HHS-Official/mesh-2025-update-update-all-fields-report

Year int64 2.02k 2.03k	UI stringlengths 7 10	UPDATED_FIELD stringclasses 13 values	REPLACED_VALUE stringlengths 1 912	REPLACEMENT_VALUE stringlengths 1 910	NOTES stringclasses 19 values
2,025	D005102	HN	92; was EXPENDITURES, HEALTH 1968-91	1992; was EXPENDITURES, HEALTH 1968-1991	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005102	PM	92; was EXPENDITURES, HEALTH 1968-91	1992; see EXPENDITURES, HEALTH 1968-1991	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005144	MS	A plasmid whose presence in the cell, either extrachromosomal or integrated into the BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME, determines the "sex" of the bacterium, host chromosome mobilization, transfer via conjugation (CONJUGATION, GENETIC) of genetic material, and the formation of SEX PILI.	A plasmid whose presence in the cell, either extrachromosomal or integrated into the BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME, determines the sex of the bacterium, host chromosome mobilization, transfer via conjugation (CONJUGATION, GENETIC) of genetic material, and the formation of SEX PILI.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005159	NM	Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services	Health Care Facilities Workforce and Services	Preferred Term (MH) updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005159	HN	98; use explode	Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services (1998-2024)	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005159	PM	98	Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services (1998-2024)	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005220	MS	Male parents, human or animal.	Male or male-identifying parents, human or animal.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005260	AN	check tag only for female organs, diseases, physiologic processes, genetics, etc.; do not confuse with WOMEN as a social, cultural, political, economic force; CATALOGER: Do not use	check tag only for female organs, diseases, physiologic processes, genetics, etc.; do not confuse with WOMEN as a social, cultural, political, economic force	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005334	AN	/ther = treatment of FEVER: differentiate from FEVER THERAPY see HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED; /‌chem ind: consider also HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED or PYROGENS	/ther = treatment of FEVER: differentiate from FEVER THERAPY see HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED; /chem ind: consider also HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED or PYROGENS	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005350	AN	not for uterine fibroma ( = LEIOMYOMA + UTERINE NEOPLASMS); note entry term FIBROMATOSIS but FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL; FIBROMATOSIS, AGGRESSIVE, and FIBROMATOSIS, GINGIVAL are available; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)	not for uterine fibroma ( = LEIOMYOMA + UTERINE NEOPLASMS); note entry term FIBROMATOSIS but FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL; Desmoid Tumors, and FIBROMATOSIS, GINGIVAL are available; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005457	AN	‌/‌adv ‌eff permitted but more likely is FLUORIDES ‌/‌adv ‌eff or specific fluoride term /adv eff; coordinate with substance fluoridated	/adv eff permitted but more likely is FLUORIDES /adv eff or specific fluoride term /adv eff; coordinate with substance fluoridated	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005502	AN	/‌adv ‌eff = probably FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY or FOOD POISONING; ‌/‌rad ‌eff = probably FOOD IRRADIATION or FOOD CONTAMINATION, RADIOACTIVE; food consumption = FOOD or EATING or FOOD SUPPLY; food for animals = ANIMAL FEED; refeeding after starvation goes here; differentiate from DIET & other NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGIC PHENOMENA	/adv eff = probably FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY or FOOD POISONING; /rad eff = probably FOOD IRRADIATION or FOOD CONTAMINATION, RADIOACTIVE; food consumption = FOOD or EATING or FOOD SUPPLY; food for animals = ANIMAL FEED; refeeding after starvation goes here; differentiate from DIET & other NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGIC PHENOMENA	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005555	MS	Psychiatry in its legal aspects. This includes criminology, penology, commitment of mentally ill, the psychiatrist's role in compensation cases, the problems of releasing information to the court, and of expert testimony.	Psychiatry in its legal aspects. This includes criminology, penology, COMMITMENT OF PERSONS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, the psychiatrist's role in compensation cases, the problems of releasing information to the court, and of expert testimony.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005611	MS	A condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins (TWIN, DIZYGOTIC) in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in CATTLE. Freemartinism can occur in other mammals. When placental fusion between the male and the female FETUSES permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, TESTICULAR HORMONES from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile XX/XY chimeric "female"(CHIMERISM).	A condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins (TWIN, DIZYGOTIC) in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in CATTLE. Freemartinism can occur in other mammals. When placental fusion between the male and the female FETUSES permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, TESTICULAR HORMONES from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile XX/XY chimeric female(CHIMERISM).	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D005716	MS	Theoretical construct used in applied mathematics to analyze certain situations in which there is an interplay between parties that may have similar, opposed, or mixed interests. In a typical game, decision-making "players," who each have their own goals, try to gain advantage over the other parties by anticipating each other's decisions; the game is finally resolved as a consequence of the players' decisions.	Theoretical construct used in applied mathematics to analyze certain situations in which there is an interplay between parties that may have similar, opposed, or mixed interests. In a typical game, decision-making players, who each have their own goals, try to gain advantage over the other parties by anticipating each other's decisions; the game is finally resolved as a consequence of the players' decisions.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006080	HN	99	1999	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006080	PM	99; see GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE 1966-98	1999; see GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE 1966-1998	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006201	HN	80; was HAIR FOLLICLE DISEASES (NON MESH) before 1980; HAIR FOLLICLE DISEASES was see HAIR DISEASES 1993-95	1980; HAIR FOLLICLE DISEASES was see HAIR DISEASES 1993-1995	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006201	PM	80; HAIR FOLLICLE DISEASES was see HAIR DISEASES 1993-95	1980; HAIR FOLLICLE DISEASES was see HAIR DISEASES 1993-1995	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006233	NM	Disabled Persons	Persons with Disabilities	Preferred Term (MH) updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006234	MS	Physical manipulation of animals and humans to induce a behavioral or other psychological reaction. In experimental psychology, the animal is handled to induce a stress situation or to study the effects of "gentling" or "mothering".	Physical manipulation of animals and humans to induce a behavioral or other psychological reaction. In experimental psychology, the animal is handled to induce a stress situation or to study the effects of gentling or mothering.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006339	AN	chronotropic action of drugs = HEART RATE /‌drug eff + drug with /‌pharmacol + STIMULATION, CHEMICAL for positive chronotropic action & DEPRESSION, CHEMICAL for negative; for inotropic action see note on MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION	chronotropic action of drugs = HEART RATE /drug eff + drug with /pharmacol + STIMULATION, CHEMICAL for positive chronotropic action & DEPRESSION, CHEMICAL for negative; for inotropic action see note on MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006347	MS	The sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. There are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of SYSTOLE and is heard as a "lubb" sound; the second is produced by the closing of the AORTIC VALVE and PULMONARY VALVE and is heard as a "dupp" sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the HEART ATRIA; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling.	The sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. There are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of SYSTOLE and is heard as a lubb sound; the second is produced by the closing of the AORTIC VALVE and PULMONARY VALVE and is heard as a dupp sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the HEART ATRIA; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006396	MS	Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older "coffee-ground" in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006467	HN	99(66)	1999(1966)	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006467	PM	99; see HEMOPHILIA 1966-98; for HEMOPHILIA A see HEMOPHILIA 1993-98	1999; see HEMOPHILIA 1966-1998; for HEMOPHILIA A see HEMOPHILIA 1993-1998	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006474	HN	99(63)	1999(1963)	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006474	PM	99; see HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS 1963-98	1999; see HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS 1963-1998	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006510	MS	Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.	Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the e antigens.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D006705	MS	A system of therapeutics founded by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), based on the Law of Similars where "like cures like". Diseases are treated by highly diluted substances that cause, in healthy persons, symptoms like those of the disease to be treated.	A system of therapeutics founded by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), based on the Law of Similars where like cures like. Diseases are treated by highly diluted substances that cause, in healthy persons, symptoms like those of the disease to be treated.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D007144	MS	A 15 kDa "joining" peptide that forms one of the linkages between monomers of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M in the formation of polymeric immunoglobulins. There is one J chain per one IgA dimer or one IgM pentamer. It is also involved in binding the polymeric immunoglobulins to POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR which is necessary for their transcytosis to the lumen. It is distinguished from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN JOINING REGION which is part of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains.	A 15 kDa joining peptide that forms one of the linkages between monomers of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M in the formation of polymeric immunoglobulins. There is one J chain per one IgA dimer or one IgM pentamer. It is also involved in binding the polymeric immunoglobulins to POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR which is necessary for their transcytosis to the lumen. It is distinguished from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN JOINING REGION which is part of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D007181	MS	An area showing altered staining behavior in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell. Some inclusion bodies represent "virus factories" in which viral nucleic acid or protein is being synthesized; others are merely artifacts of fixation and staining. One example, Negri bodies, are found in the cytoplasm or processes of nerve cells in animals that have died from rabies.	An area showing altered staining behavior in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell. Some inclusion bodies represent virus factories in which viral nucleic acid or protein is being synthesized; others are merely artifacts of fixation and staining. One example, Negri bodies, are found in the cytoplasm or processes of nerve cells in animals that have died from rabies.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D007326	AN	coord IM with type of institution (IM) if pertinent; institutionalization of mentally ill: consider also COMMITMENT OF MENTALLY ILL	coord IM with type of institution (IM) if pertinent; institutionalization of mentally ill: consider also Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D007357	MS	Insurance providing benefits for the costs of care by a physician which can be comprehensive or limited to surgical expenses or for care provided only in the hospital. It is frequently called "regular medical expense" or "surgical expense".	Insurance providing benefits for the costs of care by a physician which can be comprehensive or limited to surgical expenses or for care provided only in the hospital. It is frequently called regular medical expense or surgical expense.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D007426	MS	Genes of IAP elements (a family of retrovirus-like genetic elements) which code for virus-like particles (IAPs) found regularly in rodent early embryos. ("Intracisternal" refers to the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.) Under certain circumstances, such as DNA hypomethylation they are transcribed. Their transcripts are found in a variety of neoplasms, including plasmacytomas, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcomas, teratocarcinomas, and colon carcinomas.	Genes of IAP elements (a family of retrovirus-like genetic elements) which code for virus-like particles (IAPs) found regularly in rodent early embryos. (Intracisternal refers to the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.) Under certain circumstances, such as DNA hypomethylation they are transcribed. Their transcripts are found in a variety of neoplasms, including plasmacytomas, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcomas, teratocarcinomas, and colon carcinomas.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D007486	HN	99(63)	1999(1963)	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D007486	PM	99; see IPECAC (SYRUP) 1995-98; see IPECAC 1963-94	1999; see IPECAC (SYRUP) 1995-1998; see IPECAC 1963-1994	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D007511	AN	general or unspecified; prefer specifics; coordinate with specific organ /‌blood supply; for prevention and control, consider ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING; note ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY is available	general or unspecified; prefer specifics; coordinate with specific organ /blood supply; for prevention and control, consider ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING; note ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY is available	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D007517	MS	An enzyme that hydrolyzes 1,6-alpha-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen, amylopectin, and their beta-limit dextrins. It is distinguished from pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) by its inability to attack pullulan and by the feeble action of alpha-limit dextrins. It is distinguished from amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.69) by its action on glycogen. With EC 3.2.1.69, it produces the activity called "debranching enzyme". EC 3.2.1.68.	An enzyme that hydrolyzes 1,6-alpha-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen, amylopectin, and their beta-limit dextrins. It is distinguished from pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) by its inability to attack pullulan and by the feeble action of alpha-limit dextrins. It is distinguished from amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.69) by its action on glycogen. With EC 3.2.1.69, it produces the activity called debranching enzyme. EC 3.2.1.68.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D007616	MS	The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: "high ridge"), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D007732	MS	A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning "displaced child". Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D007887	MS	The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.	The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of beans belong to this family.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D007943	MS	A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of "hairy" or "flagellated" cells in the blood and bone marrow.	A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008010	MS	An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008039	MS	A condition where the stomach wall becomes thickened, rubbery and loses its ability to distend. The stomach assumes a "leather bottle" shape. It is most often seen in adenocarcinoma of the stomach. The term is often used synonymously with diffuse adenocarcinoma of the stomach.	A condition where the stomach wall becomes thickened, rubbery and loses its ability to distend. The stomach assumes a leather bottle shape. It is most often seen in adenocarcinoma of the stomach. The term is often used synonymously with diffuse adenocarcinoma of the stomach.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008055	AN	general or unspecified; prefer specifics; differentiate from FATS; /‌blood: consider also HYPERLIPIDEMIAS & specifics; dyslipidemia, especially in foreign literature, is probably HYPERLIPIDEMIAS or its specifics; DIETARY FATS is also available	general or unspecified; prefer specifics; differentiate from FATS; /blood: consider also HYPERLIPIDEMIAS & specifics; dyslipidemia, especially in foreign literature, is probably HYPERLIPIDEMIAS or its specifics; DIETARY FATS is also available	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008059	MS	Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.	A group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders caused by mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme, alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA), required for the degradation of heparan and dermatan sulfates. This leads to abnormal accumulation of these glycosaminoglycans in various tissues causing a wide range of clinical presentations including cognitive and musculoskeletal disorders.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008126	MS	The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds."	The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for logarithmic odds.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008164	MS	Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.	Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the enzymatic and non-enzymatic types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008297	AN	check tag only for male organs, diseases, physiol processes, genetics, etc.; do not confuse with MEN as a social, cultural, political, economic force; CATALOGER: Do not use	check tag only for male organs, diseases, physiol processes, genetics, etc.; do not confuse with MEN as a social, cultural, political, economic force	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008375	MS	An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a "maple syrup" odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)	An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008395	MS	An island in the Lesser Antilles, one of the Windward Islands. Its capital is Fort-de-France. It was discovered by Columbus in 1502 and from its settlement in 1635 by the French it passed into and out of Dutch and British hands. It was made a French overseas department in 1946. One account of the name tells of native women on the shore calling "Madinina" as Columbus approached the island. The meaning was never discovered but was entered on early charts as Martinique, influenced by the name of St. Martin. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p734 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p339)	An island in the Lesser Antilles, one of the Windward Islands. Its capital is Fort-de-France. It was discovered by Columbus in 1502 and from its settlement in 1635 by the French it passed into and out of Dutch and British hands. It was made a French overseas department in 1946. One account of the name tells of native women on the shore calling Madinina as Columbus approached the island. The meaning was never discovered but was entered on early charts as Martinique, influenced by the name of St. Martin. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p734 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p339)	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008514	AN	not for medicine in Arab countries ( = MEDICINE + specific country); MEDICINE, PERSIAN is also available; follow author's terminology; Avicenna (also called Ibn Sina) is indexed as Avicenna + BIOGRAPHY + HISTORY OF MEDICINE, MEDIEVAL	not for medicine in Arab countries ( = MEDICINE + specific country); Medicine, Iranian Traditional is also available; follow author's terminology; Avicenna (also called Ibn Sina) is indexed as Avicenna + BIOGRAPHY + HISTORY OF MEDICINE, MEDIEVAL	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008515	MS	The traditional medicine which is based on customs, beliefs, and practices of the Hindu culture.	The traditional medicine which is based on customs, beliefs, and practices in the subcontinent of India.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008542	AN	a group of islands northeast of Australia; includes, in addition to indentions & X refs, Norfolk Island; Melanesians are of Negroid race unless otherwise specified	a group of islands northeast of Australia; includes, in addition to indentions & X refs, Norfolk Island	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008542	MS	The collective name for the islands of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia, including NEW CALEDONIA; VANUATU; New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, FIJI, etc. Melanesia (from the Greek melas, black + nesos, island) is so called from the black color of the natives who are generally considered to be descended originally from the Negroid Papuans and the Polynesians or Malays. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p748 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p344)	The collective name for the islands of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia, including NEW CALEDONIA; VANUATU; New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Bismarck Archipelago and FIJI (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p748).	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008607	AN	do not equate /rehabil with EDUCATION OF INTELLECTUALLY DISABLED	do not equate /rehabil with Education of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008818	MS	Trangenic mutant mice named for the Sanskrit "to go in circles" (chakragati). They display lateralized circling behaviour, postural asymmetry, and hyperactivity.	Trangenic mutant mice named for the Sanskrit to go in circles (chakragati). They display lateralized circling behaviour, postural asymmetry, and hyperactivity.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008819	MS	Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.	Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene nude which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008838	MS	Small computers using LSI (large-scale integration) microprocessor chips as the CPU (central processing unit) and semiconductor memories for compact, inexpensive storage of program instructions and data. They are smaller and less expensive than minicomputers and are usually built into a dedicated system where they are optimized for a particular application. "Microprocessor" may refer to just the CPU or the entire microcomputer.	Small computers using LSI (large-scale integration) microprocessor chips as the CPU (central processing unit) and semiconductor memories for compact, inexpensive storage of program instructions and data. They are smaller and less expensive than minicomputers and are usually built into a dedicated system where they are optimized for a particular application. Microprocessor may refer to just the CPU or the entire microcomputer.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008849	AN	a group of islands east of the Philippines; includes Christmas Island; of the entry term MARIANA ISLANDS; GUAM is available; PALAU is also available	a group of islands east of the Philippines; includes MARIANA ISLANDS; GUAM is available; PALAU is also available	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008889	AN	their physiology & diseases go here: reserve MILITARY MEDICINE for the specialty; includes all uniformed personnel: note entry terms; /‌psychol: consider also the specialties PSYCHOLOGY, MILITARY & MILITARY PSYCHIATRY; specify country	their physiology & diseases go here: reserve MILITARY MEDICINE for the specialty; includes all uniformed personnel: note entry terms; /psychol: consider also the specialties PSYCHOLOGY, MILITARY & MILITARY PSYCHIATRY; specify country	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008892	AN	assume to be cow's milk & do not coordinate with CATTLE; coordinate with other animal source (NIM); MILK SECRETION see LACTATION is also available; /‌adv ‌eff; consider also MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY	assume to be cow's milk & do not coordinate with CATTLE; coordinate with other animal source (NIM); MILK SECRETION see LACTATION is also available; /adv eff; consider also MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008947	MS	A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonuclease-sensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a "speckled" epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence.	A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonuclease-sensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a speckled epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008993	MS	A species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS that is the etiological agent of MPOX (MONKEYPOX).	A species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS that is the etiological agent of MPOX, MONKEYPOX.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D008993	AN	infection = MPOX (MONKEYPOX)	infection = Mpox, Monkeypox	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D009035	MS	Female parents, human or animal.	Female and female-identifying parents, human or animal.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D009047	MS	Motor neurons which activate the contractile regions of intrafusal SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS, thus adjusting the sensitivity of the MUSCLE SPINDLES to stretch. Gamma motor neurons may be "static" or "dynamic" according to which aspect of responsiveness (or which fiber types) they regulate. The alpha and gamma motor neurons are often activated together (alpha gamma coactivation) which allows the spindles to contribute to the control of movement trajectories despite changes in muscle length.	Motor neurons which activate the contractile regions of intrafusal SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS, thus adjusting the sensitivity of the MUSCLE SPINDLES to stretch. Gamma motor neurons may be static or dynamic according to which aspect of responsiveness (or which fiber types) they regulate. The alpha and gamma motor neurons are often activated together (alpha gamma coactivation) which allows the spindles to contribute to the control of movement trajectories despite changes in muscle length.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D009111	PM	99; was MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 1966-98	1999; was MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 1966-1998	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D009111	HN	99; was MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 1966-98	1999; was MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 1966-1998	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D009128	MS	A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D009235	HN	99(63)	1999(1963)	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D009235	PM	99; see MYXOMYCOTA 1986-98, see MYXOMYCETES 1963-85	1999; see MYXOMYCOTA 1986-1998, see MYXOMYCETES 1963-1985	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D009691	MS	Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.	Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is melted by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D009857	MS	Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of "v-" before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.	Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of v- before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix c- before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D009910	AN	differentiate from ORAL HEALTH; oral hyg is care toward maintaining good oral health performed by the person himself or a caregiver in the case of invalid or disabled persons; differentiate also from DENTAL CARE, care by professionals; for oral hyg using dental floss, water picks, etc. use DENTAL DEVICES, HOME CARE or TOOTHBRUSHING	differentiate from ORAL HEALTH; oral hyg is care toward maintaining good oral health performed by the person himself or a caregiver in the case of invalid or Persons with Disabilities; differentiate also from DENTAL CARE, care by professionals; for oral hyg using dental floss, water picks, etc. use DENTAL DEVICES, HOME CARE or TOOTHBRUSHING	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010021	MS	A medical discipline that is based on the philosophy that all body systems are interrelated and dependent upon one another for good health. This philosophy, developed in 1874 by Dr. Andrew Taylor Still, recognizes the concept of "wellness" and the importance of treating illness within the context of the whole body. Special attention is placed on the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.	A medical discipline that is based on the philosophy that all body systems are interrelated and dependent upon one another for good health. This philosophy, developed in 1874 by Dr. Andrew Taylor Still, recognizes the concept of wellness and the importance of treating illness within the context of the whole body. Special attention is placed on the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010268	MS	Branch of psychology that deals with paranormal behavior and events such as telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance, which are not explicable by present day "natural laws".	Branch of psychology that deals with paranormal behavior and events such as telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance, which are not explicable by present day natural laws.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010291	MS	A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for PARALYSIS (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see NEUROSYPHILIS). "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as PARAPARESIS.	A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for PARALYSIS (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see NEUROSYPHILIS). General paresis and general paralysis may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as PARAPARESIS.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010300	AN	‌/‌chem‌ ind = PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY ‌/‌chem‌ ind	/chem ind = PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY /chem ind	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010698	MS	Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010795	PM	75; was PHTHALIC ACID 1963-74	1975; see PHTHALIC ACID 1963-1974	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010795	HN	75; was PHTHALIC ACID 1963-74	1975; was PHTHALIC ACID 1963-1974	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010795	MS	A group of compounds that has the general structure of a dicarboxylic acid-substituted benzene ring. The ortho-isomer is used in dye manufacture. (Dorland, 28th ed)	A group of compounds that include the structure or are derivatives of 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid. They are commonly used in the production of PLASTICS..	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010842	PM	72	1972	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010842	HN	72(68)	1972(1968)	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010861	MS	Thin, hairlike appendages, 1 to 20 microns in length and often occurring in large numbers, present on the cells of gram-negative bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria. Unlike flagella, they do not possess motility, but being protein (pilin) in nature, they possess antigenic and hemagglutinating properties. They are of medical importance because some fimbriae mediate the attachment of bacteria to cells via adhesins (ADHESINS, BACTERIAL). Bacterial fimbriae refer to common pili, to be distinguished from the preferred use of "pili", which is confined to sex pili (PILI, SEX).	Thin, hairlike appendages, 1 to 20 microns in length and often occurring in large numbers, present on the cells of gram-negative bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria. Unlike flagella, they do not possess motility, but being protein (pilin) in nature, they possess antigenic and hemagglutinating properties. They are of medical importance because some fimbriae mediate the attachment of bacteria to cells via adhesins (ADHESINS, BACTERIAL). Bacterial fimbriae refer to common pili, to be distinguished from the preferred use of pili, which is confined to sex pili (PILI, SEX).	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010884	MS	A family of the order Anura, distinguished by the lack of a tongue. It includes four living genera of aquatic "toads". Two of the most familiar pipids are the popularly called Surinam "toad" (Pipa pipa) and XENOPUS LAEVIS.	A family of the order Anura, distinguished by the lack of a tongue. It includes four living genera of aquatic toads. Two of the most familiar pipids are the popularly called Surinam toad (Pipa pipa) and XENOPUS LAEVIS.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010973	MS	The process whereby PLATELETS adhere to something other than platelets, e.g., COLLAGEN; BASEMENT MEMBRANE; MICROFIBRILS; or other "foreign" surfaces.	The process whereby PLATELETS adhere to something other than platelets, e.g., COLLAGEN; BASEMENT MEMBRANE; MICROFIBRILS; or other foreign surfaces.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010984	MS	A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae".	A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D010999	MS	A genus of aquatic newts belonging to the family Salamandridae and sometimes referred to as "spiny" tritons. There are two species P. waltlii and P. poireti. P. waltlii is commonly used in the laboratory. Since this genus adapts to aquarium living, it is easy to maintain in laboratories.	A genus of aquatic newts belonging to the family Salamandridae and sometimes referred to as spiny tritons. There are two species P. waltlii and P. poireti. P. waltlii is commonly used in the laboratory. Since this genus adapts to aquarium living, it is easy to maintain in laboratories.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011076	HN	91(72); was see under DENTAL CEMENTS 1982-90; was see under ACRYLIC RESINS 1977-81; was see under ACRYLATES 1975-76	1991(1972); use DENTAL CEMENTS 1982-1990; use ACRYLIC RESINS 1977-1981; use ACRYLATES 1975-1976	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011076	MS	Water-soluble low-molecular-weight polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid that form solid, insoluble products when mixed with specially prepared ZnO powder. The resulting cement adheres to dental enamel and is also used as a luting agent.	Water-soluble low-molecular-weight polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid that form solid, insoluble products when mixed with specially prepared ZnO powder. The resulting cement adheres to dental enamel and is also used as luting agent.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011076	PM	91; was see under DENTAL CEMENTS 1982-90; was see under ACRYLIC RESINS 1977-81; was see under ACRYLATES 1975-76	1991; see DENTAL CEMENTS 1982-1990; see ACRYLIC RESINS 1977-1981; see ACRYLATES 1975-1976	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011247	AN	IM for articles on normal pregnancy, NIM as check tag; in children or adolescents, see note under PREGNANCY IN ADOLESCENCE; surrogate pregnancy = SURROGATE MOTHERS; for "pregnancy" in non-placental organisms (fish, reptiles, monotremes for example): use OVIPARITY; OVOVIVIPARITY; or VIVIPARITY, NONMAMMALIAN	IM for articles on normal pregnancy, NIM as check tag; in children or adolescents, see note under PREGNANCY IN ADOLESCENCE; surrogate pregnancy = Gestational Carriers; for "pregnancy" in non-placental organisms (fish, reptiles, monotremes for example): use OVIPARITY; OVOVIVIPARITY; or VIVIPARITY, NONMAMMALIAN	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011280	MS	A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.	A pregnane found in the urine of PREGNANT PEOPLE and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011293	MS	A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the "indescribable tension", depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011509	MS	Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.	Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content of which one or more are GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011542	MS	A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the "false joint" that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)	A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011584	AN	specialty; prefer /‌psychol; may be used NIM for "psychological aspects of" terms which do not permit /psychol	specialty; prefer /psychol; may be used NIM for "psychological aspects of" terms which do not permit /psycho	Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005102

HN

92; was EXPENDITURES, HEALTH 1968-91

1992; was EXPENDITURES, HEALTH 1968-1991

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005102

PM

92; was EXPENDITURES, HEALTH 1968-91

1992; see EXPENDITURES, HEALTH 1968-1991

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005144

MS

A plasmid whose presence in the cell, either extrachromosomal or integrated into the BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME, determines the "sex" of the bacterium, host chromosome mobilization, transfer via conjugation (CONJUGATION, GENETIC) of genetic material, and the formation of SEX PILI.

A plasmid whose presence in the cell, either extrachromosomal or integrated into the BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME, determines the sex of the bacterium, host chromosome mobilization, transfer via conjugation (CONJUGATION, GENETIC) of genetic material, and the formation of SEX PILI.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005159

NM

Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services

Health Care Facilities Workforce and Services

Preferred Term (MH) updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005159

HN

98; use explode

Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services (1998-2024)

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005159

PM

98

Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services (1998-2024)

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005220

MS

Male parents, human or animal.

Male or male-identifying parents, human or animal.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005260

AN

check tag only for female organs, diseases, physiologic processes, genetics, etc.; do not confuse with WOMEN as a social, cultural, political, economic force; CATALOGER: Do not use

check tag only for female organs, diseases, physiologic processes, genetics, etc.; do not confuse with WOMEN as a social, cultural, political, economic force

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005334

AN

/ther = treatment of FEVER: differentiate from FEVER THERAPY see HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED; /‌chem ind: consider also HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED or PYROGENS

/ther = treatment of FEVER: differentiate from FEVER THERAPY see HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED; /chem ind: consider also HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED or PYROGENS

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005350

AN

not for uterine fibroma ( = LEIOMYOMA + UTERINE NEOPLASMS); note entry term FIBROMATOSIS but FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL; FIBROMATOSIS, AGGRESSIVE, and FIBROMATOSIS, GINGIVAL are available; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

not for uterine fibroma ( = LEIOMYOMA + UTERINE NEOPLASMS); note entry term FIBROMATOSIS but FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL; Desmoid Tumors, and FIBROMATOSIS, GINGIVAL are available; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005457

AN

‌/‌adv ‌eff permitted but more likely is FLUORIDES ‌/‌adv ‌eff or specific fluoride term /adv eff; coordinate with substance fluoridated

/adv eff permitted but more likely is FLUORIDES /adv eff or specific fluoride term /adv eff; coordinate with substance fluoridated

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005502

AN

/‌adv ‌eff = probably FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY or FOOD POISONING; ‌/‌rad ‌eff = probably FOOD IRRADIATION or FOOD CONTAMINATION, RADIOACTIVE; food consumption = FOOD or EATING or FOOD SUPPLY; food for animals = ANIMAL FEED; refeeding after starvation goes here; differentiate from DIET & other NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGIC PHENOMENA

/adv eff = probably FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY or FOOD POISONING; /rad eff = probably FOOD IRRADIATION or FOOD CONTAMINATION, RADIOACTIVE; food consumption = FOOD or EATING or FOOD SUPPLY; food for animals = ANIMAL FEED; refeeding after starvation goes here; differentiate from DIET & other NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGIC PHENOMENA

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005555

MS

Psychiatry in its legal aspects. This includes criminology, penology, commitment of mentally ill, the psychiatrist's role in compensation cases, the problems of releasing information to the court, and of expert testimony.

Psychiatry in its legal aspects. This includes criminology, penology, COMMITMENT OF PERSONS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, the psychiatrist's role in compensation cases, the problems of releasing information to the court, and of expert testimony.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005611

MS

A condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins (TWIN, DIZYGOTIC) in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in CATTLE. Freemartinism can occur in other mammals. When placental fusion between the male and the female FETUSES permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, TESTICULAR HORMONES from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile XX/XY chimeric "female"(CHIMERISM).

A condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins (TWIN, DIZYGOTIC) in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in CATTLE. Freemartinism can occur in other mammals. When placental fusion between the male and the female FETUSES permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, TESTICULAR HORMONES from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile XX/XY chimeric female(CHIMERISM).

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D005716

MS

Theoretical construct used in applied mathematics to analyze certain situations in which there is an interplay between parties that may have similar, opposed, or mixed interests. In a typical game, decision-making "players," who each have their own goals, try to gain advantage over the other parties by anticipating each other's decisions; the game is finally resolved as a consequence of the players' decisions.

Theoretical construct used in applied mathematics to analyze certain situations in which there is an interplay between parties that may have similar, opposed, or mixed interests. In a typical game, decision-making players, who each have their own goals, try to gain advantage over the other parties by anticipating each other's decisions; the game is finally resolved as a consequence of the players' decisions.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006080

HN

99

1999

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006080

PM

99; see GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE 1966-98

1999; see GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE 1966-1998

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006201

HN

80; was HAIR FOLLICLE DISEASES (NON MESH) before 1980; HAIR FOLLICLE DISEASES was see HAIR DISEASES 1993-95

1980; HAIR FOLLICLE DISEASES was see HAIR DISEASES 1993-1995

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006201

PM

80; HAIR FOLLICLE DISEASES was see HAIR DISEASES 1993-95

1980; HAIR FOLLICLE DISEASES was see HAIR DISEASES 1993-1995

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006233

NM

Disabled Persons

Persons with Disabilities

Preferred Term (MH) updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006234

MS

Physical manipulation of animals and humans to induce a behavioral or other psychological reaction. In experimental psychology, the animal is handled to induce a stress situation or to study the effects of "gentling" or "mothering".

Physical manipulation of animals and humans to induce a behavioral or other psychological reaction. In experimental psychology, the animal is handled to induce a stress situation or to study the effects of gentling or mothering.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006339

AN

chronotropic action of drugs = HEART RATE /‌drug eff + drug with /‌pharmacol + STIMULATION, CHEMICAL for positive chronotropic action & DEPRESSION, CHEMICAL for negative; for inotropic action see note on MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION

chronotropic action of drugs = HEART RATE /drug eff + drug with /pharmacol + STIMULATION, CHEMICAL for positive chronotropic action & DEPRESSION, CHEMICAL for negative; for inotropic action see note on MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006347

MS

The sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. There are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of SYSTOLE and is heard as a "lubb" sound; the second is produced by the closing of the AORTIC VALVE and PULMONARY VALVE and is heard as a "dupp" sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the HEART ATRIA; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling.

The sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. There are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of SYSTOLE and is heard as a lubb sound; the second is produced by the closing of the AORTIC VALVE and PULMONARY VALVE and is heard as a dupp sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the HEART ATRIA; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006396

MS

Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older "coffee-ground" in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006467

HN

99(66)

1999(1966)

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006467

PM

99; see HEMOPHILIA 1966-98; for HEMOPHILIA A see HEMOPHILIA 1993-98

1999; see HEMOPHILIA 1966-1998; for HEMOPHILIA A see HEMOPHILIA 1993-1998

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006474

HN

99(63)

1999(1963)

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006474

PM

99; see HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS 1963-98

1999; see HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS 1963-1998

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006510

MS

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the e antigens.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D006705

MS

A system of therapeutics founded by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), based on the Law of Similars where "like cures like". Diseases are treated by highly diluted substances that cause, in healthy persons, symptoms like those of the disease to be treated.

A system of therapeutics founded by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), based on the Law of Similars where like cures like. Diseases are treated by highly diluted substances that cause, in healthy persons, symptoms like those of the disease to be treated.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D007144

MS

A 15 kDa "joining" peptide that forms one of the linkages between monomers of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M in the formation of polymeric immunoglobulins. There is one J chain per one IgA dimer or one IgM pentamer. It is also involved in binding the polymeric immunoglobulins to POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR which is necessary for their transcytosis to the lumen. It is distinguished from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN JOINING REGION which is part of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains.

A 15 kDa joining peptide that forms one of the linkages between monomers of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M in the formation of polymeric immunoglobulins. There is one J chain per one IgA dimer or one IgM pentamer. It is also involved in binding the polymeric immunoglobulins to POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR which is necessary for their transcytosis to the lumen. It is distinguished from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN JOINING REGION which is part of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D007181

MS

An area showing altered staining behavior in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell. Some inclusion bodies represent "virus factories" in which viral nucleic acid or protein is being synthesized; others are merely artifacts of fixation and staining. One example, Negri bodies, are found in the cytoplasm or processes of nerve cells in animals that have died from rabies.

An area showing altered staining behavior in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell. Some inclusion bodies represent virus factories in which viral nucleic acid or protein is being synthesized; others are merely artifacts of fixation and staining. One example, Negri bodies, are found in the cytoplasm or processes of nerve cells in animals that have died from rabies.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D007326

AN

coord IM with type of institution (IM) if pertinent; institutionalization of mentally ill: consider also COMMITMENT OF MENTALLY ILL

coord IM with type of institution (IM) if pertinent; institutionalization of mentally ill: consider also Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D007357

MS

Insurance providing benefits for the costs of care by a physician which can be comprehensive or limited to surgical expenses or for care provided only in the hospital. It is frequently called "regular medical expense" or "surgical expense".

Insurance providing benefits for the costs of care by a physician which can be comprehensive or limited to surgical expenses or for care provided only in the hospital. It is frequently called regular medical expense or surgical expense.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D007426

MS

Genes of IAP elements (a family of retrovirus-like genetic elements) which code for virus-like particles (IAPs) found regularly in rodent early embryos. ("Intracisternal" refers to the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.) Under certain circumstances, such as DNA hypomethylation they are transcribed. Their transcripts are found in a variety of neoplasms, including plasmacytomas, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcomas, teratocarcinomas, and colon carcinomas.

Genes of IAP elements (a family of retrovirus-like genetic elements) which code for virus-like particles (IAPs) found regularly in rodent early embryos. (Intracisternal refers to the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.) Under certain circumstances, such as DNA hypomethylation they are transcribed. Their transcripts are found in a variety of neoplasms, including plasmacytomas, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcomas, teratocarcinomas, and colon carcinomas.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D007486

HN

99(63)

1999(1963)

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D007486

PM

99; see IPECAC (SYRUP) 1995-98; see IPECAC 1963-94

1999; see IPECAC (SYRUP) 1995-1998; see IPECAC 1963-1994

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D007511

AN

general or unspecified; prefer specifics; coordinate with specific organ /‌blood supply; for prevention and control, consider ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING; note ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY is available

general or unspecified; prefer specifics; coordinate with specific organ /blood supply; for prevention and control, consider ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING; note ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY is available

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D007517

MS

An enzyme that hydrolyzes 1,6-alpha-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen, amylopectin, and their beta-limit dextrins. It is distinguished from pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) by its inability to attack pullulan and by the feeble action of alpha-limit dextrins. It is distinguished from amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.69) by its action on glycogen. With EC 3.2.1.69, it produces the activity called "debranching enzyme". EC 3.2.1.68.

An enzyme that hydrolyzes 1,6-alpha-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen, amylopectin, and their beta-limit dextrins. It is distinguished from pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) by its inability to attack pullulan and by the feeble action of alpha-limit dextrins. It is distinguished from amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.69) by its action on glycogen. With EC 3.2.1.69, it produces the activity called debranching enzyme. EC 3.2.1.68.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D007616

MS

The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: "high ridge"), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D007732

MS

A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning "displaced child". Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D007887

MS

The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.

The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of beans belong to this family.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D007943

MS

A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of "hairy" or "flagellated" cells in the blood and bone marrow.

A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008010

MS

An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.

An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008039

MS

A condition where the stomach wall becomes thickened, rubbery and loses its ability to distend. The stomach assumes a "leather bottle" shape. It is most often seen in adenocarcinoma of the stomach. The term is often used synonymously with diffuse adenocarcinoma of the stomach.

A condition where the stomach wall becomes thickened, rubbery and loses its ability to distend. The stomach assumes a leather bottle shape. It is most often seen in adenocarcinoma of the stomach. The term is often used synonymously with diffuse adenocarcinoma of the stomach.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008055

AN

general or unspecified; prefer specifics; differentiate from FATS; /‌blood: consider also HYPERLIPIDEMIAS & specifics; dyslipidemia, especially in foreign literature, is probably HYPERLIPIDEMIAS or its specifics; DIETARY FATS is also available

general or unspecified; prefer specifics; differentiate from FATS; /blood: consider also HYPERLIPIDEMIAS & specifics; dyslipidemia, especially in foreign literature, is probably HYPERLIPIDEMIAS or its specifics; DIETARY FATS is also available

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008059

MS

Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.

A group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders caused by mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme, alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA), required for the degradation of heparan and dermatan sulfates. This leads to abnormal accumulation of these glycosaminoglycans in various tissues causing a wide range of clinical presentations including cognitive and musculoskeletal disorders.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008126

MS

The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds."

The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for logarithmic odds.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008164

MS

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the enzymatic and non-enzymatic types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008297

AN

check tag only for male organs, diseases, physiol processes, genetics, etc.; do not confuse with MEN as a social, cultural, political, economic force; CATALOGER: Do not use

check tag only for male organs, diseases, physiol processes, genetics, etc.; do not confuse with MEN as a social, cultural, political, economic force

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008375

MS

An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a "maple syrup" odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)

An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008395

MS

An island in the Lesser Antilles, one of the Windward Islands. Its capital is Fort-de-France. It was discovered by Columbus in 1502 and from its settlement in 1635 by the French it passed into and out of Dutch and British hands. It was made a French overseas department in 1946. One account of the name tells of native women on the shore calling "Madinina" as Columbus approached the island. The meaning was never discovered but was entered on early charts as Martinique, influenced by the name of St. Martin. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p734 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p339)

An island in the Lesser Antilles, one of the Windward Islands. Its capital is Fort-de-France. It was discovered by Columbus in 1502 and from its settlement in 1635 by the French it passed into and out of Dutch and British hands. It was made a French overseas department in 1946. One account of the name tells of native women on the shore calling Madinina as Columbus approached the island. The meaning was never discovered but was entered on early charts as Martinique, influenced by the name of St. Martin. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p734 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p339)

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008514

AN

not for medicine in Arab countries ( = MEDICINE + specific country); MEDICINE, PERSIAN is also available; follow author's terminology; Avicenna (also called Ibn Sina) is indexed as Avicenna + BIOGRAPHY + HISTORY OF MEDICINE, MEDIEVAL

not for medicine in Arab countries ( = MEDICINE + specific country); Medicine, Iranian Traditional is also available; follow author's terminology; Avicenna (also called Ibn Sina) is indexed as Avicenna + BIOGRAPHY + HISTORY OF MEDICINE, MEDIEVAL

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008515

MS

The traditional medicine which is based on customs, beliefs, and practices of the Hindu culture.

The traditional medicine which is based on customs, beliefs, and practices in the subcontinent of India.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008542

AN

a group of islands northeast of Australia; includes, in addition to indentions & X refs, Norfolk Island; Melanesians are of Negroid race unless otherwise specified

a group of islands northeast of Australia; includes, in addition to indentions & X refs, Norfolk Island

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008542

MS

The collective name for the islands of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia, including NEW CALEDONIA; VANUATU; New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, FIJI, etc. Melanesia (from the Greek melas, black + nesos, island) is so called from the black color of the natives who are generally considered to be descended originally from the Negroid Papuans and the Polynesians or Malays. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p748 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p344)

The collective name for the islands of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia, including NEW CALEDONIA; VANUATU; New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Bismarck Archipelago and FIJI (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p748).

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008607

AN

do not equate /rehabil with EDUCATION OF INTELLECTUALLY DISABLED

do not equate /rehabil with Education of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008818

MS

Trangenic mutant mice named for the Sanskrit "to go in circles" (chakragati). They display lateralized circling behaviour, postural asymmetry, and hyperactivity.

Trangenic mutant mice named for the Sanskrit to go in circles (chakragati). They display lateralized circling behaviour, postural asymmetry, and hyperactivity.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008819

MS

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene nude which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008838

MS

Small computers using LSI (large-scale integration) microprocessor chips as the CPU (central processing unit) and semiconductor memories for compact, inexpensive storage of program instructions and data. They are smaller and less expensive than minicomputers and are usually built into a dedicated system where they are optimized for a particular application. "Microprocessor" may refer to just the CPU or the entire microcomputer.

Small computers using LSI (large-scale integration) microprocessor chips as the CPU (central processing unit) and semiconductor memories for compact, inexpensive storage of program instructions and data. They are smaller and less expensive than minicomputers and are usually built into a dedicated system where they are optimized for a particular application. Microprocessor may refer to just the CPU or the entire microcomputer.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008849

AN

a group of islands east of the Philippines; includes Christmas Island; of the entry term MARIANA ISLANDS; GUAM is available; PALAU is also available

a group of islands east of the Philippines; includes MARIANA ISLANDS; GUAM is available; PALAU is also available

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008889

AN

their physiology & diseases go here: reserve MILITARY MEDICINE for the specialty; includes all uniformed personnel: note entry terms; /‌psychol: consider also the specialties PSYCHOLOGY, MILITARY & MILITARY PSYCHIATRY; specify country

their physiology & diseases go here: reserve MILITARY MEDICINE for the specialty; includes all uniformed personnel: note entry terms; /psychol: consider also the specialties PSYCHOLOGY, MILITARY & MILITARY PSYCHIATRY; specify country

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008892

AN

assume to be cow's milk & do not coordinate with CATTLE; coordinate with other animal source (NIM); MILK SECRETION see LACTATION is also available; /‌adv ‌eff; consider also MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY

assume to be cow's milk & do not coordinate with CATTLE; coordinate with other animal source (NIM); MILK SECRETION see LACTATION is also available; /adv eff; consider also MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008947

MS

A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonuclease-sensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a "speckled" epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence.

A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonuclease-sensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a speckled epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008993

MS

A species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS that is the etiological agent of MPOX (MONKEYPOX).

A species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS that is the etiological agent of MPOX, MONKEYPOX.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D008993

AN

infection = MPOX (MONKEYPOX)

infection = Mpox, Monkeypox

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D009035

MS

Female parents, human or animal.

Female and female-identifying parents, human or animal.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D009047

MS

Motor neurons which activate the contractile regions of intrafusal SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS, thus adjusting the sensitivity of the MUSCLE SPINDLES to stretch. Gamma motor neurons may be "static" or "dynamic" according to which aspect of responsiveness (or which fiber types) they regulate. The alpha and gamma motor neurons are often activated together (alpha gamma coactivation) which allows the spindles to contribute to the control of movement trajectories despite changes in muscle length.

Motor neurons which activate the contractile regions of intrafusal SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS, thus adjusting the sensitivity of the MUSCLE SPINDLES to stretch. Gamma motor neurons may be static or dynamic according to which aspect of responsiveness (or which fiber types) they regulate. The alpha and gamma motor neurons are often activated together (alpha gamma coactivation) which allows the spindles to contribute to the control of movement trajectories despite changes in muscle length.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D009111

PM

99; was MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 1966-98

1999; was MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 1966-1998

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D009111

HN

99; was MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 1966-98

1999; was MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 1966-1998

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D009128

MS

A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)

A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D009235

HN

99(63)

1999(1963)

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D009235

PM

99; see MYXOMYCOTA 1986-98, see MYXOMYCETES 1963-85

1999; see MYXOMYCOTA 1986-1998, see MYXOMYCETES 1963-1985

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D009691

MS

Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.

Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is melted by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D009857

MS

Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of "v-" before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.

Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of v- before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix c- before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D009910

AN

differentiate from ORAL HEALTH; oral hyg is care toward maintaining good oral health performed by the person himself or a caregiver in the case of invalid or disabled persons; differentiate also from DENTAL CARE, care by professionals; for oral hyg using dental floss, water picks, etc. use DENTAL DEVICES, HOME CARE or TOOTHBRUSHING

differentiate from ORAL HEALTH; oral hyg is care toward maintaining good oral health performed by the person himself or a caregiver in the case of invalid or Persons with Disabilities; differentiate also from DENTAL CARE, care by professionals; for oral hyg using dental floss, water picks, etc. use DENTAL DEVICES, HOME CARE or TOOTHBRUSHING

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010021

MS

A medical discipline that is based on the philosophy that all body systems are interrelated and dependent upon one another for good health. This philosophy, developed in 1874 by Dr. Andrew Taylor Still, recognizes the concept of "wellness" and the importance of treating illness within the context of the whole body. Special attention is placed on the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.

A medical discipline that is based on the philosophy that all body systems are interrelated and dependent upon one another for good health. This philosophy, developed in 1874 by Dr. Andrew Taylor Still, recognizes the concept of wellness and the importance of treating illness within the context of the whole body. Special attention is placed on the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010268

MS

Branch of psychology that deals with paranormal behavior and events such as telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance, which are not explicable by present day "natural laws".

Branch of psychology that deals with paranormal behavior and events such as telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance, which are not explicable by present day natural laws.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010291

MS

A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for PARALYSIS (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see NEUROSYPHILIS). "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as PARAPARESIS.

A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for PARALYSIS (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see NEUROSYPHILIS). General paresis and general paralysis may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as PARAPARESIS.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010300

AN

‌/‌chem‌ ind = PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY ‌/‌chem‌ ind

/chem ind = PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY /chem ind

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010698

MS

Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.

Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010795

PM

75; was PHTHALIC ACID 1963-74

1975; see PHTHALIC ACID 1963-1974

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010795

HN

75; was PHTHALIC ACID 1963-74

1975; was PHTHALIC ACID 1963-1974

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010795

MS

A group of compounds that has the general structure of a dicarboxylic acid-substituted benzene ring. The ortho-isomer is used in dye manufacture. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A group of compounds that include the structure or are derivatives of 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid. They are commonly used in the production of PLASTICS..

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010842

PM

72

1972

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010842

HN

72(68)

1972(1968)

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010861

MS

Thin, hairlike appendages, 1 to 20 microns in length and often occurring in large numbers, present on the cells of gram-negative bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria. Unlike flagella, they do not possess motility, but being protein (pilin) in nature, they possess antigenic and hemagglutinating properties. They are of medical importance because some fimbriae mediate the attachment of bacteria to cells via adhesins (ADHESINS, BACTERIAL). Bacterial fimbriae refer to common pili, to be distinguished from the preferred use of "pili", which is confined to sex pili (PILI, SEX).

Thin, hairlike appendages, 1 to 20 microns in length and often occurring in large numbers, present on the cells of gram-negative bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria. Unlike flagella, they do not possess motility, but being protein (pilin) in nature, they possess antigenic and hemagglutinating properties. They are of medical importance because some fimbriae mediate the attachment of bacteria to cells via adhesins (ADHESINS, BACTERIAL). Bacterial fimbriae refer to common pili, to be distinguished from the preferred use of pili, which is confined to sex pili (PILI, SEX).

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010884

MS

A family of the order Anura, distinguished by the lack of a tongue. It includes four living genera of aquatic "toads". Two of the most familiar pipids are the popularly called Surinam "toad" (Pipa pipa) and XENOPUS LAEVIS.

A family of the order Anura, distinguished by the lack of a tongue. It includes four living genera of aquatic toads. Two of the most familiar pipids are the popularly called Surinam toad (Pipa pipa) and XENOPUS LAEVIS.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010973

MS

The process whereby PLATELETS adhere to something other than platelets, e.g., COLLAGEN; BASEMENT MEMBRANE; MICROFIBRILS; or other "foreign" surfaces.

The process whereby PLATELETS adhere to something other than platelets, e.g., COLLAGEN; BASEMENT MEMBRANE; MICROFIBRILS; or other foreign surfaces.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010984

MS

A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae".

A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D010999

MS

A genus of aquatic newts belonging to the family Salamandridae and sometimes referred to as "spiny" tritons. There are two species P. waltlii and P. poireti. P. waltlii is commonly used in the laboratory. Since this genus adapts to aquarium living, it is easy to maintain in laboratories.

A genus of aquatic newts belonging to the family Salamandridae and sometimes referred to as spiny tritons. There are two species P. waltlii and P. poireti. P. waltlii is commonly used in the laboratory. Since this genus adapts to aquarium living, it is easy to maintain in laboratories.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011076

HN

91(72); was see under DENTAL CEMENTS 1982-90; was see under ACRYLIC RESINS 1977-81; was see under ACRYLATES 1975-76

1991(1972); use DENTAL CEMENTS 1982-1990; use ACRYLIC RESINS 1977-1981; use ACRYLATES 1975-1976

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011076

MS

Water-soluble low-molecular-weight polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid that form solid, insoluble products when mixed with specially prepared ZnO powder. The resulting cement adheres to dental enamel and is also used as a luting agent.

Water-soluble low-molecular-weight polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid that form solid, insoluble products when mixed with specially prepared ZnO powder. The resulting cement adheres to dental enamel and is also used as luting agent.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011076

PM

91; was see under DENTAL CEMENTS 1982-90; was see under ACRYLIC RESINS 1977-81; was see under ACRYLATES 1975-76

1991; see DENTAL CEMENTS 1982-1990; see ACRYLIC RESINS 1977-1981; see ACRYLATES 1975-1976

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011247

AN

IM for articles on normal pregnancy, NIM as check tag; in children or adolescents, see note under PREGNANCY IN ADOLESCENCE; surrogate pregnancy = SURROGATE MOTHERS; for "pregnancy" in non-placental organisms (fish, reptiles, monotremes for example): use OVIPARITY; OVOVIVIPARITY; or VIVIPARITY, NONMAMMALIAN

IM for articles on normal pregnancy, NIM as check tag; in children or adolescents, see note under PREGNANCY IN ADOLESCENCE; surrogate pregnancy = Gestational Carriers; for "pregnancy" in non-placental organisms (fish, reptiles, monotremes for example): use OVIPARITY; OVOVIVIPARITY; or VIVIPARITY, NONMAMMALIAN

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011280

MS

A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.

A pregnane found in the urine of PREGNANT PEOPLE and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011293

MS

A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the "indescribable tension", depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.

A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011509

MS

Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.

Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content of which one or more are GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011542

MS

A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the "false joint" that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011584

AN

specialty; prefer /‌psychol; may be used NIM for "psychological aspects of" terms which do not permit /psychol

specialty; prefer /psychol; may be used NIM for "psychological aspects of" terms which do not permit /psycho

Annotation updated on a descriptor