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真菌感染性疾病@与医院感染有关的有200余种，包括致病真菌、条件致病真菌（机会真菌， opportunitic fungi ） 、致敏真菌和产毒、促癌及致癌真菌。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "条件致病真菌",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "机会真菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "条件致病真菌",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "opportunitic fungi"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "真菌感染性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "条件致病真菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
结节性硬化症@有些病人还可见到成簇的、数目较多、形状不规则以及面积较小的似纸屑状的小块色素脱失斑。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "结节性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小块色素脱失斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@或者也可以使用奎宁加多西环素或四环素类药物或克林霉素。疟疾感染@甲氟喹是另一种替代选择。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲氟喹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "奎宁加多西环素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "四环素类药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "克林霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@### 复发 直径小于2cm的皮损在切除后的局部复发率小于直径大于2cm皮损复发率的一半（7%比17%），也要低于转移癌复发率的三分之一（7%比46%）。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
B细胞型非霍奇金淋巴瘤（B-NHL）治疗方案 （一）适应证 1.未治成熟B细胞型NHL，包括①伯基特型（Burkitt’s） NHL；②大B细胞型NHL；③成熟B细胞性急性淋巴细胞性白血病［表达sIgM或/和μ重链、λ、κ轻链，并/或肿瘤细胞有t（8；14），t（8；22），t（8；2）］。 高危（R3）组 Ⅲ，Ⅳ期，或LDH大于正常2倍。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "B细胞型NHL",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高危（R3）组"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "B细胞型NHL",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伯基特型（Burkitt’s） NHL"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "B细胞型NHL",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大B细胞型NHL"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 骨髓干细胞治疗 有人提出将干细胞疗法作为一种可能的治疗，用于急性心肌梗死后受损血管和心脏组织的修复和再生。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨髓干细胞治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@每名新发腹水患者应该进行诊断性腹腔穿刺，检查腹水中的细胞计数和分类计数、白蛋白、总蛋白水平。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "腹水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "诊断性腹腔穿刺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "腹水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细胞计数和分类计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "腹水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "腹水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "总蛋白水平"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
尘肺@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部 ### 二氧化硅的职业暴露 发生在下列环境中：采矿和采石；铸造厂；便器、水槽和陶瓷制造；喷砂；建筑业的水泥切割；人造石材台面的制造和安装； 以及天然气和石油钻探过程中的水力压裂。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "尘肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "采矿和采石"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "尘肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "铸造厂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "尘肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "便器、水槽和陶瓷制造"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "尘肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喷砂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "尘肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "建筑业的水泥切割"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@支气管内超声（EBUS）的使用使纵隔淋巴结取样在数量和水平上提升。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管内超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "支气管内超声",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "EBUS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
前列腺癌@## 新兴疗法 ### 雄激素替代治疗 尽管普遍认为，睾酮替代治疗禁忌用于已知/怀疑前列腺癌的患者，但目前尚无强有力的证据证实， 对于睾酮水平较低但未达正常去势水平的患者，保持血清睾酮正常水平会加重病情。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "前列腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "雄激素替代治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
【诊断】 溶血性贫血的诊断主要依靠临床表现和实验室检查。 3.血清间接胆红素增高。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清间接胆红素增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
胆管癌@结果 升高 ### 血清CA19-9+（40倍于CEA） 检查 结果 检查 方程式用于计算肿瘤进展的可能性。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清CA19-9+"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性阑尾炎@急性右肾盂肾炎可能伴有发热、寒战、右肋脊角压痛。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性右肾盂肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性右肾盂肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "寒战"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性右肾盂肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "右肋脊角压痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
小儿再障分为： （一）先天性（体质性）或遗传性 1. Fanconi贫血。 6.家族性再障（familial aplastic anemia）。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "家族性再障"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Fanconi贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "小儿再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性（体质性）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "小儿再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗传性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性淋巴细胞白血病@它们无法帮助宿主抵抗病原微生物，并可导致自身免疫性反应，如自身免疫性溶血性贫血和特发性血小板减少性紫癜。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "自身免疫性溶血性贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性肾病@### 初始检查 大部分人意识不到自己已罹患CKD，而是在进行了血液/尿液检查发现异常后才被告知。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "慢性肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血液/尿液检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【病因】 新生儿低血糖的病因是多方面的，主要包括以下几方面（表5-8）： （一）糖原和脂肪贮存不足 胎儿肝糖原的贮备主要发生在胎龄最后的4～8周，胎儿棕色脂肪的分化从胎龄26～30周开始，一直延续至生后2～3周。 （四）内分泌和代谢性疾病 患半乳糖血症的新生儿因血中半乳糖增加，葡萄糖相应减少。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内分泌和代谢性疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖原和脂肪贮存不足"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
二、浆液性胸膜炎 浆液性胸膜炎，又称渗出性胸膜炎或浆液纤维素性胸膜炎（serofibrinous pleurisy）或浆液血性胸膜炎（serosanguineous pleurisy），大多与肺部非化脓性细菌感染，如结核、病毒性肺炎（如腺病毒肺炎）、真菌性肺炎及支原体肺炎有关，亦可发生于腹部或纵隔炎症过程中，少数与肿瘤、结缔组织疾病等有关。CT检查还有助于观察患侧肺部病变。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "浆液性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "浆液性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "渗出性胸膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "浆液性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "浆液纤维素性胸膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "浆液纤维素性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "serofibrinous pleurisy"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "浆液性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "浆液血性胸膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "浆液血性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "serosanguineous pleurisy"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
并作如下规定：如有可疑甲状腺功能低下、可疑智力低下或两者均有，只要有其中一项，则考虑为类甲状腺功能减退症。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "类甲状腺功能减退症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "有可疑甲状腺功能低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
自身免疫性肝炎@针对有皮质类固醇相关并发症风险的患者，也建议给予皮质类固醇联用免疫抑制剂治疗，包括绝经后的女性，以及骨质疏松症、糖尿病、青光眼、白内障、动脉高血压、严重抑郁和情绪不稳患者。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨质疏松症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖尿病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青光眼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白内障"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "动脉高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "严重抑郁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "情绪不稳"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
(二）一般治疗 1.妊娠期高血压患者可在家或住院治疗，轻度子痫前期应住院评估决定是否院内治疗，重度子痫前期及子痫患者应住院治疗。 4.尼卡地平（nicardipine) 二氢吡啶类钙离子通道阻滞剂。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "妊娠期高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尼卡地平"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "重度子痫前期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "子痫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "轻度子痫前期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重度子痫前期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
对于高镁血症，静脉应用葡萄糖酸钙可快速逆转高血镁的抑制作用及相关的心脏传导异常。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高镁血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "葡萄糖酸钙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
小细胞肺癌@结果 痰中的恶性细胞 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部 ### 支气管镜检查 检查 结果 检查 支气管镜检查经常用可曲式支气管镜，是一种内窥镜术，可以直接看见近端的支气管树且可进行可疑区域的活检， 支气管内的肿块可以用钳子直接活检。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
自身抗体是导致血液系统异常变化的因素之一。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "血液系统异常变化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "自身抗体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
脑炎@[ 无菌性脑膜炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/540) ### 脑病（毒性/代谢性） 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 许多代谢性因素和其他组织器官的感染会导致脑实质功能障碍，但不会损坏脑部结构。 脑炎@均可见精神状态改变，甚至局灶性神经系统体征（低血糖），但无特异性临床表现可用于鉴别诊断。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "精神状态改变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血糖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无菌性脑膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "脑实质功能障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "组织器官的感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "局灶性神经系统体征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
一、库鲁病（kuru disease） 首先发现于新几内亚。出现面肌异常和语言障碍。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "库鲁病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "面肌异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "库鲁病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "语言障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "库鲁病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "kuru disease"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
机会感染（隐球菌病和曲菌病）和恶性肿瘤（Kaposi肉瘤）均可引起儿童和成人AIDS的心脏疾患。 2.抗原检查 检查血清中p24抗原，其出现早于血清抗体，因此可用于早期诊断。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "AIDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "检查血清中p24抗原"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
引起缺铁的可能因素有： （一）贮存铁不足 早产儿、母亲怀孕期严重缺铁、胎儿宫内失血等均可出现贮存铁不足。 （五）失血 长期慢性失血见于消化性溃疡、钩虫病、多发性肠息肉、血管瘤、梅克尔憩室炎或者炎症性肠病等，急性失血见于外伤、鼻出血等。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "缺铁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性失血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "缺铁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "失血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "缺铁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "失血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "缺铁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贮存铁不足"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "胎儿宫内失血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "缺铁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "缺铁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贮存铁不足"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "缺铁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早产儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "缺铁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "母亲怀孕期严重缺铁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "缺铁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胎儿宫内失血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "钩虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性失血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "多发性肠息肉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性失血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性失血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "梅克尔憩室炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性失血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "炎症性肠病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性失血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "外伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性失血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "鼻出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性失血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
白喉@也可以测定白喉抗体水平。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白喉抗体水平"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
2. 7号染色体单体是儿童MDS较多见的染色体异常变化。占原发性儿童MDS的40%，伴发先天性或遗传异常的儿童MDS常出现7号染色体单体（-7）。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "原发性儿童MDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "7号染色体单体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
磨牙症@ 有报告称多巴胺拮抗剂也会使磨牙症症状加重。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "磨牙症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多巴胺拮抗剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
帕金森病@运动迟缓和强直通常在病程早期以轻微形式出现。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动迟缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
痔@患者有持续出血或出血导致的明显贫血时应尽早行内镜检查（结肠镜）。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "痔",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "痔",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结肠镜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
2.伴发行为的治疗 （1）伴发注意缺陷伴多动症的治疗： 过去认为这类患儿不宜用中枢兴奋剂，新近观点认为，服用中枢兴奋性药物引起抽动的风险不像过去认为的那样大，用药后不久出现抽动症可能反映患儿具有抽动症的遗传素质，即使这些患儿不服用该类药物，以后也常常会出现抽动症状。哌醋甲酯最佳剂量为每日0. 1mg/kg，这一剂量不伴抽动症状的加重，因此，可间歇和适量应用此药。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "注意缺陷伴多动症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "哌醋甲酯"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
美国1997年的报道显示早产儿的发生率为7. 5%，国内一般报道早产儿的发生率为5%～8%。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5%～8%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
（三）四肢 原发于四肢的横纹肌肉瘤占19%，IRSⅢ中Ⅰ级占63%，Ⅱ级占25%，Ⅲ级占20%，Ⅳ型级25%。下肢比上肢多发，远端比近端常见，但预后差别不大。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "下肢"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
（一）急性再障 （重型再障）的治疗 1.去除病因 对一切可疑的致病因素，均应立即停止接触、应用。 2.防治感染 急性再障预后凶险，病死率可高达80%以上，死亡的主要原因之一是严重感染。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "防治感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "凶险"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病死率"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "严重感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "去除病因"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
基底细胞癌@治疗效果：中等质量的证据表明6个月针对浅表型及结节型不同部位基底细胞癌患者的治疗，咪喹莫特在降低早期组织学治疗失败率上超过安慰剂组。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "基底细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咪喹莫特"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（一）低钾血症 低钾血症（hypokalemia）指血清钾＜3. 5mmol/L，在临床较为多见，主要原因有：①钾的摄入量不足。②由消化道丢失过多，如呕吐、腹泻、各种引流或频繁灌肠而又未及时补充钾；③肾脏排出过多，如酸中毒等所致的钾从细胞内释出，随即大量地由肾脏排出，临床常遇到重症脱水、酸中毒病儿血清钾多在正常范围，缺钾的症状也不明显。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "低钾血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "由消化道丢失过多"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "低钾血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾脏排出过多"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "低钾血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "hypokalemia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "低钾血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钾的摄入量不足"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
百日咳@### 罕见 查看全部 ### 呼吸暂停 婴幼儿通常会出现窒息，仅有轻度咳嗽。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "百日咳",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸暂停"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "百日咳",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "窒息，仅有轻度咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@妊娠期疟疾的治疗需由传染病专科医师共同商议。 疟疾感染@早期妊娠：建议奎宁加克林霉素连用 7 天。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "妊娠期疟疾",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "奎宁加克林霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
白内障@伴闭角型青光眼 – 附加 – 超声乳化白内障摘除±人工晶状体植入 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 对于那些持续性眼高压和/或视力缺陷与晶状体混浊程度不相关的患者，可行白内障手术。白内障@患者也可选择白内障后屈光手术。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "伴闭角型青光眼",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白内障后屈光手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "伴闭角型青光眼",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声乳化白内障摘除"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "伴闭角型青光眼",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "人工晶状体植入"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "伴闭角型青光眼",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "持续性眼高压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "伴闭角型青光眼",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白内障手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@### 高声恐怖 可能与偏头痛有关。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高声恐怖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
多发性硬化症@上下肢张力与反射测试对于查找上肢运动神经元体征（如痉挛和反射亢进）非常重要。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上下肢张力与反射测试"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上肢运动神经元体征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "痉挛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反射亢进"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（一）急性再障 （重型再障）的治疗 1.去除病因 对一切可疑的致病因素，均应立即停止接触、应用。 用药一周末至两周内可发生血清病，出现发热、皮疹（荨麻疹、麻疹样或猩红热样）、淋巴结增大、关节酸痛，严重表现有面部及四肢水肿、少尿、喉头水肿、哮喘、末梢神经炎、头痛、谵妄，甚至惊厥。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "去除病因"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮疹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "荨麻疹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "麻疹样"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "猩红热样"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淋巴结增大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节酸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "面部及四肢水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "少尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉头水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "哮喘"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "末梢神经炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "谵妄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血清病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "惊厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（一）急性期 新发病，临床症状明显而多变，病程多不超过6个月。有的发生急性左心力衰竭、肺水肿。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性左心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
第十章 生殖细胞性肿瘤第十一篇 儿童常见肿瘤【起源】 【病理】 （一）组织学分类 （二）病理学特征 【临床表现】 【实验室检查】 （一）血液生化检查 1.甲胎蛋白（α-FP） 2.β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素（β-HCG） 3.血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH） （二）影像学检查特征 1. B型超声波 2. CT或MRI 【治疗】 （一）手术 （二）化疗 （三）放疗生殖细胞性肿瘤（ germ cell tumor ）是指由原始多潜能生殖细胞在分化、成熟和移行过程中形成的一组肿瘤，其原发部位及临床表现不一。 2. CT或MRI 示肿块大而质地不均一，伴有坏死灶或囊性变，畸胎瘤时也可见有密度较高的骨组织。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "生殖细胞性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "生殖细胞性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "生殖细胞性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "germ cell tumor"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
普通感冒@羟甲唑啉和异丙托溴铵联合比单独应用疗效更佳。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "普通感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "羟甲唑啉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "普通感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "异丙托溴铵"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
口咽癌@染色深的区域更有可能癌变，需行活检。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
肠梗阻@有明显腹胀和反复呕吐的患者应置入鼻胃 (NG) 管。肠梗阻@根据反复测定引流液量和肠梗阻临床症状的缓解情况来决定是否摘除鼻胃管。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "肠梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "引流液量"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肠梗阻临床症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "肠梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻胃 (NG) 管"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反复呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
失眠症@### 小颌畸形和颌后缩畸形 可能与睡眠呼吸暂停相关。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小颌畸形和颌后缩畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "睡眠呼吸暂停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小颌畸形和颌后缩畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@假性囊肿可并发感染、破裂 (5%) 和出血。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "假性囊肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
阿尔茨海默病@### 遗传学 早老素 1 （第 14 号染色体）、早老素 2（第 1 号染色体）及 APP（第 21 号染色体）是与早发型家族性 AD 有关的基因。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗传学"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
婴儿猝死综合征@危险因素包括：暴露于烟草烟雾（产前和产后）；俯卧位或侧卧位睡眠；同床睡；在松软的床垫和/或床面等睡眠环境中睡觉（包括沙发或扶手椅），以及放置软的寝具；束缚过紧/过热；早产儿；暴露于酒精和违禁药物（产前和产后）；病毒感染。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "暴露于烟草烟雾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "俯卧位或侧卧位睡眠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "同床睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "放置软的寝具"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "束缚过紧/过热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早产儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "暴露于酒精和违禁药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病毒感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
第十一节 新生儿破伤风 新生儿破伤风（neonatal tetanus）是由破伤风厌氧芽胞梭状杆菌由脐部侵入引起的一种急性感染性疾病。呼吸肌与喉肌痉挛引起呼吸困难、青紫、窒息；咽肌痉挛使唾液充满口腔；膀胱及直肠括约肌痉挛可导致尿潴留和便秘。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "窒息"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "便秘"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "新生儿破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "neonatal tetanus"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@ 3 期 * 体重下降超过 10% * 慢性腹泻超过 1 个月 * 持续发热超过 1 个月 * 口腔念珠菌病，慢性阴道念珠菌病 * 口腔毛状黏膜白斑病 (Oral hairy leukoplakia, OHL) * 严重细菌感染 * 肺结核 * 机能状态 3（在最近 1 个月卧床时间少于 50%）。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "3 期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "严重细菌感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺结核"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重下降超过 10%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性腹泻超过 1 个月"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口腔念珠菌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性阴道念珠菌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口腔毛状黏膜白斑病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口腔毛状黏膜白斑病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "口腔毛状黏膜白斑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Oral hairy leukoplakia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "Oral hairy leukoplakia",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "OHL"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
儿童肾病综合征最主要的病理变化是微小病变型。部分病例晚期可有肾小管功能障碍，出现低血磷性佝偻病、肾性糖尿、氨基酸尿和酸中毒等。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "儿童肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾小管功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "儿童肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血磷性佝偻病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾性糖尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨基酸尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "儿童肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酸中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
急性髓性白血病@### 瘀癍或瘀点 因血小板减少症所致的体检常见体征。 急性髓性白血病@### 牙龈肿大 白血病浸润的结果；牙龈容易出血的原因在于相关的血小板减少。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瘀癍或瘀点"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "血小板减少",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "牙龈容易出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
第十五章 中枢神经系统慢感染 中枢神经系统慢感染（slow infections of the central nervous system）潜伏期很长（一般1年以上），起病后持续发展，缺乏有效治疗手段，预后不良。病原体可侵犯体内各种器官，但病理改变主要见于中枢神经系统，通常表现为进行性加重的慢性或亚急性脑病。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "中枢神经系统慢感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中枢神经系统"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "中枢神经系统慢感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "slow infections of the central nervous system"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "中枢神经系统慢感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
}
] |
（二）双胎输血综合征 双胎输血综合征（twin-twin transfusion syndrome，TTTs）绝大多数发生在单卵双胎，单绒毛膜双胎的胎盘中有丰富的吻合血管。受血者则表现为红细胞增多、血黏度增高等。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "双胎输血综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红细胞增多"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "双胎输血综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血黏度增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "双胎输血综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "twin-twin transfusion syndrome"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "双胎输血综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "TTTs"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
十三、上皮样肉瘤 上皮样肉瘤（epithelioid）是一种罕见的肉瘤，多发生于青少年，男性多于女性，本瘤约占全部软组织肿瘤的1%。 治疗以整块肿瘤切除为主或做截肢术。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "上皮样肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "整块肿瘤切除"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "上皮样肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "截肢术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "上皮样肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "epithelioid"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "上皮样肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性多于女性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "上皮样肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多发生于青少年"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
急性阑尾炎@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部 ### 急性肠系膜腺炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常出现于近期有上呼吸道感染病史的儿童。 急性阑尾炎@可能出现肌卫，一般不会出现板状腹。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性肠系膜腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌卫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性肠系膜腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "板状腹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性肠系膜腺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@除了有确诊价值外，肝活检还有助于明确潜在肝病的病因。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
妊娠期高血压@### 肥胖 从18岁到初次妊娠体重指数和腰围的增加对妊娠期间未来发生高血压可能起到一定作用。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "妊娠期高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肥胖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
2.肌阵挛发作（myoclonic seizures） 表现为某个或某组肌肉或肌群快速有力的收缩，不超过0. 2秒，抽动后肢体或躯干立即恢复原来的姿势（状态），屈肌比伸肌更易受累，上肢明显。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肌阵挛发作",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不超过0. 2秒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肌阵挛发作",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "屈肌比伸肌更易受累"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肌阵挛发作",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上肢明显"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【实验室检査】 由于先天性甲低发病率高，在生命早期对神经系统功能损害严重，且其治疗容易、疗效佳，因此早期诊断、早期治疗至为重要。 血青T4、T3、TSH测定 任何新生儿筛查结果可疑或临床可疑的儿童均应检测血清T4、TSH浓度，如T4降低、TSH明显升高即可确诊。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "先天性甲低",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血青T4、T3、TSH测定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
失眠症@在美国，因未治疗的失眠症引发的意外事故和工作效率差，每年造成超过 1000 亿美元的损失。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "意外事故"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "工作效率差"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
垂体功能减退@女性 * 女性使用雌激素治疗可缓解潮热症状，还可预防骨质疏松。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "骨质疏松",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "雌激素治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "潮热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "雌激素治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
溶血性贫血@ * 葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症的检验包括荧光斑点试验，之后采用分光光度测定法确定葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的活性。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "分光光度测定法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@### 宫颈肿物 在阴道检查时。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "宫颈肿物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第二节 儿童急性非淋巴细胞白血病 儿童急性非淋巴细胞白血病（acute nonlymphocytic leukemia AML）约占儿童白血病的15%～20%，随着生物分子学的进展，对AML的发病机制及生物学特性有了更进一步的了解，目前在合理治疗后约有30%～45%的患儿可获得长期无病生存，较急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的预后仍然明显差。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ALL"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
阿尔茨海默病@### 认知检查 常用工具包括简易精神状态检查量表 (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE) 和 Blessed 痴呆量表。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "筛查",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "简易精神状态检查量表"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "简易精神状态检查量表",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "Mini-Mental State Examination"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
高血压急症@颅内压升高或肾脏疾病 – 第二 – 尼卡地平 #### 第一选择 [ 尼卡地平 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 初始 5 mg/h 静注，根据治疗反应，每 15 min 增加 2.5 mg/h，上限为 15 mg/h。 高血压急症@尼卡地平为第二代二氢吡啶衍生物型钙通道阻滞剂， 血管选择性高、脑血管及冠脉扩张活性强。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高血压急症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尼卡地平"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@ ### 严重急性综合征 | 短期 | 低 症状持续超过 2 周、高病毒载量和免疫耗竭可能导致机会性感染（例如食道念珠菌病或耶氏肺孢子菌感染），总体预后更差。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "严重急性综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "食道念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "症状持续超过 2 周"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "食道念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高病毒载量"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "食道念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫耗竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "耶氏肺孢子菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "症状持续超过 2 周"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "耶氏肺孢子菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高病毒载量"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "耶氏肺孢子菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫耗竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "严重急性综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "更差"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "机会性感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "症状持续超过 2 周"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "机会性感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高病毒载量"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "机会性感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫耗竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "机会性感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食道念珠菌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "机会性感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "耶氏肺孢子菌感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
根据1986年全国21个省市224 291例健康小儿尿筛查的结果，尿感发病率为8. 25%。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "尿感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "8. 25%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
三、抽动-秽语综合征 抽动-秽语综合征是由法国医生Tourette（1885年）对该病的起始和发展作了详细地描述，故又命名为Tourette综合征。据Stakey D等（1997）跨文化研究，该病多见于男孩，男女发病之比为（3～4）∶1，平均起病年龄为7岁，90%以上于2～15岁发病。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "抽动-秽语综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "（3～4）∶1"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "抽动-秽语综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "7岁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "抽动-秽语综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "2～15岁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "抽动-秽语综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Tourette综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis)是由病毒感染引起的心肌间质炎症细胞浸润和邻近的心肌细胞坏死、变性,有时病变也可累及心包或心内膜。 皮质激素:通常不使用。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质激素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌间质炎症细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "viral myocarditis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病毒感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心包"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心内膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@腹腔镜辅助的经阴道根治性子宫切除术也可以考虑，并且对于经验丰富的医师效果是相同的（生存率83%；中位随访时间40个月）。 宫颈癌@＞2cm或不要求保留生育功能：适合手术 – 附加 – 术后放化疗 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 顺铂 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new 和 [ 放疗 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new 若外科病理学显示淋巴结阳性、宫旁受累或切缘阳性，则需要进行放化疗。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "顺铂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
妊娠胆汁淤积@有些研究建议每周行羊膜腔穿刺以便发现羊水粪染和确定胎肺成熟度。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "羊膜腔穿刺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@[ HIV血清转换 ](/topics/zh-cn/555) ### 阿米巴肝脓肿 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 不到50%的人有细菌性痢疾史。 疟疾感染@胸部X线可显示胸腔积液。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "阿米巴肝脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部X线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HIV血清转换"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿米巴肝脓肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "阿米巴肝脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细菌性痢疾史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
川崎病@ 3.双眼球结合膜充血 无脓性分泌物，一般无糜烂。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "双眼球结合膜充血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
脑面血管瘤病@约90%病人有癫痫发作，多表现为血管痣对侧肢体局限性运动性发作，全身大发作少见，部分患儿也可表现为婴儿痉挛、肌阵挛性发作、失张力性发作或复杂部分性发作等。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑面血管瘤病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "癫痫发作"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑面血管瘤病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身大发作少见"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑面血管瘤病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴儿痉挛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑面血管瘤病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌阵挛性发作"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑面血管瘤病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "失张力性发作"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑面血管瘤病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "复杂部分性发作"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
气相色谱-质谱技术（gas chromatography mass spectrometry，GC/MS）对诊断有机酸尿症和某些疾病有重要意义。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "有机酸尿症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气相色谱-质谱技术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "气相色谱-质谱技术",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "GC/MS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 （一）复温 是治疗新生儿硬肿症低体温的重要措施。 （三）纠正器官功能紊乱 1. DIC治疗 重症硬肿常伴有DIC是硬肿症死亡的重要原因，抓紧高凝期治疗是关键。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "新生儿硬肿症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纠正器官功能紊乱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "新生儿硬肿症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "DIC治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "新生儿硬肿症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "复温"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
（二）多关节型 JIA（polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis） 近35%～40%JIA患儿在病初6个月内病变累及多个关节（≥5个），即多关节型JIA。病程长者，可影响局部发育出现小颌畸形；累及喉杓（环状软骨及杓状软骨）可致声哑、喉喘鸣和饮食困难。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "多关节型 JIA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "声哑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "多关节型 JIA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉喘鸣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "多关节型 JIA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "饮食困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "多关节型 JIA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
疼痛是GBS常见的症状，可能与多种因素有关，如神经根炎及神经炎，不能活动等造成的肌肉疼痛和痛觉过敏。 患者在入院后的1～2天内即可进行理疗，肢体做被动锻炼，但应避免骨折。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GBS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肢体做被动锻炼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "GBS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "GBS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌肉疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "GBS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "痛觉过敏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第2期 肌阵挛是本期的特征性表现，常随病程发展渐渐发生，并逐渐累及全身所有肌群，特别是躯干轴部肌群。除了有明显的不自主运动外，出现了中枢神经运动或感觉长束受累的明确体征，癫痫和痴呆也进一步恶化。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "第2期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "癫痫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "第2期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "痴呆"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "第2期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌阵挛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "第2期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身所有肌群"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "第2期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "躯干轴部肌群"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
机体的遗传体质也与IgAN发病有关。 【病理】 本病的典型病理表现为光镜下系膜细胞增生和基质增多引起系膜增宽，以局灶节段性系膜增生性肾小球肾炎最为常见,其次为肾小球轻微病变，少数呈弥漫性增生性肾小球肾炎伴灶性新月体形成。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "IgAN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾小球轻微病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "IgAN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "机体的遗传体质"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
白内障@ 美国 Beaver Dam Eye Study发现 23.5% 女性和 14.3% 男性到 65 岁时患有导致视力明显下降的白内障。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "女性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
广泛性焦虑障碍@怀孕患者 – 附加 – 体育锻炼 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 尽管在GAD患者中相关研究不多，但至少在一项小样本量的随机对照试验中发现体育锻炼可减轻焦虑症状。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体育锻炼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
内镜部分同样要求明确炎症的部分（全胃炎、胃窦炎及胃体胃炎）；对内镜所见进行分级，并根据其异常表现将胃炎分成7种基本类型：即充血渗出型、平坦糜烂型、隆起糜烂型、萎缩型、出血型、反流型以及皱襞增生型。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "充血渗出型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "平坦糜烂型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "隆起糜烂型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "萎缩型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反流型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皱襞增生型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 消化道出血的症状与病变的性质、部位、失血量、速度及患者出血前的全身状况有关。 （一）定性 1.确定所见的物质是否为血 服用一些药物（铋剂、活性炭及甘草等）和食物（草莓、甜菜、菠菜、西瓜及西红柿等）均可被误认为有便血或黑粪症。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "消化道出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "便血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "消化道出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黑粪症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
几乎3/4的右室双出口均有不同程度的肺动脉狭窄甚至闭锁，多为圆锥隔组织导致的肺动脉瓣下狭窄。由于法洛四联症通常由其特殊的流出道形态作出诊断，但该特殊形态在法洛四联症及右室双出口均可存在，因此，右室双出口与法洛四联症较难明确区分。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺动脉狭窄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺动脉瓣下狭窄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "法洛四联症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
卵巢癌@ 如果手术探查发现晚期卵巢癌，必须行最大限度的减瘤术，以清除所有肿瘤组织。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "卵巢癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "最大限度的减瘤术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
血吸虫病@结肠癌家族史，有腺瘤性息肉病，吸烟，长期的溃疡性结肠炎或克罗恩病病史的患者需怀疑结肠癌。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "血吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结肠癌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
补锌为治疗锌缺乏疾病的主要方法。首先应摄入含锌丰富的食物，如仍不能满足需要，则需补充锌剂，其中以口服为首选，较符合人体的正常代谢过程，选用葡萄糖酸锌，口服锌的剂量为0. 5～1. 0mg/（kg•d）（按元素锌计算），疗程可根据病情及症状决定，对食欲缺乏、厌食、反复感染、免疫功能下降，一般4周为一个疗程，如为生长发育迟缓，一般需8周为一个疗程。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "锌缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "摄入含锌丰富的食物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "锌缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "补充锌剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "锌缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "选用葡萄糖酸锌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "锌缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口服锌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "锌缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "葡萄糖酸锌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "锌缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "锌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "锌缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "锌缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "厌食"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "锌缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反复感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "锌缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫功能下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "锌缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生长发育迟缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "锌缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "补锌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@步骤 3（持续） – 联合 – 必要时短效β2受体激动剂+教育 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 吸入沙丁胺醇 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : （100 μg/剂的定量吸入器）运动前 5 分钟或需要时每 4-6 小时 200 μg（2 喷） 或 [ 吸入左沙丁胺醇 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : （45 μg/剂的定量吸入器）运动前5 min或必要时4-6 h 90 μg（2喷） 短效β2受体激动剂剂量逐渐增加说明患儿哮喘控制不佳，并且需要升级治疗。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸入沙丁胺醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸入左沙丁胺醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@### 外周水肿 是失代偿期肝硬化的体征，继发于盐潴留和肝脏合成功能降低所致的低蛋白血症。
|
[
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外周水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肾细胞癌@若干小型研究的荟萃分析显示对RCC 有效率为 12%。 肾细胞癌@### 患者自体疫苗 一些证据表明应用患者自体疫苗的辅助治疗（高危险 RCC 肾切除术后患者）可改善无进展生存期。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "患者自体疫苗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
狂犬病@在麻痹型狂犬病患者中，一般没有前期的精神状态改变。狂犬病@患者乏力逐渐加重，并快速进展至弛缓性瘫痪、昏迷和死亡。
|
[
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "麻痹型狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "昏迷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "麻痹型狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "死亡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "麻痹型狂犬病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "麻痹型狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
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