在体外丢失的情况下，因水向细胞内转移更进一步加剧，严重者可发生血压下降，进展至休克。由于血压下降，内脏血管发生反射性收缩，肾血流量减少，肾小球滤过率减低，尿量减少，而出现氮质血症。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低渗性脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾血流量减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低渗性脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾小球滤过率减低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低渗性脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿量减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "低渗性脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氮质血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低渗性脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血压下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低渗性脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
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