HHS-Official/mesh-2025-update-update-all-fields-report

Year int64 2.02k 2.03k	UI stringlengths 7 10	UPDATED_FIELD stringclasses 13 values	REPLACED_VALUE stringlengths 1 912	REPLACEMENT_VALUE stringlengths 1 910	NOTES stringclasses 19 values
2,025	D011643	MS	The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.	The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011643	AN	the industry & the dissemination of knowledge & research; printing & disseminating textual material: do not confuse with WRITING (the act, profession or product) or with AUTHORSHIP (identity as author); med publishing: do not coord with MEDICINE; RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION AS TOPIC is also available	the industry & the dissemination of knowledge & research; printing & disseminating textual material: do not confuse with WRITING (the act, profession or product) or with AUTHORSHIP (identity as author); med publishing: do not coord with MEDICINE; Retraction Notice AS TOPIC is also available	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011779	MS	A personality assessment technique in which the subject or observer indicates the degree to which a standardized set of descriptive statements actually describes the subject. The term reflects "sorting" procedures occasionally used with this technique.	A personality assessment technique in which the subject or observer indicates the degree to which a standardized set of descriptive statements actually describes the subject. The term reflects sorting procedures occasionally used with this technique.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011883	AN	/ther ‌use: consider CURIETHERAPY see BRACHYTHERAPY	/ther use: consider CURIETHERAPY see BRACHYTHERAPY/	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011892	MS	A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.	A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name bullfrog, it is the largest native anuran in North America.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011893	MS	An edible species of the family Ranidae, occurring in Europe and used extensively in biomedical research. Commonly referred to as "edible frog".	An edible species of the family Ranidae, occurring in Europe and used extensively in biomedical research. Commonly referred to as edible frog.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D011924	MS	Two populations of Zucker rats have been cited in research--the "fatty" or obese and the lean. The "fatty" rat (Rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene.	Two populations of Zucker rats have been cited in research--the fatty or obese and the lean. The fatty rat (Rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012100	MS	Reproduction without fusion of two types of cells, mostly found in ALGAE; FUNGI; and PLANTS. Asexual reproduction occurs in several ways, such as budding, fission, or splitting from "parent" cells. Only few groups of ANIMALS reproduce asexually or unisexually (PARTHENOGENESIS).	Reproduction without fusion of two types of cells, mostly found in ALGAE; FUNGI; and PLANTS. Asexual reproduction occurs in several ways, such as budding, fission, or splitting from parent cells. Only few groups of ANIMALS reproduce asexually or unisexually (PARTHENOGENESIS).	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012156	MS	Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.	Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic reticulum (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012180	AN	for publication retraction as a subject; do not confuse with the Publication Type RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION; do not confuse with the Publication Type RETRACTED PUBLICATION which identifies an article or book cited in an NLM database as having been retracted; do not use for authors' or editors' errata	for publication retraction as a subject; do not confuse with the Publication Type Retraction Notice; do not confuse with the Publication Type RETRACTED PUBLICATION which identifies an article or book cited in an NLM database as having been retracted; do not use for authors' or editors' errata	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012285	HN	99(66)	1999(1966)	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012285	PM	99; see RICKETTSIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI 1966-98	1999; see RICKETTSIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI 1966-1998	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012294	HN	73; was RIFOMYCIN 1963-72	1973; was RIFOMYCIN 1963-72	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012294	PM	73; was RIFOMYCIN 1963-72	1973; was RIFOMYCIN 1963-1972	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012432	MS	A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA, east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, west of TANZANIA. Its capital is Kigali. It was formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urund.	A republic in CENTRAL AFRICA, east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and north of BURUNDI. Its capital is Kigali. It was formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urund.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012441	MS	A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.	A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as baker's or brewer's yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012454	MS	A genus of European newts in the Salamandridae family. The two species of this genus are Salamandra salamandra (European "fire" salamander) and Salamandra atra (European alpine salamander).	A genus of European newts in the Salamandridae family. The two species of this genus are Salamandra salamandra (European fire salamander) and Salamandra atra (European alpine salamander).	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012455	MS	A family of Urodela consisting of 15 living genera and about 42 species and occurring in North America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa.	A family of CAUDATA consisting of 15 living genera and about 42 species and occurring in North America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012640	MS	Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."	Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012759	MS	Protective places of employment for disabled persons which provide training and employment on a temporary or permanent basis.	Protective places of employment for PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES which provide training and employment on a temporary or permanent basis.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012900	MS	A VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine used for immunization against SMALLPOX. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to SMALLPOX VIRUS. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Rare complications most often associated with older generation smallpox vaccines include VACCINIA, secondary bacterial infections, and ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. Because MONKEYPOX VIRUS and SMALLPOX VIRUS are both ORTHOPOXVIRUS and are closely related smallpox vaccines provide effective CROSS-PROTECTION against MPOX (MONKEYPOX) (https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/smallpox-vaccine.html).	A VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine used for immunization against SMALLPOX. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to SMALLPOX VIRUS. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Rare complications most often associated with older generation smallpox vaccines include VACCINIA, secondary bacterial infections, and ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. Because MONKEYPOX VIRUS and SMALLPOX VIRUS are both ORTHOPOXVIRUS and are closely related smallpox vaccines provide effective CROSS-PROTECTION against MPOX, MONKEYPOX (https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/smallpox-vaccine.html).	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012906	AN	smoke in any environment, not restricted to industrial smoke; can refer to smoke-filled rooms, elevators, trains, aircraft, from any source including fires, tobacco, etc.; coordinate with source of smoke (tobacco smoke = TOBACCO + SMOKE but note TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION is available); ‌/‌adv ‌eff: consider also SMOKE INHALATION INJURY	smoke in any environment, not restricted to industrial smoke; can refer to smoke-filled rooms, elevators, trains, aircraft, from any source including fires, tobacco, etc.; coordinate with source of smoke (tobacco smoke = TOBACCO + SMOKE but note TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION is available); /adv eff: consider also SMOKE INHALATION INJURY	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D012907	AN	note specific types of smoking are available; smokers' patches, smokers' tongue = LEUKOPLAKIA, ORAL; cancer caused by smoking = neoplasm term with /etiol (not ‌/‌chem‌ ind) + SMOKING ‌/‌adv ‌eff (not TOBACCO USE DISORDER); behavioral and psychological aspects of smoking = SMOKING /psychol	note specific types of smoking are available; smokers' patches, smokers' tongue = LEUKOPLAKIA, ORAL; cancer caused by smoking = neoplasm term with /etiol (not /chem ind) + SMOKING /adv eff (not TOBACCO USE DISORDER); behavioral and psychological aspects of smoking = SMOKING /psychol	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013175	PM	99; see SPOROTRICHUM 1963-98; for SPOROTHRIX see SPOROTRICHUM 1974-98	1999; see SPOROTRICHUM 1963-1998; for SPOROTHRIX see SPOROTRICHUM 1974-1998	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013175	HN	99(63)	1999(1963)	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013189	MS	A group of LEUKOTRIENES; (LTC4; LTD4; and LTE4) that is the major mediator of BRONCHOCONSTRICTION; HYPERSENSITIVITY; and other allergic reactions. Earlier studies described a "slow-reacting substance of ANAPHYLAXIS" released from lung by cobra venom or after anaphylactic shock. The relationship between SRS-A leukotrienes was established by UV which showed the presence of the conjugated triene. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	A group of LEUKOTRIENES; (LTC4; LTD4; and LTE4) that is the major mediator of BRONCHOCONSTRICTION; HYPERSENSITIVITY; and other allergic reactions. Earlier studies described a slow-reacting substance of ANAPHYLAXIS released from lung by cobra venom or after anaphylactic shock. The relationship between SRS-A leukotrienes was established by UV which showed the presence of the conjugated triene. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013231	MS	A disease of cats and mink characterized by a marked inflammation of adipose tissue and the deposition of "ceroid" pigment in the interstices of the adipose cells. It is believed to be caused by feeding diets containing too much unsaturated fatty acid and too little vitamin E. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	A disease of cats and mink characterized by a marked inflammation of adipose tissue and the deposition of ceroid pigment in the interstices of the adipose cells. It is believed to be caused by feeding diets containing too much unsaturated fatty acid and too little vitamin E. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013270	AN	‌/‌blood ‌supply: gastric varix or varices = ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES & see note there; perforation = STOMACH /inj, not STOMACH RUPTURE; gastric secretion: index GASTRIC JUICE or GASTRIC MUCOSA, not STOMACH; /surg: consider also GASTRECTOMY; GASTROENTEROSTOMY & GASTROSTOMY; inflammation = GASTRITIS; Heidenhain pouch: index STOMACH /physiol; gastric hyperacidity: index GASTRIC ACID /metab; mucosal prolapse = GASTRIC MUCOSA + STOMACH DISEASES + PROLAPSE	/blood supply: gastric varix or varices = ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES & see note there; perforation = STOMACH /inj, not STOMACH RUPTURE; gastric secretion: index GASTRIC JUICE or GASTRIC MUCOSA, not STOMACH; /surg: consider also GASTRECTOMY; GASTROENTEROSTOMY & GASTROSTOMY; inflammation = GASTRITIS; Heidenhain pouch: index STOMACH /physiol; gastric hyperacidity: index GASTRIC ACID /metab; mucosal prolapse = GASTRIC MUCOSA + STOMACH DISEASES + PROLAPSE	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013475	MS	The component of the personality associated with ethics, standards, and self-criticism - the "conscience". It is derived mainly from identification with parents and parent substitutes.	The component of the personality associated with ethics, standards, and self-criticism - the conscience. It is derived mainly from identification with parents and parent substitutes.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013489	MS	Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).	Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second suppressor mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013514	AN	not the field nor specialty ( = GENERAL SURGERY); only the surgery patient or surgical procedures; prefer /‌surg with organs or disease; /‌instrum = SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS or SURGICAL EQUIPMENT; surgical injury = SURGICAL INJURIES see INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; unnecessary surgery = SURGERY, UNNECESSARY see UNNECESSARY PROCEDURES + specific surgical procedure; SECOND-LOOK SURGERY and REOPERATION are also available	not the field nor specialty ( = GENERAL SURGERY); only the surgery patient or surgical procedures; prefer /surg with organs or disease; /instrum = SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS or SURGICAL EQUIPMENT; surgical injury = SURGICAL INJURIES see INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; unnecessary surgery = SURGERY, UNNECESSARY see UNNECESSARY PROCEDURES + specific surgical procedure; SECOND-LOOK SURGERY and REOPERATION are also available	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013533	HN	90(86); was see under MOTHERS 1986-89	2024; see MOTHERS 1986-1989	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013533	PM	90; was see under MOTHERS 1986-89	2024; use MOTHERS 1986-1989	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013533	MS	Women who allow themselves to be impregnated with the understanding that the offspring are to be given over to the parents who have commissioned the surrogate.	Females who allow themselves to be impregnated with the understanding that the offspring are to be given over to the parents who have commissioned the surrogate.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013533	NM	Surrogate Mothers	Gestational Carriers	Preferred Term (MH) updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013604	MS	A series of 7 virulent phages which infect E. coli. The T-even phages T2, T4; (BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called "autonomously virulent" because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. Phages T1, T3; (BACTERIOPHAGE T3), and T7; (BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called "dependent virulent" because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. The T-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their DNA.	A series of 7 virulent phages which infect E. coli. The T-even phages T2, T4; (BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called autonomously virulent because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. Phages T1, T3; (BACTERIOPHAGE T3), and T7; (BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called dependent virulent because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. The T-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their DNA.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013636	MS	A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.	A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D013659	MS	PL97-248. Title II of the Act specifies "provisions relating to savings in health and income security programs." This includes changes in payment for services, benefits and premiums of Medicare as well as changes in provisions under Medicaid and other specific programs covered by Social Security. Title II includes various revenue measures.	PL97-248. Title II of the Act specifies provisions relating to savings in health and income security programs. This includes changes in payment for services, benefits and premiums of Medicare as well as changes in provisions under Medicaid and other specific programs covered by Social Security. Title II includes various revenue measures.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014029	AN	includes cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco & snuff; a psychiatric diagnosis: do not confuse with SMOKING /‌adv eff; note entry term NICOTINE DEPENDENCE: do not coordinate with NICOTINE unless nicotine is substantially discussed as a chemical	includes cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco & snuff; a psychiatric diagnosis: do not confuse with SMOKING /adv eff; note entry term NICOTINE DEPENDENCE: do not coordinate with NICOTINE unless nicotine is substantially discussed as a chemical	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014166	MS	Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.	Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme donor:acceptor group transferase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014182	MS	Transplantation of an individual's own tissue from one site to another site.	Transplantation of an individual's own tissue from one site to another site. For the transplant itself see AUTOGRAFTS.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014231	MS	A genus of small beetles of the family Tenebrionidae; T. confusum is the "confused flour beetle".	A genus of small beetles of the family Tenebrionidae; T. confusum is the confused flour beetle.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014320	HN	74	2025(1974)	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014320	PM	74	2025; see TRITYL COMPOUNDS 1974-2024	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014320	NM	Trityl Compounds	Triphenylmethyl Compounds	Preferred Term (MH) updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014342	MS	Truthful revelation of information, specifically when the information disclosed is likely to be psychologically painful ("bad news") to the recipient (e.g., revelation to a patient or a patient's family of the patient's DIAGNOSIS or PROGNOSIS) or embarrassing to the teller (e.g., revelation of medical errors).	Truthful revelation of information, specifically when the information disclosed is likely to be psychologically painful (bad news) to the recipient (e.g., revelation to a patient or a patient's family of the patient's DIAGNOSIS or PROGNOSIS) or embarrassing to the teller (e.g., revelation of medical errors).	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014353	MS	A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces "African sleeping sickness." Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014463	AN	IM general only; coordinate NIM with anatomical term or disease term ‌/‌diag ‌image; note many specific ultrasonographic techniques are available	IM general only; coordinate NIM with anatomical term or disease term /diag image; note many specific ultrasonographic techniques are available	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014562	PM	81; was SALAMANDERS 1963-80	2025; see URODELA 1981-2024, SALAMANDERS 1963-1980	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014562	HN	81; was SALAMANDERS 1963-80	2025; use URODELA 1981-2024, SALAMANDERS 1963-1980	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014562	NM	Urodela	Caudata	Preferred Term (MH) updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014703	MS	A plant genus of the family Melanthiaceae with roots that contain VERATRUM ALKALOIDS used as emetics, parasiticides, antihypertensives. The common name "black hellebore" is used for both Veratrum nigrum and HELLEBORUS NIGER.	A plant genus of the family Melanthiaceae with roots that contain VERATRUM ALKALOIDS used as emetics, parasiticides, antihypertensives. The common name black hellebore is used for both Veratrum nigrum and HELLEBORUS NIGER.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014763	MS	Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell.	Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the glue that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014799	MS	The metaphysical doctrine that the functions and processes of life are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical forces and that the laws of physics and chemistry alone cannot explain life functions and processes. Vitalism is opposed to mechanistic materialism. The belief was that matter was divided into two classes based on behavior with respect to heat: organic and inorganic. Inorganic material could be melted but could always be recovered by removing the heat source. Organic compounds changed form upon heating and could not be recovered by removing the heat source. The proposed explanation for the difference between organic and inorganic compounds was the Vitalism Theory, which stated that inorganic materials did not contain the "vital force" of life.	The metaphysical doctrine that the functions and processes of life are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical forces and that the laws of physics and chemistry alone cannot explain life functions and processes. Vitalism is opposed to mechanistic materialism. The belief was that matter was divided into two classes based on behavior with respect to heat: organic and inorganic. Inorganic material could be melted but could always be recovered by removing the heat source. Organic compounds changed form upon heating and could not be recovered by removing the heat source. The proposed explanation for the difference between organic and inorganic compounds was the Vitalism Theory, which stated that inorganic materials did not contain the vital force of life.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014803	AN	‌/‌ther ‌use: coordinate disease with /‌drug ‌ther, not /‌diet ‌ther	/ther use: coordinate disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014905	HN	99; was WESTERN SAMOA 1975-98	1999; was WESTERN SAMOA 1975-1998	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D014982	MS	The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.	The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed frog (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D015145	MS	Any drug treatment modality designed to inhibit UTERINE CONTRACTION. It is used in pregnant women to arrest PREMATURE LABOR.	Any drug treatment modality designed to inhibit UTERINE CONTRACTION. It is used in PREGNANT PEOPLE to arrest PREMATURE LABOR.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D015417	PM	2000; see NEUROPATHIES, HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY 1988-1999	2000; see NEUROPATHIES, HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY 1988-1999, for HMN (HEREDITARY MOTOR NEUROPATHY) PROXIMAL TYPE I see SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD 1988-2025,	Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D015417	HN	2000(1989)	2000(1989); for HMN (HEREDITARY MOTOR NEUROPATHY) PROXIMAL TYPE I use SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD 1988-2025	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D015716	MS	Method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape recorder (Holter-type system) or solid-state device ("real-time" system), while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and transient myocardial ischemia.	Method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape recorder (Holter-type system) or solid-state device (real-time system), while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and transient myocardial ischemia.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D015719	MS	Enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of single-stranded regions of DNA or RNA molecules while leaving the double-stranded regions intact. They are particularly useful in the laboratory for producing "blunt-ended" DNA molecules from DNA with single-stranded ends and for sensitive GENETIC TECHNIQUES such as NUCLEASE PROTECTION ASSAYS that involve the detection of single-stranded DNA and RNA.	Enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of single-stranded regions of DNA or RNA molecules while leaving the double-stranded regions intact. They are particularly useful in the laboratory for producing blunt-ended DNA molecules from DNA with single-stranded ends and for sensitive GENETIC TECHNIQUES such as NUCLEASE PROTECTION ASSAYS that involve the detection of single-stranded DNA and RNA.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D015751	MS	DNA sequences that form the coding region for retroviral enzymes including reverse transcriptase, protease, and endonuclease/integrase. "pol" is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.	DNA sequences that form the coding region for retroviral enzymes including reverse transcriptase, protease, and endonuclease/integrase. pol is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D015845	MS	A pupillary abnormality characterized by a poor pupillary light reaction, reduced accommodation, iris sector palsies, an enhanced pupillary response to near effort that results in a prolonged, "tonic" constriction, and slow pupillary redilation. This condition is associated with injury to the postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. (From Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp492-500)	A pupillary abnormality characterized by a poor pupillary light reaction, reduced accommodation, iris sector palsies, an enhanced pupillary response to near effort that results in a prolonged, tonic constriction, and slow pupillary redilation. This condition is associated with injury to the postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. (From Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp492-500)	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D015919	MS	Body ventilators that assist ventilation by applying intermittent subatmospheric pressure around the thorax, abdomen, or airway and periodically expand the chest wall and inflate the lungs. They are relatively simple to operate and do not require tracheostomy. These devices include the tank ventilators ("iron lung"), Portalung, Pneumowrap, and chest cuirass ("tortoise shell").	Body ventilators that assist ventilation by applying intermittent subatmospheric pressure around the thorax, abdomen, or airway and periodically expand the chest wall and inflate the lungs. They are relatively simple to operate and do not require tracheostomy. These devices include the tank ventilators (iron lung), Portalung, Pneumowrap, and chest cuirass (tortoise shell).	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D015938	MS	A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.	A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the membrane attack complex or MAC.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D015977	MS	A eukaryotic initiation factor that binds to 40S ribosomal subunits. Although initially considered a "non-essential" factor for eukaryotic transcription initiation, eukaryotic initiation factor-1 is now thought to play an important role in localizing RIBOSOMES at the initiation codon of MRNA.	A eukaryotic initiation factor that binds to 40S ribosomal subunits. Although initially considered a non-essential factor for eukaryotic transcription initiation, eukaryotic initiation factor-1 is now thought to play an important role in localizing RIBOSOMES at the initiation codon of MRNA.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D015985	MS	Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc.	Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as necessary. Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016193	MS	The period of the CELL CYCLE preceding DNA REPLICATION in S PHASE. Subphases of G1 include "competence" (to respond to growth factors), G1a (entry into G1), G1b (progression), and G1c (assembly). Progression through the G1 subphases is effected by limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.	The period of the CELL CYCLE preceding DNA REPLICATION in S PHASE. Subphases of G1 include competence (to respond to growth factors), G1a (entry into G1), G1b (progression), and G1c (assembly). Progression through the G1 subphases is effected by limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016223	MS	Declarations in which currently competent MENTALLY ILL PERSONS assert in advance their desire to accept or reject psychiatric interventions that they may be deemed to require in the future. (Bioethics Thesaurus)	Declarations in which currently competent PERSONS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS assert in advance their desire to accept or reject psychiatric interventions that they may be deemed to require in the future. (Bioethics Thesaurus)	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016270	MS	An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE established in 1990 to "provide indexing, abstracting, translating, publishing, and other services leading to a more effective and timely dissemination of information on research, demonstration projects, and evaluations with respect to health care to public and private entities and individuals engaged in the improvement of health care delivery..." It supersedes the National Center for Health Services Research. The United States Agency for Health Care Policy and Research was renamed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) under the Healthcare Research and Quality Act of 1999.	An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE established in 1990 to provide indexing, abstracting, translating, publishing, and other services leading to a more effective and timely dissemination of information on research, demonstration projects, and evaluations with respect to health care to public and private entities and individuals engaged in the improvement of health care delivery... It supersedes the National Center for Health Services Research. The United States Agency for Health Care Policy and Research was renamed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) under the Healthcare Research and Quality Act of 1999.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016285	MS	An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.	A stable analog of EPOPROSTENOL that is a PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR, and has cytoprotective properties.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016346	MS	Retrovirally encoded accessary proteins that play an essential role VIRUS REPLICATION. They are found in the cytoplasm of host cells and associate with a variety of host cell proteins. Vif stands for "virion infectivity factor".	Retrovirally encoded accessary proteins that play an essential role VIRUS REPLICATION. They are found in the cytoplasm of host cells and associate with a variety of host cell proteins. Vif stands for virion infectivity factor.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016350	MS	DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coiled coil and then bifurcate to form Y shaped structures. Leucines occurring in heptad repeats end up on the same sides of the helixes and are adjacent to each other in the stem of the Y (the "zipper" region). The DNA-binding residues are located in the bifurcated region of the Y.	DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coiled coil and then bifurcate to form Y shaped structures. Leucines occurring in heptad repeats end up on the same sides of the helixes and are adjacent to each other in the stem of the Y (the zipper region). The DNA-binding residues are located in the bifurcated region of the Y.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016358	AN	coordinate with disease /‌epidemiol or /‌transm	coordinate with disease /epidemiol or /transm	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016429	MS	Work that consists of a conference of physicians on their observations of a patient at the bedside, regarding the physical state, laboratory and other diagnostic findings, clinical manifestations, results of current therapy, etc. A clinical conference usually ends with a confirmation or correction of clinical findings by a pathological diagnosis performed by a pathologist. "Clinical conference" is often referred to as a "clinico-pathological conference."	Work that consists of a conference of physicians on their observations of a patient at the bedside, regarding the physical state, laboratory and other diagnostic findings, clinical manifestations, results of current therapy, etc. A clinical conference usually ends with a confirmation or correction of clinical findings by a pathological diagnosis performed by a pathologist. Clinical conference is often referred to as a clinico-pathological conference.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016433	MS	Works consisting of an announcement or statement of recent or current events of new data and matters of interest in the field of medicine or science. In some publications, such as "Nature" or "Science," the news reports are substantively written and herald medical and scientific data of vital or controversial importance.	Works consisting of an announcement or statement of recent or current events of new data and matters of interest in the field of medicine or science. In some publications, such as Nature or Science, the news reports are substantively written and herald medical and scientific data of vital or controversial importance.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016440	HN	2008(1991)	2025(2008)	History note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016440	NM	Retraction of Publication	Retraction Notice	Preferred Term (MH) updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016440	MS	Work consisting of a statement issued by one or more authors of an article or a book, withdrawing or disavowing acknowledgment of their participation in performing research or writing the results of their study. In indexing, the retraction is sent to the editor of the publication in which the article appeared and is published under the rubric "retraction" or in the form of a letter. This publication type designates the author's statement of retraction: it should be differentiated from RETRACTED PUBLICATION which labels the retracted publication.	Work consisting of a statement issued by one or more authors of an article or a book, withdrawing or disavowing acknowledgment of their participation in performing research or writing the results of their study. In indexing, the retraction is sent to the editor of the publication in which the article appeared and is published under the rubric retraction or in the form of a letter. This publication type designates the author's statement of retraction: it should be differentiated from RETRACTED PUBLICATION which labels the retracted publication.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016440	AN	This heading is used as a Publication Type. Do not confuse with the Publication Type RETRACTED PUBLICATION which labels the article being retracted. Do not confuse with the Publication Type PUBLISHED ERRATUM. Publication retraction as a subject is indexed under the main heading RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION AS TOPIC. CATALOGER: Do not use	This heading is used as a Publication Type. Do not confuse with the Publication Type RETRACTED PUBLICATION which labels the article being retracted. Do not confuse with the Publication Type PUBLISHED ERRATUM. Publication retraction as a subject is indexed under the main heading Retraction Notice AS TOPIC. CATALOGER: Do not use	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016441	MS	Work consisting of the designation of an article or book as retracted in whole or in part by an author or authors or an authorized representative. It identifies a citation previously published and now retracted through a formal issuance from the author, publisher, or other authorized agent, and is distinguished from RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION, which identifies the citation retracting the original published item.	Work consisting of the designation of an article or book as retracted in whole or in part by an author or authors or an authorized representative. It identifies a citation previously published and now retracted through a formal issuance from the author, publisher, or other authorized agent, and is distinguished from RETRACTION NOTICE, which identifies the citation retracting the original published item.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016441	AN	this heading is used as a Publication Type; designates an article or book cited by the author or author's representative as having been retracted after formal notice by the publication type RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION	this heading is used as a Publication Type; designates an article or book cited by the author or author's representative as having been retracted after formal notice by the publication type Retraction Notice	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016501	MS	In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.	In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. Neurite may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016513	MS	Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.	Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene scid which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016578	MS	The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (free-based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term "crack" was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking.	The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (free-based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term crack was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016658	MS	A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek "psoa", the plural meaning "muscles of the loin". It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology.	A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek psoa, the plural meaning muscles of the loin. It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D016715	MS	Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial GIGANTISM of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas (HEMANGIOMA), lipomas (LIPOMA), lymphangiomas (LYMPHANGIOMA), epidermal NEVI; MACROCEPHALY; cranial HYPEROSTOSIS, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called "elephant man", apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, a disorder with similar characteristics.	Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial GIGANTISM of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas (HEMANGIOMA), lipomas (LIPOMA), lymphangiomas (LYMPHANGIOMA), epidermal NEVI; MACROCEPHALY; cranial HYPEROSTOSIS, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called elephant man, apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, a disorder with similar characteristics.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D017024	AN	coordinate with disease /‌drug ther and specific drug or drugs /‌ther use and other form of therapy to which this is adjuvant	coordinate with disease /drug ther and specific drug or drugs /ther use and other form of therapy to which this is adjuvant	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D017204	MS	A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence "happy"); jerky puppetlike movements (hence "puppet"); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)	A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D017280	AN	CONDOMS, FEMALE is also available	Single-Use Internal Condom is also available	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D017355	MS	A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is not known to be pathogenic for man, animals, or plants. Its organisms are spoilers for beers and ciders and in sweet English ciders they are the causative agents of a secondary fermentation known as "cider sickness." The species Z. mobilis is used for experiments in molecular genetic studies.	A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is not known to be pathogenic for man, animals, or plants. Its organisms are spoilers for beers and ciders and in sweet English ciders they are the causative agents of a secondary fermentation known as cider sickness. The species Z. mobilis is used for experiments in molecular genetic studies.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D017359	MS	A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.	A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in PREGNANT PEOPLE with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D017387	MS	An application that must be submitted to a regulatory agency (the FDA in the United States) before a drug can be studied in humans. This application includes results of previous experiments; how, where, and by whom the new studies will be conducted; the chemical structure of the compound; how it is thought to work in the body; any toxic effects found in animal studies; and how the compound is manufactured. (From the "New Medicines in Development" Series produced by the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association and published irregularly.)	An application that must be submitted to a regulatory agency (the FDA in the United States) before a drug can be studied in humans. This application includes results of previous experiments; how, where, and by whom the new studies will be conducted; the chemical structure of the compound; how it is thought to work in the body; any toxic effects found in animal studies; and how the compound is manufactured. (From the New Medicines in Development Series produced by the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association and published irregularly.)	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D017522	MS	A country of eastern Europe, formerly the province of Bosnia in Yugoslavia, uniting with the province of Herzegovina to form the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1946. It was created 7 April 1992 as a result of the division of Yugoslavia and recognized by the United States as an independent state. Bosnia takes is name from the river Bosna, in turn from the Indoeuropean root bhog, "current"; Herzegovina is from the Serbian herceg (duke) + -ov (the possessive) + -ina (country or territory).	A country of eastern Europe, formerly the province of Bosnia in Yugoslavia, uniting with the province of Herzegovina to form the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1946. It was created 7 April 1992 as a result of the division of Yugoslavia and recognized by the United States as an independent state. Bosnia takes is name from the river Bosna, in turn from the Indoeuropean root bhog, current; Herzegovina is from the Serbian herceg (duke) + -ov (the possessive) + -ina (country or territory).	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D017533	MS	A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.	A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness (SINGLE PERSON), etc.	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D017564	AN	assume to be caused by radiotherapy so do not coordinate routinely with RADIOTHERAPY /‌adv eff; coordinate with other type or source of radiation with /‌adv eff if pertinent	assume to be caused by radiotherapy so do not coordinate routinely with RADIOTHERAPY /adv eff; coordinate with other type or source of radiation with /adv eff if pertinent	Annotation updated on a descriptor
2,025	D017579	MS	Deliberate, often repetitive physical, verbal, and/or other types of abuse by one or more members against others of a household.	Domestic violence is a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another.Domestic violence can be physical, sexual, emotional, economic, or psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person. This includes any behaviors that intimidate, manipulate, humiliate, isolate, frighten, terrorize, coerce, threaten, blame, hurt, injure, or wound someone. (From: https://www.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh241/files/archives/factsheets/ojpfs_domesticviolence.html).	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D017619	MS	Irradiation of one half or both halves of the body in the treatment of disseminated cancer or widespread metastases. It is used to treat diffuse metastases in one session as opposed to multiple fields over an extended period. The more frequent treatment modalities are upper hemibody irradiation (UHBI) or lower hemibody irradiation (LHBI). Less common is mid-body irradiation (MBI). In the treatment of both halves of the body sequentially, hemibody irradiation permits radiotherapy of the whole body with larger doses of radiation than could be accomplished with WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION. It is sometimes called "systemic" hemibody irradiation with reference to its use in widespread cancer or metastases. (P. Rubin et al. Cancer, Vol 55, p2210, 1985)	Irradiation of one half or both halves of the body in the treatment of disseminated cancer or widespread metastases. It is used to treat diffuse metastases in one session as opposed to multiple fields over an extended period. The more frequent treatment modalities are upper hemibody irradiation (UHBI) or lower hemibody irradiation (LHBI). Less common is mid-body irradiation (MBI). In the treatment of both halves of the body sequentially, hemibody irradiation permits radiotherapy of the whole body with larger doses of radiation than could be accomplished with WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION. It is sometimes called systemic hemibody irradiation with reference to its use in widespread cancer or metastases. (P. Rubin et al. Cancer, Vol 55, p2210, 1985)	MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor
2,025	D017619	AN	in radiotherapy, coordinate with disease /radiother; for hemibody irradiation experiments, coordinate with organ or process /‌rad eff	in radiotherapy, coordinate with disease /radiother; for hemibody irradiation experiments, coordinate with organ or process /rad eff	Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011643

MS

The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011643

AN

the industry & the dissemination of knowledge & research; printing & disseminating textual material: do not confuse with WRITING (the act, profession or product) or with AUTHORSHIP (identity as author); med publishing: do not coord with MEDICINE; RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION AS TOPIC is also available

the industry & the dissemination of knowledge & research; printing & disseminating textual material: do not confuse with WRITING (the act, profession or product) or with AUTHORSHIP (identity as author); med publishing: do not coord with MEDICINE; Retraction Notice AS TOPIC is also available

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011779

MS

A personality assessment technique in which the subject or observer indicates the degree to which a standardized set of descriptive statements actually describes the subject. The term reflects "sorting" procedures occasionally used with this technique.

A personality assessment technique in which the subject or observer indicates the degree to which a standardized set of descriptive statements actually describes the subject. The term reflects sorting procedures occasionally used with this technique.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011883

AN

/ther ‌use: consider CURIETHERAPY see BRACHYTHERAPY

/ther use: consider CURIETHERAPY see BRACHYTHERAPY/

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011892

MS

A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.

A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name bullfrog, it is the largest native anuran in North America.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011893

MS

An edible species of the family Ranidae, occurring in Europe and used extensively in biomedical research. Commonly referred to as "edible frog".

An edible species of the family Ranidae, occurring in Europe and used extensively in biomedical research. Commonly referred to as edible frog.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D011924

MS

Two populations of Zucker rats have been cited in research--the "fatty" or obese and the lean. The "fatty" rat (Rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene.

Two populations of Zucker rats have been cited in research--the fatty or obese and the lean. The fatty rat (Rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012100

MS

Reproduction without fusion of two types of cells, mostly found in ALGAE; FUNGI; and PLANTS. Asexual reproduction occurs in several ways, such as budding, fission, or splitting from "parent" cells. Only few groups of ANIMALS reproduce asexually or unisexually (PARTHENOGENESIS).

Reproduction without fusion of two types of cells, mostly found in ALGAE; FUNGI; and PLANTS. Asexual reproduction occurs in several ways, such as budding, fission, or splitting from parent cells. Only few groups of ANIMALS reproduce asexually or unisexually (PARTHENOGENESIS).

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012156

MS

Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.

Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic reticulum (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012180

AN

for publication retraction as a subject; do not confuse with the Publication Type RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION; do not confuse with the Publication Type RETRACTED PUBLICATION which identifies an article or book cited in an NLM database as having been retracted; do not use for authors' or editors' errata

for publication retraction as a subject; do not confuse with the Publication Type Retraction Notice; do not confuse with the Publication Type RETRACTED PUBLICATION which identifies an article or book cited in an NLM database as having been retracted; do not use for authors' or editors' errata

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012285

HN

99(66)

1999(1966)

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012285

PM

99; see RICKETTSIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI 1966-98

1999; see RICKETTSIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI 1966-1998

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012294

HN

73; was RIFOMYCIN 1963-72

1973; was RIFOMYCIN 1963-72

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012294

PM

73; was RIFOMYCIN 1963-72

1973; was RIFOMYCIN 1963-1972

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012432

MS

A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA, east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, west of TANZANIA. Its capital is Kigali. It was formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urund.

A republic in CENTRAL AFRICA, east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and north of BURUNDI. Its capital is Kigali. It was formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urund.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012441

MS

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as baker's or brewer's yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012454

MS

A genus of European newts in the Salamandridae family. The two species of this genus are Salamandra salamandra (European "fire" salamander) and Salamandra atra (European alpine salamander).

A genus of European newts in the Salamandridae family. The two species of this genus are Salamandra salamandra (European fire salamander) and Salamandra atra (European alpine salamander).

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012455

MS

A family of Urodela consisting of 15 living genera and about 42 species and occurring in North America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa.

A family of CAUDATA consisting of 15 living genera and about 42 species and occurring in North America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012640

MS

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012759

MS

Protective places of employment for disabled persons which provide training and employment on a temporary or permanent basis.

Protective places of employment for PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES which provide training and employment on a temporary or permanent basis.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012900

MS

A VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine used for immunization against SMALLPOX. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to SMALLPOX VIRUS. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Rare complications most often associated with older generation smallpox vaccines include VACCINIA, secondary bacterial infections, and ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. Because MONKEYPOX VIRUS and SMALLPOX VIRUS are both ORTHOPOXVIRUS and are closely related smallpox vaccines provide effective CROSS-PROTECTION against MPOX (MONKEYPOX) (https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/smallpox-vaccine.html).

A VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine used for immunization against SMALLPOX. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to SMALLPOX VIRUS. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Rare complications most often associated with older generation smallpox vaccines include VACCINIA, secondary bacterial infections, and ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. Because MONKEYPOX VIRUS and SMALLPOX VIRUS are both ORTHOPOXVIRUS and are closely related smallpox vaccines provide effective CROSS-PROTECTION against MPOX, MONKEYPOX (https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/smallpox-vaccine.html).

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012906

AN

smoke in any environment, not restricted to industrial smoke; can refer to smoke-filled rooms, elevators, trains, aircraft, from any source including fires, tobacco, etc.; coordinate with source of smoke (tobacco smoke = TOBACCO + SMOKE but note TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION is available); ‌/‌adv ‌eff: consider also SMOKE INHALATION INJURY

smoke in any environment, not restricted to industrial smoke; can refer to smoke-filled rooms, elevators, trains, aircraft, from any source including fires, tobacco, etc.; coordinate with source of smoke (tobacco smoke = TOBACCO + SMOKE but note TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION is available); /adv eff: consider also SMOKE INHALATION INJURY

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D012907

AN

note specific types of smoking are available; smokers' patches, smokers' tongue = LEUKOPLAKIA, ORAL; cancer caused by smoking = neoplasm term with /etiol (not ‌/‌chem‌ ind) + SMOKING ‌/‌adv ‌eff (not TOBACCO USE DISORDER); behavioral and psychological aspects of smoking = SMOKING /psychol

note specific types of smoking are available; smokers' patches, smokers' tongue = LEUKOPLAKIA, ORAL; cancer caused by smoking = neoplasm term with /etiol (not /chem ind) + SMOKING /adv eff (not TOBACCO USE DISORDER); behavioral and psychological aspects of smoking = SMOKING /psychol

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013175

PM

99; see SPOROTRICHUM 1963-98; for SPOROTHRIX see SPOROTRICHUM 1974-98

1999; see SPOROTRICHUM 1963-1998; for SPOROTHRIX see SPOROTRICHUM 1974-1998

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013175

HN

99(63)

1999(1963)

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013189

MS

A group of LEUKOTRIENES; (LTC4; LTD4; and LTE4) that is the major mediator of BRONCHOCONSTRICTION; HYPERSENSITIVITY; and other allergic reactions. Earlier studies described a "slow-reacting substance of ANAPHYLAXIS" released from lung by cobra venom or after anaphylactic shock. The relationship between SRS-A leukotrienes was established by UV which showed the presence of the conjugated triene. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A group of LEUKOTRIENES; (LTC4; LTD4; and LTE4) that is the major mediator of BRONCHOCONSTRICTION; HYPERSENSITIVITY; and other allergic reactions. Earlier studies described a slow-reacting substance of ANAPHYLAXIS released from lung by cobra venom or after anaphylactic shock. The relationship between SRS-A leukotrienes was established by UV which showed the presence of the conjugated triene. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013231

MS

A disease of cats and mink characterized by a marked inflammation of adipose tissue and the deposition of "ceroid" pigment in the interstices of the adipose cells. It is believed to be caused by feeding diets containing too much unsaturated fatty acid and too little vitamin E. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

A disease of cats and mink characterized by a marked inflammation of adipose tissue and the deposition of ceroid pigment in the interstices of the adipose cells. It is believed to be caused by feeding diets containing too much unsaturated fatty acid and too little vitamin E. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013270

AN

‌/‌blood ‌supply: gastric varix or varices = ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES & see note there; perforation = STOMACH /inj, not STOMACH RUPTURE; gastric secretion: index GASTRIC JUICE or GASTRIC MUCOSA, not STOMACH; /surg: consider also GASTRECTOMY; GASTROENTEROSTOMY & GASTROSTOMY; inflammation = GASTRITIS; Heidenhain pouch: index STOMACH /physiol; gastric hyperacidity: index GASTRIC ACID /metab; mucosal prolapse = GASTRIC MUCOSA + STOMACH DISEASES + PROLAPSE

/blood supply: gastric varix or varices = ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES & see note there; perforation = STOMACH /inj, not STOMACH RUPTURE; gastric secretion: index GASTRIC JUICE or GASTRIC MUCOSA, not STOMACH; /surg: consider also GASTRECTOMY; GASTROENTEROSTOMY & GASTROSTOMY; inflammation = GASTRITIS; Heidenhain pouch: index STOMACH /physiol; gastric hyperacidity: index GASTRIC ACID /metab; mucosal prolapse = GASTRIC MUCOSA + STOMACH DISEASES + PROLAPSE

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013475

MS

The component of the personality associated with ethics, standards, and self-criticism - the "conscience". It is derived mainly from identification with parents and parent substitutes.

The component of the personality associated with ethics, standards, and self-criticism - the conscience. It is derived mainly from identification with parents and parent substitutes.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013489

MS

Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).

Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second suppressor mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013514

AN

not the field nor specialty ( = GENERAL SURGERY); only the surgery patient or surgical procedures; prefer /‌surg with organs or disease; /‌instrum = SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS or SURGICAL EQUIPMENT; surgical injury = SURGICAL INJURIES see INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; unnecessary surgery = SURGERY, UNNECESSARY see UNNECESSARY PROCEDURES + specific surgical procedure; SECOND-LOOK SURGERY and REOPERATION are also available

not the field nor specialty ( = GENERAL SURGERY); only the surgery patient or surgical procedures; prefer /surg with organs or disease; /instrum = SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS or SURGICAL EQUIPMENT; surgical injury = SURGICAL INJURIES see INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; unnecessary surgery = SURGERY, UNNECESSARY see UNNECESSARY PROCEDURES + specific surgical procedure; SECOND-LOOK SURGERY and REOPERATION are also available

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013533

HN

90(86); was see under MOTHERS 1986-89

2024; see MOTHERS 1986-1989

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013533

PM

90; was see under MOTHERS 1986-89

2024; use MOTHERS 1986-1989

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013533

MS

Women who allow themselves to be impregnated with the understanding that the offspring are to be given over to the parents who have commissioned the surrogate.

Females who allow themselves to be impregnated with the understanding that the offspring are to be given over to the parents who have commissioned the surrogate.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013533

NM

Surrogate Mothers

Gestational Carriers

Preferred Term (MH) updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013604

MS

A series of 7 virulent phages which infect E. coli. The T-even phages T2, T4; (BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called "autonomously virulent" because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. Phages T1, T3; (BACTERIOPHAGE T3), and T7; (BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called "dependent virulent" because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. The T-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their DNA.

A series of 7 virulent phages which infect E. coli. The T-even phages T2, T4; (BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called autonomously virulent because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. Phages T1, T3; (BACTERIOPHAGE T3), and T7; (BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called dependent virulent because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. The T-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their DNA.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013636

MS

A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D013659

MS

PL97-248. Title II of the Act specifies "provisions relating to savings in health and income security programs." This includes changes in payment for services, benefits and premiums of Medicare as well as changes in provisions under Medicaid and other specific programs covered by Social Security. Title II includes various revenue measures.

PL97-248. Title II of the Act specifies provisions relating to savings in health and income security programs. This includes changes in payment for services, benefits and premiums of Medicare as well as changes in provisions under Medicaid and other specific programs covered by Social Security. Title II includes various revenue measures.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014029

AN

includes cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco & snuff; a psychiatric diagnosis: do not confuse with SMOKING /‌adv eff; note entry term NICOTINE DEPENDENCE: do not coordinate with NICOTINE unless nicotine is substantially discussed as a chemical

includes cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco & snuff; a psychiatric diagnosis: do not confuse with SMOKING /adv eff; note entry term NICOTINE DEPENDENCE: do not coordinate with NICOTINE unless nicotine is substantially discussed as a chemical

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014166

MS

Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.

Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme donor:acceptor group transferase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014182

MS

Transplantation of an individual's own tissue from one site to another site.

Transplantation of an individual's own tissue from one site to another site. For the transplant itself see AUTOGRAFTS.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014231

MS

A genus of small beetles of the family Tenebrionidae; T. confusum is the "confused flour beetle".

A genus of small beetles of the family Tenebrionidae; T. confusum is the confused flour beetle.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014320

HN

74

2025(1974)

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014320

PM

74

2025; see TRITYL COMPOUNDS 1974-2024

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014320

NM

Trityl Compounds

Triphenylmethyl Compounds

Preferred Term (MH) updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014342

MS

Truthful revelation of information, specifically when the information disclosed is likely to be psychologically painful ("bad news") to the recipient (e.g., revelation to a patient or a patient's family of the patient's DIAGNOSIS or PROGNOSIS) or embarrassing to the teller (e.g., revelation of medical errors).

Truthful revelation of information, specifically when the information disclosed is likely to be psychologically painful (bad news) to the recipient (e.g., revelation to a patient or a patient's family of the patient's DIAGNOSIS or PROGNOSIS) or embarrassing to the teller (e.g., revelation of medical errors).

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014353

MS

A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces "African sleeping sickness." Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.

A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014463

AN

IM general only; coordinate NIM with anatomical term or disease term ‌/‌diag ‌image; note many specific ultrasonographic techniques are available

IM general only; coordinate NIM with anatomical term or disease term /diag image; note many specific ultrasonographic techniques are available

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014562

PM

81; was SALAMANDERS 1963-80

2025; see URODELA 1981-2024, SALAMANDERS 1963-1980

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014562

HN

81; was SALAMANDERS 1963-80

2025; use URODELA 1981-2024, SALAMANDERS 1963-1980

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014562

NM

Urodela

Caudata

Preferred Term (MH) updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014703

MS

A plant genus of the family Melanthiaceae with roots that contain VERATRUM ALKALOIDS used as emetics, parasiticides, antihypertensives. The common name "black hellebore" is used for both Veratrum nigrum and HELLEBORUS NIGER.

A plant genus of the family Melanthiaceae with roots that contain VERATRUM ALKALOIDS used as emetics, parasiticides, antihypertensives. The common name black hellebore is used for both Veratrum nigrum and HELLEBORUS NIGER.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014763

MS

Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell.

Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the glue that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014799

MS

The metaphysical doctrine that the functions and processes of life are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical forces and that the laws of physics and chemistry alone cannot explain life functions and processes. Vitalism is opposed to mechanistic materialism. The belief was that matter was divided into two classes based on behavior with respect to heat: organic and inorganic. Inorganic material could be melted but could always be recovered by removing the heat source. Organic compounds changed form upon heating and could not be recovered by removing the heat source. The proposed explanation for the difference between organic and inorganic compounds was the Vitalism Theory, which stated that inorganic materials did not contain the "vital force" of life.

The metaphysical doctrine that the functions and processes of life are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical forces and that the laws of physics and chemistry alone cannot explain life functions and processes. Vitalism is opposed to mechanistic materialism. The belief was that matter was divided into two classes based on behavior with respect to heat: organic and inorganic. Inorganic material could be melted but could always be recovered by removing the heat source. Organic compounds changed form upon heating and could not be recovered by removing the heat source. The proposed explanation for the difference between organic and inorganic compounds was the Vitalism Theory, which stated that inorganic materials did not contain the vital force of life.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014803

AN

‌/‌ther ‌use: coordinate disease with /‌drug ‌ther, not /‌diet ‌ther

/ther use: coordinate disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014905

HN

99; was WESTERN SAMOA 1975-98

1999; was WESTERN SAMOA 1975-1998

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D014982

MS

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed frog (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D015145

MS

Any drug treatment modality designed to inhibit UTERINE CONTRACTION. It is used in pregnant women to arrest PREMATURE LABOR.

Any drug treatment modality designed to inhibit UTERINE CONTRACTION. It is used in PREGNANT PEOPLE to arrest PREMATURE LABOR.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D015417

PM

2000; see NEUROPATHIES, HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY 1988-1999

2000; see NEUROPATHIES, HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY 1988-1999, for HMN (HEREDITARY MOTOR NEUROPATHY) PROXIMAL TYPE I see SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD 1988-2025,

Public MeSH note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D015417

HN

2000(1989)

2000(1989); for HMN (HEREDITARY MOTOR NEUROPATHY) PROXIMAL TYPE I use SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD 1988-2025

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D015716

MS

Method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape recorder (Holter-type system) or solid-state device ("real-time" system), while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and transient myocardial ischemia.

Method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape recorder (Holter-type system) or solid-state device (real-time system), while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and transient myocardial ischemia.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D015719

MS

Enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of single-stranded regions of DNA or RNA molecules while leaving the double-stranded regions intact. They are particularly useful in the laboratory for producing "blunt-ended" DNA molecules from DNA with single-stranded ends and for sensitive GENETIC TECHNIQUES such as NUCLEASE PROTECTION ASSAYS that involve the detection of single-stranded DNA and RNA.

Enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of single-stranded regions of DNA or RNA molecules while leaving the double-stranded regions intact. They are particularly useful in the laboratory for producing blunt-ended DNA molecules from DNA with single-stranded ends and for sensitive GENETIC TECHNIQUES such as NUCLEASE PROTECTION ASSAYS that involve the detection of single-stranded DNA and RNA.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D015751

MS

DNA sequences that form the coding region for retroviral enzymes including reverse transcriptase, protease, and endonuclease/integrase. "pol" is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for retroviral enzymes including reverse transcriptase, protease, and endonuclease/integrase. pol is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D015845

MS

A pupillary abnormality characterized by a poor pupillary light reaction, reduced accommodation, iris sector palsies, an enhanced pupillary response to near effort that results in a prolonged, "tonic" constriction, and slow pupillary redilation. This condition is associated with injury to the postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. (From Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp492-500)

A pupillary abnormality characterized by a poor pupillary light reaction, reduced accommodation, iris sector palsies, an enhanced pupillary response to near effort that results in a prolonged, tonic constriction, and slow pupillary redilation. This condition is associated with injury to the postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. (From Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp492-500)

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D015919

MS

Body ventilators that assist ventilation by applying intermittent subatmospheric pressure around the thorax, abdomen, or airway and periodically expand the chest wall and inflate the lungs. They are relatively simple to operate and do not require tracheostomy. These devices include the tank ventilators ("iron lung"), Portalung, Pneumowrap, and chest cuirass ("tortoise shell").

Body ventilators that assist ventilation by applying intermittent subatmospheric pressure around the thorax, abdomen, or airway and periodically expand the chest wall and inflate the lungs. They are relatively simple to operate and do not require tracheostomy. These devices include the tank ventilators (iron lung), Portalung, Pneumowrap, and chest cuirass (tortoise shell).

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D015938

MS

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the membrane attack complex or MAC.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D015977

MS

A eukaryotic initiation factor that binds to 40S ribosomal subunits. Although initially considered a "non-essential" factor for eukaryotic transcription initiation, eukaryotic initiation factor-1 is now thought to play an important role in localizing RIBOSOMES at the initiation codon of MRNA.

A eukaryotic initiation factor that binds to 40S ribosomal subunits. Although initially considered a non-essential factor for eukaryotic transcription initiation, eukaryotic initiation factor-1 is now thought to play an important role in localizing RIBOSOMES at the initiation codon of MRNA.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D015985

MS

Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc.

Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as necessary. Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016193

MS

The period of the CELL CYCLE preceding DNA REPLICATION in S PHASE. Subphases of G1 include "competence" (to respond to growth factors), G1a (entry into G1), G1b (progression), and G1c (assembly). Progression through the G1 subphases is effected by limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.

The period of the CELL CYCLE preceding DNA REPLICATION in S PHASE. Subphases of G1 include competence (to respond to growth factors), G1a (entry into G1), G1b (progression), and G1c (assembly). Progression through the G1 subphases is effected by limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016223

MS

Declarations in which currently competent MENTALLY ILL PERSONS assert in advance their desire to accept or reject psychiatric interventions that they may be deemed to require in the future. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

Declarations in which currently competent PERSONS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS assert in advance their desire to accept or reject psychiatric interventions that they may be deemed to require in the future. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016270

MS

An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE established in 1990 to "provide indexing, abstracting, translating, publishing, and other services leading to a more effective and timely dissemination of information on research, demonstration projects, and evaluations with respect to health care to public and private entities and individuals engaged in the improvement of health care delivery..." It supersedes the National Center for Health Services Research. The United States Agency for Health Care Policy and Research was renamed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) under the Healthcare Research and Quality Act of 1999.

An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE established in 1990 to provide indexing, abstracting, translating, publishing, and other services leading to a more effective and timely dissemination of information on research, demonstration projects, and evaluations with respect to health care to public and private entities and individuals engaged in the improvement of health care delivery... It supersedes the National Center for Health Services Research. The United States Agency for Health Care Policy and Research was renamed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) under the Healthcare Research and Quality Act of 1999.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016285

MS

An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.

A stable analog of EPOPROSTENOL that is a PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR, and has cytoprotective properties.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016346

MS

Retrovirally encoded accessary proteins that play an essential role VIRUS REPLICATION. They are found in the cytoplasm of host cells and associate with a variety of host cell proteins. Vif stands for "virion infectivity factor".

Retrovirally encoded accessary proteins that play an essential role VIRUS REPLICATION. They are found in the cytoplasm of host cells and associate with a variety of host cell proteins. Vif stands for virion infectivity factor.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016350

MS

DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coiled coil and then bifurcate to form Y shaped structures. Leucines occurring in heptad repeats end up on the same sides of the helixes and are adjacent to each other in the stem of the Y (the "zipper" region). The DNA-binding residues are located in the bifurcated region of the Y.

DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coiled coil and then bifurcate to form Y shaped structures. Leucines occurring in heptad repeats end up on the same sides of the helixes and are adjacent to each other in the stem of the Y (the zipper region). The DNA-binding residues are located in the bifurcated region of the Y.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016358

AN

coordinate with disease /‌epidemiol or /‌transm

coordinate with disease /epidemiol or /transm

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016429

MS

Work that consists of a conference of physicians on their observations of a patient at the bedside, regarding the physical state, laboratory and other diagnostic findings, clinical manifestations, results of current therapy, etc. A clinical conference usually ends with a confirmation or correction of clinical findings by a pathological diagnosis performed by a pathologist. "Clinical conference" is often referred to as a "clinico-pathological conference."

Work that consists of a conference of physicians on their observations of a patient at the bedside, regarding the physical state, laboratory and other diagnostic findings, clinical manifestations, results of current therapy, etc. A clinical conference usually ends with a confirmation or correction of clinical findings by a pathological diagnosis performed by a pathologist. Clinical conference is often referred to as a clinico-pathological conference.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016433

MS

Works consisting of an announcement or statement of recent or current events of new data and matters of interest in the field of medicine or science. In some publications, such as "Nature" or "Science," the news reports are substantively written and herald medical and scientific data of vital or controversial importance.

Works consisting of an announcement or statement of recent or current events of new data and matters of interest in the field of medicine or science. In some publications, such as Nature or Science, the news reports are substantively written and herald medical and scientific data of vital or controversial importance.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016440

HN

2008(1991)

2025(2008)

History note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016440

NM

Retraction of Publication

Retraction Notice

Preferred Term (MH) updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016440

MS

Work consisting of a statement issued by one or more authors of an article or a book, withdrawing or disavowing acknowledgment of their participation in performing research or writing the results of their study. In indexing, the retraction is sent to the editor of the publication in which the article appeared and is published under the rubric "retraction" or in the form of a letter. This publication type designates the author's statement of retraction: it should be differentiated from RETRACTED PUBLICATION which labels the retracted publication.

Work consisting of a statement issued by one or more authors of an article or a book, withdrawing or disavowing acknowledgment of their participation in performing research or writing the results of their study. In indexing, the retraction is sent to the editor of the publication in which the article appeared and is published under the rubric retraction or in the form of a letter. This publication type designates the author's statement of retraction: it should be differentiated from RETRACTED PUBLICATION which labels the retracted publication.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016440

AN

This heading is used as a Publication Type. Do not confuse with the Publication Type RETRACTED PUBLICATION which labels the article being retracted. Do not confuse with the Publication Type PUBLISHED ERRATUM. Publication retraction as a subject is indexed under the main heading RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION AS TOPIC. CATALOGER: Do not use

This heading is used as a Publication Type. Do not confuse with the Publication Type RETRACTED PUBLICATION which labels the article being retracted. Do not confuse with the Publication Type PUBLISHED ERRATUM. Publication retraction as a subject is indexed under the main heading Retraction Notice AS TOPIC. CATALOGER: Do not use

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016441

MS

Work consisting of the designation of an article or book as retracted in whole or in part by an author or authors or an authorized representative. It identifies a citation previously published and now retracted through a formal issuance from the author, publisher, or other authorized agent, and is distinguished from RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION, which identifies the citation retracting the original published item.

Work consisting of the designation of an article or book as retracted in whole or in part by an author or authors or an authorized representative. It identifies a citation previously published and now retracted through a formal issuance from the author, publisher, or other authorized agent, and is distinguished from RETRACTION NOTICE, which identifies the citation retracting the original published item.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016441

AN

this heading is used as a Publication Type; designates an article or book cited by the author or author's representative as having been retracted after formal notice by the publication type RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION

this heading is used as a Publication Type; designates an article or book cited by the author or author's representative as having been retracted after formal notice by the publication type Retraction Notice

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016501

MS

In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.

In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. Neurite may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016513

MS

Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.

Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene scid which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016578

MS

The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (free-based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term "crack" was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking.

The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (free-based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term crack was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016658

MS

A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek "psoa", the plural meaning "muscles of the loin". It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology.

A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek psoa, the plural meaning muscles of the loin. It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D016715

MS

Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial GIGANTISM of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas (HEMANGIOMA), lipomas (LIPOMA), lymphangiomas (LYMPHANGIOMA), epidermal NEVI; MACROCEPHALY; cranial HYPEROSTOSIS, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called "elephant man", apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, a disorder with similar characteristics.

Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial GIGANTISM of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas (HEMANGIOMA), lipomas (LIPOMA), lymphangiomas (LYMPHANGIOMA), epidermal NEVI; MACROCEPHALY; cranial HYPEROSTOSIS, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called elephant man, apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, a disorder with similar characteristics.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D017024

AN

coordinate with disease /‌drug ther and specific drug or drugs /‌ther use and other form of therapy to which this is adjuvant

coordinate with disease /drug ther and specific drug or drugs /ther use and other form of therapy to which this is adjuvant

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D017204

MS

A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence "happy"); jerky puppetlike movements (hence "puppet"); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)

A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D017280

AN

CONDOMS, FEMALE is also available

Single-Use Internal Condom is also available

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D017355

MS

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is not known to be pathogenic for man, animals, or plants. Its organisms are spoilers for beers and ciders and in sweet English ciders they are the causative agents of a secondary fermentation known as "cider sickness." The species Z. mobilis is used for experiments in molecular genetic studies.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is not known to be pathogenic for man, animals, or plants. Its organisms are spoilers for beers and ciders and in sweet English ciders they are the causative agents of a secondary fermentation known as cider sickness. The species Z. mobilis is used for experiments in molecular genetic studies.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D017359

MS

A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.

A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in PREGNANT PEOPLE with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D017387

MS

An application that must be submitted to a regulatory agency (the FDA in the United States) before a drug can be studied in humans. This application includes results of previous experiments; how, where, and by whom the new studies will be conducted; the chemical structure of the compound; how it is thought to work in the body; any toxic effects found in animal studies; and how the compound is manufactured. (From the "New Medicines in Development" Series produced by the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association and published irregularly.)

An application that must be submitted to a regulatory agency (the FDA in the United States) before a drug can be studied in humans. This application includes results of previous experiments; how, where, and by whom the new studies will be conducted; the chemical structure of the compound; how it is thought to work in the body; any toxic effects found in animal studies; and how the compound is manufactured. (From the New Medicines in Development Series produced by the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association and published irregularly.)

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D017522

MS

A country of eastern Europe, formerly the province of Bosnia in Yugoslavia, uniting with the province of Herzegovina to form the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1946. It was created 7 April 1992 as a result of the division of Yugoslavia and recognized by the United States as an independent state. Bosnia takes is name from the river Bosna, in turn from the Indoeuropean root bhog, "current"; Herzegovina is from the Serbian herceg (duke) + -ov (the possessive) + -ina (country or territory).

A country of eastern Europe, formerly the province of Bosnia in Yugoslavia, uniting with the province of Herzegovina to form the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1946. It was created 7 April 1992 as a result of the division of Yugoslavia and recognized by the United States as an independent state. Bosnia takes is name from the river Bosna, in turn from the Indoeuropean root bhog, current; Herzegovina is from the Serbian herceg (duke) + -ov (the possessive) + -ina (country or territory).

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D017533

MS

A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.

A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness (SINGLE PERSON), etc.

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D017564

AN

assume to be caused by radiotherapy so do not coordinate routinely with RADIOTHERAPY /‌adv eff; coordinate with other type or source of radiation with /‌adv eff if pertinent

assume to be caused by radiotherapy so do not coordinate routinely with RADIOTHERAPY /adv eff; coordinate with other type or source of radiation with /adv eff if pertinent

Annotation updated on a descriptor

2,025

D017579

MS

Deliberate, often repetitive physical, verbal, and/or other types of abuse by one or more members against others of a household.

Domestic violence is a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another.Domestic violence can be physical, sexual, emotional, economic, or psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person. This includes any behaviors that intimidate, manipulate, humiliate, isolate, frighten, terrorize, coerce, threaten, blame, hurt, injure, or wound someone. (From: https://www.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh241/files/archives/factsheets/ojpfs_domesticviolence.html).

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D017619

MS

Irradiation of one half or both halves of the body in the treatment of disseminated cancer or widespread metastases. It is used to treat diffuse metastases in one session as opposed to multiple fields over an extended period. The more frequent treatment modalities are upper hemibody irradiation (UHBI) or lower hemibody irradiation (LHBI). Less common is mid-body irradiation (MBI). In the treatment of both halves of the body sequentially, hemibody irradiation permits radiotherapy of the whole body with larger doses of radiation than could be accomplished with WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION. It is sometimes called "systemic" hemibody irradiation with reference to its use in widespread cancer or metastases. (P. Rubin et al. Cancer, Vol 55, p2210, 1985)

Irradiation of one half or both halves of the body in the treatment of disseminated cancer or widespread metastases. It is used to treat diffuse metastases in one session as opposed to multiple fields over an extended period. The more frequent treatment modalities are upper hemibody irradiation (UHBI) or lower hemibody irradiation (LHBI). Less common is mid-body irradiation (MBI). In the treatment of both halves of the body sequentially, hemibody irradiation permits radiotherapy of the whole body with larger doses of radiation than could be accomplished with WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION. It is sometimes called systemic hemibody irradiation with reference to its use in widespread cancer or metastases. (P. Rubin et al. Cancer, Vol 55, p2210, 1985)

MeSH scope note updated on a descriptor

2,025

D017619

AN

in radiotherapy, coordinate with disease /radiother; for hemibody irradiation experiments, coordinate with organ or process /‌rad eff

in radiotherapy, coordinate with disease /radiother; for hemibody irradiation experiments, coordinate with organ or process /rad eff

Annotation updated on a descriptor